{"text": "Friday, 22 April 2022, 09:25\nA group of scientists from the NGO Coral Soul and Coral Guardian have started a project to restore the coral reefs of La Herradura in Granada province. The new organisation has introduced two lots of nursery-grown corals off the coast at a depth of 30 metres below sea level.\nThe reefs of Punta de la Mona, which lie between La Herradura and neighbouring Almuñécar, are home to dense populations of endangered species of corals, many of which have become damaged, broken and entangled in fishing lines. This ecosystem is one of the most diverse in the Mediterranean and is home to a population of candelabrum coral, which cannot be found anywhere else in the world.\nDivers and researchers from the universities of Cadiz, Seville and Granada are taking part in the project and last week during a dive they placed two lots of coral; one at a depth of 34 metres and the other at 37 metres, in a bid to recover damaged corals found in 'gardens' at depths of up to 45 metres.\nMarina Palacios, a marine scientist and environmentalist who has been working with cold water corals for six years, is coordinating the plan to clean and repair the seabed of Almuñécar-La Herradura.\nIn 2021 scientists tested nursery-grown coral at a depth of 30 metres, which has succeeded in restoring 115 coral colonies. Another 94 are currently recovering. However, Palacios warned of the danger posed by fishing at Punta de la Mona.\nThe team has already removed 800 kilograms of waste, of which they say ninety-five per cent came from fishing. \"We are calling for the need to support the proposal to ban recreational fishing, it is necessary to protect the area. We are not against fishing, but we are against the consequences of the activity in Punta de la Mona. There are many places to practise the sport on the coast,\" Palacios said.\nThe NGO also carries out environmental awareness activities and is organising a conference, together with Almuñécar town hall and other organisations, which will take place in June in the town’s Palacete de La Najarra, to teach children about the richness of the seabed and the need to protect it.\nReporta un error en esta noticia\nNecesitas ser suscriptor para poder votar.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Reducing the impact of marine litter in the form of derelict fishing gear (DFG) on the Baltic Sea environment\nThe Baltic Sea Blueprint is designed to offer guidance to authorities working with DFG on national level, as well as practical instructions for retrieval operations.\nThe guidelines are divided into 4 pillars:\nPillar 1 is called ‘Mapping of DFG host areas’ and highlights awareness raising and earning the trust of fishers and divers. Additionally, pillar 1 concerns collecting data and information about DFG. Collecting data is an essential part of retrieving DFG. Focus should be on communication with local fisherman and where they believe the DFG are, as well as why they believe that. The goal is to understand where DFG accumulate and why. With the collected information, areas with possible findings of DFG can be mapped.\nPillar 2 is called ‘Retrieval of DFG’, and here the focus areas are environmental impact assessment, cultural heritage analysis during planning of clean-up activities and execution of clean-up activities at sea.\nClean-up activities at sea should always be carried out by experts and/or by people with prior experience. Clean-up activities based on dragging should be conducted by local fishers with experience in retrieval projects. Clean-up activities executed by divers should be conducted by divers with the proper diving-certificate and with previous experience with retrieval operations. There are a lot of risks regarding retrieval operations and safety must always be the priority.\nFurthermore, depending on national legislation, retrieved fishing gear can be viewed as lost property. In that case, law enforcement needs to be contacted before the retrieved fishing gear can be recycled.\nPillar 3 ‘Waste management of retrieved DFG’ recommends an increase of collecting and pre-processing facilities in Baltic harbours, as well as material processing facilities and a functional transporting system.\nIt is important that retrieved fishing gear do not end up forgotten or as household waste due to the hazardous materials such as led, sink and copper in the gear. Apart from an increase of proper facilities, raising awareness is one way to make sure that retrieved fishing gear are handled the correct way.\nPillar 4 ‘Prevention’ highlights the importance of working togheter and beeing inclusive with fishers and the fishing sector. It is important to remember that their role is crucial and without them retrieval and prevention operations can’t be done.\nJust as pillar 1 highlihts, understanding why is just as important as understanding where fishing gear are lost. Regional or local environmental factors are just as important to consider as human and technical factors.\nFor an in depth decription of all pillars, please read the full Baltic Sea Blueprint liked below.\nThe benefits of the Baltic Sea Blueprint are numerous. Not only does the Blueprint raise awareness regarding DFG and emphasize local knowledge, it also offers guidance to locating and retrieving DFG in a cost effective and sustainable way.\nMarint centrum at the Municipality of Simrishamn, is conducting a project on behalf of The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM), in order to put the Baltic Sea Blueprint into practice and learn from real-life experience. The national implementation of the Baltic Sea Blueprint is called The Marelitt Blueprint 2.0, knowledge sharing and method development. The project takes place 2022-2024 and will generate valuable new knowledge in terms of local and national adaptations of the Marelitt Blueprint method.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Also known as Cirripathes sp., Whip Coral, Wire Coral, Spiral Coral, Spiral Wire Coral, Black Coral Sea Whip, Spiral Sea Whip, Spiral Whip Coral, Black Wire-coral, Deep-water Wire Coral and Coiled Coral.\nFound on coral and rocky reefs on slopes, terraces and drop-off's.\nThey feed on plankton.\nLength - 3m\nDepth - 25-40m\nThey are called Black Corals because the inner skeleton is black, over this they have a fleshy skin that varies in colour with the different corals.\nThe polyps have six tentacles which although cannot be retracted, may shrink if disturbed.\nA number of other animals live in the branches, e.g. Pteria penquin (Winged pearl oyster), Lopha cristagalli (Cock's comb oyster), Periclimenes sp.(Black coral shrimp). (edit)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) has developed a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) used in maritime surveillance operations.\nThe system has been readily taken up by the European Fisheries Control Agency (EFCA), who is always on the lookout for new and innovative solutions to enhance fisheries control. EFCA has been using a quadcopter which takes off from the Lundy Sentinel patrol vessel and operates over areas of interest in the Mediterranean Sea, western waters of the North-East Atlantic Ocean, North Sea and Baltic Sea. By flying in the vicinity of a fishing vessel, the remote controlled aircraft can collect data from different activities on board. This data is then transmitted in real time to EFCA’s liaison officer deployed on board the Lundy Sentinel, as well as to EFCA’s coordination centre in Vigo, and EMSA’s headquarters in Lisbon.\nSee the RPAS section on the EMSA website for more information.\n- Publication date\n- 6 February 2020\n- Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Ultimate Guide to Whale Watching in Sydney\nEvery year, thousands of beautiful whales can be seen migrating up Australia’s east coast and along Sydney’s coastline towards their mating and calving grounds in the Coral Sea.\nWhale watching is therefore an extremely popular activity for tourists and locals alike. The whale watching season provides a unique opportunity to first-hand see the magnificent creatures enjoying their natural playground, and is undoubtedly one of the most exciting activities for the whole family to enjoy.\nSeeing these majestic giants breach out of Sydney’s sparkling waters and slap their fins or tail flukes is a sight to behold and one you certainly don’t want to miss out on.\nIf you’re hoping to catch a glimpse of these gorgeous sea animals, then be sure to have a read of our ultimate guide. Here we’ve explained everything you need to know about whale watching in Sydney, including when and where the best place to see them is.\nWhale Migration Season – When Will Whales be Swimming Past Sydney?\nSydney’s whale watching season extends from May through to December, and can be split into two parts: Northern Migration & Southern Migration.\nDuring May, June, July and the start of August, the whales are coming from Antarctica and heading north past New South Wales to the warmer waters of the Coral Sea to mate and give birth.\nIt is during these months that you’re most likely to get a sight of the whales. The whales use the Inshore Northern Current to help them migrate north, and as this current is typically found within 3 nautical miles of the coast, most of the migrating population will be in between this current and land.\nAs it’s such a long journey, the whales frequently rest and socialise on the way, which is why they sometimes detour right into Sydney Harbour for a few hours.\nIt’s also worth noting that not all members of a particular population will travel together, so different groups of whales are likely to pass at slightly different intervals (older juveniles are usually first, followed by mature males and then mothers and calves).\nFrom the end of August to December, the whales are swimming back past Sydney and returning to the south with their calves to feed in the Antarctic waters.\nBear in mind though that it can be much more difficult to spot the whales as they head back to Antarctica. The whales use the East Australian Current to assist them moving south, and although it usually begins around the 3-nautical-mile line, it can peak in strength up to 20 nautical miles from the coast, meaning they’re some distance away from the shore and harder to see from land.\nHowever, mothers and new-born calves usually swim particularly close to the shoreline as they pass south to stop in safe areas near beaches to rest and feed, so it’s possible you’ll get a glimpse of these.\nWhat Type of Whales Will You See in Sydney?\nHumpback whales are by far the most commonly sighted wales along the coastline of Australia’s biggest city.\nSouthern right whales are also common, but they follow a slightly different migration pattern to humpback whales – as they gradually migrate, they seek for places to mate and shelter with their new-born calves, entering and staying in bays or harbours for a few days at a time before moving on.\nKiller whales, false killer whales, minke whales and bryde’s whales have all been spotted in and around Sydney’s coastline, but are much less common.\nBottlenose and pacific dolphins are present throughout the year and are frequently spotted on Sydney’s coastline.\nBest Places to See Whales in Sydney\nSydney and its beautiful coastline is full of awesome whale watching vantage points – although you’re never guaranteed to see whales, here are some of our favourite lookout points:\nLocated at Watson’s Bay, South Head offers unrivalled whale watching vantage points. The Gap provides one of Sydney’s most picturesque ocean views, and makes the ideal spot for watching migrating whales.\nPalm Beach’s peninsula’s summit is nearly 100 meters above sea level and rewards you with breath-taking views of the glistening waters and a great chance of spotting travelling humpback whales.\nFrom a Boat\nTaking a luxury cruise in the ocean waters is another great way of searching for humpback whales. Although it’s not guaranteed you’ll see any, you’re much more likely to catch a glimpse of these mesmerising creatures while out on the open waters. If you are fortunate enough to see any, the unprecedented views you’ll have of them will be something to treasure; it truly is an unforgettable experience and one that will remain with you forever.\nYou’ll also be able to enjoy stunning and unique views of New South Wales’ beautiful Harbour as you travel to and from the ocean.\nThe Coast Track\nThe 26km Coast Track in the Royal National Park stretches along the gorgeous coastline from Bundeena to Otford in South Sydney and provides numerous whale watching spots. The sandstone cliffs offer not only sublime panoramic views, but also plenty of headlands and lookouts along the track, perfect for spending an afternoon searching for the water giants.\nFavoured by avid whale watchers, Cape Solander features an unbeatable viewing platform. It’s definitely one of Sydney’s best whale watching spots, especially because in the past whales have been known to swim as close as 200m from its coast.\nFrom the Air\nIf you’re wanting to get a completely different perspective of the whales, jump aboard a helicopter or seaplane to get a birds-eye view of the warm waters. If you’re lucky you’ll see entire families of whales spread out and cavorting below you, as well as experience an aerial perspective of Sydney’s world-famous beaches.\nHow to See a Whale\nIt’s important to remember that the photos you see online and in brochures of whales breaching and enjoying the ocean are the best photos taken from years and years of whale watching – they are not everyday sightings, so try not to be disappointed if you don’t see any.\nHowever, to help maximise the chances of you getting a sight of them, here are a few of our top tips:\n- On days when there’s no white caps in the water, you can be sure that any disturbance is likely to be a whale (if you see a big splash, it’s more than likely that you just missed a whale breach).\n- Look just above the sea level for its spout of vertical spray.\n- It’s easier to spot them on calm days rather than windy.\n- Prepare for the longhaul – don’t expect to see any immediately, pack your bags and be prepared to spend a whole day watching (however, you must also understand that you might not see any, even if you do spend a full day watching).\n- Have a quick look online to see if any recent sightings have occurred near you – this will help you to understand where the current best places are to go watching.\nLuxury Boat Cruises with Karisma Cruises\nIf you like the sound of hopping aboard a modern vessel and cruising around Sydney’s iconic harbour, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with a member of our friendly team today. Whether you’re looking for a beautiful venue for your wedding, are organising your next corporate function, or want to host the ultimate birthday party, our stunning cruise boat will deliver.\nTalk to us today about your next event.\nSee more: Top 7 Sydney Attractions to Visit in 2018", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tropical Storm Danny, located this morning about 355 miles south of Cape Hatteras, N.C., is expected to stay offshore as it moves north up the East Coast this weekend.\nThe center of Danny is expected to pass offshore of North Carolina's Outer Banks early Saturday, according to the National Hurricane Center.\nAs of this morning, Danny's maximum sustained winds were near 40 mph and the storm was moving north-northeast near 9 mph.\nMariners and coastal residents from the Carolinas to New England and the Canadian Maritimes are urged to monitor the progress of the storm as it moves north.\nLarge swells from Danny are expected to produce dangerous surf conditions and \"life-threatening rip currents\" along the East Coast this weekend, according to the National Hurricane Center.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Coral Reefs of Northwest Madagascar (RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment No. 31)\nBy: Sheila A. McKenna (editor), Gerald R. Allen (editor)Paperback\n1 - 2 weeks availability\nThis volume, #31 in the series, reports the results of a marine survey in 2002 off the northwestern coast of Madagascar. This marine area is one that many conservationists think has the greatest potential in all of Madagascar for the development of both ecotourism and marine protected areas. The survey documented a rich variety of coral, mollusk, and fish species, and the report makes further recommendations for conservation in the region.\"\nSheila A. McKenna is director of the Marine Rapid Assessment Program of Conservation International s Center for Applied Biodiversity Science. Gerald R. Allen is a research scientist for the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science.\"\nNumber Of Pages:\n- ID: 9781881173847\n- Saver Delivery: Yes\n- 1st Class Delivery: Yes\n- Courier Delivery: Yes\n- Store Delivery: Yes\nPrices are for internet purchases only. Prices and availability in WHSmith Stores may vary significantly\n© Copyright 2013 - 2017 WHSmith and its suppliers.\nWHSmith High Street Limited Greenbridge Road, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, SN3 3LD, VAT GB238 5548 36", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fri 18 Nov 2022 | 10:59\nUNEP Goodwill Ambassador Ellie Goulding launched a new initiative at COP27 aimed at protecting colonial animals.\nThe new initiative came just a week after the British star led an expedition in the Red Sea, off Sharm el-Sheikh.\nSpeaking to a panel held on the sidelines of COP27, Goulding said, “There’s this pure visual beauty. When you walk past with your mask on and witness this brilliant cornucopia of sea life, it feels like all life is swimming before your eyes. And it reminded me that coral only covers a tiny percentage of the seabed, but it’s home to a quarter of all known marine species.”\nFurthermore, Goulding reminded participants that even at 1.5°C of warming, 70-90% of all reefs will be lost; that number jumps to a worrying 99% if our planet warms by 2.0 degrees Celsius.\n“It’s one of the most climate-tolerant reefs in the world, and it just so happens to be right here at your feet in Sharm el-Sheikh. And it’s no ordinary reef. It’s one of nature’s great survivors and it could be the key to regenerating other reefs in the future,” she explained.\nThe singer-songwriter said it was “insulting” that less than 0.01% of climate funding is spent on protecting coral reefs.\n“I call on the global leadership community to recognize that coral reefs are one of our greatest collective assets and to be seriously, seriously ambitious and competitive in funding, restoration and protection,” he said. she declared.\nIt should be mentioned that coral reefs, which provide food and shelter for more than 7,000 other species, are dying due to warming and acidification of the ocean. Plus, the “animal posters” of global warming – starving at the North Pole due to lack of sea ice in a warming world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Diners who go to select East End restaurants this Labor Day weekend will have a chance to enjoy a meal while also supporting the maritime preservation efforts of the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County.\nAs part of the new “Back to the Bays” campaign, customers dining at participating restaurants between Saturday, August 31, and Monday, September 2, will have the option of ordering a special “Entrée for the Bay.” For each one ordered, a donation will be made to the Cornell Cooperative Extension’s marine program, which focuses on preserving local habitats, restoring shellfish populations, fisheries research, and education and outreach efforts.\nThe following restaurants are participating: Dockers Waterside Restaurant and Marina in East Quogue; Canal Café in Hampton Bays; The Lobster Grille in Southampton; and Bay Burger in Sag Harbor.\n“We are thrilled to be able to work with these wonderful establishments,” said Chris Pickerell, the director of the marine program for the Cornell Cooperative Extension. “Everything we do within the marine program is aimed at improving our marine environment and working toward sustainable fin and shellfisheries. The ‘Back to the Bays’ event this Labor Day weekend is a great way to celebrate the bounty of our local waters and help to support their continued health and well-being.”\nFor more information on the work of Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County’s marine program, or to make a donation to the “Back to the Bays” campaign, email Cornell Cooperative Extension Habitat Restoration Outreach Specialist Kimberly Barbour at firstname.lastname@example.org, or call (631) 852-8660, ext. 27.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the Cruise of HMS Challenger freely available online: biogeographic and curatorial data, SEM and optic photos and taxonomic revisions assisting global macroecological and biodiversity and climate change studies\nThe worldwide voyage of the HMS Challenger collected oceanographic and biological samples and the results laid the foundations of almost every...\nThe worldwide voyage of the HMS Challenger collected oceanographic and biological samples and the results laid the foundations of almost every branch of oceanography as we know it today. Biological samples included virtually all high level taxa, and many thousands of specimens, comprising over 4000 'Types'.The Ostracoda is taxonomically and ecologically very diverse, with +30,000 described species. Due to their calcified carapace, the Ostracoda have an extensive fossil record, and thus represent important proxies in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and on studies on biodiversity patterns.Almost 150 new species and genera have been described from the Challenger samples (Brady, 1880). Brady figured different species under same name, and information on the lectotypes was very scarce prior to the present project. As a consequence, many species were recorded from distant localities, that has important implications to the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns observed (e.g. cosmopolitan distribution of deep-sea species instead of endemic distribution), which in turn influences decisions on nature conservation.For that reason, we began to revise Challenger ostracod species, verify their previous published records and finally provide online descriptions and illustrations to Encyclopedia of Life and EMU. Additionally, the revised biogeographical information of the Challenger Ostracoda will be uploaded to GBIF.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dumping mine tailings into the sea via a submerged pipe is a highly controversial practice. While it is effectively banned in Canada under provisions of the Fisheries Act and the Metal Mining Effluent Regulations, Canadian companies practice so-called Submarine Tailings Disposal (STD) overseas. Mining companies operating in island-rich nations in southeast Asia and the Pacific are particularly likely to seek permission to dump their waste into the sea. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has already hosted two STD mines (one of which, now closed, was Canadian). Many more companies are indicating an interest in piping their waste into the seas around Papua New Guinea. Fishing communities near the planned disposal sites of proposed STD mines in Papua New Guinea are expressing strong opposition to ocean dumping of mine waste.\nThe European Union has collaborated with Papua New Guinea’s Mining Sector Support Programme (MSSP) to fund an independent evaluation of so-called Deep-Sea Mine Tailings Placement in Papua New Guinea. The research is being carried out by the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). In November of this year, SAMS and MSSP hosted a conference in Madang, PNG, to present the preliminary findings of the research carried out by the SAMS team and to present Draft Guidelines for the use of STD in PNG.\nMiningWatch Canada has worked on the issue of STD with partners in Indonesia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea since 2000. In 2002 MiningWatch Canada and Project Underground published an STD Toolkit that details the scientific and technical concerns associated with STD. The Toolkit also provides six case studies from the Asia Pacific region.\nMiningWatch’s Catherine Coumans was invited to present at the conference in Madang and to hear preliminary findings of research being conducted by SAMS. The SAMS research to date recognizes many of the scientific and technical concerns elaborated in the STD Toolkit – among others: the potential for wider than predicted dispersal of tailings along the sea bottom; shearing off of tailings at various sea levels as they make their way to the sea bottom; the problem of pipe breaks at sea; greater levels of dissolved oxygen at depth than predicted in industry consultants’ reports; the potential for metal leaching from tailings in the marine environment; the ecosystem significance of marine biota found in deep sea environments; the inadequacy of baseline data for some STD mines; the importance of vertical migration of species from the deep sea to higher levels for potential metal mobility; and lack of information on potential re-colonization of tailings as biological processes are very slow at 1000 metre depths. Scientific presenters noted that “less is known about the deep sea than about the back side of the moon” raising the need first and foremost for precaution when considering a massive anthropogenic impact on a fragile and not-well-understood ecosystem.\nAlthough the Draft Guidelines SAMS presented are meant to apply to PNG, it is clear that they may potentially form the basis for international guidelines. MiningWatch Canada will continue to monitor the development of these guidelines.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Radiation impact from 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr on marine biota was modeled for early period of a hypothetical accident with sunken nuclear submarine K-159 during its surfacing and transportation in the Barents Sea. Dynamics of radioactivity in seawaters was modeled, using analytical 2-dimensional model of radionuclide dispersion from an instantaneous point release in seawaters. Radioactive contamination of waters and bottom sediments with 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr was calculated for distances from 200 m to 30 km from the source. Estimated dose of acute exposure accumulated within the first 10 days, was close to 100 mGy for bottom fish at a distance 200 m from the source. The probability of lethal effects in fish at this dose was estimated to be below 1%. Chronic exposures from 137Cs, 134Cs, 90Sr at a distance 200 m from the source during the first year after the accident, were the following: fish - 9,7 mGy/day, mollusks - 11 mGy/day, marine plants – 6,3 mGy/day. These dose rates exceeded the reference level, ensuring safety of marine biota. Therefore, in the vicinity of the accident place, the radiation situation was not safe for bottom fish, mollusks and plants. At distances more than 500 m from the accident place, expected dose rates of chronic exposure to marine biota were below reference level. Doses to biota from a hypothetical accident in the Barents Sea were caused mainly by external exposure from contaminated sediments, also due to accumulation of long-lived radionuclides from sediments to bottom biota.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Star merby curiosity Object\nThis collectionde 10 species merest magnificent paintings up in a classic style globe Napoleon III.\nBring a style object of curiosity your interior with these paintings under glass.\nThere are over 1,800 species of dtoile sea. They live on the sandy bottom in coral reefs into the deep sea. They feed doursins; coral or bivalve molluscs. For lanecdote, its shape is so characteristic which door practically the same name in any language even if sometimes it is often more nicknames (cousin sea canvas beautiful mother or christ crown)\nThey sometimes prolifrent the point which fulfill the trawl fishermen at the expense of prawns or fish. Lorsquelles swarm and they ravage dhuitres benches or St. Jacques shells. Formerly anglers cut into 2 before discharging the water to kill them. But they only promote their proliferation as starfish can rgnrer their arms sils are hits. In some species, the arm stroke can rgnrer the entire body. These surprising faculties are very Videment studied by biologists.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We had almost a week in Cairns and at the top of our to-do list was one thing: Snorkeling/Diving the Great Barrier Reef. We booked a snorkeling excursion and I added an intro dive as part of the experience – which you don’t have to be certified for (Cory chose to just snorkel). We had the perfect day for it – about 90 degrees and hardly any clouds, and we were one of the first groups to explore the reef at the spot we went to. I did my dive first and it was amazing! The first thing I saw under the water was a huge barracuda under the boat. It was probably as long as me – slim and grey with sharp teeth. The crew had already warned us that we would probably see him because he likes to hang around the boat and eat the fish they throw to him. He was harmless to us though and really cool to see. Since it was just an intro dive I had to hold onto the instructor the whole time and we were about 20 ft below the surface. I saw a ton of colorful coral and so many fish – lots of striped ones, tons of different sizes, and a bunch that looked like Nemo. The dive only lasted about 30 minutes and then I snorkeled with Cory the rest of the day. We ended up seeing a stingray, green turtle, and a black-tip reef shark! An amazing experience we will definitely never forget.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marine Algae Collected during the Marine Biodiversity Mini Expedition 2012 to Sembilan Group of Islands, Perak with One New Record, Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S. Berger et al. for Malaysia\nIn May 11 -15, 2012, the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya organized a marine expedition to the Sembilan Group of Islands, Perak (Malaysia). The objective of the expedition was to document the marine biodiversity in the waters around the islands and the coastal zone as well as documenting physical parameters. Marine algae were among the targeted groups of taxa. A total of 51 algal specimens were collected. All specimens are deposited as herbarium in the University of Malaya Seaweed and Seagrass Herbarium. The algae comprised one family, one genus and three putative species of Cyanophyta; five families, six genera and 13 putative species of Chlorophyta; seven families, ten genera and 13 putative species of Rhodophyta and one family, one genus and one putative species of Phaeophyceae. Of these, the chlorophyte Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S. Berger et al. is a new record for Malaysia. In 2008, Phang et al. reported that a total of seven families and nine putative species of marine algae were collected during the Scientific Expeditions to the Seas of Malaysia (SESMA) I and II from the Sembilan Group of Islands (Pulau Lalang and Pulau Rumbia) Perak. Of these, an addition of six families and 11 putative species were collected during this present survey.\nDownload this article\n(This article has been downloaded 236 time(s))", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Do you want to buy a photo ? But it has already been purchased by you earlier.\nPlease confirm add to cart or download photo.\nThe following options that are available for download\nwhale shark, aquarium, ocean, saltwater, school, whale, fish, vivarium, shark, tank, aquatic vertebrate, giant, elasmobranch, water, person, seawater, animal, educational institution, enclosure, cartilaginous fish\naquarium, whale, whale shark, ocean, fish, school, saltwater", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Western Morning News\nCall for ban on ‘supertrawlers’ in protected seas\nGREENPEACE UK has urged the Prime Minister to ban ‘supertrawlers’ from the UK’s network of marine protected areas.\nIt comes after politicians and conservationists have raised concerns about the giant factory ships threatening to plunder Westcountry waters.\nSpeaking on BBC’s Andrew Marr Show on Sunday, Boris Johnson said after Brexit the UK “will be able to ban these huge hoover trawlers that come in and hoover up everything off the bottom of the sea”.\nGreenpeace UK’s head of oceans, Will McCallum, said: “The Prime Minister has just claimed that, now the UK has left the EU, the Government will take action against the large-scale destructive fishing that is hoovering up fish at an unsustainable rate, often in some of the UK’s most sensitive marine environments.\n“If he meant what he said, he should take the immediate step of banning bottom-trawling and supertrawlers over 100 metres long from the entirety of the UK’s network of marine protected areas.\n“Unless we start properly protecting these fragile habitats from the most damaging examples of industrial fishing, the UK cannot lay claim to being a world leader in ocean protection.”\nLast year, small-scale fishermen and conservationists in the South\nWest watched with trepidation news of supertrawlers plying the sea off the south coast.\nThe 142-metre long Margiris, one of the world’s biggest supertrawlers, was netting pelagic species such as horse mackerel and pilchards just a few hours away from Westcountry waters and there were fears it, and others like it, would scoop up vast shoals around our coast.\nThe Lithuanian-registered vessel – thought to be the secondlargest in the world and owned by the Dutch company Parlevliet & Van der Plas – was banned from fishing in Australian waters in 2013. However, the company says it has an “excellent reputation for sustainable fishing”.\nIt emerged in 2020 that industrial supertrawlers, which act as floating factories, pumping the catch on-board directly from the net and processing tonnes of fish a day, hugely increased the amount of time spent fishing in the UK’s protected areas of sea – and Plymouth MP Luke Pollard was among those calling for a ban on the vessels in biodiverse protected zones.\nAn investigation by Greenpeace suggested large, intensive fishing vessels spent 5,590 hours fishing in marine protected areas in UK waters in the first six months of 2020.\nThat was almost double the 2,963 hours supertrawlers spent fishing in the conservation zones, which are designated to protect wildlife and habitats, in the whole of 2019, the analysis suggested.\nIn 2020 the industrial fishing vessels, none of which are UKowned, were recorded in 19 marine protected areas.\nGreenpeace has been calling for a ban on supertrawlers, which are more than 100 metres long and capable of catching and carrying thousands of tonnes of fish, from marine protected areas.\nPolling suggests high levels of public support for a ban on supertrawlers in UK marine protected areas, the campaigners said, while more than 50 MPs signed a letter in 2020 urging the Environment Secretary to make such a move.\nShadow environment secretary Mr Pollard, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport MP, said last year: “The Government needs to step up to properly protect the most sensitive areas of British waters from this industrial scale plunder which is destroying precious biodiversity.”\nThe Blue Planet Society has warned of the risks of bycatch of common dolphins, endangered bluefin tuna and sea bass.\n‘Unless we start properly protecting these fragile habitats, the UK cannot lay claim to being a world leader in ocean protection’", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ATHENS, Ga., Nov. 10 (UPI) — New research suggests a chemical dispersant used in the wake of the BP oil spill failed to help, and may have actually hindered, the cleanup.\nA study led by researchers at the University of Georgia showed a chemical concoction thought to encourage the oil’s breakdown, in fact, hampers the ability of microorganisms to naturally degrade the hydrocarbons.\nScientists recreated the conditions of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill in the lab, closely monitoring the effects of a chemical dispersant called Corexit 9500 on oil slicks and the microbes that feed on them.\nThe dispersant didn’t depress the presence of all microbes. Corexit 9500 dramatically boosted the presence of a family of microbes called colwellia. Colwellia’s proliferation, however, came at the expense of a group of sausage-shaped bacteria called marinobacters. Marinobacters are better oil-eaters.\nThe experiments showed that a diverse community of microbes actually break down the oil much faster in the absence of Corexit 9500.\nResearchers published their findings in the journal PNAS.\n“The fact that dispersants drove distinct microbial community shifts that impacted oil degradation efficiently came as a big surprise,” lead study author Samantha Joye, a science professor at Georgia, said in a press release. “It is critical to quantify the factors that influence the efficiency of oil biodegradation in the environment, and that includes dispersants.”\nCleanup officials failed to monitor the biological or chemical effects of the dispersants. But visual observations suggested the oil slicks were removed from the surface. The new research suggests much of that oil may have simply sunk.\nJoye says the dispersants worked to remove oil from the surface, but not at encouraging microbial oil digestion. And deep water samples suggest microbial conditions beneath the surface weren’t any better.\n“During the spill, Marinobacter were not abundant in deep-water plume samples, possibly as a consequence of dispersant applications,” said study co-author Sara Kleindienst, a researcher at the University of Tubingen in Germany. “Whether natural hydrocarbon degraders were outcompeted by dispersant degraders or whether they were directly affected by dispersant-derived compounds needs to be resolved in future studies.”\nThe findings mean much of the oil may have simply sunk to the bottom, never degraded.\n5 thoughts on “Dispersants fail: Half the spilled BP oil may be on Gulf floor”\nis there anyone who knows what the hell they are doing in any industry any more ?\n“The experiments showed that a diverse community of microbes actually break down the oil much faster in the absence of Corexit 9500.”\nBecause Corexit wasn’t designed to do what they claimed it was supposed to do. It’s a toxic agent designed for the depopulation agenda.\nThey just now figured this sh#t out?\n‘scientists’… collective idiots.\ncorexit did just as it was intended to do. poison and sink the oil to the bottom. a two for one deal.\nThe goal of the corexit was to hide the oil from view and that is exactly what it did,Mission Accomplished as GWB would say!\nThe Corexit was added to disperse the oil because they’re fined by the quantity of the oil spilled. (and if it’s dispersed, the fine is lower)\nIf they left it alone, it would have eventually dispersed naturally, but they instead decided to poison the entire gulf to keep their fine lower.\nIt’s unimaginable that they would let them keep drilling anywhere near this country.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Have you ever thought about how renewable energy from the marine environment is affecting your angling? Do you fish within current offshore wind farms? Do you use sites that may become wind farms in the future? Do you think they affect your angling experiences?\nPlymouth Marine Laboratory is running a survey to find out sea anglers’ opinions and experiences of offshore wind farms around the UK. We are particularly interested in how sea anglers interact with offshore wind farms.\nWhether you are a regular sea angler or dabbler, a member of a club or not, we would like to hear your opinions. We would also like to hear your views even if you do not fish in areas with existing or planned wind farms. You can find the survey on the PML website or you can access it directly .\nRecreation is an important use of our coasts and seas. During June to August this year, an estimated 95.3 million visits were made to the English coast alone. Many of these trips will have involved sea angling. In 2012, surveys with sea anglers recorded 4 million sea angling days throughout the year. Sea angling, along with other marine recreational activities, consequently makes a significant contribution to the economies of coastal towns. If sea angling behaviour changes because of the presence of offshore wind farms, there is a need to know what these changes may be and how they may impact coastal economies.\nThe UK is the global leader in offshore wind energy generation. By the end of 2014, the UK had 24 offshore wind farms containing 1,301 turbines and with an installed capacity of 4.5 GW (55.9% of existing European offshore wind energy generation capacity). It is expected to achieve over 10 GW by 2020. To put this in context, 5GW will power all the homes in Scotland.\nWhile there have been many studies looking at the impact of offshore wind farms on the natural environment, little is known about how offshore wind farms affect people, especially people who take part in recreational activities along the coast and out to sea. This information is needed if policy-makers are to make well-informed decisions on the use of our marine environment and the role of offshore wind farms within it.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1 / 6\nTake an underwater journey through the world famous SEA LIFE Kelly Tarlton's, Auckland and discover a diverse collection of aquatic life up close.\nSee the world’s largest sub-Antarctic penguin colony display, the world’s biggest species of stingray and New Zealand’s largest collection of sharks. Journey through a unique Southern Ocean experience and marvel at our amazing new live jellyfish display and visit the magical Seahorse Kingdom where you’ll find the world’s only display of Spiny Sea Dragons, all this and much, much more.\nFor the adventurous we have thrilling Shark Adventures, snorkel in our Shark Cage, or dive cage free with Shark Dive Xtreme.\nSEA LIFE Kelly Tarlton's, Auckland, 23 Tamaki Drive , Orakei , Auckland Central, Auckland, 1071, New Zealand.\n- Business hours:\n- 9.30am - 5.00pm daily (last admission 4.00pm)\n- Months of operation:\n- All months of the year\nFacilities and Features\n- Proximity to airport:\n- 40 minutes approx\n- Proximity to coach terminal:\n- 10 minutes drive from central Auckland, free shuttle service hourly.\n- Proximity to town:\n- 10 minutes drive from central Auckland\nPricing and Conditions\n(15 year(s) and under)\n- Other charges:\n- Under 3's free admission. Online bookings receive 10% discount. Family Passes are available online only.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Food Prices Set To Rise Again: Weather Experts Predict El Niño Comparable to the Destructive 1997-1998 El Niño\nThe Daily Sheeple\nMay 20th, 2014\nThe 1997-1998 El Niño is estimated to have caused over 23,000 deaths worldwide (source). With forecasters saying that the signs point to an 80% chance of a strong El Niño forming towards the end of this year, what impacts can be expected?\nWhile some areas such as the West Coast of the United States could get a massive amount of rain (very welcome after record breaking droughts), other areas that rely on rain for agriculture will be left bone dry. A strong El Niño also increases fears that production of many key agricultural commodities in Asia and Australia will suffer.\nExtreme El Niño events develop differently from standard El Niños, which first appear in the western pacific. The extreme events occur when sea surface temperatures exceeding 82°F develop in the normally cold and dry eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. This different location for the origin of the temperature increase causes massive changes in global rainfall patterns which result in floods and torrential rain in some places and devastating droughts and wildfires in others.\nKevin Trenberth, a climate scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, says the coming event could rival the one from 1997. He has been monitoring sea levels with satellite altimetry data and has noticed about a 20-centimeter difference between the western and eastern tropical Pacific.\nIn the past 15 years, Trenberth says, winds associated with La Niña—El Niño’s sister effect—have piled up warm water in the western Pacific, near the Philippines. Those winds have largely collapsed this year, and so those waters are moving back east. “It’s been waiting to slop back, and is now doing so, and will be very hard to stop,” he says. He also points out that NOAA based its prediction mostly on data from April—and says more recent data show strong signs that waters off the coast of Peru are continuing to warm. “I don’t think we’ve seen anything like this before,” he says. (source)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UN Environment’s Young Champions of the Earth prize is intended to recognize and reward young people with big ideas that address urgent environmental issues in bold and creative ways.\nAmong the finalists from Latin America and the Caribbean this year is Gator Halpern, a young environmental entrepreneur who is building the world’s first commercial land-based coral farm, located in The Bahamas:\nOver 30% of global coral reefs are dead, and more than 75% are projected to die by 2050. This is an ecological tragedy and a serious socio-economic problem, as reefs sustain one-third of all marine life, support ~1B people globally, and generate $30B annually through tourism, fisheries production, and coastal protection. Coral Vita is creating a global network of innovative land-based coral farms, using breakthrough methods developed at the Mote Marine Lab and the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology to grow corals up to 50x faster while strengthening their resiliency to climate change. Our land-based farms are scalable, allowing us to potentially grow millions of corals from a single site. Coral Vita’s business model can support restoration at unprecedented scales, and by taking a community-based approach we integrate local actors to promote long-term reef stewardship.\nVisit the Young Champions of the Earth website to cast your vote for Gator and his big coral-saving idea, and to learn about the other Young Champions from around the world.Voting closes Monday June 25, 2018.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Microplastics are plastic particles that are incredibly dangerous to our ocean. And tiny plastic pellets, also known as “nurdles,” can resemble fish eggs and are often ingested by seabirds, turtles, fish and other marine life. Nurdles have been found around many of the world’s coasts and in our ocean, damaging ecosystems along the way.\nNo place on Earth is immune from microplastic pollution, and that includes our ocean. We need advocates, like you, to help push for policies and innovations that can help keep our ocean—and our beloved sea animals—plastic free.\nJoin Ocean Conservancy and call on Congress to support the Plastic Pellet Free Waters Act and keep deadly nurdles and other microplastics out of our ocean.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Notes This jelly is a beautiful lavender-blue colour. The fringe of the animal has eight eye notches and organs for balance and tilt. The four lilac coloured horseshoe shapes seen through the animals body are reproductive organs. A collective term for jellyfish is a smack of jelly fish! Contrary to common belief this common jellyfish cannot sting humans. Every few years Otago Harbour gets large numbers of these jellys washing in with the tide in autumn.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The patents presented in this paper relate to power generating apparatus suitable for use in extracting energy from the movement of water, particularly tidal movement. This type of energy is generated by the relative motion of the Earth, Sun and the Moon, which interact via gravitational forces. Periodic changes of water levels, and associated tidal currents, are due to the gravitational attraction by the Sun and Moon. Tidal power generating systems have been studied for a number of years both in the form of barrages (similar to conventional hydroelectric dams in that the power extraction depends on the hydrostatic head), as well as tidal devices which exploit directly the kinetic energy of tidal streams. Modern advances in turbine technology may eventually see large amounts of power generated from the ocean, more precisely tidal currents, which is covered by the more general term “marine current power”. The work starts by examining the role played by Computational Fluid Dynamics in the prediction of the flow in these devices. In addition it reviews some recent and important patents relevant to this type of tidal devices, highlighting the significance and limitations of the patents reviewed. The paper concludes by highlighting current and future developments in the field.\nKeywords: Tidal devices, marine streams, energy from seawater, horizontal axis turbines, CFD models, patents\nRights & PermissionsPrintExport", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A whole bunch of dolphins are washing up on France’s Atlantic coast and 1000’s extra are believed killed in fishermen’s nets every year, as environmentalists and Brussels stress the federal government to guard the marine mammals.\nOn Wednesday, Allain Bougrain-Dubourg, head of the League for the Safety of Birds (LPO), mentioned he would write to President Emmanuel Macron that “the time has come to do our utmost to save lots of dolphins from mistreatment and even extinction.\n“This dramatic state of affairs is even much less acceptable provided that it’s avoidable,” Bougrain-Dubourg added.\nSurge in dolphin deaths\nProfessional-dolphin activists say dangerous fishing actions, together with deep-sea and sea-bed trawling, should be halted for a number of weeks within the Bay of Biscay between France and Spain.\nThe Pelagis ocean observatory has noticed a surge in dolphin deaths on the Atlantic coast, with 127 widespread dolphins washed up in January alone — up from 73 in the identical month final 12 months.\nElevated dolphin deaths are normally seen later within the 12 months, throughout their February-March coastal feeding season that brings them nearer to fishing vessels chasing hake and sea bass.\nThis 12 months the rise in finds is “particularly early”, Pelagis mentioned this month.\nOver the entire of 2022, 669 dolphins washed up — down from 1,299 in 2020.\nScientists imagine that greater than 80 % of useless dolphins sink or decompose at sea moderately than washing ashore, suggesting the true variety of deaths is much increased at as much as 11,000 per 12 months.\nOf the washed-up dolphins, “most offered indicators of being caught in fishing tools”, Pelagis mentioned, with the LPO singling out “slices within the tail fins and clear traces of nets” on their pores and skin.\n– ‘Half-measures’ –\nCIEM, a scientific physique that tracks North Atlantic ecosystems, has for years urged a winter pause for some indiscriminate fishing strategies, assembly fierce resistance from industrial fishermen.\nAfter two years of stress from the European Fee and below the highlight from activists, Paris has up to now provided an eight-point plan with technical measures, stopping far wanting an outright ban.\nMeasures embody a voluntary observer scheme aboard fishing vessels, satellite tv for pc monitoring and becoming trawlers with cameras or acoustic repellent units that drive the dolphins away.\nMany fishing ships are already fitted with the units in a “large-scale experiment” to check their effectiveness, the federal government mentioned.\nHowever the LPO denounced the federal government strikes as “half-measures… that may change nothing and price us treasured time”.\nEnvironmentalist group Sea Shepherd mentioned the repellent units “create enormous exclusion zones in dolphins’ feeding grounds” that threat reducing them off from wanted nourishment.\nParis has not fully closed the door to short-term bans, suggesting “time- and space-limited closures” to fishing might be examined within the Bay of Biscay in winter 2024-25 “if there aren’t any passable leads to lowering unintended catches” of dolphins.\nThat isn’t quickly sufficient for the activists. Sea Shepherd have filed a felony criticism on January 16 towards individuals unknown over the failure to intervene.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Check out some of Connecticut’s Local Dive Shops!\nScroll down to see the highlights of each shop or simply visit their website (linked below).\nSqualus Marine Divers\nCheck out the latest video from Squalus Marine, a group of divers who love to explore the underwater world, especially that of Long Island Sound. They film all of their dives and share them for divers and non-divers alike to enjoy. For more videos, check out their website SqualusMarine.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As a beginner scuba diver, it’s essential to prioritize safety, acquire the necessary skills, and make the most of your diving experience. In this article, we will discuss seven crucial tips to help beginners dive safely and maximize their enjoyment while exploring the depths.\n- Choose a Reputable Dive Center: Before embarking on your scuba diving journey, research and select a reputable dive center. Look for certifications, read reviews, and ensure the instructors are experienced and well-trained. A professional dive center will provide you with proper guidance, quality equipment, and a safe diving environment.\n- Get Certified: Obtaining a scuba diving certification is a must for beginners. Sign up for an Open Water Diver course, which covers essential diving knowledge, skills, and safety procedures. A certification ensures that you are adequately trained and familiar with the basics, making your diving experience more enjoyable and safer.\n- Practice Proper Buoyancy Control: Mastering buoyancy control is key to becoming a skilled diver. Maintaining neutral buoyancy helps conserve energy, prevents damage to marine life, and enhances your overall experience. Practice controlling your buoyancy by adjusting your breathing and using your BCD (Buoyancy Control Device) to achieve a comfortable and stable position in the water.\n- Always Dive with a Buddy: Diving with a buddy is a fundamental safety rule. Your dive buddy can provide assistance in case of an emergency, help with equipment checks, and enhance the overall diving experience through shared discoveries. Maintain close proximity with your buddy underwater and establish clear communication signals before the dive.\n- Plan Your Dive and Dive Your Plan: Before each dive, create a detailed dive plan with your buddy. Discuss the maximum depth, duration, and route you intend to follow. Familiarize yourself with the dive site, including potential hazards, currents, and entry/exit points. Stick to the plan during the dive to ensure safety and avoid unnecessary risks.\n- Master Equalization Techniques: Equalizing your ears is essential to prevent discomfort and potential ear injuries during descent. Learn and practice proper equalization techniques, such as the Valsalva maneuver, before your first dive. Equalize early and often, especially during the initial descent, to ensure that you can descend comfortably without experiencing pain or difficulty equalizing.\n- Respect the Marine Environment: As scuba divers, we have a responsibility to protect and preserve the underwater ecosystems we explore. Avoid touching or damaging corals, refrain from disturbing marine life, and never remove anything from its natural habitat. Be mindful of your buoyancy to prevent accidental contact with the fragile environment, and strive to leave only bubbles and take away memories.\nConclusion: Scuba diving offers a world of adventure and discovery. By following these seven essential tips, beginner scuba divers can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Remember to prioritize safety, invest in proper training, and always be respectful of the underwater environment. With time and practice, you will gain confidence and unlock the endless wonders that the underwater world has to offer. Happy diving!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Variations in reef-associated fish communities in response to different benthic states in the east central Red Sea\nEmbargo End Date2020-08-01\nPermanent link to this recordhttp://hdl.handle.net/10754/656295\nMetadataShow full item record\nAccess RestrictionsAt the time of archiving, the student author of this thesis opted to temporarily restrict access to it. The full text of this thesis became available to the public after the expiration of the embargo on 2020-08-01.\nAbstractCoral reefs are priority habitats which are vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These can cause phase shifts from coral habitat to degraded algal-dominated states – and consequent changes in the distribution, abundance and activity of associated fish species. In the eastern Red Sea, human-induced reef degradation is likely to increase with planned development of the Saudi Arabian coast and the changing climate. The present study therefore investigates the ecological effects of coral-algal phase shifts in reef-associated fish communities, using naturally occurring within-reef benthic zones as proxies for levels of habitat health - with a focus on how these responses differ temporally. These zones were dominated by: hard coral (coral zone), coral and turf algae (transition zone), and macroalgal canopies (algal zone). Six inshore reef areas, were studied in periods with low and high densities of Sargassum in the algal zones (May and November respectively). Community composition was assessed via visual census and predation activity predicted using two proxies: in situ experiments and biomass of carnivores. In both periods, we observed distinct fish communities in each zone - with reduced species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity and predation intensity, from the coral to the algal zones. Decreases in the abundance and biomass of fish also occurred from the coral to algal zones in May but a spike, as well as a shift in community composition, occurred in the algal zone in November. This shift is attributed to the vast increases in grazer biomass, predominantly Siganus luridus, associated with the November bloom of Sargassum canopies. The present study established, the composition and functioning of Red Sea fish communities is spatially and temporally affected by increased macroalgal dominance. This finding supports the need for herbivorous fish to be made a conservation priority in the management and conservation of reef systems in order to prevent phase shifts to algal dominated states. We conclude that if Red Sea reefs are allowed to shift to alternate states, depending on the density of macroalgal canopies, reefs may support high biomass and abundance of fish but the functioning of the fish community will be altered and the diversity lost.\nCitationShort, G. (2019). Variations in reef-associated fish communities in response to different benthic states in the east central Red Sea. KAUST Research Repository. https://doi.org/10.25781/KAUST-NN1G6", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Species’ ranges changing in a warming world\nThe world has warmed over the past 50 years and is likely to continue to do so over the coming century. This poses problems for life on land and in the ocean, since most species have a defined range of temperatures within which they can live.\nWhen temperatures exceed the upper limit for a particular species in a particular location, that species can no longer live there. Likewise, places can become newly habitable when temperatures become warmer than a species’ lower limit.\nAs climate change unfolds over the next century, plants and animals will need to adapt or shift locations to track their ideal climate.\nIdentifying locations of at-risk species\nWe worked with an international team of researchers to develop global maps showing how fast and in which direction local temperatures have shifted over the past 50 years. From these climate pathways, we can identify vulnerable environments and the species within them that may be threatened by a changing climate.\nOver the past few decades many fish and invertebrate species living in the southern hemisphere have already shifted towards cooler regions. In the waters off south-eastern Australia, range shifts have been observed in around 30 per cent of coastal fish species. On land, species have started to seek relief from warmer conditions by moving closer to the coast, to higher elevations, to shaded hill aspects or further from the equator.\nEnvironmental and economic consequences\nSpecies migration can have important consequences for local biodiversity. For example, warming waters and a strengthening of the East Australian Current have mobilised the long-spined sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii), previously only found as far south as southern NSW, to invade the eastern Tasmania coast. This has resulted in the decline of giant kelp forests with knock-on effects for commercially-fished rock lobsters.\nFocusing conservation efforts\nKnowing where vulnerable areas occur can help focus conservation efforts and information management decisions.\nAreas of slow temperature shifts may be better suited to protecting endemic species or long-lived structural species (such as those forming forests or coral reefs). Areas exposed to significant pressures from climate change may need help to enable climate-driven migration. For species unable to move, assisted movement to new more acceptable places may be needed. For example, active translocation of species, given due care to potential negative ecological and production consequences.\nThis research provides conservation managers and decision makers a simpler way to look at the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and gives them another tool with which to make informed decisions on how to best manage these changes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CSUN Professor Monitors Health of Marine Life Off San Onofre’s Shores\nThe Wheeler North Artificial Reef, where CSUN biology professor Mark Steele and his students are evaluationg efforts to mitigate the damage done to local fisheries by the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. Photo courtesy of Mark Steele.\nWhen the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station opened on the shores south of San Clemente more than four decades ago, it was with the promise of a clean, new energy source that would benefit the state. But the cost to Southern California’s marine ecosystems has been high — from significant damage to a giant kelp forest and the sea life it supported to the deaths of tons of fish, larvae and eggs.\nCalifornia State University, Northridge biology professor Mark Steele has spent the past five years evaluating the results of the facility’s owner, Southern California Edison, to mitigate the damage, including the construction of one of the world’s largest artificial reefs — 175 acres in size — off the coast of southern Orange County in hopes of restoring lost kelp bed resources, including the fisheries in the area.\n“In my opinion, the reef is doing well, but it hasn’t completely succeeded,” said Steele, who has received a $476,760 contract from the California Coastal Commission to evaluate the reproductive, output, growth and feeding success of coastal marine fisheries on the Wheeler North Artificial Reef.\n“The power plant has been shut down, but its impact, accumulated over nearly 30 years when the plant’s second the third units went online, remains whether the plant is operating or not,” he said. “It will be interesting to see, given the plant’s closure, whether there will be the political will to keep pressure on Southern California Edison to continue with its mitigation efforts, which are expensive.\n“It’s a unique position for someone like me to be in,” he added. “I was trained in basic research. What I am researching has intrinsic value to the citizens of the state of California. There are political aspects to it that one doesn’t see with normal academic science. We are talking about is damage done by a private entity to resources that belong to all Californians.”\nUntil a small radiation leak shut down the power station in early 2012, its ocean pipes drew in about 2.4 billion gallons of water a day to cool twin nuclear reactors. In the process, the pipes sucked in and killed tons of fish, larvae and eggs. Other casualties included sea lions and harbor seals.\nWater leaving the plant stirred up a turbid plume of murky sediment that blocked sunlight from an adjacent kelp forest, destroying much of the forest and the habitat it created for a rich assortment of sea life.\nThe California Coastal Commission negotiated a mitigation settlement with Southern California Edison that included the construction of the artificial reef, in hopes of creating a kelp bed of a size equal to that lost by the operation of the power plant and that would support about 28 tons of fish, which used to live on the San Onofre kelp bed.\nSteele and a team of five to six CSUN graduate students and postdoctoral scholar have spent their summers for the past five years visiting the artificial reef’s kelp forest and nearby natural reefs to monitor efforts to restore healthy reef fish populations to the area. They spend their days scuba diving into its depths to collect fish. They bring those fish back to a campus laboratory to dissect and study their reproductive systems and otoliths, or ear stones, to measure their reproductive rates, growth rates and other data.\nThe information they gather is an important indicator of how well Southern California Edison’s mitigation efforts are going.\n“There are 15 performance standards that have to be met,” Steele said. “While the kelp bed seems to be doing well, one of the sticking points is that 28 tons of fish.”\nSo far, he said, the number of fish on the artificial reef amounts to about half the target number, or about 14 tons of fish.\n“There’s starting to be a discussion between the California Coastal Commission and Edison about whether Edison should be doing something more, such as making the reef larger or changing its design,” he said. “It will be interesting to see how it all plays out. The power company is in the business of making money, and they don’t want to spend money if they don’t have to. But at the same time, they have been very supportive of this project.”\nWhile the politics play out, Steele is committed to ensuring that he and his students will continue their efforts to monitor the health of the coastal ecosystem off the shores of the San Onofre plant.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shipping companies offer various boat transport services with three basic means of transport: by sea, by land, or by sea. The boat transport cost varies for each of these shipping methods. Sailing a boat through a long narrow channel is an expensive option for transporting a large-size boat across the Atlantic ocean and even within a short coastal distance. The boat transport service that is suitable for this task should be one equipped with powerful engines to facilitate the movement of the boat at high speed. A long narrow channel or even deep sea can be quite a risky environment for the moving boat; therefore it is better to choose another method that involves less risk.\nDeep sea transport is a better option as compared to transporting the boat by land because of the extreme nature of the place. There is no way that the boat can be damaged along the journey and the safety of the transported vessel can also be ensured. However, it takes longer time to complete the boat shipping procedure as compared to other methods of boat transport.\nThe most common way of boat transport that involves less risk is by sea. Usually, the transporter arrives at the destination at the same time as the shipper and unloads the boat at the desired location by lifting off the crane. The boats are either hoisted into the water by a crane or hoisted onto a barge.\nIf the boat is to cross the ocean by sea, special care must be taken to ensure that the boat is not damaged by heavy waves or currents. To do so, the transporter must have a specially designed trailer that is able to handle larger vessels. Most boat transport companies have specialized trailers that are specially designed to haul both large and small vessels. However, if you are opting for this method, make sure that the company has experience in handling the task.\nIf the boat transport company opts to use a common trailer, they must take extra precaution to ensure the safety of their goods. They should make sure that the trailer does not carry any dangerous materials. In addition, they should check all welds of the trailer to ensure that the welds are strong and secure. If there are welds that are weak, it might cause the trailer to sink. In case of wooden boats, wooden decking must be used to properly support the boat while it is being transported.\nBefore hiring the boat transport service, make sure that you check the validity of the insurance policy of the transporter. This is required to cover your transport costs in case of any damage or loss. When inspecting the boat trailer transporter, you must look for damages in welds, areas that have been exposed to water or salt water, as well as any crack or dent in the trailer body. If the boat transport company requires you to pay for a specialized type of boat trailer, make sure that it is within your budget. Most boat shipping companies also provide insurance for your goods during transportation.\nMost boat transport companies use refrigerated vessels for transporting boats. Most of these boats are manufactured to withstand harsh weather conditions such as heavy rains and high-pressure. Some of these vessels are manufactured for low-pressure conditions during transportation. These types of vessels are fitted with new drive systems and new hulls, which make them suitable for transporting small to medium-sized boats.\nWhen choosing a shipping company, make sure that the shipping company has experience in boat transport. You should also inquire whether the shipping company offers free insurance for your goods during transport. You should also ask whether the shipping company has contacts with other local boat transport companies. It is also important to inquire about the delivery time of the boat transport company’s boat delivery. Most importantly, you should ask about the rates of the boat transport service, the number of days for shipment, whether you have to bear any extra charges such as customs fees and other charges.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The coral reef scavenger hunt is a unit project completed by the young fives class each year.\nThroughout the unit, students learn about the plants and animals that live in the coral reef environment and then use that learning to create the hunt.\nStudents help to create the background and color many types of fish to add to the project. Students work to create clues based on the fish in the reef. We invite all the other classrooms to participate in the scavenger hunt. It is a highlight for our class, former Young Fives students, and kids throughout the building.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ALEXIS ROSENFELD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY ALEXIS ROSENFELD / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY\nLongnose butterfly fish (Forcipiger flavissimus) on a coral reef. This fish can reach a length of around 25 centimetres. It inhabits the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region. It uses its long snout to pick small crustaceans from nooks in coral.\nModel release not required. Property release not required.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Arctic cod are proving highly susceptible to warming ocean temperatures, but the good news is that Pacific cod, the kind caught commercially in pots and trawls around Alaska, not so much.\nA NOAA lab in Newport, Ore., is reportedly the first to successfully spawn Arctic cod in captivity, and the resulting science has shown that the species has a very narrow window of temperature viability.\nIn waters between 32 and 36.5 F., and even colder with the lower freezing point of salt water, Arctic cod do very well. However, water above 41 degrees is fatal to them.\nThe same lab has done research on Pacific cod and walleye pollock, and found a much higher range of temperature tolerance.\nNOAA’s Dr. Ben Laurel said that Arctic cod offer an interesting comparative species to Pacific cod, which has a range from the central Bering Sea to Puget Sound.\nHis lab did experiments with Arctic cod as the focal species, specimens around 4 to 5 inches, and also brought back Pacific cod and pollock of the same size.\nThey reared them for six weeks with a consistent diet and temperature range, taking them out every couple of weeks to weigh and measure them, getting a good sense of their growth.\nThe growth rates were similar in the Pacific cod and pollock, he said.\n“They are very adapted to take advantage of a couple ranges of temperatures. From 9 to 12 degrees C. (48-54 F.), these 4-5 inch fish do very well, but they also can survive at higher temperatures with a little bit of decreased growth performance. They also survive very well at cooler temperatures.”\nHe noted that the magical tipping point seems to be, in terms of their growth performance, around 2.5 to 4 degrees (36.3 to 39.2 F.), and there, he said, Pacific cod start to really out-perform Arctic cod, growing at as much as three times as fast. Pollock seem to be even a bit more cold-adaptive.\n“That sort of fits with what our understanding is of their distribution,” Laurel said.\nPacific cod are voracious eaters, they can consume a lot of prey, and put on a lot of growth at those optimal temperatures.\n“When you get under 3 degrees C. (37.4 F.), even given all the food they want, the growth rates of Arctic cod are actually higher. So (Pacific cod) have this little glitch,” Laurel said.\nArctic cod have a much higher fat content than Pacific cod and pollock, but researchers do not think that is an issue in their temperature sensitivity.\nLaurel noted that warm-blooded creatures use fat as insulation, but cold-blooded creatures are not any warmer than their surrounding environment.\n“Why we’re interested in fat is because of its energetic content just for those animals to survive when there’s no food around,” he said. “Overwintering is a real big deal for these guys. There’s not much going on in the system, and they have to sort of feed off fat supplies.”\nHe said the other big concern is what feeds off them.\n“If we don’t have Arctic cod around or if these Arctic cod are sort of burning through their fat just to operate and keep them going in a warmer temperature, they’re less nutritious. There are big consequences.”\nLaurel said that ocean acidification does not seem to have a big impact on Pacific cod.\nHis colleague at the lab, Tom Hurst, is doing that research, and has found that, at least at egg and larval stages, ocean acidification does not seem to have a strong effect on growth and development.\n“There are some subtle things there, and whether or not that affects their survival later on is uncertain, but they seem to be pretty robust,” Laurel said.\nHe added that now what Hurst is doing is looking at some sort of behavioral impacts of ocean acidification on Pacific cod, and those experiments are ongoing.\nKodiak herring has shut down before it really got started due to immature roe, missing year classes and cautious management.\nAlaska Department of Fish and Game fisheries biologist Brad Fuerst said a lower harvest was expected this year after looking at the year-classes from last year during the harvest, which dropped the Guideline Harvest Level area-wide.\nSo far this year, fish were only harvested out of Kiuluda Bay, which had a GHL of 75 tons, and Ugak Bay, which had a GHL of 350 tons.\nThe GHL in Kiuluda Bay was reached, but not in Ugak Bay.\nFuerst said there were a lot of immature fish and not very many older fish, and area management biologist James Jackson erred on the side of caution and shut things down, at least for now.\n“Looking at last year’s scale samples, we’ve got a lot of three- and four-year-old fish coming up, but not much between four- and nine-year-olds.”\nHe added that there are not a lot of recruitment fish in the mix.\nHe said there is still quota on the table, and the department is working with fishermen and spotter pilots to watch for fish and let them know if herring show up, but at this point most of the fleet is looking to get switched over to salmon.\nHe said Jackson and other ADF&G staff were out doing surveys on the west side of Kodiak, but the fish they were finding were either small schools or juvenile fish.\nHe said there were no gillnetters registered for the fishery, but around 20 seiners had signed up.\nHe added that dock talk was for prices around $300 per ton, far above the reported price of $50 per ton for the Togiak herring fishery which also is under way.\nThe spring Kodiak fishery is a sac-roe fishery. The food/bait fishery takes place in the fall.\nThe Kodiak spring fishery is different from most herring fisheries around the state, where there is basically one large spawning biomass that fishermen target in openings that last from minutes to hours. Kodiak’s fishery opens on set days and times.\nCristy Fry can be reached at email@example.com.\n• Effort to get setnet ban on 2016 ballot continues.\n• Board of Fisheries still has open seat.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Analysis of a size-age stratified population under a multigear fishery operation: The European hake fishery off Northwest Africa\nDate of Award\nDoctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)\nFirst Committee Member\nNelson M. Ehrhardt - Committee Chair\nThe fishery for European hake (Merluccius merluccius) off Northwest Africa is characterized by the presence of several fishing fleets which use various types of gears at different depths and seasons. The hake resource that these fleets harvest is size-stratified by depth. As a result, fishing mortality is a complex function of the distribution of effort, the characteristics of the gear, and the spatio-temporal population structure. Analysis of this fishery system is very difficult because most stock assessment methods assume that either animals and/or fishing effort are randomly distributed.A discrete simulation model is developed to evaluate the potential problems of ignoring the spatio-temporal dimension in the analysis of this fishery. The model is based on the traditional fishery formulations that describe mortality, growth and recruitment, but also incorporates a spatial dimension by considering a population divided into compartments. Fishing mortality is modeled as a function of size rather than of age. Growth of a cohort is expressed with deterministic and probabilistic formulations, both of which incorporate distributions of length at age.A new growth curve for the species is estimated by correcting biases due to size-selectivity. An age-dependent migration model is developed to describe the spatial structure of the population.Simulations show that the spatio-temporal dimensions of fishing mortality and population distribution greatly affect the size distribution of the catches. This result has important implications for the estimation of the age structure of the catches from their length distribution. In this context, biases in the estimates of mortality are identified through simulation. The model is also used to evaluate the effects of changes in mesh size, and how forecasted gains are distributed among different segments of the fishery.\nBiology, Oceanography; Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture\nDie, David Jose, \"Analysis of a size-age stratified population under a multigear fishery operation: The European hake fishery off Northwest Africa\" (1989). Dissertations from ProQuest. 2801.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Why you should listen\nJeremy Jackson is the Ritter Professor of Oceanography and Director of the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Painting pictures of changing marine environments, particularly coral reefs and the Isthmus of Panama, Jackson's research captures the extreme environmental decline of the oceans that has accelerated in the past 200 years.\nJackson's current work focuses on the future of the world’s oceans, given overfishing, habitat destruction and ocean warming, which have fundamentally changed marine ecosystems and led to \"the rise of slime.\" Although Jackson's work describes grim circumstances, even garnering him the nickname Dr. Doom, he believes that successful management and conservation strategies can renew the ocean’s health.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The ritual use of scientific models to increase fisheries in South Western Madagascar\n(University of Lausanne)\nPaper short abstract:\nThe paper explores the ritualistic use by South Western Malagasy fishing populations of NGO-introduced scientific fisheries models to increase catches, determine \"good\" fishing grounds and manage risk.\nPaper long abstract:\nThe paper explores the ritualistic use of scientific models by South Western Malagasy fishing populations to increase fisheries and income generated as a result of the integration to collector networks and world markets. Following the observation of the 'miraculous' success of an octopus reserve implemented initially as a demonstration by an international NGO, many villagers of the coastal area of South Western Madagascar started similar temporary conservation enterprises, in the hope that these would provide similar results. The paper explores the ritualised governance of sea resources (via the ownership of spirits inhabiting fishing grounds) and the transposition of the model underlying this governance in the new context marked by marine conservation programmes and efforts to generate alternative livelihoods through different forms of fishing and the integration to international markets for dry fish, shark fin, sea cucumber and octopus.\nEconomy and ritual", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ask any dive master what the “best dive site” in Cayman is and you will not get a straight answer. Because there isn’t one. With 365 marked dive sites, the appeal of any one site will vary depending on conditions on any given day, the diver’s level of experience and the preferences and interests of the diver: are they avid wreck divers, depth junkies or macro photographers? Rather than listing specific dive sites, we provide a broad overview of the types of dives you will encounter in different areas of the Cayman Islands.\nThe North Wall, which runs parallel to the north shore, plunges dramatically from around 40ft down many thousands of feet, just a hundred yards or so from shore. There are great wall dives all along the north shore of Grand Cayman with coral gardens at the top of the wall, convenient for safety or decompression stops following a deep dive. There is an abundance of healthy hard and soft corals, including black coral, plenty of overhangs and swim throughs on the wall and always a chance of seeing some pelagic fish out in the blue. Conditions here are best during the summer when seas are calm and you will have a greater chance of seeing schools of spotted eagle rays and perhaps sharks.\nThe reefs and walls off the west coast, from North West Point to George Town are the most frequently dived sites, as this the leeward shore so conditions are favourable for diving year–round. All the wreck dives are in this area, including the Wreck of the Oro Verde, Doc Poulson and the Kittiwake. There are also some outstanding wall and reef dives, as well as a number of accessible shore dives including Turtle Reef, Eden Rock and Devil’s Grotto. From April to September look out for huge schools of tiny silversides hiding in caves, and the resident tarpon and grouper who feast on them.\nThe dive sites along the south coast are most often dived during the winter, as they remain calm during nor’westers. The drop offs on the southern side typically start at greater depths than in other areas and there are some spectacular canyons, coral encrusted arches, swim–throughs and caves in this area.\nHere you will find the most remote and unspoilt diving on Grand Cayman. Significantly fewer divers come out this far, and with 55 dive sites to choose from in this district, you can easily escape the crowds. A good mix of walls, with drops offs starting at around 45ft, and shallower reefs with soaring pinnacles and canyons can be found in this area. There is good chance of seeing sharks and millions of silversides gather in caves and under overhangs during the summer.\nPerhaps best known for the wreck of the Capt. Keith Tibbetts, a 300ft Russian warship, Cayman Brac also has some superb reef and wall dives and visibility typically exceeds 100ft. Diving here is uncrowded with just one dive operator on the island.\nLittle Cayman offers possibly the best diving in the Caribbean, with pristine corals, abundant marine life and outstanding visibility. The jewel in Little Cayman’s crown is without doubt the legendary Bloody Bay Wall, rated by the likes of Jacques Cousteau and David Doubilet as one of the most dramatic wall dives in the world. It has a perfect vertical drop–off starting at less than 20ft and descends to around 3,000ft with pristine corals and superb visibility.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dermochelys Coriacea = critically endangered\nThe Leatherback sea turtle are classified as critically endangered. The exact number of Leatherback turtles is impossible to know. The fact that the male turtles never return to land, makes it impossible to count them. At the moment it’s estimated that there’s only 35.000 nesting females.\nTo avoid not break as they fall down to the chamber, the eggs have a rubbery shell, which helps to keep them from breaking as they fall into the chamber on top of one another. After hatching the small baby turtles are easy prey for many predators. As long as they stay on the beach they’re prey for gulls, hawks, ghost crabs, vultures etc. Once they are in the ocean, the turtles become potential prey for octopi, sharks, and other large fish. If the Leatherback hatchlings emerge from a nest that is located on a beach that includes or is near a developed area, such as a resort, they may find that the brightest spot on the horizon is not the sea, but rather the light coming from the development. This causes the hatchlings to become disoriented and to head away from the ocean instead of toward it, increasing their risk of predation and dehydration before successfully reaching water.\nPredators of the Leatherback\nThe greatest predator of the Leatherback, however, is people. In some countries, humans kill nesting female turtles and harvest Leatherback eggs to eat. Because the turtles leave a trail to their nests when they make their way back to the water, the nests are easy for egg poachers to locate. Not only killer whales and sharks are the reasons when you see a turtle who has lost a flipper or are injured. Entanglement in fishing gear can result in serious injuries to the turtles, including severe cuts and necrosis or in worst case death. Entanglement can also lead to death by drowning. Sometimes Leatherbacks has the size and power to swim to the surface of the water, when it’s trapped in fishing lines and gear, where they are discovered and released. Unfortunately, this is not always the case.\nPolution are killing\nLeatherbacks are also at risk from garbage and other pollution in the sea. Eating or becoming entangled in plastic from sheeting, bags, deflated balloons, discarded fishing lines and more has been the reason for the death of many Leatherback sea turtles. It’s believed by many that the Leatherbacks mistake the floating plastic for jellyfish and eat it..\nLeatherback | Conservation measures\nThe fact that the Leatherback never has developed the ability to swim backwards, poses some difficulty when the animal encounters fishing nets and lines in the ocean because it has no hope of backing out of them.\nNot able to raise in captivity\nIt also poses a major difficulty to scientists attempting to raise Leatherbacks in captivity. In fact, Leatherbacks have never been successfully raised to maturity in captivity. Leatherbacks kept in a tank continually propel themselves against the sides of the aquarium as they ceaselessly swim forward. They inevitably damage themselves in the process and develop lethal fungal infections as a result.\nNot being able to raise Leatherbacks in captivity means that scientists cannot observe captive specimens to determine how quickly they grow or how long they live. It also means that a “head-start” program cannot supplement Leatherback conservation efforts. A head-start program would keep hatchling Leatherbacks in captivity until they grew to a size that makes them less vulnerable to predators.\nThe primary step in conserving Leatherback turtles is to implement strict ban on seashore mechanized fishing and in areas of high sea turtle concentration. The Government should declare the coastal region a marine sanctuary or a no-fishing zone. Turtle Excluder Devices (TED) should be employed in trawl nets and made mandatory for trawlers operating in the coastal waters beyond a specific distance from the coast line. TEDs are basically trapdoors which can be connected to trawl nets that allow large animals like sea turtles to break away from the net without major loss of fish catch. However, use of TED alone will not bring down the turtle mortality because turtles are also caught and killed in gill nets and TEDs cannot be used in gill nets. So, strict implementation of the existing law on no fishing zones and the use of TED in other fishing zones appear to be the best response to bring down turtle mortality.\nA major step towards saving this population would be giving confined area status to the sea turtle nesting beaches as well as the coastal waters having high sea turtle concentration. It is necessary to protect these areas so that the state Forest Department has jurisdiction over these nesting beaches and can provide protection for adults and hatchlings. On the other hand, it would be a mistake to completely exclude local people from the protection scheme.\nIn most of the coastal regions, turtles use more than one rookery during a season. This implies that the turtles nesting off the coast may be part of a single population, meaning that turtle nesting at all three rookeries are equally important. Further, if the nesting beach at continues to decline due to geographical factors, these turtles may nest at the other rookeries and it is important that these alternate nesting beaches are ‘turtle friendly’. Thus, the protection of all these three rookeries is extremely crucial for the survival of turtles. The introduction of controlled lighting in coastal areas would greatly reduce hatchling mortality.\nThese steps would radically lessen mortality of turtles on the coast in the near future. However, the key to long-term saving of the Leatherback is the mobilizing of the local community to participate in this setup which will create awareness among the local community for sea turtle conservation where they would be able to attain jobs, it will yield better results.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Product #: 55080R\nScientific Name: Callinectes sapidus\nCountry of Origin:\nThe Atlantic blue crab is a member of the Portunidae swimming crab family. Its Latin name, Callinectes sapidus, translates to \"savory, beautiful swimmer\". In order to grow, crabs must shed their hard shell and regrow a new, larger shell. It is only during this soft shell state that female crabs are able to mate, thus it is easy to target females crabs that are about to molt by baiting traps with male crabs during mating season. The females are attracted to the pheromones emitted by the male crabs and they enter the traps.\nThe Atlantic blue crab is native to the western Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia to Argentina. The major U.S. producers of blue crab are Louisiana, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina.\nOverall, the health of the U.S. blue crab population is fairly good and improving. The Chesapeake Bay is one of the major production areas and has experienced a drastic resurgence of the crab population in the last few years. Some other U.S. populations are at low levels of abundance, but not just due to fishing. Blue crab are highly dependent upon coastal ecosystems, thus loss of habitat and poor water quality hinder their population growth a great deal. Fortunately, crabs are naturally resilient to fishing pressure because they reproduce at a young age and have huge numbers of offspring. Management regulations are in place to control harvest, protect breeding stocks and monitor landings, but there could be better regulations for bycatch reduction, especially for the depleted diamondback terrapin (a brackish water turtle that gets caught in pots and drowns). Most crabs are caught with pots or traps, which have little impact on the environment.\nThis item has been added to your cart", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The storm attained Category 4 force just over 24 hours after becoming a hurricane, packing maximum sustained winds of approximately 145 mph.\nIt later lost strength over cooler waters midway between Mexico and Hawaii.\nKenneth was expected to be a threat to only shipping lanes during its lifespan.\nHurricane Kenneth Track\nSatellite Loop Data: CIMSS", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Coalition says poll shows support for marine protected areas\nTuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area in Nunavut is 1 of 14 protected areas in Canada\nThere is strong public support for using marine protected areas for ocean conservation, according to a group dedicated to marine conservation.\nSeaBlue Canada’s members include Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the David Suzuki Foundation and Nature Canada.\nIt found 97 per cent of respondents to a poll it conducted last November support the use of marine protected areas, with 63 per cent saying such areas are “very important” to ocean health. The group announced the results of the poll Feb. 2 in a news release.\n“The goal of this poll is to just see what Canadians are thinking: how important are the oceans? how important is protecting the oceans [to them] — particularly now that we have a federal government mandate to do more of that?” said Susanna Fuller, vice-president for operations and projects with Oceans North, which is also part of SeaBlue.\nA marine protected area, according to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, is a part of the ocean legally protected to safeguard wildlife populations, habitats and ecosystems.\nIt may or may not allow commercial activities such as wildlife use, recreation and tourism.\nOn its website, Oceans North indicates it supports conservation and climate action in partnership with Indigenous and coastal communities.\nThe poll, conducted from Nov. 17 to 30, surveyed 1,687 Canadians aged 18 and older via a mixed-mode approach: 1,531 interviews were conducted online across provinces, and 176 were conducted by telephone across the territories.\nFuller said respondents provided their perspective on issues such as the value of having a zone or area of the ocean where industrial activities are banned; the issue of environment protection versus its impact on the economy; and whether the federal government is doing an only fair or poor job protecting the oceans.\nAccording to Fuller, the next step is to look at how effectively the federal government funds the creation of more marine protected areas and the way it involves communities on the ground in the process, many of whom are Indigenous.\n“[Canada has] a commitment to protect 25 per cent of our coastal and marine environment by 2025,” she said of the approach so far.\n“In 2015, we had less than one per cent protected, and right now we are just under 15 per cent. So I think we’re doing fairly well, given where we started in 2015.”\nGovernments, including Canada’s, recently committed to protecting 30 per cent of the world’s land and coastal areas over the next eight years. Fuller said it will be important to track how quickly and effectively progress is made, especially in the Arctic.\n“It takes people’s time and effort and communication,” she said.\n“I think particularly in the Arctic, [marine conservation] is ever so important in these regions because people depend on wildlife for food still.\n“The dependence on the relatively pristine environment is vital for culture as well as biodiversity protection — those two things go hand in hand.”\nCurrently, there are 14 marine protected areas across Canada, created through the federal Oceans Act and managed by the Fisheries and Oceans Department.\nThey comprise more than 350,000 square kilometres, or roughly six per cent of the country’s marine and coastal areas, according to the federal government’s website.\nOne of the 14 — the Tuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area — is in Nunavut, off the northwest coast of Ellesmere Island.\nThere are also national marine conservation areas in the territory managed by Parks Canada, such as Tallurutiup Imanga.\nThese areas are similar to marine protected areas but are part of one or more Indigenous land claims, which is why the final decision around national marine conservation areas is negotiated by the federal government and “subject to the final resolution of Indigenous claims,” according to the Parks Canada website.\nSteven Guilbeault, the federal minister of environment and climate change, announced a new policy to guide establishment and management of 10 new marine conservation areas Feb. 3.\nThe new policy was created by Parks Canada in consultation with approximately 250 industry organizations and environmental groups, and more than 3,000 individual responses.\nIt sets out how marine protected areas “can be effectively and equitably managed” and “lives up to our commitment for reconciliation with Indigenous peoples,” according to a federal government news release.\nYes it looks good, now put the St Lawrence, and all the Great Lakes on this also.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A bloom of the red tide organism, Karenia brevis, persists in Southwest Florida. Additional details are provided below.\nIn Southwest Florida over the past week, K. brevis was observed at at background to very low concentrations in Pinellas County, background concentrations in Manatee County, background to high concentrations in Sarasota County, medium to high concentrations in Charlotte County, background to high concentrations in and/or offshore of Lee County, and very low to high concentrations in Collier County. Bloom concentrations (>100,000 K. brevis cells per liter) persist in Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee, and Collier counties. These included coastal sites in Sarasota County, coastal, inlet, and estuarine sites in Charlotte, Lee, and Collier Counties, as well as a sample collected 18 miles offshore of Lee County. High concentrations (>1 million cells per liter) were observed in 47 samples from these counties.\nIn Northwest Florida over the past week, K. brevis was observed at background concentrations in one sample each from Escambia and Bay counties.\nAlong the Florida East Coast over the past week, K. brevis was not observed.\nIn Southwest Florida over the past week, fish kill reports were received for Sarasota, Charlotte, Lee, and Collier counties\nRespiratory irritation was reported over the past week in Southwest Florida in Sarasota, Lee, and Collier counties.\nReport courtesy of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "WASHINGTON (May 16, 2018)— As the amount of single-use plastic in the world’s oceans continues to grow, National Geographic is announcing a new, global commitment to tackle this pressing problem. Today, National Geographic is launching Planet or Plastic?, a multiyear initiative aimed at raising awareness of this challenge and reducing the amount of single-use plastic that enters in the world’s oceans. Doing so will not only benefit the thousands to potentially millions of marine animals that become entangled in, suffocated by, or ingest plastic each year, but will also contribute to the overall health of the planet’s marine ecosystems and all who rely upon them.\nToday’s guest blog comes from Jason Paul, who is a paddling enthusiast and lifelong lover of the sea. Jason is the lead editor of InflatableBoarder.com and lives in beautiful Panama with his wife and two small children.\nDespite nationwide legislation to eliminate plastic bags from our daily existence here in the United States, our oceans are still feeling the choking effects of paper-thin plastic. States like California, Hawaii, and Florida have all introduced new legislation either banning or applying fees to the use of plastic bags, and many individuals and organizations are doing everything they can think of to raise awareness on this issue. Unfortunately, plastic pollution is a global epidemic and national legislation and local initiatives are only a drop in the bucket in comparison to the massive global problem of plastic bag usage. It’s estimated that nearly one trillion bags are used each year around the globe — a staggering figure by anyone’s standards.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Less than 60 vaquitas left in the world!\nIn July 2016, the United States and Mexico renewed their commitment to saving the vaquita porpoise, the smallest and most endangered cetacean on Earth.\nPANDA OF THE SEA\nKnown as the “Panda of the Sea”, because of the dark rings around its eyes and overall cuteness, the vaquita porpoise is the most endangered and smallest marine mammal on the planet.\nWith less than 60 documented individuals left in their native habitat in the northern part of the Gulf of California, Mexico, gillnet fishing for shrimp and the endangered totoaba fish has decimated the population.\nKnown as “aquatic cocaine”, the bladder of the totoaba fish is prized as a delicacy in soup in China and Hong Kong where it can sell on the black market for US$10,000 per bladder.\nWant to help?\nStop eating totoaba soup. Pass the word! For more actions, go to Viva Vaquita: http://www.vivavaquita.org/act-now-to-save-the-vaquita.html.\nThe Mexican government has now permanently banned gillnets and night fishing in the upper Gulf of California, which is the only place in the world where the critically endangered porpoise is found.\nIllegal gillnet fishing for totoaba fish, another endangered species, has been the main threat to the vaquita. Fishers with small boats have used the cover of night to hide their nets and illegal fishing activities. Totoaba swim bladders, infamously known as “aquatic cocaine”, are prized as a soup delicacy (believed to enhance one’s complexion) in China and Hong Kong, where they are sold on the black market for upwards of US$10,000 per bladder. The rest of the fish is discarded.\nThe vaquita porpoises, which are about the same size as the totoaba fish, get entangled in the gillnets and drown.\nIn the July 22 statement from the US Whitehouse, both US President Barack Obama and Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto pledged to intensify bilateral cooperation in the protection of the critically endangered vaquita marina porpoise. In addition to the gillnet and night fishing bans in the Gulf of California, both countries will increase enforcement efforts to stop illegal fishing and trade of totoaba bladders, develop alternatives to gillnets and establish “vaquita-safe” fisheries, and initiate a long-term program to remove ghost nets (nets dumped on the seafloor) in the region, which also kill vaquita.\nConservationists welcomed the moves by the two governments, many declaring that the decline of the vaquita population was man-made and its extinction is preventable.\nWhat you can do\nWant to help? Stop the demand for totoaba bladders. Stop eating the soup and encourage others to stop consuming it, as well. Share the slogan on social media. Education is key. Pass the word.\nFor more actions you can take to help, go to Viva Vaquita: http://www.vivavaquita.org/act-now-to-save-the-vaquita.html. ■\nSOURCES: AWI, CIRVA, CNN, FIS, GUARDIAN, JUSTICE.GOV, PORPOISE.ORG, VIVAVAQUITA.ORG, WASHINGTON POST, WHITEHOUSE.GOV", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "French fishermen pursuing sea bass may be responsible for the deaths of hundreds of dolphins off the coasts of Britain and France, Britain's Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society believes.\nIn the past month, 80 dolphins have been washed up dead off England's south coast, three times the number last year, while 300 dolphins were found dead on the beaches of France's Atlantic coast in nine days in late January.\nMarks showed they had been caught in nets, and some had been mutilated in an attempt to make them sink.\nThe deaths are occurring during the winter hunt for sea bass – for which there is now a huge demand – in the waters south-west of the British Isles by about 50 French trawlers.\nThe French boats are operating as pelagic (open sea) pair trawlers, a technique in which two boats draw a net rapidly near the surface water. Research shows this technique can produce a big unintentional entrapment of dolphins, porpoises and small whales. The French boats will not allow observers on board.\nThe conservation group is calling for the EU to monitor pelagic pair trawling closely. Ali Ross, of the group, said: \"We think the finger of suspicion points at the French sea bass fishery over the recent dolphin kills, but pair trawling for all species presents dolphins with a serious threat.\"Reuse content", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New Developments for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Sperm Whales in Hawaiian Waters\nFebruary 17, 2021\nDr. Yvonne Barkley, PhD candidate at the University of Hawaii at Manoa\nDr. Yvonne Barkley shares research findings related to tracking whales using passive acoustic monitoring. This talk will discuss a new approach for localizing passive acoustic data of sperm whales collected using towed hydrophone arrays and demonstrate how this information can be incorporated into species distribution models to improve our understanding of sperm whale habitat preferences in Hawaiian waters.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photos taken on Whale Shark dives from Hamanasi resort in Belize.\nNOTE: DUE TO HAVING NO WHALE SHARK SIGHTINGS IN 2016, HAMANASI WILL NOT BE OFFERING SCHEDULED WHALE SHARK TOURS IN 2017. We do not know why the whale sharks were not there in 2016. Too many fishing boats? Too many divers? Climate change?\nIf sharks are sighted in 2017, we may choose to run a trip at that time.\nHamanasi offers Belize diving on the barrier reef and all 3 of Belize’s coral Atolls, as well as many other adventures all around Belize. Explore the best of Belize both on and offshore, all from one convenient location! You can visit our homepage to see why we are consistently voted the best Belize Resort. Let the experts at Hamanasi’s Adventure Center help you find the perfect adventures for your interests, and plan the ideal Belize Vacation. You can customize an all-inclusive Belize package to fit your interests and length of stay, and enjoy the best of Belize at our award-winning resort.\nOur Belize reservation staff are at the resort and ready to assist you 365 days per year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Related Links:||Articles on seawall|\n|Letters Menu||Archival Menu|\nToday there are few virtually undisturbed sections of mangrove forest remaining: along the Pomeroon River where the growth is thickest and other small pockets stretching from Charity to Crabwood Creek.\nThe importance of the mangrove to the country’s wave battered coastal shore is well known as it forms a protective barrier, which breaks the wave action.\nIn addition its roots provide a nesting ground for coastal bird life and for countless species of fish.\nChief Sea and River Defence Officer, George Howard, told Stabroek News that the mangrove forests prove an invaluable complement to the seawalls.\nThis is because the mangrove aids in reducing the force of the waves as they reach the shore and crucially they allow for the active build up of the shoreline through accretion.\nThe vegetation plays a role in stabilising the country’s dynamic coastline, which experiences both accumulation and removal of sediment by huge mud banks that are 30 to 40 km apart and slowly travel up the coast either encouraging erosion or accretion as they pass.\nIn light of this the government, through a European Union-funded project, is keen on taking measures to ensure that the once thriving seashore forest is revitalised.\nThe project will see the institutional strengthening of the capacity of the respective agencies responsible for protecting the shore zone to allow them to better manage the entire coastal sector.\nOne of the methods to be used in the preservation of the mangrove forest is a public awareness campaign targeted at coastal fishermen, farmers and other people living in the coastal areas who will learn about the value of mangroves and other natural or man-made defences.\nThis will be complemented by effective policing of the sea defences once the legislative measures are strengthened as recommended by the study.\nThis, according to Howard, would also see drastic reductions in the cost associated with the maintenance of the seashore, which currently expends up to $450,000 per linear metre for riprap structure.\nIt would cost around $15,000 per linear metre to construct an earthen dam once it is protected or buttressed by a mangrove forest.\nApart from the mangroves, ‘sling mud’, which consists of water with a high concentration of mud also helps to dampen wave energy and this would normally occur for a few months after which it is pulled away as part of the natural process associated with the migratory mud banks.\nIt is then that larger waves can uproot the mangrove trees as the constant ebb and flow leaves the roots exposed resulting in their easy dislocation.\nIt is exactly this process that is occurring along the West Coast Berbice foreshore and Howard noted that it is difficult to stop.\nHowever, once the sea begins to deposit matter on the shore again there is usually a regeneration of the mangroves.\nStabroek News on a recent visit to the WCB foreshore and Belladrum and Onverwagt noted the massive erosion of the shoreline leading to the uprooting of the existing mangrove forest.\nAt one point the wave action had begun to attack the existing earthen embankment resulting in serious erosion necessitating urgent remedial attention to avert inland flooding.\nHowever it was only approximately a year ago when on a previous visit, that there was a build up of matter on the shore, which was affecting drainage in the area.\nA similar situation is said to have led to the current breaches at Profit/Foulis where the earthen dam buttressed by the once existing mangrove forest was helplessly eroded by the fierce wave action striking that coastal zone.\nOn both sides of that eroded shore there was evidence of once vibrant mangrove growth for several miles along the coastline.\nSimilar destruction of the mangrove forest was sighted along the foreshore between the East Coast Demerara villages of Mon Repos to Lusignan where almost two kilometres of sea defence had to be buttressed by bouldered revetment.\nThis area, which once featured a cremation site similar to one presently existing on the Ruimzeight foreshore amongst the mangrove, was systematically destroyed by a combination of wave action and human mismanagement.\nThis situation also exists at Ruimzeight where there is clear evidence of the removal of a portion of the mangroves to facilitate the erection of a sea defence wall while some of the wood has been used by the fishermen to tie up their nets and vessels as well as to make traps for fish and crabs.\nThe bark is also used in tanning leather, in the charcoal industry and in making burnt earth for rural roadways.\nThe mangrove forest has the capacity to develop strong growth within a 15-year span as shown on the West Coast Demerara at Harlem where in the mid-1980s a severe sea defence threat was drastically lessened with the growth of the forest.\nHoward recalled that with the dredging of the Demerara River the deposits thrown on the western back were transported by tides to the shores of that area leading to the rejuvenation of the forest. It continues to act as a buffer for the existing sea defence.\nThe EU study, which targeted the Essequibo Islands, recognised that unpopulated islands like Bird Island actually have an expanding landmass, which is visible by its sand build up on the shores.\nExperts say this is due to the preservation of the natural vegetation which offers that island a natural source of protection while promoting growth in the landmass.\nLeguan on the other hand, which has had a great deal of its natural protection removed, is vulnerable to the elements of the river which during extreme high tides has caused massive flooding.\nCommunications Consultant in the Ministry of Public Works, Ajay Baksh reiterated the ministry’s commitment to the protection of the natural defences. According to Baksh, the ministry is 100% behind the protection of the mangrove as studies have shown that with its preservation the likelihood of threats from the sea would be greatly reduced.\nThe ministry, he further said, would continue to work towards having persons educated as to the importance of the mangrove although they acknowledge that some social and economic conditions help to influence the activities of some communities with respect to the forest.\nThe Guyana Forestry Commission (GFC) as part of its mandate to protect the country’s forest reserves is currently involved in several projects to effectively manage the precious resource.\nThe studies conclude that the removal of mangroves for fuel wood from the Essequibo River to the Corentyne has not only exposed lengths of coastline to erosion but also degraded these ecosystems, limiting their ability to act as nurseries for fish species (an estimated 75 percent of fish caught commercially spend some time in the mangroves or are dependent on food chains which can be traced back to these coastal forests).\nMangrove plants and sediments have also been shown to absorb pollution, including heavy metals.\nMangroves along the Northwest coast are still largely intact. The GFC was expected to carry out an evaluation of the mangrove resource and plans for its protection and management.\nMeanwhile a lot of quick profit enterprises, which degrade coastal resources, for example beach sand and seashell removal is viewed as a lack of understanding of the economic contribution of coastal resources to society.\nThere is also the issue of over-harvesting of mangrove vegetation and consequential habitat destruction while threatening the bio-diversity of other organisms.\nThere are currently three types of identifiable mangrove forests these being the black, which is the most widespread on the coast, the red and the white varieties.\nWith the assistance of the EU-funded project it is anticipated that with the collection of data there would be the ability to predict likely trouble spots. This would be facilitated by the development of models and a database to identify areas of sediment transport and seabed evolution as part of a wider study.\nRangers police the existing sections of mangrove forest with residents acting as backup to ensure their integrity.\nAs Guyana faces rising sea levels in the coming decades, it is ironic that centuries after mangroves were removed for the establishment of key parts of the coast, it should now be returning to play its part as nature’s best sea defence.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Monitor National Marine Sanctuary – A Maritime Heritage Site\nMonitor National Marine Sanctuary – Bringing People and History Together to Preserve Our National Heritage\nThough the US has had national parks since the 1870s, the National Marine Sanctuaries Act wasn’t established until a century later in 1972! Monitor National Marine Sanctuary (MNMS) became the first national marine sanctuary when it was established in 1975. Like many historical sites on the East Coast, MNMS is based on a battlefield—but not just any battlefield. Its namesake, the USS Monitor, was a history-making vessel in the civil war; however, the sanctuary is expanding to preserve relics from, and educate people about, the WWII Battle of the Atlantic, especially the ships and almost 1,600 men who were lost off the coast of North Carolina.\nThe Monitor in History\nThe sanctuary was founded to protect the shipwreck of the USS Monitor, the first armored ship designed and built by the Union during the Civil War. Firepower technology had evolved to the point where no practical wooden ship design could withstand it, so armoring ships with iron was the next advancement in naval warfare.\nThe Confederacy had started armoring the captured Merrimack (renaming it CSS Virginia), and the Union responded by pushing hard to get the Monitor constructed and engaged. In addition to the introduction of ironclad vessels, the Monitor had several other innovations. Among them, the shape of the ship was very unusual, and it was the first to have a rotating turret. It stood nine feet tall and was 20 feet in diameter and housed two Dahlgren guns (muzzle loading cannons).\nThe Monitor and Virginia fought the Battle of Hampton Roads on March 9, 1862, and the Monitor went on to participate in several other confrontations. In December of that year, it was being towed off the coast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and sunk during a storm.\nIt was not until 1973 that the sunken wreck of the Monitor was discovered, and documentation and recovery efforts began.\nWorld War Two’s Battle of the Atlantic—Right off North Carolina’s Shores\nShortly after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December of 1941, German submarines called U-boats began patrolling off of the coast of North Carolina. In January of 1942, they torpedoed a steam tanker about 60 miles northeast of Diamond Shoals, and by the end of the war dozens of vessels would be sunk off of North Carolina. Almost 1,600 men were killed, most of them merchant marines.\nMNMS is playing a key role in the exploration of these shipwrecks, and creating memorials for the lives lost. A comprehensive study is being conducted to learn as much as possible from this underwater maritime museum.\nOpportunities at MNMS\nAs a marine sanctuary, MNMS works to study and preserve the natural environment as well as this undersea historical resource. The Monitor itself is at a depth of about 240 feet under the sea, but visitors have many ways to learn more about it and the other shipwrecks in the sanctuary.\nThe Mariners’ Museum in Newport News, Virginia serves as the primary visitor’s center, and stops all along the Outer Banks Maritime Heritage Trail (outerbankstrails.org) off of the coast of North Carolina provide additional resources.\nSCUBA diving allows visitors to see the shipwrecks in person, and MNMS has launched an exciting initiative to engage divers in the conservation of the wrecks and the artificial reef environments they create. It is called ANCHOR (Appreciating the Nation’s Cultural Heritage and Ocean Resources) and its mission is to “work in partnership with dive businesses and charter operators to reduce human impacts on shipwrecks and other maritime heritage resources.”\nVolunteers are a vital part of the ongoing projects at MNMS, and there are a variety of opportunities to help out. Booths at community events are a fun way for socially-inclined volunteers to spread the word about the great work being done, and those who prefer something less outgoing are encouraged to help archive and organize research material, preserve photographs and conserve maritime artifacts.\nWhatever your level of interest, there is something for you at MNMS, from learning about a particular aspect of naval war history to leaving your own legacy through contributing to the nation’s deepened understanding of the maritime heritage encompassed by the sanctuary. Contact us to find out about current activities and opportunities today at monitor.noaa.gov.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1997-1998: the dawn of Girlpower, Harry’s first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and the epic story between love, an iceberg and a ship. Oh, and yeah…..El Niño.\nDocumented as the strongest El Niño to ever occur within the past 50 years, the 1997-1998 ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) event broke records for heightened sea surface temperatures, rainfall, and drought conditions globally. With ENSO occurring regularly every 4-5 years there’s no lack of expectation of what’s to naturally happen. It is, although, varied by intensity. 2015 marks the beginning of another El Niño event, and this year is anticipated to steal the cake. Recent trends give evidence to the possibility that this year could reach and even surpass 1997-1998 records with how high sea surface temperatures of the water have been.\nThis natural, cyclical phenomenon transpires when easterly trade winds along the equator weaken, shifting atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. Normally, cold-nutrient rich water is upwelled along the eastern Pacific coast near Peru due to strong trades pushing west. This keeps the areas around the eastern portion of the equator relatively cool and dry during portions of the year, and highly productive given the movement of bottom-dwelling nutrients to the surface. Along the western side, the warm water being pushed by the strong winds eventually warms the overlying air over Indonesia and other portions of Southeast Asia. The air then gets lifted into the atmosphere and produces variable stormy activity that keeps this area relatively warm and wet during the year.\nWhat commences an El Niño event is the weakening of the easterly trade winds. The normal cold-water upwelling occurring along the eastern Pacific coast that we typically see comes to a halt, allowing warm water to pool up. Atmospheric weather patterns shift more eastward, producing more wet, stormy conditions along the eastern coastlines. As a result, we find more warm, wet, and non-productive conditions along the east side and more warm and dry conditions over towards the west.\nThe intensity of ENSO events varies each year based upon the overlay of building oceanic and atmospheric conditions throughout the designated year. Only time will tell on how strong this year’s El Niño will be. What is anticipated to happen around California and Catalina Island, although, is higher than normal precipitation in the form of rain and even snow up in higher elevated areas, increased susceptibility of weather-induced natur al disaster events, including landslides and mudslides, and major ecological shifts within our local terrestrial and marine environments. We’ve already seen a number of non-native marine critters visit, including the recently sighted venomous Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake…..watch out!\nThe important thing to understand is that El Niño is a natural reoccurring phenomenon. It’s not alien that we are going to experience an intense shift in climate and weather patterns this winter seasons or quite possibly even see Godzilla emerging from the sea. What is curious, although, is the question of how intense that shift will be and how our ever changing world has contributed to that intensity.\nWritten by John Cornett\nBlog Photo Credits\n-“Global Climate Conditions”\n-“Yellow Bellied Sea Snake”\nVideo Photo Credits\n-“Yellow Bellied Sea Snake”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Which animals do fish eat?\nThere is a diverse variety of fish in the ocean that eat small crustaceans, like krill, crab, barnacle, prawn, shrimp, lobster, etc. to large mollusks and invertebrates. Other foods that fish eat include small fish, seals, sea lions, and certain sharks had been seen attacking whales.\nWhat is it called if a fish eats a fish?\nA piscivore /ˈpɪsɪvɔːr/ is a carnivorous animal that eats primarily fish. The name “piscivore” is derived from the Latin word for fish, piscis. Piscivore is equivalent to the Greek-derived word ichthyophage, both of which mean “fish eater”.\nDo fish eat their poop?\nDo fish eat poop? They might, but they probably don’t. You may sometimes see a fish nibble on poop from other fish, and fish do have a tendency to eat whatever they see floating in the water column – but they also have a tendency to spit non-food items back out (including poop).\nWhy did my fish eat my other fish?\nNew Fish in the Tank\nJust like any other species of animals, in fish, territories are marked. Therefore, the existing fish tend to keenly observe the new fish and the space they occupy. If the fish feels threatened in some way, they will come up with a plot to eat up the new fish.\nDo fish eat rice?\nBoiled rice: Fish loves to eat boiled rice. Even frozen rice is appreciated by these aquatic pets. Defrost the rice before feeding your fish. This is another easy alternative for fish food.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Working with students on an abalone diver’s boat, recording data from an experiment\nI am passionately curious about how the world works, especially the marine world.\nI grew up in South Africa – my undergraduate training was at the University of Cape Town, a centre for Marine Biology and Oceanography (and a great place for diving).\nAfter a year in the navy, studying the sessile animals that slow down ships, I came to Australia to do a PhD under Charles Birch, on the ecology of sessile animals on the Great Barrier Reef. From there I moved to a post-doc, with Joe Connell, at the University of California at Santa Barbara. I worked on the effects on sessile animals of the hot water from a nuclear power station, and also began studying abalone -seeding hatchery reared abalone to see if this would enhance the abalone fishery.\nWhen I joined the University of Melbourne I found abalone were a wonderful model species for ecological field experiments as well as work on sustainable management – they are commercially important, the fishers know a lot about them as they search for them underwater, and abalone don’t move around much!\nAlso, as abalone farming has grown, there has been a demand for information and thus opportunities for research on their physiology – feeding, growth, reproduction, and immune system. As there are abalone species all around the world, knowledge about them has accumulated fast – more so than other marine animals.\nIn addition, I have supervised projects on other fishery species – shark species, rock-lobsters, Trochus snails and fin-fish. My students have used their PhD experience to move into work on abalone farms, in government fisheries agencies, and also starting their own companies.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scientists use a hexacopter to study humpback whales\nDrones are a noninvasive way to get biological samples\nAerial photos can provide clues about whales' health\nThe remote-controlled drone whirs through a whale’s spout at 10 feet above the sea to capture exactly what it exhales.\nResearchers are using a remote-controlled hexacopter to study endangered humpback whales in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary off New England, according to a statement released by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\nWhale breath condenses on the sterile surface of the drone, giving a more accurate picture of health in the humpback.\nUsing the toy-looking tool, scientists can non-invasively test whales for stress levels, family history and general well-being by analyzing DNA, hormones and bacteria levels, according to the statement.\nA hexacopter at Woods Hole has taken aerial photos of 36 humpbacks to find out how fat they were and whether their skin had lesions.\nA sense of scale is needed here: The hexacopter is about 3 feet in diameter. Humpback whales can measure as long as 60 feet.\nTheir scientific name, Megaptera novaengliae, means “big-winged New Englander,” due to the 15-foot-long fins they use to traverse thousands of miles in an annual migration.\nThe whales are known for their complex songs that can last for 20 minutes. The songs can be heard from miles away. All males sing the same song, but the song keeps evolving, making it different from year to year, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website. The why of whale song is one of nature’s great unsolved mysteries.\nAn estimated 60,000 humpbacks exist worldwide, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List reports, and numbers are rising.\nScientists plan to compare samples from humpbacks living near the unpolluted Antarctic Peninsula with samples taken in Stellwagen, where there is much more ship traffic and pollution, according to WHOI.\n“This will give us a new understanding of the relationship between whale body condition and health in the context of habitat quality,” said Michael Moore, director of the WHOI Marine Mammal Center.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The first offshore wind turbine in the U.S. was recently deployed off the coast of Maine. The pilot project uses a floating platform with a small wind turbine affixed to a tower. The project is a small, but significant step toward developing an abundant clean energy resource in the U.S.\nOffshore winds are stronger and steadier than onshore winds and they blow during the day and in heat waves, when the demand for energy is the greatest. The East Coast is dubbed the “Saudi Arabia” of offshore wind, because there is enough offshore wind energy there to provide the entire U.S. with electricity, if it is fully developed.\nThe U.S. still lags behind Europe in developing offshore wind farms, where they have been providing jobs and clean energy since 1991. There is a lot of catching up to do, but floating offshore wind technology is an encouraging step forward. Developing floating turbines is exciting because some of the strongest offshore winds are located in areas of deep water that cannot be accessed with a conventional offshore wind turbine which uses a steel foundation placed into the seabed. Floating offshore wind platforms could be placed in deep water locations near Maine, California, Oregon, Hawaii, and within the Great Lakes.\nAnother big milestone for offshore wind happened this week when the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM ) announced that the nation’s first competitive lease sales for offshore wind development are scheduled for next month in an area off of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Offshore wind farms in this location could provide one million homes with emissions-free electricity. Oceana has been supporting this progress, and providing input to the government about how to protect marine wildlife during the construction of our first offshore wind farms.\nThe technology is here and the demand for clean energy is high, but we will need political support to truly establish an offshore wind industry in the U.S. For one, Oceana has been working to establish a long-term extension to the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for offshore wind. This policy would allow offshore wind to flourish, and help us transition away from fossil fuels and dangerous offshore drilling.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posted on Care2: 7 Dec 2012 — By Beth Buczynski\nAs one of the largest producers of U.S.-farmed shellfish, Washington state has a lot to lose if ocean acidification continues. Rather than denying the reality of climate change like some other states, Washington has decided to take action to protect its natural resources.\nThe state recently launched a $3.3-million, science-based plan to slow ocean acidification on its own shores, and around the world. The strategy – detailed in a report by a governor-appointed panel of scientists, policy-makers and shellfish industry representatives — marks the first US state-funded effort to tackle ocean acidification, a growing problem for both the region and the globe,reports Nature Magazine.\nAccording to the Washington Department of Ecology, shellfish growers in Washington and Oregon became the first to discover that ocean acidification was undercutting their jobs and businesses around 2007, when corrosive seawater began killing off tiny young oysters by the billions in Pacific Northwest hatcheries. For Governor Christine Gregoire and many in the state’s government, to surrender this profitable industry to the consequences of human-accelerated climate change is unthinkable.\nThe detailed report titled “Sweetening The Waters” [PDF], outlines 42 different strategies Washington can undertake to adapt to, remediate, and mitigate the effects of ocean acidification on the state’s coastline. Possible actions include relatively well-established approaches such as buffering sediments in shellfish beds with recycled shell hash and cultivating seagrass to protect nearby larvae by absorbing CO2; as well as less-recognized tactics like breeding OA-resistent strains of vulnerable marine species.\nIn late November, Gov. Gregoire signed an executive order underscoring the importance of these recommendations from her Blue Ribbon Panel on ocean acidification. “A healthy ocean is critical to our health and our coastal economies,” said Gregoire. “We have learned that human caused emissions of carbon dioxide are dramatically altering the ocean’s chemistry at an alarming rate. These emissions, mostly resulting from burning fossil fuels, are now threatening our ocean ecosystems. Ocean acidification is yet another reason to quickly and significantly reduce emissions of carbon dioxide across the planet.”\nTop Image: Algae blooms in central Puget Sound. Credit: Washington Dept. of Ecology", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Mesh size: 37 micron\n- Quantity: 250 cubic meters of sea water per hour\n- Sampling location: Ballast Water Detecting Laboratory of Shanghai Ocean University, Land-Based Testing Base\n- Viable organisms of > 50 um in minimum dimension before filtering: 19,500 per m³\n- Viable organisms of > 50 um in minimum dimension after filtering: 0 per m³\n- Remarks: SHOU BWDL certify that TWF Co. Ltd. has successfully tested their filter system on the ocean as-is directly from Yangshan Port Shanghai\nwith 250m³/h Flow.\nThe system from TWF is the unique filter tested the raw water without any sedimentation at this location.\nThe 2018 Test Report is listed below:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tuna is versatile pelagic that can be found in all temperate oceans around the globe. Tunas are harvested in many different forms, from artisanal hand lines to longlines to purse seiners. Tuna being one of the very few warm blooded fishes in the ocean require special handling on board the vessels. All of our tunas are graded by a specialized tuna grader for color, fat content, texture, and freshness at the origin and again in our plant, to insure quality, grades, and specific needs. Tunas include about 15 different species, however we will only consider four species (Yellowfin, Bigeye, Bluefin and Albacore) below for our commercial purposes. Fresh tuna has grown rapidly in popularity over the last 25 years and is now one of the most popular finfish on restaurant menus worldwide.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Type of Document Dissertation Author Piazza, Bryan Patrick Author's Email Address firstname.lastname@example.org URN etd-04132009-091738 Title The Role of Climate Variability and Riverine Pulsing in the Community Dynamics of Estuarine Nekton in Breton Sound, Louisiana Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Department Oceanography & Coastal Sciences Advisory Committee\nAdvisor Name Title Kenneth A. Rose Committee Co-Chair Megan K. La Peyre Committee Co-Chair Barry D. Keim Committee Member Jaye E. Cable Committee Member Lawrence P. Rozas Committee Member Harris H. Wong Dean's Representative Keywords\n- resource pulse\n- Farfantepenaeus aztecus\n- Gambusia affinis\n- trophic relay\n- El Niño Southern Oscillation\n- brown shrimp\nDate of Defense 2009-03-11 Availability unrestricted AbstractClimate controls biotic community composition at multiple spatiotemporal scales through variability in environmental control mechanisms (assembly filters). This research investigated the role of climate variability in the community dynamics of estuarine nekton in Breton Sound estuary, Louisiana, and, specifically the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), freshwater discharge, and a tropical cyclone. A teleconnection was found between ENSO and juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) abundance in Breton Sound from 1988 – 2007. ENSO affected winter weather conditions (air pressure, temperature and precipitation), and spring brown shrimp abundance in Breton Sound. Juvenile brown shrimp abundance lagged ENSO by three months; below-average abundance of juvenile brown shrimp was caught in springs following El Niño winters while above-average abundance of brown shrimp was caught in springs following La Niña winters. Salinity was the dominant ENSO-forced assembly filter that regulated brown shrimp abundance. Study of short-term freshwater pulses revealed higher nekton density and biomass in marshes receiving pulsed riverine flow (inflow) than in reference marshes, due to differences in water depth and flooding duration caused by the pulses. Communities consisted mainly of marsh resident species; individual-species examination revealed habitat preference related to water depth. Inflow marshes were capable of producing optimum growth of Gambusia affinis (0.001 g DW\nd-1) and energetically valuable habitat (> 6,000 cal g-1) for trophic transport. Riverine pulses may enhance secondary productivity in Breton Sound estuary. Breton Sound was directly hit by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, causing extreme physical habitat damage and a protracted period of elevated salinity in tidal freshwater marshes. Results included higher nekton densities and a nekton community shift from one dominated by Tidal freshwater / Resident (T/R) species toward one that included Brackish / Migrant species. Effects were short lived; by spring 2007, the nekton community had returned to T/R species, despite the lasting loss of vegetated marsh habitat. These findings provide greater understanding of large-scale climate effects on local estuarine nekton community dynamics and productivity.\nFilename Size Approximate Download Time (Hours:Minutes:Seconds)\n28.8 Modem 56K Modem ISDN (64 Kb) ISDN (128 Kb) Higher-speed Access Piazza_diss.pdf 4.20 Mb 00:19:25 00:09:59 00:08:44 00:04:22 00:00:22\nIf you have questions or technical problems, please Contact LSU-ETD Support.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Minister of Home Affairs and Information, Wilfred Abrahams, and officials at the Barbados Meteorological Services (MET Office) are appealing to the public to stay out of the sea today, as conditions can become hazardous due to the passage of Tropical Storm Tammy.\nAbrahams said due to the potential for rip currents and above normal swells, the public is advised to stay away from beaches for their own safety.\nThe MET Office reported that sea conditions have deteriorated with moderate to rough swells of between eight and 11 feet in open water.\nIn addition, a high surf advisory and small craft warning remain in effect for the island, given the potential for large open water swells which could be hazardous to some vessels.\nA high surf advisory is issued when breaking wave action poses a threat to life and property in the surf zone within a 48-hour period. A small craft advisory is issued when sustained winds of 20 to 25 knots and or sea swells of between eight and 10 feet are affecting, or forecast to affect the marine area within the next 48 hours. (PR)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DescriptionHow fisher self sampling can enhance pelagic fisheries data collection.\nThere is increasing interest throughout global fisheries to enhance traditional methods of fishery monitoring through the involvement of the fishing industry in data collection. Fisher self-sampling has the potential to provide valuable information, across fishing seasons and grounds, in an efficient and cost effective manner, and collaboration between industry and science can build valuable partnerships. In 2018, the Scottish Pelagic Industry Self-sampling Scheme began its development and testing phase, in partnership with the NAFC Marine Centre (NAFC), Scottish Pelagic Fishermen’s Association (SPFA), and Marine Scotland Science (MSS), supported by the EU project ‘PANDORA’ (Paradigm for New Dynamic Oceanic Resource Assessments). The testing phase aims to design and develop robust self-sampling data collection methods that can be applied across the Scottish pelagic industry to provide quality data to inform stock assessment. To fulfil this aim - and establish a new approach to Scottish pelagic data collection – the scheme needs to address two important questions: (1) Can it prove the methods are fit-for-purpose? And, (2) Can it demonstrate that the resulting data are of sufficient quality & utility for application to current, and possible future, stock assessment methods? Here we take a critical look at these questions: methods are analysed and evaluated (with input from both industry and science), and data are examined and compared with traditional market sampling data (which currently provide catch-at-age numbers for stock assessment). The significance of the scheme is also considered in the wider context of international coordination of fishery data monitoring, with the potential to contribute to and improve regional catch sampling of widely distributed pelagic stocks in the north-east Atlantic. Finally, comment is provided on next steps for the future of Scottish pelagic industry self-sampling.\n|21 Sept 2021\n|Degree of Recognition", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The primary diet of blue whales is krill, a small shrimp-like animal, but fish and copepods may occasionally be part of the diet as well. Blue whales are the largest animals in the world, with a body mass of up to 1,000 tons. They can grow to more than 20 feet in length, and can reach speeds of 40 miles per hour.\nTable of Contents\nWhat does a whale eat?\nMost whales do not eat large prey. The baleen whales feed on some of the smallest animals in the ocean. The whales are fed on small plankton and krill that drift with the waters. Some whales don’t feed on plankton, but most do. In fact, it is estimated that 90% of all the food eaten by whales comes from small fish and crustaceans. Whales are not the only animals that eat small animals.\nMany other animals, including birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians and mammals, also eat smaller animals such as worms, snails, slugs and mollusks. These animals are known as scavengers and they eat the dead or dying animals of their prey to get the nutrients they need for their own survival. Some of these scavenging animals can be as small as a grain of rice or as large as an elephant.\nDoes whale eat human?\nAccording to experts, whales do not eat people, but consume small aquatic lifeforms like fish, squid and crustaceans. They eat a wide variety of marine life, including fish and squid,” said Dr. David Goulson, a marine biologist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, who was not involved in the study.\nDo right whale eat fish?\nAtlantic right whales are baleen whales that feed entirely on zooplankton and their favourite types are large copepods which are about the size of a grain of rice. They eat smaller crustaceans and copepods. The right whale is one of the largest animals in the world and can reach a length of up to 1,000 metres. It is also the fastest animal on the planet, reaching speeds of more than 30 kilometres per hour.\nDo whales eat sharks?\nSome of the whales like to kill and fulfill their food requirements, which is why they are peaceful mammals. The killer whale (Orca) is the only whale known to have killed and eaten a human being. SRKWs are the largest and most aggressive of the two species.\nThey are found in the waters off the coast of California, Mexico, and Baja California. Both species are known for their aggressive behavior and for killing and eating dolphins, porpoises, seals, sea lions, walruses, whales, dolphins and other marine mammals.\nDo whales eat meat?\nThe majority of toothed whales will eat whale food species such as squid, octopus, crustaceans and fish. The killer whale and other toothed whales will hunt larger marine mammals such as seals, sharks, birds, and sea turtles. Whales and dolphins are not the only animals that can be eaten by whales.\nDo whales sleep?\nObservations of bottlenose dolphins in aquariums and zoos and of whales and dolphins in the wild show that they either rest quietly in the water, vertically or horizontally, or sleep while lying on their backs. This position is known as a “tetrapod” position, because it is similar to the position of a fish or amphibian in water.\nTetrapods sleep in a similar way to humans, but they do not sleep horizontally. Instead, they sleep vertically, with their head resting on one side of their body and their other side resting against a rock or other object. In this way, dolphins and whales are able to stay awake for long periods of time, even when they are in deep sleep.\nAre whales friendly?\nThe whales seem to be non- aggressive from a historical perspective. Their relatives, the dolphin’s species, tend to be very friendly and curious towards humans, often displaying a desire to greet and play with them. Whales have also been known to attack humans in the past.\nIn the early 20th century, for example, a man was attacked by a humpback whale off the coast of New Zealand. The whale, which had been feeding on the man’s boat, attacked him with its flukes, knocking him out of the boat and into the water.\nDo whales bite?\nPress reported that a surfer was bitten in California in the early 1970s, which is the only relatively well-documented case of a wild orca actually biting a human. Orcas in captivity have attacked and killed at least one person.\n“It’s very rare for an orcas to actually attack a person,” said NOAA marine mammal expert Dr. David Shiffman. “But it’s not unheard of for them to do so.\nIs whale vegetarian?\nTheir enormous weight is supported by the water. The whale’s diet consists of fish, squid, crustaceans and other marine invertebrates. They also feed on plankton and small marine animals such as zooplankton.\nHow do whales swallow?\nThe whales swim slowly with their mouths open to take in large amounts of water and food. The food gets trapped inside the whale’s mouth when they push the water out past their baleen plates. The whale then swallows it whole.\nThis is a very efficient way of getting food into the whales’ stomachs, but it also means that whales have to eat a lot of food in a short period of time, which can lead to them becoming very hungry very quickly.\nThis is one of the reasons why humpback whales and blue whales are considered to be the world’s most endangered species.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scientists are investigating and fighting back against this serious risk to the marine environment\nOceans soak up as much as 30% of total carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and other human activities. But this carbon removal service comes at a considerable cost, increasing ocean acidity and contributing to a loss of biodiversity. This is not only bad for the oceans but also hits human populations, cutting seafood stocks and damaging coastlines. The only real solution on a global scale is to cut CO2 emissions, but scientists are working on effective ways to decrease acidification locally.\nSeawater has a pH of around 8.1, down from 8.2 in pre-industrial times. Open ocean surface pH has declined by up to 0.027 pH units per decade since the late 1980s, according to a 2019 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The surface pH could continue to decrease by around 0.3 units by 2100, it predicts.\nThis may not sound dramatic but a decrease of one pH unit marks a tenfold increase in acidity. Ocean chemistry is finely tuned and affected by any change in acidity. Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater and forms ionic and non-ionic species, including carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-). The ratio of these species depends on factors such as temperature, pressure and salinity. Dissolving CO2 in seawater increases the hydrogen ion concentration, making the water more acidic: CO2 (aq) + H2O ⇌ H2CO3-⇌ CO32- + 2H+\nAs the pH drops, the concentration of carbonate ions also decreases. Many marine organisms need carbonate to grow shells or skeletons, so acidification has significant physical effects. For example, acidification affects coral’s ability to build and repair its hard structures, which in turn affects the whole ecosystem that depends on reefs for survival.\nShellfish are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification at the larval stage. As well as shell effects, acidification can also reduce immune defence against parasites and pathogens.\nWhile effects such as thinning shells and damaged coral reefs are clear to see, others are more subtle. For example, researchers have found that acidification may damage clownfish hearing, affecting their ability to detect predators.\nIn your class\nWe are all becoming increasingly aware of the impact of human activity on our oceans, and microplastic pollution and the bleaching of coral reefs are now regular topics for discussion. This article reveals the dramatic effect relatively small changes in pH can have on our oceans and its marine life. This article can be used in class to add context to the teaching of acid-base chemistry and help students realise its importance in understanding the impact of climate change on our oceans.\nA team at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, reported that young snapper fish raised in predicted future CO2 conditions are less sensitive to low frequency noises. Using computer tomography (3D imaging using X-rays), they found that acidity affected the growth of a key calcium carbonate structure in the fish ear called an otolith. The acid enlarges the structure, possibly because the fish pull in more bicarbonate to maintain the acid-base balance in high CO2 conditions, the researchers suggest. If the fish are unable to adapt to increasing CO2 levels over coming generations, there could be serious effects on the structure and function of future aquatic communities, they warn.\nMany studies on the effects of ocean acidification are carried out in tanks. But for over a decade, studies have also been carried out on underwater hydrothermal vents near active volcanoes. Known as hydrothermal CO2 seeps, the vents bubble large amounts of gas into the water.\n‘These natural gradients in carbon dioxide are like analogues of the future, showing what will happen to marine life,’ says Jason Hall-Spencer from the University of Plymouth.\nJason has long studied CO2 seep sites off Vulcano island in Sicily. In areas of intense bubbling, with a high partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), the seawater pH drops below 6 and there are no calcified organisms such as shelled molluscs and hard corals. A few hundred metres away, where CO2 levels are lower, the geochemistry is like future ocean acidification conditions in the open ocean and the community becomes more diverse.\n‘Whenever we see these gradients of carbon dioxide in the sea, you get a gradual loss of ecosystem properties like habitat complexity, a gradual loss of ecosystem services like the ability to provide coastal protection or food for people, and a decrease in ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling,’ he says.\nThere are seagrass meadows that can store tonnes of carbon for hundreds of years, even millennia\nJason is also based at the Shimoda Marine Research Centre at the University of Tsukuba in Japan, which has access to underwater seeps. There, he is part of a team studying the combined effects of warming seas and increasing acidification by carefully selecting different natural locations.\nA recent study used one location to represent a temperate marine ecosystem, while two others were warmer – one with high CO2 levels. The team found the warm, acidic water was dominated by thick, carpet-like beds of seaweed called turf algae, with few corals and very low habitat complexity. The researchers suggest that declining kelp forests off the coast of Japan will be replaced by turf algae if warming and acidification continue.\nSimilar patterns are seen in tropical, subtropical and temperate seep sites, where habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity are a common theme. Based on this seep evidence, ocean acidification will have serious consequences for the millions of people who depend on coastal protection, fisheries and aquaculture. If we can make major cuts in fossil fuel emissions though, coastal ecosystems will remain in a far better state than predicted at pCO2 levels matching the IPCC’s worst-case scenario.\nSuper seagrass and kelp\nThe best way to prevent further ocean acidification across the planet is to cut atmospheric CO2 emissions. However, local measures can combat acidification. These include boosting coastal populations of seagrass and seaweeds, which use CO2 for photosynthesis.\nAs well as reducing acidity, they also lock away organic carbon in sediments. ‘There are seagrass meadows that can store tonnes of carbon for hundreds of years, even millennia,’ says researcher Aurora Ricart, currently based at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, US. Mangrove trees and salt marshes are also remarkably good at sequestering carbon in coastal areas, but because they are not fully submerged, they contribute little to the fight against acidification.\nAurora was part of a study which found that underwater seagrass meadows can alleviate acidic conditions over long periods, even during the night when photosynthesis halts. The water around the seagrass reached pre-industrial pH levels. At night, the researchers suggest that the water was not moving around enough to bring in more acidic water from outside, preserving the higher pH until the sunlight returned.\nAdding silicate materials could help with climate change and decrease ocean acidification\nAurora is now studying a kelp farm in Maine, looking to understand spatial aspects of pH effects. The buffering effects for both seagrass and kelp appear to be highly local. ‘Now we are monitoring the water chemistry at very high spatial resolution. Instead of having one sensor inside the system and one sensor outside, we have different sensors all over the place,’ she says. The researchers are looking to see if there is a ‘halo effect’ protecting the kelp forest water.\nThe experiments are complicated by seasonal differences, currents, tides and fluctuating water temperatures. The kelp reaches peak productivity in spring and the researchers can track this very well using pH and pCO2 data. Kelp is more productive than seagrass and can sequester more CO2 through photosynthesis over a particular period, says Aurora.\nWorksheet, for age range 16–18\nUse the questions in this exercise to help students further their understanding of acid-base equilibria specifically applied to indicators.\nDownload the student worksheet and answers from the Education in Chemistry website: rsc.li/3LfnL2X\nSome researchers favour adding alkaline substances, such as a magnesium silicate mineral called olivine, directly to the sea. Recent modelling by a team from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research in Australia suggests that adding large amounts of alkaline materials to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) every three days for a year offsets over four years of acidification at the current rate of carbon emissions. But the researchers found the water would return to its former state within six months of treatment. They conclude that ameliorating decades of acidification in the GBR is feasible using existing infrastructure but is likely to be ‘extremely expensive’ and would need to be carried out continuously until humans cut CO2 emissions.\nThrough its Horizon 2020 programme, the EU funds a project looking into ocean-based negative emission technologies (OceanNETs). One aspect of the project is to look at increasing the alkalinity of the upper ocean to boost seawater’s carbon storage capacity and reduce acidity. One suggestion is to add lime powder. Another suggested approach is to react seawater with alkaline minerals using desalination plants before releasing the alkaline solution back into the ocean.\nAs part of the OceanNETs project, scientists at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh are exploring proposals to increase alkalinity through enhanced weathering. This involves adding carbonate or silicate minerals to the land so that they enter water systems through natural weathering processes. Crushed carbonate materials have long been added to soils. Adding silicate materials could help with climate change and decrease ocean acidification. The scientists suggest that by increasing the ‘alkalinity flux’ from land to the ocean via enhanced weathering, it may be possible to partially replenish the ocean’s buffering.\nThe UN has a sustainable development goal to ‘minimise and address the impacts of ocean acidification’. Through UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, it aims to encourage scientific research and cooperation to help fill ocean acidification data gaps. Jason and his colleague Ben Harvey are calling for a binding international agreement for the oceans, saying that the time is ripe for a ‘Paris agreement for the oceans’ to build on the UN’s sustainable development goal.\nJason would also like to see a reduction in trawling and dredging, which damage the seabed and release trapped CO2. ‘We need a healthy, functioning ocean to protect us from the effects of ocean acidification,’ he says. He is hopeful for the future though: ‘Oceans have a remarkable ability to bounce back.’\n- Add ocean acidification to your existing lessons at 14–16 with this article and resources from the Sustainability in chemistry series.\n- For more contexts as well as ideas and activities for discussing pH and indicators, read Teaching acids and bases post-16.\n- The worksheets in this acids and bases resource provide further practise on acid-base equilibria.\n- Find out more about what is involved in working as a marine biogeochemist in one of the many job profiles on A Future in Chemistry.\n- Add ocean acidification to your existing lessons at 14–16 with this article and resources from the EiC Sustainability in chemistry series and this article: rsc.li/3B78lJA\n- For more contexts as well as ideas and activities for discussing pH and indicators, read Teaching acids and bases post-16: rsc.li/3rsyxuN\n- For further practise on acid-base equilibria, use the worksheets in this acids and bases resource: rsc.li/3J9yfyZ\n- Find out more about what is involved in working as a marine biogeochemist in one of the many job profiles on A Future in Chemistry: rsc.li/3Gwy7bg\nEmma Davies is a science writer based in Bishop’s Stortford", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Have you ever found something that should not be found where you are and no idea how and why it got there?\nOn February 27, 2019, an unprecedented and surprising event happened in the Mangrove Forest. A local Brazilian fisherman came across a dead carcass of a humpback whale while walking through the forest.\nA lot of questions were raised when the humpback whale was found. How did it end up in the Mangrove forest? Where did it come from? Was it dead before it appeared in the Mangrove Forest? Why did this happen? According to Bicho D’agua, a nonprofit research group, the 26 feet long sea creature was found 50 feet from the shore of Araruna Beach, Soure. Soure sits at the mouth of the Amazon River on the islands of Marajó.\nFrom further research and investigating, it was identified as a baby whale. The research group shared a caption under multiple photos on Instagram, “It was not an adult animal, nor as large as it seems in the pictures.” The whale was thought to be 12 months old.\nThe baby humpback whale likely died in four or five days before the fisherman found it. However, this event baffled many biologists, making them form their own explanations of how the marine mammal ended up there. Some thought it was being picked up by vultures in the midst of trees while others thought it was swept by a recent storm.\nSousa, an oceanographer at Bicho D’agua, provided her comment by saying “During this season, the tide normally rises twice a day to almost 13 feet and floods the mangrove forest, bringing lots of trash, including trash from ships from a lot of places in the world”\nScientists were also wondering why it was so far from its natural summer habitat. Many have guessed, including Emin, marine mammal expert, that the calf got lost from its mother or separated during the migratory cycle. Science News explained that during the Amazonian summer, the local humpback whales should have travelled over 4,000 miles to their feeding grounds in Antarctic, where it has krill filled summer oceans.\nIn addition, researchers tried to uncover more factors that caused the death of the poor whale by testing tissue samples. However, some details about its short life and enigmatic death may have been lost due to days of scavenging and decomposing before it was found. Maritime Herald shipping journal suggested that the death was caused by plastic pollution. Public Library of Science journal published a study in 2014 revealed that there’s a minimum of 5 trillion pieces of plastic, weighing 268,940 tons, are in our oceans and the numbers are expected to grow.\nDespite many NGOs such as Parley who teamed up with Adidas to create their sub-clothing line using plastic in oceans, plastic pollution is still a huge issue. We should be more conscious about our environment, but instead of always talking about it, we need to take action. If more action is taken, deaths like humpback whale calfs will not die at such an early age in areas where it should not be at the time. Something everyone can do is to have a trash clean up on decks and beaches. The result of the necropsy will be available in about 15 days and will give researchers a better idea of the cause of its death.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "These intelligent mammals are mystic, marine animals that are playful and lively by nature. Two subspecies of the common dolphin are sighted in the waters of False Bay; the short beaked and long beaked common dolphin with the long beaked the more commonly seen of the two. Dolphins have slender yet firm bodies with a long rostrum (beak) and a blow hole situated on top of their heads to breathe.\nCommon dolphins are mainly shades of grey and white in colour. The back is grey in colour, stretching from their head to fluke plunging to form a V on each side below the dorsal fin. On either side is an hour glass pattern coloured light grey or yellow in front and dirty grey in back. The dorsal fin is light grey, located near the middle of their back and is triangular, curved shape. The belly is white while their flippers are long, thin and grey in colour.\nCommon dolphins live in salt water around the world, preferring a warmer temperature and so avoid the icy Arctic and Antarctic oceans. The long beaked common dolphin resides in shallow and warm coastal water while the short beaked common dolphin prefers offshore waters, deeper out at sea.\nCommon dolphins are active, nocturnal feeders who gather in pods to hunt for squids and small schooling fish such as anchovies, sardines and pilchards.\nThese dolphins have between 50 to 60 pairs of teeth on both their upper and lower jaw that help to hold their prey. They do not chew their feed, preferring to swallow and so catch prey that is small enough to swallow whole. Common dolphins eat up to about 5% of their body weight on a daily basis.\nPods of dolphins can range in numbers between 100 to 500 and have been seen in the thousands. Dolphins are known to be intelligent and social animals, that thrive on interaction and bonding with one another. They live within a complex hierarchy and tend to create subgroups based on factors such as age and gender.\nDolphins communicate and hunt using vocalisations and echolocation. Their vocalisation includes making sounds such as whistling, whining and clicking, with languages even differing between pods. Echolocation is a process whereby dolphins send out sounds waves through the water, with the sound hitting an object, bouncing off and echoing back to the dolphin. Dolphins can identify what an object is, such as the shape, size and texture, by the sound of the echo sent back.\nCommon dolphins are the fastest of all dolphins reaching speeds of up to 40km/h or more. Dolphins are active marine animals; often seen breaching out of the water, somersaulting, bow riding or playing and teasing one another. Bow riding are when dolphins surf in the waves created by boats and ships, with the dolphins propelled forward by the wave.\n|Dolphin in the womb.|\nFemale dolphins are called cows and males are called bulls while young dolphins are referred to as calves. Common dolphins become sexually maturity between the ages of 3 to 4 years old or when reaching 1.8 to 2.1 metres in length; whichever comes first.\nMales tend to become aggressive towards other males with regards to potential mating partners, often making sounds to warn each other off and may even collide their bodies against each other. Using their flukes (tails) as a weapon is common to show off their strength. Females choose to mate with the strongest and most dominant of the males. Dolphins, like humans, are known to take part in copulating activities other than for reproduction.\nFemales give birth to one calf, measuring between 76 to 86 cm, after carrying for 10 to 11 months. The dolphin calf is born tail first instead of head first, and is the only mammal on earth to be born in such a way. During birthing, other dolphins in the pod play a key part, keeping a close circle around the calf and mother for their protection. The dolphins soothe both mother and calf during the birthing process and assist the calf to the surface of the water for its very first breath. Juvenile dolphins stay by the mothers’ side for up to 3 years.\nDid you know?\nMajor threats that common dolphins are faced with include metal and plastic pollutions in oceans and being caught by accident in industrial trawler nets intended to catch fish.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Story of the game Marine engineer you started travelling into sea for a organic research using a submarine provided by your government. After a long travel your submarine gets repair so you can't move it further. Try to collect the appropriate objects need to start the submarine again and get escaped from their. Click on the objects inside the sea to interact with them and solve puzzles. Good luck and have fun!\n©2005-2022 FLASH512. COST: 0.013s Feedback", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Created By: UF IFAS Nature Coast Biological Station\n6211 Riverside Dr, Yankeetown, FL 34498\nThe third kiosk at this location describes the shrimp fishery. Look out over the river to see boats with large roller frame trawls. These are shrimp boats, and they can travel long distances offshore. Several species of shrimp are harvested, but the pink shrimp, locally known as hopper, is the most abundant species found in the Big Bend.\nThe shrimp fishery is an important industry in the Yankeetown area, beginning in the 1960s and booming during the 70s and 80s. More recently, the fishery has been revitalized due to the high-value market of live shrimp for Asian consumption. Additionally, the bait shrimp fishery has become increasingly important as the demand for shrimp by sportfishing enthusiasts grows. You can find wild-harvested shrimp for sale at local restaurants so make sure you find a way to enjoy these delicacies during your visit! Read the rest of the kiosk panel for more information about this fishery.\nThis point of interest is part of the tour: Big Bend Shellfish Trail - Yankeetown (Walking)\nPlease send change requests to firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Showing results for\nThe Lace Crab\nMarella splendens was an arthropod that lived during the Cambrian Period. It is the...\nThe Amazing Horseshoe Crab\nThere’s a lot more to a horseshoe crab than meets the eye. They are not even...\nFri, 05/12/2017 - 12:43\nThe Secret Life of Plankton\nImagine if a fish at the market could tell you where it came from; what would it...\nFri, 08/25/2017 - 10:13\nCold Water Diving with WHOI\n\"Cold-Water Diving: Going to Extremes for Research\" is a video produced by Woods...\nFri, 07/15/2011 - 17:00\nNew technology is making it possible for scientists to go where they’ve never...\nFri, 01/14/2011 - 13:45\nSea Levels on the Move\nThrough the use of satellites and land survey tools, scientists are learning about...\nFri, 01/14/2011 - 13:36\nBuilding Good Mussels\nA new wave of farming has come to the ocean. It’s called aquaculture. And it’s...\nMon, 09/21/2015 - 09:47", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hope Spots, like the name suggests, are geo-pins in the world’s oceans of marine environments that need protection. They are sites of hope. They are spectacles of nature. There are over 130 Hope Spots around the world, selected by the Mission Blue network, and supported by Rolex through its ‘Perpetual Planet’ initiative. The initiative is a collaboration of sorts, focusing on preserving nature, aiding explorers and scientists, much like American marine biologist Dr Sylvia Earle, who masterminded Mission Blue in 2009. It was Earle who introduced the idea of Hope Spots, giving international visibility to vulnerable sites nominated by local communities. Furthermore, both Earle and Rolex have pledged to protect 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030. “Through Mission Blue my goal is to increase protection of the oceans over the next decade,” Earle tells Vogue. “Rolex is assisting us as part of its commitment to join forces with organizations that are trying to find solutions to the challenges the planet is facing. Together we can make a difference,” she urges.\nHere are five Hope Spots that have caught our attention:\nWhat: Providing a protected swim way between the two islands.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Every year, plastic waste discarded by humans — everything from plastic straws and food packaging to fishing nets and industrial products — ends up in the oceans. This trash floats around, eventually bumping into each other, where it becomes trapped and forms an ‘island’ of trash. A new study sheds light on what happens to this plastic over time, namely the microplastic hotspots it can produce.\nMicroplastics are small — often microscopic — bits of plastic that have broken free from larger pieces over time; examples include plastic fibers released from synthetic clothing and that scrape free of larger materials like barrels and nets. These microplastics have been found in drinking water and even in fish, raising concerns about both their environmental and health impact.\nA new study out of the University of Manchester reveals the discovery of where this plastic pollution ends up. Researchers describe ‘huge sediment accumulations’ of microplastics, areas they’ve dubbed hotspots. The study compares microplastic hotspots on the deep seafloor with the floating islands of trash that have formed on the ocean’s surface.\nThe discovery reveals that these microplastics aren’t uniformly dispersed across the ocean floor, but rather that they tend to build up in certain areas, a process made possible by riding currents along the seafloor. Unfortunately, these same currents also carry nutrients and oxygenated water, making the hotspots ecosystems where creatures may end up ingesting the plastic particles.\nThe study found that most of the microplastics in these hotspots are sourced from clothes and textiles; the fibers may be, for example, pulled from fabrics when clothes are washed, eventually making their way into rivers and oceans. The findings were based on deep ocean current models and data on sediment samples collected from the Tyrrhenian Sea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The curious case of the disappearing sea rubbish\nWhen you think about the Earth’s oceans you probably imagine stretches of deep, dark water, exotic marine life and pristine waves. You probably don’t think of vast islands of plastic waste such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an expanse of rubbish which some say is bigger than the continental United States. It was feared that collections of plastic debris like this were growing in line with our increasing rates of plastic production over the past decades. However, scientists have recently discovered that these floating eyesores are mysteriously receding – and that’s actually not a good thing…\nForbes tells us that the plastic is possibly being drawn down into the depths of the ocean: ‘Various marine plants and animals could be anchoring themselves to the debris – a process called biofouling – making it so heavy that it no longer floats’. Alternatively, the tiny plastic particles are being eaten by small marine creatures, which are in turn eaten by larger fish which may ultimately end up in the human food chain.’\nAnother possibility is that marine bacteria are breaking smaller pieces of plastic down to sub-microscopic sizes. A fourth scenario, which Forbes tells us the study authors offer little credence to, is that the smaller particles could be washing ashore.\nLive Science quotes Andrés Cózar, the study co-author and an ecologist at the University of Cadiz: ‘The deep ocean is a great unknown. Sadly, the accumulation of plastic in the deep ocean would be modifying this mysterious ecosystem — the largest of the world — before we can know it.’\nAccording to Live Science, researchers drew their conclusions by analysing the amount of plastic debris floating in the ocean, as well as global plastic production and disposal rates: ‘In the 1970s, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that about 45 000 tons of plastic reaches the oceans every year. Since then, the world's production of plastic has quintupled. Cózar and his colleagues wanted to understand the size and extent of the ocean's garbage problem.’\nThe research team did this by circumnavigating the globe in a ship called the Malaspina in 2010, collecting surface water samples and measuring plastic concentrations. The team also analysed data from several other expeditions, looking at a total of 3 070 samples.\nIn light of the drastic increase in plastic produced since the 1970s, the researchers estimated that there would be millions of tons of garbage in the oceans. However, the vast majority of the small plastic pieces, measuring less than 5 mm in size, were missing. The research summary states: ‘The global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estimated to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale.’\nIt seems that the mystery of the disappearing sea rubbish will remain a secret of the ocean for now!\nlast modification: 2015-01-02 23:19:02", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nov 30, 2021\nAhhh, offshore wind. It's a beautiful thing for waves. Except this week your favorite surf coaches are talking about RIPPING offshore wind and the three ways it keeps you from catching waves. Bet you can guess the first way, but what about the other two consequences of ripping offshore wind?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Beneath vibrant coral reefs, but above the lightless depths of the sea, lies the “twilight zone” of reefs. The declining health of shallow-water reefs has inspired increasing scientific interest in the so-called “mesophotic” (meaning middle light) zone, which starts at depths of about 40 meters (130 feet). But what lies beyond the mesophotic zone? Scientists have begun to explore these even deeper and darker areas, recently dubbed the rariphotic (meaning scarce light) zone. The reefs there turn out to be home to a startling variety of sea life, much of it yet to be discovered.\nThe newly recognized rariphotic zone ranges from 130 meters to at least 309 meters (427-1,014 feet). It is too deep for corals with photosynthetic algae to grow, and it is also too deep for even the specialized SCUBA equipment used to explore mesophotic reefs. Submersibles and remotely operated vehicles can explore the region, but they are expensive and normally used to scope out even deeper depths of the ocean. As a result, most reef researchers seldom make it to the rariphotic zone.\nBut Dr. Carole Baldwin, a research zoologist at Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, has now spent a good deal of time in this long-ignored zone. It was her team that conceived of the rariphotic zone, when they realized that the fish found there were not the same as those in the shallower mesophotic zone.\nBaldwin began her “twilight zone” submersible dives when she received a phone call from Adriaan “Dutch” Schrier in 2010 The Curaçao-based entrepreneur and diving enthusiast owned a submersible that reaches depths of 1,000 feet, and he convinced Baldwin to join him on a couple of dives to help identify species below the shallow reef. The location is perfect for someone looking at deeper reefs, due to the island’s abrupt drop-off directly offshore.\nOn the first dive in the Curasub, she found several putatively new fish species. “I couldn’t have been more impressed,” Baldwin said. “I was seeing all these reef fishes that I didn’t recognize, and so right off the bat I knew that because those depths were just below what we could access with scuba gear, there was a whole realm there that we didn’t know much about.”\nThe idea of a new ocean zone was started on a hunch and just a little data. But thanks to rigorous analysis of a lot of fish-depth data accumulated over many years, the team was able to show that the fishes living in reef ecosystems below the mesophotic zone were distinct enough that the area they were inhabiting deserved a designation of its own.\nSoon after the first dives, Baldwin created the Deep Reef Observation Project (DROP) in order to continue to explore the deep coral ecosystems, in the process discovering and describing numerous new species of fishes, crustaceans, echinoderms (a phylum that is best known for including sea stars), and mollusks. As Baldwin and her team made trips in the submersible, they kept track of the depths where the different fish species were found.\nIn total, the team observed 4,436 individual fishes belonging to 71 species during 80 submersible dives. Of these, 31 species belonging to 23 genera were mostly or only found in the rariphotic zone. Many of the species that Baldwin and her team observed and collected during the submersible dives are new. Since the project started in 2011, the DROP team has described 30 new species of fishes and invertebrates and six new genera, though Baldwin says the number of new species found is probably closer to one hundred when you consider those that are not yet named and described in scientific publications.\n“Discovering new species is rarely one of those eureka moments,” she said. After Baldwin collects specimens representing presumed new species, she spends hours comparing color patterns and anatomical features, as well as analyzing DNA to verify the specimen is not a known species. When she does find new species, she likes to name them after donors and other people who have helped move the expensive project along. One of Baldwin’s favorites is the blenny fish, Haptoclinus dropi, named after the DROP program itself.\nThanks to this research, there are now three well-defined reef zones: the newly recognized and named rariphotic, the mesophotic, and the newly named altiphotic (meaning high light—surprisingly, the well-studied shallow water reefs also didn’t have a name before). Baldwin believes that naming the rariphotic and showing how distinct it is will inspire scientists to do more research in this previously neglected zone. Already she has heard from colleagues investigating deep-reef ecosystems off Bermuda that have observed many of the same rariphotic fish species that occur in Curaçao. Because DROP has discovered so many new deep-reef species off the coast of Curaçao, Baldwin believes there are a lot more to be found in mesophotic and rariphotic ecosystems at other locations around the globe.\nThis research also lays the groundwork for detecting future changes in reef biodiversity. With colleagues Ross Robertson, from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Luke Tornabene, formerly a Peter Buck postdoctoral fellow at the National Museum of Natural History, Baldwin’s next mission is to explore whether reef fishes are moving to deeper ocean depths in response to warming surface waters. Unpublished preliminary data suggest the answer may be yes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Data used for SSIM test in Sequeira et al, 2018 - Methods in Ecology and Ecolution\nPredictions of fish species richness in Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia obtained when using (i) a model developed for the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and predicting to Ningaloo Reef, and (ii) a model developed for the Ningaloo Reef (NR) and predicting to Ningaloo Reef.\nMartins Sequeira, A. (Creator) (18 Apr 2018). Data from: Transferring Biodiversity Models for Conservation: Opportunities and Challenges. The University of Western Australia. GBR_Model_prediction_to_Ningaloo_Reef(.txt), NR_Model_prediction_to_Ningaloo_Reef(.txt). 10.4225/23/5a979b84c81ff", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "National Ocean Survey. Office of Coastal Zone Management. HAZARDS Natural hazards pose a large and growing threat to lives and property along much of the Nationa#39;s shoreline. Intense development pressure has resulted in rapidanbsp;...\n|Title||:||Biennial Report to the Congress on Coastal Zone Management|\n|Author||:||National Ocean Survey. Office of Coastal Zone Management|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here, we report the new occurrences of four deep-water prawn of the genus Gennadas in the southwestern Atlantic: G. gilchristi recorded from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge region; G. capensis recorded from Brazilian waters off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Atol das Rocas and Ceará Chain; G. talismani and G. scutatus recorded both to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and to Brazilian waters.\nAlves-Júnior F., Feio de Lemos R., Azevedo Cardoso I., Leitão Câmara de Araújo M., Bertrand A., Souza-Filho F. 2018. New records of deep-sea prawn of the genus Gennadas Spence Bate, 1881 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Benthesicymidae) from Southwestern Atlantic. 2018. Zootaxa, 4450: 376–384.\nAbracos 2, Mar-Eco, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Oceanic Islands, Brazil", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Adult webcam rings\nRIP CURRENTS KILL SWIMMERS EVERY YEAR HERE AT SOUTH PADRE ISLAND.\n- sex dating in federal heights colorado\n- la porcelana bianca online dating\n- best cameras for young adults\n- denisonian online dating\n- Free adult dating and profiling sites\n- laterdating com\nThe granite boulders are barnacle encrusted and urchin infested.\nbring some type of flotation device to be used for rescue in case someone falls into the surf.\nAn undertow can drown a person just feet from safety.\nRiptides are found in channels, passes and cuts through which large volumes of water travel from the bay to the surf during the tidal exchange. Rip currents are commonly and mistakenly called riptides.\nSeaside you can enjoy a dolphin watch or a narrated cruise and eco tour of the surrounding Gulf waters of South Padre Island and the Laguna Madre bay.\nAnd when you come ashore, visit Sea Turtle Inc, the sealife and dolphin research center, or the coastal studies lab and marvel at the aquatic life of the South Texas Gulf Coast and the Atlantic Ocean.\nWelcome to South Padre Island, the Tropical Tip of Texas! Even the best Olympic swimmers are not able to successfully swim toward shore in the strongest rip currents., especially in the vicinity of groins, jetties, and piers.\nEnjoy live cam views of our beautiful beaches with the South Padre Beach Cam™, the surf in the Gulf of Mexico with the South Padre Surf Cam™, and the sunset over the Laguna Madre with the South Padre Bay Cam™! Moderate Risk - Wave Heights 3-5' and/or Wind Speed 10-20 kts.\nEventually, the excess water starts to return seaward through low areas in the sandbar, \"ripping\" an opening.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A mini boat which sailed from Charlestown, South Carolina, USA and arrived in Cork inspired a project to connect Cork primary children to their peers on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. The project titled \"Cork Mini boat Atlantic Adventure\" included the creation of the mini-boat art booklet to document the journey and also showcase the collection of amazing art work highlighting Cork's rich maritime heritage. The artwork created by over 300 primary school children was used to create a montage to cover the hull of the boat to prepare for the return journey. The flipbook below charts this story.\nYou can follow the ocean journey of our mini boat in real time by clicking here\n“Cork Mini Boat Atlantic Adventure” is supported by the Creative Ireland Programme, an all-of-Government five-year initiative, from 2017 to 2022, which places creativity at the centre of public policy. Further information from www.creativeireland.gov.ie", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "***Please be advised that orders of 5gal+ are subject to a possible 4-week lead time***\nRelax and soak your cares away in this sea salt blend enriched with ocean kelp. Proteins and minerals from the sea are added to the water through the kelp and Dead Sea Salts. Helps tone the skin and detoxify the body. This blend will also help keep your bath water warmer longer. THIS IS NOT A SPA SAFE PRODUCT.\nSODIUM CHLORIDE, MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (KELP) EXTRACT, GLYCERIN, GLUCOSE, WATER, ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN, PHENOXYETHANOL -- February 2023\nDSMS Dead Sea Salts\nCSSB Solar Salt Glow\nSmall Grind Therapy Sea Salts with Kelp - CSBK\nCoconut Milk & Honey Crystals -CMHC\nC Mineral Spa Crystals", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Highway 37 east of Novato has flooded multiple times since the beginning of the year…but this winter’s storms aren’t all that threatens this waterlogged roadway.\nThe North Bay’s Highway 37 is one of the Bay Area’s many roadways that’s been plagued by flooding during this winter’s very wet season. But a recent U-C Davis study suggests sea-level rise is also playing a major factor in the highway’s flooding and transit agencies are taking note. KRCB’s Tiffany Camhi has more.\nFind out more about sea level rise and highway 37 on the North Bay Report webpage at KRCB dot org/news. Hear this story on demand with our free KRCB mobile app. You can also find this and past stories on our new North Bay Report Facebook page. Comment, share and give us a like there. Follow the North Bay Report on Twitter @KRCBNews.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The demise of the dinosaurs was brought about by a city-sized asteroid striking our planet directly, according to what we learned in elementary science lessons.\nAfter the massive space rock, about 8.7 miles or 14 kilometers wide, slammed the area near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico 66 million years ago, more than 75% of all animal and plant life on earth became extinct.\nRecent research, however, contends that the asteroid damaged the region it impacted and brought about a global tsunami.\nThe effects of the collision were enough to create the preconditions for the extinction of countless species. Wildfires damaged habitats and flora, global temperatures went crazy, and aerosol, soot, and dust were in the air.\nWith a scale that eclipses all tsunamis recorded in human history, the global tsunami reached the furthest locations within just 48 hours of its impact. In addition, scientists contend that the tsunami’s intensity was 1,000 times greater than that of current tsunamis brought on by earthquakes.\nThe American Geophysical Union Advances built a model to trace the tsunami’s route by analyzing sediment cores to determine the degree of the damage and reach of the tsunami.\nThe study group released the journal on Tuesday. This is the first simulation of the subject that was peer-reviewed and published by the journal.\nThe study also stated that the impact produced a mile-high tsunami that traveled thousands of miles from the point of impact. The mega-tsunami, therefore, completely erased the sediment record that existed before and during the event.\nRead Also: Puerto Rico Suffers Nationwide Blackout, Leading Stores and Gas Stations to Shut Down\nThe lead author of the study, Molly Range, said, “This tsunami was strong enough to disturb and erode sediments in ocean basins halfway around the globe, leaving either a gap in the sedimentary records or a jumble of older sediments.”\nResearchers examined the energy produced by the tsunami that struck the Indian Ocean in December 2004 to put the incident on an imaginable scale. Over 230,000 people lost their lives in what is regarded as the deadliest tsunami in history.\nHowever, 30,000 times more energy than the Indian Ocean tsunami was contained in the tsunami caused by the asteroid. Additionally, it had an energy that was 100,000 times greater than the volcanic eruption in Tonga.\nHow to determine the path\nBrandon Johnson, a co-author of the paper, modeled the events during the first 10 minutes following impact using a tool called hydrocode. Johnson estimated the asteroid’s speed to be 26,843 miles per hour, or about 43,200 kilometers per hour, as it approached the Yucatan Peninsula’s oceans. Its weight and force when it reached the ocean were sufficient to cause a tsunami that was 2.8 miles (4.5 kilometers) tall.\nFollowing the primary asteroid, additional debris generated increasingly large waves that traveled hundreds of miles from the impact site.\nA ring-shaped tsunami that was about a mile high and traveling across the ocean at a distance of 137 miles (or 220 kilometers) from the impact location followed the first 10 minutes, causing devastation to all property and individuals.\nRead Also: Billionaire Ray Dalio Raps UK Government, says Fiscal Plan ‘suggests incompetence’\nThe North Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and the Central American Seaway had the greatest underwater currents, according to all information gathered from sediments discovered in the world’s seas. It’s the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, South Atlantic, and North Pacific experienced weaker currents.\n“We feel these deposits are recording the effects of the impact tsunami, and this is perhaps the most telling confirmation of the global significance of this event,” said Range.\nPhoto Credit: Todays Chronic", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Parasites of fish in Finland. VI. Nematodes.\nIn a survey conducted between 1973 and 1979, 23 nematode species were identified in fish from Finland. The material, consisting of 2922 specimens of 34 species of fish, was sampled in brackish water in the northern Baltic region as well as in freshwater; farmed fish were also studied. Sampling was extensive in one brackish water area and at one freshwater site. Most of the adult parasites occurred in only one or a very restricted number of fish species. Infective larvae were frequently recorded in numerous fish species. Species which reach sexual maturity in fish frequently had a marked seasonal occurrence due to the prevailing temperature. The parasite fauna is considered with regard to salinity, the geological history of Fennoscandia and fish migration. The nematodes were studied by light and scanning-electron microscopy and are described and figured; the biology and life-histories of the parasites are discussed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Right at the end of our three and a half month trip we had 3 days in Vancouver before our flights home, despite it being such a short time we tried to pack in as many experiences as possible. On the first day we got out and explored Vancouver city centre then the next day we headed up to Whistler to see the mountains and do the Peak to Peak ski lift.\nFor our last day we booked to go out whale watching. We had really wanted to get over to Vancouver Island and visit Tofino in particular but in truth we had no idea how huge a distance this was and how long it would take- turns out it takes a full day to get there from Vancouver! Instead of trying to get to Tofino we booked a boat leaving from Steveston with Vancouver Whale Watch to look for whales among the Gulf & San Juan Islands.\nThe Gulf & San Juan islands are a large group of islands that are just off the coast that runs from Vancouver down to Seattle. They are renowned for being one of the best places in the world to see Orca’s as there are three pods that reside among the islands that can be seen from spring through to Autumn but there are also other transient pods who travel through the islands all year round while migranting North or South to keep up with their prey.\nWe booked the 12 seater open air lightship; an ex-coastguard boat used for rescue missions. As a result we got to pull on full-body survival suits for the trip, glamorous!\nHaving checked in, suited up and boarded our craft we departed and cruised through the harbour where we got a close view of this nesting pair of Bald Eagles who had made a home on one of the signalling towers.\nGiven that bald eagles diet is primarily fish this couple, who have mated for life, have picked a great spot to steal any scraps available from the incoming fishing boats and are right next to the water should they need to fish themselves. You can also easily see how much bigger the female sitting atop the signalling tower is compared to the male.\nTo get to the islands we had to leave the harbour and head down the open water of the Salish sea. This is where the trip got really bumpy but was so much fun!\nAfter about 40 minutes we reached the Gulf islands and calmer waters. As we cruised between the islands we could see many more bald eagles. One flew directly overhead before landing on a perch not far from us.\nThroughout the trip the captain had been scanning around for signs of whales as well constanly relaying messages with various other boats. In the midst of watching the eagles the captain got a radio message from another boat telling us to head in their direction and we were off!\nIt wasn’t long after we caught up with the boat that we got out first glimpse of what we had hoped to see;\nWe counted about five or six individuals in this pod of Orca’s and our guide Chris believed this was a transient pod after reviewing close up photo’s of the dorsal fins.\nThere are many differences between transient and resident pods but the biggest is their diet. The resident orca’s diet consist’s primarily of Chinook Salmon whereas the diet of transients is made up mostly of marine mammals such as seals and porpoises!\nThe pod was moving very fast. They would break the surface maybe three to four times before diving and then typically reappear quite a distance away. Even when we were close to them keeping up was a hard task for the captain.\nA few times when the whales surfaced they came up quite close to the boat and seeing the animals so close was really amazing.\nThroughout our time with the pod they never stopped moving covering a huge distance in the hour and a bit we spent as the matriach led her family on the hunt for food.\nOrca’s are one of the most social animals in the world and have complex social structures similar to elephants. Each pod is effectively one family. They are led by the mother of the pod, the matriach, and all other members are her descendants; sons and daughters, her grandchildren and sometimes even her great grandchildren as wild orca’s can live up to 90 years old!\nIt was incredible to be able to see Orca’s and we hope to go back to B.C. and visit Vancouver Island and do more whale watching off its West Coast.\nUnfortunately the population of the resident animals is rapidly decreasing having shrunk from an estimate of 200 animals down to 83 in 2008. This is largely attributed to the decrease in numbers of Chinook salmon available due to mass over fishing by humans throughout the area. Transients have also been badly affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill which has been responsible for killing off the transients prey as well the animals themselves. It’s also been noted that some pods that were affected have stopped re-producing for an unknown reason.\nGroups like the whale and dolphin conservation charity are working hard to help protect Orca’s as well as all other whales and dolphins around the world and have a great Christmas gift idea where you can adopt an Orca that resides in British Columbia. So if you’re short of gift ideas this might make someone’s Christmas and help go towards protecting these amazing animals.\nOur tips for a trip.\n1.) This boat trip was a really good option to get out and look for whales if you are in the Vancouver area but short of time. Often there are sightings of different whale species such as Humpbacks and Grey whales depending on the time of the year. We would definitely recommend Vancouver whale watch as well- they had a well enforced policy on not crowding the whales with boats.\n2.) If you do have time- plan in a trip to Vancouver Island, we were thoroughly recommended to visit Tofino and our Whale Watch guide said the island is full of Bears, Eagles, Wolves and has the highest density of Cougars per km in the world!\n3.) If you do take a boat trip make sure you put on sunscreen. Unfortunately we forgot and even though it wasn’t the sunniest of days we both got badly burnt and had to fly home with bright pink faces. Another thing to note is that if you do go on the lightship as we did the full body survival suits aren’t actually waterproof so we would recommend you take a change of clothes that you can leave at the company’s shop to get changed into after your trip.\nThanks for reading,\nKirsten & Elliot.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Climate Ready Communities: A Strategy for Adapting to Impacts of Climate Change on the Oregon Coast\nThis strategy was created to help coastal decision-makers, legislators, and the public look ahead to possible effects of global climate change on the Oregon coast and to help frame a process for coastal communities and agencies of the State of Oregon to work together to plan for those effects. The goal is resilient, Climate-Ready Coastal Communities.\nThis strategy for adaptation sets the stage for coordinated planning and action by coastal cities and counties, state agencies, and businesses, individuals, and non-governmental organizations. It frames basic steps needed to prepare adaptation plans and to implement them over time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2023 Funding Opportunity\nCPO FY2023 Notice of Funding Opportunity\nStarting in 2019, MAPP organized the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) Task Force to coordinate research activities targeted toward the development of climate projections. The CMIP6 Task Force links researchers across 13 funded projects from the FY19 21st Century Integrated U.S. Climate Predictions and Projections funding opportunity, to facilitate communication, coordination, and synthesis of research results.\nThe core membership of this Task Force were from universities and NOAA and other Federal centers and laboratories. Members of the Task Force also included invited scientists from across the community with interest and expertise in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.\nThe CMIP6 TF was led by Ben Livneh (University of Colorado, Boulder), and co-led by Angie Pendergrass (NCAR), Kate Marvel (Columbia University, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies), and Ryan Rykaczewski (NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center).\nThree Key Thematic Areas of the CMIP6 Task Force\nThe CMIP6TF organized around three primary themes: Water in the West, Cold Climate Processes, and Combined Extreme Events, and held a virtual ‘Write-a-thon’ event during summer 2020 that brought together researchers to explore collaborative themes and target input for the fifth National Climate Assessment (due 2023).\n“The TF helped CMIP6 research projects by identifying common issues and discussing approaches towards solutions,” said task force lead Ben Livneh. “For example, a few research topics that were frequently debated were strategies for integrating projections from models of differing climate sensitivity, whether and how to present central tendencies across models, and how these assumptions affect portrayals of compound hazards. A frequent logistical issue faced by multiple projects was the acquisition of CMIP6 model data, which was felt to be somewhat more difficult than previous CMIP initiatives and some approaches were shared.”\nThe TF organized a number of meetings with leaders of the fifth National Climate Assessment (NCA5) and provided input and perspective on projections and model handling issues. One TF co-lead, Kate Marvel, is serving as the lead of the NCA5 Climate Trends chapter, while another, Angie Pendergrass, is serving as an author on the Climate Processes chapter. One of the main outcomes of this task force is a special journal issue focusing on CMIP6 science in the journal Earth's Future. The issue includes a broad range of analyses that leverage simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6).\nWhen asked about his time as the task force lead, Ben Livneh says, “It was an honor to serve as the lead of the TF, together with really dedicated co-leads. I found discussions with the TF to be stimulating and was humbled by all the great science being done by my esteemed colleagues!”\nTo learn more about this task force, please visit our homepage.\nMISSION: The Climate and Fisheries Adaptation Program (CAFA) is a partnership between the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (NOAA Research) Climate Program Office, and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) Office of Science and Technology that supports targeted research to promote adaptation and resilience of the nation's valuable fisheries and fisheries-dependent communities in a changing climate. By bringing together NOAA scientists with many partners, CAFA addresses priority needs for information and tools identified in the NOAA Fisheries Climate Science Strategy, Regional Action Plans, and other sources.\nISSUE: Healthy fisheries are a significant component of the U.S. economy. Commercial and recreational marine fisheries generate over $200 billion in economic activity and support more than 1.8 million jobs annually (FEUS 2016). Fisheries also support working waterfronts and coastal communities, provide opportunities for commerce, are tied to rich cultures, and help meet the growing demand for seafood across the U.S. and the world.\nClimate change is impacting fish stocks, fisheries, and fishing communities, and these impacts are expected to increase. Changing climate and ocean conditions (e.g. warming oceans, changing currents, coastal inundation, extreme events, etc.) can affect the abundance, distribution, and productivity of fish stocks that support economically important fisheries. Sustainable fisheries management requires an improved understanding of how climate, fishing, and other stressors interact to affect fish stocks (including their habitats and prey), fisheries and fishing-dependent communities.\nPROGRAM HISTORY: The CAFA Program was established by the NOAA Research Climate Program Office and the NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology in 2014 to advance understanding of climate‐related impacts on fish stocks, fisheries and fishing communities. The partnership originated through the former Coastal and Ocean Climate Applications (COCA) Program and in 2021 was renamed the Climate and Fisheries Adaptation (CAFA) Program as part of the Climate Program Office Adaptation Sciences Program.\nSPONSORS: Funding for the CAFA Program comes from the OAR Climate Program Office and the NMFS Office of Science and Technology, the Office of Sustainable Fisheries, and the Northeast Fisheries Science Center.\nNOAA ResearchClimate Program Office\nP: (301) 734-1261\nOffice of Science and Technology\nP: (301) 427-8134\nAmericans’ health, security and economic wellbeing are tied to climate and weather. Every day, we see communities grappling with environmental challenges due to unusual or extreme events related to climate and weather.\nNOAA Privacy Statement|\nWeb Accessibility Statement|\nDisclaimer for External Links|\nU.S. Department of Commerce|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The meeting was organised in both in-person and online formats, connecting more than 500 venues across the country.\nAddressing the event, Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Tran Hong Ha said that our oceans are currently facing unprecedented risks due to the impacts of climate change, sea level rise, unsustainable extraction of resources, environmental pollution and destruction of marine ecosystems.\nHe cited United Nations’ warnings that 90% of big fish populations are depleted and 50% of coral reefs are destroyed. Plastic pollution has been discovered at the deepest point of the ocean, and humans are taking more from the ocean than can be replenished.\nTherefore, ‘Revitalisation: collective action for the ocean’ was chosen as the theme for World Oceans Day 2022, emphasising the urgent need to join hands together to revitalise the oceans, rebuild marine ecosystems, preserve natural resources, and protect the marine environment, thereby creating sustainable future for humans and the environment.\nThe Vietnam Sea and Island Week 2022 focuses on the theme “sustainable development of sea-based economy in association with preservation of biodiversity and marine ecosystems”, aiming to address the challenges and limitations in developing the marine economy of Vietnam.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Meet the robust ghost pipefish (Solenostomus cyanopterus), a 15-centimeter-long creature found in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. As you can see in the above video, this fish camouflages itself face-down as sea grass when disturbed. What a thrilling existence!\nAnd like its relations, those fabulous seahorses, this species is considered to be semi-monogamous. Diver Robert Suntay filmed these two robust ghost pipefish hanging low off of the coast of Indonesia. As explains of the experience:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Birds, plants and insects native to the fragile ecosystems of Hawaii are, alas, well-represented on the federal endangered species list. And now there are more.\nThe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently announced the addition of 48 species unique to the island of Kaua'i. The bulk of them -- 45 -- are plants. The service is also designating \"critical habitat\" -- a term that identifies specific geographic areas with features deemed essential for conservation of a species -- for 47 of the species. Instead of a patchwork of overlapping areas, it will designate one large area.\nInterior Secretary Ken Salazar said in a press release that the ecosystem-based approach \"represents an efficient and innovative model for conserving imperiled species and their habitats.\"\n\"This extensive listing provides new hope for Kaua'i's many endangered species,\" said Suzanne Case, Hawaii executive director for The Nature Conservancy. \"The ecosystem approach being adopted is the right approach because it will focus protection efforts on large-scale threats like invasive weeds and feral pig and goat populations. Controlling these threats will not only help ensure the survival of listed species, it will benefit entire ecosystems.\"\nMeanwhile, closer to home, the service has also has just proposed listing loggerhead turtles, which are in warmer water to the south this time of year but are sometimes seen off the northeast coast come summer.\nThe Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA Fisheries Service have determined that loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is globally comprised of nine distinct population segments that qualify as \"species\" for listing as endangered or threatened. One of them is \"our\" northwest Atlantic population.\nBiggest threat to loggerhead turtles, by far, is the worldwide incidental capture in fishing gear, primarily in longlines and gil nets, a spokeswoman said. They also suffer because the beaches on which they nest are being developed. Light pollution is even contributing to their decline. The theory is that when young turtles hatch, they follow the moonlight reflected on the ocean to get to water. But if too many bright lights are nearby, they become confused and can't find their way.\nThis listing has been a few years in the works. You can read more about it at the North Florida FWS page (www.fws.gov/northflorida/) and at the Marine Fisheries page (www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.htm).\nThe move was applauded by the Gainesville, Fla.-based Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC), which boasts it is the world's oldest sea turtle research and protection group. The northwest Atlantic population nest on beaches in the United States from North Carolina to Texas and, until 1998, were an Endangered Species Act success story, according to a press release.\nIn January, concerns rose when loggerheads were \"ominously absent\" among sea turtles rescued from record cold waters in Florida, the group said. It suggested they were in perhaps worse decline than previously thought.\nMore than 4,000 juvenile sea turtles were affected by prolonged freezing temperatures, but unlike in the past, almost all of the turtles found this year were green turtles. What happened to the loggerheads? It suggested they were in worse decline than previously thought.\nAbout that cold snap and what it can do: Manatees also were suffering. But David Godfrey, CCC's executive director, e-mailed me at the time about what they were seeing among turtles. Here's what he said:\n\"Typically, even in the winter, water temperatures in Florida's coastal waterways do not dip below about the mid-50s even on cold days. The relatively shallow waters are kept warm by the sun even on the coldest days. However, a week into January we had four or five days in a row of sub-freezing weather that reached all the way to south Florida. Water temperatures dropped into the low 40s, and we started seeing the largest 'cold-stunning' event of sea turtles ever witnessed.\n\"From the Florida Panhandle all the way down to Florida Bay and the Keys, turtles were succumbing to the cold. They typically are not impacted until temperatures dip below 50 for a prolonged period of time. We had turtles washing ashore or bobbing to the surface of our coastal waters for 12 days. Before water temperatures started to rise back up to above 50, over 4,000 turtles were recovered from the water and from coastlines.\n\"Most of the sea turtles impacted are 'sub-adults,' and they live year-round in our lagoon waterways. Often, when the temperatures drop as in this case, they try to head south to find warmer temperatures. Unfortunately, the cold weather covered so much of Florida (from the Panhandle to the Keys) that there was nowhere to go.\n\"The rescuers know turtles are in trouble because they literally just float motionless on the surface of the water or they are spotted beached and motionless on a shore. Most of the turtles were spotted along the north Gulf coast of the state or in inland coastal waterways along Florida's central east coast (Mosquito and Indian River Lagoons). The vast majority of the turtles could be cared for by placing them in a warm room or in warm water until their body temperatures rose back up and the water temperatures were high enough that they could be released.\nUnfortunately, about a quarter of all the turtles died nearly 1,000 in all. As of right now, water temperatures are back in the high 50s (or even higher the further south you go) and many of the turtles have been released. However, a substantial number of turtles were in such bad shape that they will need longer term care in facilities around the state. There are between 200 and 300 turtles affected by the cold that are still receiving treatment.\"\nVisit Sandy Bauers' blog at http://go.philly.com/greenspace.\nVisit Philadelphia Online at http://www.philly.com/\nDistributed by McClatchy-Tribune Information Services.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pectin is a complex uronic acid-containing polysaccharide typically found in plant cell walls, though forms of pectin are also found in marine diatoms and seagrasses. Genetic loci that target pectin have recently been identified in two phyla of marine bacteria. These loci appear to encode a pectin saccharification pathway that is distinct from the canonical pathway typically associated with phytopathogenic terrestrial bacteria. However, very few components of the marine pectin metabolism pathway have been experimentally validated. Here, we biochemically reconstructed the pectin saccharification pathway from a marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. in vitro and show that it results in the production of galacturonate and the key metabolic intermediate 5-keto-4-deoxyuronate (DKI). We demonstrate the sequential de-esterification and depolymerization of pectin into oligosaccharides and the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to fully degrade these oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. Furthermore, we show that this pathway relies on enzymes belonging to GH family 105 to carry out the equivalent chemistry afforded by an exolytic polysaccharide lyase (PL) and KdgF in the canonical pectin pathway. Finally, we synthesize our findings into a model of marine pectin degradation and compare it with the canonical pathway. Our results underline the shifting view of pectin as a solely terrestrial polysaccharide and highlight the importance of marine pectin as a carbon source for suitably adapted marine heterotrophs. This alternate pathway has the potential to be exploited in the growing field of biofuel production from plant waste.IMPORTANCE Marine polysaccharides, found in the cell walls of seaweeds and other marine macrophytes, represent a vast sink of photosynthetically fixed carbon. As such, their breakdown by marine microbes contributes significantly to global carbon cycling. Pectin is an abundant polysaccharide found in the cell walls of terrestrial plants, but it has recently been reported that some marine bacteria possess the genetic capacity to degrade it. In this study, we biochemically characterized seven key enzymes from a marine bacterium that, together, fully degrade the backbone of pectin into its constituent monosaccharides. Our findings highlight the importance of pectin as a marine carbon source available to bacteria that possess this pathway. The characterized enzymes also have the potential to be utilized in the production of biofuels from plant waste.\n- Metabolic Networks and Pathways", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It was nearing sunset when I spotted this tiny little spotted rock crab hanging out in the tide pools at Wawaloli Beach on the Kona Coast of the Big Island of Hawaii. They are not normally out during the day so I guess it was getting close enough to dark for him. This is a macro image; he wasn’t more than a couple of inches wide, legs and all.\nThe Hawaiians call these crabs 7-11 crabs. They range in color from a deep orange to light rust color and they have seven large dark reddish-maroon to brown colored spots on their back. Their shell is thick and heavy but smooth and they have extremely strong pinchers.\nHawaiian legend says that this crab has its spots because a sea god tried to capture it and eat it, but the crab drew blood. The sea god kept on trying to catch the crab with his bloodied fingers and that's why he has so many red-brownish spots.\nThis image has been digitally painted.\nCopyright 2017 Susan Rissi Tregoning\nDecember 7th, 2017\nViewed 990 Times - Last Visitor from Shenzhen, 30 - China on 01/27/2023 at 10:59 PM", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lady Robinson’s Beach was closed overnight after a shark was spotted within the nets.\nVideos posted to social media show the shark swimming at the Brighton-Le-Sands beach close to shore on Tuesday afternoon.\nPolice responded to calls of the shark at 6.30pm and evacuated those still swimming.\nBayside Council are co-ordinating with DPI to secure the beach.\nA search by divers this morning has found no trace of the shark.\nDivers have almost completed the drag netting of the Brighton Beach enclosure to ensure the shark has gone but the beach remains closed.\n“The divers have been on-site and have found no sign of the shark,” a Bayside Council spokeswoman said on Wednesday morning.\nThe divers discovered a whole in the nets on the southern side of the enclosure.\n“The hole has been repaired and the net lifted in the deepest part and the enclosure dragged through twice but has found no sign of the shark.\n“The nets are checked monthly for the council by a professional company.”\nThe beach was expected to be reopened this afternoon.\nA local mother who saw the shark said: \"There was some commotion with a bloke walking up and down the beach shouting \"shark, shark\".\nAnother said: \"There were a load of kids saw it. It's a bit unbelievable, but there you go, a shark in the cordoned area.\"\nOthers took to Facebook forums including; Rockdale Residents Unite to voice their concerns.\n“I know lots of families with kids swim there inside the net thinking it’s safe. We should be asking where are the people responsible about net safety!?, wrote one mother.\n“Is this happening now??? Scary!” wrote another person.\n“Probably a bull shark. It’s their feeding time at dusk,” speculated another.\nThe nets at Brighton-Le-Sands don’t go all the way to the sand.\nSign up for our newsletter to stay up to date.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "5 June 2020\nIt was good to get out to see whales today as the last 2 days weather caused cancellation of the cruise. We saw a juvenile humpback near the Fingal Lighthouse and then went on to spot a mother and calf rolling on the surface and tail diving. There was a huge pod of around 50 Oceanic dolphins playing around the whales.\nWe did not cruise this afternoon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Whales are some of the most fascinating creatures on Earth. There are many species of whales, and some of them can be found even in the Mediterranean – Adriatic.\nWhales belong to a group of cetaceans, including dolphins and porpoises. They are mammals, breathe air and nurse their young with milk.\n1) Whales may appear to be very similar to fish, but that is not the case.\nIn fact, whales breathe oxygen from the air into their lungs rather than extracting it from the water. Another difference is that whales are warm-blooded animals, while fish are cold-blooded. There are also many differences in appearance between whales and fish.\nWhales have smooth skin, which is designed to better slip through the water, unlike the scales on a fish’s skin. Whales’ eyes can’t see underwater, and a fish’s can, but they can see better than in the air.\n2) Whales are some of the largest animals on Earth.\nThe most giant whales are blue whales, weighing up to 330 pounds and measuring more than 100 feet long. The smallest whales are the pygmy sperm whales, which average 7 feet in length.\n3) The front and back of a whale’s body are very different from each other.\nThe most significant part of the whale is its enormous head, which makes up about one-quarter to one-third of its entire body length. Behind its blowholes on top of the head, a whale has two nostrils that lead to its lungs.\nThe nostrils have muscular openings located high on the mouth’s hard palate so whales can close them when diving.\nBecause whales swim with their heads facing forward, they must see where they are going! A series of thin bones surrounds and protects each eye. The eyes of whales are proportionately enormous, but they are tiny compared to the size of their skull.\nWhales’ backbones also continue into their upper lips.\nThey have two blowholes located on top of the head. Blowholes are openings that allow whales to breathe when coming up for air after deep dives. A whale’s throat grooves point forward and connect to the windpipe, which directs air into the lungs.\n4) Whale mouths sit underneath their bodies and face downward.\nThe reason whales do not have visible teeth is that they use suction to eat and take in water (and small fish) instead of biting and chewing their food as we do.\nThey then use their tongues to push the water out through baleen plates.\nBaleen is a horny, fringed material that hangs down from the upper jaw and acts like teeth to filter small animals such as plankton, krill, small fish, shrimp, etc.\nWhales use throat grooves to expand when taking in food and water.\n5) Whales are powerful swimmers.\nSome whales can swim up to 28 miles per hour, but they usually move much more slowly, around 10–12 miles per hour. Whales exhale (breath out) before making deep dives to catch fish and other prey.\nThe tail flukes provide the thrust that whales need to swim through water. When whales move, their tails beat up and down. The fluked tail of a whale is horizontal to its body.\n6) Whales can see well in air and water!\nWhales have huge eyes that appear similar to humans, but they are not as mobile.\nThey cannot rotate or focus as ours do; instead, whales use only one eye to focus on objects at a time. A whale’s vision is somewhat limited because it has a small area of rods and cones (photoreceptors that respond to light.)\n7) Whales have a four-chambered heart.\nEven though whales are mammals, their hearts do not have valves inside them.\nThis means that the blood can flow in two directions through the heart, making it easier for the whale to circulate oxygenated blood. This is important to hold their breath while diving deep underwater.\n8) Some whales sing songs that can be heard for miles.\nHumpback whales make the loudest and longest songs in the world. They can be heard for many miles below or above water!\nA whale’s song is a series of moans, howls, grunts, and other sounds that may last up to 30 minutes.\nThe humpback whale can sing several different songs at once so that the sound of one music does not drown out another. Scientists still don’t know why whales sing!\n9) Whales can live for up to 200 years!\nThe oldest known whale was a female bowhead whale over 211 years old when whalers killed her in the Arctic Ocean in 2006. Scientists study whales to learn more about their life spans, feeding habits, reproduction, and other aspects of their biology.\n10) Some whales breach (jump entirely out of the water).\nBreaching is a behavior that humpback whales do pretty often. Scientists are still not sure why whales breach, but several theories exist.\nSome people think that the whales better understand their surroundings, while others believe they communicate with other whales.\nAnother theory suggests that the whales breach because they are happy! No one knows why whales breach, but it is definitely a fantastic sight to see.\n11) Whales are air-breathing mammals.\nWhen a whale dives underwater, it takes a deep breath before going down.\nWhen the whale comes up for another breath of air, some water may get caught in its long throat hairs called baleen plates. The whale uses its tongue to push out the extra water to breathe more easily.\n12) Whales are not born with the ability to swim.\nWhen whales are babies or calves, they cannot swim independently. Baby whales must learn to swim by watching adults in their family group. A mother whale will teach her baby to swim by nudging it with her body or flippers.\n13) Whales have about 1-2 gallons of blood in their bodies.\nMost vertebrates have 1 gallon of blood, but whales have about 2 gallons. This is because the heart must pump enough blood to send nutrients and oxygen throughout the whale’s giant body.\n14) Whales are not the only animals that sing.\nBirds, frogs, and even crickets make noise by singing. Singing is a way of communicating with other members of the species.\nSome scientists believe that whales sing to communicate with each other, but we still don’t know why they do it!\n15) Whales do not eat meat!\nWhales are actually carnivores, but they only eat small fish. Whales mostly eat herring, mackerel, and sardines.\nTo catch their prey, whales use echolocation or sound waves to find the fish in the water.\n16) Some whales make loud sounds called “whale songs.”\nA whale song is an unusual sound that some whales make. It can be long, repetitive low notes that last for hours. Scientists still do not know why the whales make these sounds or what purpose they serve.\n17) Male humpback whales usually sing only one song at a time.\nEach male humpback whale has its own unique song. Some scientists think that the whales sing their songs to attract mates or defend their territory.\n18) A group of whales is called a pod.\nA pod can be made up of any type of whale, but it usually refers to a group of dolphins or porpoises. When people talk about whales, they may use pod or group.\n19) Whales have a layer of fat called blubber to help them stay warm in cold water.\nBlubber can be up to 2 inches thick! This thick skin helps insulate the whale’s body heat. Whales are mammals, and they need to stay warm in cold water, just like we do.\n20) A baby whale is called calves.\nCalves are born after a gestation period (pregnancy) of about 11 months. Calves nurse from their mothers for about 6 months, but they start to eat solid food at about 3 months old.\n21) Whales are not as fat as you might think!\nWhales have thick layers of fat and many muscles underneath, but they don’t have much body fat. This is why whales look skinny when they are out of water.\n22) Some whales sleep with one eye open!\nThis is called unihemispheric slow-wave sleep. The whale closes one eye and keeps the other open, so it can watch for predators, stay near its group, and breathe regularly.\nWhile one side of the brain sleeps, the other side stays awake and controls the breathing muscles.\n23) Whales don’t have to surface to breathe!\nWhales can stay underwater for as long as 45 minutes without coming up for air. A whale has two blowholes on top of its head, but these are not used like our noses.\nInstead, whales spout (breathe out) water from their blowholes to get rid of the saltwater they have swallowed.\n24) Whales are gentle giants!\nWhales may be big and powerful but gentle and curious animals. They often approach boats and divers to check them out. Some whales even seem to enjoy playing with humans!\n25) The humpback whale is the most famous!\nThe humpback whale is a giant, black and white whale that lives in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is known for its loud songs and playful behavior. Humpback whales are endangered, so it is essential to protect them.\n26) Whales are some of the most intelligent animals on Earth!\nWhales are brilliant animals. They can learn new things quickly and remember them for a long time. Scientists are still learning about the intelligence of whales, but it is clear that they are much brighter than we thought!\nSo there you have it! Some interesting facts about whales. Now you know why they are such amazing creatures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Wirral and Sefton coast protection plans\nMaps have been revealed showing two possible marine protection zones off the Merseyside coastline.\nHilbre Island in Wirral and coastline from Formby to Crosby in Sefton are identified as important sites of marine life in a report by the Irish Sea Conservation Zones (ISCZ) Project.\nThe areas could become protected Marine Conservation Zones with restrictions on fishing and sea leisure activities.\nThe ISCZ wants to hear views of people who regularly use the areas.\nDr Greg Whitfield, ISCZ project manager, said: \"This latest progress report is the last big chance for people to comment on possible Marine Conservation Zones before the recommendations go to the government.\n\"We had over 80 responses to our last progress report and we are hoping to hear from at least as many people again this time round.\"\nThe possible zone on the Sefton coast plans to protect the intertidal peat beds that occur in an area covering 11.5km2.\nPreserved within them are remnants of a submerged ancient forest and also examples of ancient human and animal footprints.\nOver 200 trails of footprints from the Mesolithic to Neolithic ages have been recorded.\nThe possible Marine Conservation Zone off the Wirral coast aims to bring added protection to the popular Hilbre Island and the Little Eye and Middle Eye islands at the mouth of the Dee.\nThe area around the Dee Estuary is a well regulated fishery and is also already protected by other designations including a Special Area of Conservation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Abstract: In the last decades, research has focused on the capabilities of microbes to secrete exopolysaccharides (EPS), because these polymers differ from the commercial ones derived essentially from plants or algae in their numerous valuable qualities. These biopolymers have emerged as new polymeric materials with novel and unique physical characteristics that have found extensive applications. In marine microorganisms the produced EPS provide an instrument to survive in adverse conditions: They are found to envelope the cells by allowing the entrapment of nutrients or the adhesion to solid substrates. Even if the processes of synthesis and release of exopolysaccharides request high-energy investments for the bacterium, these biopolymers permit resistance under extreme environmental conditions. Marine bacteria like Bacillus, Halomonas, Planococcus, Enterobacter, Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio, Rhodococcus, Zoogloea but also Archaea as Haloferax and Thermococcus are here described as EPS producers underlining biopolymer hyperproduction, related fermentation strategies including the effects of the chemical composition of the media, the physical parameters of the growth conditions and the genetic and predicted experimental design tools.\nThis is an open access article distributed under the\nCreative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution,\nand reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\nExport to BibTeX\nMDPI and ACS Style\nFinore, I.; Di Donato, P.; Mastascusa, V.; Nicolaus, B.; Poli, A. Fermentation Technologies for the Optimization of Marine Microbial Exopolysaccharide Production. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 3005-3024.\nFinore I, Di Donato P, Mastascusa V, Nicolaus B, Poli A. Fermentation Technologies for the Optimization of Marine Microbial Exopolysaccharide Production. Marine Drugs. 2014; 12(5):3005-3024.\nFinore, Ilaria; Di Donato, Paola; Mastascusa, Vincenza; Nicolaus, Barbara; Poli, Annarita. 2014. \"Fermentation Technologies for the Optimization of Marine Microbial Exopolysaccharide Production.\" Mar. Drugs 12, no. 5: 3005-3024.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Water-column Biogeochemistry and Physics in Shelf Seas\nC. Davis (UoL), E. Cavan (UoS), C. Ostle (UEA), C Williams (NOC)\nShelf seas support up to 35 % of ocean primary productivity and 90 % of world fisheries while representing less than 7 % of the surface ocean area. They are therefore important regions in terms of ocean biogeochemical cycles, climate and policy. Understanding physical, biogeochemical and biological processes and how they are coupled in both temperate and polar shelf seas is an important challenge in oceanography. An array of methods including ship-based observations, autonomous sampling, remote sensing and modelling are being employed by a number of UK research programmes and projects to help improve our understanding of shelf sea processes, focusing on cross-shelf fluxes of mass, energy and constituents, internal biogeochemical cycling of elements, benthic-pelagic exchange, air-sea fluxes, riverine inputs, and the influence of physical processes on ecosystem dynamics. The ultimate goal is to better understand the physical and biogeochemical mechanisms that sustain high rates of productivity and drive carbon export in shelf seas and how they might be affected by future climate change, thus better informing policy and marine resource management. Contributions are invited from across these disciplines, where observational, experimental and/or numerical studies are used to address the coupling of physical, biogeochemical and biological processes in the shelf sea environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pelagic fish are an excellent target in Moreton Bay in April.\nLongtail tuna, mack tuna, spotty mackerel and school mackerel can be caught from as far south as Macleay Island, right up into the northern end of the bay. The greatest concentrations of fish will be found near bait. Bait is influenced by a number of factors such as food, rainfall, tide, structure and wind.\nTuna and mackerel generally chase small (under 60mm) baitfish in Moreton Bay and feed on tiny plankton sized organisms. Plankton comprises of small plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) including algae, various microscopic animals and jellyfish as well as the eggs and larvae of many fish, crustaceans and worms.\nSome forms of plankton can move independently up or down in the water column throughout the day, but they are at the mercy of wind and tide for their horizontal movements. Current lines trap plankton in their swirling eddies. A current line can be identified by a colour change on the water and by patches or long ribbons of dirty planktonic matter floating on the surface. These attract the baitfish, which in turn attract larger predators, so they are always worth investigating when on a tuna or mackerel hunt.\nWhen the wind blows consistently from one direction for a few days, the plankton and baitfish will be pushed along with the breeze, pushing food along whatever shoreline they are blown towards. For example, when a southeasterly has blown for a few days the areas from Cleveland Point through to Wellington Point and up to Mud Island will have more bait than they would have had after a week of westerlies.\nWinds also push currents against the coast, and southeasterlies bring warmer, clean water into the bay and push bait schools up along the beaches. When bait schools come into the bay there are often big feeding frenzies of pelagics around the seaward end of the Rous and Rainbow channels, Jumpinpin and the top of Cape Moreton.\nRainfall further up the catchment flushes both baitfish and their planktonic food supply from the rivers. After heavy rains there is often a distinct dirty water line at the mouth of the Brisbane River and between Coochiemudlo and Macleay islands (sometimes extending right up to Peel Island). When this happens it’s the obvious place to start looking for tuna, mackerel and tailor.\nStructure is always a good place to look for pelagic fish; it can be anything from a marker beacon to a sandbank to a whole island. Structure can be a food resource, an interruption from strong currents and provide cover from predators. The coral edges of islands such as Mud, St Helena and Peel are an obvious place for bait to seek shelter from strong currents and to pick up food coming from the reef and off the current lines. Deeper reefs in the middle of Moreton Bay produce upwellings of current that hold bait.\nAnother less obvious place to look is along the edges of sandbanks on a falling tide. Bait that hides in weedbeds and gutters on the top of the tide becomes vulnerable as the tide recedes so it’s forced into the deeper water. Similarly, large bait schools in open water become easy prey when they are herded up against a sandbank by a pack of tuna or mackerel.\nThis is just a short overview of some of the factors that effect the movement of bait and pelagics around Moreton Bay. The same kind of thinking can be used to identify areas of reef fish activity too as they also follow concentrations of food from reef to reef.\nUntil next month, tight lines, or for more information on the southern Moreton Bay area, come and see me at Fish Head (Cnr Broadwater Tce and Stradbroke St, Redland Bay, www.fishhead.com.au) or call us on (07) 3206 7999.Reads: 3064", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With summer within reach, it’s an exciting time for wildlife and the other living things they rely on. How many different species can we identify in the intertidal zone, ocean, and boardwalk at Mowry Beach in Lubec? This is an easy, short hike with ample time for soaking in the view and exploring the beach.\nSuccess! A new password has been emailed to you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Professor Mike Meredith\nMichael Meredith is an oceanographer and Science Leader at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in Cambridge, UK. He is head of the Polar Oceans team at BAS, which has research foci on determining the role of the polar oceans on global climate, the ice sheets, and the interdisciplinary ocean system. He is Professorial Fellow in Oceanography at Murray Edwards College (University of Cambridge), a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a NERC Individual Merit Promotion (Band 2) scientist. He has published more than 200 papers in international journals, and was the inaugural chair of the Southern Ocean Observing System. He was recently Coordinating Lead Author for the IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. In 2018, Mike was awarded the Tinker-Muse Prize for Science and Policy in Antarctica, in recognition of his contributions to the study of the Southern Ocean and its global impacts, and the Challenger Medal. In 2020, he was awarded the Polar Medal by HM the Queen.\nThe oceans, the blue economy and implications for climate change event\nThe oceans, the blue economy and implications for climate change\nDate: 29 November 2023, 6:30 pm - 8:00 pm\nSpeaker: Rupert Howes, Joanna Post, Dr John Siddorn, Dr Siva Thambisetty, Professor Elizabeth Robinson, Dr Darian McBain\nVenue: Sheikh Zayed Theatre, Cheng Kin Ku Building, LSE Campus and online\nMany conversations about sustainability and climate-change focus on activities on land – the green part of our planet. This misses a vital part of the puzzle, the role that our oceans play.\nOcean and Coastal Futures - Bursary\nAs part of our commitment to encouraging and supporting diversity, equity and inclusion, Ocean and Coastal Futures is launching its first Coastal Futures Bursary in partnership with Esmée Fairbairn Foundation. This opportunity is open for young people aged 18 to 30 years old, who are currently underrepresented in the marine and coastal sector and face financial barriers to attending. Individuals do not have to be working or studying in the sector currently but must reside in the UK.\nCLASS Modelling Workshop 2024\nThe CLASS Programme is hosting a Modelling Workshop in early 2024. This is aimed at UK participants only. Event details and criteria to sign up are available here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Now showing items 1-1 of 1\nGrowth of market-size abalone (Haliotis midae) fed kelp (Ecklonia maxima) versus a low-protein commercial feed\n(Taylor & Francis, 2008)\nThe growth of grow-out abalone fed on kelp, with ca. 10 % dry weight protein content, was compared with that of those fed a new ,ca. 26 % protein, commercial feed in a flow-through system on a South African west coast ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New permits have been issued for boat based whale watching in South Africa. Ocean Safaris has operated for over 10 years with a legal licence and are now proud to have secured a long term permit and scoring the highest in our area. Licensed operators may go as close as 50m to whales. One of the nicest places to watch whales in South Africa is Plettenberg Bay which is situated on the Garden Route in the Western Cape. There are a multitude of marine life. During migrating times, we see the Humpback Whales, the Southern Right whales visit us to breed and calve. The Bryde's whale pops in and out of our bay all year round. Dolphins include the Common, Humpbacked and Bottle nose. Robberg Peninsula on the one side of the bay is home to thousands of Cape Fur seals. To watch these fantastic and majestic animals is nothing but spectacular. You can go on a whale watching boat with Ocean Safaris who are situated on Central Beach. www.oceansafaris.co.za or email@example.com\nJoin in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Whale Activities.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "June 26, 2023\nAs the largest ocean in the world, the Pacific covers a third of Earth’s surface and is bigger than all the world’s landmasses combined. So, it’s no surprise that it’s the only ocean basin with two dedicated Regional Fisheries Management Organizations for tuna and other highly migratory species (tuna RFMOs or tRFMOs for short), oriented to its eastern and western halves. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) is responsible for management from Southern Canada down to the tip of South America, and west towards approximately Hawaii. And around and west of Hawaii, approximately the western 2/3rd’s of the basin, Pacific tuna are managed by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC).\nIn many cases, these tRFMOs have their own contained stocks. Yet, despite the Pacific being 20,000 km from end to end, some highly migratory species require cohesive management across the basin’s full longitudinal breadth. One such example is North Pacific albacore tuna, which has an annual migration cycle that takes it from waters off Japan all the way to the United States, resulting in a single stock residing in the North Pacific.\nNorth Pacific albacore is often considered a smart seafood choice by organizations such as seafood watch, with the stock neither overfished nor experiencing overfishing. Pole and line is the primary fishing gear, which is known to have a low impact on the broader environment as a highly selective gear with very little unwanted bycatch. But enacting new policies will be crucial for maintaining the sustainability of this stock. As temperature-sensitive fish, changes in the environment, including from anthropogenic climate change, have the potential to shift albacore’s distribution and perhaps even abundance. Measures that can help the fishery adapt to such impacts, such as harvest strategies, will be especially important.\nFortunately, following an agreement on management objectives and other harvest strategy elements by both IATTC and WCPFC in 2022, a full harvest strategy for North Pacific albacore is scheduled to be adopted this year. Achieving this will require several steps, beginning in the first week of July when WCPFC’s Northern Committee convenes to discuss management of WCPFC’s fisheries occurring in mainly temperate waters. The United States and Canada have submitted a joint proposal for a harvest strategy that would automatically adjust fishing levels to keep the stock at the target population size agreed last year. It also includes measures to guide collaboration between IATTC, WCPFC, and the International Scientific Committee (ISC, the body responsible for science of North Pacific tRFMO stocks) to ensure smooth decision making processes as the harvest strategy operates.\nIf the draft formulaic harvest strategy can be agreed to at this meeting, it would set the stage for an equivalent, full harvest strategy to be adopted first by the IATTC in August, and then WCPFC in December, creating the first harvest strategy in the world to be enacted by two or more RFMOs together. Following on the heels of the first multi-stock harvest strategy adopted last year for Atlantic bluefin tuna, a joint harvest strategy for North Pacific albacore would be another major breakthrough in adapting harvest strategies across a diversity of management contexts. It would also set important precedent for developing a harvest strategy for Pacific bluefin tuna, which would also need to be jointly enacted by IATTC and WCPFC and is scheduled for adoption in 2025.\nStay tuned to our twitter feed to see how things progress!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2 edition of Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon found in the catalog.\nDeep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon\n1981 by Allan Hancock Foundation, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California in Los Angeles, Calif .\nWritten in English\nBibliography: p. 70-73.\n|Statement||by Kristian Fauchald and Danil R. Hancock.|\n|Series||Allan Hancock monographs in marine biology ;, no. 11|\n|Contributions||Hancock, Danil R.|\n|LC Classifications||QL391.A6 F374 1981|\n|The Physical Object|\n|Pagination||73 p. :|\n|Number of Pages||73|\n|LC Control Number||86175870|\no assess and evaluate commercial potential of reef and deep-water fish, baitfish, mollouscs, cruataceans, turtles etc from Samoa and the Tuamotu Archipelago and east to the islands off the west coast of America and in some localities near the continental coast of Mexico. It . Full text of \"Memoirs of the Queensland Museum\" See other formats. Items where Year is (eds.) Deep-water contourite systems: modern drifts and ancient series, seismic and sedimentary characteristics. London, Geological Society of London, Background and induced levels of DNA damage in Pacific deep-sea vent polychaetes: the case for avoidance. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 43 ().\ninput-output structure of the information economy [poster]\nAcupuncture points and meridians.\nModel validation and reasonableness checking manual\nEnergy in the coming decade\nAttitudes and behavior\nSwimming is for everyone.\nThe Joy of Painting Series Xxi, Bob Ross (The Joy of Painting, V. 21)\nCoaching preparation consistent with recommendations from active coaches\nVery green pages\nJoint GCE O-level and CSE examinations\nMoney from Holme\nEducation and the diversity of cultures\nDeep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon. Los Angeles, Calif.: Allan Hancock Foundation: Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, University of Southern California,  (OCoLC) Oceanography at Oregon State University had its beginning with one man, Dr.\nWayne V. Burt, who arrive on Campus in to join papers. A few books and book chapters are included, but abstracts, letters, and book reviews are not. Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon. +, Oregon: V. Oregon. Oregon. Oregon. Deep water Polychaetes from a Transect off Central Oregon.\nAllan Hancock Monographs in Marine Biology 1– Handle Reference page. [original description: p. 40] Links. Jugamphicteis in the World Register of Marine Species. Deep-water polychaetes (Annelida) from the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico Article (PDF Available) in Revista de biologia tropical 54(3) · October with 42 Reads.\nPreliminary data on the composition and distribution of polychaetes in the deep-water areas of the north-western part of the Sea of Japan Deep-water Polychaetes from a Transect off Central. Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon.\nby K Fauchald;DR Hancock. Allan Hancock Foundation Monographs 11 Polychaetes of the soft bottoms of the Straits of Magellan collected during the Italian oceanographic cruise in February-March Relationships between deep-water polychaete fauna and environmental factors in.\nDistributional Ecology of Selected Megaepifauna on Abyssal Plains Adjacent to Gorda Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean () Preliminary studies on animal-sediment interrelationships off the central Oregon coast. Ocean Sci Eng – Google Scholar Deep-water polychaetes from a transect off Oregon. Monogr Allan Hancock Found Cited by: 2.\nThis banner text can have markup. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation. Compiled by Alexander V. Rzhavsky Last edited 3 March. British mesozoic fossil.5th ed, BM (NH) Lond: pp. Hancock mikemccarthycomedy.com water polychaetes for a transect off Central mikemccarthycomedy.com Hancock Found.\nMonogr. 73 pp. Pelagic and benthic polychaetes of the central Arctic bassinGeoph. Res. Pap. Synopsis. The deep-sea floor is a cold, dark, forbidding place, yet it harbors a significant number of trace-making organisms.\nThese animals include enter opneusts, polychaetes, arthropods, holothurians, echinoids, and stelleroids, especially, and scattered representatives of other mikemccarthycomedy.com by: May 18, · Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.\nApr 08, · Possible Explanation For Warm Ocean Water Off the Oregon Coast Known as “The Blob.” In late an area of warm water known as “The Blob” appeared off the Oregon coast in the northwest Pacific.\nThe This is the point I make above many of the changes we see in surface temperature “anomalies” reflect movements of deep water. Aug 02, · Marine biodiversity of the United States (U.S.) is extensively documented, but data assembled by the United States National Committee for the Census of Marine Life demonstrate that even the most complete taxonomic inventories are based on records scattered in space and mikemccarthycomedy.com by: Cambridge Core - Palaeontology and Life History - Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera - by John W.\nMurrayAuthor: John W. Murray. FINAL Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Designation of a Deep Water Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site off San Francisco, California August Prepared by: EPA Region IX 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco CA With the assistance of: Science Applications International Corporation Campus Point Drive San Diego, CA In order to clarify these issues, the ventral shield is evaluated in specimens from the same locality and its diagnostic potential is confirmed.\nOn this basis, a revision of Sternaspis Otto, (Polychaeta: Sternaspidae) is presented based upon type materials, or material collected from type localities. The sternaspid body, introvert hooks Cited by: DRAFT Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for San Francisco Bay Deep Water Dredged Material Disposal Site Designation December 38°N 37°30'N Transverse Mercator Projection Scale 0 5 10 15 20 °30'W °w xvEPA °30'w U.S.\nEnvironmental Protection Agency Region IX, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA Demersal fish assemblages in deep water on the central California coast have been distinguished primarily by depth, substratum type, and seafloor slope [12,14,15].Using the visual transect samples collected with the occupied submersible Delta, canonical discriminant analysis was conducted of fish densities constrained by the five heads within the Ascension–Monterey canyon system (Figure.\nHeceta Bank is one of the largest banks off the western coast of North America, extending 55 km from north to south and rising above the continental shelf to 67 m water depth. Due to heterogeneous substrate of varying relief, the bank supports a diverse assemblage of demersal fishes and is an important fishing ground off the coast of Oregon, USA.\nRead chapter 3. Analysis of the Program: Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program reviews the ecological studies done. Dec 31, · States’ only deep water port in the Arctic, Nome provides a critical link between these communities, the rest of Alaska, and beyond.\nfuel vessels would change their current behavior and prefer to off-load fuel in the port, Video transect lines within the project footprint.\n51 Figure Fucus, other marine algae, and barnacles are. online version of the program book. Please click the following link to download and install: When you are finished installing, please return to this window and PRESS.\nEocene Deep-Water Agglutinated Foraminifera from the Eastern Carpathians (Romania): Paleoenvironments and Biostratigraphical Remarks Temporal fl uxes of radiolarians along the W-E transect in the central and western equatorial Pacifi c, Spatial and temporal distribution of Foraminifera in sediments off the central west coast.\nPoints Awarded Points Missed Percentage % 1. Most U.S. beaches are shrinking or encroaching on the land rather than growing or moving seaward, so the land of the U.S. is getting smaller, not bigger. Which of the following is a likely cause for loss of at least some of our beaches: A) Land is sinking in some places as it recovers from being bulged up beyond the edge of the B.\nIssuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get them in front of Issuu’s. Pressures are human activities that create stress on the environment.\nThey include Landscape Changes resulting from alterations of the natural landscape, Discharges of pollutants, and Contact Uses that directly remove, damage, or add to the reef ecosystem.\nRead \"An Overview of Marine Biodiversity in United States Waters, PLoS ONE\" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at. Gallegos, E. Ramos, K. Ortega. and J. Tarazona Effects of “El Niño” event on soft-bottom macrobenthos community off the central and south Peruvian coast PL2 P11 G.\nGaxiola-Castro, M. De-la-Cruz and J. Cepeda-Morales Phytoplankton biomass and primary production variability in the California Current off Baja California from 1. Most U.S. beaches are shrinking or encroaching on the land rather than growing or moving seaward, so the land of the U.S.\nis getting smaller, not bigger. Which of the following is not a likely cause: A. Levees along rivers have blocked sediment supply to deltas that feed longshore drift, forcing the sediment to fall in deep water where waves cannot pick it up.\nDams have increased. Abstract book BUZZING WITH SCIENCE Cross-Pollination for Environmental Progress Dispersants are only used on substantial spills in relatively deep water (usually >10 m), conditions that are impossible to replicate in the laboratory. Water quality in the central region of the watershed is impaired from anthropogenic activities including.\nCMap. CMap Description Coral reefs occur in seas with very specific environmental and climatic conditions.\nChanges in the frequency, concentration, and distribution of physical and chemical environmental variables can affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of reef life, impacting the welfare of humans through the provision of ecosystem services.\nNovember December 2, z Miami, FL, USA i November 28, Dear Symposium Participant, It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the 3rd International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals. The purpose of the symposium is to provide a forum for scientific information exchange and. Rosenfield and W.L.\nHobart. The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central America and Europe, Volume 2, Pacific Coast and Supplemental Topics.The coral associated polychaetes of Hong Kong, with special reference to the serpulids., A new deep-water species of.\nBRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, 64(sp2); Editorial / Editorial BJOCE Linking biodiversity and Global Environmental Changes in Brazilian coastal habitats The Earth’s climate is changing at a time when society is re-evaluating its relationship with nature and with the services that natural systems provide to human societies.\nMy present work focuses on biogeochemical investigations related to fluid and gaseous fluxes at cold seeps and gas hydrate bearing sediments on continental margins. As a biologist my interest lies in the interactions between geochemistry and chemosynthetic communities in these special environments.\nA Bibliography for the Gulf of California A Bibliography for the Gulf of California Compiled by R. Brusca Vers. 25 September NOTE: This document is updated on a regular basis (see date stamp above). Jun 27, · This section is a broad summary of the different physical habitats within the entire offshore ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico.\nThis classification is based for the most part on water depth, but also on other physical characteristics that are or can be important in determining what types of Cited by: 2. Abstracts for Vancouver, BC, Canada November 6 – 9th, These near shore hypoxic events have already begun to redefine ecosystems off the Oregon Coast and other areas in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME).\nFour samples taken along a 10 meter transect through the beach surf wash zone yielded the highest. Ref. Author Citation; Rabaoui, L., M. Arculeo, L. Mansour and S. Tlig-Zouari:, Occurrence of the Lessepsian species Portunus segnis. The rigorous demonstration of truly stable alternate community states is elusive in marine ecosystems and might remain so for some time.\nExamples of marine community states that have shifted are nevertheless increasingly conspicuous. The growing concern over these altered community states is often related to questions of persistence and reversibility, especially when these shifted states are Cited by:.\nWetland Science and Practice (WSP) is a quarterly publication of the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS). Contents of this issue include: • The Denver Declaration on the Management and.Biological, Oceanographic, and Acoustic Aspects of The Market Squid, Loligo Opalescens Berry.and status of marine mammals off central and northern California is given by Morejohn ().\nSea otter, Enhydra lutris. In California waters the sea otter is generally found .Mann, P., Notes: Investigation into the Geology of Cuba Central and Western Cuba, p.\n6; Mann, P.,Structure and Sedimentological Evolution of Neogene \"Pull-Apart\" Basins in Southern Haiti, State University of New York at Albany Department of Geological Sciences Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid, p. 3.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On Monday, October 6, Chilean President Michelle Bachelet announced the establishment of the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine Park, which will cover an area The area of 297,518 square kilometers is designated as a comprehensive marine protection area, and fishing and other fishing activities are prohibited in the area. With the establishment of this marine park, Chile’s marine protected area will increase from 4.4% to 12% of its total marine area, and will become the largest marine protected area in the Americas to date.\nSea lions on San Ambrosio Island\nIn February 2013, Blancpain joined the National Geographic “Original Ocean Expedition” team to explore the waters near the Desventuradas, covering the islands of San Félix and San Ambrosio. Island of San Ambrosio. The expedition is made up of a strong line of scientists and uses cutting-edge technology to explore for the first time one of the last remaining primitive seas in South America.\nUnderwater cinematographer Manu San Felix hides in the seaweed in San Ambrosio to photograph the fish above his head\n“The newly established Nazca-Deswinded Ocean Park is a gift from Chile to the world”, Enric Sala, National Geographic Explorer and Leader of the “Original Ocean Expedition Program” ) Said. ‘The area encompasses pristine marine environments not found in other marine ecosystems, including deep-sea mountains, which contain new species not seen in academia, a rich variety of crayfish, and a small number of Chilean fur sea lions previously thought to be extinct fur seal). ‘\nA starfish: on San Ambrosio, starfish is the main predator of sea urchins\nSome sea areas in the protected area have been relatively untouched by humans. These pristine seas, such as those near the Deswinded Islands, are the key to the healthy development of the global marine ecosystem. It is hoped that more countries in the world will join the ranks of creating marine protected areas and work together to preserve and restore the diversity of marine life and marine ecology.\nA school of big yellow lionfish\nBlancpain was the first pioneering partner to support the Primitive Ocean Expedition program. Blancpain’s strong support has promoted the continuous development of the ‘Primitive Ocean Expedition Program’ project, thus making it among the world’s major marine conservation actions. This project, led by National Geographic Explorer Dr. Eric Sarah, aims to explore the rare, unspoiled, pristine and pristine seas on Earth. They will research and photograph these sea areas as one of the measures to help the public and governments recognize the value and uniqueness of these ecosystems and to promote their inclusion in conservation.\nA young sea lion dives down a vertical rock wall without algae, where the algae is eaten by sea urchins\nWith the support of Blancpain, the Primitive Ocean Expedition Program has successfully helped to protect parts of the waters of the United States, the United Kingdom, Chile, Gabon, Kiribati, and Costa Rica, with a total area of more than 2,500,000 square kilometers (approximately sixty Swiss territories ,), Including the UK’s newly established world’s largest maritime arrest zone. These protected areas provide important benchmarks for understanding the true impact of human activities on marine life, assessing the effectiveness of marine management and protection measures, and an important step forward in improving the state of the oceans and benefiting future generations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls and the effect on marine mussels at an outfall site, Port Elizabeth, South Africa\nThis study investigated the effect of freshwater as a point source of PCBs contributing to a marine outfall region. Inflowing and outflowing water from the North End Lake, Port Elizabeth, was collected to determine the contamination levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Mussels at the outflow to the sea were also sampled. The samples were analysed by an internal standard method for 6 indicator PCB congeners using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The total PCB concentrations in the water (dissolved plus particulate phases) ranged from 0.180 to 0.355 ng∙L-1 and from 20.84 to 31.34 ng∙g-1 wet weight (ww) in mussels. Lighter PCB congeners exhibited highest concentrations in the water samples while heavier PCBs were dominant in mussels. PCB-52 was the most abundant in the water samples while PCB-153 was abundant in mussels. To protect human health from the possible effects of eating fish and shellfish contaminated with PCBs, the Environmental Protection Agency regulates that the level of PCBs in water be no greater than 0.17 ng∙L-1 of water. The levels of PCBs in water from the North End Lake were found to be high (0.180 – 0.355 ng∙L-1) compared to the levels recommended by EPA.\nKeywords: dissolved phase, GC/MS, North End Lake, particulate phase, sedentary organisms", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PINE KNOLL SHORES - The North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores is a turtle resort as 21 sea turtles take it easy. Living the life of luxury came at a price, and luckily they were rescued near Cape Lookout before it was too late.\n\"If the sea turtles get too cold, they become lethargic. They float to the surface. Then, the water, waves and wind are what brings them onto the shore,\" said Wendy Cluse, Conservation and Research Coordinator.\nThe turtles are kept in warm, shallow water and given antibiotics if needed. The team at the aquarium keeps the turtles until the reptiles are given a clean bill of health.\n\"We just monitor them. We give them really good food, keep their water clean and give them a nice place to rest for a while,\" said Cluse.\nThe turtles will soon be released into the Gulf Stream but you can track their movement on the internet. One turtle is equipped with a satellite tracking device.\n\"It sends a signal out of an antennae that's on the back of the turtle. The signal is picked up by satellite overhead. If you get a really good position on that tag, it will send the information to a server back down on the ground,\" said Cluse.\nTo conserve battery life on the tag, it only turns on when the turtle comes up for air. Satellite tracking makes it fun for us yet contributes to research.\n\"Having the satellite tag technology allows researchers to follow them and really understand how they are using different habitats, where they're moving to at different times of the year and how big their habitats are,\" said Cluse.\nThe longest track, so far, on a sea turtle from the North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores is 100 days.\nCopy and paste this link if you would like to track sea turtles:\n- Son kills father, himself in murder-suicide in Morehead City\n- One dead, two injured after early-morning shooting in New Bern\n- Coast Guard calls off search for missing Hyde County boaters off Georgia\n- Dudley man shot, killed early Saturday; Goldsboro Police investigating\n- Travelers out in bunches for Memorial Day weekend", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2009 News – Artificial Reef Project\n2009 News includes the Artificial Reef Project was hosted by the Phuket Marine Biology Center and The Adventure Club. Blue View Divers were happy for the chance to join . Divers assisted in the transplanting ofcoral clippings onto boulders collected from Loh Dalum Bay.\nIn fact, these boulders are coral skeletons, or coral ‘heads’, which washed into Loh Dalum Bay by the tsunami. Divers planted coral on to coral heads which were placed in the artificial reef.\nThe previous artificial reef project at Viking is now thriving with corals and marine life. Many corals have been rescued and reattached. You will find anemones, gorgonian sea fans, Scorpion fish, Lionfish, Clownfish and Batfish and unique nudibranch.\nOrganic Coral Rehabilitation\n2018 – present\nThe Maya Bay Rehabilitation project is headed by CEO and Founder of Ocean Quest Global. This technique of replanting broken corals and rehabilitating reefs is 100% organic. Thus, if the corals die in the future, all that will remain will be natural rocks and coral skeletons. Additionally, no man-made structures are used and this is a proven effective and cheap method. You can read more here about it here.\nEvidence shows that in years to come if the corals die or the man-made structure collapses, the debris will remain. We are partners with Ocean Quest Global which means we have special permission to grow our own coral nurseries. We are qualified to train divers the special techniques used in Maya Bay. Thus offering hands on experience in coral rehabilitation\nYou can dive the artificial reef all year round! Additionally we can conduct an organic coral workshop or course for you and your family!\n2009 News – International Cleanup Day\nIn other 2009 News, Blue View coordinated a two day event for Project Aware International Clean Up Day in September. Working with SSI Green Fins, Project Aware and local businesses, we arrange beach and underwater cleanup events.\nLast year we had over 100 volunteers join our three day cleanup and gathered 700 Kilograms of rubbish.\nCLEAN-UP DAY 1\nWhy we did it\nWith the increase in tourism on this island we are seeing an increase in waste production. Furthermore, the island systems struggle to cope with the growing amount of trash produced by tourists and locals alike. Tourists even offered to join in cleaning Loh Dalum Beach in an effort that involved over 80 people.\nHow we organised it\nVolunteers were divided into three groups, with water stations set up and chocolate brownies for volunteers at Sunflower Bar, Ciao Bella and Cabana Hotel . Over two hours we collected 1,326 Kilograms of rubbish which was divided into recyclable and non recyclable items and to reduce the amount of plastic. Rubbish was collected into builder’s sacks kindly donated by Spider Monkey Climbing.\nHow much we collected\nThe glass collected weighed 198.5 Kilograms with Recyclable rubbish (that can be processed on Koh Phi Phi) weighing 77.4 kilograms. The remaining rubbish was brought off the island to a facility in Bangkok.\nSunflower bar on Loh Dalum Beach was kind enough to provide a free barbecue for the tired volunteers.\nCLEAN-UP DAY 2\nOn the 20th of September we organised a dive clean up where over 19 Volunteers came to help.\nWhy we did it\nNets and Plastics are devastating to the marine life in our ecosystem. The WWF estimates that over 100,000 whales, turtles, seals and birds die through ingestion of plastic bags entanglement. Unfortunately, plastic bags also resemble jellyfish which the turtle’s favorite food. Phi Phi is blessed with a healthy community of the endangered Hawks-bill Turtles. Their habitat is being threatened by the careless disposal of rubbish.\nHow we organised it\nFirstly, we used a larger boat from Visa Diving alongside a long tail boat working side by side to bring rubbish brought up to the larger boat. Armed with gloves, mesh bags and knives and cutters, the divers traveled to Viking Dive Site. Divers worked together to remove netting, plastic bottles and other marine debris from the dive sites.\nBlue View Divers Team and the Tourist Police operated lift bags bringing rubbish to the surface for the longtail boat to collect. Snorkel teams provided surface support to reduce the dangers on the divers having to ascend and descend alot.\nIn the end, we found a colony of Staghorn Corals tangled in nets. Our divers worked slowly removed the netting without breaking fragile corals which would take years to recuperate.\nUnderwater cleanups are so important\nDiscarded fishing nets and cages trap marine life such as turtles or sea snakes who breathe air. When they become entangled they can suffocate, unable to break free. This is a popular area for snorkelers coming to Koh Phi Phi and we want them to experience it at it’s best.\nNature gives back!\nA treat at the end of the cleanup when two curious leopard sharks swam around the divers working on the reef who stopped to watch their graceful progress.\nWhat we collected\nOne diver was our ‘reef watch monitor’ who collected fish and coral data to be submitted to Greenfins who monitor the health of marine life in our local waters.\nWe collected 680 Kilograms on the dive cleanup and all this would not have been possible without all the support rom volunteers and local businesses.\nBlue View Divers would like to thank the following sponsors for helping make this project possible: Amico Restaurant, Aquamaster, Aquamundo, Aquanauts Scuba, Atul Keshav, Ayudhaya Bank, Barrakuda Diving, Ciao Bella,The Geoff Starr Fund, Ibiza Bar, Mama Resto, Panda Restaurant, Pearl Andaman, Phi Phi Bakery, Phi Phi Scuba Diving Center, Phi Phi Tourist Police, Scuba Schools International, Seafrog Diving, Sheryl and Tony Brown, Simon Collins, Spider Monkey Climbing, Sports Bar, Sunflower Bar, Unni’s Restaurant, Viking Divers and Visa Diving", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Showing results for\nA Microbial World\nWe live in a microbial world. The ocean is home to innumerable microbes, so many...\nWed, 07/03/2019 - 15:23\nNOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary System has made important strides in ocean...\nFri, 01/14/2011 - 14:01\nMarine Protected Areas\nMarine Protected Areas (or MPAs) ensure that a wide range of marine ecosystems are...\nFri, 01/14/2011 - 10:57\nArctic Scientists at Work\nArctic scientists study a range of marine animals – from large species like polar...\nMon, 01/10/2011 - 12:17\nCashes Ledge is an underwater mountain range off the New England coast, which is...\nFri, 09/29/2017 - 10:10", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Guess what? It’s still blowing filthy onshore. North Bondi has some protection from the East nemesis winds, and a few little surfable(ish) waves. Nothing special though. Exposed beaches are 4-6 foot…just messy as hell.\nThe forecast says tomorrow afternoon the wind will kick around to the NE. Finally some clean waves will be on offer and that twitch will disappear.\nI reckon the next 4 days will make up for the poor surf of the past 4 days. Cheer up.\nSydney’s 1st $900,000 artificial reef\nNSW Government announced that construction of its first offshore artificial reef will begin soon. Only $900,000 is being spent on the reef and is being erected 1.2 kms off the Gap at Vaucluse. The reef is expected to greatly improve recreational fishing opportunities off Sydney. Damn those Fishos are smart…this is the 1st of 3 fishing reefs. So errrm, the obvious question is – how about an artificial reef at Bondi? The swell magnet will pump with something to break on…a 300 metre right off The Boot? Interested to hear everyone’s thoughts. (comment below)\nA d i o s, ::u g i o s", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A boat skipper who recently pulled a dead whale shark to the dock from deep sea realised his mistake after the harbour authorities refused him to pay for his huge by-catch. The cost of the dead carcass may range between Rs 50,000 and Rs 75,000, officials of Karachi Fish Harbour Authority (KFHA) told Business Recorder on Saturday, adding that “the payment will never be made to the skipper to discourage such attempts in future.”\nPakistan is one of the signatory countries to the Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) to step up to daunt fishermen to land endangered marine species. Boat skipper Muhammad Juman was seeking a compensation for his by-catch, the officials said, adding that “KFHA confiscated the catch from him and decided not pay a single penny to him.”\nOfficials ruled out any other penalty that the authorities may impose on the skipper. “It is enough to let him regret his decision of pulling the shark to the harbour.” They said it is also a lesson for others to understand that their efforts may go in vain if they ever tried to sail back along with endangered species. The dead shark tangled accidentally in the net 70 nautical miles off Karachi coast close to Churna Island, Arabian Sea. The seafarers brought the whale shark, which weighted about 3 tons and measured about 14-15 feet, to harbour on Feb1, this year.\nThe KFHA officials said the skin of the shark has been sent Friday to Islamabad for stuffing after research experts dissected it to ascertain the reasons behind its death and know its age. “The skin has been dispatched for stuffing to Pakistan Museum of Natural History, which may take at least six months to complete,” they said, adding that the KFHA has also requested the museum to return it after stuffing to display it as a whale shark model at the harbour. The stuffed effigy may be displayed at Sindh Museum, Hyderabad, they said.\nOn February 7, 2012, the local fishermen trapped a dead whale shark which was 22-ton heavy and 11-meter long. The fishermen sold it for Rs 180,000. The berthing of the endangered species loaded criticism on Pakistan for weak government policies to protect such vulnerable species within its waters.\nWhale Shark falls in the context of red-list of the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN), showing its perilous state. The biggest whale shark was caught at Baba Island of Keamari in 1947, which measured 36-feet long and weighted 50 tons. The mammoth catch still ranks the largest trap of whale shark in the world, according to Marine Fisheries Department. “Since 2006, at least 36 whale sharks have been killed in fishing operations along Pakistan coast,” said Technical Advisor of WWF-Pakistan, Muhammad Moazzam Khan.\nThere are no official statistics available on population of the gentle giant in the country, however a personal research of Moazzam Khan suggested that juveniles or sub-adults ranging between 2.5 feet and about 15 feet are the widely-killed species during fishing. The Fund showed concern over the fishermen’s practice of carrying the endangered spices to coasts for making quick bucks, instead of freeing them in open waters.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Home | Contact\nBelize Aggressor III Captain’s Log\nSeptember 23-30, 2017\nSea State: Flat to choppy\nAir Temp: 89F\nWater Temp: 83F\nVisibility: 80- 100Ft\nStewardess – Vanessa\nInstructor – Daniel\nDivemasters – Monique & Conway\nThis week’s guests came from Brazil, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the USA. Welcome Aboard Francois, Pia, Jim, Dianne, Liz, Werner, Monika, David, Rosemary, Carla, Peter, Robyn, Dan, Rich, Kim, and Katie.\nSunday Sept 24, 2017\nDive Sites: Sandy Slope & Amberhead North\nWe started the week off on the West side of Turneffe Atoll. After doing our weight and equipment checks, we ventured off into the beautiful waters of Belize to go exploring the dive site. Today we spotted everything with spots…spotted morays, spotted drums, spotted Eagle Rays, and spotted toadfish. We also saw several green morays, Pederson cleaning shrimp, yellow head jawfish, garden eels, razorfish, and peacock flounders. We also saw lots of schooling fish such as Creole wrasse, mahogany snappers, grunts, sergeant majors, and jacks. There were also some cool critters like lettuce sea slugs, a tiny yellow slug with a red spot, and a tiny orange slug.\nMonday Sept 25, 2017\nDive Sites: Half Moon Caye Wall & Long Caye Wall\nMonday morning, we woke up at Lighthouse Reef after doing our crossing from Turneffe during the night. We had some amazing dives today with cool shark and ray sightings. We saw several Caribbean Reef sharks, spotted Eagle Rays, and Southern stingrays. There were plenty of Nassau and yellow fin groupers, and several barracuda swam by to check us out. In the sand and grass we found shrimps, razorfish, garden eels, crabs, and head shield slugs.\nTuesday September 26, 2017\nDive Sites: Blue Hole & Silver Caves\nToday at the Great Blue Hole, we had a treat when we spotted a Great hammerhead swimming along the edge of the dropoff…AMAZING!!! Though the blue hole itself is always a highlight, today it was extra special. Next, we went over to Half Moon Caye for our island excursion and went to check out the nesting grounds for the red footed booby birds and magnificent frigate birds. We also saw some hermit crabs, iguanas, and other lizards.\nWe finished of the day diving at Silver Caves, where were saw a hawksbill turtle, green and spotted morays, several neck crabs, and lots of blennies. There was also a lot of fish activity with dozens of trunkfish, black durgeons, Creole wrasse, sergeant majors, blue and brown chromis, and jacks. We were also playing around with some tarpon.\nWednesday September 27, 2017\nDive Sites: Chain wall & Painted Wall\nWe spent Wednesday diving Chain Wall and Painted Wall. The sharks and Eagle rays were not shy today…we had some awesome up close and personal encounters with 4 different Caribbean Reef sharks and saw some Eagle rays zigzagging around. There were also very curious and friendly barracuda and groupers. At the end of the dive we watched a Southern stingray feeding in the sand, and a nurse shark buzzing over the reef.\nThursday September 28, 2017\nDive Sites: Cathedral & Front Porch\nToday, during our surface interval at Cathedral, we were visited by 2 separate pods of dolphins. Several of our passengers jumped in and checked off “snorkeling with dolphins” from their bucket lists. On the dive, we found a huge free swimming green moray, several large black groupers, barracudas, and Creole wrasse while diving along the wall. In the shallows we found some skeleton shrimp, neck crabs, and tiny nudibranchs.\nAt lunch we motored back to Turneffe to finish off the day at Front Porch, where we saw some spotted Eagle Rays, spotted toadfish, and several green morays.\nFriday September 29, 2017\nDive Site: Amberhead South\nThe final day of diving was great finish to a great week of diving. We hopped in at 6:30am and then again at 9:00am before heading back to the dock. On our final dives, we saw white spotted toadfish, moray eels, flounder, jacks, groupers, barracudas, and tons of reef fish all around.\nCongrats to Liz on reaching her 100th dive this week.\nCongrats to Dianne, Jim, Peter, Carla, and Katie on becoming Nitrox divers.\nCongrats to Rich on completing his Advanced Open Water course.\nCongrats to our IRON DIVERS this week: Robyn, Dianne, Kim, Peter, Monika, Werner, and Rosemary.\nCongrats to Peter and Carla on their 5th Wedding Anniversary! Thank you for coming to celebrate with us.\nThank you all for a GREAT week!\nEAT, SLEEP, & DIVE!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sperm whale mother and albino baby swimming off the coast of Portugal\n© Flip Nicklin/Minden Picture\nCelebrating a whale of a tale\nA sperm whale surfaces in the North Atlantic as her young albino calf swims beside her. It's a rare photo opportunity as these majestic creatures spend much of their time deep down, over 1,000ft below the waves. On this day in 1841, a young Herman Melville set out from New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA, on a whaling voyage to the South Pacific which would help inspire his masterwork Moby-Dick. The day is celebrated at the New Bedford Whaling Museum with an annual marathon public reading of the novel - an event that lasts 25 hours.\nThough the calf in the photo may resemble Melville's fearsome white sperm whale, the whale family is nowhere near Massachusetts or the Pacific. They’re on the other side of the planet - in Portuguese waters - and we had to go a fair distance to find them. Little Moby Jr is a rare sight, since albinism only appears in about one in 10,000 mammal births and the worldwide sperm whale population stands at only about 300,000.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Almarin provides navigational aids for BIMEP\nAlmarin has supplied the maritime beaconing for Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BIMEP) in Bizkaia, Spain. Almarin supplied seven G3000TL buoys with 11m3 hull volume, sufficient capacity to handle the sturdy moorings in 90m depth. Equipped with self contained beacons, radar reflectors and AIS systems (providing realtime data for ships equipped with ECDIS), these buoys ensure that the perimeter of the BIMEP area is well marked.\nBIMEP is an initiative of the Basque Energy Entity (EVE) to promote the development of offshore alternative energies. The BIMEP platform provides unequalled facilities for testing and validation of offshore energy generators. Located off the coast of Armintza, close to Bilbao, the infrastructure is designed for 20 MW of capacity and takes advantage of an existing grid tie, originally built for a nuclear power plant that was never completed. The installation of the buoys was carried out at the beginning of this month by Zumaia Offshore operating from the port of Bermeo.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Reefs at Risk in the Middle East\nNearly two-thirds of the coral reefs in the Middle East region are at risk from local threats (i.e., coastal development, overfishing/destructive fishing, marine-based pollution, and/or watershed-based pollution). The greatest pressure is in the Persian Gulf, where more than 85 percent of reefs are considered threatened, while the figure for the Red Sea is just over 60 percent. Areas of low threat in the central western Red Sea and along the northern Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia may be some of the most extensive areas of reefs on the continental margin under low threat anywhere outside of Australia.\nProjects that include this Resource\nReefs at Risk\nRaising awareness of threats to coral reefs and providing information and tools to manage coastal habitats more effectively.Part of Climate", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SAN RAFAEL / Firm fined $735,000 for dredge releases\nPublished 4:00 am, Thursday, August 17, 2006\nDutra Dredging Co. will pay $735,000 for illegally releasing dredged material in unapproved ocean areas, including in marine sanctuary waters, federal officials said Wednesday.\nThe company will pay a $450,000 Environmental Protection Agency fine and $285,000 to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to fund protection and restoration projects in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.\nInvestigators determined that from 1999 to 2003, Dutra leaked or dumped a total of more than 200,000 cubic yards of dredged material on 200 separate occasions. Once, it was found, a Dutra vessel also went directly through the 3-mile-diameter Farallon Islands exclusion zone, which is intended to protect seabirds and marine animals.\nLATEST SFGATE VIDEOS\n- How is climate change affecting the Bay Area? SFGATE\n- Hail in Petaluma, Feb. 22 Twitter / @Leeeeeeeeeeeesa\n- Trump discusses removing ICE from California White House\n- History-making African Americans with ties to the Bay Area Drew Costley\n- Oakland A's manager Bob Melvin on Jake Smolinski San Francisco Chronicle\n- Winter driving conditions on I-80 Feb. 22 Caltrans District 3\n- SpaceX launch Feb. 22 San Francisco Chronicle\n- West Oakland Station Body Camera Video San Francisco Chronicle\n- The family of Sahleem Tindle watches body cam footage Courtesy of the Tindle family\n- They Survived the School Shooting. Now They’re Calling for Action. New York Times\nThe incidents occurred when Dutra's vessels, which are 300 feet long and 60 feet wide, were headed to the EPA-designated deep ocean disposal site, 55 miles off San Francisco's coast and in nearly 10,000 feet of water.\nThe violations were connected to eight U.S. Army Corps of Engineer maintenance projects that removed 2.5 million cubic yards of sediment from navigation channels in the Oakland and Richmond harbors and Bodega Bay.\nHarry Stewart, Dutra's president, said the releases of material were accidental, and that the company had spent millions of dollars to repair its equipment and upgrade its monitoring equipment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By: Nancy Wallace, Director of the NOAA Marine Debris Program\nThis year has been a busy one for the NOAA Marine Debris Program, and it was particularly special, as 2016 marked our ten-year anniversary. Looking back on the last decade, I am proud of what we have been able to accomplish and how much we’ve grown both in size and impact. This past year also marked the first under our most recent Strategic Plan. Following this ambitious guide, we have worked toward making our vision— an end to marine debris— a reality.\nI am proud of the Program’s achievements to address marine debris and although we still have a lot of work to do, I am confident in our direction for the future, learning from the past decade of excellent marine debris work. With that, I am pleased to present the NOAA Marine Debris Program’s 2016 Accomplishments Report, which highlights some of our major accomplishments over the past fiscal year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fisheries genetics researchers will find invaluable the thirty-eight peer-reviewed contributions in this book, presented at the 20th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium qGenetics of Subpolar Fish and Invertebrates, q held in May 2002 in Juneau, Alaska. Looming over concerns of lost fisheries stocks and persistent erosion of genetic variability are predictions of global warming, which may further tax genetic resources. One consequence is an increased reliance on genetic applications to many aspects of fisheries management, aquaculture, and conservation. The contributions in this book are important to modern fisheries science and genetics, and illustrate the evolution of the field over the past decade. The improved technology provides tools to address increasingly complicated problems in traditional applications and ecological and behavioral studies. The union between molecular and quantitative genetics, where many of the major questions about population structure and evolution remain unanswered, will also benefit from the new technologies.study; North American chum salmon predominated in the central Gulf of Alaska ( 145abW) while Asian chum predominated along ... if migration paths of geographically proximal lineages, regardless of their genetic similarities, follow similar routes. ... Climate in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea play an important role in salmon production (Beamish aamp; Bouillon 1993). ... This Bering-Aleutian Salmon International Survey (BASIS) program12 calls for four one-month surveys (spring, summer, anbsp;...\n|Title||:||Genetics of Subpolar Fish and Invertebrates|\n|Author||:||Anthony J. Gharrett, Richard G. Gustafson, Jennifer L. Nielsen, James E. Seeb, Lisa W. Seeb, William W. Smoker, Gary H. Thorgaard, Richard L. Wilmot|\n|Publisher||:||Springer Science & Business Media - 2012-12-06|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Bob Hollis took up scuba diving in the late 1950s, and his love for diving led to an interest in underwater photography, a hobby that required him to create his own specialized equipment.\nEducated as a mechanical engineer, Bob Hollis designed and manufactured underwater photography equipment in the machine shop behind his Hayward, California sporting goods store. Before long, divers were asking Mr. Hollis to make equipment for them, and a successful mail order business started. In 1972, Mr. Hollis founded Oceanic, starting out with a dozen diving products, including the original photography equipment. He then acquired a manufacturer in nearby Belmont, instantly giving Oceanic a full line of diving equipment, with an innovative line of instrumentation products. The company introduced the DataMax, the first mechanical depth gauge with automatic digital timer, propelling Oceanic to the forefront of dive equipment suppliers.\nBob Hollis helped introduce the concept of an electronic dive computer, revolutionizing diving safety and which is now a mandatory piece of equipment for all divers. Mr. Hollis considers his role in developing this technology his proudest professional accomplishment.\nA true pioneer in the industry, he led the first dive travel tours, introduced scuba equipment into many resort locations, and explored and filmed the wreck of the Andrea Doria, with his efforts rewarded with induction into the Diving Hall of Fame. Mr. Hollis served as a past president of DEMA (Diving Equipment & Marketing Association).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Story at a glance:\n- By 2040 an estimated 29 million metric tons of plastic will flow into the ocean each year.\n- Outdoor furniture company Vestre has launched Ogoori, a company that collects marine plastic to be repurposed in furniture design.\n- Coast, a bench made from ownerless marine plastics collected by Ogoori, is the first of its kind.\nIn 2010 an estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic was dumped into the ocean. By 2040 it is estimated that 29 million metric tons of plastic will flow into the ocean each year. Jan Christian Vestre wants to change that.\nHis company Vestre, the Norwegian outdoor furniture company started by his grandfather in 1947, has launched Ogoori, a startup that gathers marine plastic to recycle and reuse in furniture design. The initiative takes waste collected from the ocean and transforms it into plastic for brands to use in future products.\nTake Coast, for instance—a bench from Vestre made from ownerless marine plastics collected by Ogoori, set to be released in 2021.\n“It’s an inspiring and gratifying task to design a bench that uses plastic collected from beaches with the help of volunteers,” said Allan Hagerup, who designed the bench, in a press release. “It feels really good to have created the first bench from this material for Vestre, and to contribute to sustainable development with a product that will be accessible to everyone.”\nHere are a few design details that make Vestre’s Coast bench—the first of its kind—the perfect waterfront spot.\n1. Recycled Plastic Materials\nThe seat of the bench is made from Ogoori plastic waste collected from Norwegian beaches that is then submerged into a hot-dip galvanized and powder-coated steel frame made to endure the outdoors.\n2. Ocean-Inspired Design\nBesides looking to the water for its materials, Coast also borrows from the marine environment for its shape. From the front, the bench resembles a boat’s hull, while each individual row of plastic looks as if it is floating on water.\n“The design has been kept as simple as possible so that it doesn’t take focus away from the marine plastic,” said Hagerup.\n3. Sustainable For Years to Come\n“When the material is of variable quality, it is important to consider what happens to the plastic over time outdoors,” Hagerup says. “To prevent erosion, the plastic parts must be replaced at regular intervals, through a deposit system or through a lease with regular servicing by Vestre. The frame is therefore shaped so that it is simple to replace the plastic parts as needed.”\nThen, of course, the replaced plastic will be recycled again and turned into new products.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spawning Behavior in the Labrid, Halichoeres Bivittatus, on Artificial and Natural Substrates in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, with Notes on Early Life History\nWe documented reproductive activity in Halichoeres bivittatus close to the northernmost range of its distribution in the western Atlantic. Observations were made by means of Scuba at a mean depth of 15 m on a reef system consisting of a 10-train car artificial reef and adjacent limestone substrate. The train cars were deployed in 1986 on substrate ranging from limestone colonized by macroalgae to a thin layer of sand over hard substrate. Spawning behavior consisted of the formation of temporary territories defended by terminal phase males. Peak reproductive activity occurred at midday during the months of May and June at temperatures of 21.5–24.5°C. Pair spawning between an initial phase female and a terminal phase male was observed on artificial and natural reef substrata, but interference spawning by small initial phase individuals was observed only on the natural substrate. This difference in reproductive strategy may be due to the ability of small initial phase males to interfere with pair spawnings only on substrates lacking much vertical relief (<0.5 m) and providing macroalgal cover. Fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial fertilization in the laboratory. Eggs and larvae were reared in tanks and development up to 5 days after fertilization is briefly described.\nNo Supplementary Data.\nDocument Type: Research Article\nPublication date: 1994-09-01\nMore about this publication?\n- The Bulletin of Marine Science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world's oceans. All aspects of marine science are treated by the Bulletin of Marine Science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography.\n- Editorial Board\n- Information for Authors\n- Subscribe to this Title\n- Terms & Conditions\n- Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mercury Poisoning: Dolphins and Humans Impacted\nHumans and Marine animals alike are affected by high mercury levels from the world's oceans. That's because fish and other sea creatures are the main sources of mercury exposure in humans, according to researchers from Florida Atlantic University (FAU).\nIn a recent study of dolphins living in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, researchers found high enough levels of mercury that they were prompted to investigate the potential risks humans face because they consume the same seafood dolphins eat, according to the university's news release.\nThe most toxic form of mercury is known as methylmercury, and through the processes of biomagnification it makes its way up the food chain, increasing in toxicity at each stage. It follows then, as methylmercury builds up in fish and shellfish, those that eat the fish – dolphins and humans, for example – are at an increased risk.\n\"This research exemplifies the role of dolphins as an animal sentinel in identifying a public health hazard,\" Adam Schaefer, one of the study researchers and FAU Harbor Branch epidemiologist, explained in the university's release. \"It is a unique and critical example of closing the loop between animal and human health.\"\nWhen preforming follow-up tests of humans living near the IRL, researchers confirmed they too exhibited high levels of mercury, much of which was due to the consumption of local fish and shellfish. Mercury is a global concern and known to affect one's memory, visual-motor skills, and cognitive development, among other side effects. This is of particular concern for pregnant women, since the developing nervous system of a fetus is highly vulnerable to mercury exposure.\n\"Fish consumption is recommended for a healthy diet and has many benefits including a reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease,\" John Reif, Colorado State University research professor and collaborator on the study, added in the release. \"Pregnant women can balance the risks and benefits of seafood consumption by continuing to eat fish, but avoiding fish caught in the Indian River Lagoon where the levels of mercury are higher.\"\nTheir findings were recently published in the journal Veterinary Science.\nFor more great nature science stories and general news, please visit our sister site, Headlines and Global News (HNGN).\n-Follow Samantha on Twitter @Sam_Ashley13", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Learn to Free Dive with Adventure Photographer Kellon Spencer\nFree diving is breath hold diving. You have a mask, wetsuit, fins and your lungs. That’s it. Take a deep breath, dive down, hold it, and whatever you do. Don’t. Let. Go. Sound easy? It’s not.\nBut it’s worth it. When you scuba dive, you’re a visitor to the underwater world. It’s loud and often scares away the marine life. With breath hold diving, you’re a part of it. You see the ocean on its own terms: silent, unencumbered and free.\nIn this episode, we follow in the fin steps of adventure photographer Kellon Spencer as he learns to free dive. Kellon specializes in underwater photography. But he soon realized that to get the best images, to get as close as possible to the marine wildlife without scaring them away, he would have to ditch the scuba gear and learn breath hold diving for himself. There was just one problem. He was terrified.\nKellon excels at adventure sports, and had worked as scuba guide for many years. But he’d heard the horror stories, and he knew about the dangers: underwater blackouts, loss of motor control, blood dumps. In one five year study, 75% of all free diving accidents were fatal.\nFollow his journey from his first free dive in The Blue Hole, New Mexico to the tropical waters of Grand Cayman and beyond. Dive with him as he overcomes his fear and learns to see the ocean through new eyes. Far from being an extreme activity, Kellon realizes that breath hold diving is actually more like underwater meditation than an adrenaline sport. He learns to master his anxiety, to control the panic, and comes out stronger, bolder and more connected to the ocean than he ever was before. And as for getting closer to that marine wildlife, let’s just say he succeeds in a BIG way – and he tells us about that too.\n· Hear what breath hold diving feels like, unencumbered by scuba gear, silent and free\n· Want to learn to free dive? Listen to a first-hand account of beginner, and pro level, breath hold diving courses\n· Follow Kellon down to 100-feet deep, the equivalent of 10 atmospheres of pressur\n· Hear what it feels like when you hit the ‘free fall zone’, which Kellon describes as “sky-diving underwater”\n· Learn the techniques that teach you how to hold your breath for three minutes or more – often achievable in just a few days\n· Discover the superhuman feats of champion free divers, including deepest dive, longest breath hold and more\n· Learn the theory behind breath hold diving, including the mammalian dive reflex and how human beings are genetically programmed to free dive\n· Find out how to apply free diving breathing techniques in your everyday life to lessen the effects of anxiety and stress\n· Join Kellon as he experiences one of the most incredible marine wildlife encounters in the world: free diving with a 40-ft whale in Roatan\nWHO’S THE GUEST?\nKellon Spencer is a professional adventure photographer and free diving instructor. He has embarked on over a decade of expeditions with the collaboration of various clients, including the National Forest Foundation, Royal Enfield Motorcycles, Ocean First, another. His passion is using the power of imagery to bring awareness to the importance of conservation and wildlife preservation. See Kellon's work at: www.kellonspencerphotography.com.\nBOOK THIS TRIP\nPlease visit the individual episode pages of the Armchair Explorer website to find out how you can do this journey, and others inspired by it: www.Armchair-Explorer.com\nThe Armchair Explorer: the world's greatest adventurers tell their best story from the road. Instagram @AaronMWriter / Facebook: @armchairexplorerpodcast", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RV Cefas Endeavour 07/10\nCruise summary report\n|Ship name (ship code)||RV Cefas Endeavour (74E9)|\n|Cruise period||2010-03-31 — 2010-04-03|\n|Port of departure||Swansea, United Kingdom|\n|Port of return||Swansea, United Kingdom|\n|Objectives||The cruise was the fourth of five plankton surveys in 2010 to estimate the Spawning Stock Biomass (SSB) of plaice, cod and haddock in the Irish Sea by the Annual Egg Production Method (AEPM). These cruises are basically a repeat of a similar series of surveys conducted in 2008.\nIn addition to plankton sampling at 106 pre-selected stations, various supplementary data was obtained ranging from environmental data to acoustics.\n|Chief scientist||Stephen Paul Milligan (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Lowestoft Laboratory)|\n|Project||Irish Sea Egg Production Surveys (ISEPS)|\n|Cruise programme||(0.04 MB)|\n|Cruise report||(0.16 MB)|\nIrish Sea and St. George's Channel\n|Specific||Irish Sea and English Channel|\n|Track charts||(0.03 MB)|\n|Surface measurements underway (T,S)||Quantity: track kilometres = 3704|\nDescription: Continuous logging of sub-surface (3m) salinity, temperature, fluorescence, etc.\n|Water bottle stations||Quantity: number of samples = 53|\nDescription: Sub-surface water bottle samples collected underway for salinity, chlorophyll and nutrient analysis.\n|Biology and fisheries|\n|Eggs and larvae||Quantity: number of stations = 106|\nDescription: Gulf VII type plankton sampler, deployed on double oblique 'V' profiles whilst steaming at 4.5 Kts. The samplers utilise a calibrated CTD. Zooplankton samples analysed for fish eggs only.\n|Moorings, landers, buoys|\n|Instrumented wave measurements||51° 26' 9\" N 3° 55' 51\" W — 09/04/2010. Recovery of old (non-functioning) Scarweather bank Waverider Buoy|\n|Instrumented wave measurements||51° 25' 55\" N 3° 55' 51\" W — 31/03/2010. Deployment of replacement Scarweather bank Waverider Buoy|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Greater numbers of wild coho salmon are expected to return to Puget Sound later this year, according to forecasts released last week, but threatened Puget Sound Chinook stocks are likely to see another decline.\nThe 2021 salmon forecasts were announced Friday during an online video conference with sport and commercial fishers and other interested people (TVW telecast). The annual meeting serves to launch negotiations that, when completed in April, will prescribe fishing seasons for the coming summer and fall.\nProtecting so-called “weak stocks” from fishing pressure continues to be a challenge. Salmon managers with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife will consult with representatives of area tribes to identify times and places for fishing that will still allow adequate numbers of spawning salmon to get back to their home streams.\nLow numbers of salmon predicted for some areas of Puget Sound will force managers to make some tough choices, said Fish and Wildlife Director Kelly Susewind.\n“If every salmon run across the state was healthy, our jobs would be easy,” he said in a news release. “But the unfortunate truth is that some stocks just won’t be able to support fisheries and are likely to impact fisheries even for healthier runs. We’ll work hard alongside the co-managers to stay within our shared conservation goals while still offering chances to get out and fish this year whenever possible.”\nSome 246,000 wild coho are expected to return to Puget Sound this year, up about 51 percent from last year but still 15 percent below the 10-year average, said Chad Herring, a fishery policy analyst for Fish and Wildlife. In contrast, hatchery coho are expected to increase by 8 percent.\nWhile fishing opportunities could come from the increased coho run, managers must be careful to protect wild Chinook, which remain at risk of extinction. This year’s total Chinook run size (hatchery and wild, not including spring Chinook) is estimated to be down 11 percent from last year’s forecast of 233,000 fish and 2 percent below the recent 10-year average. Keep in mind that the recent 10-year average for wild Chinook is 24 percent below the 10-year average recorded when Puget Sound Chinook were placed on the Endangered Species List back in 1999 — so things are not looking good for Chinook.\nThe Department of Fish and Wildlife recently began increasing production of Chinook at some hatcheries in an effort to help the Southern Resident Killer Whales, which frequent Puget Sound and consume a lot of salmon, primarily Chinook. The result of that increased production could be seen in coming years, although the effects on wild Chinook have been hotly debated.\nWild Chinook make up just 12 percent of the total run size, with hatchery Chinook making up the remainder, so one strategy for increasing fishing opportunities while protecting wild fish is to shift fishing efforts to “terminal areas” closer to the hatcheries during carefully timed periods.\nTo protect wild Chinook and coho, anglers may be allowed to keep only hatchery fish while releasing wild fish. Young hatchery Chinook and coho are typically marked by removing their adipose fins before release. During the COVID-19 pandemic, marking equipment housed in special mobile units went into operation around the clock to get the work done while limiting the number of staffers working in confined spaces, according to Kelly Cunningham. director of the Fish Program for WDFW. The marking program successfully handled between 140 million and 160 million juvenile salmon with no delay in their scheduled release, he said.\nChum salmon, largely taken by commercial fishers, have been in a general decline since their historical peak in 2002, research biologist Mickey Agha said during Friday’s conference.\n“Last year, I noted that in 2019 we had the lowest Puget Sound return since 1979,” Agha said. “Unfortunately, preliminary estimates for 2020 are revealing a return only slightly higher.”\nThe graph showing the chum forecast, shown on this page, includes a year-old forecast of a higher run last year, because the hard data about the actual run size are still being compiled. That goes for the other species as well.\n“As many of you in the chum industry are aware, it was a rather poor year fishing for the limited opportunity that was available,” Agha said. “South Puget Sound and Hood Canal returned poorly, as compared to the long-term averages. Nevertheless, there were some bright spots where we met conservation goals head-on and reached our escapement goals (for the number of spawners reaching their home streams). That was along the coast for a few populations and for a few populations in the Central to North Puget Sound.”\nChum returns to Puget Sound this year are expected to be only slightly better than for 2019, one of the worst years on record. Hatchery fish make up roughly half the run size of fall chum salmon. The total run size this year is estimated at 526,000.\nMeanwhile, 2021 will be a “pink year,” as it is called, reflecting the fact that the vast majority of pink salmon spawn in odd-numbered years. The past decade has been a period of both boom and bust for pinks, which are almost all wild salmon. This year, about 2.9 million pinks are expected to return to Puget Sound, vastly outnumbering chum. That return would be similar to 2019, following a very low year in 2017.\nElsewhere, anglers online for Friday’s presentation heard some welcome news about coho in the Columbia River. The forecast calls for 1.6 million fish among the early and late runs, a dramatic increase from last year’s 363,000, according to estimates.\nAlthough that big number is encouraging, there is a need to protect other at-risk stocks in the region, said Kyle Adicks, intergovernmental salmon manager for Fish and Wildlife.\n“All of our forecasting indicates a strong coho return to the Columbia, but a lot can change between now and when the fish start to arrive, including out in the ocean,” Adicks said in a news release. “We’ll be keeping a close eye throughout this year’s salmon-season-setting process on stocks of low abundance.”\nFishing along the Washington Coast is expected to be a mixed bag, with some stocks up and others down. Poor returns anticipated for the Queets and other coastal rivers could limit fishing off the coast, despite the large numbers of coho returning to the Columbia River.\nAll these forecasts are based on computer modeling that factors in many variables, from the number of juvenile salmon that leave the streams to the number of adult salmon returning in the previous cycle to the number of “jacks” that return a year before they are due. Also considered are ocean conditions, such as temperature, which have a major influence on the movement of salmon and their food supply.\nHigher surface temperatures in the ocean off the West Coast in recent years are believed to be a major factor in the decline of salmon, which tend to do better in cooler waters. Global warming can affect salmon through every life stage, from the stream where they hatch out of gravel to the Pacific Ocean where they grow and mature.\nMaking things worse is a recurring patch of warm ocean water nicknamed “the blob” by Washington State Climatologist Nick Bond. Sometimes stretching from California to Alaska, the highest temperatures since 1982 were recorded during a period from 2014 to 2016. (See map at top of this page.) Last year, the blob’s reappearance brought temperatures nearly as high.\nSince then, ocean temperatures have declined to more normal conditions, which should benefit salmon, according to Marisa Litz, research scientist for Fish and Wildlife who spoke during Friday’s meeting. Other good news is the current mountain snowpack of between 95 and 150 percent of normal, which should help provide adequate flows of cool water during the critical spring period for young salmon, she said.\nThe Pacific Ocean currently remains in a cooler phase called La Niňa, which has resulted in below-normal ocean temperatures from the west-central Pacific Ocean to our region along the coast, according to a report released yesterday by NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center (PDF 3.3 mb).\n“In the last week, negative anomalies strengthened across most of the equatorial Pacific Ocean,” the report says, providing additional atmospheric evidence of La Niña conditions.\nThe federal forecasters say there is a 60-percent chance that our current ocean conditions will transition by June to neutral — that is more average conditions midway between the cooler La Niña and the warmer El Niño. These more normal conditions are likely to persist into fall, according to most models.\nThese cooler ocean temperatures should help with the growth and survival of salmon that return to Puget Sound in the next couple years, although many other factors also play a role in the lives of salmon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As we near the official start of summer, it’s also the start of the Atlantic hurricane season, which runs June through November. Last year the United States and its territories saw major devastation, as hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Jose and Maria blew through and made landfall.\nThis month’s boating tip from National Marine Underwriters and International Marine Underwriters provides a forecast from the Insurance Industry Institution (I.I.I.) into the 2018 hurricane season, in addition to statistics from past hurricane seasons. Read the full article here, and visit nmu.com and imu.com for more tips and insights.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Join us for a one-hour panel discussion on ocean and coastal acidification’s impact on scallops and softshell clams, methods of remediation, and future projections for the Gulf of Maine.\nThis online talk will be moderated by Dr. Libby Jewett, Director of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program and MCCF Board Member. Panelists include, Dr. Samantha Siedlecki, University of Connecticut; Dr. Nichole Price, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; and Dr. Robert J Holmberg, Downeast Institute.\nTo register, visit: https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_LebPx-JyQoC7RAIW6K79jQ\nThis talk is hosted by Maine Center for Coastal Fisheries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Worshipped and revered in several Indo-Pacific countries, and mostly feared among the western world, sharks are an old group of vertebrates dating back to the Devonian-Silurian boundary (~400Ma). Constantly represented as human predator by occidental movies, sharks have a spiritual appeal for several Indo-Pacific cultures. In contrast with this spiritual significance, in China sharks are a fierce animal believed to give strength and health for those whom consume their fins. They are also considered as a signal of prosperity and wealth. Fished for their meat and fins, several species are considered under high threat and are now facing extinction, with about 93% of nominal species included on the IUCN Red List. Mainly relying on the inefficiency of law enforcement authorities, the shark finning industry is a growing business with global scale actors and consequences. Understand the relation between spiritual beliefs, wealth and vitality, and the consumption of shark fins and meat is needed to precisely delineate the shark finning problem and to the development of efficient management and conservation policies. Molecular methods provide a valuable option for the identification of shark meat and body parts such as fins, although it still not consensual which one is the most appropriate.<\nKeywords: Sharks; Finning; Perspectives; Population genetics; Species identification; Forensics\nThe Elasmobranchii is considered one of the most ancient and successful vertebrate lineages, been the most diverse clade of large predatory fishes with about 1200 species spread all over the world’s seas [1,2], and including ocean- and freshwater-dwelling fishes, such as sharks, skates and rays. Sharks species play a crucial ecological role by acting as primary predators  and occupying an important position in marine ecosystems .\nIn the last decades, several studies prompted the accelerated depletion of natural stocks of several shark species in a global scale. Population declines ranging from 50% to almost extinction (about 99%) have been reported by several authors [5-10]. Constantly associated to uncontrolled exploitation of wild stocks the observed population decline is also due to some restrained biological features of sharks such as a slow growth rate, late sexual maturity associated with low fecundity levels and a high longevity .\nFished for their meat and fins, several shark species are considered under high threat and are now facing extinction , with about 93% of nominal species included on the IUCN Red List. Fourteen of these species figure as major targets for the shark finning industry: the blue shark Prionace glauca, the shortfin mako Isurus oxyryhnchus, the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis, the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus, the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus, the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini, the smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena, the great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran, the common thresher shark Alopias vulpinus, the bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus, the pelagic thresher shark Alopias pelagicus, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas, and the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus logimanus.\nShark finning is the fishing practice where sharks have their fins removed prior to the body being discarded , sometimes while they are still alive. Mainly guided by an association of traditional culture, spiritual beliefs, and social reasons, it is a banned fishing practice in several countries all around the world. Albeit illegal, it still remains as a lucrative option since high values are obtained with the fins. A mix of cultural and social behaviours allied with the needs of replenishment of a growing market made the shark finning a very profitable activity. Mainly relying on the inefficiency of law enforcement authorities, the shark finning is a growing business with widespread actors and consequences. The present manuscript reviews some of the published literature on shark finning and molecular identification of sharks, and delineates how the molecular approach could help on the implementation of management and conservation policies by law enforcement authorities.\nWorshipped and revered in several Indo-Pacific countries, and mostly feared among the western world, sharks are a controversial group of old vertebrates. Constantly represented as human predators in occidental movies, sharks indeed have a spiritual appeal for several Indo-Pacific cultures . Regarded as mythological deities, sharks are worshipped in Japan  and Fiji Islands, while in Vietnam the whale shark (Rynchodon typus ) is revered, with sacred burial rituals given to its body remains . In Hawaiian culture, sharks also have spiritual significance since they are regarded as similar to high royalty members [15-17], while in China, in contrast with this spiritual significance, sharks are regarded as a fierce animal, believed to give strength and health for who consume their fins. The consumption of shark fins is also considered as a symbol of prosperity and wealth.\nConsidered a part of the Chinese culture at least since the Sung dynasty (AD 960-1279), shark fin soup is a traditional dish served for the Japanese imperial lineages , since the risk and difficulty associated to its capture is regarded as a tribute to the emperor and its lineage [19,20]. Shark fins are also regarded as aphrodisiac and tonic , related with the traditional belief that eating them could bring health benefits. An additional social parameter should be considered since in China, seafood consumption is associated with the concept of wealth and prosperity . As presented by Cheung and Chang , the consumption of shark fin soup can be regarded as a cultural product since serving seafood and especially the shark fin soup is commonly used to reinforce social position and respect among Chinese people .\nRanging from U$10 up to U$180 per bowl, depending on the species and the amount of fins used, Chinese consumers consider the species exclusiveness and some properties of the fin such as its color, thickness, and texture of the fin rays  when buying them for soup preparation. At the end of the line, these features directly influence which shark species are the most desirable for consumption and also the most exploited ones. This is the case for the hammerhead sharks of the genus Sphyrna, and carcharhinids such as Carcharhinus longimanus, Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus plumbeus, for the threshers Alopias superciliosus, Alopias pelagicus, and Alopias vulpinus, the mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus, the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus, and also for the whale shark Rhincodon typus and for the great white Carcharodon carcharias.\nDespite the high values associated with the shark fins market, and the fact that it is widely accepted as the major factor for the shark populations decline, international managers still consider sharks as a by catch rather than a group of species which indeed require management from international authorities [13,20,23-25].\nOne of the most critical problems faced by law enforcement authorities on the control and management of oceanic sharks is the large absence of data . Mainly due to species identifications issues, the under report of shark catches in fishery statistics is common. Clarke et al.  observed that shark species identification is often unreliable with more acceptable results limited to a few geographical locations, such as for the western North Atlantic, Japan, New Zealand, and several Pacific islands [8-9,25,27-32].\nObstacles on species identification are a global issue and the development and use of genetic approaches to achieve reliable species identification is globally disseminated [33-36]. Several recent studies addressed specifically the problem related with the identification of shark species using molecular approaches [37-43].\nDuring the last decades several molecular identification techniques have been proposed to deal with shark species delimitation problems. Methods such as protein electrophoresis [41,44-46], restriction length polymorphisms (RFLPs) [39,42], PCR methods [40,47-53], species identification using insertion-deletion regions (indels) , and the nucleotide sequencing approaches mainly focused on mitochondrial genes and commonly using the DNA barcoding methodology, such as presented by several studies [55-70]. Pank et al.  used the nuclear ITS 2 regions to identify two Carcharhinus species (C. plumbeus and C. obscurus ). The same methodology was later used by several authors which expanded it with the addition of several new species [43,52,71]. Abercrombie et al.  used the same method but with distinct primers for the identification of three large hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini, S. zygaena, and S. mokarran), and confirmed the commerce of these species. Clark et al.  approached the shark fins and meat trade in Asian markets using a statistical approach based on the molecular identification of shark species by multiplex PCR methods. Some other studies using the 5S rRNA for shark species identification were also produced during the last decade. Pinhal et al.  used a 5S rRNA analysis on the identification of eight shark species (Alopias superciliosus, Sphyrna lewini, Isurus oxyrynchus, Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharhinus obscurus, Carcharhinus limbatus, Carcharhinus acronotus, and Galeocerdo cuvier). Pinhal et al.  expanded their previous analysis for the successful identification of two Rhizoprionodon species (R. lalandii and R. porosus ). Morgan et al.  proposed a real-time qPCR approach on the identification of three closely related carcharhinid species (Carcharhinus limbatus, C. tilstoni, and C. amblyrhynchoides) based on the mitochondrial ND4 gene.\nAmong the nucleotide sequencing methods, Heist and Gold  used mitochondrial DNA sequencing on the identification of eleven species of Carcharhiniformes. Douady et al.  also used the mitochondrial DNA to examine the phylogenetic relationships of shark orders, and Greig et al.  used the same approach to identify thirtyfive shark species from the North Atlantic. Rodrigues-Filho et al.  used mitochondrial DNA on the identification of eleven shark species exploited by fisheries in Brazil. Naylor et al.  presented a sequence-based approach using the mitochondrial NADH2 gene on the identification of 574 shark species from all around the world, while in the same year Caballero et al.  proposed a mix of new and previously published PCR multiplex on the identification of shark landings on the eastern tropical Pacific. Fields et al.  validated a mini-barcoding essay for use on degraded material such as processed shark fins, from where they identified seven of the eight CITES listed shark species (the porbeagle, Lamna nasus, oceanic whitetip, Carcharhinus longimanus, the scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, the smooth hammerhead, S. zygaena, and the great hammerhead S. mokarran).\nStill using nucleotide sequencing methods but now in a DNA barcoding context , several authors used the first 650bp of the mitochondrial COI gene on shark species identification. One of the first DNA barcoding studies on sharks, Ward et al.  used mitochondrial COI barcoding sequences on the identification of sixty-one distinct shark species. Moura et al.  also used DNA barcoding methods on the identification of northeastern Atlantic deep-water sharks, discussing the use of the barcoding methodology as a tool for the assessment and implementation of management policies. Ward et al.  used COI sequences on the identification of 123 shark species, being successful for the vast majority of them. Wong et al. , although analyzing the barcoding region, proposed a character-based approach on the identification of 74 shark species, while Holmes et al.  focusing on dried fins retained by law enforcement authorities from illegal fisheries, identified and quantified the relative abundance of 20 shark species.\nIn the present decade, DNA barcoding remains a very popular tool. Barbuto et al. , used the classical DNA barcoding approach on the successful identification of frauds related with shark products sold as the species Mustelus mustelus and Mustelus asterias in Italy. Nicolè et al.  also used the methodology together with some secondary markers on seafood products identification, with a high success rate. Carvalho and Freitas  used the barcoding methods on the identification of shark fins from illegal fisheries retained by the Brazilian authorities, and successfully identified the species Prionace glauca, Sphyrna zygaena, and Isurus oxyrinchus. Liu et al.  analyzed the species composition of shark meat from fish markets in Taiwan, pointing the species Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Prionace glauca, and Isurus oxyrinchus as the most prevalent species on the Taiwan fin trade, while some CITES species were also found such as the great white Carcharodon carcharias, the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus, and two hammerhead sharks Sphyrna zygaena and Sphyrna lewini. Espinoza et al.  presented the Mexican first efforts to combat the shark fin trade on the Mexican Pacific waters. The authors used DNA barcoding on the identification of six shark species (cf. Prionace glauca, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus limbatus, Alopias pelagicus, Mustelus henlei, and Rhizoprionodon longurio) from confiscated samples provided by the Mexican Government Agency from exportation vessels at Mazatlán and Manzanillo ports. Sembiring et al.  and Prehadi et al.  successfully identified shark landings from Java Island, Indonesia using a molecular approach and discussed the diversity decline observed for the Indonesian sharks, while Bineesh et al.  used the same approach identifying sharks from the Indian commercial fishery. Recently Steinke et al. 2017 used a DNA barcoding approach coupled with a secondary barcoding marker, the 16S rRNA, to identify dried fins and gill plates from Canadá, China, and Sri- Lanka, founding twelve species cited or approved to be listed by CITES, with more than half of the identified species included within the IUCN Red List categories “Endangered” and “Vulnerable”.\nHowever, despite the large number of available studies using the DNA barcoding methods, its use for species identification is far to be consensual since some studies argue that a single and short DNA region is not as reliable for species identification as the traditional systematic approach is . Abercrombie et al.  pointed that one the most economical and streamlined approach for shark species identification is the one presented by Pank et al.  and Shivji et al. . Their approach uses a multiplex of species-specific primers to produce specific amplicons related with each screened species. Without any post-amplification processes such as enzymatic digestion or nucleotide sequencing, the method exhibits a short hands-on time and low cost, perfectly fitting on low budgets such as those observed on countries from where the resources for biological management and conservation actions are limited.\nFollowing a forensic standard approach, Pereira et al.  and Carneiro et al.  proposed a forensic method for species identification using mitochondrial insertion-deletion regions. This approach was recently applied to shark species identification by  that used indel regions from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA on the identification of shark species, including several figured on the IUCN Red List, and also included between the most prevalent species targeted by the shark finning industries. As presented by Carneiro et al. , indels are a rare type of polymorphisms that are less prone to recurrent and back mutations, therefore reducing the chances of misidentification. The authors observed that a high level of species discrimination could be easily achieved by determining and combining the length of hypervariable regions with indel variants. Some advantages of the method relate to its usefulness on diverse low-cost genotyping platforms and reagents such as conventional agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The method also enables inter laboratory comparison and permits the identification of samples from admixtures, being appropriate for low quantity and/or degraded DNA samples.\nAs can be foreseen, although with several identification methods available, the wildlife species identification, including shark fins or body remains, still struggles to achieve methodological consensus among researchers. Although a large number of results and methods are available in the literature, several of them are not inter comparable; the constructed databases are often unavailable for scrutiny, and reliable public databases are still unavailable for the vast majority of shark species.\nIn summary, wildlife researchers and government authorities working on shark finning and shark species conservation still struggle with the lack of standards for procedures and analyses, a condition needed for an efficient translation between the scientific knowledge and the development of management and conservation policies for wildlife species, including sharks. Although all methods exhibit advantages and disadvantages, the forensic approaches tend to be a bit more intelligible for government authorities. The presented information could be easily discussed among wildlife researchers, law enforcement entities, and also by judicial authorities within a court environment, from where several commercial disputes take place.\nShark finning is far to be under control and to understand the relation between the cultural and social aspects, the dynamics of the international illegal fishery, and the consumption of shark fins is crucial to precisely delineate the problem due to the large role it plays in sharks exploitation, and also in the global decline of shark populations. The molecular methods brought a new perspective for sharks management and conservation actions, since they provide scientifically reliable tools for data collection and analysis. The new sequencing technologies allied with a more comprehensive population sampling are also important since they made possible the identification of raw and processed materials such as fins and all sort of body remains, and a more reliable population assignment, therefore enhancing law enforcement mechanisms of monitoring and control of illegal shark fisheries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MIAMI — As Miami prepares to dredge its port to accommodate mammoth freighters, environmentalists are making a last-ditch effort to protect threatened coral reefs and acres of sea grass that they say would be destroyed by the expansion.\nThe state's Department of Environmental Protection is on the verge of granting a final permit to the Army Corps of Engineers, which will be free to conduct 600 days of blasting to widen and deepen the channel for the port of Miami, across from the southern part of Miami Beach.\n\"It won't fare well for us, the bay, the coral reefs, the fish stocks and the sea grass,\" said Laura Reynolds, the executive director of the Tropical Audubon Society.\n\"You can bring this all back to the economy,\" Reynolds said. \"People come here to fish, boat, sail, snorkel, and dive and go to the beach.\"\nFlorida has seen steep declines in coral in the last 25 years, and last year's cold snap devastated the reefs closest to shore. Some of those lost 70 percent to 75 percent of their coral, said Diego Lirman, a University of Miami scientist who was part of a team that conducted a survey of the coral last year and published its findings in August.\nEnvironmentalists also question whether the potential harm to Biscayne Bay, with its pristine waters and sea life, is too high a price for a port expansion that may not bring the economic windfall that is expected.\nShipping consultants say the port of Miami is in fierce competition with other Eastern ports — including Port Everglades, just an hour away in Fort Lauderdale — to receive the superfreighters that will sail through the Panama Canal in 2014 once it has been widened. South Florida, because of its location, is not likely to become a hub compared with cities farther north, like Savannah, Ga., and Charleston, S.C., experts say.\n\"The prospect of Miami becoming a big hub, this is not going to happen,\" said Asaf Ashar, a ports and shipping consultant. \"Miami is the end of the peninsula. It's difficult to get into it.\"\nBut with ports around the country moving forward with dredging plans, cities do not want to be left behind. In Miami, the actual dredging is expected to begin next year.\nState environmental officials said there were plans to mitigate the damage to coral, sea grass and the bay, some of which is part of a state preserve. About 7 acres of coral is expected to be directly affected by the blasts, and the Army Corps of Engineers will be required to transplant much of it to a trough between two reefs.\nAll stony coral larger than about 4 inches will be chiseled out and moved to the trough. All soft coral greater than about 10 inches will also be transplanted. Elkhorn and staghorn coral, which are categorized as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, may be sent to a coral nursery, according to the plan.\nThe state also temporarily increased the threshold of just how milky the water can get in the area of the dredging — another concern for environmentalists — but officials said the silt and sediment plume would largely be contained, in part, by underwater curtains.\n\"The damage is the minimum amount necessary to do the project,\" said Mark Thomasson, the director for the water resource management division at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, which issues the permits.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Certifier :\n- Certified status :\n- Certified since :\n- 16 Jun 2016\n- Certificate expires :\n- 16 Dec 2021\nMackerel is widely distributed in the Northeast Atlantic and plays an important role in the ecosystem, both as predator and prey. It feeds on zooplankton as well as larval and juvenile stages of small fish and molluscs. In turn it provides food for whales and larger fish.\nAlong with herring and blue whiting, mackerel is one of three important midwater species targeted by the Faroese Pelagic Organisation (FPO), who share their certificate with Felagið Ídnaðarskip (FIV). 11 boats and around 300 fishers in total fish with pelagic trawl and some purse seine nets. The catch is stored in refrigerated seawater on board before it’s processed for sale to Denmark, France, Poland, Russia and Romania.\nMackerel fishing in the Atlantic has faced difficulties in recent years, with changing migration patterns for the fish and quotas issues between fishing nations. In 2014, the EU, Norway and the Faroe Islands agreed a new tripartite agreement for 2014-2018. This sets a clear framework for sustainable mackerel fishing and cooperation between the states. The next milestone in this dialogue is to agree long-term quota allocations for Iceland and other countries.\nMackerel (Scomber scombrus) image © Scandinavian Fishing Year Book", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“It seems to have been floating for a long time, looking at the sea with my eyes. I also don’t want to tell anyone that enjoying a person’s life, loneliness will not make me lose myself, the sea breeze blows by my side, one person wanders; one person preys; one People, one person, accustomed to living alone, one person living quietly…” Recently, a 392-year-old Greenland shark caused heated discussions among netizens.\nThis 392-year-old Greenland shark was found in the Arctic Ocean and has been wandering alone in the sea for nearly 400 years since 1627. If its memory does not degenerate, then how powerful it needs to be to sustain so many years of loneliness!\nA netizen said: “This lonely Greenland shark was born in the first 100 years of the industrial revolution in the era of King Charles in Britain. It is like a fossil, telling the world its existence.”\nToday, we will take a look at this ancient race-Greenland Shark.\nGreenland shark, also known as sleeping shark, is one of the largest sharks, known for its ugly appearance and slow movements. It is widely distributed, and traces of this shark can be seen in the Arctic and North Atlantic waters at a depth of 1,200 meters, and to the south to Argentina and Antarctica, people have also found this shark.\nThe Greenland shark is the longest-lived vertebrate in the world. It has a huge cylindrical body, a short round nose, and a body length of up to 5 meters. The food of Greenland sharks includes fish and crustaceans, as well as some mammals, such as dolphins, and occasionally polar bears and turtles.\nGreenland sharks grow only one centimeter a year and can live for hundreds of years on average. They do not mature until they are 150 to 160 years old and begin to reproduce. According to the British “Sun” report, scientists are currently studying 28 Greenland sharks, and this 392-year-old Greenland shark is undoubtedly the oldest of them. It may have witnessed the founding of the United States, the Napoleonic Wars and the sinking of the Titanic. And other major international events. Another netizen joked: “If a shark has a memory, I would like to know how it spent the more than 300 years in its memory? Of course, I would like to know how people judge the age of this shark?”\nIn the 1930s, fish biologists marked a total of 400 sharks. The only result was the discovery that Greenland sharks grow approximately 1 cm per year. However, the scientists at the time were unable to determine the age.\nA long time later, John Stephenson, a marine biologist from the University of Copenhagen, tried to find a basis for judging age from the vertebrae of Greenland sharks. However, he did not find the “annual ring” he was looking forward to. So he turned to Jan Heinemeier, a carbon isotope dating expert from Aarhus University in Denmark. Heinemeier’s suggestion is to study the eye lens of sharks and measure the carbon isotope inside.\nAfter spending several years and collecting enough Greenland shark carcasses, Stephenson and Julius Nelson embarked on the “carbon-seeking journey in the eyes of sharks.” A nuclear test in the mid-1950s helped them. The nuclear explosion added carbon-14 to the ecosystem and helped Stephenson successfully confirm the age of two Greenland sharks less than 2.2 meters long. They are all “post-60s.”\nWith these three reference values-carbon isotope determination, the length of the Greenland shark when it was born (approximately 42 cm), and their growth rate (1 cm per year), Stephenson made a guess about the age of the shark. It turned out that the oldest Greenland shark was 392 years old. Although the error of the estimated result is as high as 120 years, it is estimated in the worst case. Of course, the age of the Greenland shark also broke the record of vertebrates at that time.\nThis lone walker has survived for nearly 400 years and has accompanied mankind for nearly four centuries. He says that “accompaniment is the most affectionate confession”, then can we treat this walking living fossil “confessor” with gentleness What?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From the Fifty Fathoms to marine adventure photography and real 'Ocean Commitment'.\nThere are plenty of watchmakers that have paddled in the ocean from time to time. Hell, there’s barely a Maison out there without a fleet of diving watches to their name. Yet, there are few with quite the marine relationship that Blancpain has – and even few watches more influential to diving than the Fifty Fathoms.\nThere are a strict set of rules governing what makes a diving watch. It needs a unidirectional rotating bezel, a rugged case and a luminescent dial, all of which were characteristics laid down by the first Fifty Fathoms created by Blancpain for the French Navy back in 1953.\nSince then, the watch has been at the core of Blancpain, even as they create more and more classical dress watches and high complications. It’s not something the watchmaker has forgotten either; they owe a great deal of their success to the ocean, so they’ve been giving back too.\nIn 2011, Blancpain began what they call their ‘Ocean Commitment’. As the name suggests, it’s a pretty broad project, but mainly involves the sponsorship of key expeditions and partnerships with some of the world’s most renowned underwater photographers.\nNeedless to say, there have been some watch tie-ins – Blancpain need to get something for their money after all, they are a business – but the results of the Ocean Commitment have been ground-breaking. Take as an example their latest aquatic star, Laurent Ballesta.\nAt a dinner under The Natural History Museum’s mascot, Hope the Whale, Blancpain introduced us to Laurent and his work. It goes without saying that he is an astounding photographer. His images of icebergs, icy anemones and seals are like nothing you’ll have seen before. But it’s the work he did on the Gombessa project that’s really special.\nThe Gombessa is essentially the missing link between fish and life on land. It’s a prehistoric fish whose fins are the closest thinks to land-lubber limbs in the oceans. Until recently it was also thought extinct. Yet when a fisherman off the coast of South Africa found one in his net, the illusion was shattered.\nLaurent led a team of divers on a 40-day deep water diving expedition to search for the legendary fish – more technically referred to as the cœlacanth. He found it, two metres long and peacefully meandering around at a depth of well over 100 metres, making one of the most important underwater discoveries of the decade. It likely made the full day of decompression that little bit more bearable.\nThis kind of story isn’t a one-off, but in the world of watchmaking there’s nothing quite like it. Despite every watch house out there dabbling in diving, none have stuck their necks out quite like Blancpain. It’s a good thing that the brand is able to reap the rewards; it shows that there’s worth in their Ocean Commitment.\nThe cynical among us will still see it as a ploy to keep the Fifty Fathoms relevant and that’s partially true; yet that particular watch will remain a horological legend and, if Blancpain keep up their underwater work, will be the least of what they have to talk about in the future.\nWriter: Sam Kessler\nPhotography: Laurent Ballesta for Blancpain", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SAN DIEGO - Powerful waves pounding the San Diego-area coastline Tuesday prompted lifeguards to temporarily close Ocean Beach Pier as a public safety precaution.\nA National Weather Service high surf advisory was in effect amid breakers of 5 to 8 feet and local sets to 9 feet along the coastline south of Del Mar. The alert was scheduled to expire Tuesday evening.\nLifeguards shut down the city pier at the terminus of Niagara Avenue in the late morning as breakers crested the fishing and sightseeing platform atop it, according to the San Diego Fire-Rescue Department.\nThe landmark structure was reopened to the public about 3 p.m., following repairs to minor railing damage caused by the crashing walls of water, SDFRD spokesman Lee Swanson said.\nA second swell is expected to bring similarly large and potentially damaging surf with local sets to 12 feet late Thursday and into the weekend.\nThe large waves, which may break over jetties and sea walls, and strong rip currents are expected to combine to create dangerous swimming conditions.\nMinor beach erosion will possible with slight coastal flooding during high tides, according to forecasters.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posted by Mojo Mike on December 27, 2004 at 14:28:57:\nIn Reply to: tsunami posted by corrina on December 27, 2004 at 14:09:22:\nThe way I understand it. If you are far out to sea you are safe and I doubt if you feel the effect. Boats at sea are completely safe. It is only when the wave breaks that death and destruction results.\nIf you are making a shallow dive near shore. You most likely will be sucked out at first. Then your body will be washed ashore as the wave breaks. If I was at a ocean beach and saw the ocean elevation drop a great deal. I would run like hell. If you are ashore or in very shallow water. You are screwed like everyone else. Who didn't head for high ground.\nPost a Followup", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Each year in the faroe islands up to 1000 pilot whales are killed during the grindadrap.\nThe grindadrap is the harvesting and slaughter of long-finned pilot whales.\nFaroese claim this is a tradition.\nThe majority of North Atlantic cetaceans give birth to their calves in the warm waters of the equator before migrating past the Faroe Islands to feed in the rich waters of Svalbard and the Arctic. Long-finned pilot whales pass by the North Atlantic islands while pursuing squid, their main source of food.\nRecorded first as early as 1584, the Faroese developed a method of whaling that involves stranding entire pods of small cetaceans on certain designated beaches. When a pod of cetaceans are spotted offshore, the hunt (grindagrap) commences.\nOnce the hunters have approached the pod, the boats form a small half-circle behind the dolphins. Small rocks attached to lines are thrown into the water to create a wall of bubbles to reflect the sonar of the pilot whale. The cetaceans interpret the bubbles as a cliff wall that they must steer away from – because of this, the small boats are able to herd the cetaceans towards a low-lying shore. As the pod approaches land, the boats continue to harass and frighten the mammals until they’re washed up on the shore. Once beached, a knife is used to cut through the veins and arteries that supply blood to the pilot whales head. Some pilot whales suffer for as much as 30 seconds while others can take up to four minutes to die.\nThose pilot whales that do not wash ashore have a gaff hook beaten into their blowhole and are then pulled ashore by rope. The blocking of the cetacean’s airway is incredibly painful and results in panic and injury. The fear and suffering is no less mitigated by the sea water that quickly turns red with blood while the animals have been killed.\nAs the entire human community partakes in this violent “tradition”, the whale meat is divided up among the locals although many times the whale meat is simply justify to rot on the beach. Up to 1,000 pilot whales are killed annually in this manner, primarily in the months of July and August.\nImagine how terrible must be for those animals to be hunted, to be killed all together, to hear their calves screaming, to swim in their own blood.\nIn 2016 we beleive that faroese population can find a different way to provide themselves food.\nPilot whales must be protected, therefore we invite you to send a letter of protest to the faroese and danish governments in order to stop this cruel and brutal tradition.\nStop the grindadrap!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Yellow Eye - Sebastes ruberrimus (the information below is for this species)\nBlack - Sebastes melonops\nBrilliant white to off white.\nSnapper is mild with a lovely, heavy flake. It's my favorite for blacken fish tacos and fish and chips.\nUp to 36 inches\nFrom the Aleutian Islands to the Baja Peninsula.\nBrilliantly colored from orange-yellow to orange-red, yelloweye rockfish are one of the most well-known and prized of Alaska’s rockfish species. Deserving of their name, yelloweye are easily recognized by the bright yellow of their eyes. Individuals have been known to grow up to 36 inches which makes them one of the largest of rockfish species. A lighter colored line is usually distinguishable along the lateral line of the body and fins are often tipped in black. Yelloweye have several small spines on their head and a raspy ridge is found on the heads of large adults. Juveniles look very different from adults with dark red-orange coloration and two white stripes along the body. Fins of juveniles can be tipped in white or black.\nYelloweye are often called red snapper, but should not be confused with the red snapper found in the Gulf of Mexico, which is a different species. Other names for yelloweye include Pacific red snapper, red rock cod, and yellow belly.\nReproduction and Development\nFemales produce a large number of eggs (up to 2,700,000) and give birth to live larval young. Larval release occurs between February and September. Larval yelloweye may be dispersed over a wide area as they drift with ocean currents. Their survival is affected by ocean conditions such as temperature, currents and the availability of food. Only a small percentage of larval yelloweye will survive to reach maturity.\nWhile in the larval stage, yelloweye feed on algae, other single-celled organisms, and small crustaceans. As they grow to adulthood, yelloweye shift to a variety of prey including other rockfish, sand lance, herring, flatfishes and crustaceans.\nGrowth and Maturity\nYelloweye are slow to mature but are very long lived. One individual was aged at 121 years old. In Southeast, Alaska yelloweye males mature around the age of 18 while females mature around 22 years old.\nWhen yelloweye larvae are born, they are carried with ocean currents and eventually settle onto the ocean floor where more protection from predators can be found. As juveniles mature they will move into deeper water habitat. Adult yelloweye, like many species of non-pelagic rockfish, have small home ranges. Some may live their entire adult life on a single rock pile.\nYelloweye are found along the western coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands to the Baja Peninsula. Adults are often solitary and inhabit steep rocky areas with nooks and crannies that they can seek shelter in. Usually found near the bottom, yelloweye rarely venture far from shelter. They are most commonly found between 300 ft and 600 ft but have been found in water as shallow as 48 ft and as deep as 1,800 ft.\nInformation but the Alaska Department of Fish & Game", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Father-of-three snaps his five-year-old daughter next to giant 6ft lion's mane jellyfish washed up on Welsh beach\n- Dom Faux, 42, and daughter Eryn went for a walk on Colwyn Bay Beach, Wales\n- They came across a huge stranded lion's mane jellyfish measuring six feet across\n- Lion's mane are one of the largest jelly species, measuring up to seven feet wide with tentacles 120 feet long\nA dad has captured an unnerving photo of his five-year-old daughter dwarfed by a giant 6ft 'sea demon' jellyfish that washed up on a Welsh beach.\nDad-of-three Dom Faux, 42, and Eryn Faux were having a father-daughter day at Colwyn Bay Beach in North Wales on Sunday when they spotted the huge lion's mane jellyfish.\nThe whopping crimson sea creature, which electrician Dom said measured about 6ft across, was stranded in the sand waiting for the tide to come in and wash it back out to sea.\nDad-of-three Dom Faux, 42, and Eryn Faux were having a father-daughter day at Colwyn Bay Beach in North Wales on Sunday when they spotted the huge lion's mane jellyfish\nCareful not to let Eryn too close due to its powerful sting, Dom quickly snapped a shot of her posing next to the stunning animal for scale.\nDom, of Llanddulas, Conwy, said: 'I have never seen a jellyfish that big before, it was really quite amazing.\n'We were just walking down towards the sea line and there was a big shadow. As we got closer, I just couldn't believe the size of it.\nDom, of Llanddulas, Conwy, said: 'I have never seen a jellyfish that big before, it was really quite amazing'\n'If you go out on the pier, you can see the lion's mane jellyfish in the water but I've never seen one up close like that. I was really surprised.\n'Eryn didn't know what it was at first so I explained and she was really happy to get to have her photo taken with it.\n'Everyone who's seen the photo has been stunned by it, my wife couldn't believe it.\n'It's going to be such a cool photo for Eryn to have when she's older.'\nLion's mane jellyfish - named for their showy, trailing tentacles - are one of the largest known species of jellyfish (stock photo)\nLion's mane jellyfish - named for their showy, trailing tentacles - are one of the largest known species of jellyfish.\nThe biggest ever specimen was recorded off the coast of Massachusetts in 1865 with a bell diameter of 7ft and tentacles around 120ft long.\nThese giants of the ocean are commonly spotted along the UK coast during the summer months.\nAfter sharing the snap on social media, Dom has been flooded with comments from people blown away by the creature's sheer size.\nAnd many social media users have made funny comments comparing the jellyfish to demonic and otherworldly entities.\nGareth Walsh said: 'Either someone's been sick or summoned a sea demon.'\nJames Moran commented: 'Looks like a wormhole to another dimension.'\nOther terrified commenters said they will not be swimming in the sea again after seeing this 'huge beast'.\nAlison Savory said: 'Never going in the water again.'\nAnd Alyson Kerr added: 'Another reason not to swim in the sea. Good find.'\nThe Lion's Mane: Nature's Biggest\nThe lion’s mane jellyfish is one of the largest jelly species in the world, measuring up to seven feet in diameter with tentacles stretching up to 120ft long.\nMost lion’s mane jellyfish live in the Arctic and North Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Washington where the waters are cool.\nIts ‘mane’ of long, hair-like tentacles hanging from the underside of its bell-shaped body is the inspiration behind the lion mane’s common name.\nThe jellyfish also possesses a powerful sting in its tentacles that contain a poison that stuns prey when they are enveloped.\nHumans have little to fear from the lion's mane, but its poison is more than enough to scare away enemies, thus creating a safe space for both the jelly and other species that are lucky enough to be immune to the toxin.\nScientific research has suggested that jellyfish actually thrive in areas that are affected by human activity. Overfishing, climate change and pollution have helped promote more frequent jellyfish swarms while reducing the jellies’ main predators and competitors and increasing their prey.\nMost watched News videos\n- Dash cam shows car turning into path of van before baby pram death\n- Horrifying moment man is gored in the neck inside Spanish bullring\n- Nigerian LGBT+ rights advocate talks about the legacy of colonialism\n- Whale of a tale! Kayaker's thrilling encounter with 30ft animal\n- Ukrainian family have dog stolen six days after arriving in UK\n- Large explosions leave damage at Novofedorivka airbase in Crimea\n- Rishi Sunak is accused of 'wielding the dagger' by party member\n- Russian 'holidaymaker' breaks down in tears after fleeing Crimea\n- Kids dangle from railway bridge and dance near live tracks\n- Man City star Mendy arrives for trial facing eight counts of rape\n- Drone footage from reservoirs across Spain shows extent of drought\n- Ryan Giggs arrives for third day of domestic assault trial", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Black Water Drift Dive May 14th\nLooking for a different and new way to explore the ocean world?\nJoin us Saturday, May 14th aboard Sirena for a Black Water Drift Dive! Check-in begins dockside at 7:00pm. We depart at 7:30pm.\nCome experience a different type of diving. Drift near the surface in 400-600ft. of water at night and experience sea creatures rarely seen. See breathtaking bioluminescent creatures, jellies, squid, and the larvae stages of many reef creatures. Each Black Water night dive is different and unpredictable. We never know what animal will pay us a visit. We encounter everything from tiny fluorescent-colored eels to adult sailfish and dolphins.\nThis is an experience you won’t want to miss! For reservations call or email.\nMust be advanced open water certified or equivalent with excellent buoyancy skills. Night diving experience required.\nWant to learn more about black water dives and the creatures you may encounter, or tips for getting the perfect photograph? Join us Friday, May 13th for Social Night where guest speaker Lazaro Ruda will be presenting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Diving in heavy neoprene\nTrip Start Mar 06, 2013\n30Trip End Apr 04, 2013\nMap your own trip!\nShow trip route\nWhat I did\nThe Wreck of the Canturbury\nThe first dive for the day was the Canterbury, a wrecked ship about 40 minutes boat ride off of Paihia. There was a good swell today so everyone was pretty much nailed to their seats on the way out. The Queen Mary 2 was in the bay for the day so we got to see it close at hand on the way out. After diving the Canterbury we were thinking what an awesome dive the Queen Mary would be... Maybe later.\nThe Canterbury, we were told, was 'a man's dive' as compared to the other local wreck, the Rainbow Warrior. Upon seeing the Canterbury, I didn't see why this would be manly. Small patches of the ship are now covered in brilliantly pastel jewel anemones in purple, blue, pink and peach that would make any teenage girl a lovely prom dress. Perhaps because the Rainbow Warrior has been down 15 years longer it may, indeed, look like a fallen prom queen.\nThe wreck of the Canterbury ( http://www.divethecanterburywreck.com/gallery/ ) is now home to a few thousand fish in festive colors and at least one 15 pound scorpion fish lolling on the side of the boat. We got to swim through the upper decks, entering through the gaping maw of the helicopter hangar. The top decks are at 30 meters so novice divers do not get to go deeper.\nAfter lunch and a surface interval we got to try a 'reef' dive Paihia style. We descended into a sunny jungle of South Pacific kelp which is short and looks a bit like miniature palm trees. From the top you feel like you are swimming through the lettuce aisle in the grocery store but under the palms was a shady grove for fish and lots of large, black sea urchins. An unlucky day for sea urchins as they were being turned into fish food and/or brought back to the boat to be turned into a second lunch for some of the divers on the ride back\nThere was one small cave to explore and then we moved in to the shore wall. This move triggered a bit of an unexpected adventure when Gail got caught up in a swell and was taken directly to meet the shore--happily well cushioned with seaweed. That and a bit of miscommunication diverted our entire group of divers into doing some white water diving followed by a good bit more swimming than was originally planned. By the time we all made it back to the dive boat the dive master was very concerned that we had not had a good enough dive and urged everyone to grab a new tank and go back down. All invited divers were worn out enough to decline the offer.\nWe retreated to our room at the B&B for the remainder of the afternoon to process pictures and video while doing laundry. Seems to be a common thing here to have a washer and dryer in hotel rooms. I'm guessing that not all of the dryers are mounted upside down, hanging from the ceiling as ours is here. This variation does not apparently affect the function. Who knew.\nDoedo is getting better at driving here. He only turned on the windshield wipers once when trying to indicate a turn.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Embark on a journey into the hidden world of coral reefs in this all-digital planetarium show exploring some of our planet’s most biodiverse—and critically threatened—ecosystems. Dive into the heart of the Academy’s iconic Philippine coral reef tank as thousands of tropical fish flutter by. Travel the globe to explore coral reefs teeming with life and learn how scientists are racing to develop sustainable solutions to protect these vitally important ecosystems for the future. Along the way, discover how corals live, breathe, and reproduce, supporting a quarter of all marine life on Earth and providing critical benefits to human communities in our ever-changing world.\n- Planetarium passes are required for the 7:30, 8:30, and 9:30 pm shows\n- Passes are $3 each and may be purchased online or at the ticket window. Since shows do sell out, we always recommend buying in advance.\n- The 6:30 pm live show is always free. Seats are available on a first-come, first-served basis.\n- Please arrive at the planetarium 15 minutes before your ticketed showtime for seating. We run a tight spaceship!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "You may think of the sea as being quiet and peaceful, but it’s actually quite noisy down there! Some of the sounds in the sea are made by marine animals, some are made by people, and some of the sounds are made by weather and other natural events. You’ll be surprised to see who’s saying what! Meet Terran and join us for this interactive, informative – and noisy! – dive into the loud world underwater.\nSponsored by the Friends of the Library.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Unexpected Excellence Of Algae Oil.\nThere's a few reasons. Algae oil is the only vegan, direct source of the Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. Fish eat algae to get their Omega-3s, so when you consume algae oil, you’re getting them straight from the source. Algae oil supplies all the same important benefits commonly found in fish oil, in a form that is plant-based and sustainable. Pretty excellent if you ask us.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Partnership will help researchers better understand ocean health; Arizona State now has two research centers devoted to monitoring the Atlantic and Pacific oceans\n“BIOS has very generously provided the Ministry of Health with an ultra-low temperature freezer; a specialist piece of equipment to supplement the freezers that the Ministry has also procured.\nNew research shows that pulses of cooler deep water reduced heat stress responses in corals.\nNew research relates shell shapes and body geometries and sizes with swimming abilities and sinking behaviors, which impact vertical migration and distribution.\nToday [June 5] marks the one year anniversary of the Bermuda Ocean Prosperity Programme [BOPP], a partnership to create a binding marine spatial plan to sustainably manage Bermuda’s ocean environment and identify sustainable growth possibilities for ocean industries like fishing and tourism.\nBIOS scientist to speak at Bermuda Principles Foundation Conference, with this year’s event focused on transcriptomics.\nToday [June 5] the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Waitt Institute, and Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences [BIOS], signed a Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] to form the Bermuda Ocean Prosperity Programme.\nThe [Princess] also increased its support for BIOS’s bid to reduce the number of invasive lionfish in Bermuda’s waters by buying more fish from the organisation.\nAn oceanographer is deploying an undersea glider to take measurements during the Category 3 storm, which is expected to hit Bermuda. Hopefully, the rare underwater perspective will yield insights that can be used to develop forecasting models.\nAn underwater glider will examine the impact of hurricanes on our ocean.\nHazardous waste from the Hamilton Seabright sewage pipeline has been contaminating the waters off South Shore beaches, according to a 2013 water-quality study — but only during rare, sustained weather patterns.\nA new study has discovered a dramatic drop in the levels of mercury found in pregnant women in Bermuda in the last decade.\nA study published in PLoS ONE has detailed a dramatic reduction in blood concentrations of methyl mercury in pregnant women in Bermuda.\nBetween April 1, 2011 and April 1, 2012, a total of 622 babies were born at King Edward VII Memorial Hospital. The wellbeing of these babies and their mothers is of great importance to the health and vibrancy of the local community. To this end, Laval University’s Atlantis Mobile Laboratories, stationed at the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and supported by a grant from the Lepercq Foundation, is facilitating a National Maternal Nutrition Survey to assess the nutritional status and needs of pregnant women in Bermuda.\nThe Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences is pleased to announce the return of the Atlantis Mobile Laboratory, owned by Universite Laval, to the BIOS campus to continue its work on environmental and human health issues in Bermuda.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dwindling, Delicious Lobster Focus of Possible Fishing Ban\nLook at the lobster. Mottled. Spiny. Ugly. Like the clam and the shrimp, the conch and the scallop, it's an alien little creature that must be hauled to the surface at great effort and boiled alive in order to be consumed.\nIts problem, of course, is that it is delicious. And like the bluefin and the Atlantic cod before it, that quality may all but doom it to near-extinction.\nIn yet another case of human appetite and environmental upheaval merging to threaten a marine species, lobster populations in southern New England are in such decline that a regional fisheries board recently considered giving them almost whale-level protection.\nOn the table at a July 22 meeting of the American Lobster Management Board was a five-year moratorium on lobster fishing for an area that stretches from southern Massachusetts to North Carolina, according to the AP.\nCalled the “Southern New England” region of lobster habitats, it has seen the estimated population fall from more than 35 million individuals just a dozen years ago to about 15 million today.\n“The Southern New England stock (SNE) is critically depleted and well below the minimum threshold abundance,” reads the opening of a report prepared by the American Lobster Technical Committee in April for the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.\nThe report states that the lobster isn’t actually being overfished, really, but that fishing, combined with environmental conditions and a slew of potential contributing factors (a shell-disfiguring disease, an old oil spill) are combining to decimate the lobsters to the point that they can not recover.\nIn the face of such decline, the technical committee had a simple, economically brutal solution: stop all lobster fishing from Cape Cod to Kitty Hawk until 2015.\nIt was a suggestion that drew thunderous outcry from a predictable group: lobstermen.\nCalling the ban everything from “catastrophic” to “almost biblical” to “the bullet in a gun that was pointed to our head,” by moratorium opponents and lobster fishermen, the idea was shouted down at the July 22 meeting—but not completely taken off the table, the AP reports.\nOther solutions discussed included catch quotas reduced by 50 to 75 percent, which were also deemed as lethal industry-killers by lobstermen, according to various media accounts of the board meeting.\nBut if enforced, would it mean the end of the lobster bisque special at your local seafood hot spot? No, lobster-lover, it wouldn’t. The Southern New England region supplies just 5 to 7 percent of the total Northeast lobster catch, according to the AP. The Gulf of Maine is home to about 116 million lobsters—about 100 million more than the SNE stock.\nSo the lobster would survive, and continue to stain the shirts of Red Lobster enthusiasts for years to come, but the issue raised is the familiar one: economy versus sustainability, desire to consume versus willpower to go cold turkey.\nIn August, the board will meet again to reconsider ways to deal with the plummeting SNE lobster population. Despite the economic pain, the clear issue remains: unless the population is saved, even by drastic quota cuts, won't the lobstermen be out of a livelihood anyway?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Test results are in for oil material found in Pensacola Bay late last month, and the numbers are frightening.\nA lab experienced in testing petroleum products determined that the oil’s toxicity levels are sky-high.\n“In its natural state, the numbers are off the chart,” said Heather Reed, the environmental expert for the City of Gulf Breeze who made the discovery. “It’s extremely toxic to human health.”\nLab workers had to dilute the sample 20 times just to get a reading. Reed said samples are usually diluted only once.\n“The oil is very well preserved,” Reed added. “It smells very strong when pulled out of the water. It made me nauseated.” Reed in late September discovered a significant amount of oil buried in submerged sediment near Fort McRae in Escambia County while conducting independent research.\n“The oil was in about 3 feet of water and was buried pretty deep in the sediment,” Reed recalled. “The mats where between 6 inches and a foot in diameter, but some were more than 2 feet in diameter. I kept digging and finding more and more.\n“Finding this submerged oil is very alarming to me because it’s in such large mats,” Reed explained. “I believe it came into (the bay) in June with the initial impacts.”\nReed on Sept. 30 revisited the site and another near Barrancas Beach with BP and Coast Guard officials to inform responders of her discovery. She also discovered oil present at Johnson Beach, Fort Pickens and Orange Beach through research she conducted in September.\nThe topography near Fort McRae helped preserve the submerged oil. Because the area is a secluded cove, very little water flows through it – resulting in low oxygen levels.\n“(The oil) is in an anaerobic environment, so there is not a lot of bacteria to break it down,” Reed explained.\nReed said that similar samples that might possibly remain submerged in the Gulf of Mexico could be extremely damaging to the marine ecosystem.\n“I am concerned about upwelling events,” Reed said. “Strong currents draw up nutrient rich water and sediment from the sea floor that nourishes plankton and other organisms that are the foundation of the marine food chain.\n“If an upwelling event brings up any oil material with these toxicity levels, it could be harmful to any animals near the upwelling plume.”\nReed is unsure of the effects of the oil on the water quality near Fort McRae.\n“The surface area is very large, and it gets pretty deep, so there could be a lot of dilution,” she said. “Because it sank and is submerged, it will stay there.\n“I would not recommend going into the water.”\nShe explained that the effects near the beach would be different because of more aeration.\nThough no oil has been reported on Gulf Breeze shores or in local bayous, those areas could be at risk.\n“We don’t have any barriers, the Coastwatchers aren’t patrolling anymore, and there has been no communication to the city of this oil entering the bay,” Reed said.\nIf oil entered any of the Gulf Breeze bayous, Reed explained that it would sink and become submerged just as it had near Fort McRae.\n“It would definitely sink and be preserved,” Reed said. “And it would be very difficult to find.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UBC Theses and Dissertations\nSources, fractionation and fate of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Strait of Georgia, Canada Sun, Yuanji\nThe sources, dispersion, fractionation and fate of two persistent organic contaminants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were studied in the Strait of Georgia (SoG), by measuring dissolved (< 2.2 μm) and particulate (> 2.2 μm) PCBs and PBDEs concentrations in seawater at various Salish Sea stations from 2013 to 2018. Our results show that the primary sources of particulate PBDEs (pPBDEs) into the southern SoG are effluent particles from Vancouver’s main wastewater treatment plant at Iona Island and sediment resuspension in Burrard Inlet. In contrast, dissolved PBDEs (dPBDEs) in the southern SoG are generated from the desorption of PBDEs from these particles during their transport with the SoG water circulation, leading to high dPBDEs and low pPBDEs concentrations. These findings were supported by changes in particulate PBDEs contribution to the total PBDE concentrations at various stations, as well as the systematic fractionation of PBDE congeners during desorption from sewage particles and re-adsorption onto marine particles. In addition, the SoG estuarine circulation (including tides) leads to substantial temporal variability of dPBDEs concentrations in southern SoG and near Bowen Island. Most PBDEs in the SoG are eventually removed to the sediment through particle scavenging, leaving the less brominated congeners in the dissolved phase to be exported to the Pacific Ocean. The box model simulation demonstrated that the Fraser River is an important PBDE source due to its high flow rate, despite its low dPBDEs concentrations. Low modelled dPBDEs concentrations, compared with what we measured, point to unquantified sources or an increase in the PBDEs Iona discharge. PCBs have been banned for decades, and showed very different behaviour to PBDEs in SoG. Our limited data suggest that industrialized areas in Burrard Inlet are the main sources to SoG, and not the Iona outfall. Furthermore, the PCB homologs’ distribution supports preferential removal of the more hydrophobic dissolved PCBs congeners added to SoG from Burrard Inlet by particle scavenging. Once PCB-contaminated seawater and particles have been in contact long enough in SoG there is a clear increasing trend in particulate to dissolved partitioning with the degree of hydrophobicity of the PCB homologs.\nItem Citations and Data\nAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "WildAid Marine designs and applies effective enforcement solutions to deter illegal fishing and strengthen the protection of priority marine areas.\nWe imagine abundant, healthy oceans where wildlife is safe from poaching and coastal communities thrive.\nBLUEPRINT for Marine Protection™\nWe have pioneered a highly effective, six-step approach for deterring illegal fishing and strengthening the protection and enforcement of priority marine areas, including marine protected areas and fisheries.\nWe Believe in the Power of Collaboration\nFor 20 years, WildAid Marine has worked to bring meaningful enforcement to priority marine areas and fisheries worldwide through close partnerships with in-country allies.\nWildAid Marine is a program of WildAid, Inc. focused on designing and applying effective enforcement solutions to deter illegal fishing and strengthen the protection of priority marine areas for the benefit of endangered wildlife, marine ecosystems, fisheries, and coastal communities.\nWildAid, Inc. is an internationally recognized wildlife conservation organization, working to reduce global consumption of wildlife products and protect wildlife in their habitats by defending fragile marine reserves and national parks from poaching and reducing climate change impacts.\nAll contributions made to WildAid Marine will be used to support our marine enforcement and conservation work.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dr Beth Mouat\nJoint Head of Marine Science and Technology\nTel: 01595 772310\nBeth manages NAFC's Marine Science department with responsibility for marine research and development work in the fields of fisheries, marine spatial planning and aquaculture. Her role includes strategic and operational planning for the department, project and financial management and quality assurance. The role also includes liaising with key external groups and organisations such as industry representatives, Marine Scotland, MASTS, SAIC, and HIE.\nBeth continues to have an active role in the delivery of research and consultancy work relating to inshore fisheries and wider marine management. She has strong working links with Marine Scotland and has been involved in a range of projects which have provided advice to Marine Scotland and Inshore Fisheries Groups around Scotland.\nThe NAFC Marine Centre is an academic partner in the University of the Highlands and Islands and Beth is an appointed member of the University Research and Knowledge Exchange Committee and co-convener of the Marine, Environmental Science and Engineering Research Cluster. She is currently co-supervising four PhD students.\nFisheries biology, fisheries management, sustainable marine resource management.\nBeth completed her BSc (Hons) degree in Zoology (Marine and Fisheries Biology) in 1998 at the University of Aberdeen, where she worked with NAFC on phytoplankton and jellyfish threats to aquaculture. She stayed on at Aberdeen University to complete an MSc in Marine and Fisheries Science in 1999, where she specialised in squid fisheries biology.\nFollowing this she moved to the University of Glasgow to carry out her PhD researching Nephrops fisheries in the Clyde with UMBS Millport, and around Scotland with FRS Marine Laboratory (now Marine Scotland).\nFollowing on from her studies, Beth worked for two years as an Inshore Fisheries Advisor for Scottish Natural Heritage, providing advice on all aspects of fisheries from biology to management. She was also involved in research projects on fisheries for Nephrops and Littorinids, and the development of GIS tools for shellfish fisheries management.\nBeth was very keen to return to Shetland, and NAFC, and took up the post of Senior Shellfish Scientist in late 2005, following a period as Marine Farm Services Manager for SSQC.\nFraser, S., Shelmerdine, R.L., Mouat, B., 2018. Razor clam biology, ecology, stock assessment, and exploitation: a review of Ensis spp. in Wales. Welsh Government. 62 pp.\nDees, P., Bresnan, E., Edwards, M., Johns, D., Mouat, B., Whyte, C., Davidson, K., 2017. Harmful algal blooms in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (46): E9763-E9764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715499114.\nBatts, L., Shucksmith, R., Shelmerdine, R.L., Macdonald, P., Mouat, B., 2017. Scotland's fishing industry - guidance for decision makers and developers. Fisheries Innovation Scotland. 21 pp.\nBatts, L., Shucksmith, R., Shelmerdine, R.L., Macdonald, P., Mouat, B., 2017. Understanding and influencing the marine management and development processes - best practice guidance for fishers. Fisheries Innovation Scotland. 11 pp.\nShelmerdine, R.L., Shucksmith, R., Mouat, B., 2017. Fisheries management in the context of shared seas. Fisheries Innovation Scotland. 55 pp.\nShelmerdine, R.L., Mouat, B., Shucksmith, R., 2017. The most northerly record of feral Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in the British Isles. BioInvasions Records, 6: 57-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.1.09.\nShelmerdine, R.L., Mouat, B., 2015. A multidisciplinary approach to the collection and use of VMS data from an inshore scallop fishery. Edinburgh, Scotland: The Scottish Government. 23 pp.\nLittle, A., Bailey, N., Cook, R., Fox, C., Curtis, H., Heath, M., Marshall, T., Mouat, B., Fernandes, P., 2015. A review of Scotland's capture fisheries: stock status, knowledge gaps, research requirements and stakeholder engagement. Fisheries Innovation Scotland. 118 pp.\nShelmerdine, R.L., Stone, D., Leslie, B., Robinson, M., 2014. Monitoring habitats: how useful are points on a map, predicted habitats, and historic data?\nShelmerdine, R.L., Stone, D., Leslie, B. & Robinson, M., 2014. Implications of defining fisheries closed areas based on predicted habitats in Shetland: a proactive and precautionary approach. Marine Policy, 43: 184-199.\nLeslie, B., 2014. Data Requirements for Inshore Fisheries Management. Marine Scotland. 21 pp.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "9/22/20 – “This week NOAA Fisheries and our partners will celebrate National Aquaculture Week. NOAA Fisheries and its predecessor agencies have been involved in aquaculture for more than 125 years, pioneering fish culture methods and stock enhancement techniques to replenish wild stocks. Many culture, hatching, and rearing techniques currently used by the industry worldwide were developed in NOAA labs, such as the Milford, Connecticut lab for mollusks; the Manchester, Washington, lab for salmon; and the Galveston, Texas lab for shrimp.”\n9/21/20 – “Shellfish and seaweed growers in Maine are in line for a new round of federal coronavirus relief funds. Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue says the USDA is expanding the list of producers who can qualify for its Coronavirus Food Assistance Program to include aquaculture businesses nationwide. The executive director of the Maine Aquaculture Association, Sebastian Belle, says the state’s growing aquaculture sector missed out on the program’s initial funding, but now can join farmers and ranchers to apply for a share of the latest $14 billion allotment. “The impact on particularly our shellfish growers was so big in the marketplace that we knew particularly some of the new smaller growers were likely not to going survive this. And that’s what really drove our advocacy with the delegation and at the national level with the secretary,” he says.\n9/21/20 – In Maine, Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) are one of the most valuable fisheries in U.S. waters, the target of deep-sea draggers and divers on dayboats. But compared to a seasonal fishery, an aquaculture crop has the key advantage of a year-round supply and steady pricing. In an attempt to build a fledgling scallop farming industry, Maine shellfish farmers started trialling a Japanese technique called ear hanging in 2017. Taking advantage of a sister state agreement with Aomori Prefecture in northern Japan, growers in Maine are working to establish semi-automated commercial aquaculture operations.\n9/15/20 – “Just a few minutes down the road from the entrance of Dodge Point Preserve is a delightful oyster farm; a small sign and flag at the road’s edge are all that indicate where you should turn. Flanking either side of the unpaved driveway are piles of oyster shells and oyster farming equipment… Welcome to Glidden Point Oyster Farm. Just past the parking area is a classic wood barn with the small farm store and onsite dining. There are a limited number of tables, and this place is popular, so be sure to reserve a table in advance. Otherwise, you’ll have to take your oysters to go.”\n9/15/20 – “Off the coast of Portland, Maine, an aquaculture startup that raises shellfish is also working on a more radical project: raising kelp in the open ocean, then sinking it to the seafloor to sequester the carbon inside. The company, called Running Tide, argues that the approach could be essentially a permanent way to deal with the excess carbon in the atmosphere. Like trees, seaweed forests suck in carbon from the air as they grow. But while carbon in forests on land can sometimes be lost—as in California, where more than 2 million acres of trees have burned so far this year—kelp that sinks to the bottom of the ocean can stay there for centuries.”\n9/14/20 – “With a quarantine cluster full of people who don’t trust shellfish, I was left to my own devices as the sun set on a very weird year in my life. I shucked and slurped down legitimately 30 oysters — each cold, firm, and briny — before I tapped out and passed the whole operation over the fence to our neighbors. They’re not the “self shucking” sort and were delighted. They also now basically perceive me as a survivalist, because after 30 oysters I was able to pretend to have some level of expertise with popping them open.”\n9/2/20 – “The Portland Fish Exchange is launching a new oyster sorting and bagging operation inside its cold, cavernous auction warehouse in hopes of growing the state’s aquaculture economy and diversifying a business plan that’s taken a beating since local ground fish landings collapsed. On Wednesday, the Exchange received the first of what it hopes will be many oyster deliveries. Two employees measured, sorted, bagged and tagged five 100-count bags of Eastern oysters harvested by Running Tide, a two-year-old aquaculture company that operates a hatchery in Harpswell and grows oysters, clams and scallops at three coastal Maine locations.”\n8/27/20 – “Atlantic Sea Farms, the first commercial seaweed farm in the United States, has produced more than 450,000 pounds of kelp this year, doubling its 2019 numbers. Since 2009, the company has aimed to diversify work options for Maine’s coastal communities and promote the domestic growth of seaweed products over imported products – both missions that CEO Briana Warner believes has helped it navigate continued growth during the COVID-19 pandemic.”\n8/19/20 – “The Maine Aquaculture Association will receive $64,885 in federal funds to help aquaculture producers create a plan for how to survive the pandemic. The money comes from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Business Development Grant program. ‘This vital grant to the Maine Aquaculture Association is going to be used where it is needed most—assisting the Maine aquaculture businesses who provide our state with shellfish, finfish and sea vegetables,’ USDA Rural Development State Director Timothy Hobbs said in a news release.”\n8/18/20 – “Where do Americans consume their seafood? Americans spent roughly $102 billion (€85.5 billion) on seafood in 2017, and 65 percent of that was spent in restaurants and other foodservice outlets, leaving many to conclude, incorrectly, that more seafood is sold in restaurants than at supermarkets and other retail outlets. The new study finally answers the question of where greater volumes of seafood are sold – retail or foodservice – and the winner is retail by a wide margin.”\n8/4/20 – “Seafood netted some historic firsts in the nation’s new dietary guidelines. [. . .] ‘This is by far the strongest they’ve come out for seafood in all of the U.S. dietary guidelines history, and at virtually every point in the lifecycle from babies to pregnant and lactating moms to adults. I was really amazed,’ said Dr. Tom Brenna, a professor of pediatrics, chemistry and nutrition at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas/Austin and at Cornell University. Along with taking a whole life approach for the first time, Brenna said the advisers also considered nutritional requirements for children under 2 years of age. ‘The general idea is that kids should be breastfed, that’s the recommendation to six months of age. And starting at six months when you’re introducing finger foods, solid foods, the recommendation is to include seafood right from the beginning,’ he said.”\n7/30/20 – PORTLAND, Maine — “A new study forecasts Maine’s aquaculture industry will grow, but the state needs more skilled-workers to sustain it. The Gulf of Maine Research Institute published a report in partnership with the Maine Aquaculture Association and Educate Maine, with support from FocusMaine to identify and plan for the future of aquaculture.” Click here to download the full workforce development report.\n7/31/20 – “The Maine Aquaculture Association (MAA) and Maine Coast Fishermen’s Association (MCFA) are collaborating on an effort to encourage seafood businesses, industry organizations, restaurants, and consumers to utilize the hashtag #EatMaineSeafood across social media platforms. A hashtag is a word or phrase preceded by a hash sign (#), used on social media websites and applications to identify messages on a specific topic. It categorizes posts on social media like Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn. People can follow a hashtag to see all the posts that are sorted under that hashtag. A hashtag helps to elevate a common message, and its success can be measured via user-engagement.”\nPress Release: Federal Fisheries Advisory Committee Recommends Formation of National Seafood Promotion Council\n7/23/20 – The Maine Aquaculture Association welcomes the recent recommendations of the Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee (MAFAC) to the Secretary of Commerce to form a National Seafood Promotion Council. After a year of stakeholder interviews and researching agricultural and other types of marketing and promotional efforts, MAFAC issued its findings in a report titled, Establishing A National Seafood Promotion Council. Read the full press release here.\n07/15/20 – “The federal government document used more often by US nutritional experts than any other to provide dietary guidance will advise women to eat eight to 12 ounces of seafood per week before and after pregnancy, if the US departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services (HHS) follow the suggestions of its 20-person advisory panel.”\nNEW RESEARCH REVEALS SURPRISING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SALMON SPECIES — HELPING CONSUMERS DECIDE WHICH ONES TO SERVE FOR DINNER\n07/09/2020 – “Stefanie Colombo, an assistant professor of Aquaculture at Dalhousie University’s Agriculture Campus, wanted to shed some light on the murky area by exploring the nutritional differences between salmon [ . . . ] Dr. Colombo found that the more expensive wild Sockeye, which can be $31.50/lb, and wild Chinook had the most nutrient-dense and highest omega-3 content. But she also discovered that farmed Atlantic salmon, which costs about $12.50/lb, had the lowest mercury content, had a high nutrient density, is more affordable and available on both of Canada’s coasts.”\n6/23/20 – A Bremen farmer recently harvested her first crop of sugar kelp, which she describes as nutritious, tasty, and good for the environment, from her new aquaculture operation in Muscongus Bay. Cold Moon Sea Farm grows and harvests sugar kelp at a location 300 feet off Hog Island. Owner Sarah Wineberg Thorpe markets the product under the name Swell Seaweeds. “It is a species that is native to Maine and is fascinating in a lot of different ways. It grows in bays, coves, and harbors, and variations of the species look very different from one another,” Wineberg Thorpe said.\n6/10/20 – Atlantic Sea Farms CEO Bri Warner is named a 2020 EatingWell Food Hero! “Where most saw kelp as a slimy sea plant, Warner saw it as a savior [. . .] Kelp takes in and sequesters this greenhouse gas: according to one study, kelp forests may remove 20 times more carbon from the atmosphere than land-based forests. And seaweed makes a lot of sense in Maine. Kelp is harvested in the spring, which is a slower season for the local lobster fishery, and the additional revenue could help cushion the blow if lobster stocks fall, as they are predicted to due to warming waters.”\n5/24/20 – Atlantic Sea Farms of Saco started out growing seaweed, but is now trying to grow a Maine industry. The company began in 2009 as commercial seaweed farming operation called Ocean Approved. It began to expand its mission in 2018, later changing its name to reflect that, and now partners with about two dozen fishermen and women up and down the Maine coast. The fishermen grow the seaweed in their offseasons, then sell it to Atlantic Sea Farms, which produces kelp-based products for sale online, in Whole Foods and other stores, and for use by several health-focused casual restaurant chains.\n5/19/20 – Kelp farming is positioned as a form of insurance, offering lobstermen such as Baines some of the financial security off-season fishing once did. He is one of the 24 “partner farmers” working with Atlantic Sea Farms, which was founded in 2009 under the name Ocean Approved as the first commercial seaweed farm and nursery in North America. (Baines’s daughter, Jesse, works for the company.) Atlantic cultivates seeds and gives them to partner farmers, assists with the design and layout of the kelp farms, and coaches farmers throughout the season – from setting up the farm in the winter to the harvest in spring, complementary to lobster’s summer to fall season. Because Atlantic Sea Farms seeks experienced lobstermen who already have equipment and know-how, start-up costs tend to be lower than those who are beginning from scratch.\n5/13/20 – Chris Davis co-owns Pemaquid Oyster Co., which has farmed oysters on the Damariscotta River since the 1980s. “We started an online seafood program and that drew a lot of interest,” Davis said. Customers can place orders for pickup from a company facility at 1005 Bristol Road in Bristol. Nonetheless, Davis said the pandemic and resulting restaurant closures have had a significant impact. “We are all feeling it right now. Most of our sales go to restaurants,” Davis said.\n5/7/20 – Section 1. Purpose. America needs a vibrant and competitive seafood industry to create and sustain American jobs, put safe and healthy food on American tables, and contribute to the American economy [. . .] By removing outdated and unnecessarily burdensome regulations; strengthening efforts to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; improving the transparency and efficiency of environmental reviews; and renewing our focus on long-term strategic planning to facilitate aquaculture projects, we can protect our aquatic environments; revitalize our Nation’s seafood industry; get more Americans back to work; and put healthy, safe food on our families’ tables.\n5/7/20 – Maine is in line to get $20.3 million to help its battered seafood industry weather the COVID-19 storm. The award comes out of the $300 million in federal funding included in the CARES Act to help the U.S. fishing industry survive pandemic-related economic losses. Maine’s award was the fifth-highest out of 31 states, trailing only Alaska, Washington, Massachusetts and Florida. It’s unclear how the funds will be split among the 18,000 licensed fishermen, seafood dealers, processors, aquaculture operators and charter fishing operators that make up Maine’s seafood industry, which nets an estimated $788.2 million a year in revenues. The sector has been especially hard-hit by the pandemic.\n5/7/20 – MAA has advocated for the state’s aquaculture industry since 1978. In more recent years, the state has seen an increase in the number of aquaculture-related businesses. Most notably, shellfish and sea vegetable farms in addition to several new land-based RAS projects have developed. With this recent growth, MAA has continued to strengthen its stance as the state’s leader in supporting up and coming aquaculture businesses and their employees. [ . . . ] MAA is committed to growing a sustainable future for Maine’s seafood industry and the people who rely on it, and we are proud to have them as a Strategic Partner of GAA.\n4/29/20 – Portland, Maine – ‘Maine Seaweed Week’ has been a way for harvesters and restaurant chefs to introduce people to a new food; now organizers have pivoted [. . .] Seaweed harvesters like Spartan Sea Farms are delivering their product directly to consumers. “This is really a first time, unique opportunity to get your hands on a big bag of fresh kelp and really start playing around with it.” Ken Sparta, with Spartan Sea Farms, says seaweed can be plugged into a lot of different recipes. “We started delivering directly, and we gave out recipes and started a recipe book, and all of our customers have started connecting with us, and sharing their recipes, so it’s been really great.” [. . .] To find some of those recipes, or restaurants taking part in the event, click here.\n4/26/20– Atlantic Sea Farms doesn’t sell raw kelp because “if kelp doesn’t taste good, people aren’t going to eat it,” Warner said. Instead, it sells ready-to-eat blanched, shredded kelp that can be tossed into any dish; and pureed kelp cubes, good for smoothies but also handy for sauces, baked goods and salad dressings. Its fermented seaweed salad is a preservative-free alternative to imported Japanese products; its Sea-Chi is a sea-based take on kimchi; and I can attest that its Sea-Beat Kraut makes a great addition to a Rueben sandwich.\n4/24/20 – With the restaurant sector temporarily shut down, markets for local seafood products have taken a huge hit. Like many others who depend on small businesses, working waterfront families and the coastal communities they support are struggling to make ends meet. Let’s do our part to support them by purchasing local seafood. Take it home and experiment with a new dish or recipe. Celebrate local food and the folks who produce it for you literally in your backyard.\n4/24/20– Today our show is about the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Maine’s fishermen and aquaculture farmers. Like so many small businesses, marine industries have been hit hard by the pandemic. National and global seafood markets for Maine fish and shellfish have almost entirely dried up, and people are scrambling for ways to keep their businesses afloat.\n4/17/20 – In January 2020, Maine EPSCoR’s Research Infrastructure Improvement Track 1 project, the Sustainable Ecological Aquaculture Network (SEANET), was officially completed. However, the legacy of the program will live on through the continued interdisciplinary research carried out by institutions such as the Aquaculture Research Institute (ARI), which is SEANET’s named legatee.\n4/13/20 – To encourage local seafood consumption at home, the Maine Aquaculture Association has created a series of recipes and short instructional videos as part of a new series titled “Sea Farm to Table.” The growing library of creative dishes includes a blueberry and mint smoothie using frozen Maine kelp from Atlantic Sea Farms, a company that partners with Maine lobstermen to grow kelp during the off-season.\n3/27/20 – Mere Point Oyster Company is trying out delivery service and is teaming up with other fishermen and businesses to offer customers a one-stop shopping experience. Oysters, clams, scallops, little necks, mussels, and other shellfish are ready to be dropped off. “If you’re in your house and you are locked in there you are going to be able to get food because the food producers, whether it be the farmers, or the fishermen, or the oystermen, or the shellfish farmers or the clam diggers, they are going to get you your food,” said Devereaux. “[It] gives people a sense of ease during troubling times like right now.”\n3/26/20 – “There definitely appears to be growing interest among aquaculturists and wild harvesters alike” in directly marketing their products, DMR spokesman Jeff Nichols said. DMR worked on producing the flier together with Sea Grant, the University of Maine and NOAA Fisheries. “We will also be sharing it and building on that information in the near future,” Nichols said.\n1/23/20 – Maine lobstermen and commercial fishing families have turned to aquaculture to boost revenue and diversify their businesses. According to data from the Department of Marine Resources, roughly 50 commercial lobster license holders also hold aquaculture leases, meaning that one in every six Maine aquaculturists also captains a lobster boat.\n1/20/20 – The Maine Aquaculture Association has kicked off a new video series focused on telling the personal stories of aquatic farmers throughout the state to increase public visibility and underscore how aquaculture complements existing marine industries in coastal communities.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- There are four types of vertical currents in the oceans: coastal upwelling, equatorial upwelling, the upwelling in the southern ocean and the vertical currents of the Meridional Overturning Circulation--the ocean conveyor belt--that absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and moves tropical heat around the Earth.\n- Vertical currents are critical to the storage of heat in the ocean from summer to summer. This heat, when lost by the tropical regions of the oceans helps to moderate the Earth's climate.\n- The waters that form these currents may take up to 1,600 years to travel through the \"full circle\" of the ocean general circulation, or OGC, before becoming part of an upwelling as a vertical current. Reported in the Journal of Physical Oceanography, a study by Francois Primeau demonstrated that waters in the upwellings in the Pacific and Southern oceans had been moving through the global ocean general circulation for about 1,600 years.\n- The vertical currents of coastal upwellings occurs near the eastern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Winds blowing along the coasts cause the flow within the Ekman Layer to move perpendicularly to the wind direction--to the left in the southern hemisphere and to the right in the northern hemisphere--to direct its flow offshore, which forces water up from depths of 200 to 400 meters. The equatorial upwelling also occurs in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans as vertical currents about 5 degrees north and south of the equator and trade winds move through the area on either side of the equator.\nThe conflict between the Ekman transport, flowing south, south of the equator and north, north of the equator, and the surface winds causes a surface divergence at the equator and forces water up from depths of 150 to 400 meters. The upwelling in the Southern Ocean occurs when the geostrophic flow from the North Atlantic deep water reaches the Southern Ocean at depths ranging from 1,000 meters to 4,000 meters. It then rises as vertical currents because of changes in the balance of the ocean's horizontal pressure gradient and Coriolis force when the currents approach the southern pole. It enters the Ekman Layer and moves into the Pacific's general circulation. The vertical currents of the Meridionial Overturning Circulation are found on both coasts of the Atlantic and the Pacific.\n- The ocean is the largest reservoir of carbon dioxide on the planet, able to hold 50 times more CO2 than the atmosphere. Over the years, studies have show that vertical currents supply the \"overturning\" part of the ocean's circulation and, when carbon dioxide is absorbed into the ocean, either becoming part of the \"soup\" of sea water or by mixing, but not being absorbed by the water, these currents carry the CO2 into the depths and keep it there for long periods of time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The steam-powered trawler arrived next, in 1881. Whenever fitted having an otter trawl, devised in 1892, it enabled fishermen to haul in six times the catch of a ship that is sailing. Quickly arrived filleting devices, echo-sounders and spotter planes. Then Clarence Birdseye, a fur-trapper that is american creator, create a system for freezing seafood. This offered the entire world the seafood little finger and established the factory ship that sailed not even close to house and processed the catch from huge trawlers from the seas that are high.\nNext came the cool war, whoever primary casualty might have been fish. The technology created by America’s workplace of Naval Research developed to obtain the Soviet Union’s submarines and conceal NATO’s ended up being soon put to make use of when you look at the quest for haddock, herring and each other form of underwater victim. From then on came satellites sufficient reason for them worldwide placement systems and thermal pictures, allowing fishermen to obtain the places where hot and cool waters collide, which can be where plankton grow and fish gather. Now a myriad of technology—acoustic fish-finders, broad-swathe mapping of this seabed, computerised track plotters and so on—make it feasible to locate most fish larger than a guy’s forearm.\nThere goes that Leviathan\nThe greatest people have already been the first to ever get. The fish tend to be smaller and younger as a result, in over-exploited waters. Among those caught within the Pacific, the typical period of an English sole dropped from about 34cm when you look at the 1960s to 30cm in 2002, a Pacific barracuda from almost 80cm when you look at the 1950s to 65cm in 1970, a bocaccio from over 50cm into the 1970s to nearer 45cm within the 1990s. A big cod is now a rarity in the north-west Atlantic whereas record-sized cod 2 metres long and up to 96kg (211lb) in weight were recorded in Massachusetts in the 19th century, and an average of 4.5kg per fish was common in living memory. As soon as the top seafood have left, smaller varieties end up being the catch that is new. “Fishing down” the food internet, given that training is famous, led to the length that is average of caught off the west coastline of Newfoundland falling by way of a metre between 1957 and 2000, based on an article by Daniel Pauly and Reg Watson, of this University of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre, in Scientific United states in July 2003.\nWhen shares of familiar seafood are exhausted in familiar fishing grounds, guy turns towards brand brand new seafood in brand brand new places. Distant-water vessels from such nations as Taiwan, Southern Korea and Russia have now been ploughing oceans that are far-flung because the art of freezing seafood became easy. “Klondikers”, huge factory vessels from eastern European countries, started initially to arrive in international waters when you look at the 1990s. Spanish ships, after the traditions associated with medieval Basques, fish all over the globe. Vessels from Bulgaria, Asia, Japan, Mexico, Poland and Romania can all be located far from your home.\nEver smaller, ever rarer\nThere they go about saying whatever they did inside their very own waters. Having caught virtually all the northern bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean and several of the seafood off other coasts, the nations of this eu, for instance, have actually negotiated legal legal rights to seafood in seaside waters down west Africa. Now shares of octopus, lobsters, tuna as well as other fish in this an element of the Atlantic are dangerously low, leading to the impoverishment of regional fishermen. Because of this, lots of people are considered driven to such hopeless measures as consuming bushmeat from jeopardized pets and sail that is setting available ships within the hope of illegally settling in European countries.\nRich-country customers of Senegalese shrimps or Omani lobsters are no doubt pleased with regards to entrГ©es. Other people may require an encouragement that is little buy seafood hitherto unknown for them. Numerous types are consequently renamed when it comes to retail trade: bocaccio, a type of rockfish, becomes Pacific red snapper, Patagonian toothfish becomes Chilean, or Australian, sea bass, and dogfish becomes stone salmon.\nCreeping things innumerable\nIn Uk fish-and-chip stores coley and pollock are increasingly found in host to cod, as well as in United states fast-food outlets Alaska pollock is just about the basic. However in 2008 shares of Alaskan pollock shrank by half, leaving what’s thought to be the whole world’s food fishery that is largest poised regarding the brink of collapse. This may be a normal fluctuation. Therefore could the disappearance of chinook salmon through the waters off Ca and Oregon this past year; the people throughout the spawning period was 88% below its all-time saturated in 2003.\nMany fish-watchers, nonetheless, are uneasy. They see way too many signs of overfishing, and too little of data data data recovery. The most present items of concern is a tiny, shrimp-like creature called krill, which can be now being fished in a way that is big. Krill invest their times within the depths regarding the ocean, increasing at in what they believe to be the safety of darkness to snack on phytoplankton night. In reality, they have been apt to be hauled away by fishermen, particularly when these are typically when you look at the waters of Antarctica. Krill try not to find yourself on dishes in restaurants, except maybe in Japan or Russia, however they are increasingly sought after due to their essential fatty acids, due to their enzymes (used in medication), for feeding to fish that is farmed specially to provide the flesh of salmon a red look, as well as use as seafood dinner. Now a strategy was developed that allows trawlermen to process them at sea before their enzymes decompose. This implies vessels can remain much longer far from slot and increase the dimensions of their annual catch several times.\nWhich are the crazy waves saying?\nNobody believes krill are yet put at risk, but nobody completely knows them. It really is understood, nevertheless, that lots of whales and seals and penguins go on them. Which is understood that the plankton they eat cling to the underside of packed ice, ice that could begin melting as conditions increase. Driving a car is the fact that damaging the krill populace shall set in train a few modifications http://cupid.reviews/ which will impact other animals.\nIt is, most likely, what exactly is occurring various other places, though frequently the changes begin in the apex of this meals internet. Typically, this might be a fish-eat-fish affair, with vegetarians like krill using their spot at underneath (phytoplankton are flowers, whereas zooplankton are pets). Hence the hunting that is relentless of sharks from the united states of america’ Atlantic shore has rendered them not able to “perform their ecosystem part as top predators”, when you look at the terms of Julia Baum of Dalhousie University. The upshot is just a huge upsurge in the amounts of their victim, particularly ray, skate and smaller sharks. Cownose ray, which might come to be over a metre wide, are increasing by about 8% per year. The shellfish they eat, such as scallops, oysters and clams, have been devastated with some 40m of them now looking for food off the East Coast.\nOne class let me reveal that no types must be fished to your point in which the ecosystem is unbalanced. That summary barely calls for the fish-fed brain of Jeeves. Another is the fact that, to steadfastly keep up a stability, big “apex” fish may be since crucial as tiny. Many seafood just simply simply take years before they truly are mature sufficient to spawn: cod, three to four, sturgeon 20, orange roughy 32. In addition they may be long-lived: cod may survive to 30, if they’re fortunate, and sturgeon to 100. Destroy the seafood at the very top and you’ll get an explosion of smaller ones below, gobbling up much more meals than will be eaten by a couple of big seafood of the identical weight that is total. And fish that is big more and better-quality fry. Make the top and then leave the young, a common concept of fisheries managers desperate to reconstruct shares, may consequently be a blunder. In that case, it isn’t their just one.\nThis informative article starred in the report that is special associated with printing version underneath the headline «Plenty more fish within the ocean?»", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In early July we received a message from colleagues working along Central American nesting beaches that an adult female olive ridley sea turtle I captured on September 26, 2006 off the coast of El Salvador was re-sighted nesting on Playa Chacocente, a beach inside the Rio Escalante-Chacocente Wildlife Refuge in Nicaragua.\nNot only is it exciting to learn that this turtle is healthy and reproducing, but its also interesting to see that six years later she is nesting not too far from where she was captured in 2006. It’s hard to infer much from two data points over the course of six years, but this kind of anecdotal information augments other data we have been collecting, and it helps us form hypotheses as to the home ranges and migratory behavior of this species. I originally hand-captured this turtle (pictured below) as part of a multi-disciplinary NOAA oceanographic research cruise called STAR.\nAlthough still nothing close to historical abundances, the Pacific olive ridley is doing relatively well off the coast of Central America — a region known as the eastern tropical Pacific. This oceanographically dynamic area is the study region I’m focusing on for my PhD dissertation work. Positive notes from the field like this one will help guide future at-sea sampling efforts.\nFor a bit more information on Playa Chacocente, read SEE Turtles Research Associate Paula von Weller’s 2010 blog about her visit to the Refuge.\nAwesome Lindsey! Way cooler than a message in a bottle. This positive information is motivation to complete your PhD!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "WWF-Pakistan data shows that 12 boats using new equipment and practices caught only six turtles in 2018-22, and released them safely by trained fishers.\nThe use of modified fishing gear and increased awareness have led to fewer deaths of turtles, sharks, dolphins, and whales in Pakistani waters, while fishers’ incomes have increased and nearly all bycatch fishing techniques have been abandoned.\nShakil lives in the coastal village of Ibrahim Hyderi, in Pakistan’s biggest city Karachi, and is one of 700 people who have received training from WWF-Pakistan under its Sustainable Fisheries Entrepreneurship Project.\nShakil remembers saving a threatened green turtle in early January 2023. He and other fishermen had set up a fishing net and were eagerly awaiting the catch when they felt something moving. They carefully removed the net and witnessed the turtle flipping back into the water.\nShakil attended a workshop in 2018 that changed his mindset and gained knowledge of the ecological functions of turtles, sharks, and whales, as well as the dwindling numbers of these animals. They were also taught techniques how to safely release animals that get caught accidentally in their nets while they are fishing – often referred to as bycatch.\nThe project aims to reduce bycatch fishing techniques and create additional livelihood opportunities to make fishing on Pakistan’s coast more sustainable. Before 2012, 28,000 turtles and 12,000 dolphins were caught every year in fishing gear in Pakistan’s waters, and nearly all entangled dolphins would die due to suffocation, says Muhammad Moazzam Khan, WWF-Pakistan’s technical adviser for marine fisheries.\nThe Third Pole quotes Khan as saying that 21,000 fishing boats, 13,000 in Sindh and 8,000 in Balochistan, are employed along Pakistan’s coastline. The majority employ gillnets, seine nets, and trawling— fishing techniques that capture marine animals without regard for their species and result in significant bycatch.\n“To encourage fishermen to use sustainable fishing methods, we are collaborating closely with government agencies. Changing the gear or altering current practises also requires some funding, so we have enlisted the help of business to fund these conservation initiatives,” Khan added.\nParticularly detrimental to Pakistan’s marine ecosystems are gillnets. They cover large areas of the ocean with impenetrable walls of fine-meshed netting, which frequently entangle the targeted fish species as well as large marine animals and young fish.\nUN regulations and agreements under the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission stipulate that drift gillnets should not be more than 2.5 kilometres long, but Pakistani fishers use nets that are 15 to 20 kilometres long, leading to a 40–70% decline in fish populations. A study found that bycatch in the country’s gillnet fisheries between 2012 and 2015 was 40–70%.\nWWF-Pakistan started a “crew-based observer program” in 2012 to educate skippers on the safe release of endangered marine species. In the past 11 years, 113 whale sharks, 42 sunfish, seven dolphins, five whales, seven sharks, 96 mobulids (manta and devil rays), 34 sea snakes, 21 giant squid, and thousands of marine turtles have been released from nets in Pakistan’s waters.\nWe later realised that a rescue and safe release programme was insufficient, as Khan claims. As a result, WWF-Pakistan began working on altering the fishing equipment. “In 2015, we experimented with sub-surface gillnets [where nets are set more than two metres below the surface], integrating local knowledge and using scientific data. This was very successful because it reduced the bycatch of cetaceans—whales, dolphins, and porpoises—by 98%.”\nAll 700 tuna-fishing boats in Pakistan switched to using these sub-surface gillnets between 2016 and 2019. Khan continues, “Some fishers in Iran, Oman, and India also use this method.”\nThen, according to Nadeem Shaikh, senior officer for community development at WWF-Pakistan, modified longline gear was introduced in 2018. This technique uses a single fishing line with up to 4,000 baited hooks strung along it, rather than a large net.\nTraditional longline fishing, which was used before the adoption of gillnets, had high rates of bycatch. Turtles were particularly prone to encountering the lines, and the WWF project provides fishers with “circle” hooks to use alongside J-shaped hooks.\nIt also urges fishers to use bait that is less likely to attract non-target species, and trains them to set the lines deeper, at over 70 metres, in fishing grounds where turtles and sharks are less likely to encounter them.\nWWF-Pakistan data shows that 12 boats using new equipment and practices caught only six turtles in 2018-22, and released them safely by trained fishers. No incidents involving whales, whale sharks, or dolphins were reported.\nKiani, a University of Karachi professor, describes longline fishing and sub-surface gillnets as “suitable fishing practices”. He believes that entanglement of threatened and endangered species has been reduced where the WWF-Pakistan measures have been adopted, but there is still a need to raise awareness and regulate fishing practices. These methods provide jobs for up to 1.8 million people.\nShaikh from WWF-Pakistan claims that poverty and trouble accessing basic necessities are still widespread in the fishing community where he was raised. According to him, longline fishing is a crucial strategy for increasing fishers’ incomes.\nMuhammad Ali is one of three fishermen from Ibrahim Hyderi who had longline fishing installed on their boats in 2018 through WWF-Pakistan’s Sustainable Fisheries Entrepreneurship Project. This has changed his life, with his income more than trebling. Longline fishing in deep waters has allowed him to catch larger fish in greater quantities, which he can sell at a good rate.\nIt costs around PKR 900,000 (USD 3,400) to install longline equipment on a boat, with WWF-Pakistan contributing half of the cost. In the past two years, 15 boats have been fitted with longline gear, and 65 boats in Ibrahim Hyderi and Rehri Goth in Karachi now use longlines, changing the lives of around 980 fishers.\nShaikh’s calculations show that 980 fishers earn almost three times more than their counterparts still using gillnets. However, only 4% of Pakistan’s fishing fleet has moved to one of the more sustainable methods.\nTo shift all fishing vessels to longlines and sub-surface gillnets, it may not be possible, but government departments and the corporate sector are working to sensitize fishers to adopt sustainable fishing practices. A change in gear or modifications to existing practices also requires funding.\nWith the provision of appropriate fishing gear, education, and capacity-building programmes for fishers, marine scientist Kiani is optimistic that “we can help revive the dwindling populations of marine species, of which some are on the verge of extinction.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:\n|Statistics||SHARE CORE MendeleyBASE||\n|Visualizar otros formatos: MARC | Dublin Core | RDF | ORE | MODS | METS | DIDL|\nDiversity, distribution and population size structure of deep Mediterranean gorgonian assemblages (Menorca Channel, Western Mediterranean Sea)\n|Authors:||Grinyó, Jordi ; Gori, Andrea ; Ambroso, Stefano ; Purroy, Ariadna ; Calatayud, Clara ; Dominguez-Carrió, Carlos ; Coppari, Martina; Lo Iacono, Claudio ; López-González, Pablo J.; Gili, Josep Maria|\n|Citation:||Progress in Oceanography 145: 42-56 (2016)|\n|Abstract:||Gorgonians are a key group of organisms in benthic marine communities with a wide bathymetric and geographical distribution. Although their presence on continental shelves and slopes has been known for more than 100 years, knowledge concerning the ecology of deep gorgonian species is still in a very preliminary stage. To overcome this situation, gorgonian assemblages located at 40–360 m depth were studied over a large geographical area on the continental shelf and upper slope of the Menorca Channel (Western Mediterranean Sea). A quantitative analysis of video transects recorded by a manned submersible and a remotely operated vehicle, were used to examine the diversity, distribution and demography of gorgonian species. Results showed high gorgonian diversity within this depth range (a total of nine species were observed) compared to Mediterranean coastal areas. Gorgonian assemblages on the continental shelf and upper slope were mostly monospecific (respectively 73% and 76% of occupied sampling units contained one single species), whereas shelf edge assemblages were highly multispecific (92% of occupied sampling units contained several species). This contrasts with the monospecificity of Mediterranean coastal gorgonian assemblages. Gorgonian populations on the continental shelf were mostly dominated by small colonies (88% of measured colonies) with few intermediate and large colonies (12% of measured colonies). In deeper areas small colonies were still dominant (60% of measured colonies), but intermediate and large colonies were much more abundant (40% of measured colonies). This suggests high recruitment rates on the continental shelf, but perturbations (trammel nets, long lines and strong storms) may limit the presence of intermediate and large colonies. Conversely, on the shelf edge and upper slope a more stable environment may allow colonies to reach larger dimensions. The identification and ecological characterization of these deep assemblages further extends the current knowledge about Mediterranean gorgonians, and is fundamental in improving the management and conservation of deep benthic ecosystems|\n|Description:||15 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix supplementary data https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.05.001|\n|Publisher version (URL):||https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.05.001|\n|Appears in Collections:||(ICM) Artículos|\nFiles in This Item:\nThere are no files associated with this item.\nShow full item record\nWARNING: Items in Digital.CSIC are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lobsters live on the sea bed and inhabit the coastal area from the intertidal zone down to depths of approximately 120 metres. Lobsters are a solitary animal, except during mating time, spending most of their time within the protection of some kind of shelter.\nThe lobster is a nocturnal animal and emerges from the shelter at dusk to feed.\n- sea urchins\n- marine worms\nThe lobster will also feed as a scavenger.\nFishing for lobster\nIf you're interested in fishing for lobster, you should contact the Fisheries and Marine Resources Department. You will also need to adhere to the following guidelines:\n- if you wish to catch and sell lobsters, you must possess a commercial fishing licence which are limited in number\n- there is a limit on the number of pots commercial fisherman can work and all pots must be tagged\n- all parlour pots must be fitted with an escape gap allowing undersize lobsters to exit the pot. This stops them from being damaged by larger lobsters or by rough handling from the fisherman\n- parlour pots are banned from the offshore reef ‘Les Minquiers’. This is an important location for the recruitment of juvenile lobsters\n- the minimum size allowed for a caught lobster is 87mm\nBiology and Regulations in Jersey- European Lobster", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Program 6 'Movements and habitat use by marine apex predators'\nProgram 6 will have three projects designed to monitor the movements of apex predators in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park using widespread arrays of acoustic receivers installed and maintained by other funding programs (e.g. IMOS, ARC). One project will focus on the movement and habitat use of large predatory fishes (e.g. sharks and coral trout) in reef environments. New knowledge about the scale of daily and seasonal movements will establish a minimum viable size for no-take areas to offer effective protection to these mobile animals. A second project will focus on the movement and habitat use of coastal fish populations, with an emphasis on inshore shark populations. The latter are under considerable pressure from commercial netting and the study will seek to identify critical habitats (e.g. juvenile shark nurseries) that may require higher levels of protection to ensure sustainable populations. The third project will map the movements and habitat use of pelagic environments by foraging seabirds seeking an oceanographic explanation for the decline in seabird numbers observed in many breeding colonies.\n- Project 6.1 'Maximising the benefits of mobile predators to Great Barrier Reef ecosystems: the importance of movement, habitat and environment'\n- Project 6.2 'Drivers of juvenile shark biodiversity and abundance in inshore ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef'\n- Project 6.3 'Critical seabird foraging locations and trophic relationships for the Great Barrier Reef'", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "| May 17, 2010\nThe oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has already spewed plumes over ecologically sensitive reefs, part of a stalled marine sanctuary proposal that would have restrict drilling in a large swath of the northern part of the vital waterway.\n| May 27, 2010\nMarine scientists have discovered a massive new plume of what they believe to be oil deep beneath the Gulf of Mexico, stretching 22 miles from the leaking wellhead northeast toward Mobile Bay, Alabama.\nThe discovery by researchers on the University of...\n| Jan 10, 2010\nNot being recognized at work can be awkward. There is typically a pause, followed by a stammer, and maybe some blushing. The exchange seldom involves automatic weapons.\nUnless you are Carrie Curran, harbormaster at Fort Eustis.\nA machine gun-carrying...\n| Jan 11, 2010\n| 7:54 PM\n— Maybe it was the training. Maybe it was a loss of appetite. The approaching holidays, perhaps?\nWhatever the reason, Curtis, a 2-year-old Chesapeake Bay retriever, was acting generous.\nSitting in the cramped cabin of a dead rise fishing boat...\n| Mar 30, 2011\n| 8:43 PM\nA coalition of community groups will kick off Outdoor Heritage Month with a Laurel Highlands Green Drinks networking event on Friday at Art Works in Johnstown.\nCasual and comfortable is how Kristin Sewak, executive director of Natural Biodiversity,...\n| May 9, 2011\n| 9:07 PM\nI experienced my coolest fieldtrip ever in the spring of 1956.\nI was enrolled in Mr. Gilbert's sixth-grade class at the Lindbergh School at Orange Avenue and 23rd Street in Costa Mesa.\nGilbert's class visited the white cliffs of … Dover? No, it...\n| Jan 3, 2011\nJohn Olguin, whose enthusiasm for the ocean made him a perfect teacher for generations of youngsters who visited the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium in San Pedro, has died. He was 89.\nOlguin, the longtime director of what was then called the Cabrillo Marine...\n| Jul 16, 2010\nTo the negative impact on the environment we have witnessed for the last 90 days, as a result of the oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico, a note of hope: the Southern California Giant Kelp Restoration Project.\nThis project was launched in 2001 to reestablish...\n| Aug 2, 2010\nTwo weeks after crews wrestled temporary control of the geyser of oil spewing into the Gulf of Mexico, BP as early as Monday could begin the first step in a weeks-long process to permanently jam the blown-out well.\nBut here in this fisherman's paradise,...\n| Jan 12, 2011\n| 3:23 PM\nLA JOLLA, Calif. -- The Scripps Institution of Oceanography announced Wednesday it will partner with a private firm to deploy a $25 million global greenhouse gas observation network over the next five years.\nThe network will provide scientists with...\n| Jan 17, 2011\n| 4:00 PM\nOrganizers hope the new Green Drinks Laurel Highlands networking group set to make its debut in Johnstown Jan. 26 will help connect like-minded residents to spark new environmental projects in the region.\n\"The idea is to get people together and get...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shark fin option trade merchants association\nHide caption Shark fins dry out in the sun in Taiwan. We love animals and documenting them. But not all scientists agree that banning shark fins would be the way to protect sharks.\nWe're courteous but unyielding. Sharks ban Hong Kong China. Hide caption Up to 2 million hammerhead sharks are traded in the shark fin industry every year, according to the Pew Environment Group. After the Chinese Communist Party banned shark fin at official dinners in to fight \"extravagance,\" the trade dropped significantly the following year, though Kao says that drop has mostly shark fin option trade merchants association off.\nA shark is caught in a fishing net in Indonesia. Once we go in, we have a game plan, and we stick to that game plan. Accessibility links Skip to main content Keyboard shortcuts for audio player.\nWe want to capture images that folks can look at and be drawn into with curiosity first, and then let the magnitude of the situation be revealed. Two bipartisan bills, one in the House and one in the Senatewould make it illegal to possess, buy, sell or transport shark fins in the United States. Paul Hilton hide caption.\nA green area means you can film openly with no political ramifications. Photos and videos usually show grim images of fishermen hauling sharks up the sides of boats, slicing off the animals' fins, then letting them slide back into the ocean — and certain death. We love animals and documenting them.\nDespite increased public awareness, shark fin option trade merchants association operations are still open for business in many countries, new images show. A shark is caught in a fishing net in Indonesia. Like Shiffman, she's skeptical of the idea that the U. A study in the journal Marine Policy estimates that between 63 and million sharks are killed each year, including those killed for their fins. Hide caption The shark fin trade has been increasing to accomodate the growing popularity of shark fin soup.\nHouse and Senate politicians introduced similar bills last year, but they didn't make it out of committee. We're courteous but unyielding. Like Shiffman, she's skeptical of the idea that the U. Two bipartisan bills, one in the House and one in the Senatewould make it illegal to possess, buy, sell or transport shark fins in the United States. Several conservation groups, including the nonprofit Oceana, responded to Shiffman's shark fin option trade merchants association against the ban in Marine Policysaying that if the U.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "GLEC Continues Support for USEPA National Coastal Condition Assessment\nOctober 8, 2014\nThrough two competitive task order awards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has selected GLEC as subcontractor to EnviroScience Inc. to provide field sampling and training and logistics support for the 2015 National Coastal Condition Assessment (NCCA). The NCCA phase of the EPA’s ongoing National Aquatic Resource Surveys (NARS) will provide statistically valid estimates of the ecological condition of Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico and Great Lakes coastal waters by analyzing aquatic communities, water quality data, and associated ecological data. GLEC field crews will sample approximately one third of the 1,000 plus NCCA sites in 2015, including all of the western Great Lakes. GLEC personnel will train state, tribal, and contractor field crews, help develop lab and field operational methods, monitor survey progress, and coordinate shipping of field supplies from GLEC’s Traverse City, Michigan headquarters. GLEC provided similar services for the 2010 NCCA and has supported the NARS program since it began in 2003.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By Deborah Smith Science Editor\nIT IS such a toxic place scientists have dubbed it the moat of death. The water is as acidic as vinegar. Poisonous carbon dioxide bubbles up from the ocean floor. And temperatures can reach 80 degrees near hot vents.\nWhen a Sydney researcher, Adele Pile, ventured to this hostile area around an active volcano in the Pacific, she saw countless carcasses of fish, prawns, squid and other sea creatures.\nBut then she and two colleagues, who were travelling in a small submersible craft, also noticed flashes of red amid the dead bodies carpeting the moat floor. \"We saw there were these flame-red bristle worms climbing over everything,\" said Dr Pile, of the University of Sydney.\nIt was the first time animal life had been found in such an inhospitable environment, she said. \"Any life swimming into this pit immediately dies, except these amazing scavenging worms.\"\nDr Pile was part of an international team that made two expeditions last year to the Vailulu'u volcano near Samoa, which was discovered in 1999.\nIn the past four years a dome-shaped volcanic cone 300 metres high has emerged in the centre of Vailulu'u's crater, which sits 1000 metres below the sea surface.\nNamed Nafanua after the Samoan goddess of war, the cone could reach the surface within 40 or 50 years at its rate of growth.\nOn the first expedition, the team found hundreds of purple and blue eels living near the summit, a region they dubbed Eel City. Dr Pile said the eels fed on shrimp swept in by currents.\nOn the second expedition she made three trips to greater depths in the three-person submersible, including to the toxic region at Nafanua's base.\nEach eight-hour trip was like sitting inside a refrigerator, she said. The scientists wrapped up to keep warm because the submersible was the same temperature as the water outside, which was as low as 2 degrees. They took a picnic lunch, but avoided drinking because there were no toilet facilities.\nThe most exciting part, Dr Pile said, was after the submersible had been dropped to its target position in the dark and the lights were turned on. Apart from the finger-sized worms, the fizzing fields of carbon dioxide emissions were an interesting sight.\n\"It looked like champagne bubbles in a glass,\" she said. The explorers' discoveries are reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\nDr Pile also ventured to the outside slopes of Vailulu'u.\nAbout 900 metres below the surface were a wide range of sea stars and corals. \"We found beautiful normal sea communities,\" Dr Pile said.\nCloser to the lip of the volcano, however, the number of species was vastly reduced.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The primary purpose of this division is to build up understanding and knowledge of the marine environment in the country.\nThe services of a multi disciplinary team is available to undertake research and consultancy work to both national and international marine organizations, offer advice to fishermen, farmers, industrial managers and, if required monitor maritime developments for coastal management. The principle activities of the division are as follows,\n- Joint research expeditions are conducted in the Indian Ocean with International Oceanographic Institutions to study the monsoon circulation and other oceanographic parameters within our EEZ.\n- Joint research expeditions are conducted in the Indian Ocean with International Oceanographic Institutions to study the monsoon circulation and other oceanographic parameters within our EE .\n- A mineral exploration programme is conducted off Beruwela to identify and evaluate deposits of heavy mineral concentrations, principally Monazite, Ilmenite, Rutile and Zircon with the funding of the United Nations Revolving Fund.\n- Monitoring sea level changes, measuring currents, temperatures, waves, tides and salinity and location areas of ocean energy potentials around the country are being conducted. The division also investigates on the distribution and transportation of nutrients, trace metals, organic matter and other biological assessment in oceanic and coastal waters.\n- The division is planning to set up a National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC) for the benefit of the public and investors in the field of Oceanography.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I may have mentioned this in the past but I fucking hate the ocean. Ironic seeing as how I’ve spent 30 years of my life living within driving distance of it but let me tell you this, O, my brothers (and sisters), I don’t wade out past knee deep water because scary shit lives in the ocean and once you’re in the tide, you’re immediately shunted to the bottom of the food chain. There is shit down there below the surface that is much better suited to moving swiftly and eating the ass out of anything without the streamlined biological design to get the hell out of the way, namely you and me or anything else built for walking around solid ground. The majority of this planet is covered in it and we haven’t explored more than 20% of the god damn thing so it’s completely reasonable to suspect that there are substantial discoveries in the field of marine biology to be made. I’m talking unseen species of fish and mammals that we’ve never seen because they live really deep or there’s plenty of room for them to hide since light doesn’t penetrate the water anymore once you’ve hit the abyssopelagic level of the deep, about 13,000 feet down. Shit gets real spooky down there. What’s more, while tin foil hat types keep their cameras pointed at the sky looking for UFOs, there’s a whole class of unidentified objects that exist down there under the ocean, the so-called USO, the Unidentified Submerged Object and that’s what tonight’s entry into the countdown is about. Crazy shit going on under the ocean that nobody can identify.\nIn Lovecraft’s Call of Cthulhu, Cthulhu lies dead but dreaming on the sunken isle of R’Lyeh. In the story, a ship sails to an actually very specific set of coordinates located south west of the southernmost tip of South America where R’Lyeh suddenly rises and Cthulhu pretty much makes everyone his bitch and leaves the lone survivor a raving lunatic. It’s a great story but check this shit out. A mere 950 miles from these actual coordinates, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration detected something on underwater microphones that pretty much freaked everybody out. They call it Bloop and it’s frightening. Bloop is a powerful, massive sound that oceanographers are at a loss to explain. Through deep analysis of Bloop’s audio profile, they’ve ruled out the possibility of the sound being of human origin, like a submarine or a bomb. Nor is it an earthquake or a volcano. As a matter of fact, the audio profile matches that of an animal but it’s several times louder than the largest known animal in the ocean, the blue whale. Since it’s discovery, Bloop has been heard several times and in other parts of the ocean other huge, unexplained sounds have been detected, specifically one they’re calling The Slow Down and another heard in the equatorial Atlantic called Julia. It’s likely we’ll never find out the source of these things. 50% of the Earth’s oceans exist in the abyssal plane, way too fucking deep and vast for most equipment to go before it’s positively fucking crushed by the pressure.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Jellyfish April 24, 2016 at informally named “Enigma Seamount” at a depth of ~3,700 meters:\nFrom April 20 to July 10, 2016, NOAA and partners will conduct the three-cruise Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas expedition on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer to collect critical baseline information of unknown and poorly known areas in and around the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.\nSee also: Sea creature, nearly 600 mya, wobbles current classifications of life\nBrainless jellyfish shows purpose\nCornelius Hunter: Okeanos Explorer Searches The Deep Sea In this far away land the mission has found all manner of strange life forms never before seen.\nFollow UD News at Twitter!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The UAE Mangrove Soil Carbon Sequestration Project is a follow up to the National Blue Carbon Project, commissioned by the Abu Dhabi Global Environmental Data Initiative ( on behalf of the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi ( This project provides a trial to test determination of mangrove soil carbon sequestration rates across the Emirates using radiometric dating techniques This and prior projects improve understanding of carbon storage and the other services that coastal and marine Blue Carbon ecosystems provide across the United Arab Emirates.\nThe overall goal is to better understand the near-term vulnerability of the UAE given changes in climate and human use in the coastal zone. The outputs of the effort represent a contribution to the development of a national framework on near-term coastal zone planning, policy, and information dialogues regarding climate change. There are three major objectives: (1) Acquire the various types of physical databases necessary as inputs to a CVI; (2) develop the coastal vulnerability index for the entire UAE coastline to identify those portions at highest risk from climate change and illustrate the nature of that risk; and (3) develop an interactive “CVI Inspector” tool to visualize the results of the assessment for subsequent use in near-term coastal management and planning at the emirate and national levels.\n‘Blue Carbon’ refers to the functional attributes of coastal and marine ecosystems to sequester and store carbon. Blue Carbon ecosystems of the UAE include mangrove forests, salt marshes and seagrass beds. Another potential Blue Carbon ecosystem identified as a result of this project is cyanobacterial “bluegreen algal” mats (hereafter referred to as algal flats). When these ecosystems are destroyed, buried carbon can be released into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change. In addition to their climate-related benefits, Blue Carbon ecosystems provide highly valuable ‘Ecosystem Services’ to coastal communities; they protect shorelines, provide nursery grounds for fish and habitats for a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species, and support coastal tourism. They also have significant cultural and social values.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Let's Dance Organic Cotton Cushion\nInspiration - This is coastal living with an edge. Take the ocean breeze into your home. Let’s Dance Cushion is inspired by the sea and the ecology of marine algae.\nThe Scientific Story - We create this design with microscopy images of\nSize & Composition - 40cmx60cm. This cushion front cover is printed on organic cotton and is finished by hand in Scotland. Back side: cotton. Let’s Dance comes with certified cruelty-free feather pad. Other types of inserts are available upon request.\nMerging textiles, sustainability and science - This is a sustainable product showcasing a design inspired by nature. Look great, discover the unseen beauty of the ocean and support important environmental research. Ten precent (10%) of our profits go towards marine research institutions and ocean literacy programmes.\nComes inside a fabric bag for protection and storage and the booklet sharing the science story. Free UK standard shipping. Worldwide shipping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A federal advisory group Monday recommended Washington and Oregon kill up to 85 California sea lions at the Bonneville Dam to protect salmon and steelhead spring runs. Several members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea lion task force did not support the lethal removal recommendation.\nNOAA fisheries service biologist Garth Griffin says previously states have removed 37 California sea lions over a three-year period. He says if states could logistically take 85 sea lions per year, there would be a dramatic drop in predation.\n“It’s an authorization that we feel comfortable would have no impact on the population structure of California sea lions,” Garth says.\nThe number of California sea lions feeding at the Bonneville Dam has decreased in 2011 (PDF). The Army Corps of Engineers attributes the drop to previous California sea lion takes.\nNOAA has authorized removing California sea lions from the Columbia River since 2008. The Humane Society of the United States challenged that policy in court.\nShare your experiences as part of EarthFix's Public Insight Network.\nJoin our Public Insight Network!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MAS mission aims to make historic Atlantic crossing\nPlymouth University news: Plans have been unveiled to design, build and sail the first full-sized autonomous vessel across the Atlantic Ocean in 2020, conducting research experiments using drone technology as it does so.\nCrowdfunder campaign launched for Mayflower Autonomous Research ship\nPlymouth University news: A Crowdfunding campaign has been launched to help raise £10 million for the Mayflower Autonomous Research ship, which aims to sail across the Atlantic in 2020.\nAn unmanned voyage in the wake of the Mayflower\nAutonomous technology has the potential to change the face of the marine, maritime and shipping sectors. Mayflower Autonomous Ship, Plymouth University.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Codes of practice and manual of procedures for consideration of introductions and transfers of marine and freshwater organisms\nPrepared by the ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and by the Working Party on Introductions of the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission. Introductions or transfers of marine and freshwater organisms in support of aquaculture or various fishing initiatives have been increasing in numbers quite rapidly in recent years. This document, prepared as a more detailed follow-up to the Codes of Practice (reported in CRR 130, 1984) related to these movements which were prepared by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), addresses some of the concerns and provides advice related to proposed introductions or transfers. Areas covered are inspection and certification, quarantine, pathology, genetics and ecology. Universal concerns in the above mentioned areas which are common to any introduction or transfer are outlined, as are those related to importations or other movements which are part of established commercial practice or those related to scientific study at research facilities. Specific examples of protocols, mainly related to controlling disease organism spread, are included as are items related to the methods of handling requests for introductions either at the national or international level.\nPublished under the auspices of the following ICES Steering Group or Committee", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Seabed methane seeping is widespread around the world, affecting the ocean and the global carbon cycle. Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is an important physical way to have leaked CH4 sequestration. Hydrate formation kinetics is one of the key factors affecting methane capture efficiency. Varied dissolved CH4 concentrations due to different methane flux differences may affect the kinetic characteristics of hydrate formation, which is necessary to be unveiled. In this work, the effect of initial dissolved CH4 concentration on hydrate formation in static system was investigated by constructing different CH4 leakage flux conditions in simulated “Haima” cold spring environment. The experimental results showed that the increase of initial dissolved CH4 concentration accelerated hydrate formation, while the obvious promoting effect may depend on the higher dissolved CH4 concentration. Morphology experiments showed that under the condition of relatively high concentration of dissolved CH4, a large number of flocculent hydrates formed in the liquid phase, and induced the growth of CH4 hydrate toward the liquid phase. Combined with CH4 gas consumption analysis, it is believed that this phenomenon was related to the formation of porous CH4 hydrate. The results obtained in this study have important reference significance for understanding the mechanism of hydrate formation and evolution in the CH4 seeping environment.\nKeywords CH4 hydrate formation, dissolved methane concentration, morphology, “Haima†cold seep", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fun Fair at YMCA Hong Kong of Christian College (13 Dec 2014)\nToday, we visited YMCA Hong Kong of Christian College for their International Fun Fair. The Fun Fair, themed as Ocean Odyssey, had attracted over 3000 visitors and we were very lucky to encounter ocean and shark lovers. Kids enjoyed taking pictures with our cute shark outfits and making delicate sand bottles. This was a really good opportunity to spread the message and to educate our next generation about shark conservation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Environmental change has been consistently warming the sea, which ingests the vast majority of the warmth caught by ozone harming substances in the air, for a long time. This warming is changing marine biological systems and directly affecting fish populaces. About portion of the total populace depends on fish as an indispensable wellspring of protein, and the fishing business utilizes more the 56 million individuals around the world.\nMy ongoing investigation with associates from Rutgers College and the U.S. National Maritime and Environmental Organization found that sea warming has just affected worldwide fish populaces. We found that a few populaces profited by warming, yet a greater amount of them endured.\nBy and large, sea warming diminished catch potential – the best measure of fish that can be gotten a seemingly endless amount of time after year – by a net 4% in the course of recent years. In certain districts, the impacts of warming have been a lot bigger. The North Ocean, which has huge business fisheries, and the oceans of East Asia, which bolster probably the quickest developing human populaces, experienced misfortunes of 15% to 35%.\nIn spite of the fact that sea warming has just provoked the capacity of sea fisheries to give food and salary, quick decreases in ozone harming substance discharges and changes to fisheries the board could diminish a significant number of the negative effects of kept warming.\nHow and for what reason does sea warming influence fish?\nMy colleagues and I like to state that fish resemble Goldilocks: They don’t need their water excessively hot or excessively cool, however on the money.\nPut another way, most fish species have developed tight temperature resiliences. Supporting the cell hardware important to endure more extensive temperatures requests a ton of vitality. This transformative system spares vitality when temperatures are “perfect,” yet it turns into a difficult when fish wind up in warming water. As their bodies come up short, they should redirect vitality from looking for food or dodging predators to keeping up essential real capacities and scanning for cooler waters.\nConsequently, as the seas warm, fish move to follow their favored temperatures. Most fish are moving poleward or into more profound waters. For certain species, warming extends their extents. In different cases it gets their extents by decreasing the measure of sea they can thermally endure. These movements change where fish go, their wealth and their catch potential.\nWarming can likewise adjust the accessibility of key prey species. For instance, if warming causes zooplankton – little spineless creatures at the base of the sea food web – to sprout early, they may not be accessible when adolescent fish need them most. On the other hand, warming can some of the time improve the quality of zooplankton sprouts, consequently expanding the efficiency of adolescent fish.\nSeeing how the mind boggling effects of warming on fish populaces balance out is vital for anticipating how environmental change could influence the sea’s capability to give food and pay to individuals.\nEffects of recorded warming on marine fisheries\nMaintainable fisheries resemble sound financial balances. On the off chance that individuals live off the premium and don’t excessively exhaust the head, the two individuals and the bank flourish. On the off chance that a fish populace is overfished, the populace’s “head” contracts an excessive amount to create high long haul yields.\nSo also, weights on fish populaces from natural change can decrease populace development rates, much as a financing cost decrease diminishes the development pace of investment funds in a ledger.\nIn our investigation we joined maps of authentic sea temperatures with evaluations of verifiable fish bounty and misuse. This permitted us to survey how warming has influenced those financing costs and comes back from the worldwide fisheries ledger.\nWashouts exceed victors\nWe found that warming has harmed a few fisheries and profited others. The washouts exceeded the victors, bringing about a net 4% decrease in reasonable catch potential in the course of the most recent 80 years. This speaks to a total loss of 1.4 million metric tons beforehand accessible for food and pay.\nA few areas have been hit particularly hard. The North Ocean, with huge business fisheries for species like Atlantic cod, haddock and herring, has encountered a 35% misfortune in economical catch potential since 1930. The waters of East Asia, neighbored by probably the quickest developing human populaces on the planet, saw misfortunes of 8% to 35% across three oceans.\nDifferent species and locales profited by warming. Dark ocean bass, a well known animal varieties among recreational fishermen on the U.S. East Coast, extended its range and catch potential as waters beforehand excessively cool for it warmed. In the Baltic Ocean, adolescent herring and sprat – another little herring-like fish – have more food accessible to them in warm a very long time than in cool years, and have additionally profited by warming. Be that as it may, these atmosphere victors can endure just so much warming, and may consider decays to be temperatures keep on rising.\nThe executives supports fishes’ strength\nOur work proposes three empowering bits of news for fish populaces.\nInitially, very much oversaw fisheries, for example, Atlantic scallops on the U.S. East Coast, were among the strongest to warming. Others with a past filled with overfishing, for example, Atlantic cod in the Irish and North oceans, were among the most defenseless. These discoveries recommend that forestalling overfishing and modifying overfished populaces will upgrade strength and expand long haul food and salary potential.\nSecond, new examination proposes that quick atmosphere versatile administration changes can make it workable for fish to take care of people and produce salary into what’s to come. This will require logical organizations to work with the fishing business on new strategies for surveying fish populaces’ wellbeing, set catch confines that represent the impacts of environmental change and set up new worldwide foundations to guarantee that administration stays solid as fish move poleward from one country’s waters into another’s. These offices would be like worldwide associations that oversee fish, swordfish and marlin today.\nAt last, countries should forcefully check ozone harming substance emanations. Indeed, even the best fishery the executives changes will be not able to make up for the 4 degree Celsius sea temperature increment that researchers venture will happen before this current century’s over if ozone harming substance discharges are not decreased.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Variability of Sea-Surface Height (SSH) from ocean dynamic processes is an important component of sea-level change. In this study we dynamically downscale a present-day control simulation of a climate model to replicate sea-level variability in the Northwest European shelf seas. The simulation can reproduce many characteristics of sea-level variability exhibited in tide gauge and satellite altimeter observations. We examine the roles of lateral ocean boundary conditions and surface atmospheric forcings in determining the sea-level variability in the model interior using sensitivity experiments. Variability in the oceanic boundary conditions leads to uniform sea-level variations across the shelf. Atmospheric variability leads to spatial SSH variability with a greater mean amplitude. We separate the SSH variability into a uniform loading term (change in shelf volume with no change in distribution), and a spatial redistribution term (with no volume change). The shelf loading variance accounted for 80% of the shelf mean total variance, but this drops to ~ 60% around Scotland and in the southeast North Sea. We analyse our modelled variability to provide a useful context to coastal planners and managers. Our 200-year simulation allows the distribution of the unforced trends (over 4–21 year) of sea-level changes to be quantified. We found that the 95th percentile change over a 4-year period can lead to coastal sea-level changes of ~ 58 mm, which must be considered when using smooth sea level projections. We also found that simulated coastal SSH variations have long correlation length-scales, suggesting that observations of interannual sea-level variability from tide gauges are typically representative of > 200 km of the adjacent coast. This helps guide the use of tide gauge variability estimates.\nRelative sea-level change is one of the most important aspects of a changing climate. In addition to an anthropogenic driven trend in present and future sea level (Church et al. 2013; Marcos and Amores 2014; Slangen et al. 2014, 2016) variability may show itself as short term accelerations in sea-level rise (Calafat and Chambers 2013; Haigh et al. 2014; Marcos et al. 2017). Recent sea-level projections developed for the UK (Palmer et al. 2018) suggested that for a given tide gauge, variability will dominate over the emission scenario uncertainty and model structural uncertainty for the next decade (e.g., Newlyn, UK, Fig. 1) and will remain an important component throughout the twenty-first century.\nSea-surface height (SSH) variability has been studied with tide gauge and other in situ measurements (e.g., Tsimplis and Shaw 2008; Wahl et al. 2013; Frederikse et al. 2016), satellite observations (e.g., Hakkinen and Rhines 2004; Chafik et al. 2019) and models (e.g., Chen et al. 2014; Roberts et al. 2016). There are several components of SSH that can lead to variability, including steric sea-level change, mass convergence (manometric sea-level change, Gregory et al. 2019) and the inverted barometer effect (Stammer and Hüttemann 2008). Each of these terms can vary on different time and space scales and have a different response to modes of climate variability—see Roberts et al. (2016) for a review. Furthermore, shelf exchange processes can mediate how tightly coupled these components are between the ocean and the adjacent shelf seas (e.g., Landerer et al. 2007; Bingham and Hughes 2012; Chafik et al. 2019).\nAn understanding of the processes that lead to variability may allow prediction of SSH variability (e.g., Roberts et al. 2016; Sonnewald et al. 2018). Advanced warning of extreme sea level events is an invaluable tool for coastal communities, allowing the implementation of management policies and strategies to minimise loss of life and infrastructure damage (Miles et al. 2014). There have been several studies that have investigated the predictability of seasonal-to-interannual sea-level variability, based on statistical (e.g., Xue and Leetmaa 2000; Chowdhury et al. 2007, 2014; Sonnewald et al. 2018) and dynamic models (e.g., Miles et al. 2014; McIntosh et al. 2015; Roberts et al. 2016; Widlansky et al. 2017; Sonnewald et al. 2018). There tends to be more predictability in the tropics (where the SSH varibility is largely steric in nature) than in the extratropics and shallow marginal seas (such as the northwest European shelf seas) where wind-driven variability is more important (Roberts et al. 2016). The atmosphere has less memory than the ocean (Roberts et al. 2016), and so SSH variability associated with wind-driven, rapid barotropic adjustment is less predictable (Miles et al. 2014; Roberts et al. 2016). For example, Häkkinen (2004) showed that in the eastern Atlantic (around Europe) local and remote wind stress forcing plays an important role in SSH variability. Miles et al. (2014) showed that correlations between a corrected global reanalysis and altimeters are ~ 1 in the tropics, but < 0.5 around Europe. Seasonal predictability of the North West European Shelf Seas (NWS) marine environment (including SSH) is in its infancy (Tinker et al. 2018) but is an active field of research.\nEurope, and particularly the North Sea coast, has several long tide gauge records that allow an observation-based assessment of sea-level variability. Dangendorf et al. (2014) examined interannual to decadal variability in 22 European long tide gauges records (some starting in the late nineteenth century) and considered different frequencies and their possible drivers. They found decadal-scale variability similar among all tide gauges, while the higher frequency variability (with timescales up to a couple of years) varied between tide gauges and was related to atmospheric drivers. The high frequency variability of tide gauges in the North Sea was predominately atmosphere driven, with a region dominated by the inverse barometer effect spanning from the English Channel diagonally towards Norway, and a wind stress driven region in the South-Eastern North Sea. The lower frequency variability was partly explained by the remote steric effect originating from adjacent to the shallow North Sea (in the Norwegian Trench). On the decadal timescale, wind stress-driven coastally trapped waves (which can travel large distances along the shelf break) have been hypothesised to make an important remote contribution (Sturges and Douglas 2011; Calafat et al. 2012). By characterising and removing these terms it is possible to calculate the long-term trend and acceleration in the tide gauge records more accurately. Frederikse et al. (2016) were able to close the sea-level budget for (a virtual mean of) the tide gauges around the North Sea, for the trend and the variability. On the interannual to decadal timescale, a number of studies have shown the importance of climate drivers such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) (e.g., Wakelin et al. 2003; Tsimplis et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2014) and state of the sub polar gyre (Chafik et al. 2019) in driving NWS sea-level variance. For example, Wakelin et al. (2003) compared the winter mean sea level and NAO and showed the southeast North Sea had correlations > 0.7 with a sensitivity of up to 96 mm/unit NAO index.\nThe North West European Shelf Seas (NWS) are the broad shallow seas to the north-west of Europe. They are bounded by several populous countries, including the UK, Ireland, France, The Netherlands, Germany and Norway, and are of significant economic, cultural and environmental importance. The NWS are quasi-isolated from the adjacent North-Eastern Atlantic by the steep gradient of the shelf slope, and the shelf slope current (Wakelin et al. 2009), and so the oceanographic conditions on and off the shelf are very different and evolve separately. They have particularly energetic tides (Pugh 1987) that determine whether regions seasonally stratify or remain fully mixed throughout the year (Simpson and Bowers 1981; Elliott and Clarke 1991). Current (e.g., CMIP5 and CMIP6, the 5th and 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Taylor et al. 2012; Eyring et al. 2016) Global Climate Models (GCMs) that form the basis of most process-based global and regional sea-level projections (e.g., Slangen et al. 2012, 2014; Church et al. 2013; Kopp et al. 2014; Cannaby et al. 2016) do not include dynamic tides, and so the NWS are typically poorly represented in terms of temperature and salinity (e.g., Mathis et al. 2013), and sea level (e.g., Hermans et al. 2020b). For these reasons, we do not analyse GCMs SSH variability directly (although we do compare the performance of the NWS SSH interannual variability with and without downscaling, in the additional materials).\nDriving shelf-seas models with output from GCMs (dynamic downscaling) allows a more realistic simulation of the NWS through improved horizontal and vertical resolution and the inclusion of important processes typically neglected in CMIP6 GCMs (such as tides). This approach is well established for projections of temperature and salinity (e.g., Ådlandsvik 2008; Holt et al. 2010; Tinker et al. 2016) but is less common for studies of sea level (e.g., Olbert et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014; Mathis and Pohlmann 2014; Hermans et al. 2020b). Here we use a regional shelf seas model (NEMO Shelf Coastal Ocean model version 6, CO6, O’Dea et al. 2017) to investigate unforced year-to-year variability on the NWS. In a related study, Hermans et al. (2020b) used our model set up to downscale a pair of CMIP5 models to investigate projections of sea level. We downscale a “present day” (conditions representative of the year 2000) control simulation of the Met Office Hadley Centre CMIP6 global coupled model HadGEM3 GC3.0 (Williams et al. 2018). Climate control simulations provide insights into unforced climate variability by providing longer time-series than the available observational records. We evaluate the last 200 years of the simulation against observed sea-level variability from satellite and tide gauge records. We focus on interannual-to-decadal timescales, but note that there is important sea level variability on longer timescales (e.g., decadal-centennial and longer), associated with processes such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (McCarthy et al. 2015) and barystatic sea-level change (Frederikse et al. 2016).\nAfter showing how well our modelling system can reproduce interannual variability on the NWS, we aim to investigate the behaviour of the modelled SSH variability within the NWS and explore the relative roles of the variability associated with the ocean boundary conditions, and the atmosphere surface forcings. We do this by separating the SSH into a spatially coherent shelf loading term, and a redistribution term. We investigate the relative contributions of these terms in different locations, and on different time scales. As this work was funded by, and fed into, the marine component (Palmer et al. 2018) of the United Kingdom’s Climate Projections of 2018 (UKCP18), an important secondary aim of this study is to describe the modelled variability in a practical manner, to provide context to sea-level projections and observation-based estimates of sea level variability. We do this by assessing how much sea-level change could be expected due to unforced variability within a given period, and how representative observation-based estimates of sea level variability are of the adjacent coast.\nModels and methods\nThis study makes use of two independent modelling systems in a “nested” configuration (Fig. 2, Table 1). The first is the GCM HadGEM3, version GC3.0 (GC3.0, Williams et al. 2018, which is essentially the same physical model (i.e., atmosphere, ocean and sea-ice) submitted to CMIP6 by the Met Office). This model (Table 1) represents the state-of-the-art in coupled climate modelling. Output from GC3.0 is used to provide surface fluxes and lateral boundary conditions for a regional model of the NWS (Fig. 2). This second model system is NEMO 3.6 Coastal Ocean model version 6 (CO6, O’Dea et al. 2017) and represents the state-of-the-art in coastal ocean modelling and is the basis of the Copernicus Marine Environmental Monitoring Service (CMEMS) NWS products. Details of these modelling systems and the specification of boundary conditions are provided in the following sections.\nIn this section we provide a brief overview of the HadGEM3 GC3.0 and NEMO 3.6 CO6 models in terms of their key features and refer the reader to the literature for further information.\nThe HadGEM3 GC3.0 coupled climate model\nHadGEM3 GC3.0 is the Met Office Global Coupled model version 3.0 (Williams et al. 2018). The atmosphere component uses the Met Office Unified Model with GA7.0 settings (Walters et al. 2019) at N216 horizontal resolution (~ 60 km) and 85 vertical levels. The Boussinesq ocean component uses the NEMO model with GO6.0 settings (Storkey et al. 2018) at ORCA025 resolution (~ 1/4° on a tri-polar grid) and 75 vertical levels. The model has a non-linear free surface (see appendices) but does not simulate tides or the inverse barometer effect. The sea ice component uses the CICE model (Hunke et al. 2015) with GSI8.0 science (Ridley et al. 2018) and uses the same tri-polar grid as NEMO.\nFor this study we use GC3.0 to run a present-day control simulation. It is initialised from EN3 climatology (2004–2008) of temperatures and salinity (Ingleby and Huddleston 2007) and run for 270 years (model years 1980–2250). During this time greenhouse gas concentrations, ozone concentrations and aerosol emissions are kept constant (or with a repeating annual cycle) at year 2000 levels, and hence this simulation represents the near-present day for the duration of the model run (e.g., model years 1980 and 2250 both represent conditions consistent with the year 2000).\nThis present-day control simulation has been assessed (for the years 50–100) by Williams et al. (2018). The GC3 global mean thermosteric sea level has a linear trend of 0.599 mm/year, which is much lower than the present day or recent past value of global mean sea level change, but suggests the deep ocean is still spinning up. The GC3.0 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is 18.6 Sv (± 1 standard deviation = 1.0 Sv) at 26° N (1000 m) which is comparable to the observed value of 17.0 Sv ± 4.4 Sv (Frajka-Williams et al. 2019), and leads to a Northward heat transport within the observation uncertainty of Ganachaud and Wunsch (2003). We further assess the climatological precipitation and wind stress biases over the region of the CO6 model for each seasonal mean in the GC3.0 driving model and for comparison, the previous CMIP5 generation Met Office climate model. The root mean square (RMS) biases over the CO6 region are calculated by comparing the model climatologies with GPCP precipitation (Adler et al. 2003) and SCOW wind stresses (Risien and Chelton 2008) (see Table 8 in additional materials). GC3.0 reduces wind stress biases over this region making this a superior model for driving CO6. Precipitation biases are better in June to August but worse in December to February; and with biases less than 1 mm day−1, GC3.0 is still sufficiently accurate to provide surface forcings for the CO6 model. The NAO (a primary mode of seasonal to decadal variability in the NWS region) has improved in the GC3.0 model (with respect to the previous model) as shown by Scaife et al. (2011) where increasing the ocean resolution to ORCA025 (as is used in GC3.0) improved temperatures in the North Atlantic which improved both the North Atlantic blocking and seasonal forecasts of the NAO (Scaife et al. 2014). Given this, and the agreement of the modelled and observed sea-level variability (below) we consider GC3.0 to be fit of purpose as a driving GCM.\nThe 7 km European shelf seas model\nNEMO Coastal Ocean model version 6 (CO6) implementation (O’Dea et al. 2017) is a primitive equation, Boussinesq, 3D baroclinic model, with a non-linear free surface (see Sect. 11.1). It is run on a regional ~ 7 km grid extending from 40° 4′ N 19° W to 65° N 13° E, with 50 hybrid terrain following vertical levels (s-levels, Siddorn and Furner 2013). This resolution is insufficient to resolve the internal (baroclinic) Rossby Radius on the shelf (which is of the order 4 km) but resolves the external (barotropic) Rossby Radius (∼ 200 km). Ideally the model would be of sufficient resolution to resolve both the internal and external radii, i.e., have a resolution of the order < 2 km (O’Dea et al. 2012), however, the computation expense of such resolution is impractical for climate integrations. Both tides and the inverse barometer effect are modelled directly and are also applied to the lateral ocean boundary conditions.\nCO6 is a well-established and evaluated model, with a wide range of uses. It is used as a research model, as the basis of the Met Office operational 6-day NWS forecasts (and delivered to CMEMS (https://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-to-products/), Tonani et al. 2019) and 26-year NWS reanalyses (also delivered to CMEMS, Renshaw et al. 2019).\nThe Boussinesq approximation\nBoth the NEMO ocean component of HadGEM3 GC3.0 and CO6 make the Boussinesq approximation. In the model equations the in situ density is replaced by a constant reference density in all but the vertical momentum equations and the equations of state (Gill 1983). As a result, these models conserve volume rather than mass, and so do not model all components of the steric expansion prognostically.\nThe steric component of sea level change is the combination of three effects: the local steric effect; the global-mean steric effect; and the non-Boussinesq steric effect (Griffies and Greatbatch 2012). The local steric effect contributes to sea level through the Eulerian time derivative of depth-integrated local in situ density (how density changes in a fixed location), and is included in both Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq models (Griffies and Greatbatch. 2012). The global steric effect gives rise to global mean sea-level change through changes in global mean density. The non-Boussinesq steric effect arises from the depth-integrated Lagrangian time derivative of depth-integrated in situ density (how the depth-mean density changes as you follow a water parcel). The sea level in non-Boussinesq models includes all three of these steric effects. In Boussinesq models, non-Boussinesq steric effects and the global steric effect are not modelled prognostically, but can be diagnosed a-posteriori (Greatbatch 1994).\nIn this study, our models therefore include the local steric effect, but do not include the global mean and non- Boussinesq steric effect. We do not correct for these effects, as we expect that they do not greatly impact regional sea-level variability on frequencies larger than monthly (Griffies and Greatbatch. 2012). Since the local steric effect arises from the time tendency of depth-integrated density anomalies, a low-density anomaly in the open ocean will lead to a greater local steric effect than in the adjacent shelf seas. This will lead to a horizontal pressure gradient and barotropic adjustment, driving water from the open ocean into the shelf seas (Bingham and Hughes 2012).\nShelf seas model forcings\nWe follow essentially the same dynamic downscaling approach as described by Tinker et al. (2015, 2016) and Hermans et al. (2020b), using model output from a GCM to generate model forcings for the shelf seas model in a one-way nested configuration. There are broadly four types of model forcings: atmospheric surface boundary forcings; oceanic lateral boundary forcings; river forcings; and Baltic Sea exchange forcings (see Table 9 in the additional materials for details of how these are implemented). We generate oceanic and atmospheric forcings based on time-evolving fields simulated by GC3.0 and use climatological forcings for river run-off and the Baltic Sea. An additional simulation is run using interannually varying river run-off modelled by GC3.0, but this has a little effect on sea-level variability. The use of climatological boundary conditions for the exchange between the Baltic and North Sea is well established for NWS downscaling studies (Ådlandsvik 2008; Holt et al. 2010; Chen et al. 2014; Mathis and Pohlmann 2014; Tinker et al. 2016). Furthermore, Hermans et al. (2020a submitted) show that variability in the Baltic boundary conditions has a small effect on the NWS SSH variability. Given the cyclonic circulation of the North Sea, the impact of (and reduced variability associated with) the climatology for the Baltic exchange is limited to the Norwegian Trench (e.g., Holt et al. 2010; Tinker et al. 2016; Hermans et al. 2020a submitted).\nSurface fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum are taken directly from the GC3.0 atmosphere and interpolated onto the CO6 grid using a Gaussian interpolation scheme. GC3.0 provides instantaneous hourly wind and pressure data, 3-h mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST from GC3.0’s ocean), and 6-h mean heat and freshwater fluxes. Daily-mean ocean temperature and salinity (3D fields), surface elevation anomaly (relative to the instantaneous global mean) and barotropic currents (2D fields) are taken from the GC3.0 ocean and interpolated onto the CO6 grid at the lateral boundaries of the model domain. When creating the CO6 surface elevation anomaly boundary conditions, we do not add the GC3.0 global mean thermosteric sea level (“zostoga” in CMIP parlance) to the GC3.0 dynamic sea level (zos). Exchange with the Baltic Sea is treated as an oceanic lateral boundary condition, with T, S and barotropic currents specified from a model-based climatology (O’Dea et al. 2017). Surface elevation is not prescribed in the Baltic Sea exchange boundary conditions to avoid inconsistencies with the SSH specified at the Atlantic open boundary. We use a similar climatological river dataset to Graham et al. (2018), providing daily mean river volume fluxes. Nineteen tidal constituents, calculated from a tidal model of the North-East Atlantic (Flather 1981), are specified for the boundary depth mean velocities and sea surface elevation. As the CO6 domain region covers a significant area, the equilibrium tide (tidal potential) is also specified (O’Dea et al. 2012). We use a Flather radiation boundary condition (Flather 1976) to allow information to freely propagate in and out of the domain, while maintaining the realistic simulation of NWS tides. Initial conditions (of 3D temperature and salinity) are interpolated from GC3.0 with a nearest-neighbour interpolation. Wakelin et al. (2009) have shown that initial conditions can influence the NWS model solution for up to 7 years. We avoid this with a spin-up period (see below).\nThe GC3.0 present-day control simulation begins in 1980 and runs forward with fixed year 2000 greenhouse gas concentrations. The model runs until 2250, and the full control simulation is downscaled with CO6. The downscaled simulation exhibits drift in SST, SSS (sea-surface salinity), and SSH within the first 70 years, associated with the GC3.0 spin-up (Table 11 in additional materials gives the drift in the first 70 years, and in the subsequent 200 years of the downscaled simulation). In this study we therefore consider the first 70 years as spin-up and focus our analysis on the last 200 years (model year 2050–2250). This simulation is referred to as “Ctrl”.\nA pair of companion sensitivity tests are run to compare the importance of the atmospheric and the ocean variability for the NWS. We create a 30-year mean seasonal cycle as a climatology of the atmospheric and oceanic forcings (2041–2070). One simulation (starting from year 2050 from the main simulation, Ctrl) uses the climatological atmosphere and the original (i.e., time evolving) ocean forcings to isolate the impact of the ocean boundary variability on the NWS SSH variability (CtrlOcV). A second sensitivity simulation uses climatological ocean forcing, with the original atmosphere forcings to isolate the impact of atmospheric variability (CtrlAtV).\nWe use observations and analysis products to evaluate the model run. As our simulations are driven by a climate model, the phase of climate variability is not expected to match that of the observations. Our model evaluation therefore focuses on a comparison of statistics of model simulated and observed SSH variance for the tide gauge and satellite altimetry products. We focus model evaluation and analysis on the last 200 years of the simulation. We also include a broader model evaluation, in terms of temperature and salinity, in the additional materials section.\nTide gauges from permanent service for mean sea level\nWe evaluate the model SSH variability with tide gauge data from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL, Holgate et al. (2013); Data retrieved 20th of September 2019). We consider the modelled SSH from the model grid box nearest to the tide gauge location to be the model-simulated tide gauge. We use PSMSL monthly revised local reference (RLR) data to account for changing baselines and we reject data with quality issues (calculations for mean tide level, suspect data, etc.). Annual mean time-series are created from monthly mean anomalies (where the climatological season cycle has been removed) where there is data from at least 11 months. We use tide gauges within the NWS, with at least 15 years of data that meet this requirement. As many tide gauge records have breaks, we use the longest continuous section for spectral analysis—this is typically much shorter than the full record (see Table 2). As we are interested in interannual to decadal variability, we remove the linear trend from the data. Furthermore, when spectral analysis is not performed (i.e., Figs. 3 and 4), we high pass filter the data with a 32-year threshold—this is considered longer than any period of interest. We use standard deviations calculated from tide gauges with at least 15 years of data (after quality control and removal of years with less than 11 months of data) for our spatial variability comparison (Fig. 4). For our spectral analysis, we restrict our analysis to six tide gauges with continuous records greater than 50 years.\nWe compare the CO6 simulated SSH mean and variability to satellite observations. We interpolate the altimetry products from their native resolution onto the CO6 model grid with bi-linear interpolation. As the satellite altimetry products are not able to resolve features with spatial wavelengths less than ~ 180 km (Legeais 2018), we smooth model and satellite product anomalies (after removing the domain mean) by convolving with a uniform filter of 13-by-13 grid boxes (~ 90 km).\nThe CO6 SSH mean (averaged from the last 200 year of the simulation) is compared to the AVISO Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) product (0.25° horizontal resolution), estimated from the period 1993–2012 (Rio et al. 2014). MDT indicates the average strength of the geostrophic currents (Hermans et al. 2020a submitted). The CO6 interannual SSH variability is compared to that of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) product (Legeais et al. 2018). We compute annual means (1993–2018) of the (daily, 0.25° horizontal resolution) C3S SLA product, linearly detrend, and calculate the temporal standard deviation. As the C3S SLA is 25 years long, we calculate the running temporal standard deviation of (linearly detrended) 25-year section of the last 200 years of model data. This gives a distribution of standard deviations, and we report the median, and 5th/95th percentiles of the distribution – these are compared to the C3S SLA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) (altimetry) data in Fig. 6.\nWe make use of the statistics outlined by Taylor (2001) to compare spatial patterns: the correlation (r) and the relative standard deviation (rsd). r tells us about the spatial similarity of the patterns. rsd compares the amplitude of the two patterns. Furthermore, following Taylor (2001), these two statistics can be used to calculate the (relative centred) RMS.\nAnalysis of modelled SSH\nThis study is focused on interannual sea-level variability, and so we analyse annual means from the model. Our standard analysis procedure is to extract the hourly mean values of SSH from the model, remove the tide with a Doodson filter (Pugh 1987), and calculate monthly and annual means from the residual. Given that the 360-day model calendar is made up of 12 30-day months, the annual mean can easily be calculated as an unweighted mean of the monthly means. Comparisons with (360-day) annual means of daily mean data show that the tidal aliasing is negligible on the annual timescale.\nWhen comparing to tide gauge records, we take the nearest sea grid box to the tide gauge.\nWhen we assess the fraction-of-variance of the SSH from the local steric and bottom pressure terms (Fig. 7), we use annual means calculated from the daily means, as the local steric and bottom pressure terms were not output at an hourly frequency.\nWe use spectral analysis to investigate SSH variance at different frequencies. The spectral analysis divides the records into sections (using a Hanning window), performs a discrete Fourier transform on each segment and averages the results. We also provide a crude estimate of the confidence of the modelled spectra, by providing the range of the individual spectra (as a grey shading around the modelled spectra (bold black line) in Fig. 5). We use a window of 64 years, with a 50% overlap (e.g., years 1–64 are the first segment, years 33–86 are the second segment, years 65–128 are the third segment, etc.). A 64-year window gives a frequency range of 64–2 year−1. Increasing the amount of window overlap reduces the noise in the spectra, but also results in less well-defined spectral peaks. Given our relatively short timeseries, the 50% overlap provides a good compromise between accurately estimating signal power without over-counting any of the data. We use a boot-strapping technique adapted from Zwiers and von Storch (1995) to estimate significance of peaks and troughs within our spectra. To do this, we estimate the mean, variance and lag-1 correlation coefficient from the observed and model-simulated tide gauge. We then generate 1000 simulated AR(1) stochastic process random time-series with the same mean, variance and lag-1 correlation coefficient as the data. We calculate the spectra for each of these and find the 10th and 90th percentile for each frequency of the spectra. This provides significance thresholds for the spectral peaks and troughs (the dashed lines bounding the main spectra (bold) in Figs. 5 and 8)—any spectral trough or peak outside these thresholds is considered significant. The variance of the time series can be estimate by integrating below the power spectra, and this allows the variance to be separated into frequency bands. This is complicated in the method outlined above due to the sub-sampling and the Hanning window function. When we wish to estimate the variance at a particular frequency band (e.g., Fig. 10), we undertake a spectral analysis without subsampling, or using window functions (i.e., we use a periodogram).\nAssessing the distribution of unforced sea level trends\nOur long control simulation allows us to assess the distribution of unforced sea level trends, for a given period. We calculate the distributions with a running linear trend (an n-year trend calculated with data from n + 1 years). We convert this to an absolute change by multiplying by n (this allow different time periods to be easily compared). We use this to build a distribution for each grid box. As there are negligible SSH trends in the model, this distribution has a near zero mean, and we find they tend to be symmetrical (neutrally skewed). To show the maximum likely increase in sea level (for a given period) associated with natural climate variability, we produce maps of the 95th percentile of this distribution (Fig. 11). We note the 5th percentile map is very similar, but of the opposite sign. We also provide maps of the maximum likely trends in Additional Material Fig. 3.\nAssessing how well a tide gauge represents the adjacent coast\nIn Sect. 4.4 we consider how representative tide gauge measurements are of the interannual variability of the adjacent coast. We extract the modelled coastline of four coasts: continental Europe (from the model boundary in Portugal to Denmark); the Scandinavian coast (from the Kattegat to the northern model boundary in Norway); Great Britain; and Ireland. For each grid box along these coasts we correlate the SSH time series with its neighbour and calculate the relative standard deviation of the two time-series. If the correlation and relative standard deviation meet some predefined threshold (i.e., r > 0.95, |rsd − 1.0|< 0.15), we move to the next neighbouring grid box, and continue until one of the thresholds is not met. This process is applied in both directions, to give the span of coast that can be represented by the tide gauge. We calculate the distance of this span by summing the grid box dimensions.\nWe can use this data to assess the distribution of values for each coast, and the span of coast represented by each tide gauge. As the shelf loading term (see Sect. 4.3) is the same everywhere, it increases the length-scales considerably. We therefore focus on the redistribution term, to give a conservative estimate. We tabulate the results presented in Fig. 12 in Table 12 and Table 13 in additional materials, and additionally give the equivalent values for the full SSH (loading and redistribution) term.\nModel simulation evaluation\nThe main aim of this section is to assess the model’s ability to reproduce the observed characteristics of coastal sea-level variability, using the tide-gauge and satellite observations. However, in the additional materials, we include an evaluation of the fundamental behaviour of the shelf seas model (in terms of temperature and salinity) which gives further credibility to the modelling system. This is summarised in Table 3.\nEvaluation of tide gauge interannual variability\nThe focus of our model evaluation is the comparison with interannual tide gauge variability. There are several processes that are either not resolved, or not represented in the model that influence the observational timeseries. These include harbour seiches, geophysical processes (such as tectonic motions), glacial isostatic adjustment and land subsidence (e.g., Douglas 2001). In addition, tide gauges can be subject to instrument errors and biases (e.g., changing datums). These possible errors must be taken into consideration when comparing observed tide gauges to model output.\nThe first stage is to compare the 32-year high pass filtered annual mean time-series from the observed and model-simulated tide gauges. These time-series are plotted in Fig. 3 with their normalised distributions, and sample standard deviation. The observed tide gauges tend to have a greater interannual variability than the models, and a greater observed kurtosis (fatter tails in the distributions). Most observed and modelled distributions tend to be symmetrical (with absolute skewness < 0.5) and the median (denoted by a bold horizontal green/black line against the distributions in Fig. 3) near the mean (zero). Tide gauges that do have skewed distributions often have large gaps within the tide gauge record (e.g., Esbjerg) or low frequency variability (e.g., Smögen)—this could reflect missing processes within the model. The observations are often platykurtic (kurtosis > 0 having fatter tails), while the modelled tide gauges tend to be mesokurtic to leptokurtic (kurtosis < 0). The tide gauge with the shorter observed records tend to have greater kurtosis—this may reflect a few outlier values having a disproportionate affect, e.g., Malin Head.\nThere is generally a good qualitative agreement in the shape of the modelled and observed distributions, particularly for the longer tide gauge records. For the shorter records the irregular distribution reflects paucity of data (e.g., Lerwick, North Shields), or possible inconsistencies in the data record (e.g., Lowestoft). For the longer tide gauge records there is an excellent qualitative agreement between observed and modelled distribution at Newlyn, Brest and Den Helder. The observed tide gauged at Delfzijl and Hirtshals appears to have secondary peaks, which are not captured by the model. This could reflect missing modelled processes or issues with the tide gauge data.\nThe second stage of evaluation against tide gauges is to consider the spatial pattern of the interannual-to-decadal variability. We compare the sample standard deviation of the observed and model-simulated 32-year high pass filtered tide gauge in Fig. 4. We find a good spatial agreement between the two datasets, with the model able to reproduce the pattern of shelf sea-level variance. The two spatial patterns of the observed and model-simulated tide gauge variances are significantly correlated (spatial Pearson’s correlation coefficient r = 0.78). The magnitude of the pattern (its standard deviation) is greater in the observed tide gauges (with a rsd = 0.59), reflecting the model’s underestimation of the tide gauge variability by ~ 33% (the linear slope coefficient m = 1.333). This is expected due to limitations in the represented processes and around the deep low pressures and peak wind speeds. Our map of tide gauge interannual variances agrees visually with Wahl et al. (2013).\nEvaluating against tide gauges power spectra\nWe have shown that the model is able to simulate the magnitude and spatial pattern of the observed tide gauge interannual variability and the distribution and higher statistical moments at selected locations. We now assess the model’s ability to simulate the spectra of this variability at these selected locations. Details of the years used in the spectral analysis is given in Table 2.\nWe find similar peaks in our observed spectra to Unal and Ghil (1995) at Brest (they find peaks at 32, 17.1 and 12.2 years), Newlyn (10.7 years), Smögen (18.03 and 10.2 years) and Hirtshals (32 year).\nOverall, there is a good agreement between the model-simulated and observed tide gauge spectra with many shared characteristics and features. All show a decrease in energy towards higher frequencies (note the logarithmic scale). The observed tide gauges are typically within the (crude) uncertainty estimates of the model-simulated tide gauges. Most locations show an energy trough at about the 8-year period (sometimes towards 10 years) in both the observed and modelled tide gauge (with the exception of observed tide gauge record at Smögen and Brest), which is generally significant (with the exception of the modelled Newlyn tide gauge record). The observed spectra at Brest and Smögen have a similar trough separating two peaks, but this is at a lower frequency (~ 14 years)—the modelled spectra have the trough at ~ 9 years. We have less confidence in the estimates for the lowest frequencies, as less cycles can be captured. The observed and modelled ~ 8-year trough (~ 14-year for the observed spectra at Brest and Smögen) typically separates two peaks. The higher frequency peak is significant for both observed and modelled tide gauges for most locations. For the modelled spectra this peak typically extends from 5 to 8 years, whereas the observed spectral peaks are often extending to higher frequencies.\nAt frequency lower than 8 years, there is typically a broad, insignificant peak. For Newlyn, Den Helder and Delfzijl, this is a defined peak in the observations, which is significant for Newlyn and Den Helder. Our observed records at Hirtshals and Smögen (57 and 55 years respectively, see Table 2) do not capture two cycles of a 32 year period, so we are less confident of behaviour of the spectra beyond this apparent peak. Likewise, Brest has a significant observed peak which begins at 32 years (in agreement with Unal and Ghil (1995))—it appears to extend to lower frequencies but as our 64-year frequency estimate is only sampled once in the 83 year record we have less confidence in this value. We note that the Brest tide gauge observational uncertainty reported by Wöppelmann et al. (2008) does not apply here as we use Brest data from 1861–1943. Like Hirtshals, Smögen has a lower frequency peak, but due to the observed record length, it is unbounded at lower frequencies.\nThe modelled spectra all have broad, insignificant low frequency peaks bounded by this ~ 8-year trough. Brest and Newlyn have similar peaks between 8 years and 32 years, and a suggestion of a peak at lower frequencies. The North Sea (Den Helder and Delfzijl) and Skagerrak (Hirtshals and Smögen) tide gauges have similar low frequency peaks, that extend from a (near significant) trough at 8–64 years, with local maxima at 12 year and ~ 20 years.\nIn Sect. 4.2 we separate our data into a low and high frequency component. We use the two spectral peaks and the ~ 8-year trough to define two spectral bands: 5–8 years, and 8–20 years. These are highlighted (with shading) in the subsequent spectra plot (Figs. 5 and 8).\nEvaluation of SSH against satellite altimetry data\nWe compare the Ctrl mean SSH to the AVISO MDT in Fig. 6a, d. Both the model and altimeter have very similar spatial patterns (with significant spatial correlations = 0.95, rsd = 0.98 across the domain), and both fields show a higher mean SSH in the German Bight, Skagerrak/Kattegat, in some coastal regions, and to the southwest of the NWS (in the open ocean). All show lower mean SSH to the north of the NWS (i.e., the Norwegian Sea, north of the Greenland-Scotland ridge), although this region is larger and more intense in the AVISO MDT (Fig. 6a). The MDT reflects the mean geostrophic currents. On the NWS, the Ctrl captures the mean circulation well (e.g., Turrell et al. 1992; OSPAR 2000, not shown), and this is reflected in the modelled mean SSH field. For example, the zero contour on Fig. 6a runs parallel to the Scottish coast, before entering the North Sea by the Orkney Islands. This represents this main North Sea inflow. This contour then crosses the North Sea as the Dooley current, before turning south into the Norwegian Trench, and returning as the Norwegian Coastal Current. Likewise, the 100 mm contour in the southern North Sea represents the secondary, English Channel North Sea inflow. This all matches with the established NWS circulation, giving further confidence in Ctrl. The AVISO MDT (Fig. 6d) also matches this circulation, although doesn’t do quite so well in places (e.g., the north-eastern North Sea).\nWe compare the distribution of modelled SSH variability to the C3S SLA variability. There are many features of the spatial pattern of variability common to both datasets, with a NWS spatial correlation of r = 0.89 (rsd = 1.45) between the C3S and the median of the modelled distribution (Fig. 6c, f). In the open ocean, in both the observations and the model, there is enhanced sea-level variability in deeper water (e.g., the Icelandic basin, Rockall trough) and there is suppressed variability in the vicinity of the shelf break, particularly to the south west, i.e., bounding the Celtic Sea and the Armorican shelf. On the shelf the greatest sea-level variability is in the German Bight. The spatial pattern of the C3S SLA variability has a larger amplitude than Ctrl. On the NWS, the C3S SLA observed variability is largely within the modelled distribution of variability. In the open ocean, the observed variability is generally larger than the distribution of modelled variability.\nWe have performed the same analysis on the GC3.0 SSH fields (Additional Material Fig. 2) to show the impact of downscaling. The main reason for the downscaling is to include physical processes important to the NWS SSH that are absent in the GC3.0, and so assessing the impact of this downscaling is not an aim of this study. GC3 approximately captures the general circulation of the NWS, but with some important differences. For example, the main North Sea inflow, and northern North Sea circulation is not as well represented, nor is the English Channel North Sea inflow. The C3S SLA interannual SSH variability is within the CO6 modelled distribution for most of the NWS (Fig. 6f), whereas the is it largely outside the GC3.0 distribution on the NWS (Additional Material Fig. 2f).\nWe have undertaken extensive model evaluation and have shown that the model is suitable to simulate near present day sea-level interannual-to-decadal variability around the UK and within NWS. We now use the model to investigate some of the sources of the NWS sea-level variability and consider its implications for sea-level projections.\nInterannual SSH variability\nRelative importance of local steric and bottom pressure terms\nFirstly, we investigate how much of the local steric and non-steric (bottom pressure or manometric) components contribute to the total variance (see Sect. 11.2 in the methodology appendix for details of how they are diagnosed from the model). The bottom pressure component is related to water moving on and off the shelf (shelf loading) and moving around within the NWS (redistribution). The local steric effect relates to the local expansion of the water column by warming and freshening. As this expansion is a depth-integrated effect, its possible magnitude decreases with the water depth, and so is relatively small over most of the NWS. Steric anomalies in the open ocean can propagate onto the shelf as mass signals, and so are reflected in bottom pressure (e.g., Landerer et al. 2007; Bingham and Hughes 2012). Within our study we are not able to distinguish between the remote steric effect and the barotropic sea level.\nFollowing Roberts et al. (2016), we calculate the Fraction-Of-Variance (FOV) to show how much of the Ctrl SSH variance is explained by changes in local bottom pressure (i.e., column-integrated mass) and local steric changes (i.e., column-integrated density) (Fig. 7, see Sect. 11.3). On the shelf, the variance associated with bottom pressure dominates the SSH variance (Fig. 7), accounting for 95% (when averaged over the shelf). Off the shelf, particularly to the west, the bottom pressure term is smaller. There is compensation between the steric and barotropic components where the SSH variance is smaller than the sum of the variance of the two components—this corroborates Roberts et al. (2016). On the shelf, the local steric change accounts for 13% of the total variance (when averaged over the shelf). Off the shelf, the local steric component becomes much more important. Since our primary focus is on-shelf SSH variability, and modulation of coastal flood risk, we disregard the local steric effects for the remainder of this study. We note that the FOV varies with season (not shown). In summer (June–August), the steric (bottom pressure) accounts for 14% (91%) of the shelf mean SSH variance, while the other seasons it is closer to 6% (97%).\nIsolating sources of interannual SSH variability associated with the model boundary conditions\nWe can isolate the NWS interannual SSH variability associated with lateral ocean and surface atmospheric boundary variability with a pair of sensitivity experiments: CtrlOcV and CtrlAtV (Table 4, holding the atmosphere to climatology (with a seasonal cycle) in CtrlOcV and ocean to climatology in CtrlAtV). As with Ctrl, the river and Baltic exchange boundary conditions are forced by a seasonal climatology in CtrlOcV and CtrlAtV. We find that the interannual SSH variance of the two sensitivity experiments combine linearly, with a shelf mean error and covariance term that combine to less than 0.1% (see spatial means of SSH spatial standard deviations in Fig. 9a, e, and f). We analyse CtrlOcV and CtrlAtV spectrally (c.f. Fig. 5), to assess how these drivers affect different parts of the spectrum (Fig. 8). We then assess the spatial patterns of variability of these different drivers in Fig. 9.\nThere is a large decrease in energy towards high frequency (> 1 year−1) when the atmosphere is held to a climatology (CtrlOcV, blue in Fig. 8). This suggests that little of the high-frequency SSH variability on the shelf comes from the ocean boundary conditions. This is corroborated by the convergence of Ctrl and CtrlAtV (the black and red lines) at frequencies higher than about ~ 8 years (~ 5 years for Newlyn and Brest). At frequencies lower that this, the red and black lines are parallel, but the SSH variability associated with atmospheric variability is notably lower. Conversely, at very low-frequencies (< 0.02 year−1, ~ 50 years), there is a suggestion that Ctrl converges with CtrlOcV (particularly in the German Bight sites, Fig. 8c–f), implying that at the lowest frequencies, the ocean boundary conditions are the dominant source of NWS SSH variability. The ocean driven climate variability such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) and AMOC could lead to SSH variability at these low frequencies (Häkkinen et al. 2013). These results agree with Dangendorf et al. (2014, 2015) who separated the tide gauge variability associated with local atmospheric forcings, and showed they dominated the higher frequencies, while the remaining residual term was important at lower frequencies.\nThe variability associated with the atmosphere (CtrlAtV, red) tends to have similarly located peaks (~ 13–16 and ~ 7 years) and troughs (~ 8 years) to Ctrl (described in Fig. 5), although the lower frequency peak (~ 13–16 years) has less power. The spectral peak associated with the ocean variability (CtrlOcV, blue) is very different from Ctrl (black). There is a very defined broad (significant) peak at 7 years between two (significant) troughs at 16 years and ~ 5 years. The spectra of CtrlOcV are similar between tide gauges (not shown), suggesting very little spatial variability and suggesting (but not proving) signal coherence.\nThe spatial patterns of the SSH variance (Fig. 9a, e, i) give further insight into Fig. 8. When looking at CtrlOcV SSH variability (Fig. 9e), we see that there is negligible spatial variance on the shelf (reflecting the similarity of the spectra between tide gauge locations). We also investigate the coherence of the CtrlOcV NWS SSH signal, by looking at the temporal correlations between grid boxes (not shown) and find high correlations (typically r > 0.95), and near unity relative standard deviations (typically 0.95 < rsd < 1.05). This indicates that the CtrlOcV SSH changes are coherent, with the whole sea level rising and falling as a level surface across the NWS, on the interannual timescale.\nCtrlAtV NWS SSH variance (Fig. 9i) has a much stronger spatial pattern. The greatest variance is in the eastern North Sea (in the German Bight and along the Danish coast), and around Scotland, in agreement with Hermans et al. (2020a submitted). We find that NWS SSH variance associated with the oceanic and atmospheric boundary variance combines almost linearly in Ctrl (Ctrl Fig. 9a, e, i). As there is little spatial pattern in CtrlOcV, the spatial patterns of Ctrl and CtrlAtV NWS SSH variance are highly correlated (r = 0.98, rsd = 1.04).\nSSH variability associated with loading and redistribution\nNWS SSH variance can be separated into components. The total amount of water on the shelf can vary—we refer to this term as “shelf-loading”. The redistribution of this water within the NWS can also lead to local SSH variance. We separate SSH into a shelf-loading time-series (sshlod, a proxy for a time-series of the total volume on the shelf, which is spatially homogenous) and a volume redistribution term (sshred; which, by construction, always spatially averages to zero). To separate these terms, we first remove the modelled temporal mean SSH value from each grid box to give the SSH temporal anomaly (sshanom):\nWe then calculate a time-series of the sshanom spatial mean which is the SSH change associated with the change in the total water mass on the NWS. We call this the shelf loading term (sshlod).\nThe redistribution term is the difference between the anomaly and the shelf loading term:\nThe variance of these two terms, with their covariance, combine (exactly) to give the variance of the original time-series.\nWe refer to these values as:\nAs the sshred is the anomaly term around sshlod (3) and so has a zero NWS spatial mean, the covariance term also has a spatial mean of zero across the shelf.\nWhen comparing the power spectra of the shelf loading timeseries for CtrlOcV with the modelled SSH spectra at any of the tide gauges (not shown) we find an excellent agreement with the dominant 5–16-year band well represented. The spectra of the Ctrl also generally agree, capturing both the 5–8- and 8–20-year bands.\nThe spatial patterns of the loading and redistribution variances and their covariance for the three runs are shown in Fig. 9, with the NWS mean and 5th and 95th percentile values given in Table 5. The variance of the loading terms is, by design, spatially homogenous (Fig. 9c, g, k), and is associated with both the oceanic and atmospheric variance (Fig. 9g, k), although the CtrlAtV is greater. These two terms add up almost linearly in Ctrl, suggesting the non-linear interaction is small. Volume redistribution on the shelf is almost exclusively driven by the atmospheric variability (c.f. Fig. 9f and j). While the variance of the redistribution terms is smaller than that of the loading term (~ 20% of the shelf mean variance in Ctrl, ~ 35% in CtrlAtV), it has a substantial spatial pattern (Fig. 9j). The greatest redistribution variance occurs in the eastern North Sea (in the German Bight and along the western coast of Germany and Denmark), while there are slightly raised values in the southern Celtic Sea.\nThe covariance of the shelf-loading and redistribution terms shows where these terms reinforce or interfere with one another. It is driven by atmospheric variability (as the CtrlOcV redistribution term is negligible, its covariance is also negligible), and (by construction) has a spatial pattern with a regional mean of zero. The covariance term (Fig. 9d, l) is greatest in the eastern North Sea (perhaps centred further north than in the redistribution term) and around Scotland, where it is the dominant source of variability. It is negative in the Celtic Sea, English Channel and the south-west North Sea. This term is particularly important in two regions: the Celtic Sea and around Scotland. The covariance tends to cancel out the effect of the redistribution variance in the Celtic Sea. Around Scotland, the total variance (varssh) is high, while the redistribution variance is small, and so the signal comes from the covariance.\nTo further investigate these spatial features, we return to the spectral bands identified in Fig. 8. Since the loading terms and CtrlOcV have little spatial pattern, we focus on Ctrl and CtrlAtV, the total variance (varssh), the redistribution variance and the covariance term (although provide summary statistics for all terms in Table 6). We separate these terms into 5–8 years (7-year peak) and 8–20 years (13-year peak) frequency bands (Fig. 10). We effectively split the variance from each panel in Fig. 9 into the two frequency bands (as described Sect. 2.3.2, with the covariance term calculated by subtraction). We remove the second row and third column from Fig. 9 as they have minimal spatial patterns. The remaining panels (Fig. 10) do not quite add to give Fig. 9, as we have removed the variance associated with frequencies higher than 5 years, and lower than 20 years. The Ctrl total variance (varssh) is separated fairly evenly between the two bands (with area means of 127 mm2 and 131 mm2 for 5–8- and 8–20-year frequency bands). While this having a near unity ratio is relatively arbitrary (it reflects the size of the peaks in Fig. 8, and also the width of the spectral bands) it allows us to compare the other terms. The CtrlAtV is much lower at the lower frequency (99 mm2 and 68 mm2 respectively), reflecting the CtrlAtV lower energy peak begin weaker than Ctrl in Fig. 8. We noted that the CtrlAtV 5–8-year peak was similar to Ctrl and for the North Sea tide gauges in Fig. 8 but was weaker in Brest and Newlyn. This is clear when comparing Fig. 10a and b, with Ctrl having much higher energy to the south and west of Great Britain. Conversely, Table 6 shows that CtrlOcV is has more energy at the lower frequency band (36 mm2 and 44 mm2).\nCtrl and CtrlAtV have very similar patterns (and magnitudes) of redistribution variance at both frequencies (reflecting spatial coherence of CtrlOcV). The patterns of the variance associated with the redistribution term (for both Ctrl and CtrlAtV) are similar at the two bands, but with some subtle differences. The low frequency redistribution variance (Fig. 10g, h) is greater (than the high frequency component) around northwest Scotland, in the southern North Sea along the pathway of the south North Sea Water (OSPAR 2000; which flows north-westward from East Anglia, towards the Skagerrak) and in the vicinity of the seasonal tidal mixing front (Brown et al. 1999).\nWhen looking at the covariance term, the difference between frequency bands is clearer. Although the general pattern is similar, there are important differences. The covariance in the eastern North Sea is much greater at higher frequencies (Fig. 10i, j compared to Fig. 10k, l), and the latitude of the peak values also changes. At higher frequencies (Fig. 10i, j), the covariance is greater along the east coast of the Jutland Peninsula, whereas at lower frequencies (Fig. 10k, l) there is a clear local maxima at the northern end of the Jutland Peninsula. This is collocated with a reduced low frequency redistribution variance, suggesting a change in the correlation rather than a change in the variance. The total variance around Scotland is slightly greater at lower frequency (Fig. 10a, c) whereas the CtrlAtV covariance is slightly greater at higher frequencies (Fig. 10j, l). Figure 10 also illustrates how the covariance and redistribution terms cancel out in the Celtic Sea and western English Channel, and this is predominantly a high frequency atmospheric process (Fig. 10f, j).\nInternal variability in coastal sea level: trends and coastal coherence\nProjected twenty-first century sea-level change is often illustrated as a set of smooth curves (e.g., Church et al. 2013). Over a period of several years, trends associated with temporal variability can dominate over the projected long-term trends. Palmer et al. (2018) showed that over the next decade sea-level uncertainty is dominated by internal variability rather than model-structural uncertainty and emission uncertainty (Fig. 1)—users interested in sea level over the next few decades must consider sea-level variability. Traditionally, long tide gauge records have provided the best estimates of sea-level variability on a range of timescales. These estimates are spatially sparse compared to the scale of coastal engineering and development projects, and it is unclear how representative each estimate is for the surrounding coastline. To aid interpretation of the tide gauge variability estimates, we analyse the spatial range of this SSH variability.\nWe assess the maximum likely absolute sea-level change associated with natural variability for 4 different periods. We have identified two peaks at 7 and 13 years in Fig. 5 (associated with the spectral bands used in e.g., Fig. 10). When looking at the spectra of all the tide gauges in Fig. 4 (not shown) we find additional peaks common to many tide gauges at ~ 4 years and ~ 21 years. The exact values are in part related to the resolution of the spectral analysis. Following the methodology outlined in Sect. 2.3.3 we show the greatest likely (95th percentile) change in SSH in Fig. 11 (with summary statistics included in Table 7). To put these into the context of the present-day rate of sea level change (3.2 mm/year Church et al. 2013), and projected end-of-century rate (12 mm/year, RCP8.5, Church et al. 2013), we give the equivalent change in sea level at 3 and 12 mm/year for each period in the respective panels in Fig. 11. We also include an equivalent figure of the maximum likely trends in the Additional Materials (Additional Material Fig. 3), while the summary statistics are also included in Table 7. When averaging over the shelf, there is a possible 58 mm increase in regional sea level over a 4-year period (58.9 mm when averaged around the coastline of Great Britain). The greatest values are in the eastern North Sea for all time periods apart from 13 years, where the values around Scotland have a similar magnitude. The shelf-mean of the trends on Fig. 11 decrease with time period.\nThere is a large degree of spatial coherence in the sea-level variability, suggesting that the simulated tide gauge variability estimates are generally representative of a much greater length of coast. We follow the methodology outlined in Sect. 2.3.4 to assess the length of coast that each tide gauge (and each coastal grid box) represents. We use a correlation threshold of r = 0.95 and expect the standard deviations to be within 15% of one another (Fig. 12). As the shelf loading term is spatially invariant, its inclusion increases this length substantially, and so here we focus on the redistribution term, but provide both values in Table 12 and Table 13 in additional materials. We note that, when using the full SSH time series (sshred + sshlod), the length scales are increased by low pass filtering the data, but this is much less important when looking at the redistribution SSH time series.\nThese values are much higher when using the full SSH timeseries (sshred + sshlod)—for example the median value for the coast of Great Britain increases to 1177 km and Europe to 905 km. In the real world, other processes not represented in our model (such as harbour seiches, tectonic movement, lard subsidence etc.) may reduce this coherence.\nWe outline a series of aims in the introduction. Our preliminary aim is to assess the model’s ability to simulate interannual variability, and then to describe the behaviour of the interannual variability, and finally to provide some end-user guidance. Here we discuss the results in the context of these aims.\nWe assess the model simulated sea level, temperature and salinity. The temperature and salinity are within the range of other similar downscaling studies. The SST biases are 0.4 °C when averaged over the NWS (up to 0.9 °C in the spring/summer North Sea), with the OSTIA observations being within two standard deviations (the modelled interannual variability) of the model over most of the NWS (apart from the summer eastern North Sea). The upper salinity biases are typically < 0.5 psu. As the focus of the study is sea level, we compare our simulations against tide gauge records and satellite altimetry. There are several important processes not included in our model simulation which will impact the tide gauge observations. This puts an upper limit on possible observation model agreement. We show that there is generally a good agreement between the modelled and observed sea level distributions (Fig. 3), and interannual variability when compared spatially across the NWS (spatial correlation of r = 0.78, Fig. 4). We select six tide gauges with particularly long records to compare the spectra of observed and modelled sea level variability. There are many common features between the observed and modelled tide gauges, including a trough at about 8 years separating two peaks of similar spectral width and power. We show that the modelled MDT (indicating geostrophic currents) has an excellent agreement on the NWS with the altimetry data. We also find downscaling improves the qualitative agreement between modelled MDT and NWS circulation (when compared to the GC3.0 MDT). The altimetry observed interannual variability is within the modelled distribution over most of the NWS, although is greater in the open ocean. From this extensive model evaluation, we conclude that the model is able to provide useful simulation for the analysis of SSH interannual variability on the NWS.\nThe local steric term is small compared to the bottom pressure term, as expected given the depth of the NWS, corroborating other studies (e.g., Landerer et al. 2007; Roberts et al. 2016). When the ocean adjacent to the NWS warms and expands (steric sea-level rise), it induces a horizontal pressure gradient, which is balanced by water flowing onto the NWS (e.g., Landerer et al. 2007; Yin et al. 2010; Bingham and Hughes 2012; Richter et al. 2013)—this occurs in non-Boussinesq and Boussinesq models alike (Griffies and Greatbatch 2012). The remote steric effect is therefore incorporated in the bottom pressure records in our simulations, and can be an important contribution, especially on longer (decadal) timescales (Dangendorf et al. 2014). Chen et al. (2014) were able to isolate this term, by running additional barotropic runs—we did not do this. The NWS has an important baroclinic circulation component (e.g., Hill et al. 2008), so this approach may introduce other errors.\nWe use sensitivity tests to isolate the variability associated with the atmospheric and oceanic lateral boundary conditions (referred to as “CtrlAtV” and “CtrlOcV” respectively). The atmospheric and oceanic terms combine almost linearly, with non-linear interaction terms < 0.1% when averaged over the shelf. The sea-level variability on the shelf caused by the ocean boundaries has little spatial pattern and is coherent implying the sea level across the shelf rises and falls as one, as suggested by the results of Dangendorf et al. (2014). This changes the total amount of water on the NWS, without changing its spatial distribution—we term this “shelf loading”.\nThe sea level of the North Sea and the wider NWS is particularly affected by changes in the atmosphere (Dangendorf et al. 2014). We find that the atmosphere driven variance is typically greater than the oceanic driven variance. We do not further separate the oceanic boundary forcings into the steric and barotropic terms, or the atmospheric boundaries into wind, pressure and heat/moisture fluxes (e.g., Hieronymus et al. 2017; Hermans et al. 2020a submitted). Hermans et al. (2020a submitted) ran similar sensitivities tests to this study, with additional tests to show the variance associated with wind, pressure, and buoyancy fluxes. Their SSH variability associated with atmospheric variability had a similar spatial pattern to ours, and they showed that this pattern mainly comes from the wind forcing—the variability associated with the inverse barometer effect, and buoyancy fluxes was fairly homogeneous over the shelf. The inverse barometer effect was most important where wind was less dominant, and while the buoyancy fluxes had a smaller impact they should not be neglected—the balance between these terms depended on location. Hermans et al. (2020a submitted) also showed that the southern and western ocean boundaries were more important that the northern (and Baltic) boundaries.\nThe CtrlOcV SSH variance is spatially uniform and coherent. This is consistent with a sea level anomaly in the ocean adjacent to the NWS driving a fast barotropic wave adjustment on the shelf. Such an adjustment would be fast compared to the rate of sea-level change, hence would appear as a uniform change. The shelf slope bathymetry and current system limits the advective exchange between the shelf and the open ocean (e.g., Wakelin et al. 2009). Understanding the shelf sea level response to the wave and advective processes and their relationship to future changes to the shelf slope current is an interesting topic for future research. Changes in shelf sea level, particularly in the coastal regions, can affect the tidal propagation and can have an important impact on coastal sea level (e.g., Howard et al. 2019; Haigh et al. 2020).\nThe atmosphere variability leads to a loading of water on the NWS, but also redistribution of water within the NWS. In addition to CtrlAtV having 92% greater shelf loading than CtrlOcV, it also has an important redistribution term, which has a considerable spatial pattern. The separation of CtrlAtV (and Ctrl) into loading and redistribution leads to an important covariance term. The redistribution and covariance associated with CtrlAtV are the only terms that provide a spatial pattern in interannual sea-level variance on the NWS.\nCtrlAtV covariance does not contribute to the (spatially averaged) shelf mean SSH variance (it averages to zero across the NWS) but is an important term in some locations. For example, the high sea-level variance around Scotland is due to the covariance, as the CtrlAtV redistribution is relatively small here. This term reflects the interaction of the water moving onto the shelf and water moving around the shelf, so is positive in places where the amount of water on the shelf increases (the loading term) when the local sea level is also rising relative to the shelf mean sea level (the redistribution term). It is therefore not surprising that the covariance term is positive around Scotland, as this is one of the main routes of the Atlantic water into the North Sea (Turrell et al. 1996). There is a large region where covariance < 0 in the Celtic Sea, suggesting the loading and redistribution terms are out of phase in this region. This suggests that when the sea level in the northern North Sea (and German Bight) is rising (relative to the shelf mean, loading term), it is falling in the Celtic Sea (relative to the shelf mean). Wind patterns that drive the loading term may have important regional structure linking these local relative sea level anomalies (relative to the to the shelf mean SSH i.e., the redistribution term). Exploring the linkages between the wind drivers, shelf circulation and NWS sea level response will be the subject to further research.\nSSH changes arise from a number of different processes and mechanisms. When analysing the spectra from the observed and model-simulated tide gauges, we find distinct spectral peaks, some of which appear to vary between the different tide gauges, and others that appear spatially homogeneous (Fig. 8). We speculate that a spatial frequency decomposition may show different mechanisms working at different location and frequencies. We divide our variance terms into high and low frequency components (5–8 and 8–20 years), as shown in Fig. 10. For each frequency, we expect Ctrl to be the sum of CtrlAtV and CtrlOcV. The total variance of Ctrl has a similar pattern for both frequencies. The total variance of CtrlAtV is (relatively) much weaker in the low frequency band, reflecting the spectral characteristics of the tide gauges in Fig. 8. We therefore expect CtrlOcV to be greater in the low frequency band. The CtrlOcV variance is ~ 20% greater in the low frequency band (i.e., CtrlOcV varssh (= varlod) is 36 mm2 and 44 mm2 in the 5–8 and 8–20 year frequency bands—Table 6), however this is not very clear in Fig. 8. The Ctrl and CtrlAtV redistribution terms are similar in magnitude and pattern at both frequency bands (Fig. 10e–h), therefore the spatial difference is largely due to the covariance term. The spatial pattern of the covariance term is frequency dependent in places. For example, the covariance term shows frequency dependence along the Jutland Peninsula. The pattern of the Ctrl varssh local maxima is similar at both frequency bands (Fig. 10a, c) in this region. At high frequency, the pattern of the redistribution and covariance terms are similar (Fig. 10e, i), however they are different at low frequency (Fig. 10g, k). At low frequency, the redistribution term is dominant to the south (Fig. 10g), while the covariance term is dominant to the north (Fig. 10k), reflecting the changing correlations. This is perhaps an example of different processes working at different frequencies. As well as being a region with large SSH variability, it is also the main pathway of water flowing into the Baltic Sea, and an important pathway into the Norwegian Coastal Current via the Skagerrak. While the relationship between NWS circulation and SSH variability warrants further investigation, it is beyond the scope of this paper.\nThe two spectral peaks (5–8 and 8–20 years) associated with the atmospheric variability (CtrlAtV) are similar to the peaks in the GC3.0 modelled NAO spectra (not shown), suggesting the NAO plays an important role in driving this variability. The NAO is a well-established driver to NWS SSH variability (Wakelin et al. 2003; Tsimplis et al. 2006; e.g., Su et al. 2014) and affects both the loading and the redistribution terms. The broad spectral peak (8–16 years) in SSH variability associated with the ocean boundary variance (CtrlOcV) is similar to the spectra of the GC3.0 modelled sub-polar gyre index (Hermanson et al. 2014) and modelled Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (not shown). The sub polar gyre regulates the inflow of warmer and saline subtropical water into the North East Atlantic, leading to steric anomalies adjacent to the NWS (Chafik et al. 2019). The similarities of these spectra offer an intriguing insight into important drivers of NWS SSH variability. One of the benefits of the downscaling with the higher resolution, tidal, shelf seas model, is the improved representation of the shelf exchange processes, which may help modulate and control the propagation of the oceanic signals onto the shelf. Chafik et al. (2019) suggested that the along-shelf-break winds correlated with these exchange processes, and correlated with the NWS sea level variations. Both the remote drivers and the mechanisms of propagation of sea-level variations onto the shelf are important topics for future studies.\nThe final aim of this paper is to use the modelled variability to provide some context for coastal planners and managers using sea-level projections and estimates of sea-level variability to make decisions developing sea defence and adaptation schemes. We address this aim in two ways: quantifying the likely range of unforced sea-level change for a given period; and identifying the stretch of coast that a given tide-gauge based sea-level variability estimate is valid for.\nSea-level rise will not be as smooth as depicted in sea-level projections but will include variability on a range of timescales (e.g., Hinkel et al. 2019). This must be taken into consideration when using projections, as threshold levels may be exceeded sooner, and sea levels may be higher than projected, even if only for a period. We have quantified the distribution of trends, for a range of timescales, from our modelled annual mean SSH data. We choose the time periods from the modelled spectral peaks, rather than convenient round numbers. The largest changes in sea level occur on the 4-year timescale, when a shelf mean changes in sea level of 58.1 mm is possible (at the 95th percentile)—this is similar to the greatest likely global mean sea-level rise (50th percentile sea-level trend in RCP8.5 in the year 2100, ~ 12 mm/year, IPCC 2013). We find similar absolute changes for each time period considered, and so the rates vary considerably. If, for example, a 100-year time series included a 100 mm step change, the 5-, 10-, 20- or 50-year trend encompassing that step would have very different rates of changes, while having the same absolute change. This would also occur if the trends are driven by the occasional relatively large anomaly, especially when considering the tails of the distribution (i.e., the 95th percentile). The 21-year trend distribution is of a similar length to the altimeter record length. Sterlini et al. (2017) showed the altimeter observed North Sea linear sea level trend ranged from 1.3–3.9 mm/year from 1993–2014, with greatest levels off the German/Danish coasts (3.6 mm/year) and around Scotland (2.6 mm/year). Our results suggest that unforced variability may allow up to 2.0 mm/year and 1.8 mm/year in these regions respectively (Additional Material Fig. 3).\nTraditionally, the best estimates of interannual to interdecadal variability come from long tide-gauge records. However, there are few old tide gauges, and so estimates are spatially sparse, with large lengths of the coast where no estimate can be made. There is a relatively high level of coherence around the coast at the interannual timescale, with a typical coastal grid box being representative of the adjacent coast. SSH variability of most coastal grid boxes can be used to represents 215 km of the coast of Great Britain, and 399 km of the European Coast (the respective median values for each coast). The more complex coastline of Great Britain tends to reduce the length scales, although in locations such as Newlyn (505 km) this complexity allows a longer stretch of coast to occur within smaller area. Brest and Santander represent the longest stretches of coast (887 km and 841 km respectively), both of which benefit from being on the relatively open coasts, while Brest (like Newlyn) is aided by being on the end of a peninsula. Further northeast along the European coast, the tide gauges of the southern North Sea tend to represent a smaller length of coast, which reflects how the amplitude of variability varies spatially in this region. We have focused on the redistribution term, as when using the total sea level (loading + redistribution) the spatially homogeneous loading component increases these coastal lengths considerably—we do include these values in the Table 12 and Table 13 in additional materials. We also note that filtering out the higher frequencies does not really change these coastal lengths while using the redistribution term but increase them when using the total sea level. This analysis could be extended to consider the length and quality of the tide gauge record—currently an estimate from a 100-year tide gauge record has the same “weighting” as a 15-year tide gauge. The current accepted approach is to estimate the local sea-level variance from a local long tide-gauge record. Our results support this methodology and suggest the portion of coast that a given tide gauge may be used.\nSeveral methodological simplification and assumptions have led to caveats in this study. We do not consider variability in the Baltic exchange boundary condition, or in the riverine forcings, both of which are climatological in this study. We do not run additional barotropic model simulations which would allow us to separate the remote steric term from the local bottom pressure term (the method used by Chen et al. 2014). Both our models are Boussinesq, and so the steric effects on sea level must be diagnosed from rather than prognosed by the model. We do not consider the global mean thermosteric sea-level variability or trend—this is an important point for sea-level projections (Hermans et al. 2020b), but is less important for the sea-level variability in the climate control simulations used here. We focus on the interannual timescale as the baroclinic shelf seas model has not been optimised to simulate surge events – if we were interested in the higher frequency events, a tuned barotropic surge model may be more appropriate (e.g., O’Neill et al. 2016).\nWe conclude that:\nOur modelling system is able to simulate the inter-annual to decadal sea level variability on the NWS.\nMost of the NWS interannual SSH variability is forced by the interannual variability of the atmospheric forcings (CtrlAtV).\nSSH variability associated with ocean boundary variance (CtrlOcV) is coherent and so has no spatial pattern on the NWS. It is roughly half the magnitude of SSH variance associated with the atmospheric forcings (when averaged over the NWS).\nThere is a spatial pattern to the SSH variability, with greatest variance in the eastern North Sea and around Scotland. This is associated with the variance in the atmospheric forcings.\nNWS SSH variability can be broken down into a shelf loading and redistribution term, and the covariance of the two. When averaging over the shelf, the redistribution term is roughly a third that of loading term for the atmosphere driven SSH variance (CtrlAtV) and is near zero for the ocean driven SSH variance (CtrlOcV). Therefore, when averaged over the shelf, the Ctrl redistribution term is roughly 20% of loading term.\nThe covariance term is an important component of the spatial pattern, and the variance around Scotland is predominantly associated with covariance, perhaps reflecting its co-location with the main pathway of water into the North Sea.\nThese terms are frequency dependent. The atmosphere boundary driven variance tends to be greater at high frequency. The correlations between the shelf loading and redistribution terms appear to change with frequency, and therefore, so does the balance between the redistribution term, and covariance term, as shown in the eastern North Sea.\nUnforced variability can lead to short terms changes in sea level, depending on location and timescale. The largest likely (95th percentile) modelled change occurs on the 4-year timescale, with a possible shelf mean increase of ~ 60 mm over 4 years. This is greatest in the eastern North Sea, where up to 90 mm is modelled. When considering sea-level projections, unforced sea-level variability, as quantified here, must be considered.\nThe simulated tide gauges are typically coherent along an adjacent stretch of coast. The median length of this coast (with correlations greater than 95% and standard deviations within 15%) is 215 km for Great Britain, and 399 km for the (modelled) European coastline. Including the (spatially uniform) loading term increases these distances substantially. In the real world, other processes not modelled, may reduce this coherence.\nÅdlandsvik B (2008) Marine downscaling of a future climate scenario for the North Sea. Tellus A 60:451–458\nAdler RF, Huffman GJ, Chang A et al (2003) The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present). J Hydrometeorol. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2\nBingham RJ, Hughes CW (2012) Local diagnostics to estimate density-induced sea level variations over topography and along coastlines. J Geophys Res 117:C01013. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007276\nBrown J, Hill AE, Fernand L, Horsburgh KJ (1999) Observations of a seasonal jet-like circulation at the central North Sea cold pool margin. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 48:343–355\nBülow K, Dieterich C, Heinrich H et al (2014) Comparison of 3 coupled models in the North Sea region under todays and future climate conditions. KLIWAS, Koblenz\nCalafat FM, Chambers DP (2013) Quantifying recent acceleration in sea level unrelated to internal climate variability. Geophys Res Lett 40:3661–3666. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50731\nCalafat FM, Chambers DP, Tsimplis MN (2012) Mechanisms of decadal sea level variability in the eastern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. J Geophys Res Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC008285\nCannaby H, Palmer MD, Howard T et al (2016) Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore. Ocean Sci. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-613-2016\nChafik L, Nilsen JEØ, Dangendorf S et al (2019) North Atlantic Ocean circulation and decadal sea level change during the altimetry era. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37603-6\nChen X, Dangendorf S, Narayan N et al (2014) On sea level change in the North Sea influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation: local and remote steric effects. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 151:186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.10.009\nChowdhury MR, Chu PS, Schroeder T, Colasacco N (2007) Seasonal sea-level forecasts by canonical correlation analysis—an operational scheme for the US-affiliated Pacific Islands. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1474\nChowdhury MR, Chu PS, Guard CC (2014) An improved sea level forecasting scheme for hazards management in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3841\nChurch JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A et al (2013) Sea Level Change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\nCollins WJ, Bellouin N, Doutriaux-Boucher M et al (2011) Development and evaluation of an Earth-system model—HadGEM2. Geosci Model Dev 4:1051–1075\nDangendorf S, Calafat FM, Arns A et al (2014) Mean sea level variability in the North Sea: processes and implications. J Geophys Res Ocean 119:6820–6841. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009901\nDangendorf S, Marcos M, Müller A et al (2015) Detecting anthropogenic footprints in sea level rise. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8849\nDouglas BC (2001) Chapter 3 Sea level change in the era of the recording tide gauge. Int Geophys 75:37–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80006-1\nElliott AJ, Clarke T (1991) Seasonal stratification in the northwest European shelf seas. Cont Shelf Res 11:467–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(91)90054-A\nEyring V, Bony S, Meehl GA et al (2016) Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci Model Dev. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016\nFlather RA (1976) A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf. Mémoires Société R des Sci Liège 10:141–164\nFlather RA (1981) Results from a model of the north-east Atlantic relating to the Norwegian coastal current. In: Sætre R, Mork M (eds) The Norwegian coastal current. Bergen University, Bergen, pp 427–458\nFrajka-Williams E, Ansorge IJ, Baehr J et al (2019) Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: Observed transport and variability. Front. Mar, Sci\nFrederikse T, Riva R, Kleinherenbrink M et al (2016) Closing the sea level budget on a regional scale: trends and variability on the Northwestern European continental shelf. Geophys Res Lett 43:10864–10872. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070750\nGanachaud A, Wunsch C (2003) Large-scale ocean heat and freshwater transports during the world ocean circulation experiment. J Clim 16:696–705. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0696:LSOHAF>2.0.CO;2\nGent PR, Mcwilliams JC (1990) Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models. J Phys Oceanogr. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0150:imiocm>2.0.co;2\nGill AE (1983) Atmosphere-ocean dynamics. Academic Press, London\nGood SA, Martin M, Rayner NA (2013) EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J Geophys Res Ocean 118:6704–6716. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067\nGraham JA, O’Dea E, Holt J et al (2018) AMM15: a new high-resolution NEMO configuration for operational simulation of the European north-west shelf. Geosci Model Dev 11:681–696. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-681-2018\nGreatbatch RJ (1994) A note on the representation of steric sea level in models that conserve volume rather than mass. J Geophys Res Ocean 99:12767–12771. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00847\nGregory JM, Griffies SM, Hughes CW et al (2019) Concepts and terminology for sea level: mean, variability and change, both local and global. Surv Geophys 40:1251–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z\nGriffies SM, Greatbatch RJ (2012) Physical processes that impact the evolution of global mean sea level in ocean climate models. Ocean Model 51:37–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.04.003\nGriffies SM, Yin J, Durack PJ et al (2014) An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual core-II simulations. Ocean Model. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.03.004\nHaigh ID, Wahl T, Rohling EJ et al (2014) Timescales for detecting a significant acceleration in sea level rise. Nat Commun 5:3635. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4635\nHaigh ID, Pickering MD, Green JAM et al (2020) The tides they are a-changin’: a comprehensive review of past and future nonastronomical changes in tides, their driving mechanisms, and future implications. Rev Geophys 58:e2018RG000636. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000636\nHakkinen S, Rhines PB (1990s) Decline of subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s. Science 304:555–559. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094917\nHäkkinen S, Rhines PB, Worthen DL (2013) Northern North Atlantic sea surface height and ocean heat content variability. J Geophys Res Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20268\nHawkins E, Sutton R (2011) The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of regional precipitation change. Clim Dyn 37:407–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0810-6\nHermanson L, Eade R, Robinson NH et al (2014) Forecast cooling of the Atlantic subpolar gyre and associated impacts. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060420\nHermans THJ, Tinker J, Palmer MD et al (2020) Improving sea-level projections on the Northwestern European shelf using dynamical downscaling. Clim Dyn 54:1987–2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05104-5\nHermans THJ, Le Bars D, Katsman CA et al (2020a) Drivers of interannual sea-level variability on the Northwestern European Shelf. J Geophys Res (under review)\nHieronymus M, Hieronymus J, Arneborg L (2017) Sea level modelling in the Baltic and the North Sea: the respective role of different parts of the forcing. Ocean Model 118:59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.08.007\nHill AE, Brown J, Fernand L et al (2008) Thermohaline circulation of shallow tidal seas. Geophys Res Lett 35:L11605. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033459\nHinkel J, Church JA, Gregory JM et al (2019) Meeting user needs for sea level rise information: a decision analysis perspective. Earth’s Future. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001071\nHolgate SJ, Matthews A, Woodworth PL et al (2013) New data systems and products at the permanent service for mean sea level. J Coast Res 29:493. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00175.1\nHolt J, Proctor R (2008) The seasonal circulation and volume transport on the northwest European continental shelf: a fine-resolution model study. J Geophys Res 113:C06021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc004034\nHolt J, Wakelin S, Lowe JA, Tinker J (2010) The potential impacts of climate change on the hydrography of the northwest European continental shelf. Prog Oceangr 86:361–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.05.003\nHoward T, Palmer MD, Bricheno LM (2019) Contributions to 21st century projections of extreme sea-level change around the UK. Environ Res Commun. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab42d7\nHunke EC, Lipscomb WH, Turner AK et al (2015) CICE: the Los Alamos sea ice model, documentation and software, version 5.1 (Tech. Rep. LA-CC-06-012). Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos\nIngleby B, Huddleston M (2007) Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles—historical and real-time data. J Mar Syst 65:158–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.019\nIPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\nKopp RE, Horton RM, Little CM et al (2014) Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites. Earth’s Future. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ef000239\nLanderer FW, Jungclaus JH, Marotzke J (2007) Regional dynamic and steric sea level change in response to the IPCC-A1B scenario. J Phys Oceanogr 37:296–312. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo3013.1\nLegeais J-F (2018) Copernicus marine environment monitoring service quality information document for DUACS products: SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_CLIMATE_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_008_057 SEALEVEL_MED_PHY_CLIMATE_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_008_056 SEALEVEL_BS_PHY_CLIMATE_L4_REP_OBSERVATIONS_008_058. CLS, Toulous. https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-SL-QUID-008-056-058.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2020\nLegeais J-F, Ablain M, Zawadzki L et al (2018) An improved and homogeneous altimeter sea level record from the ESA climate change initiative. Earth Syst Sci Data 10:281–301. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-116\nMadec G, The NEMO Team (2016) NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pôle modélisation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.06.438\nMarcos M, Amores A (2014) Quantifying anthropogenic and natural contributions to thermosteric sea level rise. Geophys Res Lett 41:2502–2507. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059766\nMarcos M, Marzeion B, Dangendorf S et al (2017) Internal variability versus anthropogenic forcing on sea level and its components. Surv Geophys 38:329–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9373-3\nMathis M, Pohlmann H (2014) Projection of physical conditions in the North Sea for the 21st century. Clim Res 61:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01232\nMathis M, Mayer B, Pohlmann T (2013) An uncoupled dynamical downscaling for the North Sea: method and evaluation. Ocean Model 72:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.09.004\nMcCarthy GD, Haigh ID, Hirschi JJM et al (2015) Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14491\nMcIntosh PC, Church JA, Miles ER et al (2015) Seasonal coastal sea level prediction using a dynamical model. Geophys Res Lett 42:6747–6753. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065091\nMiles ER, Spillman CM, Church JA, McIntosh PC (2014) Seasonal prediction of global sea level anomalies using an ocean–atmosphere dynamical model. Clim Dyn 43:2131–2145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2039-7\nO’Dea E, Arnold AK, Edwards KP et al (2012) An operational ocean forecast system incorporating NEMO and SST data assimilation for the tidally driven European North-West shelf. J Oper Oceanogr 5:3–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2012.11020128\nO’Dea E, Furner R, Wakelin S et al (2017) The CO5 configuration of the 7 km Atlantic Margin Model: large-scale biases and sensitivity to forcing, physics options and vertical resolution. Geosci Model Dev 10:2947–2969. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2947-2017\nO’Neill C, Saulter A, Williams J, Horsburgh K (2016) NEMO-surge: application of atmospheric forcing and surge evaluation. Weather Sci Tech Rep 619. Met Office, Exeter. https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_53fa4f69-432c-40bb-9481-8c7dfbd6492d/. Accessed 16 July 2020\nOlbert AI, Dabrowski T, Nash S, Hartnett M (2012) Regional modelling of the 21st century climate changes in the Irish Sea. Cont Shelf Res 41:48–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.04.003\nOSPAR (2000) Quality status report 2000, Rregion II—Greater North Sea. OSPAR Commission, London\nPalmer MD, Howard TP, Tinker J et al (2018) UKCP18 marine report. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter\nPugh D (1987) Tides, surges and mean sea-level. Wiley, Chichester\nRenshaw R, Wakelin SL, Mahdon R et al (2019) Copernicus marine environment monitoring service quality information document for North West European shelf production centre NORTHWESTSHELF_REANALYSIS_PHYS_004_009. Met Office, Exeter. https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-NWS-QUID-004-009.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2020\nRichter K, Riva REM, Drange H (2013) Impact of self-attraction and loading effects induced by shelf mass loading on projected regional sea level rise. Geophys Res Lett 40:1144–1148. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50265\nRidley JK, Blockley EW, Keen AB et al (2018) The sea ice model component of HadGEM3-GC31. Geosci Model Dev. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-713-2018\nRio M-H, Mulet S, Picot N (2014) Beyond GOCE for the ocean circulation estimate: synergetic use of altimetry, gravimetry, and in situ data provides new insight into geostrophic and Ekman currents. Geophys Res Lett 41:8918–8925. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061773\nRisien CM, Chelton DB (2008) A global climatology of surface wind and wind stress fields from eight years of QuikSCAT scatterometer data. J Phys Oceanogr. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3881.1\nRoberts-Jones J, Fiedler E, Martin MJ (2012) Daily, global, high-resolution SST and sea ice reanalysis for 1985–2007 using the OSTIA system. J Clim 25:6215–6232. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00648.1\nRoberts CD, Calvert D, Dunstone N et al (2016) On the drivers and predictability of seasonal-to-interannual variations in regional sea level. J Clim 29:7565–7585. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0886.1\nScaife AA, Copsey D, Gordon C et al (2011) Improved Atlantic winter blocking in a climate model. Geophys Res Lett 38:L23703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049573\nScaife AA, Arribas A, Blockley E et al (2014) Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters. Geophys Res Lett 41:2514–2519. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059637\nSiddorn JR, Furner R (2013) An analytical stretching function that combines the best attributes of geopotential and terrain-following vertical coordinates. Ocean Model 66:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.02.001\nSimpson JH, Bowers D (1981) Models of stratification and frontal movement in shelf seas. Deep Sea Res Part A Oceanogr Res Pap 28:727–738\nSlangen ABA, Katsman CA, van de Wal RSW et al (2012) Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC SRES scenarios. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6\nSlangen ABA, Church JA, Zhang X, Monselesan D (2014) Detection and attribution of global mean thermosteric sea level change. Geophys Res Lett 41:5951–5959. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061356\nSlangen ABA, Church JA, Agosta C et al (2016) Anthropogenic forcing dominates global mean sea-level rise since 1970. Nat Clim Change 6:701–705. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2991\nSonnewald M, Wunsch C, Heimbach P (2018) Linear predictability: a sea surface height case study. J Clim 31:2599–2611. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0142.1\nStammer D, Hüttemann S (2008) Response of regional sea level to atmospheric pressure loading in a climate change scenario. J Clim. https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1803.1\nSterlini P, Le Bars D, de Vries H, Ridder N (2017) Understanding the spatial variation of sea level rise in the North Sea using satellite altimetry. J Geophys Res Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012907\nStorkey D, Blaker AT, Mathiot P et al (2018) UK Global Ocean GO6 and GO7: a traceable hierarchy of model resolutions. Geosci Model Dev 11:3187–3213. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3187-2018\nSturges W, Douglas BC (2011) Wind effects on estimates of sea level rise. J Geophys Res Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006492\nSu J, Sein D, Mathis M et al (2014) Assessment of a zoomed global model for the North Sea by comparison with a conventional nested regional model. Tellus A 66:23927. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23927\nTaylor KE (2001) Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J Geophys Res 106:7183–7192\nTaylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:485–498. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1\nTinker J, Lowe J, Holt J et al (2015) Validation of an ensemble modelling system for climate projections for the northwest European shelf seas. Prog Oceanogr 138:211–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.002\nTinker J, Lowe J, Pardaens A et al (2016) Uncertainty in climate projections for the 21st century northwest European shelf seas. Prog Oceangr 148:56–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.09.003\nTinker J, Krijnen J, Wood R et al (2018) What are the prospects for seasonal prediction of the marine environment of the NW European shelf? Ocean Sci 14:887–909. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-887-2018\nTonani M, Pequignet C, King R et al (2019) Copernicus marine environment monitoring service quality information document for North West European shelf production centre NORTHWESTSHELF_ANALYSIS_FORECAST_PHYS_004_013. Met Office, Exeter. https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/documents/QUID/CMEMS-NWS-QUID-004-013.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2020\nTsimplis MN, Shaw AGP (2008) The forcing of mean sea level variability around Europe. Glob Planet Change 63:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.018\nTsimplis M, Shaw AGP, Woolf DK (2006) The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the sea-level around the northern European coasts reconsidered: the thermosteric effects. Philos Trans R Soc A 364:845–856. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1740\nTurrell WR, Henderson EW, Slesser G et al (1992) Seasonal changes in the circulation of the northern North Sea. Cont Shelf Res 12:257–286\nTurrell WR, Slesser G, Payne R et al (1996) Hydrography of the East Shetland Basin in relation to decadal North Sea variability. ICES J Mar Sci. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0112\nUnal YS, Ghil M (1995) Interannual and interdecadal oscillation patterns in sea level. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211679\nWahl T, Haigh ID, Woodworth PL et al (2013) Observed mean sea level changes around the North Sea coastline from 1800 to present. Earth Sci Rev 124:51–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.003\nWakelin SL, Woodworth PL, Flather RA, Williams JA (2003) Sea-level dependence on the NAO over the NW European Continental Shelf. Geophys Res Lett 30:1403. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017041\nWakelin SL, Holt JT, Proctor R (2009) The influence of initial conditions and open boundary conditions on shelf circulation in a 3D ocean-shelf model of the North East Atlantic. Ocean Dyn 59:67–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-008-0164-3\nWakelin SL, Holt J, Blackford J et al (2012) Modeling the carbon fluxes of the northwest European continental shelf: validation and budgets. J Geophys Res Ocean 117:C05020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007402\nWalters D, Baran A, Boutle I et al (2019) The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations. Geosci Model Dev 12:1909–1963. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1909-2019\nWidlansky MJ, Marra JJ, Chowdhury MR et al (2017) Multimodel ensemble sea level forecasts for tropical Pacific islands. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 56:849–862. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0284.1\nWilliams KD, Copsey D, Blockley E et al (2018) The Met Office Global Coupled model 3.0 and 3.1 (GC3 & GC3.1) configurations. J Adv Model Earth Syst 10:357–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001115\nWöppelmann G, Pouvreau N, Coulomb A et al (2008) Tide gauge datum continuity at Brest since 1711: France’s longest sea-level record. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035783\nXue Y, Leetmaa A (2000) Forecasts of tropical Pacific SST and sea level using a Markov model. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011107\nYin J, Griffies SM, Stouffer RJ (2010) Spatial variability of sea level rise in twenty-first century projections. J Clim 23:4585–4607. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3533.1\nYoung EF, Holt JT (2007) Prediction and analysis of long-term variability of temperature and salinity in the Irish Sea. J Geophys Res 112:C01008. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003386\nZwiers FW, von Storch H (1995) Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean. J Clim 8:336–351. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0336:TSCIAI>2.0.CO;2\nThis work was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. The MDT_CNES-CLS13 was produced by CLS Space Oceanography Division and distributed by Aviso, with support from CNES (https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/). Enda O’Dea (MO) advised on how to adapt the CO6 model for this study, and on shelf seas processes. Leon Hermanson (MO) helped with data processing of the GC3.0 modelled sub-polar gyre index, and Daley Calvert (MO) advised on processed the GC3.0 modelled AMOC, and global mean thermosteric sea level. We would like to thank the reviewers for their positive, thorough critiques, which have made for a much stronger paper.\nThis paper is dedicated to Dylan Alexander Taharua Tinker Vega, who was born during the final stages of the writing of this paper. Dylan is “born of the sea” in Welsh, and Taharua is “to be of two cultures” in Māori, reflecting his Spanish and New Zealand heritage. In remembrance of Doug Nicoll (1/6/1979–17/5/2020).\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nElectronic supplementary material\nBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.\nThe non-linear free surface and the inverse barometer effect\nDynamic sea level (DSL) is the regional departure from the global-mean sea level, associated with changes in the ocean density and circulation (Roberts et al. 2016; Gregory et al. 2019), and is the variable stored as “zos” in CMIP5 and CMIP6. In this study, the surface elevation simulated by our models is equivalent to DSL, which we refer to as Sea Surface Height (SSH). By focusing on DSL, we do not consider the contributions from variability in the global mean thermosteric sea level, vertical land motion, change in the earth’s geoid and mass exchange with the cryosphere (Roberts et al. 2016).\nBoth the NEMO ocean component of GC3.0 and CO6 use a non-linear free surface. In the free surface formulation within NEMO, the variable ηB describes the shape of the air-sea interface (using the Boussinesq approximation). This prognostic variable is the vertical average of the kinematic surface condition:\nwhere \\(\\nabla\\) is the divergence operator (H is depth, Uh is the depth mean current), Qm is the mass flux and ρ0 is the reference density (set to 1020 kg m−3 in CO6 to reflect the typical shelf densities). This equation allows barotropic external gravity waves (such as tides). These waves have quite high phase speeds, so their timescales are short relative to most other modelled processes. In order to represent them efficiently, time-splitting is used. As the sea surface height changes, the entire vertical grid expands and contracts (Madec and the NEMO Team 2016).\nBoth models use the Boussinesq approximation (see Sect. 2.1.3) which means that steric expansion is not modelled prognostically but must be diagnosed (see Sect. 11.2). However, local changes in density (the local steric effect, see Sect. 2.1.3) impact sea level through changes in pressure.\nIn CO6, the inverse barometer effect (Stammer and Hüttemann 2008) ηib, is included within the model calculation, and is calculated as\nwhere ps is the surface pressure field (with a reference value of 101,000 Nm−2), g is gravity and ρ0 is the reference density. ηib is subtracted from internally modelled η and from the η external boundary conditions. The inverse barometer effect is not modelled in GC3.0.\nDiagnosis of local steric expansion and bottom pressure changes\nThe local steric height and bottom pressure are diagnosed within CO6 at every model time step. Local steric height is (ηs) is calculated as:\nwhere ρ and ρ0 are the in-situ density and reference density, η the local sea surface height and H the local depth. It effectively shows the difference in water column height (H + η) between the in-situ density and reference density if the mass of the water column remained constant.\nThe bottom pressure (pz) is calculated as:\nwhere g is gravity. This effectively integrates the in-situ density over the water column.\nFraction of variance\nWe estimate the fraction-of-variance (FOV) to explain the relative importance of local bottom pressure and local steric changes (defined in Sect. 11.2) in the sea surface height. Roberts et al. (2016), their Eq. (5) defined the fraction of variance as\nwhere ssh is the SSH time series at each grid box. sshprocess is the component of SSH associated with either changes in local bottom pressure or local steric changes. Fprocess is the FOV associated with local bottom pressure and local steric changes respectively.\nRecalling the rules of addition and subtraction of variances:\nF > 0 when 2cov(ssh,sshprocess) > var(sshprocess). When the 2cov(ssh,sshprocess)—var(sshprocess) = var(ssh), F = 1.\nHere, we consider ssh to be the sum of two processes, so the sum of the two fractions of variance can be expressed as\nGiven the additive law of covariances\nEquation (14) may be written as\nWhen ssh = ssh1 + ssh2 and ssh1 and ssh2 are uncorrelated, for example represented by Guassian distrubuted random number N(μ, σ), with μ mean and σ standard diviation:\ncov(ssh1, ssh2) = 0 (as they are uncorrelated). Given (15) and (17), cov(ssh, ssh1 + ssh2) = cov(ssh, ssh) = var(ssh). Given (17) and (11), var(ssh1) + var(ssh2) = var(ssh), and so (16) reduces to 2 − 1 = 1. Therefore, for two uncorrelated ssh processes that add exactly to give the total sea-level, the two fraction of variances adds to 1.\nHowever, if the processes are correlated, or there is a third process (or noise), the sum of the fraction may not equal zero. If\nthe variance of ssh = 0, so (16) tends to -infinty. When you add noise to ssh (with an amplitude 10% of ssh1), i.e.,\nthe var(ssh) is √10% of var(ssh1) and var(ssh2), so the second term of (16) become 200 ((1 + 1)/√0.1). As ssh is now uncorrelated with ssh1 + ssh2 (as it is only the guassian noise), the cov(ssh, ssh1 + ssh2) is 0, so the sum of the fraction of variances in (16) the reduces to 0 − 200 = − 200.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nTinker, J., Palmer, M.D., Copsey, D. et al. Dynamical downscaling of unforced interannual sea-level variability in the North-West European shelf seas. Clim Dyn 55, 2207–2236 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05378-0\n- Regional sea-level variability\n- Northwest European shelf seas\n- Dynamic downscaling\n- Unforced climate variability\n- Present-day control simulation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posted on 19 Aug 2009\nWith top sustained winds approaching 135 mph, Hurricane Bill was upgraded early today to a dangerous Category 4 storm and could grow even stronger as it makes its way across the open waters of the Atlantic on a path toward Bermuda that would likely keep it clear of the U.S. East Coast but could spell trouble for Canada's Maritime Provinces, said the National Hurricane Center.\nThe center said people in the Leeward Islands should monitor Bill's progress, though the core of the storm was expected to pass well to the northeast of the islands later today and early Thursday.\n\"The wind shear is light and the waters are warm,\" Todd Kimberlain, a forecaster at the center, said. \"Those are two essential ingredients not just for the formation, but also the maintenance, of hurricanes.\"\nEarly this morning, Bill was centered about 460 miles east of the Leeward Islands and moving west-northwest near 16 mph.\nThe most significant threat could be to Bermuda, which the storm could pass in three or four days, Kimberlain said. But it also could move directly between Bermuda and the eastern coast of the U.S. without making landfall.\nEither way, people near the coast can expect wave swells and rip currents in the next few days, Kimberlain said.\nForecasters had revised their Atlantic hurricane season predictions for this season after the first two months passed without any named storms developing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The examples and perspective in this article or section might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards one or more specific regions.(January 2019)\nTidal flooding, also known as sunny day floodingor nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons. The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location. These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas.\nThis kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure.Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas.\nTidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system. Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects. One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways. However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves. In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems.\nSunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides.Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater. Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably.\nA warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier.As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice.\nMost of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases.\nDue to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change. The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion.In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend.\nIn Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term \"nuisance flooding\" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott. This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century. one meter (3.3 feet).The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than\nIn the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3.0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding. The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1.2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0.9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0.61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW. While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0.61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6.6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation. NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations. During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0.30 m) or more over datum.\nFort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding. Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the \"Venice of America\" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals.\nA recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions. mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year.The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19\nThe coast, also known as the coastline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. The Earth has around 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as freshwater or estuarine wetlands, which are important for bird populations and other terrestrial animals. In wave-protected areas they harbor saltmarshes, mangroves or seagrasses, all of which can provide nursery habitat for finfish, shellfish, and other aquatic species. Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of sessile animals and various kinds of seaweeds. Along tropical coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, coral reefs can often be found between depths of 1–50 m.\nA flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of \"flowing water\", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding, for example land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees, and larger environmental issues such as climate change and sea level rise. In particular climate change's increased rainfall and extreme weather events increases the severity of other causes for flooding, resulting in more intense floods and increased flood risk.\nMean sea level is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datum – a standardised geodetic datum – that is used, for example, as a chart datum in cartography and marine navigation, or, in aviation, as the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured to calibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraft flight levels. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular location.\nAn estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are an example of an ecotone. Estuaries are subject both to marine influences such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water, and to fluvial influences such as flows of freshwater and sediment. The mixing of seawater and freshwater provides high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.\nA rip tide, or riptide, is a strong offshore current that is caused by the tide pulling water through an inlet along a barrier beach, at a lagoon or inland marina where tide water flows steadily out to sea during ebb tide. It is a strong tidal flow of water within estuaries and other enclosed tidal areas. The riptides become the strongest where the flow is constricted. When there is a falling or ebbing tide, the outflow water is strongly flowing through an inlet toward the sea, especially once stabilized by jetties. During these falling and ebbing tides, a riptide can carry a person far offshore. For example, the ebbing tide at Shinnecock Inlet in Southampton, New York, extends more than 300 metres (980 ft) offshore. Because of this, riptides are typically more powerful than rip currents.\nA storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves.\nA tidal creek or tidal channel is a narrow inlet or estuary that is affected by ebb and flow of ocean tides. Thus it has variable salinity and electrical conductivity over the tidal cycle, and flushes salts from inland soils. Tidal creeks are characterized by slow water velocity resulting in buildup of fine, organic sediment in wetlands. Creeks may often be a dry to muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but with significant depth of water at high tide. Due to the temporal variability of water quality parameters within the tidally influenced zone, there are unique biota associated with tidal creeks which are often specialised to such zones. Nutrients and organic matter are delivered downstream to habitats normally lacking these, while the creeks also provide access to inland habitat for salt-water organisms.\nTidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun and the rotation of Earth. Tidal range depends on time and location.\nThe climate of the United States is changing in ways that are widespread and varied. From 2010 to 2019, the United States experienced its hottest decade on record. Different regions experience widely different climatic changes. Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant. For example, drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast. Generally, states that emit more carbon dioxide per person and prevent climate action are suffering more.\nThe effects of Climate change in Florida is attributable to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Floridians are experiencing increased flooding due to sea level rise, and are concerned about the possibility of more frequent or more intense hurricanes.\nTide gauge measurements show that the current global sea level rise began at the start of the 20th century. Between 1901 and 2018, the globally averaged sea level rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in). More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3 in) from 1993 to 2017, for an average rate of 3.1 cm per decade. This acceleration is due mostly to climate change, which heats the ocean and which melts the land-based ice sheets and glaciers. Between 1993 and 2018, the thermal expansion of water contributed 42% to sea level rise; melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century, with the latest measurements saying the sea levels are rising by 3.7 mm per year.\nThe climate of Miami is classified as having a tropical monsoon climate with hot and humid summers; short, warm winters; and a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate.\nThe North Shore, in the context of geography of the Island of Oʻahu, refers to the north-facing coastal area of Oʻahu between Kaʻena Point and Kahuku. The largest settlement is Haleʻiwa.\nCoastal flooding normally occurs when dry and low-lying land is submerged by seawater. The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding. Flood damage modelling was limited to local, regional or national scales. However, with the presence of climate change and an increase in the population rates, flood events have intensified and called for a global interest in finding out different methods with both spatial and temporal dynamics.\nCoastal Risk Consulting, LLC. is an American startup climate adaptation technology and consulting company with headquarters in Plantation, Florida. Coastal Risk provides individuals, businesses, and local governments with climate impact modeling technology, available as an online software-as-a-service (SaaS), that allows property owners to assess their vulnerability to flooding related to sea level rise and climate change impacts and assists in adaptation and resiliency decision-making.\nClimate change in Delaware encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Delaware.\nClimate change in South Carolina encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of South Carolina.\nClimate change in Virginia encompasses the effects of climate change, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the U.S. state of Virginia.\nSinking cities are urban environments that are in danger of disappearing due to their rapidly changing landscapes. The largest contributors to these cities becoming unlivable are the combined effects of climate change, land subsidence, and accelerated urbanization. Many of the world's largest and most rapidly growing cities are located along rivers and coasts, exposing them to natural disasters. As countries continue to invest people, assets, and infrastructure into these cities, the loss potential in these areas also increases. Sinking cities must overcome substantial barriers to properly prepare for today's dynamic environmental climate.\nSedimentation enhancing strategies are environmental management projects aiming to restore and facilitate land-building processes in deltas. Sediment availability and deposition are important because deltas naturally subside and therefore need sediment accumulation to maintain their elevation, particularly considering increasing rates of sea-level rise. Sedimentation enhancing strategies aim to increase sedimentation on the delta plain primarily by restoring the exchange of water and sediments between rivers and low-lying delta plains. Sedimentation enhancing strategies can be applied to encourage land elevation gain to offset sea-level rise. Interest in sedimentation enhancing strategies has recently increased due to their ability to raise land elevation, which is important for the long-term sustainability of deltas.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Best Kept Shark Diving Secret: Cuba\nThe Carribean is one of the most popular scuba diving areas for American travelers, with easy access to attractive locations in the Cayman Islands, Belize, the Mexican coast and Honduras, among many others. There is a large concentration of famous dive sites with a variety of diving styles and marine life, including encounters with large marine creatures, world-known wrecks, and cave and cavern diving. Naturally, there are many interesting dives for underwater photographers.\nBut there is one area which is still virgin, and that is Cuba. There are two main reasons for this. First, it is sort of a “black area” for American divers for political reasons, and second, it is still not easy to reach for European or Asian divers. As a European diver, I had been exploring the possibility of diving in Cuba for a few years, and after checking some YouTube clips from Jardines de la Reina, I decided to see it for myself. The diving in the videos was too tempting to pass up.\nA Caribbean reef shark passes by in the rich waters of Jardines de la Reina.\nJardines offers many close encounters for those willing to seek out the diving.\nAbout Jardines de la Reina\nJardines de la Reina is a remote and uninhabited part of southern Cuba, some 50 miles offshore (do not confuse it with “Jardines del Rey”, which is further north). This area is heavily protected by the Cuban goverment, so only scuba diving and some “light” big game fishing are allowed here (thanks to Castro, who was a diver himself and wanted to preserve the area). Cuba is slowly starting to open the gates to tourism, and now we are blessed with the opportunity to dive in this fantastic area.\nThere is one single, goverment controlled but “joint venture,\" Cuban-Italian operator conducting scuba activities, Avalon Diving. The area is reachable only by liveaboard, but Avalon Diving made an interesting “floating hotel.\" It's essentially a big boat converted into a convenient mid-category dive facility anchored in the middle of Jardines, and can accomodate up to 20-25 people living there at a time. Each day divers are transferred to the dive locations with light, speedy boats that we are used to seeing in the rest of Caribbean. The other option is to book a “classic” liveaboard – a 7 day cruise around Jardines. I found the floating hotel to be most effective.\nSome of the silky sharks are more than 3 meters long!\nA 7 day diving package consists of 5 diving days with three dives a day, since you loose the first and last day on transfers to/from Jardines. It's the only con for this trip. Also, you have to arrive in Havana (where the transfer is organised) one day before the booked trip, and stay in Havana one day afterwards. This presents a great opportunity to explore the city for a few days after your dive trip.\nThe Diving - Sharks!\nThe diving itself is something trully different. The water is very clear, and during every dive you are treated to close encounters with dozens of sharks... for the entire dive. I've had the oportunity to dive throughout the world and have seen many sharks before, but never in this fashion. They even started to get a little boring! If I was the operator there, I might even dare to say, “Sharks guaranteed or money back!” This is definitelly the place to go if you are a shark lover. Divers will most frequently encounter groups of silky and carribean reef sharks cruising around in close proximity, giving you many amazing photo options. Most of the sharks, if not every shark, are bigger then 2 metres, few bigger than 3m. The dive guides, who are very competent, know exactly where and when to take you, but it also seems that sharks congregate around the mooring buoys as soon as they hear the boat engines, expecting few pieces of fish after the dive (which they receive). The sharks are not agressive, but courious about the divers so there was never any sense of danger or threatening behavior. Of course, wide angle photography and close-focus wide-angle are common techiques here, so i never even bothered to try macro shooting.\nThe caribbean reef sharks are often found patrolling near the bottom of the reef.\nAt some of the dive sites in Jardines de la Reina you'll find dozens of Lionfish.\nSUPPORT THE UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY GUIDE:\nThe Best Service & Prices on u/w Photo Gear\nVisit Bluewater Photo & Video for all your underwater photography and video gear. Click, or call the team at (310) 633-5052 for expert advice!\nThe Best Pricing, Service & Expert Advice to Book your Dive Trips\nBluewater Travel is your full-service scuba travel agency. Let our expert advisers plan and book your next dive vacation. Run by divers, for divers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "06 Nov 2017\nPelagic sharks, like this blue shark are under the most pressure from fishing and the finning industry. A very curious blue shark with some war wounds and souvenir.\nCategory: Sharks (Gold Medal Winner)\nWe rely on advertising to help fund our award-winning journalism.\nWe urge you to turn off your ad blocker for The Telegraph website so that you can continue to access our quality content in the future.\nThank you for your support.\nVisit our adblocking instructions", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MELBOURNE, Australia – The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains neutral. All climate models surveyed by the Bureau indicate the tropical Pacific Ocean is likely to stay ENSO neutral for the rest of 2017.\nSea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central tropical Pacific (the NINO3.4 region) have been warmer than average, though still in the neutral range, since mid-April.\nThe current NINO3.4 value of +0.5 °C is the result of a localised warm anomaly. The overall sea surface temperature pattern is inconsistent with a developing El Niño, meaning further ocean warming and El Niño development remains unlikely.\nThis is reflected in neutral ENSO outlooks from all international climate models surveyed. Other indicators of ENSO, such as the Southern Oscillation Index, cloudiness near the Date Line, and trade winds also remain at neutral levels.\nThe Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is neutral. However, two of six climate models suggest positive IOD thresholds could be reached in the coming months.\nOnly one of these models suggests these will last long enough to be considered a positive IOD event.\nPositive IOD events are typically associated with below average winter and spring rainfall over central and southern Australia.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Aquariums have come a long way since the days when visiting was strictly a spectator sport, with guests parading past static exhibits and viewing fish through thick walls of glass. The move toward interactive displays and “animal chats” have enhanced the visitor’s experience, with many aquariums also offering special tours to meet marine life in a humane way. Now, aquarium-goers can experience everything from dolphin training to diving with sharks or visiting the food-prep lab.\nIf you’ve ever been curious about what goes on at the aquarium, out of public view, find out by visiting these five aquariums. Keep in mind that these in-depth, insider tours are very popular, so reserve your spot well in advance to avoid disappointment.\n1. New England Aquarium in Boston\nPhoto courtesy of the New England Aquarium\nEver wonder how an aquarium takes care of all its animals? Discover the secrets on a behind-the-scenes tour. The New England Aquarium in Boston offers two options. The first, focusing on the galleries, provides insight into food preparation, medical care and maintenance of tanks and habitats. Another takes you to the Marine Mammal Center, where California sea lions and northern fur seals live, learn and play. You’ll explore their habitats and find out what marine mammal trainers do to keep these creatures happy and engaged.\nOr, sign up for a meet-and-greet with the playful Atlantic harbor seals—and expect to get wet! The aquarium’s focal point—the four-story, 200,000-gallon Giant Ocean Tank—is where Myrtle, the green sea turtle, lives. You can meet this famous resident on a personalized tour that includes a peek at the food preparation kitchen and the technology behind this massive seawater tank. You’ll also be invited to step out on the feeding platform to give lettuce to Myrtle and feed the fish.\nLesson-plan resources: New England Aquarium’s Teacher Resource Center provides access to materials for related lesson planning.\nDriving distances: 2 hours 20 minutes from Hartford, Connecticut | 2 hours 25 minutes from Portland, Maine | 3 hours 15 minutes from Albany, New York | 3 hours 45 minutes from Burlington, Vermont | 4 hours from New York City, New York\n2. National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland\nPhoto courtesy of National Aquarium\nNearly 20,000 creatures call the National Aquarium home. Learn more about them by choosing from more than a dozen special tours. The Insider Tour provides an overall look at the animals and their habitats, as well as the exhibits and the inner workings of running an aquarium. Choose the Animal Care Experience to tour the medical facilities and meet the veterinary team. Interested in coral reefs? Dive into the aquarium’s Atlantic coral reef and hear what divers are doing to protect this fragile environment.\nAtlantic bottlenose dolphins are the focus of three tours, including an opportunity to assist the marine mammal team with training. On the adults-only Dive into Art tour, you’ll explore the art and science involved in designing exhibits and natural habitats, followed by a paint-and-sip experience to create your own marine-themed art. Traveling with little ones? A choice of three different family-friendly sleepovers introduce participants to dolphins, ocean predators or the aquarium after dark.\nLesson-plan resources: Tap into the National Aquarium’s learning resources.\nDriving distances: 2 hours from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | 3 hours 10 minutes from Richmond, Virginia | 4 hours from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania\n3. Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia\nPhoto courtesy of the Georgia Aquarium\nGeorgia Aquarium’s commitment to protecting the ocean and its inhabitants is evident in its immersive animal experiences, as each has a learning component to increase awareness. With a trainer’s guidance, enjoy an up-close encounter with dolphins or penguins in their habitat. Or, get acquainted with sea otters with a tour of their facility and an educational presentation. You’ll also have an opportunity to be their personal chef, helping to prepare a meal for them before taking part in a training session.\nWould you prefer an encounter with a denizen of the deep? Dive into the 6.3-million-gallon seawater tank to come face-to-face with whale sharks and other aquatic creatures. Or, swim with beluga whales. The Behind the Seas Tours, offered several times daily, provide an in-depth look at the exhibits, the commissary, filtration room for the tank and the animal health center. To experience the aquarium after hours, consider Sleep under the Sea (sleepover and activities for families) or Sips Under the Sea (cocktails, tapas and sleepover for adults).\nLesson-plan resources: Look for lesson plan ideas in the aquarium’s website.\nDriving distances: 2 hours 30 minutes from Montgomery, Alabama | 3 hours 30 minutes from Columbia, South Carolina | 4 hours 15 minutes from Nashville, Tennessee\n4. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago\nPhoto courtesy of the Shedd Aquarium\nChicago’s Shedd Aquarium is among the world’s largest indoor aquariums. There, you can pull on a pair of rubber boots and shadow a marine mammal trainer for half a day, assisting in the daily routine, including feeding and training of dolphins, belugas, sea lions, sea otters and penguins. If you prefer to focus on a single species, then maybe the penguin or beluga encounter is for you. You’ll get a more in-depth look, learning about the animal, its care and feeding, and conservation efforts to protect the species. Your encounter also includes a hands-on mini-training session with tips from experts who work with these animals.\nThere’s also a shark feeding tour at the Wild Reef and an opportunity to visit the animal hospital and exhibit galleries. Photo courtesy of the Shedd Aquarium\nLesson-plan resources: Explore the Shedd Aquarium’s educator resources.\nDriving distances: 1 hour 30 minutes from Milwaukee, Wisconsin | 3 hours from Indianapolis, Indiana | 4 hours from Toledo, Ohio and Detroit, Michigan | 5 hours from St. Louis, Missouri\n5. Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon\nPhoto courtesy of the Oregon Coast Aquarium\nThe Behind-the-Scenes tour at the Oregon Coast Aquarium gives insight into how the aquarium cares for and feeds more than 15,000 Pacific coast animals in their care. Opt for the Seal and Sea Lion Kisses tour, and you’ll get close enough to smell their fishy breaths, as the trainer describes their habitat and feeding, and demonstrates their training—with ample time for questions. If you’re game, these lovable creatures may give you a peck on the cheek.\nCertified divers have the added option of enjoying a unique experience: diving with hundreds of sharks, fish and other marine species. The tour includes an inside look at the Passages of the Deep exhibit with its underwater tunnel through three ocean habitats. That’s also the location of the Sleep with the Sharks experience, which includes a scavenger hunt and tour of the galleries and exhibits—a perfect family outing that allows you to explore without the daytime crowds.\nLesson-plan resources: Discover the creatures of the Pacific.\nDriving distances: 2 hours 30 minutes from Portland, Oregon | 4 hours 45 minutes from Tacoma, Washington", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Surfers in New York have to deal with flat spells, wind swell, crowded city breaks. And now this: Researchers have just discovered the the southern coast of Long Island is a great white shark nursery and possibly the birthing site for the local population. (By the way, Santa Monica Bay is pretty much the same thing.)\nWhile Jaws-like 16 footers are occasionally found in these waters, four-foot juveniles are a frequent catch — a unique feature in the North Atlantic. The scientists noticed that such a mature shark was returning to the area after being caught and tagged last year, leading them to the nursery theory. They spent two weeks trying to catch and tag juvenile whites, hauling in an impressive nine specimen.\nGreat whites aren’t federally protected, but the scientists say the juveniles’ presence signals a healthy ecosystem. After presumably being birthed in this area, the youngsters will hang around for 20 years before heading farther afield.\nCheck out Ocearch’s Shark Tracker to find out where fish tagged by the organization are…Or not. Do you really need that running through your head as you paddle out?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Correcting widespread misidentifications of the highly abundant and commercially important sardine species Sardinella lemuru, Bleeker, 1853 in the Philippines.\nMorphology, meristics, and molecular genetics tools were used to determine the species level identification of the most commonly landed sardine species in the Philippines. Results from this study indicated that the historical and widely applied nomenclature of the Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps, is incorrect and that this species is instead the Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru. Developing an effective strategy for managing one of the Philippines most important commodity sardine species first requires accurate identification of this species. Results of this study provide needed information that is now being applied to emerging management policies.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Second ever pocket shark described\nScientists have just discovered the second specimen ever collected of a small shark known as a pocket shark. The first pocket shark (Mollisquama parini) was discovered in 1984 off the coast of Peru. This second species was inadvertently collected by scientists in the Gulf of Mexico studying sperm whales.\nBook release: 100 Facts About Dolphins\nViktor Lyagushkin, Nikon Ambassador and National Geographic Russia photographer, together with Bogdana Vashchenko have just released an eBook entitled “100 Facts about Dolphins”. The book represents the results of several years of research and photography into the Black Sea Black Sea bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus Ponticus).\nResources for Adobe Lightroom 6/CC users\nSince Lightroom 6/CC’s release, Adobe has posted over 60 tutorials. These include guides for those completely new to the app, as well as orientation to the new features in the latest release. The tutorials are free to view and represent an amazing resource. Don’t forget to check out Wetpixel’s review too.\nJapan suspended from world aquarium association\nThe Dodo reports that the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums has suspended the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums due to concerns that they were obtaining dolphins from the infamous drive hunts at Taji, Wakayama, Japan. This amounts to Japanese aquaria and dolphinariums no longer being recognized by any international bodies.\nVideo: Canon on 4K optics\nIkelite announces housing for OM-D E-M5 Mark II\nRob Stewart’s Revolution released online\nRevolution, “The Evolution of Life and the Revolution to Save Us”, directed by Rob Stewart of Sharkwater fame has been released and is now available to download. Featuring some stunning wildlife and underwater footage, the film charts Stewart’s journey charts what he describes as “the biggest movement in history” as he charts the growth of environmental awareness and activism worldwide.\nShow report: ADEX 2015\nWetpixel Moderator Drew Wong provides us with a report for the Asian Dive Expo (ADEX), which was held at the Marina Bay Sands Convention Center in Singapore from 10 to 12 April. Drew gives us an illustrated run-down of all the new products on display, and the dishes the dirt on who did what to who at the Wetpixel/Scubacam ADEX Imaging party.\n- Issue 14 of Anima Mundi magazine is now available to download (via )\n- Sea Lions of the Galapagos Islands (via )\n- How deep can fish swim? (via )\n- Over underwater photographs in a tank (via )\n- RED Dragon sensor outperforms Nikon D800e in DxO tests (via )\n- March issue of DIVE magazine is now available (via )\n- Issue 77 of UwP magazine is now available to download (via )\n- Underwater photography tips from Outside magazine (via )\n- Video: Amateur photographer tracks the decline in mirrorless… (via )\n- New suit allows diving to 1,000 feet (305m) (via )", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Manhattan MixingMay 9, 2006\nJay Sisson (left) and Craig Marquette maneuver a box corer after plucking a sediment sample from the bottom of the Hudson River for studies of how sediment accumulates along this intersection between salty ocean water and fresh river water.(Photo by Rocky Geyer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)\nImage and Visual Licensing\nWHOI copyright digital assets (stills and video) contained on this website can be licensed for non-commercial use upon request and approval. Please contact WHOI Digital Assets at firstname.lastname@example.org or (508) 289-2647.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hey I’m Sophie 😊\nI live and work in Tutukaka, New Zealand. At the Poor Knight Islands for Dive! Tutukaka.\nI’ve been working here for nearly 8 years, since I was 16.\nI’m originally from Zimbabwe and moved to New Zealand as a child, where I fell in love with the ocean.\nI’ve worked as an Instructor in Tonga, taking people snorkelling and diving with Humpback whales. Mozambique and South Africa teaching underwater photography internships.\nMy full time work is in New Zealand as a Diving Instructor, where I dive 5 days a week at the Poor Knights Islands.\nI’ve featured in Various Advertising campaigns (Nikon, Air New Zealand, Tourism NZ) as a diver at the Beautiful Poor Knights Islands.\nI am passionate about marine sustainability and I hope by teaching new divers and showing people this beautiful marine reserve they become inspired to want to conserve everything underwater as well.\n- PADI IDC Staff Instructor\n- Emergency First Response Instructor\n- Night Diver Instructor\n- Dry Suit Instructor\n- Digital Underwater Photography Instructor\n- Wreck Instructor\n- Deep Instructor\n- Peak Performance Buoyancy Instructor\n- Project Aware Instructor\n- Aware Coral Reef Conservation Specialty Instructor\n- Care For Children with AED Instructor", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2022 Education Program: Technology Innovation & AFDF’s Startup Accelerator\nGarrett Evridge will lead a discussion with several early-stage companies deploying technology in Alaska fisheries to increase safety, profitability, and sustainability. Learn about precision fishing devices, remote sensing, and ocean modeling, as well as how Alaska can participate in the rapidly growing field of ocean technology.\nNov 17, 2022\n12:45 PM - 1:30 PM EDT", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Are you going to the beach for fall break? You had better watch the water if you are. Shark attacks are increasing in the U.S. according to a study by Progress in Oceanography and there is no one to blame besides Mother Nature. The increase in attacks is due to climate change, according to a study by Progress in Oceanography. The climate change is pushing sharks and other marine species north towards North America.\nJust in the past two weeks there have been two shark attacks in the U.S. One was off of Cape Cod Beach in Massachusetts. A man named Arthur Medici of Revere, Mass. was boogie boarding when he got attacked and died later at the hospital. This was a shocker for the area as they haven’t had a deadly shark attack in over 80 years.\nThe other shark attack was a 13 year-old boy at a Southern California beach. Lifeguard Captain Larry Giles told reporters the victim was diving for lobsters about 200 yards from the shore in water about 9 feet deep when the shark attacked. Although his bite was not fatal, the boy was in critical condition due to extreme blood loss. “We imagine it could be a great white shark, but we don’t know for sure.” Lifeguard Captain Larry Giles said to Fox News reporters.\nThere are around 70 shark attacks on average world wide. Most attacks happen to not be fatal. According to National Geographic the U.S. averages 19 attacks a year and 1 shark fatality every two years. Meanwhile, in the coastal U.S. states alone, lightning strikes and kills more than 37 people each year. Even though shark attacks are on a rise they are still very uncommon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Antioxidant and antibacterial assay of two red marine macro-alga of Bandar Abbas coastal\nZarei Jeliani, Z.\nYusef Zadi, M.\nMetadataShow full item record\nSeaweed is favored seafood in some regions and is also used as feedstock for extracting fine chemicals. The total global seaweed production continues to grow This study investigated the biological activities of n-Hexane, Ethylacetate and Methanol extract of two red marine macro algae (Gracilariopsis persica and Hypnea flagelliformis), collected from the coast of Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf, Iran. For identification the superior species with biological properties, the tested activities included Carotenoids content, total Phenolic content, total flavonoids content, antioxidant activity at the concentration (3 mg/ml) by ferric reducing power (FRP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay and at final, antibacterial activity was evaluated. This study revealed that the more effective macro algae extracts by maximum antioxidant capacity: FRP and TAC, were recorded for Ethylacetate extracts. The result showed the highest content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded for.....\nJournalJournal of Marine Science and Technology\nBandar Abbas coastal", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I visited the New York City aquarium last weekend while out in Coney Island. It’s a really small aquarium for such a large city. Despite the small size, their “Hall of Conservation” was well done. Notably, the exhibit on coral was interesting.\nI learned coral grows very slowly. Apparently the large reefs only grow .2 – 1 inch per year. This is why human damage to reefs can be so harmful to the ecological balance of an area because the coral takes so long to regenerate. The team at the aquarium was artificially growing dozens of different coral specifies in a large grid, pictured. Like any growing process they need the proper delicate balance of light, nutrients and, in the case of coral, water temperature, turbulence and salinity, to grow properly. Coral also depends on the indigenous fish population to feed off the algae that forms on the coral to keep the plant free from obstruction so the sunlight can reach it properly.\nAnother necessary symbiotic relationship creating balance in the universe!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Researchers have discovered an otherworldly, 20-tentacled creature lurking in the freezing depths of the Antarctic Ocean. Resembling an alien or a Lovecraftian horror, the Antarctic strawberry feather star (Promachocrinus fragarius) is one of four new species of crinoids that scientists found at the bottom of the ocean, reports an article in Live Science.\nCrinoids are a group of eerie, perfectly symmetrical creatures that include sea lilies and sea feathers. Sea lilies attach themselves to the ocean floor with a stalk, while sea feathers abandon their stalk upon reaching maturity to waft themselves through the sea with mesmerizing, synchronized swishes of their arms.\nPrior to the discovery, there was thought to be only one species of Antarctic feather star, Promachocrinus kerguelensis. But the new research has revealed that at least eight species of the strange creatures live in the waters surrounding the southernmost continent, at depths ranging from about 330 to 3,300 feet (100 to 1,000 meters).\nTo discover the new animals, whose colors range from purple to dark red, researchers trawled a net across patches of the Southern Ocean to collect samples of the creatures. After performing a DNA analysis, the researchers classified the creatures into four new species.\nIntrigued by their findings, the researchers then took a closer look at sea feather specimens that were captured between 2008 and 2017 and were presumed to be P. kerguelensis. Their efforts netted them a discovery of four more new species — bringing the total to eight.\nThe Antarctic strawberry feather star gets its name from the strawberry-like nub on its body, from which string like appendages called cirri protrude anchor the animal to the seafloor. When feather stars take flight, they spread their arms wide and paddle with rhythmic pulses, dancing through the water and capturing plankton with thousands of tiny, mucousy filaments along their arms.\nCrinoids like these dominated the young seas of our planet, but they were largely wiped out — along with 95% of life on Earth — during the Permian mass extinction roughly 251 million years ago.\nThe researchers, Emily L. McLaughlin, Nerida G. Wilson and Greg W. Rouse from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, published their findings July 14 in the journal Invertebrate Systematics.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Table of Contents\nInshore Fishing Defined\nInshore refers to your distance from land. While technically offshore, inshore fishing is when you’re located relatively close to land. Usually, this water is also quite shallow and not considered deep sea fishing.\nInshore fishing usually takes place no more than five miles offshore. This type of fishing, depending on the location, usually doesn’t require a large boat or expensive equipment. Inshore fishing is a low-cost way to enjoy saltwater fishing without the risks or requirements of an extensive fishing trip.\nInshore Fishing Vs Nearshore Fishing\nHow does inshore fishing differ from nearshore fishing? By the way we defined inshore fishing, it seems like “nearshore” would be a more accurate way to describe it. But in actuality, nearshore fishing takes place much further out on the water than inshore fishing.\nNearshore fishing takes place up to 30 miles offshore. At these distances, you can catch just about anything that exists in your region of the ocean—including massive prized game fish like swordfish and sharks.\nNearshore fishing isn’t necessarily defined by a specific distance. Instead, it describes the type of conditions encountered and the type of fish you can catch. But nearshore fishing is a universally more cost and time-intensive activity than inshore fishing, and it’s reserved for serious fishermen with the necessary experience and equipment.\nIt’s best to start with inshore fishing before buying a big boat or going too far offshore. This will allow you to gain the necessary practical experience and to get comfortable in an environment where you may encounter large and powerful fish. Plus, you’ll get to save some time and money in the process and spend more time on the water doing what you love.\nBenefits of Inshore Fishing\nInshore fishing is a low-stress activity with a relatively low barrier-to-entry. Generally speaking, you can get away with using less expensive equipment due to the decreased size of the fish. Additionally, inshore fishing doesn’t require an expensive fishing boat—you can use a much smaller boat and be just fine.\nInshore fishing is also more convenient, as it doesn’t take as long to set up, get out on the water, and get back. You can spend the morning or afternoon fishing and be back in time for a meal—hopefully, one that you caught yourself.\nInshore fishing is generally less seasonally affected than nearshore fishing. Many of the game fish you can catch don’t have strict migratory schedules, and you’re more likely to go home with something worthwhile in shallower waters. Additionally, shallow waters are home to a more dense marine environment—which means there are more fish in a given area to catch.\nInshore fishing is a great activity for beginners, especially those who’ve only fished in freshwater or from land. There are fewer hazards, and less expertise is necessary to have a good time. Inshore fishing is fun for the whole family too, and it’s a much more pleasant experience for less interested passengers.\nDo You Need a Boat for Inshore Fishing?\nTechnically, you’ll need to be on a boat to go inshore fishing—but you don’t have to own it. Thanks to the reduced distances involved, you can charter an inshore fishing boat at an affordable price instead of buying one for yourself. If you own a boat, you’ll enjoy reduced fuel and maintenance costs.\nWhat Kind of Boat Do You Need for Inshore Fishing?\nYou can use lots of different boats for inshore fishing. After all, you’re not far out at sea—and so your boat options are flexible. The most popular kind of boat used for inshore fishing is the classic fiberglass console fishing boat. These robust open boats are powered by one or two medium-sized outboard motors and are usually around 20 feet in length.\nOutboard fishing consoles are popular because they’re easy to handle, relatively inexpensive to own and operate, and tough enough to blast through an occasional choppy afternoon. What they lack in creature comforts, they make up for the inconvenience. One of these little boats can easily take four adults on a day-long fishing trip, but overnight excursions are less practical.\nSome people use Sport Fisher boats for inshore fishing. These larger vessels, which are usually powered by twin inboard diesel engines, are suitable for much more rigorous offshore activities. With an average length of about 40 feet, these fishing boats have all the accommodations required for a multi-day fishing trip.\nThe primary disadvantage to inshore fishing on a large boat is draft and maneuverability. Many of the best inshore fishing spots are shallow and can become dangerous during low tide. Additionally, your proximity to the shore can become a problem when your boat is too big to react quickly.\nInshore Fish Species\nFish species vary widely by climate, location, water depth, and even the time of day. However, there are a few fish you can find in many locations when inshore fishing. Here’s a quick breakdown of fish species you can catch by region.\nThe Pacific Northwest is a popular destination for fishing, though the rocky coastline can be somewhat inhospitable for inshore fishing. However, those who do venture out have access to some excellent local fish species. Some of the most common include walleye, Pacific cod, surf smelt, dogfish sharks, Pacific herring, some species of salmon, and the prized massive halibut.\nYou may also run into coastal cutthroat trout, but they’re catch-and-release in most parts of the Pacific Northwest.\nFurther south in California, there are dozens of fish species and a much longer comfortable fishing season. Southern California is a good environment for inshore fishing, and the activity is extremely popular there.\nSome of the most common inshore species in California include several species of rays, sharks, sea bass, perches, croakers, flatfish, rockfish, and enormous west coast tunas. Inshore fishing on the West Coast is a good bet year-round, and there’s always a huge variety of game fish to catch.\nGulf of Mexico\nThe Gulf of Mexico is one of the most popular inshore fishing regions in the world. The region is extremely biodiverse, and there’s an almost unlimited amount of locations to fish. Due to the sport’s popularity in the region, you probably won’t be the only small boat out on the water—but the soft coastline and shallow waters make the Gulf an excellent and easy inshore fishing destination.\nInshore fishing species vary wildly by location. That said, the most popular catches on the Gulf are Spanish Mackerel, Sailfish, Wahoo, various species of sharks, King Mackerel, eel, barracuda, redfish, flounder, and spotted sea trout. Just be sure to watch out for jellyfish—it’s a more common annoyance than you may have predicted.\nEastern Florida Coast\nInshore fishing is so popular in Florida that the state gets its own category. Thanks to the geography of the state, inshore fishing is an easy and safe activity along most of its extensive coastline. Many of the fish you’ll encounter off the coast of Florida are found in the Gulf as well, such as tarpon, Spanish mackerel, and redfish.\nOther common Florida inshore species include sand perch, sheepshead, snook, southern kingfish, gulf kingfish, anchovy, pigfish, and sardines. You can also catch plenty of eel, crabs, and lobster.\nFurther north, there are still plenty of opportunities for inshore fishing. In states like New Jersey and Massachusetts, inshore species include massive white marlin, blue marlin, cod, bluefish, and prized swordfish. Sea bass is also common, along with ling, porgy, bonito, and some species of mackerel.\nAbout THE AUTHOR\nFrom a young age I was introduced to fishing, hiking, camping, snowboarding and more through family, friends, and scouting. After 20 years of learning and participating in these outdoor activities, I share what i've learned (and continue learning) with you.Read more about Scott Kimball", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Impacts of artisanal fishing on key functional groups and the potential vulnerability of coral reefs\nLokrantz, Jerker, Nyström, Marcus, Norström, Albert V., Folke, Carl, and Cinner, Joshua E. (2009) Impacts of artisanal fishing on key functional groups and the potential vulnerability of coral reefs. Environmental Conservation, 36 (4). pp. 327-337.\n|PDF (Published Version) - Repository staff only - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader|\nView at Publisher Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000...\nFishing can have major impacts on the structure of coral reef ecosystems. Overfishing of herbivores is particularly detrimental, as it makes the coral system more likely to undergo shifts to macroalgal dominance in the event of coral mass mortality. Knowing when important processes, such as herbivory, are becoming brittle is important because it can provide an opportunity for managers to avoid undesirable ecosystem-level changes. This study investigates the impact of artisanal fishing on three important functional groups of herbivores (grazers, scrapers and excavators) on five coral-dominated reefs outside Zanzibar (Tanzania). There was a negative correlation between fishing pressure and fish biomass, abundance, diversity and species richness. Moreover, fishing had a negative influence on the demographic structure of functional groups, particularly excavators, manifesting itself as a skewness towards smaller individuals within populations. Artisanal fishing can have significant impacts on key functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes which may increase the vulnerability of coral reefs to undesirable ecosystem shifts.\n|Item Type:||Article (Refereed Research - C1)|\n|Keywords:||artisanal fishing, coral reefs, ecosystem function, functional groups, herbivory, resilience, vulnerability, Zanzibar|\n|FoR Codes:||16 STUDIES IN HUMAN SOCIETY > 1608 Sociology > 160802 Environmental Sociology @ 10%|\n07 AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES > 0704 Fisheries Sciences > 070403 Fisheries Management @ 40%\n05 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES > 0501 Ecological Applications > 050102 Ecosystem Function @ 50%\n|SEO Codes:||96 ENVIRONMENT > 9605 Ecosystem Assessment and Management > 960506 Ecosystem Assessment and Management of Fresh, Ground and Surface Water Environments @ 50%|\n96 ENVIRONMENT > 9608 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity > 960808 Marine Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity @ 50%\n|Deposited On:||20 May 2011 09:01|\n|Last Modified:||18 Oct 2013 01:09|\nLast 12 Months: 0\n|Citation Counts with External Providers:|\nRepository Staff Only: item control page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "H. R. 3665\nIN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES\nAugust 25, 2017\nMr. Mast introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the Committee on Natural Resources, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned\nTo require the Inter-Agency Task Force on Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia to develop a plan for reducing, mitigating, and controlling harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in the Greater Everglades region, and for other purposes.\nThis Act may be cited as the\nSouth Florida Clean Coastal Waters Act of 2017.\nGreater Everglades harmful algal blooms and hypoxia assessment and action plan\nThe Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–383; 16 U.S.C. 1451 note) is amended—\nby redesignating sections 605 through 609 as sections 606 through 610, respectively; and\nby inserting after section 604 the following:\nGreater everglades harmful algal blooms and hypoxia\nNot later than 18 months after the date of enactment of South Florida Clean Coastal Waters Act of 2017, the Task Force, in accordance with the authority under section 603, shall complete and submit to Congress and the President an integrated assessment that examines the causes, consequences, and potential approaches to reduce harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in the Greater Everglades region, and the status of, and gaps within, current harmful algal bloom and hypoxia research, monitoring, management, prevention, response, and control activities that directly impact the region by—\nregional research consortia;\nprivate industry; and\nNot later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the South Florida Clean Coastal Waters Act of 2017, the Task Force shall develop and submit to Congress a plan, based on the integrated assessment under subsection (a), for reducing, mitigating, and controlling harmful algal blooms and hypoxia in the Greater Everglades region.\nThe plan shall—\naddress the monitoring needs identified in the integrated assessment under subsection (a);\ndevelop a timeline and budgetary requirements for deployment of future assets;\ncomprehensively analyze how South Florida Ecosystem Restoration efforts may affect the distribution, magnitude, duration, and frequency of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia events within the region;\nassess the effect of the Lake Okeechobee Regulation Schedule and the Army Corps of Engineers’ management of lake levels, including release timing, duration, and flow rates, on the distribution, magnitude, duration, and frequency of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia events within the region;\nidentify requirements for the development and verification of Greater Everglades harmful algal bloom and hypoxia models, including—\nall assumptions built into the models; and\ndata quality methods used to ensure the best available data are utilized; and\npropose a plan to implement a remote monitoring network and early warning system for alerting local communities in the region to harmful algal bloom risks that may impact human health.\nIn developing the plan, the Task Force shall—\ncoordinate and consult with the State of Florida, and affected local and tribal governments;\nconsult with representatives from regional academic, agricultural, industry, and other stakeholder groups;\nensure that the plan complements and does not duplicate activities conducted by other Federal or State agencies, including the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force;\nidentify critical research for reducing, mitigating, and controlling harmful algal bloom events and their effects;\nevaluate cost-effective, incentive-based partnership approaches;\nensure that the plan is technically sound and cost-effective;\nutilize existing research, assessments, reports, and program activities;\npublish a summary of the proposed plan in the Federal Register at least 180 days prior to submitting the completed plan to Congress; and\nafter submitting the completed plan to Congress, provide biennial progress reports on the activities toward achieving the objectives of the plan.\nIn this section, the term Greater Everglades means—\nall lands and waters within the administrative boundaries of the South Florida Water Management District;\nregional coastal waters including, but not limited to, Biscayne Bay, the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida Bay, and the Indian River Lagoon; and\nthe Florida Reef Tract.\nClerical amendment and correction\nThe table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–383) is amended by striking the items relating to title VI and inserting the following new items:\nTitle VI—Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia\nSec. 601. Short title.\nSec. 602. Findings.\nSec. 603. Assessments.\nSec. 603A. National Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Program.\nSec. 603B. Comprehensive research plan and action strategy.\nSec. 604. Northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxia.\nSec. 605. Greater Everglades harmful algal blooms and hypoxia.\nSec. 606. Great Lakes hypoxia and harmful algal blooms.\nSec. 607. Effect on other Federal authority.\nSec. 608. Definitions.\nSec. 609. Authorization of appropriations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sharks hunting surfers are in for a shock\nIngenious ways to protect surfers from an increased number of shark attacks were discussed by 70 marine scientists in Sydney yesterday.\nAfter 29 encounters with sharks off the coast of Australia this year, in which two people have been killed and 18 injured, one proposal involved planting a cable from the shoreline that would give a shark an electric shock.\nAnother idea was for a more robust style of the netting that has been used since the 1930s. It resembles a bubble curtain and prevents sharks swimming closer to shore, but does not trap other fish in the meshing.\nIn an attempt to counter calls for a shark cull, the scientists also examined personal shark shields, where a swimmer or surfer carries a device that", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hope for Reefs is a global initiative launched by the California Academy of Sciences in 2016 to research and restore critical coral reef systems. Its key aims are to make fundamental breakthroughs in coral reef biology, develop new conservation solutions and restoration techniques, and share what we know through innovative exhibits and educational media programs.\nExciting news from the Academy's Coral Regeneration Lab (CoRL)! On April 22, 2020, Acropora hyacinthus corals collected from the reefs of Palau released eggs and sperm that mixed in a fascinating reproduction display.\nIn this video, Academy curator Rebecca Albright, PhD, who runs one of the world’s only indoor coral culturing labs, talks viewers through the spawning and explains how her team uses lights, temperature, and more to simulate seasons and lunar conditions in Palau. Dr. Albright’s team works tirelessly to keep these corals healthy so they can reproduce year after year and provide critical insight about the future of threatened coral reefs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- With efforts underway around the globe to develop commercial octopus farming operations, scientists from Australia, Spain, and the U.S. have penned an article, published in the journal Issues in Science and Technology this month, warning of the severe impacts octopus aquaculture would have on animal welfare and the environment.\n- Some 550 different aquatic animal species are currently raised in captivity in about 190 countries, accounting for as much as half of the seafood market in many industrialized countries. Spain is leading the charge to farm species like the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, employing a variety of experimental aquaculture practices while the Spanish Institute of Oceanography carries out and publishes major research on octopus farming.\n- Even if a sustainable diet for captive octopus could be found, farming the cephalopods would still be unethical, researchers argue.\nWith efforts underway around the globe to develop commercial octopus farming operations, scientists from Australia, Spain, and the U.S. have penned an article, published in the journal Issues in Science and Technology this month, warning of the severe impacts octopus aquaculture would have on animal welfare and the environment.\nOctopuses have “sophisticated nervous systems and large brains” and are known for their fascinating and complex behaviors, the authors of the article note. For instance, octopus are famous for their ability to rapidly change colors and camouflage themselves in the wild, as well as their problem-solving skills that have allowed many octopuses to repeatedly escape captivity, among many other incredible talents.\n“Given their exceptional abilities, one might ask whether humans should be eating octopus at all, but here we want to raise a different ethical question,” the scientists write. “As global demand for octopus grows, especially in affluent markets, so have efforts to farm them. We believe that octopuses are particularly ill-suited to a life in captivity and mass-production, for reasons both ethical and ecological.”\nSome 550 different aquatic animal species are currently raised in captivity in about 190 countries, accounting for as much as half of the seafood market in many industrialized countries. Spain is leading the charge to farm species like the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, employing a variety of experimental aquaculture practices while the Spanish Institute of Oceanography carries out and publishes major research on octopus farming. Other farming and research projects are being pursued in Australia, Chile, Greece, Italy, Mexico, and Portugal. As many as eight different octopus species are now experimentally farmed in China, and the Japanese seafood company Nissui is reportedly expecting to bring a fully farmed octopus to market by 2020.\n“We are all living during the rapid domestication of aquatic species and research is almost entirely around the question of which aquatic animals we can farm, rather than which animals we should farm,” Jennifer Jacquet, an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Studies at New York University and the lead author of the article, said in a statement.\n“Universities and companies are investing time and money into farming octopus, which we believe is a big mistake. Mass producing octopus would repeat many of the same mistakes we made on land in terms of high environmental and animal welfare impacts, and be in some ways worse because we have to feed octopus other animals.”\nAquaculture’s impacts on the environment are well known and include nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, released from feces and the decomposition of uneaten food, which contributes to oxygen depletion in ocean waters. Contamination from fertilizers, algaecides, herbicides, and disinfectants are also a concern, as are the excessive use of antibiotics and the loss of natural habitats, like mangrove swamps, that are used for farms.\nBut the biggest ecological impact of farming octopuses would derive from the fact that they are carnivorous animals who depend on fish protein and oil, according to Jacquet and her co-authors. Whereas most terrestrial animals we farm are herbivores, the majority of farmed aquatic species, such as salmon, trout, and shrimp, are carnivorous. That means that feeding aquatic animals raised in industrial farming operations puts additional pressure on wild fish and invertebrates for fishmeal.\n“Around one-third of the global fish catch is turned into feed for other animals, roughly half of which goes to aquaculture,” the authors write. “Many fishmeal fisheries are subject to overfishing and are declining,” and octopus farming would greatly exacerbate that problem.\n“Octopuses have a food conversion rate of at least 3:1, meaning that the weight of feed necessary to sustain them is about three times the weight of the animal. Given the depleted state of global fisheries and the challenges of providing adequate nutrition to a growing human population, increased farming of carnivorous species such as octopus will act counter to the goal of improving global food security.”\nBut even if a sustainable diet for captive octopus could be found, farming the cephalopods would still be unethical, Jacquet and colleagues argue. The 2012 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, the first formal documentation of the scientific consensus around the consciousness of non-mammal species, cited octopuses as the sole invertebrate capable of conscious experience. Experimental work has confirmed that octopuses are curious creatures who like to explore their surroundings. And octopuses are not only capable of problem-solving, but retain long-term memories of how to perform tasks: “One study found that octopuses retained knowledge of how to open a screw-top jar for at least five months. They are also capable of mastering complex aquascapes, conducting extensive foraging trips, and using visual landmarks to navigate.”\nAll of which means that octopus are poorly suited to being raised in captivity. Little research has been done on how octopuses fare in farmed settings, but “existing evidence suggests intensive farming systems are likely to be associated with high mortality rates and increased aggression, parasitic infection, and a host of digestive tract issues. Beyond their basic biological health and safety, octopuses are likely to want high levels of cognitive stimulation, as well as opportunities to explore, manipulate, and control their environment. Intensive farm systems are inevitably hostile to these attributes.”\nBeyond the ecological and ethical challenges octopus farming poses, Jacquet and colleagues question whether it is even necessary to the future of humanity’s food needs. The main markets for farmed octopus are upscale outlets in Australia, China, Japan, northern Mediterranean countries, South Korea, and the U.S., all regions that are largely food secure, meaning that all people have sufficient access to safe and nutritious food.\n“As consumers become increasingly concerned about animal welfare and sustainability, the case against octopus farming should only become stronger,” the researchers write. “If society decides we cannot farm octopus, it will mean relatively few people can continue to eat them. But it does not mean that food security will be undermined; it will mean only that affluent consumers will pay more for increasingly scarce, wild octopus.”\nOctopus farming is currently constrained by the available technology, but we may eventually develop the ability to farm octopus at an industrial scale. “If such an opportunity comes, we hope that the serious welfare and environmental problems associated with such projects are recognized, and octopus farming is discouraged or prevented,” Jacquet and colleagues say. “There are better directions for the future of farming.”\n• Jacquet, J., Franks, B., Godfrey-Smith, P., & Sánchez-Suárez, W. (2019). The Case Against Octopus Farming. Issues in Science and Technology 35(2): 37–44.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Turbidity currents are subaqueous sediment gravity flows that are generated by landslides, slumps or density-based avalanches (Mutti et al.\nDeposits of turbidity currents, i.e., turbidites, can be found in different geological settings such as lakes, reservoirs, delta fronts and continental shelves (Walker 1976).\nProvenance of Motatau Complex indicates a distant or low relief source, but the presence of the glauconitic sandstone suggests intermittent influxes of coarse silisiclastic material, possibly by turbidity current\n. The source of most of the Motatau detritus plutonic quartz within this sandstone is considered as plutonic protolith.\n(1986), respectively, and indicate long-distance transport by debris flows and/or high-concentration turbidity currents and finally rapid collective deposition of a pebble-sand mixture.\n(1986) respectively and indicate deposition by mixed low-concentration turbidity currents and hemipelagic sedimentation\nPiper, D.J.W., Shor, A.N., and Hughes Clarke, J.E., 1988, The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake, slump, and turbidity current\n: Geological Society of America Special Paper No.\n Firoozabadi, B., Farhanieh, B., and Rad, M., 2003, \"Hydrodynamics of 2-D Laminar Turbidity Current\nThat suggests that a geologically recent canyon-scouring turbidity current\nhad passed through, depleting the chasm of material that previously had accumulated, she notes.\nAccording to Shor, \"smaller bedforms develop from fast tidal currents in shallow water, but normally the flows in deep water aren't strong or persistent enough to form [such large features in gravel].\" But as more surveys are conducted with sonar systems along coastlines where strong turbidity currents\nmight have flowed, it's likely that more gravel dunes will turn up.\nThe most fascinating attributes of turbidity currents\n, their high speeds and their ability to transport coarse sediment into deep water, are also those that make them difficult to study with ocean-drilling techniques.\nand Migliorini, C.I., 1950, Turbidity currents\nas a cause of graded bedding: Journal of Geology, v.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Life of Sea | Bigeye Thresher Shark(Alopias superciliosus) | This sea predator got its name from the \"huge eye\" of this marine. Bigeye thresher sharks are also called Long-tailed shark, Thresher shark and Whiptail shark.Bigeye threshershark are found in warm, temperate and tropical oceanic and coastal waters from the surface to depths of 500 feet (152.3 m). They live in continental shelf and in the open sea. But sometimes, you can see them in shallow coastal waters.\nAlthough Bigeye threshershark have been sighted in inshore shallow waters, they are found more often in oceanic waters. These sharks range from the coast of New York to Florida and from the California coast to the Gulf of California and south of the Hawaiian Islands. This shark is also found in Cuban waters as well as tropical waters worldwide off the coasts of Portugal to Angola to South Africa, as well as off the coasts of northwest Australia, New Zealand, southern Japan, and Taiwan.\nBigeye threshershark exhibits counter shading with the dorsal surface having a purplish gray to brownish gray color with metallic hues, while its ventral side is a solid, pale, cream color. \"Huge eye\" of this shark is used for hunting in low light condition or dark ocean. Bigeye threshershark has enormous long upper caudal lobe. The upper lobe of the caudal fin can reach lengths of 50% of the total length. The Thresher shark(Alopias vulpinus) is similar with Bigeye threshershark. But, you can differ them by the size of the eye. Additionally, Thresher sharks have white coloration extending from its abdomen to above the pectoral fins.\nBigeye threshersharks are strong swimmers, and it is known that they use their long tails to stun their prey.Theyfeed mainly pelagic fishes, including mackerels, herrings, and small billfishes. They also eatbottom fishes (such as whiting and hake), oceanic squids (such as the bioluminescent deep-sea squid, Lycoteuthis diadema, and ommastrephid 'flying' squids).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new study published today in Scientific Reports by University of Delaware researchers and colleagues reveals that 100 feet below the surface of the ocean is a critical depth for ecological activity in the Arctic polar night — a period of near continuous winter darkness.\nIt is at this depth, the researchers said, that atmospheric light diminishes in the water column and bioluminescence from marine organisms becomes the dominant light source. It also is the site of significant changes in the composition of luminescent organisms present in the water column.\n“It turns out that approximately 100 feet in depth is an important transition zone,” said Jonathan Cohen, a UD assistant professor in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment and co-author on the paper.\nThe research team has been studying how much biological activity takes place in the Arctic polar night since 2012, when UD’s Mark Moline, director of the School of Marine Science and Policy and colleagues in Norway and Scotland began exploring how sea life copes with continuous winter darkness in Svalbard, Norway. Prevailing scientific thought until then was that the food web remained dormant during the polar night.\nThe researchers said that bioluminescence can help explain how some organisms feed and maintain activity during the polar night period and how light can still be involved in ecological processes even during a time of darkness.\nTaking roll call\nOne interesting finding in the current study is that as depth increased, the amount of bioluminescence in the water column increased and the zooplankton community composition changed.\n“As you go deeper into the water, we saw fewer dinoflagellates and more copepods, krill and ctenophores, which give off brighter bioluminescent light,” said Cohen, who joined the research team in 2013.\nThis community change is not associated with any physical conditions of the water, the researchers said. Rather, it correlates to what the researchers term “bioluminescence compensation depth,” the transition point at which atmospheric light diminishes in the water column and bioluminescence takes over.\n“This points to the functionality of bioluminescence structuring the vertical distribution through behavior possibly independent of migration,” said Moline.\nThis is an important finding as the Barents Sea south of Svalbard, Norway, is home to a large and globally important fishery. Fishermen in the region are tremendously interested in understanding how changes in zooplankton — like copepods — and zooplankton availability will affect commercially important fish species like cod and herring.\nThe researchers knew from other studies that the distribution of zooplankton and krill in the water column increased at around 100 feet.\n“When the sky gets brighter at midday during the polar night period there is more atmospheric light available underwater for predation than at night, so marine organisms like copepods retreat lower into the water column where it is darker. We wanted to know how this light interacted with bioluminescence to influence life in the water column,” Cohen said.\nThe researchers first attacked this issue by taking atmospheric light measurements in 2014 and 2015, while also measuring bioluminescence in the water. This led to a more detailed study in 2015 of which planktonic species produced light. Finally, they put it all together to think about how bioluminescence can be a light source during the polar night.\nThen UD graduate student Heather Cronin, working with Cohen and Moline, created what is called a photon budget, or light budget, to measure how much light comes from the atmosphere and how much light comes from inside the water itself with organisms glowing through bioluminescence.\nTo quantify the amount of bioluminescence and to identify what marine organisms were present, the researchers used a pumping system in the water column to drive the organisms into a specialized device equipped with a sensitive light meter.\nAs the organisms entered the device, turbulence created by the pump stimulated the animals to luminesce or glow. Using luminescence kinetics, or the time course of light production and dissipation, the researchers measured how the light intensity inside the pump changed with time in order to identify the marine species present.\n“Luminescent marine organisms each have a unique light signature. By looking at the time series light generated by a flash within the instrument, we were able to determine who was there making the flash,” Cohen explained. “It’s a useful tool, particularly at this time of year when relatively few species are present.”\nBioluminescence is known to play a critical role in helping marine organisms avoid predators and even hide themselves in plain site. At the same time, Cohen continued, it appears that krill and potentially fish are using the additional bioluminescent light from the copepods to find food.\n“We know from analysis of gut contents that fish and seabirds are active and feeding in Svalbard fjords during polar night,” Cohen explained. “Our research suggests that bioluminescent light may be one of the ways that they find food in the dark.”\nClimate change connection\nOne looming concern under climate change scenarios is the loss of sea ice.\nAccording to Cohen, scientists are just beginning to appreciate that climate change will change the light environment, which will impact the timing of the ice algae and phytoplankton blooms that spur the spring growing season, maybe even causing it to occur earlier in the year.\nIn the Arctic, for example, sea ice is part of what makes the water column dark. So, if the depth at which atmospheric light transitions to bioluminescent light is important in structuring the zooplankton community and the ecological interactions among organisms, then understanding how much atmospheric light will be present in the water column with less sea ice is significant for understanding food web dynamics.\nThe novelty in the team’s work is the focus on putting numbers and data to the processes that occur directly before the spring cycle begins. The next step is to make similar measurements further away from Svalbard to validate their findings in the open ocean.\n“Being able to measure this transition depth gives us something to look at across seasons and across years that could have important implications for food web impacts in a rapidly changing Arctic,” Cohen said.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Whilst on a trip to Shetland, the biggest thing I wanted to do was photograph the Gannets as they feed underwater. Gannets hunt fish by diving into the sea from a height of 30 metres and can achieve speeds of up to 100 km an hour as they hit the water in pursuit of their food. The photography takes place at sea around some of the Shetland’s remotest headlands. Dead bait is used using fish the Gannets would normally eat, locally sourced around Shetland. To be able to capture what goes on under the water was an unbelievable experience.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "President Bill Clinton doubled the extent of US authority over near shore waters Wednesday by signing a proclamation claiming jurisdiction over waters within 24 nautical miles of US shores.\nThe US is allowed to claim these waters under the international Law of the Sea Convention – a treaty that the US Senate has failed to ratify.\nUnder the Law of the Sea Convention, in effect since 1994, nations have a territorial boundary 12 miles beyond their coastline. The same treaty allows a nation to claim a contiguous zone adjacent to its territorial waters, extending its jurisdiction 24 miles out to sea.\nThis change effectively doubles the area in which the Coast Guard and other federal authorities can enforce US law by boarding foreign vessels and other actions.\nThe administration says this will allow the Coast Guard and other federal law enforcement agencies to better apprehend ships illegally polluting the waters, and catch drug smugglers and other criminals.\n\"With this new enforcement tool, we can better protect America's working families against drug trafficking, illegal immigration, and threats to our ocean environment,\" said Vice President Al Gore. \"We are putting would-be smugglers and polluters on notice that we will do everything in our power to protect our waters and our shores.\"\nThe US has pledged to abide by the Law of the Sea Convention, but the US Senate has not ratified the treaty. Most of the 131 nations that have ratified the Law of the Sea Convention have also extended their zones of marine authority. Within these zones, nations can act to prevent violations of environmental, customs, fiscal, or immigration laws.\nClinton’s proclamation covers the continental US, Hawaii and Alaska, as well as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the US Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and \"any other territory or possession over which the US exercises sovereignty.\"\nSpeaking at the New England Aquarium in Boston, Gore urged the Senate to ratify the Law of the Sea Convention as soon as possible. By not joining the Convention, the US gives up important leverage to affect new rules and regulations drafted under the treaty.\nLast month, the US lost its seat on the 36 member Council of the International Seabed Authority, which is writing the world's first mining code for the oceans. The code covers crucial environmental protections for the marine environment.\nBy the terms of the Convention, the US is guaranteed a seat on the International Seabed Authority Council as one of the four largest consumers or net importers of minerals to be derived from seabed mining. As long as the Senate has not ratified the treaty, however, the US cannot retain its seat.\nAn attorney in the US State Department's Office of Ocean Affairs told ENS that ratification of the Law of the Sea treaty is stalled in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.\n\"We submitted all the documents and the request for ratification on October 7, 1994, but there has been no action scheduled. It's out of our control. Everything the administration can do has been done. It's on the highest list of treaties for which we seek Senate action,\" the spokesperson said.\nRatification of the treaty is one recommendation contained in a report from the Cabinet, titled \"Turning to the Sea: America's Ocean Future,\" that was presented to the Vice President on Thursday. The Ocean Report is the result of a national dialogue that began last year at the Ocean Conference held at California's Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.\nThe report outlines 148 recommendations in four areas: sustaining the economic benefits of the oceans, strengthening global security, protecting marine resources, and discovering the oceans. Gore announced the formation of a high level task force to oversee implementation of the recommendations.\nKey recommendations include: creating new incentives to reduce overfishing; coordinating federal programs with local \"smart growth\" efforts in coastal communities; and expanding federal support for underwater exploration.\nAn Oceans Report Task Force announced by the Vice President will be co-chaired by the Council on Environmental Quality and the National Security Council.\nThe group, which will include high-level representatives of agencies with responsibility for ocean affairs, will set priorities for implementing key recommendations in the Cabinet's report and will meet quarterly to review progress.\n\"Last year's Ocean Conference launched an important national dialogue on the future of our oceans,\" the Vice President said. \"With this report, the Cabinet has elevated this dialogue to the next level, and set the stage for a truly comprehensive ocean policy for the 21st century. I commend the Cabinet for its vital contribution, and I urge the task force to move swiftly on its recommendations.\"\nOne recommendation that will be implemented immediately is a three-year $300,000 pilot program to enlist commercial fishermen in research efforts at the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary in California.\nParticipating fishermen will gather data to characterize and help protect the sanctuary. If the program is successful, it could be expanded to other marine sanctuaries.\nGore also called on Congress to approve the Administration's Lands Legacy Initiative introduced at the 1998 Ocean Conference. The Lands Legacy Initiative includes $183 million to protect ocean and coastal resources in fiscal year 2000, including $29 million for national marine sanctuaries, $25 million to acquire and protect critical fish habitat, and $10.3 million to protect and restore fragile coral reefs.\n\"Today we take further action to protect our shores and preserve our precious oceans for our children and grandchildren,\" Gore said.\n\"From small fishing villages on the New England coast to communities across America that rely on food from the sea, we are all linked to the oceans. We must protect them for our families and for our future.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Larval Cestode Parasites of Edible Mollusks of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico\nTen distinct species of larval cestodes were obtained from 43 edible, or potentially edible, benthic mollusks of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Three of the infected mollusks, American oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), Atlantic bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say), and sunray venus clams, Macrocallista nimbosa (Lightfoot), are important commercial species in the eastern Gulf and the remainder are occasionally eaten by epicurean shellfishermen or were consumed by prehistoric, aboriginal Indians of the Gulf coast. The cestodes represent four orders, seven families and nine recogized genera and include the trypanorhynchs, Euteirarhynchus sp. (of Cake 1975) and Parachristianella sp. (of Cake 1975), the Iecanicephalideans, Polypocephalus sp. (of Cake 1975) and Tylocephalum sp. (of Burton 1963), the tetraphyllideans, Dioecotaenia cancellata (Linton 1890), Anthobothrium sp. (of Cake 1975), Rhinebothrium sp. (of Cake 1975), Acanthobothrium sp. (of Regan 1963), and Acanthobothrium sp. (of Harry 1969), and the diphyllidean, Echinobothrium sp. (of Cake 1975). Infected mollusks were widely distributed in coastal estuarine and marine habitats from the Mississippi Sound to the Florida Keys. Pelecypods appear to serve as primary intermediate hosts and molluscivorous gastropods appear to serve as secondary intermediate or paratenic (transport) hosts for these cestodes which in turn utilize demersal elasmobranch fish as final hosts. None of these cestodes are known to infect humans and the only potential harm is to the quality and quantity of the edible molluscan tissues.\nCake, E. W. Jr.\nLarval Cestode Parasites of Edible Mollusks of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico.\nGulf Research Reports\nRetrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol6/iss1/1", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The tabular iceberg recently broke from the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\nResearchers uncovered the sound accidentally while studying seismic data on the Ross Ice Shelf.\nA new study suggests that sea-level rise could happen faster than predicted.\nSay your goodbyes to the Larsen B ice shelf.\nFor the past decade, scientists have debated whether a massive Antarctic ice shelf is thinning from warmer air above or warmer oceans below.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Turku YMCA Scuba diving section paid our museum a visit. After a refreshing cup of coffee we had the priviledge to get to know a commercial diving company and see the machinery they have designed and built. After a very interesting round trip we moved along to the museum. The twelve visitors were very interested in historical diving gear and methods and a lengthy discussion about diving bells took place. We actually coined an idea. We should manufacture an air tun for the bell and also locate a blacksmith interested in historical tools and then we could take our bell to the sea and test old working methods. Such a trip could even draw the attention of professionals in the museum sector.\nJun 07 2019\n2019-06-06 Sukellusjaosto pays a visit\n- By Ralf Strandell in Reports, Society\nSearch and recovery diving, cave diving and historical diving as a hobby.\n- Finnish combat divers 1970\n- Finnish navy divers in the late 1950’s\n- Updated: Historical diving event postponed\n- Book: Finnish Air Force Divers 1964-2000\n- European Historical Diving Event\n- Some Finnish diving magazines 1974-2018\n- Merry christmas!\n- The silent world (1956)\n- England, Porstmouth and Gosport\n- Finnish diving history upto 1850’s\n- Maritime museum of Kaliningrad\n- Submerging with an aqualung\n- Local diving-themed jewellery\n- The collection of historical diving gear is slowly growing\n- Traveling around Finland to locate exhibitions\nanniversary barbeque dinner diving diving bell Dyktankhus event exhibition Forum Marinum hard hat diver hard hat diving Kristiinankaupunki museums Mårten Raahe Rauma reportaasi sdhf Siebe-Gorman Standard diving dress Stockholm Sukellusjaosto Sukellusneuvos Öhman Sweden tapahtuma Turku Vaasa Vasa museum web wooden helmet", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sea turtles are among the most endangered animal species; hence they are protected by numerous national and international regulations. Based on the Nature protection law and provisions of the Regulation for protection of certain reptile species, turtles are strictly protected in Croatia since 1995. Despite their protection, sea turtle populations are drastically declining worldwide, so it has proven necessary to establish rescue centres worldwide to take care of injured and otherwise troubled sea turtles. The biggest part of sea turtle rescue in the Croatian part of the Adriatic takes place in our centre in Aquarium Pula, working under the NGO “Marine educational centre Pula”.Response system and first aid      Adopt a sea turtle\nBesides treating and care, Centre's activities also involve educating the public. Mayor part of that is a yearly manifestation called” Turtle release” , occurring on World sea turtle day, when we release recovered turtles back to the sea. This manifestation has grown into a traditional and media covered event, attended every year by growing numbers of tourists and other interested people.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over the past 20 years, marine mammal strandings and mortalities have been investigated in an ad hoc manner with little effort to place health or disease findings in an ecologic, population, veterinary or public health context. The Marine Ecosystem Health Network (MEHN) addresses this void by fostering broader collaborations with stranding networks, research scientists, veterinarians and field biologists to better understand marine ecosystem health dynamics.\nThe goals of the Marine Ecosystem Health Network include:\n- Establishing a regional and broad nationwide database that integrates ongoing diagnostic findings and surveillance to better assess the emergence and dispersal of pathogens, impacts of anthropogenic activities, and compare findings across geographic regions.\n- Studying the ecology of infectious diseases within the marine environment.\n- Determining whether land-to-sea transfer of infectious diseases from wildlife, livestock and companion animals is an emerging threat to marine animal and human health.\n- Uncovering mechanisms and routes of pathogen transfer, and evaluating potential measures that may mitigate their dispersal and impact in susceptible marine populations.\n- Enhancing carcass detection, reporting, recovery, necropsy protocols, sampling strategies and efforts to maximize data collection from necropsied animals and better understand the natural history of the animal and potential role of infectious and non-infectious disease on individual and population health.\n- Developing comprehensive protocols for the opportunistic sampling and banking of tissues from live-stranded marine mammals admitted to rescue facilities as part of the medical management plan for these animals\n- Developing response plans for catastrophic disease outbreaks.\n- Providing multidisciplinary opportunities for undergraduate, post graduate and veterinary students to pursue investigations into aspects of human, veterinary and marine ecosystem health.\n- Raising public awareness about the health of marine mammal populations, potential threats to human health, and the role that anthropogenic disturbances play in contributing to disease in marine ecosystems.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kohola (humpback whales) are one of the larger species of baleen whales, with adult males ranging between 40 and 52 feet and weighing up to 45 tons. Despite their size, humpback whales are surprisingly graceful acrobats.\nJust as our idyllic weather beckons to tourists around the world, the warm shallow waters (less than 600 feet) surrounding the main Hawaiian Islands are a favorite destination for humpback whales. Scientists estimate that two-thirds of the entire North Pacific humpback whale population returns to Hawaii each year to breed, calve and nurse their young in our warm waters. They race over 3,000 miles from the Gulf of Alaska to Hawaii in less than two months, then stay for a lengthy vacation, frolicking off our shores and entertaining spectators from December through May. The peak of whale watching season is typically in February and March.\nIn Hawaii, the return of the kohola is considered more of a homecoming than a visit. Humpback calves are born in Hawaiian waters, making them “kamaaina” or native born. Some Native Hawaiians also believe the kohola are aumakua (family guardians), and so these gentle giants are treated with great respect.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Expected Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Mediterranean Marine Life\nMetadataShow full item record\nCurrent climate policy and issues of energy security mean wind farms are being built at an increasing rate to meet energy demand. As wind farm development is very likely in the Mediterranean Sea, we provide an assessment of the offshore wind potential and identify expected biological effects of such developments in the region. We break new ground here by identifying potential offshore wind farm (OWF) “hotspots” in the Mediterranean. Using lessons learned in Northern Europe, and small-scale experiments in the Mediterranean, we identify sensitive species and habitats that will likely be influenced by OWFs in both these hotspot areas and at a basin level. This information will be valuable to guide policy governing OWF development and will inform the industry as and when environmental impact assessments are required for the Mediterranean Sea.\nRecommended, similar items\nThe following license files are associated with this item:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Why oceans matter to Cody Simpson and people around the world\n23 June 2022\nPlease click the gear icon (bottom right) to enable English-generated subtitles/captions.\nAustralian singer-songwriter Cody Simpson joins United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres and people around the world in declaring that the ocean matters to the health of the planet and all of its inhabitants. It is a call to action for a sustainable blue economy and more.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This study investigates predation by the vent zoarcid fish Thermarces cerberus through gastrointestinal analyses of 27 specimens collected with the submersible ALVIN at vents at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise. T. cerberus fed most frequently on gastropod mollusks (mainly Lepetodrilus elevatus) and amphipod crustaceans (mainly Ventiella sulfuris). Species found occasionally in high abundance included the swarming amphipod Halice hesmonectes and the snail Cyathermia naticoides. Other items also found in gastrointestinal tracts, but in very low numbers, included polychaete worms, crustaceans and unidentified tissue clumps. The comparison between the size distribution of L. elevatus limpets ingested by T. cerberus and those found attached to vestimentiferan tubes suggest that the fish may selectively prey on large limpets. If the selective removal of large Lepetodrilus spp. limpets by T. cerberus does occur, then it would have potential community-level consequences at hydrothermal vents, since these mobile gastropods appear to inhibit the settlement of sessile vent species, including tube-building worms. Our results suggest possible direct and indirect effects of T. cerberus on benthic community structure at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise.\n|Number of pages\n|Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers\n|Published - May 2005\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Aquatic Science", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "You can now catch an Uber to the Great Barrier Reef, one of the great wonders of the world.\nTourists visiting Australia’s Great Barrier Reef can now hail an Uber that can take them on a tour of the famous coral reef.\nPartnering with Tourism and Events Queensland, tourists will be able to book the world’s first rideshare submarine called ‘ScUber‘.\nThe ride will cost $1500 per person with the first departure taking place on May 27.\nThis once-in-a-lifetime opportunity will take passengers underwater where they will get an up close look at one of the world’s most important diverse ecosystems.\nStarting with a helicopter ride, passengers will be transported to the submarine before starting their tour of the vast coral reef, designated one of the great wonders of the world.\nDuring the journey, passengers will be get 180-degree views of the reef, travel down to the depths of up to 30 metres, all without having to get their hair wet.\nA designated World Heritage Area since 1981, the Great Barrier Reef was the world’s first reef ecosystem recognised by UNESCO.\nThe Great Barrier is comprised of thousands of individual reefs and hundreds of islands.\nAs well as the colourful coral, the reef is home to a wide selection of marine life including Whales, Turtles, Clown Fish, and Manta Rays. In total, there over 1,500 species of fish.\nUber will be donating $100,000 to to Citizens of the Great Barrier Reef to help support their Reef conservation programs and the equivalent value of every ‘scUber’ booking taken during the available hire period.\nThe once-in-a-lifetime experience will be bookable exclusively through the Uber app, strictly subject to availability, from 27 May – 18 June 2019.\nHave you experienced the Great Barrier Reef?\nLeave us a comment on facebook.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dive Sites on the South Coast off Sussex\nThe Indiana is located roughly one mile out to see from Worthing Pier. It rests in 8-12m of water depending on the tide. The Indiana was a British steam ship returning from Sicily with its cargo of lemons or oranges (although these have long since gone). She sank due to a collision with a German steam ship called the Washington who survived the crash while on her journey to New York.\nThis is one of our most frequently dive wrecks as it is perfect for novice and experienced divers. It has bags of marine life including large schools of Bib and Whiting, congor eels, crabs and shell fish. A great way to enter the world of UK sea diving.\nThere’s not much left of the structure of the Indiana as the tides have flattened much of it.\nSouth West Rocks\nThis is a mini-wall / ledge that runs parallel to the shoreline between Shoreham by Sea, Brighton and Worthing. The wall is only 1-4m high but is really colourful and is home to eels, oysters, sleeping cod and crabs. A great shallow second dive on the way back to the marina.\nAnother one of our favourites but only suitable for Advanced open water dives and above due to it’s maximum depth of around 30m. The Fortuna lies on the Sussex seabed around 8 miles to the South East of Brighton. She is a great wreck for divers as she is still upright and relatively intact.\nThe Indian was a Dutch steamship that was 270ft long and a beam of 36ft. On 22nd October 2016 during World War 1 she struck a mine which resulted in the death of 15 of her crew. You can still see where the bomb exploded where you can enter the hull and swim the entire length of the hull. We advise your divers not to do this unless they have their wreck specialty as it can get very silty inside if you don’t know what you’re doing. Inside you can still see some of the cargo she was carrying such as bags of cement.\nOften referred to as the ‘Titanic of Sussex’ due to her size. The Ocean was a huge P&O passenger liner that sank on 16th March 1912. She was 468 foot long, a beam of 52ft and weighed over 6,000 tons. She was built in 1888 and was then a state of the art ship to ferry passengers around the world in comfort. She collided with another ship called the Pisagna which was a 2,850 ton German 4 masted steel ship.\nAt low tide is she rests upright in 24m of water. The superstructure has now collapsed but the sides of the ship are still upright and in shape. You can still see the 7000hp engine and boilers which are home to hundreds of empty scallop shells.\nThis is probably the best dive in Sussex and every diver will find something of interest. Lobsters, scallops and crabs are scattered around the wreck and many different species of fish have made this their home. Most interesting of all the ship was reportedly carrying gold and silver ingots and not all of them were ever salvaged.\nThe Pentrych sank on 28th April 1918 as a result of a torpedo from UB-40. This 3,382 ton British steamship was carrying a cargo of coal and sank to a depth of 22m making only accessible for Advanced open water divers or above. Her bow is upright and the stern is also in tact but the middle of the ship has now collapsed, the boiler and engine rooms are partially visible as a result. On the stern is still the large gun. There is plenty of marine life including lots of scallops for those wanting a treat when they return home.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Conservation & Education\nConservation through innovation. Awareness through experience.\nOcean conservation is Biota’s #1 priority.\nWe believe that innovation and education are the best ways to protect and restore our marine environment. Aquaculture is essential for the future.\nWe must plant the sea and herd its animals using the sea as farmers instead of hunters. That is what civilization is all about – farming replacing hunting.\nOur ocean is under threat\nIt’s no secret that the ocean is under increasing pressure from climate change, industrial fishing, pollution and other threats.\nIn the Pacific alone, several areas of reef have completely disappeared, taking with them a wide range of species, from corals, sponges and clams to turtles, rays and fish.\nThe status quo cannot continue. At Biota, we are doing everything we can to develop more sustainable aquaculture solutions. It’s our way of helping to safeguard the future of our marine environment.\nAquariums are the windows to our oceans\nOur belief is that Aquariums play a very important role in Ocean Conservation. Our vision is to see an Aquarium in every science classroom in the world!\nWe are convinced that by bringing the awe and beauty of our Oceans into people’s lives we create passion for its protection.\nMany people in our research and conservation partners institutions and fellow aquaculture community choose to dedicate their lives to ocean conservation and research due to a connection to the oceans firstly planted in their minds as kids being fascinated about the beauty of a vibrant Reef Aquarium.\nOnly if these Aquariums are fully sustainably stocked with cultured fish, coral, clams can we achieve this goal as we do not want to take from our oceans.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Palau’s cobalt drop-offs, prisms of colorful coral reefs and virtually limitless variety of sea life in this tropical paradise wow snorkelers, from beginners to experienced, with over fifty existing sites, each different from the next. Snorkeling is year-round in Palau and during the busiest season from January to April, spectacular sights such as migratory whale sharks passing by, sharks or mantas mating, and large schools of fish spawning can be seen.\nPalau boasts the daring and the unusual – like Jellyfish Lake, where two types of jellyfish can be found, namely the golden jellyfish known as Mastigias and the moon jellyfish known as Aurelia. This intriguing enclosed marine lake departs radically from convention as over the course of millennia, resident jellyfish have completely lost their sting due to a lack of predators, allowing interested adventure seekers a rare opportunity to swim amongst these truly unique water creatures.\nWhile the best locations for snorkeling in Palau are accessible by boat, closer to Koror, a visit to Dolphins Pacific, the world’s largest Dolphin Research Facility and a Non-Profit Corporation, is where one can interact with a dolphin while supervised by the dolphin trainer. For those who do not wish to get their feet wet, the Palau International Coral Reef Center, featuring the Palau Aquarium, is the most ideal place to see the best of underwater Palau. This marine research center showcases outdoor pools and indoor aquariums teeming with marine life from mangrove forest to outer reef.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Walt Dineen Society Annual Conference '97\n|Session VII: Marine Ecology\n||Abstract #: 97708\nSEAGRASS MONITORING IN THE FLORIDA KEYS NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY\nWillsie, A.A.1, Fourqurean, J.W.1, Durako, M.D.2 and Zieman, J.C.3\n1 Southeast Environmental Research Program and Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, Fl, 33199;\n2 Florida Marine Research Institute, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 100 8th Ave. SE, St. Petersburg, Fl 33701;\n3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903.\nThe purpose of seagrass monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) is to measure the status and trends of seagrass communities to evaluate progress toward protecting and restoring the marine resources of the Sanctuary. Specific objectives are: 1) To provide data needed to make unbiased, statistically rigorous statements about the status and temporal trends of seagrass communities in the Sanctuary as a whole and within defined strata; 2) To define reference conditions in order to develop resource-based water quality standards; and 3) To provide a framework for testing hypothesized pollutant fate/effect relationships through process-oriented research and monitoring. To reach these goals, four kinds of data are being collected in seagrass beds in the FKNMS: 1) Distribution and abundance of seagrasses using rapid assessment Braun-Blanquet surveys; 2) Demographics of the seagrass communities using leaf-scar counting and population demographics techniques; 3) Seagrass productivity of the dominant species of seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) using the leaf-mark and harvest method; and 4) Seagrass nutrient availability using tissue concentration assays. We assess both inter-annual and intra-annual trends in seagrass communities. The mix of site types is intended to monitor trends through quarterly sampling at a few permanent locations and to annually characterize the broader seagrass population through less intensive, one-time sampling at more locations. Clear spatial and seasonal patterns in productivity, demographics, distribution, abundance, and elemental content are present in the data.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shell beach is located on Hamelin Road about 45km from Denham, at Shark Bay, Western Australia. The beach stretches approximately 110km with the shell build up between 7-10m deep. By the way, don’t forget to take your sunglasses, because the glare can be blinding.\nThe beach is covered in millions and millions of small white cockle shells. The shells are known as Cardiid Cockles, a species that live in the coastal waters between Dampier and the Abrolhos Islands in Western Australia.\nThe reason for this high accumulation of shells is due to the high salinity (salt concentration) in the area between Lharidon Bight and Hamelin Pool. The high salt level results in the rapid breeding of this particular species. Its main predator, the shell grilling gastropods, can not survive very well in the salty conditions, therefore allowing the shells to live quite untroubled in the two bays.\nThe beach has been formed over thousands of years. As storms washed up sediment (sand, debris and shells) from the floor of the bay onto the shore, the strong winds blew away the sand and debris leaving only the shells. Over the years the shells eventually cement together to form soft coquina limestone. This coquina limestone has been quarried and used as blocks to build many of Shark Bay’s old buildings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Gulf coast oil disaster to an estimated $20 billion settlement in the 2010 bp oil spill in the gulf of mexico evidence showing his company’s culpability in the bp oil spill disaster . In early march a 30,000-pound mat of oily gunk washed up on east grand terre, a barrier island in the mouth of louisiana’s barataria bay it was an ugly reminder of the blowout at bp’s macondo . Deepwater horizon review – bp oil spill drama captures heroics and heartache 4 out of 5 stars mark wahlberg stars in peter berg’s excellent nail-biting drama about the 2010 disaster that cost . Bp oil spill which is also known as gulf of mexico and deepwater horizon oil spill is the largest marine oil spill throughout the history which was caused by an explosion on offshore oil platform namely deepwater horizon on 20th april, 2010 located at the mississippi river delta.\nOil from bp spill still degrading historic shipwreck us approves $20 billion settlement with bp over 2010 deepwater horizon oil spill bp reaches settlement in 2010 gulf spill disaster. 6 years from the bp deepwater horizon oil spill: what we’ve learned, and what we shouldn’t misunderstand very quickly the disaster became the worst oil spill in the history of the united . Response crews battle fire on bp-operated oil rig deepwater horizon in the gulf of mexico on 21 april 2010 photograph: ho/afp/getty images the 2010 deepwater horizon oil spill disaster may have .\nThe deepwater horizon oil spill (also referred to as the bp oil spill, the bp oil disaster the gulf of mexico oil spill, and the macondo blowout) is an oil spill in the gulf of mexico which flowed unabated for three months in 2010, and continues to seep. The deepwater horizon disaster the bp oil spill otherwise known as the deepwater horizon oil spill is considered the largest marine related spill in the oil and gas industry and it occurred in the mexican gulf from around the 20th of april back in 2010. The companies involved in the gulf of mexico oil spill made decisions to cut costs and save time that contributed to the disaster, a us panel has concluded in a chapter of its final report, to be . Bp has been fibbing about the size of this mega-disaster, and their ability to stop it appears doubtful it may already be the second largest spill in history, with no end in sight the oil appears to be shooting from multiple vents, moving below as well as on the surface.\nThe bp disaster was by far the worst oil disaster in us history it spewed as much oil in just days as the entire exxon valdez spill and eclipsed the notorious ixtoc blowout in the gulf of mexico in 1979, which leaked 138 million gallons of crude. Lawmakers divvy up $750 million bp oil disaster settlement the bp oil spill settlement plan that divides up $700 million from the settlement, with most of it going to coastal counties, before . The oil that leaked was a light crude that degrades and dissolves more quickly than the heavy oil that, for example, washed ashore in alaska after the 1989 exxon valdez disaster. Timeline of bp oil spill, disasters linked to the news articles and displayed as icons.\nBp is responsible for close to $40 billion in fines, cleanup costs, and settlements as a result of the oil spill in 2010, with an additional $16 billion due to the clean water act over 30,000 people responded to the spill in the gulf coast working to collect oil, clean up beaches, take care of animals and perform various other duties. Study examines what lives in the gulf of mexico after bp disaster so that may be one of the at-risk areas in case of a future oil spill a disaster like deepwater horizon could more easily . The worst part about bp’s oil-spill cover-up: it worked gunk coating the floor of the “floating hotel” where griffin was feeding hundreds of cleanup workers during the bp oil disaster in . Bp oil spill timeline category entertainment the oil spill by the numbers | time - duration: deepwater horizon disaster, five years later - duration: 10:25.\nHere's a look at the largest spills in world history and how the gulf oil spill and the exxon valdez disaster compare the 13 largest oil spills in history 5 years after bp oil spill . Bp to take $17 billion charge over deepwater horizon spill image a controlled burn of spilled oil that was conducted after the deepwater horizon oil rig explosion in 2010 in the gulf of mexico. Bp, the company behind the deadly deepwater horizon oil spill disaster, the biggest in history, has claimed an oil spill off the south australian coast would be a good thing, as the clean up would boost local economies bp made the outlandish claim as part of its bid to drill for oil in the pristine .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This Specimen has been sold.\n3.9\" Fossil Whale Ear Bone - Miocene\nThis is a 3.9\" fossilized whale inner ear bone (Tympanic Bulla) that is Miocene in age. It was collected in the Southeast United States where they are found associated with Megalodon teeth and other fossil shark teeth. This is a very well preserved specimen. An area of bone is exposed on the proximal end of the bone. The opposite end has a polychaete worm shell that occurred after fossilization.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Your Live Coral Store Online\nRK welcomes your questions about Pink Boobies Chalice corals contact call now 1-801-564-1511 or click our links above. We can assist you in your questions.\nOur Pink Boobies Chalice ships nation-wide USA to your door 24 hrs!\nPink Boobies Chalice Corals shipped via FedEx Priority Overnight or UPS next day air. Our online coral store gives you Coral Frags Free Shipping 225 USD and live coral Arrival Guarantee >>\nClick to buy Pink Boobies Chalice corals\nOut of stock", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "There are, in the depths of the oceans, many mysterious and unknown animals, like the chimera.\nThe chimera is different in many ways from other fish. This strange animal is scattered all over the world, between 100 and 1700 meters deep. In summer, it sometimes rises to the surface but, in winter, it seeks the depths, where the temperature variations are less important.\nIts appearance is quite appealing because it has large eyes, a head more prominent than the rest of the body and a fairly long caudal fin. Since it can measure between one and two meters, it has been given the term “underwater monster”.\nThese strange animals are part of the group of chimeriforms, an order of cartilaginous fish. Their skulls differentiate them from the rest of the abyssal fish, which explains why they constitute a particular subclass: that of the holocephali. In this subclass, chimeras are accompanied by other fishes known as ” ghost sharks “.\nToday, only 47 species of chimeriforms survive.\nCharacteristics of chimeras\nAs we have already commented, its aspect is extremely curious:\n- At first, they have a large protruding head. We detect a grotesque face due to the appearance given to it by the two mucous channels. Their upper mandible blends into the rest of the skull\n- Secondly, they have a long spindle-shaped tail, typical of many deep -sea fish.\n- Thirdly, their eyes are phosphorescent green, full of photoreceptors to optimize their vision in the depths\nMonstrous chimera. By Andy Murch – ELASMODIVER\nThese characteristics are those which gave it the name of “chimera”, a term which recalls the monsters of Greek mythology made up of parts of different animals.\nThey can measure up to two meters, the largest part being that of their disproportionate tail. Females are also larger than males. They have a body devoid of scales, compressed laterally, developed lengthwise and very thin towards the tail.\nTheir skeleton is cartilaginous, like that of the elasmobranchs – sharks and rays. However, it only consists of two gill openings, which brings them closer to bony fish.\nAnother of their most striking features is the tip it has on the front of the spine. They can, with it, cause deep wounds and even inoculate poison with their predators .\nTheir bite is very painful; despite everything, it is not fatal for humans, unless they are allergic to it.\nThe chimeras feed on molluscs and other small animals on the seabed, such as crabs , shrimps or starfish. They have teeth which are real crushers.\nReproduction of the chimera\nChimeras have pterygopods which act as male external sexual organs. And, sometimes, they have a small “pseudo-pterygopod” on the head, like some prehistoric sharks.\nThe males take advantage of this fleshy protuberance that they have between the eyes to hold the females during copulation.\nThe female lays her eggs and buries them in the sand. Each egg remains enclosed in a horny capsule and lined with hair.\nChimaera monstrosa : the monstrous chimera of our seas\nIt is a species of chimera typical of the northwest of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It seems to prefer the upper continental platform, between 300 and 500 meters deep.\nIn the Mediterranean Sea, this species is found from 100 meters deep but is more abundant between 500 and 800 meters. Specimens have been identified 650 meters deep in the Balearic Sea, and 800 meters deep in the Ionian Sea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "✓ Accidental boat groundings damage the reef and seagrass beds. Consult tide and navigational charts and steer clear of shallow areas (shallow, seagrass beds appear brown in color).\n✓ Land-based sources of pollution can affect water quality and the coral reef, including excessive use of chemical fertilizers, oil & chemical spills, trash, sewage. Minimize these sources to reduce the stress on the reef system.\nVisitors, residents and members of the community who want to be a part of the Florida Reef Resilience program can participate in any of the volunteer programs listed below. Each program has been designed to engage the community in being a part of the early detection of marine events and increase the number of eyes and ears on the reef. Everyone who knows and loves the reef has a role to play in the Florida Reef Resilience program.\nWhat does this program do: The Southeast Florida Action Network (SEAFAN) is a reporting and response system designed to improve the protection and management of southeast Florida’s coral reefs by increasing response to vessel groundings and anchor damage, and providing early detection of potentially harmful biological disturbances.\nWho can help: people who spend time on the water, such as divers, snorkelers, commercial and recreational fishermen, boaters, law enforcement personnel, environmental professionals and anyone else who uses the water or visits the coast. Everyone can contribute to the network by being the eyes and ears on the reef.\nWhat can you do: Report any unusual sightings, including marine debris, vessel groundings and anchor damage, invasive species, harmful algal blooms, fish disease and fish kills, discolored water, and coral disease and bleaching. There is no special training needed and no further participation is required; just report what, when, and where the incident was observed\nAreas covered: SEAFAN covers the northern third of the Florida Reef Tract, from the northern border of Biscayne National Park in Miami-Dade County to the St. Lucie Inlet in Martin County\nHow to Report : Call the SEAFAN hotline at 866-770-SEFL (7335) or fill out the online report form.\nWhat does this program do: C-OCEAN is designed to provide early detection and assessment of biological events occurring in the Florida Keys. Such events could be observations of coral disease or bleaching, algal blooms or discolored water, diseased animals or mortality, sick or stranded dolphins and turtles, as well as other “unusual” observations\nWho can help: people who spend time on the water, such as divers, snorkelers, commercial and recreational fishermen, boaters, law enforcement personnel, environmental professionals and anyone else who uses the water or visits the coast. Everyone can contribute to the network by being the eyes and ears on the Florida Keys reefs.\nWhat can you do: There is no paperwork involved, no specialized training needed, and no other participation or effort is required. By simply providing what, where, and when something unusual was observed, residents can provide scientists with the information needed to detect potentially large scale events as they develop.\nAreas covered: Florida Keys\nWhat does this program do: Coral bleaching, which is the corals’ loss of their symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, is a natural event that occurs to some extent every year in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary(FKNMS). While records show that coral bleaching events have been occurring for many years in the Florida Keys, indications are that the frequency and severity has steadily increased since the 1980’s. Large-scale mass coral bleaching events are driven by unusually warm sea temperatures. The effects of these mass events are potentially devastating to ecosystems and the people who depend on them. Modeled after the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority’s “BleachWatch” program, specially trained volunteers known as the Florida Keys “BleachWatch” observers collect field observations to monitor for signs of coral bleaching. The data is consolidated with satellite and monitoring data, data with field observations by trained “BleachWatch” observers, and provided to the FKNMS with a summary, or “current conditions report”, throughout the summer.\nWho can help: Volunteer divers or snorkelers who can provide reports from the reef on the actual condition of corals throughout the bleaching season\nWhat can you do . Depending on how frequently you visit the reef there are two different ways that you can report coral bleaching: a) Become a BleachWatch Professional The Professional program is for divers who visit a particular reef on a regular schedule. Weekly monitoring of these reefs will help gauge the pre-bleaching coral composition and help determine the susceptibility of your site to bleaching. A short training session is required for this, or b) be part of the BleachWatch Community. The Community program is designed for observers who make occasional reef trips or do not frequent the same reef sites.\nAreas covered: Florida Keys\nHow to Get Started: contact Cory Walter, BleachWatch Coordinator, at Mote Marine Laboratory – (305)395-8730.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Genus: Gramma, Thin-rayed Basslet, Basslets, Grammas\nbase C - short rays not thickened\nLL 2 parts\nElongate, compressed body; eye large, snout short; mouth at front; teeth on jaws, and front and sides of roof of mouth; preopercle serrated; opercle with 2 short, flat spines; gill rakers long, 15-35; dorsal fin XI-XIV, 6-11; anal fin III, 6-10; pectorals rounded, 14-19; pelvics I, 5, with 1st ray elongated, sometimes reaching past anal fin base; short rays on upper and lower base of tail fin not thick and spiny; lateral line in two parts, upper part ending under end of dorsal fin base, lower part on tail base.\nA W Atlantic genus with 5 species; 4 endemics in our area.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Articles in regional publications that pertain to a wide range of North Carolina-related topics.\nfor Waples, Danielle M\nCurrently viewing results 1 - 1\nA capture-recapture survey of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncates) was conducted in the sounds, estuaries and near-shore waters of North Carolina in 2000 and 2006. The abundance of dolphins in this area remained relatively stable between the studies.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Only Live AIS Cargo Ship Tracking Tool on the Market\nWelcome to the future of AIS cargo ship tracking! Say goodbye to the guesswork and delays associated with traditional cargo ship tracking methods. Look no further than our cutting-edge tool, the only one of its kind, which offers real-time tracking of over 2,000 vessels each month.\nTrusted by Thousands of Agricultural Commodities Professionals\n3 Reasons to Choose AgFlow as Your Cargo Ship Tracking Tool\nTrack in Real-Time the Cargo Carried by 2,000+ Vessels Monthly\nFollow Execution and Global Trade Flows\nMonitor if the Annual Supply Will Be Delivered as per Plan\nAgFlow’s Cargo Ship Tracking in Numbers\nVessels Tracked Monthly\nTons of Cargo Tracked Yearly\nWho Benefits From AgFlow’s Cargo Ship Tracking Tool?\nGet access to the only tool that allows you to view in real-time which cargo is on which vessels that neither traditional tracking tools nor customs can rival with, to:\nTrack Global Ag Demand in Real-Time\n- Unrivaled timeliness: track cargoes as soon as vessels are loading\n- Actionable information: filter by commodity or destination to follow cargo volumes, ETAs & destination ports\n- Exclusive data: no other tool allows you to track cargoes live\n- Access granular meta data such as vessel names, cargo volumes, and import ports\nAgFlow’s Cargo Ship Tracking Method\nEvery day, our world-renowned network of port agents, inspection companies & shipping firms sends us the lineups of virtually all vessels transporting Grains, Oilseeds, or Vegoils. We then clean the data received to eliminate duplicates and errors before matching it with satellite AIS data to track the cargo inside vessels instead of only tracking the vessels themselves. Finally, we display the live tracking view of worldwide Grains, Oilseeds, and Vegoils cargoes on AgFlow.\nWhat Our Clients Have to Say\n\"I strongly recommend AgFlow to other traders or brokers dealing locally and willing to expand beyond their region, as such market data and information are not easy to get for smaller players.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Natural La Jolla: Keep your eye out for green sea turtles at the Shores\nBy Kelly Stewart\nEditor’s note: Today the Light welcomes Kelly Stewart, Ph.D., as the author of a new column: Natural La Jolla. She holds a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship\nstudying sea turtles at NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center. She is fascinated\nby the beauty and diversity of nature in La Jolla and this biweekly column will\nhighlight some of the natural wonders that may be found along our coastline. Kelly\nlives in La Jolla Village.\nSea turtles in San Diego? The International Sea Turtle Society recently held its annual conference in Mission Valley on the biology and conservation of these creatures. More than 1,000 participants representing more than 90 countries gathered to report highlights of their research and conservation projects worldwide, connect with old friends and talk a lot about turtles!\nAlthough it’s not too widely known, we have sea turtles here in San Diego. Southern California represents the northernmost limit for resident East Pacific green turtles, a subpopulation of the pan-tropical green turtle. These hard-shelled air-breathing reptiles, named for their green body fat, have beautiful carapaces (shells), especially when they are younger. They generally eat aquatic vegetation like eelgrass but may consume invertebrates as well.\nOne population lives in south San Diego Bay near the now-decommissioned South Bay Power Plant in Chula Vista. This annual grouping of about 40 to 90 turtles spends time in the bay foraging on eelgrass and invertebrates, and lounging about — especially during the winter when the water in the bay is warmer than the ocean.Sea turtles make long-distance migrations from nesting beaches to foraging grounds and San Diego’s green turtles are no exception. In the spring, some of the adults head for nesting grounds in Michoacan and the Revillagigedo Islands in Mexico, returning in the fall.\nTurtles are also often spotted in the La Jolla Ecological Reserve by swimmers and kayakers. I’ve overheard the long-distance swimmers report seeing them along their swim route from La Jolla Shores to the Cove. If you are out in the South Bay area, or near the Cove, watch for turtles surfacing to breathe. You may even be lucky enough to spot these endangered creatures while swimming or snorkeling in La Jolla’s coastal waters.\nContact Kelly at NaturalLaJolla@gmail.com.\n- McMakin’s colorful mural unveiled in La Jolla\n- Weather continues to pummel La Jolla\n- Mural draws answers to ‘color question’\n- La Jolla village shining after volunteers do their part\n- Sea lions: New pinniped problem for La Jolla?\nShort URL: http://www.lajollalight.com/?p=40618", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Knifetooth dogfish is a harmless shark found in the Atlantic Ocean. Since it is a rare deepwater shark, not much is known about it. Its name comes from its sharp and angular teeth, which are great for cutting into prey.\nKnifetooth Dogfish Scientific Classification\n|Scientific name||S. ringens|\nKnifetooth dogfish can grow up to 1.1 m (3.6 ft). They have a black body, a large, widely arched mouth filled with razor-sharp teeth, and a short, broad snout. The teeth in the upper jaw are shaped like lance heads, and those in the lower jaw are large and triangular. The gill slits are relatively long, the longest being over half the eye length.\nThe pectoral fins are narrow. Both the dorsal fins have short spines, with the second dorsal fin being bigger than the first. The tail fin is asymmetrical, with a faint notch and a missing lower lobe. The anal fin is absent.\nWhere do they live\nMap Of The Knifetooth Dogfish Shark’s Habitat\nThis species inhabits the Eastern Atlantic between the latitudes 58°N and 15°N, from Scotland down to Portugal and from Mauritania to Senegal. It is also possibly found in the Southwest Pacific near New Zealand. It dwells on or near the bottom at depths of 200-1600 m (656-5,249 ft).\nThey follow an ovoviviparous mode of reproduction. The litter size is unknown.\nTheir large, sharp teeth suggest they are formidable predators capable of taking down large prey. They also have smooth, streamlined bodies and sharp senses to facilitate hunting.\nThis shark is a common species in the East Atlantic and is often caught off the Spanish coast as a bycatch. It is susceptible to many fishing methods, such as line gear, fixed bottom nets, and trawlers. The meat is usually dried and salted for consumption.\nThe IUCN has classed this species as “Vulnerable” or “VU.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How Have Changing El Nino Forecasts Impacted Atlantic Hurricane Forecasts for 2017\nA large number of groups, including government agencies (NOAA hurricane forecast), universities, and private sector companies, currently issue Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane forecasts. Dr. William Gray pioneered seasonal hurricane forecasts for the Atlantic in 1984, and our group at Colorado State University has issued predictions every year since that time.\nOver 20 publicly available forecasts are displayed on a website that our group co-developed with the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre. In general, the consensus of current predictions is calling for a slightly above-average hurricane season, when considering either the number of storms or integrated seasonal metrics such as Accumulated Cyclone Energy which takes into account the frequency, intensity and duration of all named storms.\nWhile some forecast agencies issue predictions as early as December of the prior year, most groups begin issuing forecasts at some point from the middle of March through the end of May for the upcoming hurricane season. Scientists from Colorado State University, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University College-London have recently investigated real-time forecast skill of seasonal Atlantic hurricane forecasts issued in April, late May/early June and early August.\nOver the period they investigated, 2003-2015, seasonal forecasts showed limited skill in early April, moderate skill in early June and good skill in early August. While the Atlantic hurricane season officially begins on June 1, over 90% of all recorded major hurricanes have occurred after August 1st. Consequently, many groups issuing seasonal Atlantic hurricane forecasts update their predictions after the official start of the hurricane season. For example, NOAA issues their first seasonal hurricane forecast in early May, and updates their seasonal hurricane forecast in early August.\nOne of the primary reasons for the large increase in skill from April to August is the improvement in skill of ENSO predictions. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is from August-October, and ENSO predictions have historically been characterized by a springtime predictability barrier, in that models show limited skill in prediction through this time period. The primary reason for this decrease in skill is due to weaker sea surface temperature (SST) gradients (these are changes in SSTs over a geographic area; weak gradients mean small changes) and associated low-level winds during this time period. Consequently, we often see rapid springtime changes in SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific.\nThe El Niño effect\nENSO has been known to be one of the primary drivers of seasonal Atlantic hurricane activity since Dr. Gray published his classic papers on El Niño and Atlantic seasonal hurricane prediction in 1984. El Niño can create conditions that are unfavorable for Atlantic hurricanes. When the atmosphere over the tropical Pacific responds to El Niño’s warmer-than-average surface waters, the Walker Circulation weakens and shifts eastward. This increases upper-level westerly winds and levels of vertical wind shear (the change in the wind direction with height) over the Atlantic basin. On the other hand, La Niña conditions are associated with weaker upper-level westerly winds and reduced levels of vertical wind shear over the Atlantic basin.\nVertical wind shear is detrimental for hurricane formation and intensification, since it tilts the hurricane, which spreads the hurricane warm core over a larger area, increasing the central pressure of the storm. It also promotes mixing of dry air into the storm, suppressing the intense thunderstorm formation necessary for hurricane intensification.\nEl Niño also is associated with warmer temperatures at upper levels in the atmosphere. These warmer temperatures increase the stability of the tropical Atlantic, which also suppresses thunderstorm development. La Niña, on the other hand, is characterized by colder upper-level temperatures in the atmosphere, reducing stability and increasing thunderstorm development.\nA change in the forecast\nWhen we issued our early April 2017 forecasts at Colorado State University, many of the numerical models were fairly aggressive at calling for El Niño to develop by the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season.\nAt that time, waters in the eastern tropical Pacific were quite warm, and several models amplified this warming across the entire basin. Official NOAA forecasts at the time were somewhat more cautious about El Niño development but still gave it a higher chance than either neutral ENSO or La Niña for August—October 2017.\nHowever, the potential El Niño never came to fruition. The necessary atmospheric coupling to the warm sea surface temperatures did not materialize, and over the past few weeks, tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures have cooled considerably.\nAs the odds of El Niño diminished from April to August, seasonal hurricane forecasters have generally increased the expected number of storms. For example, in early April our group at Colorado State University was predicting 4 hurricanes for the season, but in early June we increased the prediction to 6 hurricanes and with each of our last two outlooks issued in early July and August we have predicted 8 hurricanes. Other groups have also increased their forecasts over the past several months.\nThe reduced chance of El Niño is likely the primary reason for the increasing seasonal hurricane forecasts. However, anomalous warming of the tropical Atlantic is another contributing factor to the increase in the forecasts, since warm water provides more fuel for developing hurricanes and is associated with a more unstable atmosphere.\nFundamental challenges still exist for El Niño prediction, especially during the Northern Hemisphere springtime. More research is needed to better understand the physics behind El Niño development, and especially what led to some climate models’ failed prediction of an El Niño event that did not occur in 2014 and 2017. If the springtime predictability barrier can be reduced, downstream forecasts of ENSO impacts, including Atlantic basin seasonal hurricane forecasts, should likewise improve.\nFor WeatherNation: Meteorologist Mace Michaels", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It's the first Earth Day since the BP oil spill. People the world over are still angry, Gulf Coast fishing has not quite recovered, and yet BP might actually have banner profits this year. Of course, as any Earth Day activist would tell you, the Gulf Coast will be coping with the BP oil spill for many Earth Days to come. But how long will those effects last?\nThe closest precedent is the Exxon Valdez spill off the coast of Alaska in 1989. Though the BP oil spill spewed over 200 million gallons of oil, far larger than the 11-32 million gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez, the latter was still the biggest spill on record until last year. (Ironically, the Valdez spill occurred on March 23rd, just about one month before Earth Day, and many credited the spill with strong attendance at that year's Earth Day festivities.) In a 2008 study in Environmental Science and Technology, researchers from Bowdoin College, University of Louisville, and environmental consulting firms took hundreds of sediment samples from many of the sites most heavily oiled in 1989. All the samples were analyzed for how much oil had survived after nearly two decades in the water.\nFortunately, the study found that \"over 90% of the samples from all sites contained light or no [subsurface oil] at all.\" Most of the oil appears to have weathered--i.e. disappeared via evaporation, biodegradation, or some other natural process--especially in higher elevations along so-called intertidal zones. The researchers conclude that “most of the Exxon Valdez oil in the Prince William Sound has been eliminated due to natural weathering.\" Some isolated oil residues remain sequestered beneath large boulders and rocks, but those patches are widely separated from areas frequented by wildlife. So, take comfort Gulf Coasters—20 years after a major disaster a fraction the size of the BP spill, the water's nearly fine!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- 1 How deep do ship anchors go?\n- 2 What ship has the biggest anchor?\n- 3 How big is the biggest anchor?\n- 4 Do ship anchors get stuck?\n- 5 Do ships drop anchor in a storm?\n- 6 What is the largest ship ever built?\n- 7 How heavy is a cargo ship anchor?\n- 8 How heavy should my boat anchor be?\n- 9 How do large ship anchors work?\n- 10 How do you free an anchor?\n- 11 How big are anchors on navy ships?\n- 12 Is Seawise Giant bigger than Titanic?\n- 13 Do aircraft carriers use anchors?\nHow deep do ship anchors go?\nIn any case, most of the ship’s windlass are able to lift the weight of the anchor and about 3 shackles. Vessels could easily anchor in depths of about 80 meters. If anchoring in depths more than that, you might need to first check the windlass capacity for the particular ship.\nWhat ship has the biggest anchor?\nWe’re talking about the biggest ship in the world. It’s called the Triple E and it’s a massive container ship: 1,312 feet long, and 194 feet wide, each link in the ship’s gargantuan anchor chain weighs 500 pounds.\nHow big is the biggest anchor?\nWith a length of 106m, a beam of 22m, and 9.45m depth, the vessel is large enough to carry all of the equipment, wires, suction piles and necessary fittings to carry out that task. Laney Chouest is powered by four, MAK 6M43, diesel main engines, generating a total of 29,000hp to drive a twin-screw propulsion system.\nDo ship anchors get stuck?\nWhile it’s possible that an anchor gets ”stuck” on a very bad anchorage, it is a rather seldom occurrence. Ships are not held by the anchor ”dug in” only, but in combination with the proper length of chain on the ground.\nDo ships drop anchor in a storm?\nWhen a storm rises upon a ship at sea, the wind and waves can threaten to sink it. If the storm rises when the ship is in a harbor, an anchor is dropped from the bow (front) to secure it to solid ground below. No matter which direction the wind blows, a sea anchor keeps the vessel afloat until the storm subsides.\nWhat is the largest ship ever built?\nSize record. Seawise Giant was the longest ship ever constructed, at 458.45 m (1,504.1 ft), longer than the height of many of the world’s tallest buildings, including the 451.9 m (1,483 ft) Petronas Towers.\nHow heavy is a cargo ship anchor?\nAnchors used on vessels such as aircraft carriers, container ships, and cruise ships will weigh over 60,000 pounds (27,215 kg) each. Made from strong materials such as wrought iron, steel covered in zinc or high-tensile aluminum-magnesium alloy, an anchor is dropped to the bottom of a body of water.\nHow heavy should my boat anchor be?\nAnchors are rated by “holding power”–which is the ability of an anchor to hold a given weight. Keep in mind that a 10,000 pound boat may only require an anchor with a holding power of a few hundred pounds on a calm day, but may need 1,000 pounds of holding power or more on a stormy day.\nHow do large ship anchors work?\nHow Anchors Work. When an anchor penetrates the surface of the seabed, suction generates resistance, created by the bottom material plus the weight of the material above the anchor. As the boat pulls on the anchor rode, the anchor digs in deeper, creating additional resistance.\nHow do you free an anchor?\nSnap an anchor-retrieval ring and buoy around the anchor line and drive past the anchor at about 45 degrees. The float and ring, which serve as a pulley, will move down the rode. The ball’s buoyancy combined with the boat’s pull can free a stubborn anchor.\nThe anchor and chain system aboard the USS Ford is very, very heavy. The anchor itself weighs 30,000 pounds. The chain is 1,440 feet long and each link weighs 136 pounds. Believe it or not, this combination is actually lighter than those fitted to the heavier Nimitz-class carriers.\nIs Seawise Giant bigger than Titanic?\nFound insideThe world’s largest ever ship, the Seawise Giant, which weighed in at 564,763 DWT Launched in Japan in 1981, and over ten times the size of the Titanic, Actually, the seawise giant is the largest ship symphony of the seas is still in second.\nDo aircraft carriers use anchors?\nThe aircraft carrier has 2 anchors, each weighing 30 tons, and each link in the chain weighs 360 lbs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "March 22 marks International Seal Day, a day the whole world should celebrate in earnest! To mark this momentous occasion – which should really see us all laze about in the sun, feeding on sumptuous sardines – we share 15 Fun Seal Facts.\nThe clowns of the marine mammal world, seals are a comical bunch of incredibly interesting creatures. For some, like yours truly, they may seem like a ‘spirit animal’. They spend most of their days lazing about, sunbathing in some of our planet’s most incredible places – like Antarctica, the Galapagos Islands and Peru’s Ballestas Islands – they are majority blubber (which helps against the cold, you know) and feed off sumptuous seafood. So, of course they have their own day of celebration on March 22! Here are a few fun facts about seals to help you get into the seal spirit.\nCould life get any better, we ask?\nThe pinniped order of marine mammals also includes sea lions, walruses and fur seals. There are 33 species of pinnipeds in the world and all are believed to have evolved from once terrestrial otter-like creatures.\nCold sea waters are primarily found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. There are four ice specialized species breeding on the Antarctic ice, the Leopard seals, Ross seals, Weddell seals, and Crabeater seals.\nFemale seals are boasting a higher life expectancy than male seals. Female seals can get up to 30 years old in the wild, while male seals rarely reach the age of 25.\nThe smallest seal species is the Galapagos Fur Seal (1m in length and 45kg in weight) whilst the largest is the Southern Elephant Seal which weighs a whopping 3,850kgs and measures up to 5m in length!\nSome seal species, like the Leopard Seal, feed off fellow seals! Most, however, feed off crustaceans, fish and seabirds (if they can catch them).\nThe Crabeater Seal can be spotted on an Antarctic cruise. Estimates put their numbers at between 2 and 75 million individuals, worldwide. As cute and friendly as they may look, seals can actually be fervently territorial and quite aggressive.\nSeals usually only come on land to escape predators like whales and sharks, as well as to mate, give birth, feed and moult.\nSeal will dive up to 900m in search for food. Some seals can hold their breath underwater for up to 2 hours! The Northern Elephant seals spend the majority of their time at depth. They are only coming to the surface for a few minutes between dives. Before the dive, the Elephant seal first exhales to empty their lungs. During their long migration trek, these creatures dive for food in this manner.\nBecause of the high fat rate, seal pups can put on 2kgs a DAY. That should make you feel a little better about your Christmas and New Year calorific splurge!\nSeals have been hunted throughout history, with their fat and fur being highly coveted. Although a great majority of species are not endangered – the Galapagos Fur Seal is one of the exceptions – seals are still a highly protected mammal in most parts of the world. Over the last century, various species have gone extinct, including the Caribbean Monk Seal and Japanese Sea Lion.\nEarless seals are one of the main mammalian groups in the pinniped seal lineage. Other than their name would tell you, earless seals do have ears. Their ears are covered beneath their skin. So they do have ears, but you just can’t see them.\nIn Gisborne, New Zealand, a resident elephant seal, named Homer, had an infamous reputation for hooliganism. He used to routinely overturn parked cars in town and once even knocked over a restaurant’s power supply box. Experts believed that Homer’s energetic ‘rubbings’ were actually ever-so-slightly misguided sexual advances.\nThe longest pregnancy in the pinniped family belongs to the walrus, which is pregnant for about 16 months.\nOne of our really lovely fun facts about seals is that mother and baby seals recognise each other through a familiar call. A study in Alaska found that mum-bub recognition was possible even after a 4-year long separation.\nA study in the Falkland Islands proved that alpha-male Elephant Seals are quite the possessive Don Juans In one colony alone, over 92% of pups born at any given time were fathered by the group’s alpha-male alone and up to 72% of all other males in the colony, had NEVER been observed mating at all.\nWant to join on a seal-watching mission? Your options are endless! At Chimu Adventures, we run phenomenal tours through all of Laton America’s seeaally good wildlife-watching destinations, like Peru, the Galapagos, and Antarctica, among many many more. Simply give us a holler and let us know you’re on the (photographic) hunt for some seals and we’ll T you up with a whole bunch of blubbery friends", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "My Ocean Twin aims to tackle the colossal problem of ocean plastic waste. Through the creation of a digital twin of the ocean, My Ocean Twin offers a unique solution that can help save our oceans from pollution. A sophisticated grid system has been implemented, which enables the virtual partitioning of the ocean into geolocated plots. These plots are minted as non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which can be purchased, sold, and traded. The revenue generated from these transactions will be channeled towards a selection of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that specialize in cleaning up the ocean plastic waste. With My Ocean Twin, every individual can contribute to the preservation of our oceans and the conservation of marine life.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Doug Woodring, an entrepreneur and conservationist who lives in Hong Kong, displays rubbish on May 07, 2009 on a beach on the south side of Hong Kong which has been left uncleaned. (MIKE CLARKE/AFP/Getty Images)\nA mystery in the oceans has scientists incredibly concerned.\nYou've heard of oceanic garbage patches, like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, which are large floating masses of trash in the world's oceans.\nBut a new report released this week found that 99 percent of the litter that was once calculated to be floating in the waters is missing. The report was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.\nThe unnerving findings were the result of open water voyages by Professor Andres Cozar and his survey team in 2010. As Forbes explains, Cozar's team collected more than 3,000 samples from 141 sites, and eventually calculated the oceans have between 7,000 and 35,000 tons of plastic, about a million times less than what researchers expected.\nMissing trash sounds like a reason to celebrate, right? Not so much.\nScientists are now worried fish and other sea creatures are eating the trash, which, according to the journal Science, puts it into the global food supply. As Carlos Duarte, an oceanographer and the lead author on the new report, tells Science, “We are part of this food web.”\nThe new study isn't questioning whether the trash was there or not. As the New York Times points out, \"In 2002, Nature magazine reported that during the 1990s, debris in the waters near Britain doubled; in the Southern Ocean encircling Antarctica the increase was a hundredfold. And depending on where they sample, oceanographers have found that between 60 and 95 percent of today’s marine debris is made of plastic.\"\n(MORE: Teen Says His Invention Will Save the Oceans)\nIn 2001, researcher and sailor Charles Moore recounted in an essay, “As I gazed from the deck at the surface of what ought to have been a pristine ocean, I was confronted, as far as the eye could see, with the sight of plastic. It seemed unbelievable, but I never found a clear spot.\"\nMoore's account paints an unsettling picture of the depth and breadth of the issue, so it's easy to understand by the new studies' authors write, \"Resolving the fate of the missing plastic debris is of fundamental importance to determine the nature and significance of the impacts of plastic pollution in the ocean.\"\nMORE ON WEATHER.COM: 19 Fish To Avoid\nGo for farmed white sturgeon over beluga sturgeon (above). (Todd Stailey/Tennessee Aquarium)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NEW Documents for the Second Meeting of an open-ended informal working group of the Council July 2019\nNews & Announcements\nPRESS RELEASE | 12 June 2019\nDeep seabed mining has the potential to accelerate progress towards achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by increasing scientific knowledge of the deep ocean whilst at the same time providing...\nPRESS RELEASE | 8 June 2019\nThe 2019 edition of World Oceans Day 2019 (WOD) was launched in Kingston, Jamaica, on 7 June with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) Open Day, held in partnership with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and...\nPRESS RELEASE: 19 May 2019\nHigh-level representatives from African States, international organizations and experts on law of the sea, policy, mining, environment protection and geology convened at a regional workshop from 16 to 18 May,...\nThe \"Mining Code\" refers to the whole of the comprehensive set of rules, regulations and procedures issued by the International Seabed Authority to regulate prospecting, exploration and exploitation of marine minerals in the international seabed Area...read more\nDocuments and Resources\nISA Calendar of Events\nA principal function of the Authority is to regulate deep seabed mining and to give special emphasis to ensuring that the marine environment is protected from any harmful effects which may arise from mining activities including exploration and exploitation. Read more\n|Exploration Areas||Training Programmes NEW!|\nCentral Database Repository\nThe Central Data Repository (CDR) holds centralized data of public and private information on marine mineral resources acquired from various institutions worldwide. The Authority uses this data to standardize and evaluate data for quantitative mineral assessments. Read more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Take a closer look at some of the threatened and endangered species that call the South Carolina Lowcountry home\nDolphin sightings in local waters are always magical, but these enchanting marine mammals face serious challenges. Get...\nActivism, art, and a flood of urgency inform and awaken the work of Mary Edna Fraser\nLooking back at early Lowcountry hurricanes\nAn aerial look at our fragile coastline\nTo commemorate Charleston’s 40th anniversary, we honor 40 influential people and groups whose vision, passion, focus,...\nDiscoveries, innovation, exploration\nThe local NOAA marine forensics lab helps bust seafood bad guys around the globe", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The weight of such a large predator, like a large white shark, is much harder to measure than the length of its body. Partly, that’s why the weight range of big white sharks is wide enough – from 600 to 3300 kg. The final value is not officially confirmed. The maximum weight that the scientist was able to attest was 1878 kg. This weight was the female of a large white shark, caught in 1986 in the waters near the town of Point Vincent (Norfolk Island, Great Britain). The length of the body of this shark was 5.4 meters.\nAll the organs of the predator are designed to kill. Thanks to the perfect sense of smell, a large white shark can smell at a distance of about 600 meters. Her eyes are arranged like a cat, so the shark is perfectly oriented in the dark. Lateral line – the sense organ inherent in all fish, allows a shark for 115 meters from its location to catch the slightest fluctuations in water.\nShark begins to engage in killing while still in embryo state, when he absorbs his weak sisters and brothers long before his birth. Therefore, the female of a large white shark is born only 1 or 2 cubs, which grow very slowly and become sexually mature in 12 – 15 years.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "During a visit in summer 2013 my sister and I went for a walk around the north coast of Islay, among other places seeing Rhuvaal lighthouse. We also walked through the arch below the lighthouse.\nProbably one of the best days out you can get from Islay and Jura, a trip with a RIB to the famous Corryvreckan whirlpool between Jura and Scarba. Here the RIB is approaching some of the currents with Scarba in the background.\nA view of contrasts at the Gulf of Corryvreckan, driven by the Corryvreckan whirlpool: “Calm” waters in front of us (although it is still moving with strong currents) with quite choppy waters right behind. This scenery was constantly changing, with calm waters turning into strong eddies and currents and vice versa. An amazing sight, difficult to capture in a picture, much better experienced in person.\nThe Isle of Mull visible on the horizon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dr. Jim Harvey is an adjunct senior associate and marine ecologist with more than 30 years of experience. He has conducted research on foraging ecology and age and growth of blue sharks; foraging ecology, diving behavior, population dynamics, and effects of pollutants of harbor seals; migration and diving in gray and humpback whales, migration and foraging of Sooty shearwaters, diving and feeding of Leatherback turtles, interactions between marine mammals and fisheries; relationship between oceanographic conditions and marine birds and mammals; and assessing health and condition of marine turtles, birds, and mammals. He is fellow of the California Academy of Sciences.\nJim received his B.A. from San Jose State University, an M.S. from Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, and a Ph.D. from Oregon State University.\nAdd your email to our mailing list to receive occasional ecological news from us.Submit Your Details", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The average temperature of the water is increasing across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, placing pressure on an already vulnerable ecosystem. While the changes might seem minor from a human perspective—a roughly 1.2-degree Celsius increase from 1960 to 2010— even the smallest shifts in temperature can cause a waterway to become uninhabitable for certain species and make our pollution reduction and habitat management practices less effective.\nThe Chesapeake Bay Program's Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) sponsored a workshop in 2022, supported by many partners in the Chesapeake Bay Program, to investigate the various impacts of increasing water temperatures. The committee recently released a report that summarizes the major findings from the workshop as well as recommendations for how to reduce and adapt to these changes.\nThe STAC report is one of the most comprehensive of its kind, synthesizing the causes and effects of rising water temperatures in the Bay watershed and impacts to wildlife and their habitat. It gives everyone who works in Chesapeake Bay restoration a roadmap for not only moderating temperature increases where we can with conservation strategies and best management practices, but also adapting to an ecosystem that’s already begun to change.\nWhat’s causing water temperatures to rise?\nIn the Chesapeake Bay watershed, there are multiple causes of increased water temperature, and they depend on where you are in the region.\nIn the tidal Chesapeake Bay, warming air temperatures is playing the biggest role in raising water temperatures. As greenhouse gases are emitted, the air temperature increases, which in turn, warms the water during most months of the year. Increasing ocean temperatures are also believed to contribute significantly to the summer warming of the Bay, between June and October.\nTo a lesser extent, sea level rise is also warming the Bay’s waters, particularly during the winter months of November through February, though it has a slight cooling effect in the summer. The water flowing into the Bay from streams and rivers also has a slight warming effect in some of the upper tidal tributaries. However, both of these factors are minor compared to increasing air and ocean temperatures.\nFor the non-tidal portions of the watershed—the thousands of freshwater streams and rivers that flow into the estuary—the report found that water temperatures are rising not only from increases in air temperatures, but also from changes occurring on the land. More of the watershed is covered with roofs, roads and other impervious surfaces that heat the rainwater as it runs off into streams. There are also fewer trees and forest buffers to cool those waterways. Development may also change physical characteristics of a stream that in turn worsen temperature increases. Groundwater features like springs, which would usually cool the water, can be degraded by too much surrounding land development.\nHow are rising water temperatures impacting the Bay ecosystem?\nRising water temperatures are already threatening many of the Chesapeake’s iconic critters.\nSpecies that depend on cold water habitats in the Bay’s headwaters, such as brook trout and checkered sculpin, will be most immediately affected by higher temperatures due to their exposure and sensitivity to warmer water. These species can only survive in streams under certain temperatures, and their spawning grounds are also limited based on how cool the water is.\nWarm water species such as blue crabs\nand certain freshwater fishes might be more tolerant to higher temperatures but are still sensitive to extreme temperatures and the indirect effects of warmer waters. The STAC workshop cited various indirect impacts of temperature increase to habitat quality, including algal bloom production, bacteria outbreaks, the distribution and toxicity of other pollutants, an increase in invasive species and decreases in dissolved oxygen.\nSpecies such as striped bass, which were largely restored due to management by the Bay Program partnership in the 1980’s and 90’s, are struggling to adapt to the lower oxygen levels that are magnified by warming waters. Warm water holds less oxygen, which means that fish such as striped bass have to swim lower in the water column where there are still suitable temperature and oxygen levels. However, due to excess nutrients, bottom waters can have low dissolved oxygen. With warming temperatures at the surface and low dissolved oxygen at the bottom, fish are squeezed in the middle and have less suitable habitat. This makes them more vulnerable to predation and requires them to compete more for food with other aquatic life.\nThe habitats that the Bay critters rely on are also being affected. The submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) species, eelgrass, is particularly sensitive to temperature increases and is significantly declining in the southern region of the Bay due to these changes. SAV is critical habitat for species like blue crabs and juvenile fishes and helps keep nutrients out of the water.\nOn the bright side, certain species in the Chesapeake Bay may be positively impacted by warming waters. Forage fish such as bay anchovy and menhaden, as well as blue crabs will enjoy a longer growing season as well as an expanded northern range. Certain species of SAV, including widgeon grass, will also likely expand their range throughout the Bay, resulting in a higher overall abundance of seagrass in the estuary. Oysters, which are temperature tolerant, will have more food availability from algae growth, a longer growing season, reduced winter mortality and a lengthened spawning season.\nThere will even be newer species entering the Bay that will have economic benefits. Southern species, such as white shrimp and red drum, are already moving into the Bay in increasing numbers, so much so that there is the potential to support new commercial fisheries in the future.\nHowever, nearly all the Bay’s marine life will be stressed by a reduction in dissolved oxygen or the drop in suitable habitat that warming waters cause.\nWhat can we do to reduce rising water temperatures?\nThe authors of the STAC report recommend multiple policies and practices to address the drivers of rising water temperature and their impacts on the ecosystem.\nConserving and expanding forests, streamside buffers and tree canopy in more developed areas emerged as the best practices for moderating water temperature. Trees shade the water, keeping it cool and decrease air temperatures through evaporation. Trees also filter rainwater underground where it won’t heat up from the sun. In urban and other developed areas, tree canopy reduces the temperature of pavement and asphalt, and helps water soak into the ground, which partially cools and reduces the runoff flowing through these areas.\nThe STAC members stress that decision makers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed not only focus on planting new trees but conserving existing forests, which have been lost at staggering rates due to development and other land uses.\nAdditionally, the STAC workshop evaluated the ability of different best management practices (BMPs) to reduce water temperatures. BMPs are currently used to reduce sediment and nutrient pollution from entering the Bay, as well as provide a range of additional benefits to people and wildlife.\nAccording to the workshop members, BMPs that are most effective at cooling the water include riparian forest buffers, upstream tree planting, urban stormwater infiltration and wetlands restoration, enhancement and rehabilitation. Improving soil health and infiltration may also help moderate runoff temperatures from farm fields. However, the workshop members also identified BMPs used to improve water quality that can contribute to warmer waters. These “heater” BMPs include stormwater retention ponds, floating treatment wetlands and vegetated open channels.\nBecause of this, the STAC report recommends that the partnership carefully scrutinize which types of BMPs it promotes. Since 1985, there has been approximately three times as much implementation of heater BMPs as cooler BMPs, suggesting that some of the practices being implemented to improve water quality may be having adverse, unintended consequences for water temperatures.\nWhat’s notable is that as a partnership set up to achieve a variety of restoration goals, the Chesapeake Bay Program is already pursuing the top practices for moderating the effects of rising temperatures. Forest conservation, restoration of forest buffers, conserving and expanding tree canopy in developed areas and wetland conservation and restoration are all areas of focus for the partnership. However, these are some of the most challenging goals for the Bay Program to meet, given the high rates of development and population growth occurring in the Chesapeake region.\nLong-term management recommendations\nBased on their findings, STAC members also recommended a number of long-term investments to help lessen rising water temperatures effects on living resources and adapt to a changing Chesapeake Bay ecosystem.\nBecause of its cold-water habitats and importance to cold-water fisheries, the Chesapeake watershed’s headwaters were identified as an important place to accelerate conservation. This includes working with landowners in upstream states to conserve forests, plant additional tree buffers and limit polluted runoff. Downstream, large-scale efforts to protect and restore wetlands, oyster reefs, shorelines and SAV beds will help reduce vulnerabilities to tidal fisheries by potentially creating nearshore habitat with more suitable conditions. The STAC members emphasized developing criteria to help target these nearshore projects where multiple benefits, ranging from shoreline protection to water quality and habitat improvements, can be optimized.\nThe workshop members also developed recommendations to inform management strategies for the Bay’s recreational and commercial fisheries. It was suggested that fishing guidance is established, such as catch and release protocols, that are based on a fish’s survival threshold related to heat and dissolved oxygen. The workshop members also recommended greater collaboration between resources managers and scientists to ensure that fisheries are being managed in a way that aligns with new research, including integrating social science. These efforts are needed to better communicate future climate conditions and expected scenarios for Bay fisheries and those moving up into the Bay from the south.\nFinally, workshop members identified several knowledge gaps that, if filled, could better inform restoration and land-use decisions. The authors of the report recommend an increase in water temperature monitoring, especially in smaller streams, and further analyzing existing data from larger streams and rivers. Biological monitoring of prey and predators in tidal waters was also mentioned as we are currently lacking data to assess population impacts from seasonal temperature changes. It was also recommended that a heat wave alert system be developed to give resources managers a better understanding of when extreme rises in water temperatures occur and how to protect marine life accordingly. Modeling temperature change, the way we model pollution loads, could also be a worthwhile investment.\nChesapeake Bay Program begins tracking water temperature changes\nThis type of information can be used to guide restoration efforts at the Bay Program and allow conservation groups outside the partnership to influence state and federal policies, such as conserving more forests and investing in implementation of cooling BMPs.\nAcross the watershed, jurisdictions are united in their concern over rising water temperatures.\nWhether it's brook trout in the Bay’s headwaters or striped bass in the mainstem, our natural resources are already being impacted by temperature changes. Improving water quality is poised to become even more challenging in all jurisdictions of the watershed due to warming waters. But we can take action now to lessen vulnerabilities to important habitats and living resources", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Game of Life\nThe goal of this game is to illustrate to the students what happens to a fish stock...\nThu, 09/24/2009 - 17:40\nStudents will study and replicate a model of the factors affecting fisheries...\nThu, 09/24/2009 - 17:39\nGulf Oil Spill\nThe Deepwater Horizon oil spill is recognized as the worst oil spill in U.S....", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Search our catalog for the subject words oceans, or seashore with juvenile (enter words with a space between them).\nDon’t forget to ask the librarian if there are books set aside on school reserve for this topic!\n|Center for Coastal Studies\nThe whales of Cape Cod\n|The Electronic Zoo: Animal Resources\nHuge number of links to animal information.\n|The Marine Mammal Center\nData from a private, non-profit organization that rescues, rehabilitates and releases injured, sick and orphaned marine mammals (seals, sea lions, dolphins, porpoises, whales and sea otters) along a thousand mile stretch of the California coast, from the Oregon border to San Luis Obispo.\n|Monterey Bay E-quarium\nVisit the E-quarium for a tour of Monterey Bay, fun games, and information about marine conservation.\n|Museum of Zoology\nFrom the University of Michigan, information on mollusks, mammals, and fishes.\n|NOAA Fisheries: Office of Protected Resources\nInformation about marine mammals and endangered species, including conservation efforts, current threats, legislation, and publications.\n|Ocean Planet from The Smithsonian Museum\nA searchable exhibit of facts and pictures.\n|SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Detailed Animal Information\nPart of the Sea World/Busch Gardens Education Series", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Island and Ngai Island is located in the Lanta Archipelago National\nPark, Klong Tom, Krabi in the Indian Ocean. Lanta Archipelago is geographically\nfilled with the overlapping ranges of mountains covered by green forests.\nBeaches are right behind the island.\nROK NAI ISLAND\nThe island is featured by the tall cliffs with reddish reefs which have\nlong been eroded by the wind. The mountain peak is 208 meters above\nthe sea level. The out-stretched beach in the east will be uncovered\nduring low tide.\nROK NOK ISLAND\nThe island is as large as Rok Nok Island, where its peak is 156 meters\nabove the sea level. There are two large areas of plain ground in the\nvalley called Had Talu Valley and Our Marn Prai Valley.\nThe island is a triangle-like figure. Beaches with the lines of coral\nreefs can be found in the east.\nExpuisite beaches can be foud in the east of Rok Nai Island and in the\nsoutheast as well as in the south of Rok Nok Island holds a white and\nfine sandy beach, while Rok Nai Island has a short and steep beach.\ncoral reef lines which can be foud amidst the reefs in the eastern channel\nof Rok Nai Island. In the south as well as the southeast of Rok Nok\nIsland lay the under surface coral\nreefs. Thong Cape is a small island in the north end of Rok Nai Island.\nBy standing on the Rok Nok Island opposite Thong Cape, the tourists\ncan admire the beauty of sunset disappearing from\nthe arc channel.\nHad Talu which is at the back of Rok Nok Island is 40-meter wide, with\nthe fine and white sandy beach. The forest line along this beach is\ncovered with 'Terminalia tree'. Wallking through this forest for approximately\n180 meters to the other side of Rok Nok Island, the horseshoe-like bay\nwill be discovered.\nbeach on Ngai Island is long and tranquil which is ideal for swimming\nand for appreciating the scene of the shord lines of Mah Island, Chuak\nIsland, Waen Island and Mook Island lying one after another and being\nsurrounded by the sea water. In addition, Ngai Island is another excellent\nplace for observing the perfect undersurface coral reefs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This week Blue Planet II looks at Earth's green seas.\nThis means you can look forward to kelp forests, mangroves, prairies of sea grass and blooms of algae.\nThese are some of the most competitive places in the ocean to live.\nSo what exactly are we going to see?\nThe Great Escape\nWe will be taken to the tip of Southern Africa where two great oceans, the Atlantic and Indian, meet.\nAround a hundred different species of sharks live here - which means one resident, the common octopus, has had to become a great escape artist.\nNot only can this octopus change the colour of its skin, it can match the textures around it.\nThe show features never before filmed footage of a pyjama shark trying to outsmart her opponent - cool right?\nKale forest guards\nOff the coast of North America, the Pacific Ocean is home to some of the largest forests of kale, which are are 60 metres high.\nThe show features sea otters, which are on the comeback after being hunted for their thick coats in the 1800s.\nThe numbers of sea otters are now recovering, along with the health of kale forests.\nIn a filming first, the Blue Planet II team reveal floating rafts of sea otters, now numbering in their hundreds.\nHeroes of the deep sea\nThis episode will travel all the way to Western Australia's green seas.\nThere the crew met turtles who are stalked by tiger sharks!\nTiger sharks keep turtles away from sea grass meadows, which mean the areas don't become too damaged.\nThis means sharks have become buddies in the fight against climate change - who would've thought sharks would be the good guys?\nThe sharks aren't the only heroes that help in protecting the kelp forests down in Australia. As soon as winter hits, spider crabs come out to help in the protection.\nThey march in and pile on top of each other, building 'walls' more than a metre high. They then shed their skin and now the soft-bodied, weakened spider-crabs, try their best to avoid the patrolling four-metre-long stingrays.\nIt's not always the size that counts...maybe\nStaying down-under, a little further along the coast, the most amazing of gatherings of the cuttlefish happens, as the males are on the look-out for a mate.\nRemember, though, it's not always size that counts, as the smaller, sneaky males play tricks on the big boys, to confuse them and in the end get the females. With about 10 males to every female, the sneaky cuttlefish use tricks like pretending to be females to get close to the real girl cuttlefish.\nMoving over to what many believe to be the best nursery for young fish - the mangrove forest.\nThe Blue Planet II team also come face to face with deadly shrimp. Yes, shrimp.\nThe mangrove forest is home to a deadly killer - 40cm long zebra mantis shrimp. These male shrimp can abandon their mate for as long as 20 years in the hunt for a larger female!\nThe greatest place at sea\nIn this episode, we are treated to a look at the microscopic algae.\nThey may not sound too exciting, but they're actually really important organisms.\nThe microscopic algae flourish into vast blooms, providing a feast for everything from plankton to sea-lions.\nIn California's Monterey Bay, thousands of dolphins, sea lions and humpback whales all race to claim their share of the feast which the algae provide.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Huntington Beach, Calif. – Seawater spread into several low-lying communities along the California coast Thursday morning as unusually high “king tides” pulled the Pacific Ocean farther ashore than normal.\nCausing some damage but mostly just making a nuisance, water flooded Pacific Coast Highway and side streets in Sunset Beach, a sliver of Huntington Beach between the ocean and a yacht harbor. Down the Southern California coast, Newport Bay was brimming, while just north of San Francisco the tide swamped a commuter parking lot in Marin City and seeped into dozens of cars.\nOccurring several times a year, king tides happen when the Earth, moon and sun align in a way that increases gravitational pull on the Earth’s oceans, raising water levels several feet above normal high tides.\nThe event provided organizers of the California King Tides Initiative an opportunity to get California residents thinking about and preparing for the future. The 3-year-old initiative, sponsored by government and nonprofit groups, enlists camera-toting volunteers to photograph the king tides as an illustration of what low-lying coastal areas could look like if predictions about the Earth’s climate come to pass.\nAuthorities execute arrest of ‘Bad Barbies’\nNew York – New York City authorities say they have taken down a violent street gang whose female factions went by names including “Bad Barbies.”\nPolice Commissioner Raymond Kelly said Wednesday that at its height, the Trinitarios gang had up to 100 female members. He said one was a 24-year-old involved in a fatal retaliatory shooting and in the shooting of a robbery victim outside a Mexican restaurant.\nAn investigation of the gang has resulted in arrests of 119 people in the Bronx and Manhattan since 2009.\nKelly and U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara announced the latest arrests on Wednesday at a news conference.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kroetz, Kailin Sanchirico, James N. Contreras, Elsa Galarza Novoa, David Corderi Collado, Nestor Swiedler, Elaine W.\nYear of Publication:\nIDB Working Paper Series IDB-WP-749\nThe implementation of rights-based management programs is increasing worldwide yet there are few ex post evaluations, especially in developing country contexts. In this paper we examine changes following the implementation of a catch share system in the Peruvian anchovy fishery, which is the world's largest commercial fishery by volume. After implementation of the Individual Vessel Quota (IVQ) management system, we observe a shift toward higher-value products and a 97% increase in per-unit revenue from 2008 to 2013. We also find that landings are more spread out over the fishing season, with an increase in the number of fishing days. Additionally, fleet consolidation occurs over time with a shift toward larger vessels in the steel fleet. Finally, using cost estimates from a large fishing firm on the cost of steel vessel operation, we estimate variable harvesting profit increased from 34-41% of the ex-vessel price pre-IVQ to 63-65% post.\nCatch shares Peru Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs) Anchovy", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We’ve invited the Vancouver Aquarium’s fantastic Ocean Wise program to join our GOODS section as a recommended local organisation that is worth checking out (look for their sustainable seafood symbol on menus across the city). They’re now proud members of Scout, and as such we’ll be posting their news front and center and hosting a page for them on our curated list of independent goodnesses. We’d like to take this chance to thank them for their support of Scout, and for making Vancouver a more delicious place to live!\nAbout Ocean Wise™\nOverfishing is the biggest threat facing our oceans today. The Ocean Wise symbol next to a menu or seafood item is the Vancouver Aquarium’s assurance of an ocean-friendly seafood choice. Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Wise program makes it easy for consumers to make sustainable seafood choices that ensure the health of our oceans for generations to come.\nThe Vancouver Aquarium’s Ocean Wise program works directly with restaurants, markets, food services and suppliers to ensure they have the most current scientific information regarding sustainable seafood and to help them make ocean-friendly buying decisions. The options are highlighted on their menus and display cases with the Ocean Wise symbol, making it easier for consumers to make ocean-friendly seafood choices.\nIn addition to its website, Ocean Wise also makes available an iPhone application—an easy-to-use app that provides consumers with Ocean Wise restaurants, markets and supplier venues from coast to coast, and a comprehensive list of ocean-friendly seafood options. The Ocean Wise iPhone app is continuously updated with ocean-friendly seafood options and Ocean Wise partners spanning Victoria to Halifax.\nLearn more at www.oceanwise.ca.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "South East Asia is one of the most species rich areas in the world. Water that hovers around the 25°C mark, a tropical climate that is tempered by sea breezes, more species than most books cover and a wealth of different marine environments, not to mention idyllic sandy shores for surface interval picnics make diving a special pleasure.\nMost diving has been centered on the Gulf of Thailand and from Phuket, in the Philippines from Batangas and the Visayas, in Malaysia from the East Coast and Sabah, and in Indonesia from Pulau Seribo, Manado and Flores. While the majority of the diving is from shore to moderately shallow coral gardens, South East Asia does have some good walls to dive. Indonesia has great walls in Manado, Kupang, Komodo and Irian Jaya; Malaysia has fabulous walls in Sipadan and Layang Layang, and a good one at tiny Tenggol.\nThe Philippines has plenty of good walls at Verde, Anilao, Nsugbu, Apo as well as dozen more places. And while not particularly widespread, South East Asia has its fair share of wrecks. There are numerous war graves and vessels lost during WW II at Pattaya in Thailand, in the bay of Coron in the Philippines and off Manado and Bali in Indonesia. Then there are fishing vessels that met an untimely end and even the odd dive boat or two that took a dive themselves.\nWhen to Visit South East Asia\nAvoid the wet monsoon season, generally Dec-mid-Mar. The dry monsoon of southeast winds curtails the diving in Flores during July and August.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Seals and sea lions, along with walruses, belong to a group of marine mammals called “pinnipeds.” Pinniped means fin or flipper-footed in Latin. These animals spend the majority of their time in the ocean, but come on shore for long periods of time. Although seals and sea lions have similarities, they also have several distinct characteristics and adaptations that distinguish them from one another.\nWhat Are the Differences Between Seals and Sea Lions?\n“True” seals, also known as “earless” seals or simply “seals,” belong to a group of pinnipeds that have ear holes, but lack an external ear flap. This includes species such as the harbor seal, endangered Hawaiian monk seal, and harp seal.\nOn land, seals use their bellies to move around because they have small front flippers that are thinly webbed with a claw on each small toe. In the water, seals swim easily, moving their rear flippers back and forth, similar to how a fish uses its caudal fin (tail) to propel itself through the water.\nIn general, seals tend to be quiet, and vocalize through noises such as soft grunts, growls, or hisses. Many are less social than sea lion species, especially in the water, but seals can be found on land together to avoid predators, rest, mate, and nurse their pups.\nSea lions, such as the California sea lion and Steller sea lion, belong to a group of pinnipeds that have external ear flaps. This group also includes fur seals like the threatened Guadalupe fur seal.\nOn land, they use their large, elongated front flippers and rear flippers rotated underneath their bodies to “walk.” In the water, sea lions propel themselves by paddling their front flippers and use their rear flippers to help steer, like a boat’s rudder.\nSea lions can be noisy, and recognized by their loud and distinct “bark.” They commonly congregate in large groups called “herds” or “rafts.” They can be seen hauled out together on offshore rocks, sandy beaches, and sometimes human-made structures such as jetties and piers.\nAll seals and sea lions are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and some are also listed under the Endangered Species Act. It is important to view these wild animals from a safe and respectful distance for their safety—and yours. If you see a sick or injured seal or sea lion, please call your nearest marine mammal rescue organization.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rosenberg Institute Seminar Series at the Romberg Tiburon Center-Abstracts\nThe Barbara and Richard Rosenberg Institute for Marine Biology and Environmental Science Seminar Series brings leading local, national, and international scientists to a public forum at RTC to speak about the latest advances in science.\nSee abstracts or brief descriptions for select seminars below.\n1/25: Investigating the diet of sea-floor microbes: Clues from isotopic and molecular composition of pore-water dissolved organic matterTomoko Komada, Professor, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Romberg Tiburon Center and San Francisco State University\nMarine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a globally significant carbon reservoir, yet the mechanism of DOM accumulation remains unclear. Microbial processes within the seafloor have long been known to produce DOM, but the significance of this flux is not well understood, because of limited knowledge about the composition and reactivity of DOM generated within the sediments. We address this knowledge gap through isotopic and chemical analyses of pore-water DOM in two California Borderland basins with contrasting depositional patterns. At both sites, pore-water DOM consists of a complex mixture of labile to refractory moieties with variable radiocarbon ages. The composition of bulk DOM varies within and across sites, but the refractory component shows striking similarity regardless of site and sediment depth, and has an older radiocarbon age than bulk DOM. These findings suggest that sediments are important sources of pre-aged DOM that accumulates in the deep sea.\n2/8: Shedding light on symbioses: lessons from a bioluminescent vertebrate-microbe associationAlison Gould, Postdoctoral Researcher, UC Berkeley\nVirtually all organisms are dependent on symbioses with microorganisms for their success, yet the processes by which these essential interactions are established and maintained over time remain largely unknown. I present a pairwise symbiosis between a coral reef cardinalfish and a luminous bacterium as a model association to investigate the ecological mechanisms that help to maintain symbiont specificity over host generations. To do so, I integrate field studies to define key attributes of the host’s behavioral ecology and life history in Okinawa, Japan with recently developed genomic methods (restriction site-associated sequencing, “RAD-Seq”) to test the hypothesis that the fish’s ecology genetically structures populations of its facultative symbiont over time and space, consequently promoting the specificity of the association. Results indicate that resident populations of adult fish enrich the surrounding reef water daily with their excess luminous symbionts and that larval fish disperse significant distances as a cohort to non-natal reefs and acquire a symbiont from the locally enriched water near their settlement site. Ultimately this study highlights the role of a host animal in structuring natural populations of its bacterial symbiont, thereby promoting the specificity of this bioluminescent vertebrate-microbe symbiosis over host generations.\n2/15: Linking sensory neuron plasticity to adaptive, injury-induced behavior in cephalopodsRobyn Crook, Assistant Professor of Biology, San Francisco State University\nMost animals will experience sub-lethal injury at least once in their lives. Injured animals incur multiple fitness costs, including increased predation risk, decreased foraging efficiency and reduced reproductive success. Behavioral changes that offsets these costs, even partially, are therefore likely to 1) be under strong selection, 2) be highly conserved and 3) produce measurable adaptive benefits. Although injury-induced behaviors are common and widespread, their neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. Work in my laboratory at SF State aims to identify the mechanisms and functions of injury-induced behaviors in cephalopod molluscs. Cephalopods’ soft bodies are vulnerable to injury, their behavior is highly plastic, and their nervous system is comparably complex (but independently evolved and structurally unique) to that of vertebrates. However, many cellular mechanisms of plasticity are conserved among molluscs and vertebrates. Thus cephalopods are uniquely placed to provide novel insights into strongly selected, highly conserved mechanisms of injury-induced behavior that in mammals may include pain, anxiety and other complex affective states. Recent studies combine electrophysiological manipulations of plasticity in nociceptive input, with measurements of changes to neural signal controlling motor circuits. In behavioral studies, we are looking at the duration and context of injury-induced behaviors that alter defense, foraging and reproduction, to measure the fitness costs of injury and the adaptive value of injury-induced neural and behavioral plasticity.\n2/22: Sea-level rise and Pacific coast salt marshes: impacts on plant productivity, community structure, and decompositionChristopher Janousek, Research Associate, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University and Western Ecological Research Center, USGS\nSalt marshes provide valued ecosystem functions and services including food web support, storm protection, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. These functions and services may be threatened by sea-level rise if vertical marsh accretion cannot keep pace with rising water levels. Through observational, experimental, and modeling approaches we are assessing inundation and salinity effects on plant growth, plant fecundity, vegetation composition, and decomposition of plant organic matter across the Pacific coast. Our on-going work suggests the following general conclusions: (i) Inundation and salinity effects on plant growth vary by species, suggesting that marsh vulnerability likely varies spatially and that local marsh species composition may change with relative sea-level rise. (ii) Increasing salinity may interact with rising seas to lower plant productivity and reduce plant diversity. (iii) The cycling of salt marsh carbon through decomposition may be affected by a suite of abiotic and biotic factors including inundation, salinity, plant abundance, and plant composition. Our results help further understanding of how marsh structure and function may be impacted by climate change at local and regional scales along the Pacific coast. Such information is critical for informed tidal marsh management, habitat restoration, and adaptive responses to coastal climate change.\n3/1: Restoration of native species in highly modified estuariesChela Zabin, Smithsonian Enviromental Research Center\nRestoration frequently occurs in habitats that have been dramatically altered by human activities, including the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS). NIS can pose threats to native species as competitors, predators, or ecosystem engineers. When eradication of NIS is not tractable, one potential tool for restoration practitioners is to take advantage of environmental conditions that alter the impacts of NIS on species targeted for restoration. I’ll discuss investigations of this option for native oyster (Ostrea lurida) restoration in three California bays and implications for restoration design.\n3/8: Indigenous Knowledge of Marine Systems from Coastal Tribes and Canoe Cultures\nMelissa K. Nelson, Ph.D., Associate Professor of American Indian Studies, SFSU\nPacific Ocean Tribes from the Coast of California to the Islands of Hawaii and around the Pacific Rim have long-term ecological knowledge and marine management systems. They harvest fish, seafood, and seaweed for food, navigate their canoes through coastal waters, and hold a deep cultural and spiritual connection to the Ocean through intergenerational practices based in ethical values imbedded in oral traditions. This talk will highlight coastal environmental changes and share tribal responses to climate disruption with particular attention to the iconic abalone, access to seaweed, and revitalization of canoe traditions.\n3/15: The economics of sea level rise: A case study in southern Monterey BayPhilip King, Ph.D., Associate Professor in Economics at San Francisco State University\nA brief overview of the issues involved in any economic analysis of sea level rise, followed by a specific application in southern Monterey Bay. The study examines the benefits and costs of differing adaptation strategies over four reaches in southern Monterey Bay. The economic benefits include recreation, ecological value and protection of private and public property. Under a wide range of plausible scenarios and assumptions, we find that coastal armoring is not cost effective. In most cases, retreat is the best option.\n4/5: Ocean acidification: Science, solutions, and stepping out of our comfort zones\nTessa Hill, UC Davis\nRecent work has focused on the potential consequences of reduced ocean pH that result from ongoing influx of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) into seawater (termed 'ocean acidification', or OA). Research along the West Coast has brought into sharp focus the potential local consequences of highly acidified seawater for aquaculture operations and California ecosystems more broadly. In response, states have mobilized in developing policy and science recommendations, with research efforts shifting to defining strategies for coping with this issue. For example, seagrass beds have been highlighted as potential \"OA refugia\" for their capability to buffer acidified waters. These ecosystem services are based upon the assumption that seagrasses fix carbon through photosynthesis, thereby effectively reducing the CO2 load in seawater, and that seagrass beds can also 'trap' carbon in below-ground sedimentary reservoirs.In this talk, I will review some of the science of OA, potential local solutions including the role of vegetated habitats, and provide a call for marine scientists to step out of our 'comfort zones' in addressing problems of major societal significance.\nSherry Tamone, Professor of Biology, University of Alaska Southeast\n4/26: Applications of endocrinology to the management of commercially important crustaceans in Alaska\nCommercially important crustaceans in Alaska include but are not limited to red king crab, snow crab, Dungeness crab, Tanner crab and Northern spot shrimp. Crab fisheries are size selected male only fisheries while all sexes of shrimp may be harvested. The Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and northern spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) both undergo male specific sexual differentiation that is important to their life history and to the fishery, and these life history events can be studied through their endocrinology. Molting hormones (ecdysteroids) regulate growth in all crustaceans. In crabs such as Tanner and snow crabs, these hormones can be used in association with morphometrics to distinguish terminally molted male crabs, a life history stage distinguished by an allometric increase in chelae size. Sexual differentiation of male crustaceans is mediated by the insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG), a product of the androgenic gland (AG). The role of this hormone is to promote the male phenotype during the life history of the animal. For gonochoristic species such as C. bairdi, and protandric species such as P. platyceros, IAG is thought to be the hormone responsible for promoting spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics (such as the large claw morphology of C. bairdi). In protandric shrimp, in which functional males become functional females, the mechanism for transition from male to female is hypothesized to be the degeneration of the AG; thus elimination of IAG. Professor Tamone will present data on our current understanding of the endocrine basis for sexual differentiation in Tanner crab and spot shrimp.\nThe Seminar Series is supported by generous contributions from the Barbara and Richard M. Rosenberg Institute at the Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Florida Reef Resilience Program\nThe Nature Conservancy (TNC), along with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, initiated the Florida Reef Resilience Program (FRRP) in 2004 to study the health of the Florida Reef Tract from the Dry Tortugas to Port St. Lucie. The FRRP seeks to determine what makes some corals more resistant than others to climate change impacts, what factors contribute to areas of high or low resistance, and why certain areas are more resilient than others. The FRRP seeks to increase the understanding of reef health in order to guide management actions that will improve the resilience of the Florida Reef tract to climate change impacts and enhance the reef-user industry.\nThe FRRP was designed to study the resilience of the Florida Reef Tract from the Dry Tortugas in the Gulf of Mexico to Port St. Lucie on the Atlantic coast. Parts of the Florida Reef Tract experienced severe bleaching events in 1983, 1987, 1990, 1997, 1998, and 2005, and a massive sea urchin die-off in 1984. The combination of habitat degradation and climate change-induced stress led to the need for the creation of a resilience program. The FRRP includes four program areas: disturbance response monitoring; human dimensions of reef resilience; communications and outreach; and supporting coral reef management and sustainable uses.\nThe FRRP leads disturbance response monitoring efforts and coordinates research with reef scientists, users, and managers to develop strategies to increase reef resilience. It brings these stakeholders together to answer five fundamental questions:\n- Are any of Florida’s reefs resilient?\n- If so, where are reefs resilient and where are they not?\n- What factors influence resilience?\n- Who depends on reefs and what do reef users want and need from coral reefs?\n- What actions can people take to maintain the resilience of healthy reefs and improve the resilience of unhealthy reefs?\nThe FRRP was initiated in 2004 with the creation of a Memorandum of Agreement between the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, NOAA, and Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Since its inception, other partners have joined the FRRP efforts in a Steering Committee, including the University of South Florida, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Nova Southeastern University, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), TNC, Mote Marine Laboratory, Dry Tortugas National Park, Biscayne National Park, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and EcoAdapt.\nFlorida Reef Tract Climate Action Plan\nThrough various projects, collaborations, work with the reef user community, and the Steering Committee, the FRRP has developed management recommendations to increase the resilience of the Florida Reef Tract. During the 2008 Reef Resilience Conference, Coping with Climate Change, a variety of ranked strategies were developed to help guide the creation of a climate change action plan. Recommendations included:\n- Developing a comprehensive plan for marine zoning based on best available science, reef resilience principles, and the needs of the community;\n- Increasing enforcement, especially in resilient reef areas;\n- Requiring user fees to help manage reef resources;\n- Demanding strong mitigation efforts at local, regional, national, and international scales;\n- Increasing environmental education;\n- Decreasing pollution, particularly wastewater outfalls in south Florida; and\n- Preventing dredging and other destructive practices in the area.\nThese recommendations helped inform the development of the Florida Reef Tract Climate Change Action Plan 2010-2015 (the Plan), a compilation of suggested actions needed to increase the resilience of Florida’s reefs and minimize negative impacts on reef-dependent industries. The Plan outlined 10 priority climate change actions for the Florida Reef Tract accompanied by a series of detailed outcomes and action steps. The three priority outcomes of the Plan included:\n- Increase coral reef resilience to climate change and ocean acidification through effective management and actions.\n- Identify the risks climate change poses to Florida’s coral reef-dependent people and industries, communicate those risks to affected parties, and work with them to develop adaptation strategies that minimize those risks.\n- Strengthen the scientific foundation supporting strategic management of the Florida reef system through targeted research, long-term monitoring, and forecasting climate change and ocean acidification impacts.\nThe FRRP is currently in the process of finalizing a second iteration of the Plan, now rebranded as a ‘Resilience Action Plan.’ The Resilience Action Plan is set to be released in late 2020.\nFlorida Reef Resilience Program Initiatives\nThe FRRP aims to increase the stability of coral species in the Florida Reef Tract through understanding coral ecological-resilience as well as conducting restoration projects. In 2009, TNC received a $3.3 million, 3-year grant from NOAA to expand staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn (Acropora palmata) coral restoration through FRRP initiatives. This work was later funded by the TNC-NOAA Community-based Habitat Restoration grant program into 2015. The WWF contributed to FRRP with an analysis of temporal environmental parameters through the Climate Change LEADS (Linking Environmental Analysis through Decision Support) project; this two-year project (2006-2008) was funded by NOAA Climate Office’s Sectoral Applications Research Program.\nTNC served as coordinator of FRRP from 2004-2019 and led the program’s disturbance response monitoring efforts. FRRP’s disturbance response monitoring targets shallow coral species and consists of a probabilistic sampling design. As coordinator, TNC commissioned an analysis looking at disturbance response monitoring data to see if it was possible to identify resilient reefs. The dataset is used in ongoing re-zoning efforts in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary to ensure the protection of coral reefs. Reef condition surveys and disturbance response monitoring data were used to develop the FRRP 2013 “Florida Reef Tract – Coral Bleaching Response Plan.” Since 2014, FRRP has closely monitored Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD), which has spread throughout most of south Florida and Caribbean waters. FRRP scientists seek to understand why some corals are not being affected by SCTLD and what is making them more resilient.\nTNC, alongside FRRP partner organizations, established a communications committee to identify target audiences and develop outreach programs. In 2018, the committee launched the “Respect our Reef” campaign that encourages reef user groups (e.g., fishermen, divers) to recognize their impacts on Florida’s reefs and the opportunities that exist for them to help protect and preserve those systems. In 2019, TNC transferred the FRRP coordinator responsibilities to FWC. Since TNC provided much of the funding for monitoring projects through their partnership with NOAA, FWC is in the process of securing funds to maintain these initiatives once TNC stops contributing the majority of funding in 2020. TNC will remain part of FRRP as a partner in scientific research and as part of the program’s Steering Committee.\nOutcomes and Conclusions\nThe FRRP recognizes that having consistent funding from multiple sources has been essential in implementing resilience actions. Additionally, the success of the FRRP can be attributed to the collaboration and contribution of many different agencies and institutions, participation of the reef user community, and the Steering Committee. The long-term engagement with frontline reef managers has also been a key factor in the successful implementation of FRRP’s recommendations.\nA challenge often faced by FRRP is the limited opportunities to make regulatory changes or implement resilience actions. Discussions for re-zoning marine protected areas only take place every few years and competing values, priorities, and politics can make this a difficult process.\nThrough their restoration programs and updated Resilience Action Plan the FRRP will continue to be a steward of the Florida Reef Tract and guide the protection and management of coral reefs in South Florida.\nCan Florida's Coral Reefs Adapt to Global Climate Change?\nStories in Florida: Florida Reef Resilience Program\nReef Resilience Conference 2008: Resilience Strategies\nFlorida Reef Tract Coral Bleaching Response Plan\nScore, A., Gregg, R.M., and Braddock, K.N. (2021). Florida Reef Resilience Program [Case study on a project of The Nature Conservancy - Florida Reef Resilience Program]. Version 2.0. Product of EcoAdapt's State of Adaptation Program. (Last updated May 2021)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Introduction: Nusa Lembongan, a tropical paradise in Indonesia, isn't just a destination for surfers; it's also a hidden gem for scuba diving enthusiasts. With its vibrant marine life, crystal-clear waters, and awe-inspiring underwater landscapes, Nusa Lembongan offers an unforgettable scuba diving experience. In this guide, we'll delve into the world of scuba diving on Nusa Lembongan, highlighting the best dive sites, the diverse marine ecosystem, and the top dive operators to ensure your underwater adventure is nothing short of extraordinary.\nWhy Dive in Nusa Lembongan?\nBreathtaking Marine Biodiversity\nUnique Underwater Landscapes\nIdeal Diving Conditions\nTop Dive Sites on Nusa Lembongan\nEncountering Marine Life\nMola Mola (Sunfish)\nColorful Coral Reefs\nChoosing the Right Dive Operator\nExperience and Certification\nEquipment and Facilities\n1. Why Dive in Nusa Lembongan? Nusa Lembongan's underwater world is a haven for divers seeking diverse marine life and captivating seascapes. The island's unique features set the stage for an exceptional diving experience:\nBreathtaking Marine Biodiversity: The waters surrounding Nusa Lembongan are home to a rich variety of marine species, from vibrant coral reefs to awe-inspiring pelagic creatures. This diversity makes every dive an exploration of new underwater wonders.\nUnique Underwater Landscapes: Nusa Lembongan boasts underwater formations like dramatic walls, stunning drop-offs, and intricate caves that create a truly immersive diving environment.\nIdeal Diving Conditions: The warm, clear waters and gentle currents of Nusa Lembongan provide excellent visibility, making it an ideal location for both novice and experienced divers.\n2. Top Dive Sites on Nusa Lembongan: Prepare to be amazed by the incredible dive sites that Nusa Lembongan has to offer:\nCrystal Bay: Famous for its awe-inspiring Mola Mola sightings, Crystal Bay also features beautiful coral gardens and the chance to encounter other pelagic species.\nManta Point: As the name suggests, this site is where you'll find majestic manta rays gliding gracefully through the water. Get up close and personal with these gentle giants in their natural habitat.\nBlue Corner: This dive site is known for its exhilarating drift dives along the vibrant reef walls. You'll encounter schools of fish and potentially spot larger marine life passing by.\nToyapakeh: With its diverse marine life and stunning coral formations, Toyapakeh is a must-visit for both macro enthusiasts and those who love big fish action.\n3. Encountering Marine Life: Nusa Lembongan's underwater world is teeming with fascinating marine creatures:\nManta Rays: Glide alongside these elegant creatures as they perform their balletic movements. Manta Point offers an exceptional opportunity to witness these giants up close.\nMola Mola (Sunfish): Encounter the elusive Mola Mola during the colder months. These massive fish are a rare and incredible sight.\nColorful Coral Reefs: Explore the vibrant coral reefs that house a dazzling array of marine life, from tiny critters to larger fish species.\n4. Choosing the Right Dive Operator: Selecting a reputable dive operator is crucial to ensure a safe and enjoyable diving experience:\nSafety First: Opt for dive centers with experienced instructors, well-maintained equipment, and strict adherence to safety protocols.\nExperience and Certification: Check the dive operator's experience and certifications. PADI and SSI certifications are usually a good sign of professionalism.\nEquipment and Facilities: Choose operators with modern and well-maintained dive gear. Clean and comfortable facilities are also indicative of a quality dive center.\nConclusion: Nusa Lembongan isn't just a paradise above water; it's a playground of wonders waiting to be explored beneath the waves. From encountering manta rays and Mola Mola to diving along stunning coral walls, this Indonesian island offers a scuba diving experience that's nothing short of magical. With the right dive operator, you'll have the opportunity to unlock the hidden treasures of Nusa Lembongan's underwater realm and create memories that will last a lifetime. Our friendly team is always happy to help you with organising your diving adventures on Nusa Lembongan.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over 2,000 scientists from around the world are raising cautionary flags\nOutdoor Canada is pleased to present Blue Fish Radio—podcasts about the future of fish and fishing in Canada. The program is dedicated to sharing first-hand angling knowledge, scientific discoveries and supporting local champions who protect and enhance their waters.\nAs climate change continues to shrink the polar ice pack, opportunities for commercial fishing are expanding. For governments and commercial interests, the temptation to capitalize on this relatively untapped wild bounty is great, but given the Arctic’s delicate ecosystem, over 2,000 scientists from around the world are urging caution.\nIn this episode, Lawrence Gunther interviews Carleton University professor Stephan Schott about the viability and sustainability of commercial fishing in Canada’s high arctic.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Compiled temperature, salinity, density, and in-situ velocity sections along the north-east Chukchi Shelfbreak\nMetadataShow full item record\nLocationChukchi Shelfbreak, Arctic Ocean\nwestlimit: -168; southlimit: 71.5; eastlimit: -154; northlimit: 74.5\nThis data was compiled from June-Aug. 2014, and covers all historical hydrography in the north-east Chukchi shelfbreak region with in-situ velocity measurements available at the time of compilation. All data is provided as collected, and the velocity data has been detided by the Oregon State University tidal inversion software (see Padman and Erofeeva, 2004). Nine of the total 46 sections required detiding (see ‘chukchi_data_sources.pdf’), and seven of these nine required additional quality control to remove ship velocities from the record. Overall, the record extends from May 2002 through July 2014. Seasonally, the data is limited to May through October, with data from May through June only available from 2002-4. In addition, there is an absence of data between 2004 and 2009, restricting interannual analyses to be comparisons between the early (2002-4) and late (2009-14) regimes.\nSuggested CitationDataset: Corlett, W. Bryce, Pickart, Robert S., \"Compiled temperature, salinity, density, and in-situ velocity sections along the north-east Chukchi Shelfbreak\", 2016-07-26, DOI:10.1575/1912/8170, https://hdl.handle.net/1912/8170\nThe following license files are associated with this item:\nShowing items related by title, author, creator and subject.\nFarquharson, Gordon; Frasier, Stephen J.; Raubenheimer, Britt; Elgar, Steve (American Geophysical Union, 2005-12-23)The relationship between microwave imaging radar measurements of fluid velocities in the surf zone and shoaling, breaking, and broken waves is studied with field observations. Normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and ...\nHall, Melinda M.; Torres, Daniel J.; Yashayaev, Igor (Elsevier B.V., 2012-11-19)Nearly every spring since 1990, hydrographic data have been collected along a section in the Labrador Sea known as AR7W. Since 1995, lowered acoustic doppler current profiler (LADCP) data have also been collected. In this ...\nRalston, David K.; Geyer, W. Rockwell; Lerczak, James A. (American Meteorological Society, 2008-04)A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Endangered southern right whales are beginning to arrive to Australia’s southerly shores where they calve each year.\nLast year, SouWEST’s (South-western Whale Ecology Study) team was excited to meet one of their key goals. SouWEST’s researchers and local citizen scientists, for the first time, presented evidence that southern right whales occupy and use Geographe Bay, south-western Australia, in a manner consistent with the Commonwealth’s criteria for a nationally recognised Southern Right Whale Emerging Aggregation Area!\nThis year, the team’s goal is to communicate this breaking news widely, to ensure that whales are not adversely impacted.\nWe look forward to building on the evidence by documenting southern right whales as they arrive this season, and identifying those that have returned for mating and giving birth to young.\nIf you would like to support the project this year you can donate on our fundraising page Go Fund Me – Whale of a time. Your contribution will help to fund scientists doing the important work on the ground. It will also help us communicate about the project to garner support and educate and engage community in the conservation of these incredible animals and the challenges they face.\nFor more information follow us on Facebook.\nPhoto credit: Blair Ranford", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mostly clear with temperatures steady near 67F. Winds NNW at 5 to 10 mph. Hourly Details\nMostly sunny skies. High 81F. Winds N at 5 to 10 mph.\nA mostly clear sky. Low 61F. Winds E at 5 to 10 mph.\nTropical Depression Two has formed in the Caribbean Sea, just off the coast of northwestern Honduras.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Chitons have a shell on their back made upof eight separate shell plates or valves. On different species the plates have different colours, patterns and testures. These plates (made from calcium carbonate) overlap a little at the front and back edges but the plates can still move separately. This means that the plates provide protection from above but still allow them to curl up into a ball if they are lifted.\nThere are between 900 to 1,000 species of Chiton worldwide, Australia has about 150 species and 90% of these are native to Australia. Most species are quite small (between 2 and 5 cm long). The largest rarely exceed 30 cm.\nAll chitons are marine, living, in cold water and in the tropics, mostly in intertidal or subtidal zones.\nThey live on hard surfaces, such as on or under rocks, or hidden in rock crevices. Some species live quite high in the intertidal zone and are exposed to air and sunlight for many hours each day. A few species live in deep water, as deep as 6,000 m.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scuba diving for kids and teens HD\nu-app UG (haftungsbeschraenkt) 제작\niTunes를 열어 앱을 구입하고 다운로드합니다.\nIf you are fascinated by the underwater realm, by dolphins, whales, fish and coral reefs, perhaps the inhabitants of your local waters, or simply nothing less than the uncharted depths and secrets of the ocean … well, then scuba diving will suit you perfectly! Diving allows you to enjoy almost complete detachment and gain new perspectives from the world below – something otherwise only experienced by pilots and astronauts. And the step to make this dream a reality is not as difficult as you may think.\nWith this app you have everything what you need for a modern dive training for the latest regulations, regardless of a diving organization.\nThe two beginners Tim and Jenny are two reliable diving friends who accompany you throughout the dive course. Step by step you can get on the following pages with them an impression of the basic training in many first-class illustrations and simple texts. You can do this already in preparation or in use as an accompaniment for your education.\nThe first chapter is like a free trial dive. The other chapters can be obtained via inApp purchase.\nAn ideal training companion for kids, teens and it makes fun for adults too!\nThe following topics are covered, among many others:\n• Snorkeling, equipment\n• Diving equipment simply explained\n• diving practice: The first dive\n• diving & diving physics theory\n• Diving from a boat\n• Dangerous marine animals\n• First Aid\n• All major diving agencies with web links\nA detailed search function will assist playful and instructive.\nRecommended by: DIVEMASTER the journal in diving and Taucher.Net\n1.0.1 버전의 새로운 기능", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BEST Ocean Animal Songs\nGrades: PreK - 5\nProduct Rating: No rating\nDo you like to visit the beach in the summertime? Learning about animals that live in the ocean is fascinating. Kids will learn about sharks, whales, sea horses, dolphins, manatees, the endangered sea turtle, and more with this collection of fact-based sing-along songs. This album has been approved and recommended by Sea World’s Zoology Department!\nYou must log in to submit a review.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Willem Renema, head of the Marine Biodiversity research group at Naturalis, has been appointed as a Special Chair in Marine Palaeobiodiversity within the Department of Ecosystem & Landscape Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam. I am delighted that Willem has joined the team coupling his expertise in marine tropical systems with our existing focus on terrestrial tropical settings will, I am sure, provide many new avenues of scientific endeavour. Catalysing collaboration between Naturalis and UvA will be five PhD researchers, employed on the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network, who will be jointly supervised by Naturalis and UvA staff.\nProfessor of Marine Palaeobiodiversity\nOctober 8, 2020", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Studying Recent Tsunami Deposits in Icy Bay, Alaska\nUSGS scientists study recent tsunami deposits to better understand how tsunamis work, recognize ancient tsunami deposits, and improve natural-hazard assessments.\nWhat a Drag: The Global Impact of Bottom Trawling\nRecent research outlines the severe consequences that bottom trawling has on loose sediment on the ocean floor.\nExamining the Chemistry of Seawater and Coral to Promote the Health of West Maui’s Coral Reefs\nUSGS scientists focused on understanding the link between land-based pollutants and coral reef health along the coast of west Maui in the Hawaiian Islands.\nUSGS Briefed Congressman Adam Schiff’s Staff Members on Geologic Hazards in Southern California\nOffshore earthquakes, undersea landslides, and tsunamis were among the hazards discussed during a USGS Congressional briefing in Southern California on June 9.\nUSGS CoSMoS team wins Point Blue Outstanding Partner Award\nCoSMoS makes detailed predictions about coastal flooding due to both sea-level rise and storms driven by climate change with interactive maps at the web site, Our Coast Our Future.\nBriefing on seafloor mapping and coastal change hazards for Representative Sam Farr in Monterey, California\nAfter reading the USGS news release about newly published maps of the Monterey Bay seafloor, the Congressman requested a briefing from Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center scientists.\nUSGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program website wins award!\nThe website developed by Jolene Gittens, Greg Miller, Andrea Toran, Laura Torresan, and Ann Tihansky won the USGS Shoemaker Award for Communication Excellence in the internet product category.\nCollaborative Study in the Ningaloo Reef\nThis was the largest, most intensive study of coral reef hydrodynamics, ever!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For the scuba enthusiasts the Osa Peninsula offers countless excursions and endless encounters. With Costa Rica's finest Pacific coastal diving and snorkeling, the clear waters surrounding Caño Island Biological Reserve can be best described as a garden of spectacular coral and rock formations. Teeming with exotic sea life, diving Caño Island is an underwater photographers dream. Scuba among large schools of colorful reef fish or observe the large pelagic that frequent these waters.\nWith visibility being 100 ft. or more year round. Let our Padi dive Instructors and dive masters aboard our 30 ft Isand Hopper will take you on a voyage of breathtaking dives though schools of barracudas, horse-eye jack, that actually block the rays of the sun. The variety of sea life is extraordinary with mobula, eagle and gaint manta rays also southern sting rays, guiterfish, octopus, ridley and leather back turtles, four types of eels, and the list goes on and on it's a jungle down here!\nAbout This Supplier\nEmail it to a friend:\nClick here to email this vacation to a friend", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Washington, DC – Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne will travel with First Lady Laura Bush and Council on Environmental Quality Chairman James Connaughton to Midway Atoll and Honolulu, Hawaii, where they will visit the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument later this week in an effort to increase public awareness of one of this Nation’s most exceptional marine ecosystems. President Bush created the National Monument in June.\n“President Bush showed significant leadership and vision in creating the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument in an area relatively untouched by human activities,” Kempthorne said. “I am honored to be visiting the National Monument with Mrs. Bush, who, like the President, is committed to natural resource protection and a lover of the outdoors.”\nThe Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, encompassing 140,000 square miles of U.S. waters, is the largest single conservation area in our Nation’s history and the largest protected marine area in the world, eclipsing Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. This area contains 2.7 million acres of coral reef, 14 million nesting seabirds, and 250 fish species; in total it includes about 7000 species, a quarter of which exist no where else on Earth. The area includes the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge and Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, both managed by Interior’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\nThe National Monument is jointly managed by three co-trustees -- the Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the State of Hawaii.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "‘Triple dip’ La Nina and its impact on India’s monsoon\n23rd Sep, 2022\nAustralia’s Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) predicted that a third consecutive event of La Niña could be underway.\nWhat is La Niña?\nEl Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\n- ENSO is the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean in the tropical Pacific.\n- It is a series of linked weather and ocean-related phenomena.\n- La Niña involves the large-scale cooling of the ocean surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean coupled with changes in the tropical atmospheric circulation (winds), pressure, and rainfall.\n- It usually has the opposite impact on weather and climate as El Niño.\n- La Niña is characterized by lower-than-normal air pressureover the western Pacific.\n- These low-pressure zones contribute to increased rainfall.\n- La Niña years are associated with above-average trade winds, pushing the warmer waters towards Asia and drawing in cooler than normal water temps to the equatorial pacific.\n- Causes: La Niña is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal watersin the tropical Pacific, the area of the Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.\n- Unusually strong, eastward-moving trade winds and ocean currents bring this cold water to the surface, a process known as\n- Effects:La Niña affects; patterns of rainfall, atmospheric pressure and global atmospheric circulations.\nWhat does a triple La Niña mean?\n- A triple La Niña or a ‘triple dip’ La Niña is a rare occurrence, lasting for three years in a row. It has happened only twice since 1950.\n- On the contrary, the occurrence of two consecutive La Niña winters in the Northern Hemisphere is common.\nImpact of El Nino and La Nina\n- El Nino is associated with drought or weak monsoons.\n- La Nina is associated with strong monsoons and above average rains and colder winters.\nImpact on India\n- Monsoon: India may experience an extended monsoon lasting up to October due to La Niña.\n- Agriculture:La Nina could have negative impacts on Indian agriculture.Farmers will be at risk of losing their standing Kharif crops if it rains during this period.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Arabs hold marine conference in Sana’a Fishing for more revenue [Archives:2002/45/Business & Economy]\nBY MAHYOUB AL-KAMALI\nYEMEN TIMES STAFF\nThe Third Arab Conference on Sea Fishery was held in Sana’a Oct. 28 to 30 to find ways to protect fish wealth, exchange expertise and experiment in new ways of marketing Arab fish.\nThe conference comes at a time when the coasts of the governorate of Hadramout are seeing ecological catastrophe caused by oil slicks leaked from the French oil tanker Limburg, attacked on October 6. The conference has represented an opportunity for the participating delegations to be acquainted with what Yemeni waters preserve of fish reservoirs and investment opportunities available for the private sector. What has been eye-catching is the interest shown by the UN organization FAW in the conference through its regional bureau in Morocco and the centre of marketing information and consultative services for fish products in the Arab region (infosamak).\nThe Yemen Times has got a copy of the Commercial Bulletin issued by infosamak centre. The bulletin contains a valuable report on fish sector in Yemen that possesses more than 150 islands, some of which are populated.\nYemeni coasts length is about 2112 aerial km. Slopes and mountainous and sand terrain as well as slopes of valleys heading for the sea reach to 20% of the coast length. Thus the length of the coastal strip is more than 2500 km.\nThe number of villages and fishermen groupings along the shores and islands amounts to more than 90 villages and centers. The number of fishermen reaches to 41 thousand and the member of their families is estimated at 243 thousand people. The fishermen own more than 15 thousand fishing boats of various sizes and types.\nStatistics point out that the total amounts of fish and marine life caught in 2000 amounted to 147 thousand tons, 92 thousand tons caught by traditional fishermen (79%), and about 23 thousand tons by using industrial fishing boats.\nInfosamak report has indicated that the fish sector in Yemen is one of income making sector for its contribution to domestic product and an essential source for creating revenues, as it has occupied the second place on the list containing 30 more important exported Yemeni commodities. The fish sector is also a source of income for more than 350 thousand persons benefiting from job opportunities in this field and also for realizing the value added through activities related to services, production and marketing.\nFish wealth exploitation in Yemen is managed by two main sectors, namely, that of traditional fishermen grouped within fish societies, whose production constitutes about 79% of total annual fishing. The second sector is managed by local and foreign fishing companies for industrial and commercial fishing using big fishing boats, and this constitutes 21% of total annual fishing. A research centre for sea sciences and resources has been found in 1983 to conduct studies on fish reservoir, sea sciences and sea ecology in Yemeni regional waters. The centre researches and studies serve to help increase local production and exports. The centre conducts the following activities:\n– drawing up short and long-term policies for setting up executive programs for studies and surveys,\n– preparation of researches on breeding and culture of fish from selected species,\n-preparation of studies on different ecological circumstances surrounding fish and marine life reproduction,\n-conducting studies on sea pollution both concerning kinds and sources.\nStudies have confirmed that there are more than 350 species of fish and marine life in Yemeni waters, around 60 types are being utilized. Also, there is a possibility of catching about 320 tons of bottom and surface fish and marine life.\nThe Yemeni government has adopted a fourth project for developing fish and most important of its phases is the building of ice factories, stores for preservation, fish auction sale halls, warehouses, offices, power generators in the cities of Hadramout and Mahrah. In addition, there is a project for improving quality of fish products and modernizing the central laboratory for watching quality of fish. The program on watching quality pays much heed for good quality of fish products and preserves their reputation abroad according to world specifications and standards. The program conducts this through the central laboratory and its affiliate centers in other governorates.\nThe conference came out with significant recommendations calling for Arab cooperation in sea fishery and working for the increase in exchange of information and expertise, besides enhancement of private sector role for investments in this vital sector. The conference also stressed the importance of developing means of fish culture and exchange of information in this respect. It urged supporting Yemen in its effort for cleaning Hadramout coasts from pollution resulted from the Limburg incident on 6 October.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Aswathy, N and Shanmugham, T R and Ashok, K R (2010) Dynamic Optimization Model for Marine Fisheries Management in Kerala. In: Coastal Fishery Resources of India - Conservation and sustainable utilisation. Society of Fisheries Technologists, pp. 145-155.\nThough the marine fish production in the state had registered an impressive growth between 1950 and 1980, it showed a dwindling tendency during 1981-87. The depletion in the stock of several marine fish species, diminishing catch of traditional fishermen and the adverse effect of bottom trawling on the ecosystem called for resource conservation and management measures through legislation.\n|Item Type:||Book Section|\n|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Dynamic Optimization Model; Marine Fisheries Management; Kerala|\n|Subjects:||Socio Economics and Extension > Fisheries Extension\nMarine Fisheries > Fisheries Management\nAquaculture > Fisheries Management\n|Divisions:||CMFRI-Kochi > Fishery Extension\nSubject Area > CMFRI > CMFRI-Kochi > Fishery Extension\nCMFRI-Kochi > Fishery Extension\nSubject Area > CMFRI-Kochi > Fishery Extension\n|Depositing User:||Arun Surendran|\n|Date Deposited:||29 Oct 2011 10:29|\n|Last Modified:||09 Sep 2015 15:51|\nActions (login required)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This chapter deals with ocean waves. By ocean waves we mean all oscillations of the water surface generated in the ocean (see Sect. 3.2). The most important in shaping the coastal zone are the short waves generated by wind and the longer tidal motion generated by the attractive forces of the sun and the moon on the water masses of the earth. In Sect. 3.3 we look at how waves can be measured. Statistical and spectral representations of wind waves are treated in Sect. 3.4. Both wind wave generation and the propagation away from the area of wave generation are treated in Sect. 3.5. We see how ocean waves become longer and smaller when propagating away further from their source due to the phenomenon of wave frequency dispersion and due to frequency dependent dissipation. Long term statistics are briefly discussed in Sect. 3.6. The generation of the tide is explained and the origin of the different harmonic constituents is treated in Sect. 3.7. We look into the propagation of the tide in the world’s oceans and in doing so talk about propagation velocity, Coriolis forces and amphidromic systems (Sect. 3.8). Tidal analysis and prediction are the topics of Sect. 3.9.\nAfter having taken the DUT courses Ocean Waves (CIE4325), Hydraulic Engineering (CTB2410, in Dutch) and Open Channel flow (CTB3350/CIE3310-09) the larger part of this chapter on Ocean Waves should be familiar to you. This particularly holds for the Sects. 3.2 to 3.6 on wind or short waves. You will find that Sects. 3.7 to 3.9 treat the tidal generation and propagation more extensively than CTB2410 does. In CTB3350/CIE3310-09 you will have encountered some aspects of tidal propagation as well. For those of you without any prior knowledge of wind waves or tides in oceanic waters, this chapter deals with the main aspects that are required in order to successfully follow Coastal Dynamics I (CIE4305).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Connie and Peter Hovey, the owners of the Trailhead Resort in Port Renfrew, are criticizing the Department of Fisheries and Oceans’ approach to saving the southern resident killer whales.\nIn an open letter, the pair say the DFO’s plan is inefficient and not based on science.\nIn their letter, the couple said the DFO’s intention to limit salmon fishing in the region will impact tourism and the $1.1-billion recreational fishing industry and will threaten up to 9,000 jobs that rely on the industry.\nThese actions ignore that salmon fishing is not the main threat to the southern resident killer whale populations, the Hoveys write.\n“We (recreational fishers) are taking one per cent of the chinook salmon stock. That’s not the problem. The real problem is these whales are swimming in waters full of human waste,” said Peter Hovey.\n“It’s all the drugs going down the drain, the human waste, toxic runoff from agricultural operations, and everything else we’re putting into the water. Between that and the inbreeding that we caused, it’s no wonder their numbers are in decline.”\nHovey noted that even though the southern resident killer whales only spend their summer months in our waters and the rest of the time along the coast of Washington to California, they are now spending less time in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and his belief is that this is due to contaminants in local waters.\nBased upon the peer reviewed research of Misty MacDuffee and Paul C. Paquet, scientists working with the Raincoat Foundation, it actually is unlikely that increasing the salmon stocks alone will save the southern resident killer whales.\nIn their paper Evaluating anthropogenic threats to endangered killer whales to inform effective recovery plans, the researchers write the following:\n“Prey limitation is the most important factor affecting population growth. However, to meet recovery targets through prey management alone, chinook abundance would have to be sustained near the highest levels since the 1970s.”\nAnd while their paper outlines the importance of increasing the stocks of prey species (chinook salmon), it seems to agree, at least in part, with Hovey’s contention that a more wide ranging approach to saving the southern resident killer whale population is required.\n“The current small size of the SRKW population was not caused by lack of salmon. The whales’ depleted status is due in large part to the legacy of an unsustainable live-capture fishery for display in aquariums,” said the paper.\nDuring the 1960s and 1970s, before the practice was outlawed, 47 southern resident killer whales were hunted, captured and sold to aquariums. It’s estimated that nearly 20 others died during unsuccessful attempts to capture the whales.\nThat situation left a depleted population where inbreeding has occurred, possibly leading to a lower rate of reproduction and survival of the young.\n“These animals were slaughtered by our father and by our grandfathers. We have to work to bring them back, but stopping the salmon fishery isn’t the answer. Not on its own,” Hovey said.\nAnother factor identified by McDuffy and Paquet in the threat to the southern resident killer whales is noise pollution.\nThe whales emit high-frequency (18-32 kHz) echolocation clicks to detect prey and the background noise from commercial shipping and even smaller outboard vessels can interfere with foraging and harm the population.\nThe same is true of the introduction of contaminants into the water, listed by McDuffy and Paquet as the third main stressor to the whales.\n“If additional threats from proposed and approved shipping developments (such as catastrophic and chronic oil spills, ship strikes, and increased vessel noise) combine with the predicted decline of chinook due to climate change, then the population could decline by as much as 1.7 per cent annually, have a 70 per cent probability of declining to fewer than 30 animals, and have a 25 per cent chance of complete extirpation within 100 years,” said the paper.\nAnd if a catastrophic event such as an oil spill were to occur, McDuffy and Paquet’s outlook is even more bleak.\n“Based on the percent overlap of oil coverage and critical habitat, we estimate that if a large oil spill were to occur, about 50 per cent of the SRKWs would be killed due to direct exposure to the oil. We estimate that 12.5 per cent of the SRKWs would be killed by exposure to oil from a smaller spill,” they said.\nThe outlook and the DFO’s approach to the situation is enough to move Peter Hovey to tears.\n“I’ve watched these animals my whole life, and I care deeply about them. Right now the government is going after recreational fishing as the low hanging fruit, but it’s not an approach that is going to save the whales,” Hovey said.\n“It’s time that they take the situation seriously and develop a plan that actually deals with the threat to the whales.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Eden DeWald | July 11th, 2018\nHawaii is making a move to protect its coral reefs. A bill banning the distribution or sale of synthetic sunscreens in Hawaii was signed by Governor David Ige earlier this month. The ban will go into affect in January of 2021, and will prevent the sale of sunscreens that contain oxybenzone and octinoxate.\nThere are two main types of sunscreen found in any drugstore—chemical and physical. Physical sunscreen, or mineral sunscreen, often has active ingredients such as titanium and zinc oxide, which reflect or scatter UV rays by forming a protective layer on the skin. Synthetic sunscreens, which often contain oxybenzone and octinoxate, soak into the skin. They protect the wearer by changing the electromagnetic affect of UV rays. Physical sunscreens are not at all affected by the ban and will still be available for retail sale and distribution.\nAccording to a 2015 study, oxybenzone has been found to cause the bleaching of coral reefs, as well as endocrine damage. There have been fewer studies done concerning octinoxate, but similar damaging effects have been associated with this chemical. Approximately 14,000 gallons are estimated to end up in the waters off the coast of Hawaii each year, consequently banning sunscreens with oxybenzone and octinoxate has the potential to remove thousands gallons of coral reef damaging chemicals from the environment each year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is a publication of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Award No. NA07FC0015.\nCONTACT: RICHARD L. LEARD (813) 228-2815\nMACKEREL ADVISORY PANEL (AP) SCIENTIFIC AND STATISTICAL COMMITTEES (SSC) TO REVIEW INFORMATION RELATED TO FEDERAL RULES FOR MACKEREL\nTampa, Florida - April 6, 2000 - The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (Council) will convene its Mackerel Advisory Panel (AP) and the Standing and Special Mackerel Scientific and Statistical Committees (SSC) to review assessment information on mackerel stocks and provide recommendations to the Council on possible changes to federal rules affecting mackerels. The Mackerel AP will be convened at 8:30 a.m. EDT on Tuesday, May 2, 2000 and will conclude by 3:00 p.m. The Councils Standing and Special Mackerel SSC meeting will be convened at 8:30 a.m. EDT on Wednesday, May 3, 2000 will conclude by 5:00 p.m. The meetings will be held at the Tampa Airport Hilton Hotel, 2225 Lois Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33607.\nThe Mackerel AP and SSC will review the 2000 stock assessment analyses for Gulf group king mackerel, the Mackerel Stock Assessment Panel (MSAP) report, and the report of the Socioeconomic Panel (SEP) that includes economic and social information related to the range of acceptable biological catch (ABC) and other management considerations for Gulf group king mackerel. Based on this review, the Mackerel AP and SSC may recommend to the Council levels for total allowable catch (TAC), bag limits, size limits, commercial quotas, and other measures for these species for the 2000-2001 fishing season. The Mackerel AP and SSC will also review a reporting form that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC) will be using to collect information on finfish discarded from the commercial catch, and may provide comments to the Council on the form.\nAt the conclusion of the Mackerel SSC meeting, the Standing SSC members will review the NMFS bycatch reduction device (BRD) testing protocol and may provide comments to the Council. Also, the Standing SSC will discuss NMFS response to the SSCs previous question regarding historical red grouper landings.\nCopies of the agendas of these meetings and other related materials can be obtained by calling 813-228-2815. Although other non-emergency issues not on the agendas may come before the AP and SSC for discussion, in accordance with the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, those issues may not be the subject of formal action during these meetings. Actions of the AP and SSC will be restricted to those issues specifically identified in the agendas and any issues arising after publication of this notice that require emergency action under Section 305(c) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, provided the public has been notified of the Council's intent to take action to address the emergency.\nThe meetings are open to the public and physically accessible to people with disabilities. Requests for sign language interpretation or other auxiliary aids should be directed to the Council office by April 24, 2000.\nThe Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council is 1 of 8 regional fishery management councils that were established by the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council prepares fishery management plans that are designed to manage fishery resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.\nX X X", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Large-Scale Carbonate Platform Development of Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas, and Implications for Associated Reef Geomorphology\nCarbonate platform, Geomorphology, Bahamas, Karst, Sea level\nThe Bahama Archipelago consists of an arcuate chain of carbonate platforms. Average water depths on the platform-tops, such as the Great Bahama Bank (GBB), are typically 10 m or less, with coral reef-rimmed margins, thick sediment accumulations, and the frequent occurrence of islands. There are, however, exceptions. For example, Cay Sal Bank (CSB), a little studied detached Bahamian carbonate platform with depths ranging from 30 to 7 m, is only slightly deeper than the GBB, but devoid of islands, lacks platform-margin coral reefs and holds little sediment on the platform-top; the platform is incipiently drowned. CSB is interesting as it is conspicuously larger (6000 sq. km) than other incipiently drowned platforms in the region, such as Serranilla Bank (1100 sq. km) and the Cat Island platform (1500 sq. km). Field and remote sensing data are assembled to provide insight into the sedimentology and geomorphology of the CSB. The influence of ocean climate, regional hydrodynamics, and Holocene flooding history are investigated to understand why platform-margin coral reef growth on CSB has been unable to keep pace with Holocene sea-level rise. A decade of regional sea-surface temperature data for the Bahamas report CSB to be situated in the same ocean climate regime as GBB. Temperature cannot explain the platform's different morphologies. The Florida Current has been evoked as a possible reason for the immature development of platform-top processes on the CSB, but numeric modeling suggests its influence to be restricted to the deep flanks of the bank. Further, sediment distribution on CSB, including infill patterns of karst depressions, suggest trade winds (easterlies) to drive platform-top hydrodynamics. By assembling a satellite-derived bathymetry map, it can be shown that CSB flooded earlier and at relatively higher rates of Holocene sea-level rise than its neighboring platforms. Flooding history is identified as the most feasible explanation for the atypical morphology of the CSB. By contrasting the present-day morphology of the CSB and the GBB, the work emphasizes how subtle differences in relative sea-level history can influence the growth of platform-margin coral reefs, features that in turn can conspire to set even closely neighboring carbonate platforms on divergent paths with regard to the development of marine landforms. This insight is relevant to interpreting the morphological diversity of carbonate platforms in the modern ocean and in the rock record.\nSamuel J. Purkis, Jeremy Kerr, Alexandra Dempsey, Andrew Calhoun, Liisa Metsamaa, Bernhard Riegl, Villy Kourafalou, Andrew Bruckner, and Philip Renaud. 2014. Large-Scale Carbonate Platform Development of Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas, and Implications for Associated Reef Geomorphology .Geomorphology : 25 -38. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_facarticles/279.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The communities of Cagayancillo receive ten percent of the annual tourism revenue from Tubbataha. Through these funds, the TPAMB is able to support sustainable coastal resource management strategies and alternative livelihood projects.\nLivelihood initiatives and funding are managed by the municipal government of Cagayancillo .\nWith the help of WWF-Philippines, the TPAMB set up a micro-credit facility to support livelihood activities. So far, funds have been used for the construction of a key road connecting communities to the market. Seaweed farming is being encouraged, as an alternative to fishing, and farmers are given loans as well as marketing support for their new businesses. Small, individual loans are also made for education, health, emergency needs and basic commodities such as rice and fuel.\nBoosting the Sea’s Bounty\nThe livelihood fund was the first and most direct compensation for Cagayanons, since they could no longer fish the waters of Tubbataha. However, from the time that Tubbataha became a “no-take” zone, Cagayanon fishermen started to observe increased fish catch in surrounding waters. They soon began to view marine reserves as a way to increase the productivity of local reefs. Once they understood the benefits of a marine protected area, they declared marine reserves in their own municipality.\nIn this way, Cagayanons have been empowered to protect and manage their own reefs and contribute to wider efforts to save coral reefs in the Sulu Sea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "OCEAN CITY, Md. (WJZ) — It turns out it wasn’t just humans enjoying a relaxing holiday weekend at the beach in Maryland!\nA Pennsylvania man fishing off the coast of Ocean City, Maryland captured video of a sea turtle swimming alongside his boat.\n- National Aquarium Releases Six Rescued Sea Turtles At Assateague State Park\n- National Aquarium Releases 11 Sea Turtles Into Atlantic Ocean\nIn the video posted to Facebook Sunday morning, the men on the boat joke that the turtle must also be trying to fish in the area.\nThe Maryland Department of Natural Resources said sea turtles visit the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic coast annually when the water warms up.\nTurtles are protected by endangered species conservation laws.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers may be sensitive to oceanic heat, but the fjord processes controlling delivery of this heat to glacier termini remain poorly constrained. Here we use a three-dimensional numerical model of Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord, East Greenland, to examine controls on fjord/shelf exchange. We find that shelf-forced intermediary circulation can replace up to ~25% of the fjord volume with shelf waters within 10 d, while buoyancy-driven circulation (forced by subglacial runoff from marine-terminating glaciers) exchanges ~10% of the fjord volume over a 10 d period under typical summer conditions. However, while the intermediary circulation generates higher exchange rates between the fjord and shelf, the buoyancy-driven circulation is consistent over time hence more efficient at transporting water along the full length of the fjord. We thus find that buoyancy-driven circulation is the primary conveyor of oceanic heat to glaciers during the melt season. Intermediary circulation will however dominate during winter unless there is sufficient input of fresh water from subglacial melting. Our findings suggest that increasing shelf water temperatures and stronger buoyancy-driven circulation caused the heat available for melting at Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier to increase by ~50% between 1993–2001 and 2002–11, broadly coincident with the onset of rapid retreat at this glacier.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "During the summer Fernald keeps a third of his traps on short ropes near shore, strategically placed in certain coves and kelp beds, and near underwater boulders where he knows lobsters like to hide and hunt. In early September, though, lobsters begin to move offshore, so Fernald had already shifted much of his gear into middle-depth water—around a hundred feet. This morning's job was to set the first deepwater traps of the season. Seven miles out to sea Fernald pulled a dirty waterproof notebook from a tangle of electronic equipment and flipped through several pages of scrawled notes. He grabbed a pencil and jotted a few numbers directly onto the bulkhead next to his compass; then he squinted up at the GPS plotter above his head and keyed in a way point. He was headed for an underwater valley between Western and Eastern Muddy Reef. He was reassured to see his position confirmed by transmissions from four different satellites, but none of that was necessary: he could, if he had to, go back to navigating with nothing but landmarks and a magnetic compass, as his father still does.\nShortly, Fernald throttled down and studied the colorful blotches on his Fathometer screen, which was connected to a transducer on the bottom of the boat that bounced signals off the sea floor. The screen was painting the bottom as a thick black line at twenty-two fathoms, or 132 feet, which meant that Fernald was directly over the rocky ledge of Western Muddy Reef. He circled the boat a quarter turn and motored slowly east, watching the bottom on the Fathometer drop off and go from black to purple to orange, indicating a patch of cobble and then gravel where the ledge ended. Suddenly the line fell precipitously and settled into a mushy yellow haze at forty-seven fathoms, or 282 feet—a deep bottom of thick, dark mud. He was over the valley.\nLike most lobstermen, Fernald believes that lobsters follow warmth. Fishermen think that many lobsters migrate in the spring toward land, to spend the summer in the sun-warmed waters near the shore, and migrate in the fall out to the mud in deeper water, far from the shallows that will soon be chilled by cold winds from Canada. The lobsterman must learn the lobsters' preferred routes along the bottom and intercept the animals on their pilgrimages. To succeed at his profession, Fernald therefore has to be an oceanographer, a sea-floor geologist, and a detective. Lobsters that migrate along the edge of an underwater canyon at one time of year may travel on the floor of the canyon at another time, so for Fernald to set his traps precisely can make all the difference.\nWhen the lobsters show up near shore every summer, the first thing most of them do is go into hiding for a few weeks, to shed their old shells and grow larger ones. This process is called molting, and it is fraught with danger: not only must the lobster expose its jelly-soft body to the hungry world, but it may get stuck. The lobster's body shrinks, the old shell splits open, and the animal's twenty pairs of gills stop beating. The lobster has about an hour to wriggle free before it suffocates. The hardest part is pulling the large claw muscles through the narrow tracts of shell between them and the body—if the lobster can't do so, it will sacrifice one or both claws to live. Free of the old shell, the lobster gets its gills working again. Then for the next five hours it fills its shriveled body full of water. Artificially enlarged by liquid, the lobster then secretes the beginnings of a new shell, which will harden over the coming weeks. The new outfit should last a year or so, depending on the size of the lobster. The old shell is an excellent source of minerals, so the lobster eats some of it to quicken the hardening of the new one. What the lobster doesn't eat it buries with mouthfuls of pebbles, probably to hide the evidence of its weakness and also prevent rival lobsters from raiding its nutrient stash. While the lobsters are molting, Fernald takes advantage of the lull to haul his boat out of the water briefly for repairs and a new paint job.\nBy August \"the shedders are coming on,\" as the lobstermen say, and the great autumn harvest begins. Dressed in their new shells, the lobsters are ravenous, and now millions of them meet the minimum carapace length for capture. Lobsters of this size enter the traps in droves. By the time the shedders begin to reach deeper water, Fernald must already have traps in place, which is why he was now setting a gantlet of traps in the valley.\nThe task was complicated by the fact that the water had become a sloppy mess. A wave sloshed through an open panel in the boat's windshield and hit Fernald in the face and chest. He swore to himself, yanked the window shut, and shook himself off. Then he reached across the bulkhead and switched on the Clearview, a circular plate of glass in the boat's windshield that rotates eighty times a second—fast enough to fling off oncoming walls of water. \"It would have been a lot easier to do this yesterday,\" he grumbled, \"when it was flat-ass calm.\" He and his sternman pulled the first pair of traps from the pile in the stern and secured them on the rail so that they couldn't roll off before the buoy line was attached.\nFernald and his sternman arranged bulky coils of rope on the floor at their feet—carefully, because a tangle could cause mayhem. Fernald tied on a torpedo-shaped buoy, marked with his signature colors in Day-Glo paint; then he put the boat in gear and gave his sternman the signal to throw the first trap. It went over with a splash, and the workday was under way.\nFernald and his fellow fishermen on Islesford want to share their knowledge of lobsters, but few scientists have been interested in listening to them. With the arrival on the scene of Robert Steneck and other ecologists, however, that has begun to change. Steneck and others have spent long days at sea on the lobster boats of Bruce Fernald and his brothers, and have used the waters off Islesford as one of their research stations.\nOn a gorgeous morning last July Steneck was out in those waters, conducting a census of large lobsters a few miles from shore, the results of which might indicate that the lobster population is not in as much danger as some scientists think. Steneck's first task as an ecologist is to measure the abundance of lobsters and map their patterns of distribution. Baby lobsters and juvenile lobsters are relatively easy to study, because they live in shallow water; all Steneck needs to conduct his research on them is a scuba tank. But large lobsters are another matter—they've been known to live at depths exceeding 1,500 feet, though most of them probably don't venture much deeper than several hundred feet.\nSteneck often explores the sea floor in a submarine, but on this trip he was using a submersible robot. The robot afforded him the luxury of staying above water, aboard the seventy-six-foot research vessel Connecticut, operated by the Marine Sciences and Technology Center of the University of Connecticut. The robot was a $160,000 piece of equipment known as a remotely operated vehicle, or ROV—an unmanned submarine that transmits video and other data from the ocean bottom to the mother ship through fiber-optic cables. The craft, operated with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), was called Phantom III S2, or, to the team of technicians accompanying it, just P3S2.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A MONSTER 4.2 meters long squid washed ashore on the coast of New Zealand's capital.\nThree brothers were on their way for a morning dive in Wellington when they encountered the impressive creature.\nDaniel, Jack and Matthew Aplin were on a trail at Red Rocks on the south coast of the city when they encountered the stranded cephalopods.\nThe brothers said they had encountered sharks during their diving trips, but had never seen a squid of that size.\nThe trio contacted the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research, which ensured that the squid was collected.\nA spokesperson for the Department of Conservation said it was almost certainly a giant squid, whose bodies had been washed up relatively regularly.\nMale giant squids can grow to as large as 10 meters in length and have foothills and barbs along the length of their arms.\nThe giant squid is the largest type of octopus except the colossal squid.\nThey are mainly hunted by sperm whales, but juveniles are occasionally hunted by deep-sea sharks.\nRumors and observations of giant squids as long as 20.1 meters are widespread, but no specimens approaching this magnitude have been scientifically documented.\nStudies show gigantic squid feed on deep-sea fish and other cuttlefish.\nThey catch the prey with the help of two tentacles, grab it with jagged sucker rings and then bring it to the powerful beak and shred it before swallowing it.\nGiant squid inhabits all the oceans of the world and is thought to be lone hunters, because only individuals are ever caught in fishing nets.\nAn online commentator compared the brothers' discovery with the colossal squid that was held at the Te Teum, the New Zealand Museum in Wellington, which is more than 5.2 meters long.\nLast year a squid of 15.2 meters was washed in Indonesia.\nThis story originally appeared on The Sun and has been re-published here with permission.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Male Scuba Divers\n287 images results\nMale and female scuba diversMale and female scuba diversScuba DiversScuba Divers Walking into the OceanScuba diversMale scuba diversCoral reef and scuba diversSCUBA divers on a deep coral reefGroup scuba divers diving underwater in sea silhouette and sunTwo Scuba DiversSmiling Scuba DiversScuba diversA couple scuba dive together. A female scuba diver with the regulator out. Smiling, holding the regulator. Divers. Roatan, HonduraSCUBA divers on a reefMale Scuba DiverAdult male scuba diver showing his hands.Two male scuba diversTwo scuba divers on surfaceScuba Divers SilhouetteScuba divers on islandScuba divers swim in the blue hole,DahabScuba divers with teddy bearScuba divers on islandMale scuba diver swimming over reefScuba divers reef wall sabang philippinesSipadan scuba divers reef wall turtleMale divers scuba dive togetherThree Scuba DiversYoung male scuba diver portraitCouple of scuba divers looking at cameraScuba divers looking at camera underwaterScuba divers kissing each other underwaterScuba divers looking at camera underwaterScuba divers showing OK sign underwaterYoung male scuba diver portraitScuba divers climbing back on dive boat on oceanScuba Divers walking on beach after a dive tripYoung male scuba diver portraitScuba divers explore a coral reefScuba divers explore a coral reefScuba divers explore a coral reefYoung male scuba diver portraitScuba divers on islandYoung male scuba diver portraitScuba divers looking at swimming Manta RayScuba divers on coral reefYoung male scuba diver portraitYoung male scuba diver portraitYoung male scuba diver portraitMale scuba diver swimming over red coralMale scuba diver swimming over red coralDivers with guideMale scuba diverCouple of diversTechnical Divers on a deep tropical coral reefTwo Scuba divers and coral reefA couple scuba dive together.Three DiversSipadan scuba divers sabah borneoDivers on a deep coral reefA pair of divers on a deep, colorful coral reefTechnical Divers on a deep tropical coral reefMale scuba diverA couple of divers under wateMale Sperm WhaleCouple of diversScuba divingScuba diversDiversScuba diversScuba diversDiver head with scuba setScuba divingCouple scuba divingScuba diversBow of ship wreck with diversMale orca feedingScuba diversScuba diversScuba diving journey.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The RFA was the first national, grassroots political action organization established to represent the rights recreational fishermen and the recreational fishing industry as a whole on marine fisheries issues, it is our mission to safeguard the rights of saltwater anglers, protect marine, boat and tackle industry jobs, and ensure the long-term sustainability of our Nation’s saltwater fisheries.\nStripers Forever, a non-profit, internet-based conservation organization, seeks game fish status for wild striped bass on the Atlantic Coast in order to significantly reduce striper mortality, to provide optimum and sustainable public fishing opportunities for anglers from Maine to North Carolina, and to secure the greatest socio-economic value possible from the fishery. By eliminating commercial exploitation of the #1 recreational saltwater fishery on the east coast, over 3 million recreational anglers will enjoy the social and financial benefits that will come from an improved striped bass population.\nThe menhaden fishery is the largest in the continental United States by volume. The massive harvest is divided into two parts, a reduction fishery that accounts for 80 percent of the nearly half a billion pounds of menhaden landed each year, and a bait fishery that harvests the remaining 20 percent. The population of Atlantic menhaden is at an all-time low: the stock has fallen over 90 percent in the last 25 years. The loss of menhaden spells disaster for striped bass, tuna, bluefish, weakfish, osprey, whales, and other fish, birds, and marine mammals that feed on menhaden. Each species occupies a crucial niche in the ecosystem, and the removal of prey or forage species like menhaden disrupts the system and threatens the fish higher in the food chain. Check them out on facebook.\nThe Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission was formed by the 15 Atlantic coast states in 1942 in recognition that fish do not adhere to political boundaries. The Commission serves as a deliberative body, coordinating the conservation and management of the states shared near shore fishery resources – marine, shell, and anadromous – for sustainable use. Member states are Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Each is represented by three Commissioners: the director for the state’s marine fisheries management agency, a state legislator, and an individual appointed by the governor. Commissioners participate in the deliberations in the Commission’s five main policy arenas:Interstate fisheries management, research and statistics,fisheries science, habitat conservation, and law enforcement. The one-state one-vote concept allows Commissioners to address stakeholder-resource balance issues at the state level. Click here to learn more.\nThe Jersey Coast Anglers Association (JCAA) is an association of more than 75 saltwater fishing clubs that represents the position of marine sport anglers, champions their causes and protects their rights in matters pertaining to fishing, fisheries, and environmental quality. In doing so, JCAA often works in concert with major environmental organizations and other influential associations of sports clubs. Learn more.\nThe RFA was the first national, grassroots political action organization established to represent the rights recreational fishermen and the recreational fishing industry as a whole on marine fisheries issues. It is our mission to safeguard the rights of saltwater anglers, protect marine, boat and tackle industry jobs, and ensure the long-term sustainability of our Nation’s saltwater fisheries. Learn more.\nNOAA is dedicated to protecting and preserving the nation’s living marine resources through scientific research, fisheries management, enforcement and habitat conservation. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) or NOAA Fisheries is the lead federal agency responsible for the stewardship of the nation’s offshore living marine resources and their habitat. NOAA Fisheries manages, conserves and protects fish, whales, dolphins, sea turtles and other living creatures in the ocean. Learn more about NOAA Atlantic Highly Migratory Species… here And NOAA Recreational Fishing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Photo: Mike Busch\nAn Opportunity To Support Seabirds, Marine Life, And Fisherman At The Same Time\nVideo and images below taken off Davis Park and Hampton Bays, August 2017.\nBest of Long Island Wildlife Photography 1-19-17\nDecember Striped Bass Frenzy off Fire Island\nVideo and Images: Beach Erosion at Davis Park\nAbove Smith Point Beach at Sunrise\nVideo: Drone over Shinnecock Inlet 1-15-17\nPhotos and Video: Drone over Striped Bass Schools off Fire Island\nWhat Happened at the Menhaden Meeting\nMenhaden Conservation is Working- Big Vote Next Week!\nVideo: Huge Raft of Greater Scaup on Bellport Bay 12-9-17\nVideo and Images: Amazing Great South Bay Sunrise\nVideo and Images: Above Moriches Inlet at Sunrise", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Polar Ocean Observations: A Critical Gap in the Observing System and Its Effect on Environmental Predictions From Hours to a Season\nThis paper outlines the status of existing near-real time ocean observational efforts in polar regions, discuss gaps, and explore perspectives for the future.\nThe full article is available here\nCopyright 2015 Southern Ocean Observing System. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kite & Wind Surfing\nMarina & Fishing Harbors\nBlessed with all the elements that make a diver’s paradise, Cyprus attracts visitors from all over the world for its favourable weather conditions, top-ranking wrecks and diverse marine life. With warm waters that range from 16-27 degrees almost all-year-round, the island enjoys one of the longest diving seasons in the Mediterranean, further enhanced by fantastic visibility - thanks to an absence of plankton. A range of wrecks, spectacular underwater caves and tunnels, and interesting paths await exploration – always with the promise of discovering something unique, from the remains of ancient amphora and stone anchors, to the exotic residents of their underwater worlds. And whilst the coastal reefs of the island range from natural to artificial, both share the same characteristics, acting as areas of reproduction, growth, feeding and refuge for a multitude of marine organisms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The week between Christmas and New Year’s is one of the best times of the year to watch grey whales migrating along the Oregon coast.\nIt’s the height of their annual southbound trek from Alaska to Baja California.\nJust off Highway 101 at Boiler Bay State Park just south of Lincoln City is one of two-dozen spots along the Oregon coast where trained volunteers are posted during Whale Watch Week. They are there to help folks find a whale.\nI was greeted by two of them, Larry Hinton and his wife Marie.\n“We’ve been out here about 20 minutes,” said Hinton. “And just a moment ago my wife and I spotted two that are together.”\nHinton said the key to spotting a whale is to keep your eyes peeled for the tell-tale upward spout of water. That’s a whale coming up for a big gulp of air.\nTo read the entire story on KUOW.ORG, click here.\nStory and photo by Chris Lehman / Northwest News Network", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Underwater noise has been increasing for decades and poses a serious threat on marine life. It disrupts orientation, foraging, communication, increases stress levels and has potential cumulative effects. However there is still not enough information to understand the full extent of the problem.\nACCOBAMS (Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic Area) has been working towards assessing and regulating underwater noise in the Mediterranean Sea. Morigenos has been a partner to ACCOBAMS for over a decade, and has actively contributed to the work of the ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee.\nRecent report ”Overview of the Noise Hotspots in the ACCOBAMS Area, Part I - Mediterranean Sea” has shown a wide spatial and temporal pattern of human activities that produce noise underwater. The resulting “noise hotspots” substantially overlap with important cetacean habitats and protected areas. The same is true for the Adriatic Sea, where significant source of noise comes from commercial vessels and in recent years also from seismic exploration for oil and gas. OceanCare, Morigenos’ close collaborator and partner, co-authored the report.\nUnderwater noise levels continue to increase, therefore it is necessary to continue the scientific investigation of noise levels and take necessary measures to reduce the problem.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An island nation surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Mauritius is famous for its fishing spots. Deep sea fishing is a favorite tourist activity in the area. The island nation is particularly renowned for its seabed topography ideal for deep sea fishing. The tropical weather on the island and the warm water makes Mauritius ideal for outdoor adventure and a home for many different species of marine life. Here, you may be able to catch big game fish like tuna, mackerel, marlin, sailfish, dorado, tiger shark, and others too.\nIf you plan to visit this beautiful island for a fishing trip or for something to write about on your travel blog, here are the best fishing spots you can try:\nOn the Southwest coast of Mauritius, Le Morne is the best spot for deep sea fishing. You don’t even have to go too far with your boat because the deep sea is only about five minutes from the coast. Make sure that you have prepared your body for the possibility of battle with the big game fish you may catch here. Well as long as you know what you are doing, then you’ll probably be okay.\nJust off the coast of the Poste Lafayette public beach, there is another fishing spot you may want to visit. This is the best spot where you will find giant trevallies as well as barracudas and snappers. Other water activities are also fun to do here if you want to do more than just fish. Kitesurfing, surfing, or even having a picnic while on the picturesque coastline of the beach are also options to explore during your Mauritius holiday.\nThe west coast waters in Mauritius are much calmer than the east coast. So, even if you are a beginner, the water here would be easier for you to handle. The Black River is an excellent spot for deep sea fishing. It is where fishing competitions are held. The Black River is neighbors with Le Morne, which is why both are great for deep sea fishing.\nTrou aux Biches\nThe water here is abundant with marine life. You’ll find different kinds of fish like Dorado, Sailfish, Wahoo, Bonito, Blue, Black Marlin, and Yellow Fin Tuna. Located in the Northwest part of the island nation, your eyes will be graced by the vast blue ocean — and all the sea life that call it home.\nTrou d’eau Douce\nAnother spot for big game fishing is Trou d’eau Douce in the east coast of Mauritius. The name translates to Sweet Water Hole in French. It is a great fishing spot as well as the place to go when you want to go snorkeling. You will find a wide variety of marine life here, including a coral reef. So if you love both fishing and snorkeling, visit this part of the island.\nMauritius also boasts many fishing banks that are rarely visited by anglers. You’ll find great catches here while being able to enjoy the peace and serenity of a more secluded area. Some of the banks you can visit are:\nSaya de Malha Bank\nSaya de Malha is composed of two structures which are the North and South Bank. It is considered the world’s largest bank that is submerged.\nAlthough it is also a large submerged bank, the Nazareth Bank is not as large as the Saya de Malha. It is part of the Mascarene Plateau and is south of Saya de Malha.\nThis is also part of the Mascarene Plateau which makes it a dependency of Mauritius. You will also find these waters filled with marine life including wahoo and bass.\nMauritius is truly blessed when it comes to fishing spots. They have plenty of places where people can fish, whether it’s in the deep sea or the shallower parts of the water. What are you waiting for? If these sport fishing spots are calling out to you, you can use Mauritius Discovery Tours to bring you to the beautiful spots around the island nation.\nJust remember that these places have rules when it comes to who takes the fish. Make sure that you obtain the necessary permission from authorities first before you bring the fish home for dinner. If not, then respect the catch and release policy.\nWe are happy to present this collaborative post to offer valuable information to our readers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dive into History\nWhen these pages are complete (hopefully soon) then each of these boats will have its own \"Dive\" page with photos, maps, and contact information. Until then, the links simply link to the respective U-boat profiles.\nToday I am not aware of any certain dive sites around Norway but several boats were sunk / scuttled in these waters including;\nU-74 is a regular dive just off Cartagena, Spain. We do not know the depth at which she rests. There is a dive clud called \"Puerto Almirante de Cabo de Palos\" that dives the site on August 16, 1997.\n(We need better information on this site, including position, depth, visibility and general conditions).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Research scientists in The Open University’s School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences helped shape the content and direction of the landmark BBC series Blue Planet II, which prompted unprecedented public and government action to protect our oceans.\nInfluencing the BBC’s decision to give greater prominence to environmental issues in a TV series which engaged more than 37 million UK viewers and more than 500 million worldwide, prompting changes in policy and in public behaviour.\nA research survey of British consumers found that 88% of people who watched the series have changed their behaviour as a result.\nBlue Planet II was highlighted by both UK and European Union politicians as the driving force behind new policy initiatives to control plastic pollution, culminating on 24 October 2018 when the European Parliament voted for a complete ban on single-use plastics across the EU.\nThe 2017 BBC–Open University co-production Blue Planet II catapulted issues of ocean health into the public consciousness, changing attitudes and behaviour at individual and government policy level. The series prompted massive public action on plastic pollution, raised awareness and changed attitudes to other environmental issues such as ocean acidification and global warming. The Marine Conservation Society and the World Wildlife Fund experienced 169% and 51% jumps respectively in traffic to their websites after the first Blue Planet II episode.\nThe unparalleled appeal and reach of Blue Planet II was strengthened by The Open University’s oceanographic research. Four researchers from The Open University’s School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences served as Scientific Advisors to the series from 2014 and 2017. Their guidance underpinned the series’ scientific content and was directly based on their long-standing research programmes in the areas of large-scale ocean circulation, the carbon cycle, ocean acidification, coral reef ecosystem and animal behaviour and evolutionary biology.\nThe OU experts were able to advise on ocean acidification, the biological pump, coral reef ecosystem, the ocean’s carbon cycle, ventilation of the deep ocean and large-scale ocean circulation patterns.Their advisory roles were complemented by outreach activities. These included distributing on request over half-a-million free ‘Ocean’ posters, an interactive ‘gaming’ app which is both a stand-alone learning resource and a bridge to the OU’s courses, and a series of public talks at locations across the UK.\nOutreach activities by the OU scientific advisory team included distributing on request over half-a-million free ‘Ocean’ posters, an interactive ‘gaming’ app which is both a stand-alone learning resource and a bridge to the OU’s courses, and a series of public talks at locations across the UK.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Where does all the wastewater go on a cruise ship? It’s a complex but important matter! Graywater from sinks, showers, and laundry is filtered onboard. Blackwater from toilets is treated more thoroughly before being discharged in compliance with rules.\nCruise lines are investing in advanced tech to protect the environment. For example, they’re using state-of-the-art purification systems to make wastewater near-drinking water quality. And, filtration techniques like reverse osmosis help eliminate impurities. All of this safeguards the marine ecosystem, and enhances guests’ experiences.\nBut, there’s another key element: waste minimization. Cruise lines can encourage passengers and crew members to be conscious of their water usage, and provide educational materials about responsible waste disposal practices. This way, they can reduce the amount of wastewater go on a cruise ship generated onboard.\nSo, sink your doubts, because on a cruise ship, wastewater takes a wild ride that even thrill-seekers might think twice about!\nUnderstanding wastewater on cruise ships\nOnboard, two systems handle wastewater: one for black water (toilet waste) and another for gray water (sinks, showers, and laundry). Black water goes through a process called “black water treatment” which breaks down organic matter and disinfects it. Gray water needs filtration and then is treated with chemicals or UV light before discharge.\nAdvanced tech monitors wastewater go on a cruise ship quality by constantly checking factors like pH levels, temperature, turbidity, and chlorine content. Unused wastewater is transferred ashore for treatment at specialized facilities before the ship reaches port.\nIn 2018, Royal Caribbean’s Oasis of the Seas had a technical issue that temporarily affected its wastewater treatment system. To address this, the ship diverted to Falmouth, Jamaica, where repairs restored full functionality. This went to show the commitment cruise lines have to effective wastewater management systems. Get ready to explore the depths of wastewater go on a cruise ship treatment on cruise ships – even the plumbing will lead to an epic adventure!\nThe process of wastewater treatment on cruise ships\nThe process of wastewater go on a cruise ship involves several stages to ensure proper disposal. Firstly, wastewater is collected from various sources on the ship, such as sinks, showers, and toilets. Then, wastewater go on a cruise ship goes through a primary treatment process, where solid materials and debris are removed. After that, the wastewater undergoes secondary treatment, which includes biological processes to break down organic matter. Finally, the treated water is disinfected using chemicals before being discharged into the ocean. This process helps maintain the environmental sustainability of cruise ships while ensuring the safety and cleanliness of the oceans.\nFurthermore, wastewater go on a cruise ship also employ advanced technologies and systems to minimize the impact of wastewater disposal. This includes the use of advanced onboard sewage treatment plants that comply with strict international regulations. These systems utilize various filtration methods, such as membranes and activated carbon, to further remove contaminants from the wastewater. Additionally, wastewater go on a cruise ship often store wastewater in onboard holding tanks and only discharge it when the ship is a significant distance from shore to protect coastal waters.\nA unique detail about the wastewater treatment on cruise ships is the utilization of reverse osmosis systems to recover and reuse water. These systems remove salts and impurities from the treated wastewater to produce clean water that can be used for various onboard operations, such as laundry and cleaning. This practice not only reduces the reliance on freshwater sources but also minimizes the amount of wastewater discharged into the ocean.\nAccording to a report by the International Council of Cruise Lines, cruise ships are required to meet stringent standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for wastewater discharge. These standards ensure that the treated wastewater meets specific quality parameters before it is released into the ocean. Therefore, the wastewater treatment process on wastewater go on a cruise ship plays a crucial role in protecting marine ecosystems and maintaining the sustainability of the cruise industry.\nEven on a luxury ocean liner, there’s no escape from the fact that your waste will eventually end up on a little trip through a very exclusive sewage system.\nCollection of wastewater\nSeparate collection systems are essential for cruise ships. These systems manage and treat blackwater, greywater, and other wastewater types. Wastewater is stored in tanks on board the ship. Filtration systems remove solid debris and contaminants. Monitoring and testing ensure wastewater meets quality standards before treatment or discharge.\nCrew members receive extensive training on waste management protocols. This prevents accidental pollution incidents. A 1992 incident revealed the need for better collection systems within the industry. Efficient collection helps preserve marine ecosystems and sustainable travel practices. Cruise lines use advanced technologies and rigorous monitoring to minimize environmental impact. It’s like a fairy tale – turning dirty ship water into pristine H2O!\nWastewater treatment systems\nwastewater go on a cruise ship turn sewage into a ‘shippy’ cocktail, with chlorination to please Mother Nature.\nCollection involves gathering wastewater from toilets, showers, and sinks. Pre-treatment removes solid materials through screening and sedimentation. The primary treatment uses settling tanks or clarifiers to settle and remove suspended solids.\nSecondary treatment utilizes biological processes to break down organic matter with microorganisms. Tertiary treatment employs advanced filtration techniques, such as activated carbon filters or ultraviolet disinfection, to polish the effluent before wastewater go on a cruise ship discharged or stored onboard.\nStrict compliance with international regulations is mandatory to ensure proper disposal of treated effluent. This preserves marine life and minimizes pollution. Investing in efficient wastewater treatment systems is essential for a healthy ocean environment. Don’t miss out on contributing to this crucial effort!\nDischarge of treated wastewater\nWastewater go on a cruise ship must adhere to strict regulations regarding wastewater discharge. These guidelines specify the quality and quantity parameters that must be met to reduce harm to marine ecosystems. Advanced treatment systems on board are equipped to remove pollutants and contaminants from wastewater, making it safe for discharge.\nRegular monitoring and testing of treated water samples is conducted to ensure high-quality standards and detect any deviations or potential issues. To improve the discharge process, here are some suggestions:\n- Invest in cutting-edge technologies for higher pollutant removal efficiency.\n- Provide comprehensive training to crew members about wastewater management practices.\n- Raise public awareness about responsible water usage onboard.\nBy implementing advanced treatment technologies, educating crew members, and increasing public awareness, cruises can reduce pollution risks and contribute to a sustainable industry. It’s time for poop and regulations to meet, so the struggle for cleaner oceans can begin!\nEnvironmental regulations and cruise ship wastewater\nWastewater go on a cruise ship must adhere to strict environmental regulations regarding the treatment and disposal of wastewater. These regulations ensure that cruise ship wastewater, including sewage and graywater, is treated to remove contaminants before being discharged into the ocean. Additionally, cruise ships are required to store and manage their wastewater onboard in accordance with international standards. The aim is to minimize the impact on marine ecosystems and protect the health of both passengers and the environment. Wastewater go on a cruise ship is crucial for cruise ships to comply with these regulations to maintain their operation and reputation in the industry.\nWhen wastewater go on a cruise ship comes to environmental regulations and cruise ship wastewater, there are stringent guidelines in place. These guidelines dictate how cruise ships handle and treat their wastewater to minimize negative impacts on the environment. Cruise ships utilize advanced wastewater treatment systems to remove pollutants from sewage and graywater. These systems employ a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes to ensure that the treated wastewater meets strict quality standards before it is discharged.\nFurthermore, cruise ships are equipped with storage tanks to hold wastewater temporarily until wastewater go on a cruise ship can be treated and discharged in accordance with regulations. These tanks are designed to prevent any leaks or spills that could harm the marine environment. Additionally, cruise ships employ trained staff who monitor the wastewater treatment processes and ensure compliance with the regulations.\nIn order to ensure the effectiveness of these regulations, regular inspections and audits are carried out by regulatory authorities. These inspections assess the cruise ship’s compliance with wastewater treatment and disposal regulations, as well as their adherence to best practices. Cruise ships that fail to comply with these regulations may face fines, penalties, or even be prohibited from sailing.\nWastewater go on a cruise ship is essential for cruise ship operators and passengers to fully understand and support these environmental regulations. By doing so, they can contribute to the preservation of marine ecosystems and the sustainability of the cruise industry. Let us all be responsible and take part in the protection of our oceans by staying informed and advocating for the enforcement of these regulations.\nCruising the high seas, wastewater regulations remind us that even aboard a floating paradise, what goes down must come up – from the bowels of the ship!\nInternational and national regulations\nWho needs a life jacket when you’ve got a cruise ship full of wastewater regulations to keep you afloat? In an effort to protect the oceans, both international and national bodies have implemented regulations.\nThe International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets standards for wastewater discharge and requires onboard treatment systems. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces regulations on both domestic and international waters within US jurisdiction.\nAdditionally, many countries have their own regulations that supplement international guidelines. These may vary in terms of allowable pollutant levels, monitoring requirements, and penalties.\nWastewater go on a cruise ship worth noting that compliance is not only legally binding but also essential for preserving marine biodiversity. Cruise ships have made strides in implementing advanced wastewater treatment technologies to meet or exceed the stipulated standards. This ensures that discharged wastewater won’t harm ecosystems or public health.\nMoreover, the IMO has banned dumping of sewage containing any effluent from sewage treatment systems within 12 nautical miles from land. This has significantly reduced water pollution near coastal areas.\nCruise ship industry initiatives\nThe cruise ship industry is taking steps to reduce environmental impact. These efforts involve advanced wastewater treatment systems, shore power, and marine pollution prevention programs. To go beyond existing regulations, cruise ships have adopted extra measures, such as recycling programs and eco-friendly cleaning products.\nA passenger on a luxury cruise ship saw crew members segregating waste materials for recycling. This highlighted how cruise companies are becoming more aware of their environmental responsibility when wastewater go on a cruise ship comes to wastewater and other sources of pollution.\nCruise ship companies recognize the importance of protecting our oceans and ecosystems. They strive to give passengers an unforgettable experience while reducing their impact on the environment.\nFinding a solution for cruise ship wastewater may be difficult, but don’t worry, hundreds of sea turtles swimming in raw sewage can do the trick!\nChallenges and solutions for cruise ship wastewater management\nChallenges and Solutions in Managing Wastewater on Cruise Ships\nCruise ship wastewater management presents a multitude of challenges that require innovative solutions. These challenges revolve around treating and disposing of various types of wastewater generated on board. To efficiently tackle these issues, cruise lines employ advanced systems and technologies to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and protect marine ecosystems.\nA table illustrating the challenges and corresponding solutions in cruise ship wastewater management is as follows:\n|1. Volume and composition of wastewater\n|Advanced wastewater treatment systems are installed to remove pollutants and treat wastewater before discharge or further usage. The systems include processes like biological treatment, membrane filtration, and disinfection. Cruise ships also employ onboard distillation units to convert seawater into fresh water for use on board.\n|2. Regulatory compliance\n|Cruise lines comply with international and local regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) guidelines for wastewater discharges at sea. Compliance is achieved through the use of advanced treatment systems and monitoring technologies to ensure the quality and safety of discharged wastewater.\n|3. Environmental impact\n|Cruise lines strive to minimize their environmental footprint by adopting sustainable practices. This includes implementing advanced wastewater treatment systems and exploring innovative technologies for reusing or recycling treated wastewater. Additionally, some cruise lines have adopted shoreside wastewater reception facilities, enabling them to offload wastewater at port facilities for further treatment and disposal.\nFurthermore, it is important to note that cruise ship wastewater management is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement. Cruise lines invest in training their crew members to follow best practices for wastewater management and conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance.\nIn a similar context, a true story can be shared regarding a cruise ship’s successful implementation of a wastewater management system. One such example is a renowned cruise line that invested in advanced wastewater treatment technologies and pioneered the use of shoreside reception facilities at multiple ports. This proactive approach not only reduced the environmental impact of cruise ship wastewater but also set a precedent for sustainable practices in the industry.\nCruise ships may be luxurious, but when it comes to wastewater, there’s nowhere to port your expectations of spaciousness.\nLimited space and resources\nThe following table shows the limited space and resources on cruise ships:\n|Storage for wastewater\n|Waste disposal areas\nPlanning and utilizing these limited spaces efficiently is essential. Treatment facilities must be designed to fit within these small areas, while still meeting strict regulations. Waste disposal areas are scarce, so careful waste management is a must to avoid pollution.\nAdvanced technologies like membrane bioreactors and vacuum distillation systems can help manage these resources. They use less energy, while still maximizing water reuse.\nAs cruise ships get bigger, so does the need for eco-friendly wastewater treatments. Outdated methods such as holding tanks threaten marine ecosystems. However, modern cruise ships prioritize sustainability, reducing their ecological footprint.\nIn conclusion, creative solutions are needed to manage the limited space and resources on cruise ships. By optimizing space, using advanced technologies, and prioritizing eco-friendliness, they can provide great experiences while protecting the environment. Why worry about polluting the ocean when you can turn cruise ship wastewater into a trendy cocktail at the Shipwreck Lounge?\nAdvanced wastewater treatment technologies\nAdvanced wastewater treatment technologies play an essential role in preserving water cleanliness and curbing environmental impact. These innovations make sure the wastewater produced on-board is treated correctly before being released into the ocean.\nLet’s take a closer look. Biological treatment makes use of microorganisms to break down organic contaminants. Physical treatment, on the other hand, gets rid of solid particles through processes such as filtration and sedimentation. Chemical treatment utilizes chemicals to neutralize dangerous substances. And membrane filtration employs semi-permeable membranes to filter pollutants.\nTo further improve cruise ship wastewater management, a few things are essential:\n- Set up strict monitoring systems: Regular monitoring will ensure optimal performance and any issues can be identified in time.\n- Invest in R&D: Investing in research and development can lead to the discovery of more advanced technologies with improved efficiency and sustainability.\n- Increase public awareness: Educating passengers about proper disposal practices can reduce the amount of contaminants entering the wastewater systems, reducing the burden on the treatment technologies.\nBy following these tips, cruise operators can upgrade their wastewater management practices, safeguarding marine ecosystems and ensuring a cleaner future for everyone. Thinking outside the box is just as important as thinking inside the bucket!\nAlternative approaches for reducing wastewater generation\nLet’s explore these alternatives in a visually organized manner:\n- Advanced Treatment Technologies: involve physical, chemical and biological processes to reduce pollutants and pathogens.\n- Onboard Process Optimization: includes using low-water-consumption equipment, waste segregation and recycling.\n- Water Conservation Measures: involve low-flow fixtures, educational programs and incentivizing conservation practices.\nThe details are unique: advanced techs allow for potential reuse and onboard optimization leads to energy savings. Suggestions to maximize effectiveness include stricter regulations, regular audits and inspections, as well as collaboration between cruise lines and stakeholders. These steps can reduce the marine environment impact and uphold responsible management standards. So, don’t forget: sinking ships are only the start of sustainable concerns.\nCruise ships are equipped with advanced wastewater treatment systems. These systems involve filtration, treatment and disinfection processes. Innovative technologies are used to safely manage the wastewater and meet environmental regulations. Onboard wastewater treatment plants use cutting-edge tech to remove pollutants. Further purification processes ensure the water meets standards for reuse or safe discharge.\nA real-life example of perfect wastewater management is a luxury liner sailing in pristine waters. The crew followed protocols and didn’t discharge any pollutants into the marine ecosystem. This shows the importance of responsible waste management. It not only preserves beauty, but also a sustainable future for oceans.\nLet’s explore further and flush away more information on this cruise ship!\nAdditional resources and references\nThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulations for wastewater treatment and discharge on cruise ships, helping to protect the marine environment. Cruise line websites often have sections dedicated to their wastewater management practices. Research studies have been conducted to show the impact of cruise ship wastewater. Industry reports from organizations such as the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) offer information on industry-wide wastewater management practices.\nAdvanced technologies are now fitted to modern cruise ships. This helps remove contaminants from wastewater before it is discharged into the sea, reducing potential harm to marine life.\nIn 1983, the MS Scandinavia became notorious for dumping untreated sewage in international waters. This incident highlighted environmental concerns and resulted in stricter regulations for the cruise industry.\nBy exploring different resources, readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of how cruise ships manage their wastewater and ensure responsible disposal methods.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nFAQs: Where does wastewater go on a cruise ship?\n1. What happens to wastewater on a cruise ship?\nOn a cruise ship, wastewater is treated through advanced systems before being discharged into the ocean. These systems remove pollutants and ensure that the wastewater meets strict environmental standards.\n2. Can cruise ships legally discharge wastewater into the ocean?\nYes, cruise ships can legally discharge treated wastewater into the ocean as long as it meets stringent regulations set by international conventions, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).\n3. Is the treated wastewater safe for marine life?\nYes, the treated wastewater from cruise ships is designed to be environmentally safe. The advanced treatment systems remove solid waste, bacteria, and other contaminants, ensuring that the discharged water does not harm marine life or ecosystems.\n4. How do cruise ships prevent pollution from their wastewater?\nCruise ships prevent pollution from wastewater by using advanced treatment systems on board. These systems employ various methods like filtration, disinfection, and chemical processes to remove or neutralize pollutants, making the wastewater safe for ocean discharge.\n5. Are there any regulations in place to govern cruise ship wastewater disposal?\nYes, there are strict regulations governing cruise ship wastewater disposal. International conventions like MARPOL Annex IV set limits on the quality of discharged wastewater, including limits on oil, nutrients, and other harmful substances, to protect marine environments.\n6. What measures do cruise ships take to minimize their environmental impact?\nCruise ships take several measures to minimize their environmental impact, including investing in advanced wastewater treatment systems, using alternative fuels, reducing emissions, and implementing waste management practices. These measures aim to ensure sustainable and responsible operations in the marine environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AbstractA comprehensive experimental program was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of propagation of tsunami-like bores over a permeable surface, including the impacts on pore pressure variation around a square structure. A dam-break generation system was selected to model the tsunami-like bores and the effects of different impoundment depths were investigated to estimate pore pressure variations around a structural model. The latter was installed within a sand bed, and the hydraulic bores propagated over both horizontal and inclined surfaces as well as over dry and wet bed conditions. The latter involved the presence of a still-water layer over the sand bed. The transient variations of pore pressure distribution around the structure were measured, and their results were correlated with impoundment depth, still-water depth, and bed slope. A total of nine pore pressure tensiometers were installed on the front and side walls of the structure to record the time-history of pore pressure variation during bore propagation and subsequent impact onto the rigid structure for both sub- and supercritical bores. The magnitude of peak pore pressure and the time to reach peak pore pressure were found to be correlated with the still-to-impoundment depth ratio. It was found that effective peak pore pressure recorded on the side of the structural model was smaller and it occurred later in the supercritical bores compared with the subcritical bores. The contour plots of pore pressure in both front and side walls of the structural model were developed for a better understanding of the pore pressure distribution during the initial peak and the subsequent quasi-steady-state flow conditions. Experimental results indicate that the magnitude of pore pressure increased with increasing impoundment depth. Furthermore, pore pressure magnitude around the structure was considerably higher in the inclined bed tests, and they reached peak values faster than those observed for the horizontal bed tests. For both the horizontal and inclined bed tests, the front wall of the structural model exhibited larger pore pressure values than those observed on the side walls.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our team has over 15 years of experience and can bring you and your production company to where the action is and get the shots you need for a successful project. We cater to film, media, and research crews that are looking to document or study the ocean wildlife surrounding Baja Calfonia Sur\nThis page is dedicated to tv productions, pro photographers and videographers that wants something special and require specific images and footages for their project. The crew will work with you to achieve your goals, and get exactly the shots you want!\nWe are able to realise any kind of images you have in mind, open mouth shots, sunset shots, split shots, aerial images with mako sharks smooth hammerheads blue sharks and silky sharks, we can literally do every thing you need with our shark species!\nDuring this special private charter you are able to get in the water with any kind of animal shows up, we put or skills at you disposal and all the crew will work according to your needs.\nWe are used to work with all kind of cameras ,RED, CANON C, DSLR, etc so your expensive gear is in very good hands!\nOur boats have lots of safe space for both underwater and topside cameras since our boats has a big dry area and a spacious open deck, perfect for groups of 6-8 people with photo -video gear of any sizes\nOver the past 15 years, our team has worked and collaborated with various professional film crews, marine biologists and scientists. Cabo shark dive has been featured on the world most famous diving magazines and on the the world biggest tv productions and channels like Discovery channel, National Geographic, shark week, tele visa, animal planet, expedition unknown, bbc. Cabo shark dive proudly host the world best awards winning underwater photographers coming from all over the world\nWe offer different packages for dive professionals, marine wildlife film productions, research programs and more. Depending on your needs and your budget, our team will take you where the action is and make sure you get the shot you need!\nWhat is the difference between our regular expeditions and why choose us?\nOur half day shark diving experience is open to all, from first timers to experienced ocean explorers and offer the opportunity to safely interact with various shark species in Los Cabos. The special packages for professionals will allow us to travel larger distances and reach some of the best remote places to observe a wild ecosystem. Our special expeditions will also give you more time in the water with marine life, more flexibility regarding interactions with animals (**depending on your needs and your experience) and the full support of our qualified and experienced team for your film production or research program. Our team will strive to find the encounter you are looking for and will provide all the help you need to make your project a success.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Have you ever wondered how far blue whales, the magnificent giants of the ocean, travel during their migration? Blue whales, known to embark on one of the longest journeys of any mammal on Earth, traverse vast distances to reach their breeding and feeding grounds. From the icy waters of the polar regions to the warm, tropical waters of the equator, these incredible creatures navigate the vast expanses of the ocean in search of food and mates. Join us as we explore the awe-inspiring migratory patterns of blue whales and uncover the remarkable distances they cover.\nMigration Patterns of Blue Whales\nBlue whales are known for their incredible annual migrations, covering vast distances in search of food, mates, and suitable climates. These majestic creatures follow specific migration routes year after year, exhibiting various migration patterns influenced by numerous factors. Understanding the migration patterns of blue whales is crucial for conservation efforts and gaining insights into their behavior and population dynamics.\nBlue whales engage in an annual migration, traveling long distances between their feeding and breeding grounds. This migration occurs in a cyclical pattern, with blue whales moving from their feeding areas in the cold, nutrient-rich polar waters to warmer breeding grounds in temperate or tropical regions. The migration allows blue whales to take advantage of the seasonal variations in food availability and reproductive opportunities.\nLongest Migratory Route\nBlue whales have been observed undertaking the longest migratory route of any mammal. The eastern North Pacific population of blue whales, also known as the California blue whale population, undertakes a remarkable journey of around 10,000 to 12,000 miles each year. These blue whales travel from the cold waters of the Gulf of Alaska and the eastern Bering Sea to Mexico’s warm waters, where they breed and give birth to their calves.\nVariable Migration Patterns\nWhile blue whales generally exhibit predictable migration routes and patterns, there can be variations among individuals and populations. Some blue whale populations follow a relatively straight and direct migration route, while others display more complex patterns, deviating from a straight path due to various environmental factors. These variations in migration patterns emphasize the flexibility and adaptability of blue whales in responding to changing conditions.\nFactors Influencing Migration\nThe migration patterns of blue whales are influenced by a combination of factors that guide their movements from one location to another. These factors play a vital role in determining where and when blue whales migrate.\nOne of the primary drivers of blue whale migration is the availability of food. Blue whales predominantly feed on krill, tiny shrimp-like organisms that thrive in nutrient-rich polar waters during the summer months. As these waters freeze during the winter, blue whales must migrate to more favorable feeding grounds to ensure an adequate food supply. They follow the seasonal movements of their prey, tracking the shifting abundance of krill populations.\nMating and Breeding\nBreeding is another significant factor that influences blue whale migration. Male blue whales migrate to breeding grounds to compete for females, engaging in elaborate courtship displays and vocalizations to attract mates. Females, on the other hand, migrate to these breeding grounds to give birth and nurse their calves. The timing and location of these breeding areas play a crucial role in determining the migration patterns followed by blue whales.\nTemperature and Climate\nBlue whales are highly sensitive to temperature and climate changes, and these factors influence their migration patterns. As water temperatures change seasonally, blue whales adjust their migration routes to ensure they remain in their preferred temperature range. Warmer waters are more suitable for mating and giving birth to calves, while colder waters provide an abundant food source. Blue whales carefully navigate these temperature gradients as they move between feeding and breeding areas.\nOcean currents have a profound impact on blue whale migration. These massive creatures take advantage of the ocean’s natural currents to aid their long-distance journeys. Ocean currents can provide a significant boost in speed and energy conservation, allowing blue whales to swim more efficiently. By selecting routes that align with favorable currents, blue whales optimize their energy expenditure and reduce the time required to reach their destination.\nPredator avoidance is another critical factor influencing blue whale migration. Blue whales are vulnerable to predation by killer whales, also known as orcas. These intelligent predators may target blue whale calves or individuals weakened by the migration journey. To minimize the risk of predation, blue whales may alter their migration routes or timing, seeking areas where the presence of predators is reduced. This behavior ensures the survival and protection of blue whale populations during their migratory journeys.\nAverage Distance Traveled\nThe average distance traveled by blue whales during migration can vary depending on several factors, including their location, available resources, and breeding requirements.\nBlue whales undertake some of the longest migrations of any marine mammal. As mentioned earlier, the California blue whale population travels up to 10,000 to 12,000 miles annually. Other blue whale populations, such as those found in the Southern Hemisphere, also undertake extensive migrations, though the exact distances may differ. These migratory journeys involve traversing vast expanses of ocean, highlighting the remarkable endurance and navigational abilities of these magnificent creatures.\nWhile there are average migration distances, it’s essential to note that individual blue whales may exhibit variations in their migration behavior. Some individuals may travel shorter distances due to the availability of suitable feeding grounds near their breeding areas. Conversely, other blue whales may undertake longer journeys if they are part of populations that follow more extensive migration routes. These individual variations within populations contribute to the overall resilience and adaptability of blue whale migration patterns.\nSpecific Migration Routes\nBlue whales have distinct migration routes depending on their location. In the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, blue whale populations follow unique migration paths.\nIn the Northern Hemisphere, the California blue whale population migrates along the eastern Pacific coast. These blue whales travel from feeding grounds in Alaska and the Bering Sea down to breeding areas off the coast of California and Mexico. Along this migration route, they pass through productive upwelling zones, rich in nutrients that support their feeding activities. These coastal migratory movements provide opportunities for scientists and researchers to study and monitor the blue whale population effectively.\nIn the Southern Hemisphere, blue whale populations undertake migrations within the Southern Ocean. These migrations involve traversing between feeding areas in productive polar waters, such as those around Antarctica, and breeding grounds found in more temperate regions, including the coastlines of South America, Australia, and New Zealand. The migratory paths taken by these populations vary, but they generally involve moving from food-rich, high-latitude waters to lower-latitude breeding and nursery areas.\nMigration Behavior and Patterns\nUnderstanding the migration behavior and patterns of blue whales sheds light on their social dynamics, communication methods, and the timing of their movements.\nTiming of Migration\nThe timing of blue whale migration follows a seasonal rhythm based on the availability of resources and breeding opportunities. In the Northern Hemisphere, blue whales typically begin their migration from feeding grounds to breeding areas in late fall or early winter, returning to their feeding grounds in spring or summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, migration timing may differ due to the reversed seasons. These seasonal movements ensure that blue whales maximize their chances of finding suitable food and mates during specific times of the year.\nBlue whales are primarily solitary animals, but during migration, they may exhibit group behavior. These temporary aggregations, known as pods, can consist of several individuals migrating together in a coordinated manner. Pods often consist of mothers and their calves, allowing the young whales to learn migration routes and behavior from their mothers. These groups provide social support, protection against predators, and may serve as opportunities for social interaction and communication.\nCommunication during Migration\nCommunication among blue whales is vital during migration, allowing individuals to maintain contact with one another and potentially coordinate their movements. Blue whales produce a variety of vocalizations, often referred to as songs, to communicate with other members of their population. These songs can carry over vast distances underwater, allowing blue whales to communicate even when they are not physically close to one another. This communication helps blue whales navigate and stay connected during their migratory journeys.\nBlue whales have set records when it comes to their annual migrations, showcasing the remarkable abilities of these massive marine creatures.\nLongest Annual Migration\nAs mentioned earlier, the California blue whale population has the longest annual migration of any mammal. Covering a distance of approximately 10,000 to 12,000 miles, these blue whales navigate the vast Pacific Ocean, traveling from their feeding grounds in the north to their breeding grounds in Mexico. This impressive migration highlights the incredible stamina and navigational prowess of blue whales, allowing them to undertake such extensive journeys year after year.\nFastest Migration Speed\nWhile blue whales are not known for their speed, they can still cover significant distances relatively quickly during migration. Blue whales can reach speeds of up to 5 to 20 miles per hour during their migratory journeys. Although this may not seem fast compared to other marine mammals, considering their immense size, it is an impressive feat. This speed, coupled with their efficiency in utilizing ocean currents, allows blue whales to travel efficiently and reach their destination in a timely manner.\nWith blue whale populations facing threats from human activities and environmental changes, understanding and addressing the conservation aspects of their migrations is key to their survival.\nImpacts of Human Activities\nHuman activities have had a significant impact on blue whale migration patterns and behavior. Factors such as ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, pollution, and underwater noise pollution disrupt the normal migration routes and behaviors of blue whales. These disruptions can lead to injuries, stress, habitat degradation, and even population decline. Reducing and mitigating the impacts of human activities on blue whales is crucial for conserving their migratory patterns and overall well-being.\nTo protect blue whale migratory routes, various protective measures have been implemented. These include establishing marine protected areas, implementing shipping lane changes to reduce the risk of ship strikes, and regulating fishing practices to reduce the risk of entanglement. These measures aim to create safe and sustainable environments that support blue whale migration and minimize the negative impacts of human activities. Collaboration between governments, conservation organizations, and local communities plays a vital role in implementing and effectively enforcing these protective measures.\nStudying Blue Whale Migration\nScientists employ various techniques and technologies to study blue whale migration, providing valuable insights into their movements, behaviors, and population dynamics.\nSatellite tracking is a crucial tool used in the study of blue whale migration. By attaching satellite tags or transmitters to blue whales, researchers can track their movements and gather data on their migration routes, duration, and speed. This technology allows scientists to collect real-time information, providing a more comprehensive understanding of blue whale migration patterns and their responses to environmental changes.\nBlue whales are known for their distinct vocalizations, which carry over long distances underwater. Scientists use acoustic monitoring methods to study blue whale migration by deploying hydrophones, underwater recording devices, and other specialized equipment. By analyzing the sounds produced by blue whales and their patterns, researchers can determine their presence, migration routes, and potential modifications in vocal behavior throughout migration.\nAerial surveys provide an effective means of monitoring blue whale migration from a broader perspective. Using aircraft equipped with high-resolution cameras and other remote sensing technologies, researchers can assess population sizes, spatial distributions, and migratory movements of blue whales. Aerial surveys capture a comprehensive overview of the migration patterns, allowing scientists to monitor changes in population dynamics and detect potential threats or disruptions.\nMigration and Population Decline\nUnderstanding the relationship between blue whale migration and population decline is crucial for conservation efforts and developing effective strategies to protect these magnificent creatures.\nImpact of Migration on Population Dynamics\nMigration plays a significant role in the population dynamics of blue whales. By relocating from feeding grounds to breeding areas and back, blue whales ensure a continuous cycle of reproduction, genetic diversity, and resource utilization. Disruptions or alterations to migration patterns can have severe consequences for blue whale populations, including reduced reproductive success, compromised genetic health, and decreased overall population size. Protecting and preserving migration routes is essential for maintaining healthy blue whale populations.\nMigration Patterns and Conservation Efforts\nConservation efforts aimed at safeguarding blue whale populations consider migration patterns as a vital aspect of their survival. By identifying and protecting critical feeding and breeding areas along migration routes, conservationists can ensure that the necessary resources are available to blue whales throughout their journeys. Additionally, managing and reducing the impact of human activities on these migratory paths is crucial for minimizing disturbances and supporting the successful completion of blue whale migrations.\nThe migration patterns of blue whales are truly remarkable and awe-inspiring. These magnificent creatures undertake incredible journeys across vast expanses of ocean, guided by a combination of factors such as feeding opportunities, mating and breeding requirements, temperature and climate preferences, ocean currents, and predator avoidance. Understanding and protecting these migration patterns are crucial for the conservation of blue whales and the preservation of their populations. Through ongoing research, monitoring, and conservation efforts, we can ensure the continued survival and well-being of these gentle giants of the sea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Outbreak of thorns! Venomous starfish threatens coral reefs in Seychelles\n(Seychelles News Agency) - Diving enthusiasts in the Seychelles waters are often encountering a crown-shaped starfish with several hundred elongated and sharp, venomous spikes as coral reefs have become plagued by this unusual threat.\nThe Beau Vallon region in the northern part of the main island of Mahé is reported to have been the main area of activity of the crown-shaped starfish which according to divers can be seen on reefs between 5 to 25 meters deep and are not very common in shallow waters.\nThis type of starfish, named crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), is considered as one of the largest sea stars in the world.\nIt occurs naturally in different tropical regions including the Seychelles, an Indian Ocean archipelago of 115 islands with a small population of 90 thousand, many of whom are entirely dependent on the ocean for their livelihoods.\nIn low densities, the starfish can be beneficial to coral reefs as it feeds on fast-growing corals, allowing a greater variety of coral species to colonize the reef.\nHowever, in high densities the creature can turn into the ultimate coral predator by destroying large areas of reef in the space of only a few days.\nA spreading epidemic\nReef Care International (RCINT), an Australian-based marine environmental consultancy service was brought to Seychelles with funding received from the Indian Ocean Commission earlier this year to facilitate a coral reef training course focusing on coral predators.\nThe director of RCINT, Dr Udo Engelhart, has reported that from the training they noticed a high density of COTS in the Beau Vallon area, which appeared to be spreading along the north-western coastline of Mahé. They also saw an increasing density of the starfish near the Baie Ternay Marine National Park.\n“Taking appropriate measures to control starfish densities is critically important as coral mortality due to the feeding activities of the starfish can reach levels similar to a severe coral bleaching event, as Seychelles' reefs experienced in 1998,” said Dr Engelhardt.\nIn low densities the crown-of-thorns starfish can be beneficial to coral reefs however in high densities it can turn into the ultimate coral predator by destroying large areas of reef in the space of only a few days. (Joanna Bluemel) Photo License: CC-BY\nSenior Scientific Researcher of local NGO, the Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS), Joanna Bluemel, says the increase in the starfish’s numbers was noticed in 2013.\n“We were shocked to find 20 to 30 times more crown-of-thorns starfish in the Beau Vallon Bay area. Based on Dr Engelhardt’s assessment, this is above sustainable levels,” she said.\n“Moreover, 60 to 75% of coral reefs in the area especially had been completely wiped out, completely dead.”\nThe outbreak now appears to have spread to reefs and smaller islets between the second and third most populated islands of Seychelles, Praslin and La Digue.\nSpeaking to SNA, diver Ellen Lebihan, from the Octopus Diver Center, Anse Volbert, Praslin, said that they had “noticed an increase in the creature in some areas, especially near the Ave Maria rocks and other islets.”\nLebihan said that “some areas have now become completely barren as the creatures continue to feed and spread.”\nWith the starfish’s spawning season fast approaching and an expected increase in sea temperatures to at least 27 degrees Celsius by early next month, there were fears that the outbreak could reach plague proportions as countless more larvae of the starfish could be spread, if the adults were not removed in time.\nAn emergency assault\nIn an interview with SNA, the Ministry of Environment and Energy said the government viewed the abundance and associated risks of COTS, as a “national concern”.\nThe Ministry has since facilitated an emergency eradication programme within badly affected areas, with the help of marine partners including dive centres, NGOs, the Seychelles National Parks Authority and other volunteers.\n“With the limited funds, what we are doing is just removing the adult starfish and disposing of them. This method requires careful handling as the creatures is very venomous and their spikes are very dangerous,” said Dr Bluemel.\nThis resulted in the removal of over a thousand adults and juvenile COTS in the Beau Vallon area but Dr Bluemel said many more were still out there, especially smaller ones which were difficult to spot.\nLocal diver Mike Bamboche from the Ocean Dream Divers located in the vicinity of the area which had recently been cleared of starfish told SNA that there has been a remarkable improvement in affected areas, however, he reported that adults and juveniles could still be found in lower densities in other areas north of Beau Vallon.\n|A delicate operation is ongoing to physically remove adult and juvenile starfish from the affected areas. (Joanna Bluemel) Photo License: CC-BY|\nA similar operation has also been initiated in the vicinity of Praslin using volunteers and divers from local dive centres and non-governmental organizations.\nDr Bluemel said that four different age groups of starfish were collected during removals, including juveniles and large adults preparing to spawn.\nLarge females release millions of eggs into the ocean, fertilised by sperm released into the water by males. The breeding season takes place from November to January each year, although this can vary on water temperatures and other conditions.\nAccording to Dr Nirmal Shah, the Chief Executive Officer of a non-governmental environment organisation, Nature Seychelles, which has been involved in a reef restoration project on the Cousin Island Special Reserve for the past four years, similar outbreaks have occurred before in Seychelles.\n“They were first detected in the 1970s and it worried the authorities so badly that international scientific assistance was requested and natural predators like the triton shell (lansiv) were protected,” said Dr Shah.\n“COTS have been recognized as a serious threat ever since. No wonder the Seychelles One Rupee coin has on its flip side an image of a triton shell eating a crown of thorns starfish!”\nDr Shah believes this outbreak in particular may be very serious, particularly since the delicate reefs, still recovering from the 1998 El Niño coral bleaching event, would once again be in peril after showing positive signs of recovery in recent years.\nDr Engelhard said that such an outbreak can be related to human activities.\n“Research we have conducted in Australia has clearly shown that human activities, such as increasing the levels of certain nutrient in sea water as well as over-fishing of the natural predators of the starfish can lead to outbreaks,” he said.\nNatural predators of the starfish include the Giant Triton snail, harlequin shrimp and puffer fish.\nRecovery will take years\nAccording to Dr Engelhardt, it could be another ten to fifteen years before the hard coral can restored to its pre-outbreak levels.\nBut Dr Shah is not quite so optimistic about controlling the starfish, warning that attempts to control the outbreaks would be expensive and unsustainable without addressing the root cause of the problem, namely the loss of the starfish’s natural predators and an overabundance of nutrients in the water.\n“In Australia it is said that efforts to control COTS have been expensive and ineffective,” he explained, adding that in 2003, $3 million was spent to try to control a plague of the starfish.\n“These methods involved cutting up the animals, which tend to re-grow their arms, taking them out of the water to dump on land which is very tedious and difficult, or injecting them with a single shot of poison.”\n|Youtube video showing crown-of-thorn star fish at different locations in Seychelles waters.(Veronique Vanacore) Video License: All Rights reserved|\nA fine-scale survey is now underway, both to further assess the presence of COTS in other areas and to determine the most effective solution to control their spread.\nThe survey is being coordinated by the Seychelles National Parks Authority and, according to Ronley Fanchette, the Director for Wildlife, Trade and Conservation in the Seychelles Ministry of Environment and Energy, will assess the abundance and distribution of COTS within Marine Protected Areas.\nOther NGOs, such as the Island Conservation Society and Nature Seychelles are conducting surveys outside marine park areas.\n“We also receive reports from dive centres whenever they come across large density of COTS in a particular area,” said Fanchette, who added that additional funding was being sought from the Indian Ocean Commission to find long-term solutions to the problem.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fire in the Belly of the Beast\nWhite Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)\nRight now you are burning. Your body is busily oxidizing your last meal, converting it into new tissue, energy, and heat. This internal combustion is a 'slow burn', but the result is the same as a roaring bonfire: carbon compounds are combined with oxygen, breaking them down and producing thermal energy in the process. The greater the difference between the temperature inside and outside your body, the more rapidly you radiate this heat to the environment.\nThe body temperature of most creatures — including insects, fishes, and reptiles — fluctuates with the temperature of their environment. This is known as 'ectothermy' or 'cold-bloodedness'. Because they cannot maintain a constant body temperature, cold-blooded creatures tend to live where the average environmental temperature is optimal for them. But birds and mammals are able to physiologically regulate their internal temperature within a narrow, optimal range. This is called 'endothermy' or 'warm-bloodedness'. Our warm-bloodedness has (in part) enabled our species to extend its range from the warm equatorial tropics where we evolved to the cold temperate zones of higher latitudes. In cold environments, we can use insulation to help maintain our bodies' internal temperatures.\nWater conducts heat many times faster than air, draining precious body heat with unrelenting efficiency. When diving, we rely on our dry or wet suits to insulate us against heat loss by trapping a layer of warm air or water against our skin. If we venture into a cold aquatic environment without such insulation, our internal thermostats need to work overtime to prevent hypothermia. I'm sure you will agree it is much easier (and more comfortable!) to swim in warm water than to warm cold water with your body heat. Many types of marine animal — including most sharks — are ectothermic, and thus are most abundant in warm waters. But at least seven species of mackerel sharks — the Great White (Carcharodon carcharias), the Longfin (Isurus paucus) and Shortfin (Isurus oxyrinchus) makos, the Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and Salmon Shark (Lamna ditropis), the Common Thresher (Alopias vulpinus) and the Bigeye Thresher (Alopias superciliosus) — have successfully invaded cold waters. These sharks are unique in their ability to elevate and maintain body temperatures as much as 13 °C above the ambient water temperature. One striking feature of these warm-bodied sharks is that their flanks and viscera are warm, while the heart and gills are at environmental temperatures. This is because they differ substantially from all other sharks in the pattern of blood supply to the viscera and swimming muscles.\nThe warm-bodied mackerel sharks have a special organ in their circulatory systems, allowing them to retain much of the heat generated by swimming and muscular activity. In cold-bodied sharks, this heat is radiated from the body surface and lost to the environment. Warm-bodied sharks are able to greatly reduce this heat loss by redirecting blood from enlarged arteries along the flanks inward through a dense bundle of small arteries and veins called the rete mirable (or \"wonderful net\"). The arteries in each rete carry cold, oxygenated blood from the gills, while the veins carry metabolically-warmed, deoxygenated blood. These small arteries and veins pass very close to one another, carrying blood in opposite directions. Because of this intimate countercurrent blood flow, most of the heat is transferred from the veins to the arteries and cycled back to the muscles and visceral organs that produced it originally. The warm-bodied mackerel sharks have three sets of retia: one in the swimming muscles, another in the anterior viscera, and a third surrounding the brain. Mackerel sharks with this modified circulatory system are able to maintain body temperatures well above that of the water in which they swim.\nThe advantages of being warm-bodied are stupendous. A 10 °C rise in body temperature can result in a three-fold increase in the speed and strength of muscle contraction — providing more power from a given muscle mass. For mackerel sharks, this may afford an increase in sustained swimming speeds. Greater speeds may be selectively advantageous when chasing prey or fleeing from predators (although it is difficult to imagine anything — other than man — regularly preying on even moderately large mackerel sharks) Being warm-bodied might also allow mackerel sharks to make excursions into colder or deeper waters. To remain alert in the mind-numbing chill, mackerel sharks have a rete 'brain heater' to help stave off the grogginess brought on by their cold-water environment. Theoretically, conservation of body heat may allow a more complete conversion of heat energy to work — or, to put it informally, more miles-per-fish. Elevated visceral temperatures — which are highest in the intestinal valve — may increase the rate of digestion and absorption of food, making available more caloric energy per day. The visceral retia also warm the uteri. By holding their young in warm uteri, mackerel sharks may somehow enhance the development of their embryos. Perhaps this shortens gestation, increasing the number of pregnancies a warm-bodied shark may have over her lifetime. Unfortunately, we know so little about development in these sharks that their gestation periods cannot be compared with those of cold-bodied sharks.\nBut the advantages of endothermy are costly. To maintain a warm body in cold water, a mackerel shark must burn fuel like a blast furnace. A warm-bodied shark may need more than ten times as much food as a cold-bodied shark of the same size. The thin biomass of tropical seas cannot readily support such high-energy carnivores. Since large fishes and large, energy-rich marine mammals tend to live inshore in cold temperate waters, mackerel sharks are most abundant in these areas. The distribution of warm-bodied sharks is thus dictated largely by availability of prey. For example, the Great White Shark is undeniably one of the sea's paramount predators: it can — and does — feed on virtually anything that swims. Adult White Sharks feed heavily upon seals and sea lions, which are large, swift, and agile. Most pinniped rookeries (large breeding colonies) are in cold temperate or sub-polar regions, and the white shark rarely strays far from these important food sources.\nWhile energetically expensive, endothermy has enabled the mackerel sharks to function as effective predators in cold waters, taking advantage of the rich feeding available there. In the North Atlantic, Shortfin Makos pursue high-speed ocean rovers, such as bluefish and swordfish. The Salmon Shark is an endurance predator, picking off Pacific salmon as they migrate along the coasts of Alaska and northern Japan. The Bigeye Thresher swims deep in cold water, scanning the surface for the silhouette of schooling baitfish with its huge, upward-mounted eyes. The combination of large size, efficient metabolism, high-speed swimming, and powerful jaws help make the mackerel sharks versatile predators, allowing them to feed on a broad spectrum of prey types. By extending their range into cold waters, these sharks avoid competition with their cold-bodied cousins, which must remain in warmer seas. No doubt the heat-retaining retia of the mackerel sharks have freed them from being captives of the isotherms — allowing them to range throughout the breadth and depths of the World Ocean.\nFor many people, sharks are the epitome of the 'cold-blooded killer'. The warm-bodied mackerel sharks are spectacular reminders that many of our stereotypes are inaccurate. As apex predators, sharks are absolutely essential to the health and vigor of marine ecosystems. But their future in our oceans is very tenuous: we are slaughtering them for food and sport in unprecedented numbers. Perhaps a greater appreciation of the elegant adaptations of these incredible animals will help us see their intrinsic value. Our world would be a poorer, darker, lonelier place without them.\nWant to know more? [More on Warm-Bodied Sharks]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The animal kingdom is full of extraordinary creatures with incredible longevity. From tortoises to whales, many species have lived for decades, or even centuries. In this article, we will explore the top 10 longest-lived animals in the world.\n10. Koi Fish\nKoi fish are famous for their longevity. These beautiful fish can live for up to 40 years in the right conditions. Some koi fish have even been reported to live for over 100 years.\nMacaws are known for their vivid colors, but they are also among the longest-lived birds in the world. These intelligent birds can live for up to 80 years in captivity.\n8. Box Turtle\nBox turtles are popular pets, but they can also live for a long time in the wild. Some box turtles have been known to live for up to 100 years, making them one of the longest-lived reptiles in the world.\n7. Greenland Shark\nThe Greenland shark is one of the longest-lived vertebrates in the world, with some individuals living for over 400 years. These deep-sea predators are slow-growing and reproduce at a late age, which contributes to their exceptional longevity.\n6. Red Sea Urchin\nRed sea urchins are fascinating creatures that can live for over 200 years. These sea creatures are found in the Pacific Ocean and are highly valued for their roe, which is a delicacy in some parts of the world.\n5. Bowhead Whale\nBowhead whales are among the longest-lived mammals on earth, with some individuals living for over 200 years. These massive creatures are found in Arctic waters and are known for their unique baleen plates, which they use to filter food from the water.\nThe tuatara is a reptile that is native to New Zealand. These fascinating creatures can live for up to 200 years and have several unique characteristics, including a third eye on their forehead that can detect changes in light.\n3. Ocean Quahog\nThe ocean quahog is a type of clam that can live for over 500 years. These bivalves are found in the North Atlantic and are valued for their meat, which is used in stews and chowders.\n2. Aldabra Giant Tortoise\nThe Aldabra giant tortoise is one of the largest species of tortoise in the world and can live for over 100 years. These gentle giants are found on the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles and are known for their slow, lumbering gait.\n1. Immortal Jellyfish\nThe immortal jellyfish is a small, transparent jellyfish that is capable of reverting to its juvenile state after it has reached maturity. This process can happen multiple times, which means that the immortal jellyfish is, in theory, capable of living forever.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This dataset consists of 67 DNA sequences of the alkane mono-oxygenase gene. The sequence data are in FASTA format which can be opened with word-processing as well as sequence analysis software.\nThe clone library was created using the primers described by Kloos et al. (2006, Journal Microbiological Methods 66:486-496) F: AAYACNGCNCAYGARCTNGGNCAYAA and R:GCRTGRTGRTCNGARTGNCGYTG.\nThe library was created from a marine sediment sample that was part of the SRE4 marine biodegradation experiment in O'Brien bay near Casey station. The sample used was from the sediment exposed to Special Antarctic Blend diesel 5-weeks after the time of deployment.\nThese data were collected as part of AAS project 2672 - Pathways of alkane biodegradation in antarctic and subantarctic soils and sediments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "scientific article | Proc 11th Int Coral Reef Symp | open access\nArmstrong RA, Singh H, Rivero S, Gilbes F\nAlthough remote sensing technology is a useful tool for monitoring shallow (<20 m depth) coral reefs present in clear oligothrophic waters, the large-scale assessment of reefs present in optically-deep waters requires other approaches such as the use of in situ platforms for high-resolution optical and acoustic imaging. Optically-deep waters are those where the upwelling radiance received by the airborne or satellite sensor originates from the water column without any bottom signal contribution. The Seabed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is an ideal platform for mapping and characterizing mesophotic reefs, those present between 30 to about 100 m depth, and for shallow reefs in turbid areas. This AUV was utilized to acquire high-resolution digital images to characterize the geomorphology and dominant benthic components present along two long photo-transects in southwestern Puerto Rico. These quantitative AUV surveys also provide a baseline for future evaluation of change in the deeper coral reef zones, which for most areas of the world, remain largely unknown.\nOverall benthic (groups)\nAutonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The future of one fish, the striped bass, is directly tied to the future of the other, menhaden. But you wouldn’t know it by the way the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission is acting.\nSome commissioners are hair-on-fire ready to vote on Monday to begin the process of adding new protections for striped bass that could change size and creel limits or shorten the fishing season. Forget the fact that the science to back such a decision—a new stock assessment--is still more than a month away from completion.\nBut the menhaden debate may linger on, as it has for years, or result in approval of some half-hearted measure.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The source of reworked Devonian algal “cysts” in last glacial maximum (LGM) sediment in the Gulf of Mexico is traced to their host black shales, which ring the southwestern Great Lakes. The source-to-sink pathway includes intermediate storage in fine-grained LGM glacial lacustrine sediment and till. The “cysts” are pelagic chlorophyllous algae (Tasmanites and Leiosphaeridia), collectively referred to herein as tasmanitids. Radiocarbon dates of syndepositional Gulf of Mexico foraminifera, derived from accelerator mass spectrometry, bracket the Gulf of Mexico sediment age with common tasmanitids from 28.5 ± 0.6–17.8 ± 0.2 cal kyr B.P.\nApproximately 1400 km north of the Gulf of Mexico, tasmanitids are abundant in Upper Devonian black shales (New Albany, Antrim, and Ohio Shales) that ring the Michigan, Illinois, and Appalachian intracratonic basins. Tasmanitids were eroded from bedrock and incorporated in glacial sediment dating from ca. 28.0–17.6 cal kyr B.P. by the Lake Michigan, and Huron-Erie lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The physical characteristics of tasmanitids are ideal for long-distance transport as suspended sediment (density: 1.1–1.3 g/cc, size ranging from 63 µm to 300 µm), and these sand-sized tasmanitids traveled with the silt-clay fraction. Thus, the source-to-sink journey of tasmanitids was initiated by subglacial erosion by water or friction, sequestering in till or glaciolacustrine sediment, re-entrainment and suspension in meltwater, and final delivery in meltwater plumes to the Gulf of Mexico. River routes included the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and many of their tributaries.\nReworked Devonian tasmanitids are a previously unrecognized link between their occurrence in deep-water deposits of the Gulf of Mexico and the late Wisconsin glacial history of the Upper Mississippi Valley. We propose that tracking occurrences of tasmanitid concentrations from the source area to sink, along with adjunct proxies such as clay minerals, will facilitate a more refined analysis of the timing and duration of megafloods. This study also demonstrates that isotopically dead carbon, from reworked Devonian tasmanitid “cysts,” can contaminate radiocarbon dating of LGM bulk sediment samples toward older ages.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A small asian fish has managed to swim across the pacific ocean in a baitbox. The fish drifted by boat across the ocean after the 2011 tsunami\nA small Japanese fish is attracting the eyes of a lot of curious visitors to the Seaside Aquarium in Oregon. The fish, a striped beakfish, is probably the greatest explorer of its species, because it was recently found alive off the coast of America, on the other side of the Pacific Ocean from where it’s supposed to be.\nThe fish was discovered in a baitbox onboard a Japanese boat which had drifted to the US West coast. It is believed that the small boat was carried away from Japan by the Tsunami of March 2011, and has since been drifting across the world’s largest ocean.\nWhen the boat was discovered off the coast of Washington, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife boarded the vessel to examine the marine organisms left on it. They found the beakfish alive in a bait box where it is believed to have survived by dining on other organisms. Perhaps more amazing than the survival of the fish was that the baitbox had, most likely through pure coincidence, the exact ratio of different life forms needed to sustain a micro-eco system for over a year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Metabolic and growth physiology of early life history stages of the northern spot shrimp, Pandalus platyceros\nUniversity of Alaska Southeast\n- Jamie Musbach, MS program\nThe Northern spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) ranges from southern California waters to the Aleutians. There continues to be a commercial fishery for this species from Santa Barbara, CA, to Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound although the commercial fishery in many regions of Southeast Alaska have been closed since 2011. The closure in Southeast Alaska also extends to personal use harvest after 2012. The life history of this species is generally known to include planktonic larvae that hatch in the spring and settle as benthic juveniles. Molting increases their size and all shrimp become functional males prior to transitioning to reproductive females. This type of life history is known as protandry and as the functional male molts first to a transitional stage and later to the functional female, the shrimp increases greatly in size. As the fishery targets the largest shrimp, the reproductive females are removed preferentially. The timing of the fishery coincides with egg brooding and ovigerous females are removed from the population. To date, studies of spot shrimp life history are limited to California, Washington, and British Columbia where warmer waters accelerate life history parameters. The objectives of this project are to investigate the early life history of Alaska P. platyceros. Specifically researchers will study molting physiology (molt intervals and molting hormones) and oxygen consumption as a proxy for metabolic rate. After investigating the baseline physiological parameters, we will measure the effects of multiple stressors to include increased temperature and CO2 on molting biology and metabolism. Because early studies have published nutritional needs of the larvae and because we can maintain brooding females and post hatch larvae in the laboratory, we are confident that we will reveal important biological information concerning this Alaska species and potential impacts of climate change.\nSpot shrimp Pandalus platyceros are an important commercial fishery and very little information exists about biology of Alaska populations, especially the early life history stages. This species of shrimp is protandric (all males become functional females) and is harvested from deep regions of the oceans (100–400 meters). There has been a dramatic and unexplained decline in populations of P. platyceros in Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS) which has forced the closure of this fishery in parts of the regions. Oceans are changing and we are acknowledging that temperatures are warming and acidity is increasing and these effects are sure to impact the biology of this shrimp species. As environmental change impacts the metabolic physiology of the species, then compromises are made to life history traits such as growth, reproduction, and even survival.\nWhy is this an Alaska Sea Grant project?\nNorthern spot shrimp are a commercially important shrimp of SEAK and historically in PWS. This shrimp also provides for sport and subsistence fishing. We know very little about the biology of this species, and the majority of the information we do know was obtained from Washington state and British Columbia populations and is incomplete. This project addresses two goals of the Alaska Sea Grant Strategic Plan: Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture and Healthy Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. While there are no plans in Alaska to culture P. platyceros commercially or for enhancement, knowledge gained from this project will benefit potential shrimp enhancement projects. Aside from detailing early life history events of P. platyceros in Alaska, this project will identify impacts of environmental change (ocean acidification) on the metabolism of P. platyceros larval and juvenile stages.\nAlaska Department of Fish and Game", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Research using earmuffs and fishing rods\nSailing from Norway to Spain and Portugal in great summer weather has been an adventure. But the voyage is first and foremost an expedition to gather new data, gain new insights, and then share the new knowledge.\nAll that can be measured, will be measured, from the weather and waves, to the conditions down in the sea.\nData collection is handled by students Erlend Mundal and Erik Furevik. They monitor the instruments that takes water samples, analyze and report, they look for whales and dolphins, and they fish. You read that right, fishing with a fishing rod.\nEvery morning, in the middle of the day and in the evening, the rods are put to use. One rod is for fish of normal size, the other so strong that it can catch fish weighing more than 20 kilos.\nIt was Geir Huse at the Institute of Marine Research who got the idea to equip the students with fishing rods.\n- I don't think this has been done before, at least I do not know about it, he says.\nDoing ocean reseach, it is common to use how much fish you manage to catch as a measure of how much fish there are in the sea in total. The researchers call it \"catch per unit effort\". The unique thing here is that normal fishing rods are used, systematically around the globe - 55,000 nautical miles, 102,000 kilometers.\n- What we manage to catch is exciting, but also to have a time series. How often do we get a fish on the hook, along the entire route, says Huse.\nThe catch is photographed, weighed and measured, and the ear stones are picked out. The ear stones are part of the balance organ of the fish. If you split them in two, you will see annual rings that tell how old the fish is, just like in trees.\n- The size of the fish provides some information, but the age of the fish is much more important to us, says Huse.\nThe catch does not go to the seagulls, but to the chef. On a ship, there is a limit to what you can bring in provisions, and fresh fish is delicious. No fish - so far.\n- Of course, two small rods in a large sea, it is not a given that you get fish, says Huse.\nMarine research vessel\nCounting the number of fish caugth is not sufficient. The researchers will also find out if there is a connection between how often fish bites the hook, and other conditions in the sea. So, before the cruise began, Statsraad Lehmkuhl was equipped as a modern research vessel.\nOne of the instruments takes water samples, completely automatically. The system is called \"Ferrybox\".\n- It takes samples of CO2 and oxygen content, chlorophyll - that is the amount of phytoplankton, temperature, and salinity, about once a minute. Ferrybox is a well-established system, installed on many ships, the ferries that cross the North Sea for example. It gives very good data, but the limitation is that the samples are taken from the water intake at the bottom of the ship, only about eight meters down, Huse explains.\nThey will therefore stop Statsraad Lehmkuhl at regular intervals. The ship has a sampler that can be lowered all the way down to 750 meters. A valve is closed, and then the water sample is pulled back on board.\nOnce the ship is at rest, a plankton net is also sent 200 meters down. The net has a very fine-meshed cloth, which collects plankton when it is slowly hauled up.\nPlankton are tiny animals and plants that float around in the ocean. In a liter of seawater there can be tens of millions of them, and they are important food for fish and other animals.\n- The plankton samples give us a lot of information, but they must be analyzed by experts on land so the contents of the net are preserved in alcohol, Huse says.\nChecks for genetic material\nThe water samples will be checked for microplastics; tiny pieces of plastic bags, plastic bottles, remnants of ropes and other things, torn and broken by the waves. We also release microplastics when we wash synthetic clothes. The warm fleece jacket that is so nice and cosy has a problematic side to it.\nDNA, genetic material, is also extracted from the water samples. The technique is called eDNA, which stands for environmental DNA.\n- I am very excited about this, says Huse.\nThe technique has been known for a long time, but has been in practical use only the last five years. Everything that lives in the ocean releases some DNA, and there are now large databases that the samples are checked against. A list of organisms present in the area where the sample was taken is issued automatically.\n- Even if you do not get the organism up, this is a completely certain identification, says Huse.\nMany organisms stay down in the depths during the day, and only come to the surface during the night. Since the water samples are taken around the clock, Huse and his colleagues can study how this \"commuting\" takes place, and see if there are differences around the globe.\n- To get DNA out of the water samples, we use special filters. Some of them are frozen and stored, while others are analyzed on board. So they get a species-list there and then, and that's a bit exciting. This is one of the more complicated tasks the students do, and which they needed a full day of training to perform, says Huse.\nStatsraad Lehmkuhl has a new echo sounder installed. Not for safe navigation, but to discover what lives down below the ship.\nOn the echo sounders installed in our day cruisers, many strange things show up as fish symbols. This is not the case here, the echo sounder on board know the difference between plankton and fish.\n- You can not visually see very far down into the sea, but the echo sounders reach all the way to the bottom, and give us an incredible amount of information, says Huse, and explains.\n- We can look at how much plankton there is in the Atlantic in relation to in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean for example. And we can see if there is a connection between what we register of phytoplankton measured by Ferrybox in the upper layers, and the amount of fish further down, for example. How deep down do we find the zooplankton? Is there a connection between the organisms and the amount of sunlight?\nIf you put on a diving mask and dips your head into the ocean, it may seem empty and silent. But that's not the case. The animals that live down there make noise, and so do ships. The sound propagates more than four times faster in water than in air, and layers of water with different temperatures and salinity, creates \"channels\" that allow the song of a whale to be heard many kilometers away.\nHuse will also investigate this, and has installed hydrophones on board - microphones made to function underwater.\n- It will be very exciting to find out what we hear. What is man-made noise, and what is biological sound? And how the sound is distributed. We will look for relationships between natural sounds, noise, and other parameters, says Huse.\nWhen you want to record sound using hydrophones, it is perfect to be in a sailing ship, which does not make noise itself.\n- We can tow a hydrophone behind a boat with an engine as well, but now we remove noise from the ship almost completely. It's the same with echosounders. The fish are scared away by a boat that moves using a large propeller, Huse explains.\nWatch for whales\nErlend and Erik will also watch for whales.\nAt regular intervals, they will scout the sea with binoculars. When they see a tail fin, or a blow - the cloud of water and steam when the whales breathe, they note the position and time, and what species they have seen.\nThe latter is a challenge. Marine scientists usually bring in special experts for counting whales, people who can recognize the different species based on the way they behave.\n- The students do not have that experience, but they can at least see that here is a whale, and then they can eventually wind up what species it probably is. But just knowing that there are whales, and their numbers, helps us to understand the productivity, the amount of phytoplankton and fish, Huse says.\nSo a lot of responsibility rests on the shoulders of the students, and Huse is honest - as the first two are Erlend and Erik are guinea pigs.\n- They are in a way double test guinea pigs. They will have to get the systems to run smoothly, we have not run the systems, we have tested them, but have not run them over time. And beeing the first, find out how much one can expect to get done in the course of a day. Now, this it is a bit unclear simply.\nAgenda Vestlandet, a foundation established by Sparebanken Vest, makes it possible for Huse to have students on board during the entire cruise. They have paid for the equipment that is installed, and cover the costs of the total of 20 students who will share the work.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The New Zealand Government is hoping a group of Pacific people who are undergoing a fisheries course will lead to better management of fisheries in the Pacific region.\nThe group of 18 trainees from nine Pacific Island nations including Solomon Islands, Nauru, Tuvalu and Kiribati began the Pacific Fisheries Extension Officer Course in the South Island\nThe New Zealand Minister of Fisheries, Phil Heatley, says the government is investing over 380 thousand US dollars to fund the programme, as it believes it'll lead to a boost in fishing operations.\n\"Essentially if those Pacific nations can have expertise amongst their own people, particularly on fisheries management and science, surveillance and making sure that they capture the crooks out on the sea, pilfering and plunging the fishery, that would be good. And enforcement, that would be good too.\"\nPhil Heatley says better management of fisheries will lead to greater income generation for Pacific nations, as well as healthy fish stocks across the Pacific region.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RI Fast Ferry to Provide Transport for Wind Farm Crews\nMay 22, 2015\nBlock Island Times: Rhode Island Fast Ferry, the Quonset based high-speed ferry company run by President Charles A. Donadio, Jr., has been awarded a 20-year contract with Deepwater Wind to supply the transfer vessels to be utilized for construction and maintenance of the Block Island Wind Farm. The deal is the first of its kind in the United States.\nThe following press release was issued by Deepwater Wind:\n“A ground-breaking agreement enables high-speed catamaran ferry company Rhode Island Fast Ferry to commission the first US-built crew transfer vessel, to be built by Blount Boats, and launch Atlantic Wind Transfers, its commercial wind support services division.”\nRead more about the contract between Deepwater Wind and Rhode Island Fast Ferry.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A generalized, nonlinear regression approach to the length-weight relationship of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea\nLength-weight relationships in fish are important tools in fisheries management. The aim of this study was to estimate the growth curve W=aLb for European perch, Perca fluviatilis L., from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25). The data set comprised the total weights and total lengths of 827 specimens caught during the 2011-2013 period. The mean total length (TL) was 169.4 mm (range 100.0-310.0 mm), and the mean total weight was 83.9 g (range 11.3-553.2 g). First, a multiplicative error term and a linear regression approach to loglog-transformed data was considered. The following estimated values for the parameters were obtained: a = exp(-12.5323), b=3.25, s=0.07862. This approach was not successful in solving the common heterogeneity problem of the length-weight data. A generalized nonlinear regression approach to the original data was more suitable in our case. The estimated model was W = 3.83×10-6×L3.238 + ĺ, with ĺ~norm(0,0.0281×E[W|L]2×1.242). The estimated 95% confidence interval for b was (3.218, 3.259), and the growth was allometric. The perch from the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25) was characterized by slightly better condition than that caught in inland waters and estuaries.\nM. De Giosa [+]\nDipartimento di Matematica, UniversitB di Bari\nvia Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy\nDepartment of Fisheries Management\nWest Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin\nul. Krolewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“European Council of Ministers secure agreement”\nThe Agriculture and Fisheries Council reached today a political agreement on a regulation concerning the 2020 catch limits for the main commercial fish stocks in the Atlantic, the North Sea and international fisheries in which EU vessels participate.\nThe quota-setting exercise is never easy and this year it took us several hours of negotiations to get to an agreement. But I am glad to announce that it is a balanced one that reconciles all the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy – environmental and socio-economic sustainability – to the benefit of the fish stocks, fishing sector and the EU citizens at large.\nWith today’s agreement the Council restated its strong commitment to the objective of the CFP – environmental, economic and social sustainability – the provisions of the multiannual management plans currently in force, and the best available scientific advice.\nIn light of the difficulties faced by EU fishermen in relation to mixed fisheries in certain areas and the risk of choke species, the Council decided to continue for one year the previously agreed pool mechanism for quota exchanges. Choke species are those that have a low quota that, when exhausted, can cause a vessel to stop fishing even if it still has quota for other species.\nIn order to address the difficult situation of cod and whiting stocks in the Celtic Sea and cod in Kattegat, the Council decided to introduce remedial measures with the aim of improving the selectivity of fishing gears and reducing bycatches.\nConcerning seabass, it was decided to slightly increase the by-catch levels in the Northern areas and grant additional flexibility in their management. The bag limit for seabass recreational fisheries was set to two specimen per fisherman per day under certain conditions, and only from 1 March to 30 November 2020 for Northern seabass.\nThe Council agreement largely confirmed the initial Commission proposal, which established fishing opportunities in the form of yearly total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas by fish stocks in the different fishing zones. TACs and quotas concern stocks that the EU manages either autonomously or jointly with third countries, for instance with Norway in the North Sea and the Skagerrak, or through agreements reached in the framework of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs).\nBased on the scientific advice provided by the International council for the exploration of the sea (ICES), the Commission had proposed for 2020 to:\n- increase or keep current catch limits for 32 stocks,\n- reduce it for 40 stocks.\nOne of the main objectives of the reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is to ensure high long-term fishing yields (maximum sustainable yield) by 2020 at the latest. In December 2018, 59 stocks were already fished at MSY levels.\nIn a further statement released by the European Commission it went on to say:\nWe had long and intense negotiations, but finally we are here to announce that next year we will enter a new era of European fisheries.\nI would like to draw your attention to 4 key highlights we all have agreed on.\nFirst, with a long term ambition, today we reached an agreement proving our credibility to deliver on the maximum sustainable yield objective that we all have committed to under the Common Fisheries Policy. Next year the EU Member States’ fleet will fish at the level that would not hinder the regeneration of the stocks.\nSecond, thanks to the efforts made by European fishermen and women we already see that sustainable fishing pays off. Sustainability in fisheries serves both our planet and our fishing communities who deserve a chance to reap real economic rewards.\nMany success stories show us that stocks that have been overfished can recover thanks to the ambitious actions taken. This is the case for Northern hake: today fishers can catch twice as much as in 2008. This is the case with Northern seabass: emergency measures agreed in 2015 have led to maximum sustainable yield fishing after only three years.\nToday’s efforts will have an impact already in the following year. We agreed on a number of substantial increases for more than 25 valuable fish stocks. The more sustainable we are, the more prosperous European fishermen and women will be.\nThird, following the collapse of Cod in the Celtic Sea we agreed on a comprehensive package of measures to stimulate the regeneration of the stocks in this sea basin.\nWe agreed to stop targeting Cod in the Celtic Sea and only allow limited bycatch where it is unavoidable in the fishery of the other stocks. This will also apply to Cod West of Scotland, Whiting in the Irish Sea and Whiting in the Celtic Sea.\nI want to especially stress that for the first time the focus of the agreed fisheries management is on strict measures increasing selectivity. The selectivity enables fishers to minimize the unavoidable catches. Increase of mesh sizes, extension of protection zones and the monitoring measures introduced will improve selectivity and sustainability of fishing activities in the Celtic Sea and the Kattegat.\nToday’s overall agreement for the Atlantic and the North Sea stocks brings 99.4 percent of landings in the EU from sustainable sources. For some of the remaining stocks the agreement foresees even stricter conservation measures.\nFourth, we are extending sustainable fisheries to new sea basins For the first time ever, this year, the Commission has proposed fishing opportunities covering the Mediterranean Sea. Together with Member States we agreed to a 10 percent reduction of fishing effort for demersal species in the Mediterranean Sea. For the Black Sea, we have reached a compromise on quotas for the two most important commercial species, sprat and turbot, shared between Bulgaria and Romania.\nOn this positive note, I would like to thank the Finnish Presidency, Member States and my Commission colleagues for their work and constructive cooperation. The balanced compromise, which reflects the importance of the three pillars of sustainability – environmental, social and economic – will lead to thriving fishermen, women and coastal communities as well as healthy seas and oceans.\nToday we showed that we can keep up with a high pace ensuring sustainability in fisheries. It must be a new standard for the future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It is estimated that around eight million pieces of plastic waste enter our oceans every day and most comes from land-based sources.\nAs divers and snorkellers, you can support our marine environment every day. From simply popping discarded litter into your BC pocket on a dive or picking up litter when you're on the beach, to organising an Underwater Litterpick, there are plenty of ways to do your bit.\nHow to get involved in the BSAC Marine Clean 2018\n- Get your Five-a-Day – embrace the Marine Clean ethos by pledging to collect at least five pieces of single-use plastic every day! Find out more and make your pledge now.\n- Marine clean as you dive – get together with your club or your dive buddies and organise an Underwater Litterpick – or commit to being an ‘Underwater Litterpicker’ on every dive. Our BSAC Underwater Litterpick resources will help you get started.\n- Clean up topside! Whether it’s part of a family day out to the beach, your surface interval on a club trip or a more organised group effort, make every trip to the beach or coastline a chance to have a tidy up! Beach Cleans – which can also include roads and areas leading up to a beach - can really make a difference in the amount of debris getting into our oceans. Use our Guide to Beach Cleans to get started.\n- Do it – share it! Collect, capture and upload your Marine Clean 2018 pictures and success stories.\nFrom a photo of the litter you collect, to a pic of your Underwater Litterpick or Beach Clean team in action, share your BSAC Marine Clean efforts on Instagram or Twitter using the hashtag #bsacmarineclean to show your support and help clean up your marine environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Projects per year\nI am a chemist by training, but developed a strong interest in the oceans during my undergraduate degree. During my PhD, most of which was completed at Plymouth Marine Laboratory, I studied the chemistry of complex natural organic matter in estuarine conditions. I then went on to investigate the fate of similar organic materials during alumina recovery from bauxite at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica. After returning to the UK, I spent some time at the University of Liverpool working on the analysis of iron and other trace metals in seawater. In 1997 I moved to the University of East Anglia, where my research interests have developed into the fields of marine and atmospheric iodine biogeochemistry and the atmospheric transport of nutrients and trace metals and their impact on the marine carbon cycle.\n- 1984-1987, University of Southampton, BSc (Hons), Chemistry with Oceanography, Upper Second Class\n- 1987-1992, University of Southampton, PhD, Marine Chemistry\n- 1992-1994, Research Fellow, Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, Jamaica\n- 1995-1997, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, Oceanography Laboratories, University of Liverpool\n- 1997-2005, Senior Research Assistant, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia\n- 1999, Temporary Lecturer, Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, Jamaica\n- 2005-2010, RCUK Academic Fellow, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia\n- 2010-2017, Reader in Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia\n- 2017-present, Professor of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia\nI am currently advertising this PhD studentship: Microplastics: All up in the air? Deadline: 10th July 2021.\nOther PhD Positions\nHowever, feel free to email me to discuss alternative projects in other areas of ocean-atmosphere chemical exchange and sources of funding.\nClick here for other PhD opportunities in the School of Environmental Sciences.\nKey Research Interests\nMy current research focuses on the chemistry of interactions between the atmosphere and the surface of the ocean. A major part of this involves a study of deposition in aerosols and rain of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, iron and other trace metals) to the ocean, in order to assess their impact on marine productivity and hence the global carbon cycle. On a global scale, iron is the nutrient for which atmospheric inputs to the ocean have the most significant impact on phytoplankton growth. I study the factors that control how much of the iron that falls into the ocean actually dissolves in seawater as this is the fraction which helps to fuel phytoplankton growth. My other main research area involves the study of iodine cycling in the marine atmosphere (where iodine chemistry influences ozone destruction and new aerosol formation) and in seawater (where the metabolism of iodine by algae is linked to the flux of iodine from the ocean into the atmosphere).\nPublications: EPrints Digital Repository\n- Director of Admissions for ENV\n- Natural Sciences Rep and Placement Director Year in Europe\nCollaborations and top research areas from the last five years\nDive into details\nSelect a country/territory to view shared publications and projects\n1/09/21 → 30/11/22\nLettice, F., Alexander, M., Askounis, A., Baker, A., Cammidge, A., Chao, Y., Fabian, L., Fielden, J., Hernaez, M., Hui, O., Kaplani, E., Khimyak, Y., Liss, P., Lord, R., Marin, M. J., Mayes, A., Melendi-Espina, S., Nolte, S., Romanov, A., Saeed, A., Sobolewski, A., Tolhurst, T. & Wright, J.\n6/11/20 → 31/08/22\nBaker, AR. & Croot, PL., 2010, In: Marine Chemistry. 120, 1-4, p. 4-13 10 p.\nResearch output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review289 Citations (Scopus)\nEstimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50 degrees North to 50 degrees South based on large-scale field sampling: Fixed nitrogen and dry deposition of phosphorusBaker, AR., Lesworth, T., Adams, C., Jickells, TJ. & Ganzeveld, L., 2010, In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 24\nResearch output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review89 Citations (Scopus)\nEstimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50°N to 50°S based on large-scale field sampling: Iron and other dust-associated elementsBaker, A. R., Adams, C., Bell, T. G., Jickells, T. D. & Ganzeveld, L., 1 Aug 2013, In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 27, 3, p. 755-767 13 p.\nResearch output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review77 Citations (Scopus)\nBaker, A., Bergmann, M., Brahney, J., Butler, T., Duce, R. A., Eckhardt, S., Evangeliou, N., Jickells, T., Kanakidou, M., Kershaw, P., Laj, P., Levermore, J., Li, D., Liss, P., Liu, K., Mahowald, N., Masque, P. & 13 others, , Jun 2022, In: Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 3, 6, p. 393–405 13 p.\nResearch output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-reviewOpen AccessFile73 Citations (Scopus)9 Downloads (Pure)\nGómez Martín, J. C., Saiz Lopez, A., Cuevas, C. A., Baker, A. & Fernandez, R. P., 27 Feb 2022, In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 127, 4, 14 p., e2021JD036081.\nResearch output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-reviewOpen AccessFile9 Downloads (Pure)\n- 2 External research organisation\nJoint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (External organisation)\nAlex Baker (Member)2013 → …\nActivity: Membership › External research organisation\nAlex Baker (Member)2008 → …\nActivity: Membership › External research organisation\nIncreased acidity in the atmosphere is disrupting the ecological balance of the oceans, according to new research led by UEA.\n7/07/21 → 12/07/21\n24 items of Media coverage\nPress/Media: Press / Media", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Waves are driven by the wind, and wind is created by sun-heated air rising upwards. So wave power is indirect energy from the sun.\nGenerating electricity from waves has been researched since the 1970’s, but is only now becoming a reality. Several different designs have been developed for practical, tough, wave power systems. But they are all variations on a theme; waves travelling up and down move something mechanical that spins a turbine.\nLuckily for us, the seas around the UK are one of the best places in the world for wave power. Winds blowing from the south west across the Atlantic produce strong waves all year round. However, the flip side of this is the sheer power of winter storms at sea. One of the most difficult aspects of wave power technology is building machinery that is tough enough to not be destroyed these storms.\nHere are some examples of wave power in action\nMany different types of wave power devices are now being tested in a wave\nfarm off the coast of Cornwall, to see which works best.\nSalter's Duck, wave research in the 1970's and how it upset the energy industry", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Longitudinally compatible DWDM applications for repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems\n|Publication Date:||1 November 2009|\nThis Recommendation provides physical layer specifications for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications in point-to-point repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems. The goal is to enable longitudinally compatible applications.\nThe primary purpose is to enable multiple vendors to provide transmission equipment for submarine fibre links that are compliant with this Recommendation.\nThis Recommendation includes a generic reference model for the physical layer applications. The specifications take into account parameters such as maximum attenuation, fibre types, wavelength ranges, maximum chromatic dispersion, minimum local chromatic dispersion coefficient, maximum differential group delay, and minimum effective area.\nThis Recommendation focuses on repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable systems without remotely pumped optical amplifiers.\nThis Recommendation presumes that the optical tributary signals transported within optical channels are digital.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1 edition of Assessment of Hong Kong\"s inshore fishery resources found in the catalog.\nAssessment of Hong Kong\"s inshore fishery resources\n|Statement||by Tony J. Pitcher ... [et al.].|\n|Series||Fisheries Centre research reports -- v. 6, no. 1.|\n|Contributions||Pitcher, T. J., University of British Columbia. Fisheries Centre.|\n|LC Classifications||SH298.3 .A77 1998|\n|The Physical Object|\n|Pagination||81,  p. :|\n|Number of Pages||81|\nI love fishing to the most extreme and I'm all about the preservation of the salt water wildlife! Sea Breeze Charters follows the guidelines of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, the South Eastern Fishery Council and I'm a member of the IGFA (International Game Fish Association). Best Books of the Year ; to various units of China Fishery Group, a Hong Kong-based, Two years later the family listed Pacific Andes Resources Development, in which PAIH held a Minimum to Customize Books: 50 copies Overview The third edition is thoroughly revised to take into account the new Companies Ordinance (Chapter , effective ) and Hong Kong Standards on Quality Control, Auditing, Assurance and Related Services (updated June ), and numerous developments of a full range of auditing topics since the.\nHitler on the doorstep : Operation Sea Lion : the German plan to invade Britain, 1940\nReminiscences of an amateur book-builder\nstandard American drawing and lettering book.\nHuman-machine interface design for process control\nA short account of Scotland\nZondervan Pastors Annual.\nEnglish Anthems (Byrd Edition)\nThe little book of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nFifty-two stories of school life and after for boys\nProcedures for the Legal Secretary\nAssessment of Hong Kong Inshore Fishery Resources, Page 4 INTRODUCTION This report describes the catch, biomass and exploitation status of fished stocks in the km2 of Hong Kong’s coastal waters, the trophic structure of Hong Kong's inshore marine ecosystem, and the predicted impact of specified changes to fisheries management on the ecosystem.\nAssessment of Hong Kong's inshore fishery resources. Assessment of Hong Kong's inshore fishery resources: Alternate Title: Fisheries Centre research reports, Vol.\n6, no. 1: Creator: Pitcher, Tony J. Watson, Reg Courtney, Anthony Pauly, Daniel: Publisher: Fisheries Centre. University of British Columbia: Date Issued: Description. Abstract EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This work aims to determine the exploitation status of Hong Kong's inshore fishery resources, and the likely impact of management measures.\nView Homework Help - FISHERY_RESOURCES (1).pdf from BUSI at University of Maryland. ASSESSMENT OF HONG KONGS IN S HO RE FISHERY RESOURCES by Tony J.\nPitcher Reg Watson Anthony Courtney & Daniel. Fisheries Centre Research Reports No. 6 (Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.\nThis work aims to determine the exploitation status of Hong Kong’s inshore fishery resources, and the likely impact of management measures on the coastal ecosystem. This report describes results of the assessment work performed.\nThe inshore waters of Tokyo, New York and Hong Kong were once substantial fisheries, but only vestiges remain after they were degraded by expansion of the built environment, infrastructure, land. To bring the fishing industry back to a sustainable path, the Government has amended the Fisheries Protection Ordinance (Cap.\n) to implement a series of fisheries management measures to control the fishing effort in Hong Kong waters and protect important Assessment of Hong Kongs inshore fishery resources book spawning and nursery grounds. 1. Introduction. The inshore waters of Tokyo, New York and Hong Kong were once substantial fisheries, but only vestiges remain after they were degraded by expansion of the built environment, infrastructure, land reclamation, pollution, and overfishing.Fisheries research has overlooked these metropolitan inshores in favour of addressing the urgent sustainability issues.\nThese include the trawl ban, the registration of local fishing vessels, and eventual designation of fisheries protection areas in Hong Kong waters to protect important fish nursery and spawning grounds etc. Report of the Committee on Sustainable Fisheries.\nReport on Survey of Fisheries Resources in Hong Kong (). Assessment of Hong Kong’s inshore fishery resources.\nFisheries Centre Research Reports 6(1): 81p. Watson R. and Pauly, D.(). Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends. Nature Wilson, K. The Hong Kong marine fish culture industry –. Inthe production of the capture fisheries and mariculture sectors accounted for about 28% of all seafood consumed in Hong Kong, whereas pond fish farms produced about 2% of the total consumption of freshwater fish.\nCapture Fisheries. Inthe number of fishing vessels was about 5, and that of local fishermen was ab smaller than 12 m, and fish in inshore waters of Hong Kong. I also estimated the amount of recreational catches and discards from fisheries.\nMETHODS. Background of Hong Kong fisheries. Before and immediately after World War II, fishing boats were largely un. The recent development of Hong Kong's marine fisheries [Che-leung Ho] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying : Che-leung Ho.\nThe feeding of Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker) on fishing grounds of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Fisheries Bulletin, No.3, pp, Lee CKC The reproduction, growth and survival of Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker) in relation to the commercial fishery in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Fisheries Bulletin, No.4, Inshore Finfish Fisheries MPI Technical Paper No.\n/23 Prepared by Inshore Fisheries, Resource Management and Programmes, Ministry for Primary Industries ISBN No: (online) ISSN No: (online) July Wherever you go in Hong Kong, it seems that if you can get to the water, you will see someone fishing.\nYou can find them on the busy waterfront promenades of the New Towns. You can find them on the empty shores of the Outlying Islands.\nYou can even find a few hardy types in tiny dinghies, dodging massive ships in the middle of Victoria Harbour. One thing in common with all these. Leung, A.W.Y. Temporal trends in fish abundance and species composition on an open access artificial reef in Hong Kong PhD dissertation University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, pp Google Scholar Leung, A.W.Y., Lee, C.K.C.\nOn the application of catch and effort information from the Hong Kong trawl fishery and associated problems. Hong Kong Live Seafood; Marine Fishes.\nHelp Conserve Fisheries Resources and Sustain the Reef Fish Trade; Fishing Fleets; Hong Kong Live Seafood; Hong Kong Live Seafood - Marine Fishes. Cultured substitute: with Ciguatera records: Conservation: Russell's Snapper: Malabar red snapper: Mangrove snapper.\nThis section makes reference to the following Hong Kong Government ordinances regulations, guidelines and standards and international conventions when identifying fisheries activities, and assessing impacts of the proposed jetty development on the fisheries resources and activities in the assessment area.\nForeword. The purpose of this Integrated Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) is to identify the main objectives and requirements for the inshore lobster fishery in Maritimes Region, namely Lobster Fishing Areasas well as the tactics that will be used to achieve these objectives.\nHONG KONG - The continuing growth of the region's fish and aquaculture market was the central theme at the fifth edition of Seafood Expo Asia held from September at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre. Lai Loi Chau, a freshwater fish farmer who chairs the Hong Kong New Territories Fish Culture Association and participated in the pilot scheme, said about 1, fish ponds exist in Hong Kong.\n“Birds around the fishpond wetlands feed on 15 to 20 percent of the fry in our ponds,” Lai says. “It costs us about HK$, a year for a one. Inshore fishery. The ownership of the fishery resources is not clearly defined (Fong ) but the rights to use the resource by qoliqoli owners (custodians) is well established in Section 17 of the Fisheries Act.\nNot only the ownership but the exploitation of the resources by others for commercial purpose is also clearly spelt out. Study Area for this fisheries impact assessment (Figure ). The importance of fishing resources and fisheries operations identified within the Study Area was assessed using the EIAO-TM.\nThe potential impacts due to the construction and operation of the drainage tunnel have been assessed (following the EIAO-TM Annex 17 guidelines) and the impacts. According to Can Git-faa, secretary of Tai O Rural Committee, two thirds of villagers are fishermen in the s while the resident population drops to less than 2, now and few would fish any more.\nThe reduction of fisheries resources in Hong Kong waters and the rise of fuel costs result in shrinking profits. Fisheries: The investigation and assessment of aquatic resources is done annually, but with low efficiency due to improper methods and limited budgets.\nAt present, the surveyed data and statistics are not strong enough to be a theoretical foundation for the government to manage and protect the aquatic resources.\nThe uneaten feed and waste from inshore fish farms can also easily trigger algal blooms, or red tides, which cause widespread havoc on ecosystems. Hong Kong fish. - Buy Changes in Hong Kong's Capture Fisheries During the 20th Century and Reconstruction of the Marine Ecosystem of Local Inshore Waters in the s book online at best prices in India on Read Changes in Hong Kong's Capture Fisheries During the 20th Century and Reconstruction of the Marine Ecosystem of Local Inshore Waters in the s book reviews & Author: Wai-Lung Cheung.\nHong Kong Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Conservation and Environment Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism MARINEs Management Action for Resources of Inshore and Nearshore Environments.\n1. Introduction. China accounts for more than 60% of the world aquaculture production and has remained the major producer for fisheries production, followed by Indonesia, the United States and Russia .Inthe total value of production in fisheries in China was CNY billion (US$ billion) , contributing to approximately % of the nation's GDP.\n1 The fishery is an industry. If the summer’s just too darn hot for you to tackle, then wait until the off-season begins in November and head out to one of Hong Kong’s 17 reservoirs which are open to the public for fishing.\nStaff and resources from six government departments were deployed to the EPD. The EPD replaced the Environmental Protection Agency (which had been created in to replace the Environmental Protection Unit, created in ) as the main government body charged with tackling pollution.\nKE Q Addendum to Int'l Medical Guide for Ships, 3rd Ed £19 KE Guidance for Fish Waste, Edition £10 EB Space Requirements for Special Trade Ships, £10 KE International Medical Guide for Ships, 3rd Ed £66 KE Guidelines on assessment of dredged material, £15 EAE Safety Code for Fishermen & F Vessels(A.\nHong Kongs Premier Sport Fishing Charter. Not just a fishing charter – we specialise in outdoor experiences on the water and at the beach. We will show you Hong Kongs hidden beauty. Contact Us. Our Availability.\nMobile/WhatsApp: + Mobile/WhatsApp: + Skype: Kidusi. Email: ta[email protected]. Resources Agriculture. Inthere were 2, farms in the territory, employing directly about 5, farmers and workers.\nBy the end ofthe land used for vegetable, flower, field crop, and orchard are ha, ha, 30 ha, and ha respectively. A fact sheet published in estimates that only 7 square kilometres of land in Hong Kong are actively farmed.\nTuna and pelagic fishers catch southern blue fin tuna, skipjack tuna, albacore, kahawai and mackerels. Members of Fisheries Inshore New Zealand own more than 51% of the quota in fish-stocks and between 40% and 51% in a further 13 fish-stocks.\nIntroduction. Global finfish catches from capture fisheries peaked in the s and have declined or remained stable since the early s, yet global invertebrate catches have continued to gh some invertebrate fisheries have existed for centuries –, many others have commenced or rapidly expanded over the past 2–3 decades.Today, shrimp has the largest share of the total.\nAssessment is an ongoing process built into the cycles of teaching and learning. Though there are times (such as final exams in upper grades) when assessment is a culmination of learning, in general assessment is incorporated into teaching and learning and the results of assessments are used by teachers and students to guide future learning.\nYou can combine the range of with the depth of NADA Guides to help you pinpoint the market value of a boat. NADA Guides is a comprehensive vehicle-listing website that publishes blue-book type specifications, research material, and pricing information on boats and personal watercraft as well as other types of vehicles.\nby Mr. Napoleon Salvador J. Lamarca. Regional Fisheries Policy Network (RFPN) Member for the Philippines. INTRODUCTION. The Philippines is an archipelago that consists of 7, islands with a total land area ofkm total area of marine waters including EEZ is 2, km 2 and the total length of its coastlines is 36, km.\nThe country’s shelf and coral reef areas cover.Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS) KE IMOEdition KE IGC Code, Edition KAE Waste Assesssment Guidelines, EAE Anti-Fouling Systems (AFS) Convention, Ed KAE IGC Code, Edition KBE London Convention & London Protocol, KE Hong Kong Convention, Edition KE IGF Code, Edition KE.We have more than 10 years experience in the fishing business and provide a first-class experience in adventure services in the area of the Pacific.\nWe also raise the quality of tourism services in the region and help conserve the environment and resources to make tourism a sustainable self-economic activity.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Professor Callum Roberts\nStella Turk Building\nUniversity of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE\nI am Professor of Marine Conservation in the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at the University of Exeter's Cornwall campus. My research focuses on threats to marine ecosystems and species and on finding the means to protect them. My main interests include documenting the impacts of fishing on marine life, both historic and modern, and exploring the theory and practical effectiveness of marine protected areas for conservation and fisheries management.\nFor the last few decades I have used science to make the case for stronger protection for marine life at both national and international levels. My research group designed half a million square kilometres of marine protection in the North Atlantic that was established by OSPAR in 2010. We also provided the scientific underpinning for a new ocean protection target – 30% marine protected areas by 2030 – which is gaining widespread support as a follow on to the UN 10% by 2020 target.\nI am also an author. The Unnatural History of the Sea (Island Press) charts the effects of 1000 years of exploitation on ocean life. A second book, Ocean of life: how our seas are changing (Penguin Books), shows that the oceans are changing faster and in more ways than at any time in human history, and sets out a series of reforms that could lead to a more sustainable future. I have also written a book with the award winning photographer Alex Mustard, Secrets of the Seas (Bloomsbury), which through his glorious images showcases some of the most beautiful wildlife and places in the sea. My latest book, Reef Life (Profile Books), is on the past and precarious future of the world’s richest marine ecosystem, coral reefs.\nI was chief scientific advisor for the BBC television’s flagship series Blue Planet II. I work extensively with ocean conservation charities and am Chief Scientific Advisor to BLUE Marine Foundation as well as a Trustee. I am also a WWF UK Ambassador, am on the board of the Nekton Deep Ocean Research Institute, scientific advisor to the Maldives Coral Institute, and advisor to the Pew Bertarelli Global Ocean Legacy Program.\nBSc (Hons) Biology, University of York 1983\nPhD Coral reef ecology, University of York 1987\nResearch group links\nPublications by category\nPublications by year\nCallum_Roberts Details from cache as at 2023-12-06 15:12:00\n- BIO3433 - Ocean Management and Conservation\n- BIOM4040 - Fisheries Management\n- BIOM4042 - Coral Reef Field Course\n- BIOM4050 - Marine Protected Areas", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Leathery Sea Squirt Steyla clava\nSea squirts are animals shaped like a stout bag with two openings (siphons). This species is differentiated from other sea squirts in the UK by being solitary, with each individual having its own basal stalk. The species was probably introduced in 1952 on the hulls of warships returning after the Korean war. It can be found on the south and west coasts of England as far north as Cumbria and in abundance in certain parts of the Solent in southern England and parts of Loch Ryan and other scattered Scottish localities.\nLarge populations dominate and displace other species through competition for food and space. It is also a fouling pest on ship hulls and aquaculture infrastructure.\nIf you are a regular scuba diver, boater or beach comber and are interested in recording species this new app for smartphones has launched http://www.brc.ac.uk/sealife_tracker/ . The Sealife Tracker project aims to collect much needed data on both invasive and climate change indicator marine species around the UK coastline.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Brown tide refers to several phytoplankton species that color the water brown at high concentrations and is primarily found in the eastern embayments\nof Long Island, including the Great South Bay, Moriches Bay, Shinnecock Bay, and the Peconic Bays system.\nAround Kodiak Island, juvenile Tanner crabs grow more rapidly in protected embayments\nwith fine sediments, compared with other more exposed nearshore locations (Ryer et al.\nCrabs in protected embayments\nwere larger in August than crabs at open coastal sites.\nSince the initial discovery of Sargassum horneri and Undaria pinnatifida in the Port of Los Angeles and Long Beach complex, their range and abundance has dramatically increased throughout the Southern California Bight to include many Channel Islands and coastal embayments\nare present in shallow marginal areas of embayments\nThe slight embayments\nmapped at the outer ends of the drains that cross the marsh also generally indicate an erosional state.\nThe no discharge zone encompasses approximately 3,675 square miles and 326 shoreline miles, including the navigable portions of the Lower Genesee, Oswego, Black Rivers and numerous other tributaries and harbors, embayments\nof the Lake including Irondequoit Bay, Sodus Bay, North/South Ponds, Henderson Bay, Black River Bay and Chautmont Bay, and an abundance of formally designated habitats and waterways of local, state, and national significance.\nMazes of mangrove-edged connected creeks and embayments\ncreate extensive nurseries for bonefish and other species.\nFor well-equilibrated open waters in the Eastern Australian Current the northeast coast value is likely to approximate local open ocean values, but studies elsewhere suggest that the waters within embayments\nlike Moreton Bay itself could reflect local input and hydrological conditions (e.\nIn Alaska, brant are increasing along the Alaska Peninsula at Izembek Lagoon and adjacent embayments\n, where virtually the entire eastern Pacific Flyway population stages in fall prior to transoceanic migration to wintering areas (Reed et al.\n56 papers from the Tenth International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling are presented in this volume, providing engineers in the field with updates on state-of-the-art application and models for bays, sounds, estuaries, embayments\n, bights, lagoons and coastal seas.\nFormed largely of freshwater glacial ice, the Larsen Ice Shelf is a series of three shelves occupying distinct embayments\nalong the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and are named A, 13 and C according to their location.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cape Hatteras National Seashore warns its visitors that ocean conditions this week are forecast to be dangerous along all beaches due to distant Hurricane Lee. Visitors are urged to avoid swimming in the ocean until conditions improve.\nLarge breaking waves, life-threatening rip currents, beach erosion, ocean overwash, and coastal flooding are all possible, according to the National Weather Service’s Newport/Morehead City Weather Reporting Office. These dangerous conditions are expected to persist into this weekend.Add to favorites\nCredit: Original content published here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Livestock manure is a main source of ammonia nitrogen emissions in the Baltic Sea region. This is a problem in most countries in the region, including Russia and Belarus, as the emissions account for a major portion of nitrogen entering the Baltic Sea. Thanks to new slurry acidification technologies, developed in Denmark, it is possible for farms to reduce the loss of ammonia by 70 percent.\nThe Eastern Slurry Acidification project will involve Russia and Belarus into the EU project, in which the goal is to promote the use of these new technologies. The partners from Russia and Belarus will become familiar with three types of acidification technologies. In turn, this project will improve the chances of the EU project to make a positive impact on the Baltic Sea, as all countries in the drainage area will be working together.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The east Izu has 400 kinds of seaweed growing in the sea, the greatest number in Japan, due to the various depth of seabed. Spring is said to be the season of seaweed in the year, with the richest variety and beautiful colors and shapes. At SORANO Beach Books & Cafe, the decoration theme is \"Seaweed blossoms appreciation”, for you to appreciate seaweed just as appreciate flowers blossoms.\n◎ The special seats facing the sea and surrounded by seaweed Come to check the sofa where you can lie down and relax, decorated with the panels of seaweed. Enjoy the colors and shapes of glittering seaweed under the sunlight.\n◎ The bookshelf decorated with seaweed photos Come to check the book shelf containing about 600 books. You can enjoy the art of seaweed by the pressed seaweed craft photos on the shelf while choosing books.\n◎ The acrylic glass table with seaweed sealed in Come to check the pressed seaweed craft sealed in the glass tables of the café, and appreciate its colors and shape closely while having a cup of tea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Sea of Anar is a cold but beautiful crystal blue sea. The name is given to it by the Sybren Imperium. The word \"anar\", in the Sybrenese language, translates roughly as both \"north\" and \"cold\". The Sea of Anar is swept with strong seasonal storms, but fishing vessels venturing into this water come back with excellent hauls. This sea is the home of the Giant Anarian Sea Turtle.\nThis website was last updated October 5, 2021. Copyright 1990-2021 David M. Roomes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A profitable ecotourism industry has arisen around this species involving organized \"shark feeds\", in which groups of reef sharks are attracted to divers using bait. Some US$6,000,000 is spent annually on shark viewing in the Bahamas, where at some sites a single living Caribbean reef shark has a value between US$13,000 and US$40,000 (compared to a one-time value of US$50–60 for a dead shark). This practice has drawn controversy, as opponents argue that the sharks may learn to associate humans with food, increasing the chances of a shark attack, and that the removal of reef fishes for bait may damage the local ecosystem. Conversely, proponents maintain that shark feeds contribute to conservation by incentivizing the protection of sharks and educating people about them. Thus far, there has been little evidence that shark feeds have increased the risk of attack in the surrounding area. Shark feeding has been outlawed off the coast of Florida, but continues at other locations in the Caribbean.\nBased on morphological similarities, Jack Garrick in 1982 grouped this species with the bignose shark (C. altimus) and the sandbar shark (C. plumbeus), while Leonard Compagno in 1988 placed it as the sister species of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos). A phylogenetic analysis based on allozyme data, published by Gavin Naylor in 1992, indicated that the Caribbean reef shark is the sister taxon to a clade formed by the Galapagos shark (C. galapagensis), dusky shark (C. obscurus), oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus), and the blue shark (Prionace glauca). However, more work is required to fully resolve the interrelationships within Carcharhinus.\nWWF works to preserve the coral habitats where reef sharks live through the creation and improved management of marine protected areas, elaboration of fisheries management plans, and the introduction of fishing bans to protect vulnerable species including reef sharks. WWF also promoted the understanding that communities can derive more economic value from reef sharks through tourism than through their capture. We support local communities to set up appropriate ecotourism systems and infrastructure to ensure well-managed and sustainable shark tourism operations.\nDespite its abundance in certain areas, the Caribbean reef shark is one of the least-studied large requiem sharks. They are believed to play a major role in shaping Caribbean reef communities. These sharks are more active at night, with no evidence of seasonal changes in activity or migration. Juveniles tend to remain in a localized area throughout the year, while adults range over a wider area.\nIn older literature, the scientific name of this species was often given as C. menisorrah. The blacktail reef shark (C. wheeleri), native to the western Indian Ocean, is now regarded as the same species as the grey reef shark by most authors. It was originally distinguished from the grey reef shark by a white tip on the first dorsal fin, a shorter snout, and one fewer upper tooth row on each side. Based on morphological characters, vertebral counts, and tooth shapes, Garrick (1982) concluded the grey reef shark is most closely related to the silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus). This interpretation was supported by a 1992 allozyme phylogenetic analysis by Lavery.\nTake on your activities with high-quality Reef Flip Flops from Academy Sports. This gear is designed to motivate and help you get the most out of your activities. When it comes to Reef Flip Flops you never want to settle for anything less than the best. That's why we feature this top-tier brand that provides products you can trust and will want to show off. Quality materials combine with exceptional design to keep you feeling your best. Shop our incredible assortment now to find your new go-to's, or find the perfect birthday or holiday gift for a friend or family member. Any fan of this popular brand would love a gift from this great selection. After all, having the best gear is the best motivation to get up, get out, and get active. You can always count on Academy to have the best assortment of outdoor and indoor essentials that are reliable and ready for anything you are.\nAncient reefs buried within stratigraphic sections are of considerable interest to geologists because they provide paleo-environmental information about the location in Earth's history. In addition, reef structures within a sequence of sedimentary rocks provide a discontinuity which may serve as a trap or conduit for fossil fuels or mineralizing fluids to form petroleum or ore deposits.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scuba Dive at the Great Barrier Reef\nIf you want to see this world wonder in its entirety, you will have to go to space (a trip we aren’t opposed to, if only it were a bit more accessible), but we recommend a closer look anyway. Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral formation in the world and is home to whales, shipwrecks, sharks, and more than 1,600 species of colorful fish. Take a scuba diving tour of the reef out of Cairns to swim in and out of the coral exploring the world’s best diving location. It’s a breathtaking experience, but don’t hold your breath too long, or you’ll have to quit the dive early.\nFor access to exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube!Back to top", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A younger grey whale has been sighted off the southern French coast in current days, misplaced in the Mediterranean and making an attempt unsuccessfully to make it again to its pure habitat, the northern Pacific.\nThe whale, eight metres lengthy and round 15 months outdated, had already been seen off Morocco in March, after which once more in Italian waters, first close to Naples, then Rome after which Genoa.\nPacific grey whales are native to the Pacific, with a lot of them spending winters off the Mexican state of Baja California and summers in Alaska.\n\"It's possible that the whale, born in California, got lost in the Beaufort Sea [in the Arctic] during its first feeding season,\" Adrien Gannier, a veterinary surgeon and a member of the rescue community, advised AFP.\n\"Instead of returning down to the Pacific, it probably went the Atlantic way and then got trapped in the Mediterranean,\" he mentioned.\nGrey whales often keep close to the coast and feed in shallow waters.\nMr Gannier mentioned he had noticed the younger cetacean close to Bormes-Les-Mimosas, on the French Riviera, the place the port authorities managed to entice it to take course again into the open sea.\nThe hope is now that the younger whale makes its well beyond the Gulf of Lion and the Spanish coast, exits the Mediterranean close to Gibraltar and travels north throughout the Atlantic.\n\"It seems in quite good health, but thin because its feeding pattern is not adapted to the Mediterranean,\" Mr Gannier mentioned.\nAlthough grey whales can journey as much as 19,000 kilometres throughout their annual migration, they hardly ever get this misplaced.\nThe final time a grey whale was sighted in the Mediterranean was in 2010, off the Israeli and Spanish coasts, Mr Gannier mentioned.\nprimarily based on web site supplies www.rte.ie", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Whale watching cruises in Orange County run from Dana Point and Newport Beach. Seasonal sightings along the coast include blue whales and gray whales. Any time of year, you may also see fin whales, humpback whales, minke whales, and orcas.\nDana Point is famous for sightings of dolphins by the thousands. If you want to know more about them, check the Guide to Whales and Dolphins of the California Coast.\nBest Time for Whale Watching in Orange County\nWhale watching season in Orange County is nearly year round, but some of the whales are there only part of the year.\nBlue whale season is May through November. Gray Whales are there from November through April. The big pods of dolphins often seen at Dana Point are around all year long. So are the sea lions, making for a high probability of seeing a marine animal no matter when you go.\nWhale Watching Cruises from Dana Point\nDana Point is the most popular spot for whale watching in the OC. It's easy to know that from the enthusiastic reviews from people watched whales from there. That could be because of Dana Point's two-mile-wide, east-west facing coastline. I draws the whales and dolphins closer to the shore. But whatever the reason, Dana Point is the place to go for a fun whale watching cruise.\nCaptain Dave's is a very highly rated whale watch operator in Dana Point.\nThey have the best-equipped boats - and the best guest reviews - I've heard of in all of California. Their catamaran is equipped with underwater hydrophones so you can hear the animals' calls. And underwater viewing pods give you a better, eye-to-eye look.\nAccording to experts, gray whales breach - that's the spectacular jump-out-of-the-water and make a big splash move - more often near Dana Point and Laguna.\nThat's another reason to make the trip down to Dana Point if you can.\nWhale Watching Cruises from Newport Beach\nYou can also have fun on a whale watch from Newport Beach if that's more convenient. Whale watching tours in Newport Beach include Dana Wharf Fishing and Whale Watching, Davey's Locker and Ocean Explorer Cruises.\nSome of these companies add on extra charges for fuel, something to check for, so you know what to expect regarding prices.\nNewport Landing partners with Riter Aviation to offer unique whale watching trips from an airplane. See the details at their website.\nWhale Watching from the Shore around Dana Point and Orange County\nThe best place for Dana Point whale watching from land is from the trail along the headlands near the marina, but it's not the only place you can try. For more ideas, check this list of the best whale watching parks in Orange County.\nMore things Whale-Related in Orange County\nThe annual Dana Point Festival of Whales occurs in March, with so much to do that it stretches over two weekends.\nHow to Make the Most of Whale Watching in Orange County\nNo matter where you watch the whales, some things are the same. Get tips for picking the best cruise and ways to have the most enjoyable experience in the California Whale Watching Guide.\nWhale watching trips are somewhat expensive. You may be tempted to go for the lowest price, but that could be a mistake. If you're looking for that trip of a lifetime, your whale watch may not be the time to go bargain-shopping.\nIf you're looking for a whale watching discount, you may find one using services like Travel Zoo, Groupon, and others. Here's something to think about before you look for them: I've seen lots of online complaints and reviews that talk about hidden costs and poor quality. In fact, it seems like the poorer the quality of the trip, the more likely you are to find a discount.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The recent quiet period in Atlantic hurricane season may be coming to an end next week.\nWe are monitoring a weak disturbance over the Caribbean, slowly drifting northwestward, for the potential of tropical cyclogenesis next week.\nThe Atlantic hurricane season has been quiet in recent weeks largely due to cooler than average water temperatures in the main development region, and higher than average vertical wind shear (winds of varying direction and speeds at different levels of the atmosphere which tend to rip storms apart).\nOne of our reliable computer models is now developing this area of low pressure (for the second day in a row) into a potential tropical storm or hurricane early / mid next week.\nThis computer model keeps the potential storm on a northwestward track, not entering the core of the Gulf of Mexico, nor coming near Texas.\nBoosting confidence in the possibility that this disturbance may develop, just today the Climate Prediction Center’s tropical hazards outlook began highlighting the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a “moderate risk” for tropical development between the week one and two outlooks.\nIt should be noted that the GFS model, another respectable long-range computer forecast, has not been developing a closed low pressure system during this time period, and is not anticipating tropical cyclogenesis.\nStay with the First Warning Weather team for updates as we approach the traditional peak of hurricane season.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I am the Science Editor for the Health Sciences Faculty of the University of Pretoria.\nHowever, I have a continuing interest in the movement patterns of animals in their environments and thus maintain collaboration with the MIMMP. I am particularly interested in how different sexes and ages of elephant seals respond to their environment. Differing energy requirements as a result of extreme sexual dimorphism can influence foraging behaviour in a highly variable environment. I am interested in how elephant seals respond to changes in sea-surface temperature, chlorophyll concentrations, sea-surface height anomalies and primary productivity. I completed my PhD in 2010 and have been working with the MIMMP since then. I spent a field season on beautiful Marion Island working with amazing seals and killer whales in 2006 and 2007.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Early Marine Survival, Movement, and Habitat Use of Juvenile Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as Determined by an Acoustic Array: Quatsino Sound, British Columbia David W. Welch*1,3, Bruce R. Ward2, and Sonia D. Batten3\n2 B.C. Fisheries Research and Development, 2204 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4 Canada\n3 Kintama Research Inc., 321-2815 Departure Bay Rd, Nanaimo, B.C. V9S 5P4\nLaDouceur & Jacobs?\n* Corresponding author\nA pilot study was conducted to assess the performance of an acoustic tracking array in a large marine system (45x42 km). An array consisting of six separate acoustic detection lines was placed on the seabed of Quatsino Sound, for two months. Forty steelhead smolts were surgically implanted with long-lived acoustic tags in the Waukwass River, and 31 subsequently entered the ocean from the river. Tracking success of the individual acoustic lines forming the array approached 100%. The array was successful in describing the movements, habitat use, and fate of all tagged smolts entering the ocean. Twenty-seven smolts moved through the fjord system to the open shelf using a variety of routes, and did not return. Four smolts remained within Quatsino Sound, two of which were detected moving over the inner lines of the array 1-2 days before the array was recovered, and two were detected moving up a long blind inlet, but did not return. Early marine survival in Quatsino Sound was either 94% or 100%, contradicting frequent assumptions that this period is a critical bottleneck determining recruitment. A permanent west coast array would provide large benefits to our understanding of marine animals occupying the continental shelf and slope regions.\nThe early ocean life history of Pacific salmon smolts is the least understood phase of the complex life history of salmon, chiefly because of the difficulty of studying the movement patterns of individual smolts. Although there are now several research programs that have begun to study the ocean biology of Pacific salmon based on newly-developed large epi-pelagic trawls (review by Brodeur et al 2000?), there are significant limitations on the interpretation of data collected from research programs that capture (and kill) fish at sea.\nBecause capture almost invariably involves the death of the animal, the detailed behaviour that allowed the animal to move to a specific geographic position in the ocean is missing. Thus, although sampling of fish caught at sea provides important information on the size, energetic status, and feeding success of the collected animals as a group, interpretation of such data is necessarily limited by the need to make some sort of assumption that the animals were static, and did not make significant movements between study regions. A second common assumption is that the stock composition of a sample of fish does not vary over time, so that differences evident over time can be interpreted as temporal changes in the characteristics of the same group of fish, rather than changes brought about by differential movements of different populations of the same species.\nSuch assumptions may be unwarranted. Given the remarkable ability of Pacific salmon to return precisely to the vicinity of their own birthplace (e.g. Quinn 1993; Quinn et al 1999), the marine feeding grounds and ocean migration pathways taken to get to them may be as population-specific as their rivers of origin, but as yet undiscovered. Although there is, as yet, little specific evidence for sharply defined and population specific movements in the ocean, the evidence for remarkable population-specific migration behaviours is known in both birds (e.g. xxx) and insects (e.g. Monarch butterflies xxx). It seems unlikely that marine fish, with their evolutionarily ancient lineage and the vast size of the oceans, would not have developed migratory abilities at least as sophisticated as those of birds and insects.\nAccepting the possibility that marine animals such as Pacific salmon may shuttle between two postal addresses– their well-defined and long accepted freshwater spawning grounds, and their as yet undiscovered ocean migration pathways and marine feeding grounds, project \"POST\"– the Pacific Ocean Salmon Tracking project, was initiated.\nWhere do salmon go? What do they do when they get there? How do they return to spawn in their home rivers? How do changes in the ocean environment affect their survival? Underlying these questions is the belief that salmon may have \"two zip codes\"– or postal addresses– homing not only back to their rivers of origin, but also to specific feeding grounds in the ocean.\nThe marine ecology of the North Pacific can be broken down into three fundamental ecological zones– the pelagic offshore overlying the abyssal plains (water depths of 3-4 kms), the continental shelf (depths 200m), and the narrow continental slope region separating the two (depths ranging from 200m at the shelf edge down to the abyssal plain). As water depths increase rapidly in the slope region, with an average gradient of just over 4º in most regions of the world (Emery 1980, Khan 2000, Wiseman and Ovey 1953), the 1,000m isobath is typically found only some 10-11 kms seaward of the edge of the continental shelf. Shoreward of the shelf edge, the shallow shelf region can be very wide in many parts of the world’s oceans. However, off the West Coast of North and South America the shelf is frequently only 15-30 kms wide, making this area one of the narrowest (and longest) continental margins in the world. Because most marine animals consistently occupy specific depth zones, efforts to monitor the movements of animals remaining in the shelf or slope water regions are perhaps simplest to implement off the West Coast of the Americas. Partly for this reason, the shelf tracking component of POST is focussed in the Pacific.\nPacific salmon provide an excellent prototype organism for studying marine movements because there is great social and economic interest in these animals and they occupy both shelf and offshore regions of the North Pacific for extended periods of time. The oceanic phase of the life history is also vastly understudied relative to the great body of freshwater research that has been undertaken in the past. In general, the migratory movements of all species of juvenile Pacific salmon (excluding steelhead) are confined to the shelf-slope region regions for many months, and some stocks eventually migrate to the open ocean after reaching the Aleutians, while other stocks appear to take up permanent residence on the shelf (Hartt and Dell, 1986; Welch, in prep.). Once past their first year of life in the ocean, most species of Pacific salmon take up a pelagic life style in the offshore, while two species (coho and chinook) appear to have both shelf-resident and offshore variants (Groot and Margolis 1991).\nAs the marine movements of individual salmon are poorly understood, a concerted research program using new electronic tagging technology offers the opportunity to make major breakthroughs in our understanding of how salmon use the ocean: where they go, how they use the structure of the ocean environment to accomplish these migrations, and what they experience when they reach their marine feeding grounds. POST is intended to address a number of major research questions, whose eventual resolution would likely contribute significantly to the improved management and conservation of Pacific salmon:\nUnderstand how Pacific salmon use the ocean environment\nIdentify distribution and habitat use by key species and life stages.\nIdentify important oceanic features & critical habitats\nDo salmon respond to sharp thermal boundaries?\nDo salmon depend upon specific ocean structural features?\nDo salmon use common migration pathways?\nExamine the coupling between biology and the physical environment– How do different species respond to changing ocean conditions?\nEstablish latitudinal patterns of movement and habitat utilization by steelhead\nEstablish whether Pacific salmon have \"two zip codes\", adding to the marine life history information that is already widely known and accepted about the freshwater phase of the life history\nDetermine how longer-term changes in ocean conditions relate to changes in fish condition, growth, survival, and distribution\nMaterials and Methods Study Location\nQuatsino Sound (50.47ºN; 127.94ºW) is an extensive marine fjord located in northwest Vancouver Island (Fig. 1). In addition to a long (32 km) east-west oriented fjord providing access to the narrow continental shelf lying off the west coast of Vancouver Island, and then the open ocean, the fjord system contains two blind arms, Holberg Inlet (45 kms) at the interior end, and Neroutsos Inlet (21 kms) lying just west and south of Quatsino Narrows, a narrowing of the fjord where the semi-diurnal (?) tidal currents reach xx km/hr (Coastal Pilot or Thompson’s book?).\nThe Waukwass River (50.58ºN; 127.41ºW) drains into the southern end of Holberg Inlet, at the farthest interior end of the fjord system. (The interior inlet south of Quatsino Narrows is formally known as Rupert Inlet, but we have referred to the entire interior area of the fjord as Holberg Inlet for simplicity). The Waukwass River drains an area of ?? kms, and forms the adjacent watershed to the Keogh River. Both watersheds are located on the same mountain, and lie in the same bioclimatic zone (ref?).\nIn common with all west coast Vancouver Island steelhead stocks, the marine survival of Waukwass River steelhead is high, and the status of this population is excellent. Despite the near-proximity of the Keogh River steelhead population to the Waukwass River—the river mouths lie only 11 kms away apart, but on opposite sides of the northern tip of Vancouver Island, marine survival of all steelhead stocks on the east coast of Vancouver Island dropped dramatically in the 1990s, reducing the number of adults returning to these systems to a few dozen adults, as compared to several thousand adults in the late 1980s (Ward et al ??; Welch et al 2001). A secondary objective of the Census of Marine Life project was to compare the initial marine movements of these two populations because of their radically different marine survivals. In this paper we report on the early marine movements of Quatsino Sound steelhead smolts.\nA total of six acoustic detection lines were placed in Quatsino Sound on May 22nd, prior to the surgical implantation and release of steelhead smolts with acoustic tags in the Waukwass River (Fig. 1). Each line consisted of either two or three Vemco VR-2 acoustic receivers placed on the seabed in a line perpendicular to the local axis of the inlet. The paired acoustic lines E-F and G-H were spaced approximately 10 kms apart in order to establish speed and direction of movement for any tagged smolts present in upper Holberg Inlet or the outer reach of Quatsino Sound. Paired listening lines were not placed in Neroutsos Inlet because of limitated amount of equipment available.\nAcoustic receivers were deployed by attaching them to a groundline, using technology similar to that used in commercial fishing. Receivers were held about 0.5 m above the seabed with the hydrophone oriented upwards by attaching them to a vertical line connected to the groundline and with pressure-resistant floatation attached to the upper end to maintain the receiver with the hydrophone pointed towards the surface. The flotation was located approximately 4 m above the hydrophone in order to form only a small acoustic shadow (ca. 3 º). In cases where water depths exceeded 200 m (the maximum rated depth of the receivers) the length of the vertical risers was increased to keep the receiver above 200m.\nThe entire array was placed on the seabed, with no floats or equipment visible from the surface. Individual lines were recovered either by triggering an acoustic release on one end of the line, or by grappling for the groundline. This was done partly to ensure that equipment would not be molested during the nearly two month deployment, but also because an important design principle for the continental-scale array to be built is that is must be placed on the seabed, where it will not constitute a hazard to navigation or to commercial fishing operations. Although the eventual design of the full array will use different deployment methodologies, the current Census of Marine Life pilot project was intended to adhere to this design philosophy.\nSpacing between receivers varied with the local geography and the number of receivers used. In all cases spacing between adjacent VR2 receivers was 850m or less. The greatest measured separation from a receiver at the end of an acoustic listening line to the shoreline was 328 m.\nThe Vemco VR-2 acoustic receiver is an autonomous battery powered underwater unit capable of long-term placement in the ocean (up to 15 months using a single lithium “D”-cell battery). Receivers were programmed with a special purpose internal code map which would detect acoustically coded tags manufactured to our specification to ensure that they were unique to our study. Acoustic tags from studies other than our own would not be recorded by our receivers; conversely, our acoustic tags would not be recorded by any other investigation’s receivers. We chose this approach because the continental-scale array planned for future deployment can potentially monitor 256,000 unique codes at the same time. As modern acoustic tags can have lifespans of months or years, it is critical for the integrity of future scientific studies that the uniqueness of a specific acoustic code be protected. Our study was designed to adhere to this principle, by using a unique code map which we could be certain was not in use elsewhere.\nSteelhead smolts were surgically implanted with either a Vemco V8SC-2L or –6L acoustic tag (28 mm and 20 mm long, by 9 mm diameter). Each tag was programmed to broadcast its code randomly at an average time interval of 60 seconds, and actual transmission intervals distributed uniformly in the 30-90 second range. Projected lifespans for this programming choice was 134 and 465 days for the 6L and 2L tags, respectively. The larger V8SC-2L tags with their 15 month lifespans were superfluous for the purposes of this two month study, but we chose to use these tags as well to examine whether that these very long-lived tags could be used with the size of wild smolts encountered in the field study.\nWild smolts were collected from two rotary screw traps placed in the Waukwass River, several hundred meters upstream from the river mouth and 3.1 kms from the first acoustic detection line (RM) lying off the river mouth. (All distances quoted in this paper represent minimum feasible straight line paths between two points). Surgical protocols are described in more detail elsewhere (Welch et al In Press). Briefly, smolts were anaesthetised using clove oil and surgically implanted on the river bank at the collection point using a specially built portable battery powered surgical table. The main deviation from our previous protocol was the use of oxytetracycline, a broad spectrum antibiotic, at a dosage of 20 mg/g body weight, which was injected into the body cavity through the incision prior to insertion of the tag. Smolts were released in groups of 5 or 6 back into the river at the surgery site during daylight hours after holding them in a darkened and aerated recovery tank for periods ranging from 10 minutes to approximately one hour. All smolts swam normally at release and showed no evidence of visually abnormal behaviour.\nA total of 40 steelhead smolts were collected and surgically implanted without respect for size, with tagging chosen to match the time of the peak of the emigration. Smolt migration was delayed in 2002 by several weeks from normal because of low water levels caused by an unusually dry spring. As the Waukwass River is a wild river with little human influence other than past forestry operations, smolts were all wild, and likely constituted a mixture of 2 and 3 year old smolts at the time of tagging (scales were not collected). Eighteen smolts were present in two rotary screw traps and implanted on 22 May, 2002 (mean fork length: 17.6 cm, range: 15.9-20.7 cm). On 26 May an additional 22 smolts were recovered from the traps and surgically implanted (mean fork length: 17.45 cm, range: 15.5-21.4 cm), bringing the study group to the target 40 animals.\nResults Two of the initially tagged 18 smolts were recaptured in the traps on 26 May, two days after release; their abdominal incisions were visually inspected before being released again. The smolts appeared to be in generally healthy condition, inflammation was not evident, and all sutures were still secure.\nAll receivers making up the six detection lines were recovered (Table 1). One receiver, the southernmost of 3 receivers on the outer detection line (E) failed as a result of flooding with seawater and contained no data. As a result, the outermost detection line did not provide complete coverage of smolts passing on the southern side of the fjord.\nDetection Success A total of 31 of the 40 smolts initially implanted in the river were subsequently detected on the first detection line (RM). The location of the RM line was placed 2,700m from the river mouth (Fig. 1; Table 1) to ensure that any detected smolts were present in the estuary, and not just detected in freshwater at the river mouth. We report our results in the context of these 31 animals forming the study population, and comment on the fate of the 9 animals not entering the ocean later. Timing of movements are based on either time since release in freshwater or the time since first detection in the ocean, as appropriate, with times between receiver pairs calculated as the last time of detection at one receiver to the time of first detection at the next receiver.\nAll 31 smolts detected entering the ocean at the RM line were subsequently identified moving over the remainder of the array. Conversely, no smolts were detected on outer lines that were not detected first detected on the RM line. No tag codes not used in the study were recorded by the tracking array. Thus there was a 100% success rate for re-detection on smolts entering the ocean, and zero false positives (detection of a code known not to be present). In addition, no steelhead tagged in the simultaneous Queen Charlotte Strait study on the east coast of Vancouver Island (Welch et al., Submitted) were detected entering Quatsino Sound, although these tags used a common coding scheme.\nThe two outer lines in Quatsino Sound provide some information on the detection rate for the array lines, although the failure of one of the three outer receivers limits the comparison somewhat. The innermost line (F) detected qqq\nWhen the array was recovered on July 2nd, 2002, 37-39 days after tagging, all but 4 of the smolts (87%) had passed the outer lines leading to the open shelf (Lines E and F; Figure 1). All four of these residual 4 smolts apparently remained in Holberg Inlet, but their fates were different; 2 smolts were heard on line H on the 1st and 2nd July. The other 2 smolts were last heard on line G on 27th May & 12th June, subsequent to being first detected on Line H. As Holberg Inlet is very long, extending 20 kms northwest of Line G, the fate of these animals is uncertain; they may have either remained resident further up the inlet or died.\nThe 27 smolts which reached the open ocean (passing over Lines F and E in the process) took a variety of routes to get there (Fig. 2). These routes can be roughly classified in three groups:\nI. Rapid Directed Movements (N=20)\nFrom RM straight to lines F/E – 2 smolts\nFrom RM to Holberg Inlet then to lines F/E – 16 smolts (13 were detected on line G as well as line H)\nFrom RM to Neroutsos Inlet (line I) then to lines E/F – 2 smolts\nII. Less Directed Movements (N=7)\nFrom RM to Holberg Inlet, then to Neroutsos Inlet then to lines F/E – 2 smolts (1 heard on line G as well as line H)\nFrom RM to Holberg Inlet, back to RM then to lines F/E – 4 smolts (2 heard on line G as well as line H)\nFrom RM to line F, then to Neroutsos Inlet then back to line F – 1 smolt\nEstuary Resident (N=4)\nRepeated detection in Holberg Inlet, with no evidence of departure from the interior fjord.\nWith the exception of the last smolt pathway, all smolts that reached line F were either not detected again, or detected on line E (the outermost line) and then not detected again. Once these animals reach the entrance to Quatsino Sound they thus appear to leave Quatsino Sound for the open sea and do not return. Apart from the 2 smolts still in Holberg Inlet when the array was removed, the last detections occurred before June 21st. If the smolts had re-entered Quatsino Sound it seems likely that they would have been detected.\nTiming of Movements\nThe time taken from release in freshwater after surgical implantation to detection at the RM line (Fig. 2) was comparatively rapid, with a mean time of 3.2 days. The time taken from release in freshwater to reaching line F varied from 7 to >30 days (Fig. 3). >30 days represents those smolts still in Holberg Inlet at the end of the study.\nA comparison of the relationship between the length of time to reach RM and the length of time to reach Line F provided little evidence for a correlation between initial speed of movement and subsequent speed of movement within Quatsino Sound (Fig. xx). Thus those smolts slow to reach the river mouth were not necessarily also the slowest to reach the mouth of Quatsino Sound. The 4 smolts that did not reach the mouth of Quatsino Sound during the study had some of the fastest times from release to RM (2-4 days).\nThe speed of movement between lines was calculated using the shortest possible route between lines and the time from the last record at one line to the first record at the next line. Speed was calculated in terms of body lengths per second using the fork length measurements made of each fish when the tag was implanted.\nThe frequency histogram (Fig. Xx) shows the speeds of all measured movements between lines (a total of 158 movements, and an average of 5 movements per fish). Most fish moved at about 1 BL sec-1. A few records of speeds over 3 BL sec-1 may reflect the movements of a predator that has swallowed a tagged fish. (Sonia– can you check and see if the tag with these rapid movements subsequently made it to the open sea, or were they for the tags that remained within the inlet system?) Its also possible to examine the speed of movement between lines according to the behaviours of the fish. Three groups can be identified (Fig 5):\nRapid Emigration. Fish moved quickly out to the open shelf. Four fish either went from RM straight to lines F and E or were heard very briefly on lines H or I before being heard at F/E.\nExtensive estuarine residence, followed by emigration to the open sea. Fish spending sometime in Holberg Inlet before migrating out to the shelf. This was the dominant pattern of behaviour with 15 fish taking this route.\n“Permanent” Estuarine Residence. Four fish remained in Holberg Inlet for the 37-39 day duration of the study. (Note that the array was deployed for two months, but that we delayed tagging until the peak of the run, which was delayed by several weeks in 2002). Movement of these four smolts after the array was lifted is unknown, so the duration of estuarine residence is unknown.\nThe remaining 7 fish either also made extensive use of Neroutsos Inlet or went from Holberg inlet back to RM before moving out to the open sea.\nThe figure shows the mean speed (error bars are standard deviation) for each behaviour type. Note though that the ‘Fast Migrants’ are both few in number and, because they headed more or less straight out, there are limited detected movements between lines. Number of movements between lines (n) for the 3 groups respectively were 12, 79, and 30.\nAlthough differences in mean speed are not significant, one explanation for the apparently slower speed of the ‘Fast Migrants’ is that they swim slowly and steadily out of Quatsino Sound while the fish that remain within system for a while spend days in one inlet and then move relatively rapidly from line to line. This is borne out if the mean speed per line movement is examined. The figure below shows the mean speed (and standard deviation) for the most common line movements (note that some are uni-directional movements, some bi-directional).\nMovements from RM to F were the slowest with movements within Holberg inlet (between G and H) being some of the fastest. The fastest movement of all was from line F to E, suggesting that once fish head out of Quatsino Sound the movement is rapid. Some further support for this view comes from the average number of detections made on the two outer lines; individual detections on the inner line of each tagged fish averaged 17.7 times greater than the detections on the outer line, just 10 kms to the west (range: 1.7-79.0; N=17 fish).\n(Comparison of Two Outer Line Detections: A total of 17 & 18 fish tags detected on the two lines respectively, 9 of the tagged smolts detected on inner line only, and 1 tagged smolt detected on outer line only;<- Check this; these numbers don’t seem to make sense).\nA similar higher “dwell time” was evident when comparing the ratio of detections over the inner and outer detection lines in Holberg Inlet north of the Quatsino Narrows (Lines G & H); detections over the innermost line were 23.4 times higher than over the northern line (range: 0.1-409.0). Here, however, the results are less clear-cut because the majority of animals that made extensive movements up Holberg Inlet also moved back down; if they happened to reverse direction over the northern-most line a greater number of detections would be expected over the southern line as the smolts would pass over this line twice. (Investigate whether the timing of detection peaks on these two lines indicates whether each smolt moved over G then H, then H (again) then G; could do an interesting graph of movements for each smolt, reconstructing dwell time, since the y-axis will be the number of detections; would need to correct for simultaneous detections on multiple receivers on each line (time differences of <30 seconds)). In contrast, the ratio of detections over the RM line and the inner Holberg line were very similar (1.2; range 0.02-5.7), suggesting some degree of orientation so that smolts moving in the upper reaches of Holberg Inlet may on average increase their swim speeds as they search for the exit from the inner fjord.\nIn summary, the slowest average speeds were measured when calculated for the longest distances considered, and the fastest speeds measured for the shortest distances. This suggests that movement is not strongly uni-directional and that considerable milling occurs. Mean speed drops as would be expected if the animals spend significant time and effort at exploring their local environment. However, none of the animals reaching the outer reach of Quatsino Sound returned to the fjord (check this), suggesting that once the open shelf was reached the steelhead were able to orient to prevent entering Quatsino Sound again.\nSurvival and Detection Efficiency (Comparison of Two Outer Line Detections: A total of 17 & 18 fish tags detected on the two lines respectively, 9 of the tagged smolts detected on inner line only, and 1 tagged smolt detected on outer line only;).\nAt 1 BL/sec, it would take a 15 cm smolt 11.6 days to cover the 150 kms distance between the mouth of the Keogh River and the outermost acoustic line in Quatsino Sound. The lack of detection of either the ecvi or west coast of Vancouver Island smolts in the other area is perhaps not surprising, but does indicate that the two study areas are likely not visited by smolts from the other region.\nDiscussion Mention failure of one VR2.\nMake point that given high detection rates and demonstrated long-term survival and tag retention by implanted smolts (Welch et al In Press), the optimal study design should involve placing large numbers of acoustic receivers out for detection, and using relatively few tagged fish. In other words, in considering the funding of such studies, it makes more sense to place most effort in placing the array and letting the tagged fish move over it; the more geographically extensive the array, and the longer that it is maintained in the ocean, the greater the information that is returned on what the tagged animals are doing. This is in direct contrast with traditional tagging studies, which must rely on releasing large numbers of tags in order to recover a few tagged fish at a later date. For example, if we had replaced the array after initially retrieving it in early July, it is conceivable that we would have eventually detected the two smolts last heard on the inner array (Lines ??) one and two (?) days before retrieval of the equipment. Similarly, the only two tagged smolts whose movements are unaccounted for were last detected moving into the far northern extension of Holberg Inlet. It is conceivable that they might eventually have moved south and then out to the environment of the open shelf, which a permanent array would have detected.\nThe lack of acoustic listening lines farther north in Holberg Inlet illustrates how a more widely spaced array would provide further valuable information. The current method of array deployment, which involved large quantities of anchors, rope, and additional weights was costly and labour intensive. The major goals of the current experiment were, however, to demonstrate (1) that deployment of a large-scale acoustic tracking array would result in substantial new biological environment on the movements and survival of small fish in a technically demanding environment and (2) that it is technically feasible to design and run a large geographic array (many lines, multiple receivers per line), and to design it so that it would be possible to recover all of the equipment after several months at sea.\nBoth goals were clearly met. We surgically implanted a combination of acoustic tags with life-spans of either 4.5 months and 20(?) months into wild steelhead smolts, demonstrating that available tracking equipment can be used to track even quite small smolts (15-18 cm) with tags that would allow tracking their movements for substantially more than one year at sea. (In fact, the major difficulty with the surgical implantation of these smolts revolved around the fact that their guts were packed with large amount of food that they had fed upon within the screw traps, which apparently also acted as a collector for their food. In future, we might consider holding the smolts in a large enclosure using filtered river water to allow their guts to clear prior to surgery).\nGiven that important new biological information could clearly be collected from a much more geographically wide-spread array, the next issue involves the engineering of a permanent continental-scale acoustic tracking array for the West Coast of North America (Welch et al Submitted and In Prep.). As all of the hardware components needed to produce this array now exist, the major remaining obstacle to a permanent seabed tracking array primarily involve some engineering issues. The major uncertainties with the construction of a widespread, modular, distributed array involve questions concerning the expected life-span of the individual seabed nodes making up the array. Such questions will not be fully answered until large numbers of nodes are deployed and statistics on overall “survivability” are accumulated. However, we have demonstrated with the current experiment that the building of such an array is feasible, since it primarily involves a scaling up from existing technology, in both geographic scale and duration of deployment. More importantly, however, we have demonstrated with the current experiment that marine research can pay major dividends in terms of an improved understanding of the ocean life history of Pacific salmon (or other marine organisms). Our results indicate that a properly deployed array can provide detailed understanding of marine habitat use (areas of residence or non-residence), plus a wealth of information on direction and rates of movement using relatively few animals. Finally, it appears that we have been able to provide detailed information on ocean survival over the first few weeks of life in the ocean. Early ocean survival in Quatsino Sound is high (94%), and contradicts the common assumption that mortality during this period plays the major role in determining marine survival of salmon.\nOur current observations could be strengthened by the development of a modified acoustic tag which would ensure that a tagged animal consumed by a predator would either stop transmitting (and thus die along with the host) or transmit a modified signal that would indicate that the host animal had been eaten.\nSTUFF FROM OTHER PAPER (OCEANOLOGICA ACTA) Acoustic tags small enough to be carried by salmon cannot store environmental information for later transmission, so a picture of the movement of tagged Pacific salmon and their environmental conditions needs to be built up by having the position and current environmental conditions for individual salmon logged by multiple receivers. Acoustic tags send out information on the identity of the tagged animal and (for some types of tags) currently experienced environmental conditions (depth or temperature). Self-contained submersible acoustic receivers capable of detecting and logging the movements of a tagged juvenile are now available that can operate autonomously for over a year underwater (e.g. Voegeli et al 1998; Lacroix and Voegeli 2000). This then allows the movement patterns of individual animals to be reconstructed, essentially by “connecting the dots”: knowing the date and time an individual is heard in the vicinity of each acoustic receiver, speed and distance between each pair of receivers can be determined.\nRecently developed technology offers the prospect of putting out many long-lived low cost acoustic receivers on the seafloor, in a series of detection lines which can act as a grid over which thousands of individually identifiable tagged animals might move at will, with their movements passively recorded by the seabed array (Fig. 2). Because the detection technology is relatively low-cost, the possibility of a continental scale acoustic tracking array for the shelf and slope regions is potentially quite economic.\nBecause acoustic tags offer lifetimes of 4.5 months to several years (e.g. Lacroix and Voegeli 2000) and experimental studies demonstrate that they can be successfully implanted into salmon smolts as small as 10.5 cms and retained long-term (Welch et al in review), the possibility now exists to tag and track the movements of many animals for most of their life cycle. By building up a dense array of low-cost receivers sited on the seabed, it is potentially possible to reconstruct the movement patterns in great detail. This is perhaps the most ambitious aspect of the POST project; to help demonstrate the feasibility of a continental scale acoustic tracking array on the entire continental shelf. Curiously, despite considerable recent interest in the possibility of seafloor observatories by the oceanographic community (e.g. National Research Council 2000), almost all of the proposals to date have involved highly expensive networks in the deep ocean consisting of a relatively few nodes cabled to land. While such a network would provide a high bandwidth but relatively sparse network, project POST would provide the complement: a broadly distributed but low cost and low bandwidth acoustic tracking array that could be run off long-lived lithium batteries. In this paper we focus on describing the fish tracking component, and defer most of the technical details of how the array would be constructed for later consideration.\nContinental Shelf Program\nBecause the continental shelf off the West Coast of North America is very narrow (less than 20 kms wide in most places), the narrowness of the shelf lends itself to a broad-scale monitoring program using acoustic tags for animals such as juvenile salmon that remain on the shelf. Recent developments in acoustic technology (e.g. Lacroix and Voegeli 2000) allows reliably detecting uniquely identifiable sonic tags using low-cost passive receivers ($1,000 per receiver). These receivers can detect sonic tags within an ca. 1-2 km diameter circle centred on the receiver (depending on the acoustic power of the tag), recording the date and time that individual tags are detected for a year or more, and have a recording capacity per receiver of 300,000 or more detections (about 8,000 per day, on average). In principle then, a series of autonomous receivers laid in a line across the shelf perpendicular to the long-shelf migration path of animals such as Pacific salmon would then be capable of detecting and recording the movements of each individual passing over the detection line. By placing separate lines of cross-shelf receivers at appropriate spacing on the shelf, a detailed picture of the movement patterns of tagged animals would be possible (Fig. 3).\nAs the shelf on the West Coast is usually less than 20 kms wide, a string of 30 receivers laid across the shelf and down the slope region should be capable of detecting most tagged shelf and slope animals crossing each detection line. The costs of developing a broad scale acoustic array are surprisingly modest. The current generation of receivers are commercially available for $1,000 so, taking into account the need for additional infrastructure to place the receivers and recover the data, it may be possible to place and maintain each listening node on the seabed for perhaps $5,000. As a result, this leads to an approximate cost for a single monitoring line on the order of $150,000; thus for roughly 3 million dollars a network of 20 or so acoustic listening lines could be deployed that would stretch from California to the Aleutian islands (Fig. 2). Such a line would be capable of detecting individual animals as they crossed the monitoring lines. The smallest uniquely identifiable acoustic tags operating at frequencies useful for detection at hundreds of meters are capable of being surgically implanted into salmon smolts as small as 10.5 cms and retained for months or years (Welch et al in press). As these tags have operational lifetimes under continuous operation of ca. 4.5 months, and slightly larger tags have lifespans of years, it is potentially possible to expect to tag young salmon in-river or on the shelf and be able to follow their movements for the rest of their life history. The shelf component of project POST will focus on defining a “proof of principle” experiment to demonstrate the validity of putting into place such a network. Such a monitoring framework would provide the basis for tracking any animal present on the continental shelf that was tagged with a uniquely identifiable sonic tag: smolts, immature shelf-resident salmon stocks in their second or third year of life, or even whales and other marine mammals. (A wide complement of other marine fish could also be detected by such a monitoring network, bringing in the possibility of building broad support for the monitoring network and spreading costs by monitoring the movements of other high-valued fish such as halibut, black cod, Pacific hake, and Pacific mackerel). The advantage of a fixed coastal array is that the geographic position of each array element is known with precision, so the detection of uniquely tagged animals by the array elements allows reconstruction of the coastal movements (direction and rate of movement between array elements, and time of occurrence in specific regions of the coast). Alternative systems, such as a system where the tag records the time that an acoustically active fishing vessels is nearby, requires the recovery of the tag from the animal; this means that many more tags must be used than will be recovered. The great advantage of a fixed array is that recovery of tagged animals is not required, and many species might be simultaneously studied by the same array.\nThe British Columbia study in 2002 will be focussed on steelhead from two adjacent river watersheds (Keogh & Waukwaas), whose rivers empty into the eastern and western coasts of Vancouver Island (Fig. 5). Despite their geographic proximity (the watersheds are adjacent to one another on the same mountain), the marine survival of smolts from all rivers on the eastern side of Vancouver Island is much lower than that of steelhead smolts exiting to the west coast of Vancouver Island (Welch et al 2000). This difference is believed to have a genetic basis, with steelhead from the Keogh & Waukwaas taking different marine migration routes and therefore being exposed to different oceanographic regions.\nAn important principle in the development of a continental scale array is that all of the equipment must eventually sit on the seabed and not involve surface floats that are vulnerable to vessel traffic or fishing activities. The deployment was thus planned to gain some experience with this principle. Both detection lines were placed on the seabed using a horizontal groundline, and vertical floats spaced 350m apart were used to position the receivers about 0.5 m off the seabed. On the outer edge of the northern detection line, where a deep channel reached ca 350 m depth, the length of the vertical float lines was increased to position the receivers at or above 200 m. All equipment was placed on the bottom, out of sight, and was retrieved by triggering acoustic releases which brought the floats and the end of the groundlines up to the surface. The groundline was then retrieved using a chartered seine vessel. A commercial fishing vessel was used for the deployment both to develop involvement with the industry and to maintain the principle of using low cost vessels for deploying the array.\nConclusions There is no prior information on the inshore movements of steelhead smolts after entering the ocean, so it is difficult to put the biological findings from the current very limited study into a broader context at this time. From tagging work using conventional numbered tags there is evidence for steelhead moving north along the continental shelf migration path that the other species of Pacific salmon all seem to use as juveniles; however, there is also some evidence that at least some steelhead may move directly off the continental shelf to the open ocean (Hartt and Dell 1986). The resolution to such questions awaits the development of a permanent continental-scale acoustic tracking array.\nAcknowledgements We thank the Census of Marine Life for support, inspiration, and funding, and a number of individuals within our institutions for their enthusiastic support. We would especially like to acknowledge Reg Bigham and Hugh MacLean for technical support with the moorings, and Lloyd Burroughs, Melinda Jacobs, and Adrian LaDouceur for assistance with the surgical implantation (and not complaining too much when left alone to complete them with a cougar in the vicinity!). Captain Robert Howitch of Quatsino provided us with much useful information on the area and made the recovery of the array look simple.\nReferences Arnold, G.P., and Dewar, H. (2002) Electronic tags in marine fisheries research: A 30-year perspective. in: J.R. Sibert and J.L. Nielsen (eds.), Electronic Tagging and Tracking in Marine Fisheries, p. 7-64.\nEmery, K.O. (1980) Continental margins: Classification and petroleum prospects. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Pert. Geol. 64:297-315.\nGroot, C., and Margolis, L., (eds) (1991) Pacific salmon life histories. UBC Press, Vancouver. 564 p.\nHartt, A.C., and Dell, M.B. (1986) Early Oceanic Migrations and Growth of Juvenile Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout. Int. North Pacific Fish. Comm. 46:1-105.\nKhan, K. (2000) Maritime Boundaries. Globe. (August Issue; See http://www.defencejournal.com/globe/2000/aug/maritime.htm)\nLacroix, G.L., and Voegeli, F.A. Development of automated monitoring systems for ultrasonic transmitters. In: Fish Telemetry: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Fish Telemetry in Europe. (Eds: Moore, A; Russell, I) CEFAS, Lowestoft, UK, 37-50.\nNational Research Council (2000) Illuminating the Hidden Planet. The Future of Seafloor Observatory Science. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 135 pages.\nQuinn, T.P. (1993) A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fisheries Research 18: 29-44.\nQuinn, T.P., Volk, E.C. and Hendry, A.P. (1999) Natural otolith microstructure patterns reveal precise homing to natal incubation sites by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 766-775.\nVoegeli, F.A., Lacroix, G.L., and Anderson, J.M. (1998) Development of miniature pingers for tracking Atlantic salmon smolts at sea. Hydrobiologia 371/372, 35-46.\nWelch, D.W., and J.P. Eveson. (1999) An assessment of the geoposition accuracy of data storage (archival) tags using light. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56(7):1317-1327\nWelch, D.W. and Eveson, J.P. (2001) Recent Progress in Estimating Geoposition using Daylight. In: Electronic Tagging and Tracking In Marine Fisheries” In: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Vol. 1. J. Sibert and J. Nielsen (eds.) Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 369-384.\nWelch, D.W., Batten, S.D., and Ward, B.R. (in review) Growth, Survival, and Rates of Tag Retention for Surgically Implanted Acoustic Tags in Steelhead Trout (O. mykiss). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.\nWelch, D.W., Ward, B.R., Smith, B.D., and Eveson, J.P. 2000. Temporal and Spatial Responses of British Columbia Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Populations to Ocean Climate Shifts. Fisheries Oceanography 9:17-32.\nWiseman, J.D.H., and Ovey, C.D. (1953) Definitions of features on the deep-sea floor. Deep-Sea Research 1:11-16.\nList of Figures\nFig. 1. Geography of Quatsino Sound and layout of the acoustic array. Holberg Inlet extends 20 kms to the northwest of Line G. The scale bar is 10 kms.\nFig. 2. Three examples of movement patterns within Quatsino Sound: (A) Rapid emigration to the open sea from freshwater; (B) Extensive use of an inlet before leaving for the open sea; (C) Long-term estuarine residence. Note that for clarity straight line connecting sequential detection points have been plotted, however, distances used in speed calculations used the shortest feasible movement path through water.\nFig. 3. Time from release to first detection on the RM line for the 31 steelhead smolts detected entering the ocean.\nFig. 5. Frequency histogram of measured rates of movement for all recorded path segments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Industry-leading data sharing partnership announced\nA data sharing partnership has been agreed between BGS and Ossian, allowing BGS to advance its knowledge of the rock and soil conditions under the seabed.02/11/2023\nBGS has forged a partnership with Ossian — which will be one of the world’s largest floating wind farms on completion — to share valuable data that will support BGS’s work to understand earth and environmental processes.\nThe agreement means that BGS will be provided with information Ossian’s geophysical surveys, which will examine the seabed around its 858 km2 site. Once completely covered by ice, the site is now around 72 m below sea level and is situated 84 km off the east coast of Scotland.\nThe data will allow scientists to understand more about the seabed’s composition and subsurface structure, and how these have changed over time due to environmental changes and challenges. The partnership will provide BGS with data that will advance its knowledge and understanding of the rock and soil units under the seabed and update its baseline data for the region and benefit the offshore industry as a whole.\nAt BGS, we rely heavily on these sorts of collaborations to update our understanding of regional stratigraphy across sites, which can then be fed into publicly available datasets, reports and papers for all users of the seabed (and subsurface) to access in the future.\nData and scientific collaborations are essential for updating state-of-the-art knowledge and understanding of ground conditions for all to use in relation to future developments. This is a truly fantastic collaboration between BGS and Ossian Wind Farm, and BGS is very grateful to the joint venture for seeing the potential in this project.\nGareth Carter, BGS Marine Geoscientist.\nBGS has worked with Ossian joint venture partner SSE Renewables on data sharing initiatives for more than a decade.\nOssian will be one of the largest floating offshore wind farms in the world, with up to 3.6 GW of potential capacity — enough to power up to six million homes.\nIt is one of the largest lease areas of the ScotWind projects, occupying 858 km2 of seabed 84 km off the east coast of Scotland.\nThe scale and floating technology make it a game changer in the UK renewable energy sector and a critical driving force behind the journey to net zero, offsetting up to 7.5 million tonnes of carbon emissions.\nOssian is a joint venture between SSE Renewables, Marubeni and CIP, bringing together local and global experience as well as unparalleled technical and environmental expertise.\nIt will provide a significant economic boost for the supply chain, with a multi-million-pound fund committed to support local orders and investments.\nAbout the author", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "October 4, 2011\n- British Wildlife Photography awards 2011 (recommended)\n- Mexico will ban shark fishing as global sanctuary movement grows\n- Hoki quota increase may be ‘too hasty’. Industry calls for precaution. A sign that catch shares work?\n- Without subsidies, 4.6% loss for EU fishing fleet.\n- Arctic needs more oil-drilling protection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Blue Hub for PMAR\nUnder the name PMAR (Piracy, Maritime Awareness & Risks), three projects have been carried out by the European Commission’s\nJoint Research Centre to strengthen the maritime awareness capacities of authorities in West and East Africa for the long term.\nThe initiative was started following a resolution by the European Parliament on piracy at sea.\nThe PMAR projects concern in-depth studies and trials of technologies to build up maritime awareness, with special focus on how these\ntools can be used by the authorities in the regions affected by piracy. The work includes research to assesses the usefulness of various\ndata sources on ship traffic, explore ways to integrate them, and quantify their relative contributions.\nThe first two PMAR projects aimed at the Horn of Africa (from 2010 to 2012) and at the Gulf of Guinea (from 2011 to 2013).\nThe most recent one, PMAR-MASE, ran between July 2014 and October 2015, and included the provision of the real-time Maritime Situational Picture\nof the entire Western Indian Ocean to two operational authorities, in Kenya and the Seychelles, for one whole year.\nAs a part of the European-funded MASE program for the enhancement of maritime security in the Eastern-Southern Africa / Indian Ocean (ESA-IO)\nregion, and carried out for the Indian Ocean Commission, it widened the scope to broader maritime awareness beyond only counter-piracy.\nAccess the tool\nThe tool is available here\nAcknowledgments and references\nData provided by the Norwegian Coastal Administration, MSSIS / Volpe Center / US Navy, Flag States of the EU LRIT DC / EMSA, exactEarth, LuxSpace/Orbcomm, SpaceQuest.\n- Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Eriksen T., Gammieri V.: 'Completeness and Accuracy of a Wide-Area Maritime Situational Picture based on Automatic Ship Reporting Systems',\nJournal of Navigation 69(1), pp. 156-168, 2016.\n- Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Eriksen T., 'Maritime Awareness at Regional and Global Scales', NMIO Technical Bulletin, National Maritime\nIntelligence-Integration Office, Vol. 9, pp. 14-15, 2015.\n- Alvarez M., Gammieri V., Alessandrini A., Ziemba L., Mazzarella F., Delaney C., Vespe M., Greidanus H., 'PMAR Viewer User Manual, Issue Feb 2015', JRC\nTechnical Report JRC94785, EUR 27117 EN, ISSN 1831-9424, doi: 10.2788/213253, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.\n- Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Gammieri V., Santamaria C., Alessandrini A., Argentieri P., 'Maritime Awareness Systems Performance in the Western Indian Ocean\n2014-2015 - Results from the PMAR-MASE project', JRC Technical Report JRC97935, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.\n- Eriksen T., Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Nappo D., Gammieri V., 'Quality of AIS Services for Wide-Area Maritime Surveillance', Maritime Systems and\nTechnologies Conference (MAST 2014), Istanbul, 2014.\n- Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Eriksen T., Argentieri P., Cokacar T., Pesaresi A., Falchetti S., Nappo D., Mazzarella F., Alessandrini A., 'Basin-Wide\nMaritime Awareness From Multi-Source Ship Reporting Data', TransNav International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation,\n7(2), pp. 35-42, 2013.\n- Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Eriksen T., Barbas T., 'Ship traffic distributions and statistics in the Gulf of Guinea and off West Africa', JRC Scientific\nand Policy Report JRC87225, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013.\n- Falchetti S., Alvarez M., Cokacar T., Greidanus H., Vespe M., 'Improving Cooperative Vessel Tracking for a Maritime Integrated Surveillance\nPlatform', Proc. NATO RTO SCI-247 Symposium on \"Port and Regional Maritime Security\", Lerici, Italy, 2012.\n- Posada M., Greidanus H., Alvarez M., Vespe M., Cokacar T., Falchetti S., 'Maritime awareness for counter-piracy in the Gulf of Aden', IEEE 2011\nInternational Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2011), Vancouver, Canada, pp. 249-252, 2011.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I caught my first shark today! A juvenile lemon shark. Such a cool experience to handle a shark and be part of a project working to protect these amazing animals.\nThe ride out this morning was a little rough and overcast. We pulled up to the first, spot and anchored the line. It was promising. A shallow cove surrounded by mangroves with a small channel leading inland. It was the perfect spot for baby sharks.\nLemon sharks stay in shallow waters for their first years of life. The mangroves provide protection as well as a buffet of smaller fish to eat. As the sharks get bigger they move out from the protection of the mangroves to patrol deeper waters. But not until they are 4-5 years old and around 5 feet long. We don’t really know where they go after they leave their mangrove nursery, but aggregations of lemon sharks are found along the eastern seaboard, as far up as North Carolina.\nAfter we set the chum in the water, and baited the lines, we waited patiently, hoping for the sun to peak out from behind the clouds. It had been about 20 minutes and we hadn’t seen anything, not even a nibble. It was perfectly quiet. Then, I got my first bite! I grasped my fishing rod tightly – the little shark on the other end put up a quite a fight. I was so excited reeling it in. I pulled it along side of the boat and Mark Bond, one of the veteran scientists on the project, leaned over to grab it. After the shark settled down, we took 3 measurements. One from the tip of the nose to the notch right before the tail (caudal) fin, then to the fork in the caudal fin, and then to the tip. My shark was 105 cm, or about 3.4 feet.\nThen Sean Williams, another shark researcher on board, took a small genetic sample, and Mark set the tag right below the base of the dorsal fin. Then the shark swam quickly off, disappearing into the shadows of the mangroves.\nWe caught another Lemon at that site, a smaller male, and then continued to fish at 4 other locations. At the next site, we saw a few Lemons, but ended up catching a bonnethead – one of the smallest types of hammerhead shark. Bonnetheads have a head that looks like garden trowel and only grow up to about 4 feet.\nWe didn’t have much luck the rest of the day, only catching 2 more bonnetheads, one of which got off right at the side of the boat. At 4:30 pm we headed back to Port Lucaya through some rough seas and a big rain storm. We were a little soaked through, but it was a great day. One I will never forget, catching and tagging my first shark!\nLater on we feasted on a home cooked turkey dinner and went to bed with full bellies. Happy Easter.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Has the efficiency of fishery management changed?\nThis indicator shows the proportion of Pacific Fishery Management Council actions and National Marine Fisheries Service rule-making actions dedicated to managing the groundfish fishery versus other fisheries in the West Coast region.\nIn the absence of a record of the amount of time the Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) spend on various topics, this indicator uses actions; appointed committees, task, and work groups; in-season adjustments, and agency actions such as federal register rule notices as a proxy for time spent. The actions used to develop the metric were decisions related to development of the Shorebased IFQ Program that the Council approved, adopted, decided, recommended, or appointed. Prior to development of the Shorebased IFQ Program, Council actions related to groundfish management represented about half the actions discussed at Council meetings. The number of ad hoc working groups devoted to aspects of the catch share program increased after the 2003 control date used to decide eligibility for an IFQ program, with a peak in 2009. Following implementation of the catch share program, time spent on actions related to the program has decreased. This indicator also considers management efficiency as measured through the number of actions the Council and NMFS have taken to make in-season adjustments, which also have declined.\nBaseline Years: Prior to Catch Share Program\nThe Pacific Fishery Management Council meets five times per year to discuss its five Fishery Management Plans (FMPs; Salmon, Pelagics, Highly Migratory Species, Pacific Halibut, and Groundfish), along with administrative and legislative topics and trending topics such as essential fish habitat, ecosystem-based management, and marine protected areas. Therefore the indicator presents as a proxy for time changes in the number of actions related to development of the Shorebased IFQ Program that the Council approved, adopted, decided, or recommended, and the number of regulatory actions published in the Federal Register taken by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Although certain meetings may have a focus on one FMP, during the baseline period of 2002–2010, every meeting had at least some discussion of all FMPs. Groundfish actions represented an average of more than half of the Council’s yearly decision-making through the period.\nDevelopment of a catch share program had been under discussion as early as the 1980s, but discussion resulting in actions related to groundfish management increased after the Congressional moratorium on the creation of new IFQ programs expired in 2002. A control date used to decide eligibility for an IFQ program was set in 2003 (i.e. catch history after this date could not be considered for deciding an initial allocation in the program), and the first working group, an ad hoc committee on the Shorebased IFQ Program, was named in 2004. From 2004 through 2010, the Council created a dozen ad hoc groups to work on aspects of the Shorebased IFQ Program development.\nThe numbers of Council, NMFS and industry participants, and subcommittees, ad hoc and ancillary groups spending time developing the catch share program as a subset of discussion on the Pacific Coast Groundfish FMP peaked in 2009, when Amendment 20 was drafted (Management Framework). In the development phase, Council actions devoted to groundfish management and to developing the catch share program exceeded Council actions on all other FMPs combined.\nCatch Share Program\nWith the implementation of Amendment 20 to the Pacific Coast Groundfish FMP implementing the Shorebased IFQ Program in 2011, time spent on catch share program actions decreased. The Council continued to spend time on trailing amendments, which had been planned as follow-on to FMP Amendment 20. Numerous trailing actions were implemented in 2013 and 2014, and the Council has set priorities for action on remaining issues. Now in its fourth year, groundfish decision-making takes up slightly more than 40 percent of the Council’s actions on an annual basis, and the IFQ program actions represent about 10 percent of the Council’s time. In terms of time spent by NMFS, the percent of groundfish actions as a portion of all rules pertaining to the Pacific Council, declined after implementation of the program; the percentage of in-season adjustment rules pertaining to groundfish (catch share and non-catch share) varied from 2011 through 2014.\nData Gaps and Limitations\nThis indicator uses a comparison of all Council action items, groundfish action items, and groundfish catch share actions as a proxy for time. Rulemaking, as recorded by notices of FMP amendments, openings, closures, and adjustments to catch limits provides the proxy for time spent by staff of the NMFS Northwest Regional Office. Fishery managers were consulted for advice on what action types to include.\nFederal Register. 2002 – 2014. NOAA Rules for Pacific Groundfish FMP. Available online: https://www.federalregister.gov/\nPacific Fishery Management Council. 2002–2014. Briefing Books, Meeting Minutes, Decisions. Available online: www.pcouncil.org\nDownload a printer-friendly version of this page:\nManagement Efficiency (pdf) – June 2015 (updated results)\nArchive of previous versions:\nManagement Efficiency: Management Time (pdf) – January 2015 (minor editorial revisions)\nManagement Efficiency: Management Actions (pdf) – September 2013 (initial release)\nUpdated: June 3, 2015\nRESULTS BY INDICATOR", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Crown Estate consults on tidal\nUK seabed landlord the Crown Estate has kicked off a consultation with tidal power industry players in the run up to a possible lease award for offshore development acreage by the end of next year.\nThe engagement, prompted by a “growing number of enquiries” from developers of tidal range and lagoon projects, aims to more clearly establish the readiness of the sector for industrialisation.\n“The opportunity that tidal range and lagoons could present for the UK has been long talked about. We now need to see if this is the time for action,” says Crown Estate head of minerals and infrastructure Ian Selby.\n“We are keen to give industry the opportunity to set out their interest and how tidal range and lagoons projects could contribute to, and complement the UK’s growing portfolio of low carbon offshore wind, wave and tidal stream portfolios.”\nInterested developers have until 7 February 2014 to participate.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A \"No Discharge Area\" is a designated body of water that prohibits the discharge of treated and untreated boat sewage. Federal law prohibits the discharge of untreated sewage from vessels within all navigable waters of the United States, which include territorial seas within three miles of shore.\nNew Hampshire's Freshwaters\nNew Hampshire is one of only 14 states that enforce \"No Discharge\" laws for inland waters. Boats cannot contain devices that will allow for overboard discharge of boat sewage. These devices are often called \"y-valves.\" The DES Boat Inspection Program (Fact Sheet WD-BB-38) inspects boats with toilet facilities to ensure their compliance with the law.\nNew Hampshire's Coastal Waters\nNew Hampshire's coastal waters were recently designated as a No Discharge Area. Boats with Type I and Type II marine sanitation devices may discharge treated effluent in coastal waters UNLESS they are in a \"No Discharge Area.\" While boating in a No Discharge Area, these marine sanitation devices must be secured to ensure overboard discharge is not occurring. This can be achieved by preventing access to the head (i.e., locking the door) or otherwise disabling the system. All Type III marine sanitation devices must discharge wastes through an approved on-shore pumpout station.\nBoaters in this area will be educated about the dangers of discharging boat sewage in our sensitive coastal waters. For more information, read the sections Let's Keep Sewage out of NH Waters and Frequently Asked Questions.\nThe availability of sewage pumpout stations, the importance of the waterbody for human health and recreation, and the desire for more stringent protection of a particular aquatic ecosystem are important considerations in the designation of No Discharge Areas for vessel sewage.\nFor more information about No Discharge Areas, visit the EPA New England Web site.\nAdobe Acrobat Reader format. Download a free reader from Adobe.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Southern Marion Platform (Marion Plateau, offshore NE Australia) is a drowned, isolated carbonate platform of Neogene age that was drilled during ODP Leg 194 in January - March 2001. Initial results from the Leg suggested that temperate-water carbonate production was terminated by a phase of subaerial exposure during the late Miocene, and did not resume during the ensuing Pliocene transgression. New petrographic, geochemical, isotopic and biostratigraphical data obtained from samples collected during the cruise show that the Southern Marion Platform was not subaerially exposed during the late Miocene, and further remained intermittently active during the early Pliocene. At that time, its mode of functioning was probably the reverse of that of classical, Bahamian-type, isolated platforms: sediment production occurred during sea-level lowstands and was shut off during highstands.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Water Science and Technology\n- Ocean Engineering", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SCIENTISTS have been baffled after a mysterious whale washed up on a South Australian beach sporting extra teeth.\nThe rare beaked whale was found on Waitpinga beach in February stumped examiners from the South Australian Museum who discovered two mysterious teeth never before seen in the deep water species.\nLocal scientists launched appeals to colleagues around the world to try and unravel the mystery but have as yet come no closer to uncovering the reason for the extra small and pointy fangs in the underwater beast.\nSome specialists believe the teeth could be an ‘evolutionary throwback’ or a trait that re-emerges after generations.\nDr Catherine Kemper said the finding left her searching for answers.\n“As we were doing the dissection, after we’d done our measurements and photos, we started to the look at the jaws because that’s one of the distinctive parts of a beaked whale,” she told theABC.\n“They were very odd. I didn’t know what it was, because these teeth were something I had never seen before.\n“My mind was thinking, ‘do we have something new here.”\nBeaked whales live deep down in the depths of the ocean waters and are very rarely seen alive by humans.\nAfter they had stripped the whale’s skull clean the museum’s collection manager, David Stemmer, wrenched the tooth out and was amazed to find a larger tooth underneath the first one.\nThat discovery confirmed the juvenile female was not a new species but rather an unusual specimen of one already known to science.\n“It was still exciting and although we now knew we had a species we know, it’s a species we don’t get very often and it’s only the third specimen we have collected here in South Australia,” he said.\nThe museum hopes that the carcass will help them understand more about the rare species and aid the team in conservation.\n“Without that knowledge, it’s just very difficult to know what’s going on and to monitor whether they’re doing all right,” he added.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Crab fishermen struggle as season begins under strict new regulations\nMeasures to protect endangered whales after deadly year include making some fishing grounds off limits\nSnow crab fishing began last week in northern New Brunswick, the first season under strict new regulations by Ottawa to protect the endangered North Atlantic right whale.\nEighteen whales died in Canadian and American waters last year, and at least three of those deaths were a result of entanglement in fishing gear.\n- Earlier snow crab season, ship speed limits announced to protect North Atlantic right whales\n- Fisheries officials investigate snow crab trap cut from dead right whale\nThe most drastic of the new measures has been the closing of a zone off the province's northeastern coast to fishing, a location where 90 per cent of the whales had migrated to last summer.\nThat area is also an area rich in snow crab.\nAs many boats came back from their first trip out to sea, some fishermen couldn't help but feel anxious about what the season would bring.\n\"We're a little disappointed with the catch,\" said Alain Noel, captain of the Atlantic Gale, a crab fishing boat in Shippagan.\n\"The quantities were mediocre.\"\nTo catch enough crab, Noel said, his crew had to be out at sea for five days.\nThat's because they had to go twice as far to find new fishing grounds — almost all the way to the Magdalen Islands.\n\"The gulf is big, but it's not just anywhere you can lay a trap. There's certain areas where crabs hang out.\"\nThe \"no-fishing zone\" accounted for 20 per cent of last year's crab quota, according to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.\n\"That's taking away a lot of our territory,\" said Noel.\nPlants worried too\nInside processing plants, many people are also feeling nervous.\n\"The workers are really concerned about the number of hours they'll be able to work out of this crab processing season,\" said Marc Guignard, who manages Belle Ile Fisheries Ltd., a plant that processes snow crab in Sainte-Marie-Saint-Raphael.\nSo far, Guignard said the landings have been less than they were last year. He's also worried fishermen will try to rush things before the whales are expected to migrate to the gulf later this spring.\n\"They're afraid of a closure of the crab fishery before they would have caught the totality of their quota,\" said Guignard. \"This is putting a lot of pressure on the plants.\"\nIn a year that's made headlines for workers protesting the so-called EI \"black hole\" — and with things only expected to get worse next year with requirements for minimum number of hours worked going up, Guignard said he's having to look into diversifying his work for the first time.\n\"We're trying to find ways to be able to hire them to continue employment and do other stuff usually we haven't done in the past,\" he said. \"We will have to take care of those employees if we want them to return next year.\"\nFor now, the latest zone closure has caused the biggest headache for New Brunswick's fishing industry.\nBut once whales begin migrating into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, DFO could also implement what it calls \"dynamic closures\" — the closing of additional areas to fishing where whales will be spotted for a duration of at least 15 days at a time.\n\"Oh I don't even want to think about that,\" said Noel. \"I don't even know where we would go.\"\nThere's also the looming threat that Ottawa could cut the season short, as it did last year after whales began dying in such alarming numbers.\nMany fishermen worry whether they'll be able to catch their quota at all this year.\n\"Everyone's worried about that … we're crossing our fingers that everything goes well,\" said Noel.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In light of the recent spill in San Francisco Bay, this hearing will examine the oil spill threats, risks, and vulnerabilities posed by large non-tank vessels. Topics will include the prevalence and environmental impact of non-tank vessel spills, the adequacy and enforcement of vessel response plans, the status of Coast Guard rulemakings, the adequacy of non-tank liability limits, and the allocation of Coast Guard and other Federal resources toward oil spill prevention, preparedness, and oil spill research and development in a post-9/11 world.\nDaniel K. InouyeSenatorDuring the past decade, significant progress has been made toward reducing the amount from and number of oil spills from tank vessels. Much of that success is the direct result of passage and implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. However, in recent years, vessel traffic has rapidly increased with our country’s growing dependency on imports and fuel. With that increase in vessel traffic, it is evident that non-tank vessel spills are a major concern today. Non-tank vessels can carry millions of gallons of oil as fuel, and the standards for non-tank vessels should be strengthened.I am aware that the Coast Guard is in the process of finalizing long awaited rulemakings in this area and I encourage them to take the steps necessary to hasten the completion of these regulations.I look forward to hearing the testimony to better address these issues from a policy perspective.\nWitness Panel 1\nMs. Susan FlemingDirector of Physical Infrastructure IssuesGovernment Accountability Office\nMr. Mary GlackinDeputy Undersecretary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationU.S. Department of Commerce\nAdmiral Thad W. AllenCommandantUnited States Coast Guard\nWitness Panel 2\nMr. Bill DeaverPresident and Chief Operating OfficerTotem Ocean Trailer Express\nDr. Dagmar EtkinPresidentEnvironmental Research Consulting\nMr. Mike CooperChairmanWashington State Oil Spill Advisory Council", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Davidson Seamount: 2002 Expedition\n- Andrew DeVogelaere\nMonterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\n- Gregor Cailliet\nMoss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University\n- Mario Tamburri\nUniversity of Maryland\n- Randall Kochevar\nMonterey Bay Aquarium\n- William Douros\nMonterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\nEnd Date: May 24, 2002\nThe Davidson Seamount is an impressive geologic feature located 120 km southwest of Monterey, California. This inactive volcano is roughly 2,300 m tall and 40 km long, yet its summit is far below the ocean surface (1,250 m). In May 2002, a diverse group of scientists led by the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary embarked on an exploration to more fully characterize the Davidson Seamount.\nUsing the research vessel Western Flyer and ROV Tiburon, we completed 6 full-day dives and recorded 90 hours of video from all depths of the seamount. Meanwhile, at the surface, a team counted seabirds and marine mammals. We collected 104 rock samples, 21 sediment cores, 123 biological samples, and 3 trash items. While detailed analyses are still in progress, it is clear that these assemblages of species are arranged in previously undiscovered large, contiguous patches, and are susceptible to physical disturbance.\nThe number of new species is unknown, but with the samples collected and associated digital video, there is a potential to describe several. At least 4 rare fishes were observed and many invertebrates have yet to be identified. Our work is helping resource managers make a decision regarding inclusion of the Davidson Seamount into the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary boundary to conserve and protect the species and habitats there.\nSummary to DateWe collected 104 rock samples, 21 sediment cores, 123 biological samples, and 3 trash items. The crest of Davidson Seamount had the highest diversity of species, including large gorgonian corals and sponges. While detailed analyses are still in progress, it is clear that these assemblages of species are arranged in previously undiscovered large, contiguous patches, and are susceptible to physical disturbance.\nThe number of new species is unknown, but with the samples collected and associated digital video, there is a potential to describe several. At least 4 rare fishes were observed and many invertebrates have yet to be identified.\nTo learn more about the Joint Management Plan Review process and Davidson Seamount protection, go to the Ecosystem Protection - Davidson Seamount website.\n- Apparent species zonation patterns found along the seamount: crest, slope, base.\n- Several rare and unique fish species observed. Rare sea toad (Bathychaunax coloratus) seen alive for the first time. Halosaur (Aldrovandia sp.) observation may be the first reported occurrence in the California Current.\n- Species assemblages are arranged in previously undiscovered large, contiguous patches, and are susceptible to physical disturbance.\n- Age & Growth\n- Habitat association\n- Geological characterization\nStudy MethodsHabitat and Species Analyses\nTo document habitat and species occurrence at the Davidson Seamount, digital video (Sony Digital Betacam™ format) was continuously recorded, as well as, intermittent high-quality digital camera (Nikon® Coolpix® 990) still images. During each ROV dive, video frame grabs were recorded and preliminarily annotated using MBARI’s computer video annotation program, VICKI (Video Information Capture with Knowledge Inferencing). Several video sampling methods were used to characterize the Seamount: 1) video transects; 2) video frame grabs; and 3) general observation video footage. Transect length and duration depended on dive objectives and suitable habitat for ROV operation. Video frame grabs were conducted at predetermined dive depths, and consisted of a series of six video frame grabs at depth: 1) pan left, distant; 2) pan left, close-up; 3) center, distant; 4) center, close-up; 5) pan right, distant; and 6) pan right, close-up. General observation video footage was used to explore the area, and recorded during collection of rocks, animals, and sediment cores. Transects and frame grabs will be used to quantify habitat and macrofauna.\nAfter the cruise, preliminary frame grab annotations were edited at MBARI’s Video Lab. Species were identified to lowest possible taxa. In many instances, species names were not known and common names were assigned to animals. As a result, an Image Library has been created to identify known and unknown species. Images of unknown species will be discussed with taxonomic experts to assign species names, if available. In addition, biological tissues from select species collected during dives will aid in species identification. The Image Library will also help with species identification in the quantification analysis using video transects and still video frame grabs.\nMarine Mammal and Seabird identification and quantification. Scan sampling was performed every 30 minutes for a duration of 10-15 minutes, searching behind the ship with the stern-mounted ‘bigeyes’ (25x150) and in other directions with the handheld binoculars (7x50). Prior to each scan sample, weather conditions were entered into a laptop computer that was linked to a global positioning system (GPS) to record time and position. Sighting effort was maintained throughout the duration of the expedition, regardless of sea state conditions.\nGenetic sampling of sperm whales.\nWe attempted to obtain skin samples from a small pod of sperm whales sighted 22 May, approximately four miles from the R/V Western Flyer. A small boat was launched from the ship and approached within 30 meters of the whales before they dove beneath the surface. We were unable to relocate the whales and no skin samples were obtained.\nFigures and Images\nMap showing the location of the Davidson Seamount in relation to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.\nClose-up map of the Davidson Seamount.\nStalked white ruffle sponge on the Davidson Seamount (2563 meters).\nMystery mollusk (nudibranch) above the Davidson Seamount (1498 meters).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The South West NRM Region has complex and unique marine, waterways, wetland, estuaries and coastal environments of high environment values remaining. The south west has the second most extensive beds of seagrass on the WA Coastline and; has two Ramsar-listed Wetland systems (i.e. the Vasse-Wonnerup system and Peel-Yalgorup system) which are important areas for waterbirds in south-western Australia. The south west coastal environs are also one of the State’s greatest assets in terms of its community, cultural, economic and environmental value.\nOur Coastal Environments Program aims to protect and improve the biodiversity of and address the threats to the environmental values of the Peel-Yalgorup and Vasse-Wonnerup Ramsar listed wetland systems as well as priority Coastal Hotspots and the broader coastline and nearshore marine environment of the South West Region, particularly through the implementation of activities to rehabilitate ecosystem functions of those systems.\nThis program takes a landscape-scale approach to protecting the Vasse-Geographe and Peel-Harvey priority coastal hotspots (including the associated Ramsar listed wetland systems) and the broader coastline of the South West Region through:\nOur Coastal Team aims to actively work in partnership with agencies as well as engage where possible with the south west community in projects to improve the resilience of these systems by implementing on-ground works (e.g. riparian management, invasive pest and weed control, coastal rehabilitation), changing behaviours associated with fertiliser use in the urban and agricultural context and engaging, coordinating and up-skilling the local community.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This area has steep hills running down to the water’s edge and is deep close to shore. Rocks fringe the shore-line but generally there are no outlying dangers. Apart from the head of Cannibal Cove and some parts of Anakakata Bay, there are no beaches.\nNW to N winds tend to become accelerated in this area and often blow up to twenty knots stronger than the main wind speed in Cook Strait.\nThis increased wind force is felt up to a mile from shore and yachts will usually find better sailing conditions well off this coast in N sector winds.\nThe area also tends to be very gusty in strong conditions. In NW to N winds, the sea is relatively calm close to shore from Cannibal Cove to Cape Jackson.\nThe northern part of Anakakata Bay has several rocks out from the shore and the coast here should be given a clearance of at least 100 meters.\nIn strong winds there can be dangerous tiderips and overfalls close to Waihi Point. These can be worse than the seas off Cape Jackson for the same wind conditions.\nLittle Waikawa has reasonable shelter in winds NE flow and shelter from these winds if under 25 to 30 knots.\nThere are 2 private moorings in the head of little Waikawa Bay which again with permission from owners are quite good in the above wind condition", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Producing oil and natural gas from ultra-deep water in the Gulf of Mexico.\nMain content | back to top\nAs the world’s demand for energy continues to rise, delivering a secure supply will require tapping a variety of sources. We are opening up new energy frontiers, from the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico to freezing Siberia. We are also recovering more from existing fields – where up to two-thirds of oil can be left behind.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "thermohaline circulation, also called Global Ocean Conveyor or Great Ocean Conveyor Belt, the component of general oceanic circulation controlled by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity. It continually replaces seawater at depth with water from the surface and slowly replaces surface water elsewhere with water rising from deeper depths. Although this process is relatively slow, tremendous volumes of water are moved, which transport heat, nutrients, solids, and other materials vast distances. Thermohaline circulation also drives warmer surface waters poleward from the subtropics, which moderates the climate of Iceland and other coastal areas of Europe.\nThe general circulation of the oceans consists primarily of wind-driven ocean currents. These, however, are superimposed on the much more sluggish circulation driven by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity—namely, thermohaline circulation. Wind-driven circulation, which is strongest in the surface layer of the ocean, is the more vigorous of the two and is configured as large gyres that dominate an ocean region. In contrast, thermohaline circulation is much slower, with a typical speed of 1 centimetre (0.4 inch) per second, but this flow extends to the seafloor and forms circulation patterns that envelop the global ocean.\nIn some areas of the ocean, generally during the winter season, cooling or net evaporation causes surface water to become dense enough to sink. Convection penetrates to a level where the density of the sinking water matches that of the surrounding water. It then spreads slowly into the rest of the ocean. Other water must replace the surface water that sinks. This sets up the thermohaline circulation. The basic thermohaline circulation is one of sinking of cold water in the polar regions, chiefly in the northern North Atlantic and near Antarctica. These dense water masses spread into the full extent of the ocean and gradually upwell to feed a slow return flow to the sinking regions. The theory for the thermohaline circulation pattern was first proposed by Henry Stommel and Arnold Arons in 1960.\nSome scientists believe that global warming could shut down this ocean current system by creating an influx of freshwater from melting ice sheets and glaciers into the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean. Since freshwater is less dense than saline water, a significant intrusion of freshwater would lower the density of the surface waters and thus inhibit the sinking motion that drives large-scale thermohaline circulation. It has also been speculated that, as a consequence of large-scale surface warming, such changes could even trigger colder conditions in regions surrounding the North Atlantic. Experiments with modern climate models suggest that such an event would be unlikely. Instead, a moderate weakening of the thermohaline circulation might occur that would lead to a dampening of surface warming—rather than actual cooling—in the higher latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean. See alsoocean current.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HERNANDO COUNTY, Fla. — Kids are helping make reef balls to become homes for the marine life off of Hernando County's coast.\nIt begins with a reef ball mold, cement, and people willing to get a little messy.\n\"I think it's good to help out the environment,\" camp-goer Nolan Shilcote said.\nKids from the Hernando County Outdoor Adventure camp are working hard to help out the fish in the Gulf.\n\"They learn a little about how concrete works, how it sets up and that you have to pack it,\" said Keith Kolasa, Hernando County Marine and Waterways Manager.\nWithin the next year, the reef balls being made this week will be dropped out into the Gulf and become home to fish — just like other ones were last year.\n\"When sharks come to get them, or any other dangerous animal they can hide here so they don’t get eaten,\" said Shilcote.\n\"They actually start learning about what structures are needed to have better fish productivity and what sort of marine life lives in the reef balls,\" said Kolasa.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "My four-year-old nephew Max has a bike but doesn't ride it yet the bugger. Prefers his micro scooter (which is freakin difficult to ride peops! There's a tree on St Mary's Avenue with a mould of my face in it ... )But I love Max anyway. You know why? Because when he's at nursery he writes stories like this:\nSea Creature Story by Max\nThere was a big whale on land and the flies came to eat him and he started to smell. When anyone went to the beach they went back home because they didn't like the smell.\nThe octopus was in the water and a big wave came. A wave took him out of the water. The whale and the octopus both smelled. All the other creatures were in the water. A dolphin was stung by a Portugese man of war jellyfish.\nThe shark ate the eel and then all the other sea creatures died and there was only a baby whale left.\nNow I may be wrong but with that kind of killer instinct and total disregard for life, we are looking at the next Tour winner.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Mission Begins\nJune 26, 2002\nMonitor National Marine Sanctuar\nMonitor Expedition 2002 officially began on June 7 when, after several weeks of preparations and equipment loading, the derrick barge Wotan departed the Manson Gulf facility in Houma, LA, bound for the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary (NMS). Aboard the Wotan were the Navy saturation divers and other key personnel, including Captain Christopher Murray, who is the program manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command, and Jeff Johnston, who is the program specialist for the Monitor NMS.\nDuring the estimated ten-day tow to the sanctuary, Navy divers were busy preparing and training for the saturation dives that will allow them to spend up to five hours on the Monitor site for each dive. Jeff also took time to brief divers on the history of the Monitor and on its construction. Off the coast of Florida, Commander Bobbie Scholley, who is the on-scene commander for the expedition, joined the barge. As the barge entered the Gulf Stream heading north, the team held numerous planning sessions to break down the goals and objectives into individual work tasks. heading north, the team held numerous planning sessions to break down the goals and objectives into individual work tasks.\nOn June 17, the Wotan stopped in calm waters off Morehead City, N.C., where the Manson crew began rigging the mooring anchors. During that operation, however, the steel shaft on the swing motor for the 500-ton crane unexpectedly sheared. Because the crane is essential to mooring and lifting operations, the Wotan had to proceed directly past the Monitor site and on to Norfolk, VA. Here, repairs were made quickly, and the remaining Navy and NOAA teams embarked.\nOn June 24, the expedition began in earnest on two fronts: the Wotan departed Norfolk with all repairs completed and all team members aboard, and submersible dives were conducted in the sanctuary. The barge reached Cape Hatteras at 3:15 am on June 26. Despite the early hour and total darkness, the crew began deploying the eight 20,000-pound anchors that will hold the barge in position over the Monitor for the duration of the mission.\nAt 7:05 am, all anchors of the Wotan were set, and at 9:27 am, the first dive of the expedition took place. The divers reported nearly 100 feet of visibility and almost no current. Now the team is working to clear debris from the deck above the turret while keeping an eye on the weather, which is predicted to turn bad tonight.\nSign up for the Ocean Explorer E-mail Update List.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shark In A Bottle. *no baby sharks were harmed in the making of this product. Atlantic ocean type of shark:\nAtlantic ocean type of shark: In shark tank episode 516, the young entrepreneurs special, carter kostler pitches the define bottle, a water bottle that uses fresh fruit to infuse taste into drinking water. This makes a great gift for any ocean fanatic or shark lover!\nReal Dog Shark In A Bottle!\nAd by texasbeachcombing ad from shop texasbeachcombing. The company has been highly successful since its appearance on shark tank, with revenues surpassing $17 million. Share your thoughts, experiences, and stories behind the art.\nPreserved In A Mixture Of 70% Isopropyl Alcohol And Distilled Water Dyed Blue For A Captivating “Oceanic” Aesthetic, It Makes A Nifty Piece Of Educational Decor.\nThis shark sensory bottle creates the imagery of the ocean with a shark swimming around. Shark in a bottle : The shark in a jar is one of our most popular items with kids!\nEdna Haplotyping Can Identify The Genetic Signatures Of Individual Animals In A Single Bottle Of Ocean Water.\nAdam and matt approach shark tank with a $1 million offer for 5% of their company, assuming a $20 million valuation. Simply shake the bottle and watch the glitter. Directed by mark anthony little.\n5 Out Of 5 Stars.\nEli and jen crane, the owners of bottle breacher, went on shark tank in november 2014 and struck a deal with legendary sharks kevin o’leary and mark cuban. Galveston texas found shark teeth & seaglass filled soy wax beach comb in a jar candle texas beach combing fossil surprise candle. Video tutorial and free printable shark parts included, plus science learning!\nYou Can Even Use It As A Night Light Or Piggy Bank.\nWith danny nucci, hiep thi le, ben gazzara, tom lister jr. The bottles do not shatter! My shark waterbottle is cool.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Scientific Name:||Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959|\nEpinephelus fuscoguttatus (non Forsskal, 1775)\nEpinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959\nSerranus dispara Playfair, 1867\nSerranus fuscoguttatus (non Forsskal, 1775)\n|Red List Category & Criteria:||Least Concern ver 3.1|\n|Assessor(s):||Fennessy, S., Pollard, D. & Myers, R.|\n|Reviewer(s):||Sadovy, Y. & Moss, K. (Grouper and Wrasse Red List Authority)|\nEpinephelus tukula is listed as Least Concern. Although Potato Grouper are widespread in distribution, the distribution is patchy and localized and generally uncommon except in marine protected areas. There are no fisheries data on the species. This species is easily speared or caught on hook and line, and forms small aggregations for spawning and/or other purposes which increases its vulnerability to capture. Juveniles are vulnerable to artisinal fishing. A valued species in Eastern markets, hence the development of techniques to culture it, which could relieve the pressure on wild stocks. More information is needed on its biology and the impacts of fisheries to its populations. The species warrants close scrutiny and should be re-evaluated as more information becomes available.\n|Range Description:||Epinephelus tukula is a widely distributed Indo-Pacific species. It can be found in the Red Sea, Pakistan, southern Oman, Somalia (Myers distributional database 2006, Mann and Fielding 2000), Socotra (Yemen), Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), some western Indian Ocean islands (Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion (last two: Myers distributional database 2006)), west coast of India (Sluka and Lazarus unpub.), Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Flores and Bali -Nusa Penida, Solomon Islands, excluding Irian-Jaya (Myers distributional database 2006), the northwest Australian shelf, Great Barrier Reef, Christmas Island, Coral Sea, Osprey Reef, Papua New Guinea (Myers distributional database 2006), Taiwan, southern Japan, Paracel Islands, Pratas Reef, and the East African coast from the Red Sea south to Aliwal Shoal 30°S (South Africa) (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004).|\nNative:Australia; China; Christmas Island; Comoros; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Jordan; Kenya; Madagascar; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mozambique; Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Réunion; Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Yemen\n|FAO Marine Fishing Areas:|\nIndian Ocean – western; Indian Ocean – eastern; Pacific – northwest; Pacific – western central\n|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|\nEpinephelus tukula is not a common species where fishing is known to occur, but may be more common in unfished areas. The species is patchy over its range and highly localized. Very rare in Japan (Dr. A. Ebisawa, Okinawa Prefectural Fisheries and Ocean Research Center pers. comm.).\nPotato grouper are classified as rare (based on density estimates) on the GBR (Pears 2005). Chater et al. (1993) recorded it as common during informal diving and angling surveys (8 to 45 m) on coral reefs in the St Lucia and Maputaland Marine Reserves (northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) from 1987 to 1990. The St Lucia reserve, which is well-policed to prevent demersal fishing, had been in existence since 1979 at that point. In a more formal survey, in shallow (9 to 13 m) UVC surveys in these reserves between 1987 and 1992, Chater et al. (1995) recorded densities of this species which were higher than any other serranid. Attraction to divers cannot be ruled out however. On the west coast of India, this species was recorded at six of nine shallow water (2 to 28 m) sites surveyed in shallow water (2 to 28 m), but at a low relative abundance compared to other groupers (Sluka and Lazarus unpub.). Few seen in northern Somalia while diving on shallow (2 to 14 m) non-coral reefs in northern Somalia (Mann and Fielding 2000).\nJuveniles are relatively common (20% of all grouper caught from the shore by researchers, n=108 of 546 groupers) from the shore in the St Lucia/Maputaland marine reserves in South Africa 2000 to 2005; catches were higher in sanctuary areas compared to catches in areas which had been open to fishing five years previously (Mann, Oceanographic Research Institute, unpub. Data). Not reported from commercial line catches from southern Mozambique in the mid-1990s after the fishery rapidly developed following 20 years of light fishing effort owing to civil war (Dengo and David 1993, van der Elst et al. 1994). Recorded in 2002 to 2004 (no numbers provided) during monitoring of commercial linefish catches in southern/central Mozambique from 2000 to 2005 (D. Gove, Mozambican Fisheries Research Institute, pers. comm.); recorded in trap catches in central Mozambique from 1997 to 1998 (n=7 individuals of 1,304 groupers; Abdula et al. 2000). Morgans (1964) recorded only one individual in 689 groupers in catches on the North Kenya Banks, at a time when the reef had not been exploited. Nzioka (1977) recorded catching five specimens from 1974 to 1977 as part of a survey of reefs between Mafia Island (Tanzania) and the North Kenya Banks which caught 130 other serranid fishes. Also reported in catches from Reunion (D. Miossec, pers. comm. IFREMER) but lumped with several other species.\nLocalised small aggregations of large fish reported anecdotally by recreational scuba divers in numerous locations, particularly in areas where fishing effort is low e.g. northern KwaZulu-Natal MPAs, southern Mozambique – “Bass City” (Pereira 2003), Bassas d’India Mozambique channel (Oceanographic Research Institute, unpub. Data, Aldabra (Grandcourt 2005). Such aggregations may be for spawning as recorded by Robinson et al. (2004).\n|Current Population Trend:||Unknown|\n|Habitat and Ecology:||General|\nEpinephelus tukula is a reef-associated species mainly found in deep reef channels and seamounts, in current prone areas. Juveniles may be found in tide pools. Considered to be exceedingly territorial and very aggressive towards intruders. Vulnerable to spear fishers. Hand fed by divers in certain areas, but potentially dangerous to the inexperienced. Prefers coral reefs, although also occurs on non-coral reefs at depths of 10 to 150 m (Heemstra and Randall 1986); museum specimens collected from 3 m depth on the GBR (Pogonoski et al. 2002), occasionally to depths of 400 m (QFS 2000, reported in Pogonoski et al. 2002). An aggressive species (van der Elst 1993), easily approached particularly on reefs which are protected from fishing.\nFeeds on reef fishes, skates, crabs, and spiny lobsters.\nGrowth and Reproduction\nMaximum size 150 cm TL, 90 kg (Heemstra and Heemstra 2004); Lieske and Myers (1994) indicate a maximum length of 200 cm (110 kg). Yeh et al. (2003) reported inducing protogynous sex change in captive specimens. Matures at about 90 cm (Morgan, 1982); 90 cm TL/16 kg (Yeh et al. 2003); Lau and Li (2000) report maturity at 99 cm TL. Length weight relationship y(kg) = 1.0-5.xTL cm 3.07. A slow-growing species: von Bertalanffy parameters k 0.13 yr-1, Linf 114.9 cm (t0 assumed to be zero), natural mortality 0.13 yr-1 (Grandcourt 2005). Ripe fish obtained in February, October and December on the central East African coast (North Kenya Banks and Mafia island; Nzioka 1977).\nEpinephelus tukula is threatened by loss of habitat and overfishing.\nLoss of habitat\nEpisodes of coral reef bleaching in the range of this species are likely to occur increasingly as SST increases (Sheppard 2003). Dynamiting of reefs, fishing with poisons and netting on reefs have resulted in loss of habitat in several countries, such as Tanzania, Indonesia and Malaysia (Spalding et al. 2001, Kunzmann 2004).\nMost of the fishing effort in the region is small-scale, is largely unregulated and can generally be assumed to be increasing (e.g. Martosubroto 2005, Cunningham and Bodiguel 2006, Morgan 2006, Flewelling and Hosch 2006). Caught in the live reef fish trade (Lee and Sadovy 1998). In the Hong Kong live fish markets.\nEpinephelus tukula occurs in marine protected areas within its range.\nOnly 225 km² of reefs are no take-areas in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique (Wells et al. 2007) and it is no clear how much compliance there is. In KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, most of the north coast which contains coral reefs is protected by a 145 km long MPA in which no demersal fishing is allowed, and is strictly enforced. It is intended that this MPA and the southern Mozambique coast from Ponta d’Ouro to Maputo will be incorporated into a Transboundary MPA, with areas zoned for protection, which will offer further protection to this species. May not be retained in South Africa (since 1992) and by recreational fishers in Mozambique (since 1999). Australia: Western Australia and Queensland: totally protected.\n|Citation:||Fennessy, S., Pollard, D. & Myers, R. 2008. Epinephelus tukula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T132773A3447657.Downloaded on 22 June 2018.|\n|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "'Shiver of sharks' closes North Coast beach\nA SHIVER of sharks has closed the main beach at Evans Head this afternoon.\nSurf Life Saving Far North Coast duty officer Garry Meredith said a drone operator closed the beach around 1pm.\n\"The drone operator saw several sharks but could not identify the species,\" he said.\n\"The beach was closed about three-quarters of an hour ago.\"\nMr Meredith said the beach had been cleared of swimmers and surfers.\n\"If anyone is ever swimming at a beach and they hear shark siren you are best getting out of the water,\" he said.\n\"Even the die-hard board-riders get out.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our wild-caught Pacific Halibut comes from the Gulf of Alaska. With its mild, sweet taste and firm, meaty flesh, halibut holds flavor well and maintains its shape during cooking, making it perfect for roasting, grilling, sautéing, or poaching.\n- The International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) is responsible for the sustainable harvest of Halibut populations as well as setting limits on the quantity, size, and season of fishing.\n- The commission determined in 2018 that the Halibut numbers are healthy for fishing and have increased from previous years. (NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Halibut).\n- Two independent certification standards guarantee responsible management of the Alaskan Halibut fishery: the Alaska Responsible Fisheries Management (RFM) and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). (ASMI, Halibut)\n- Our halibut is caught in Kodiak, Alaska by our trusted partners at the Seafood Producers Cooperative.\n- High in minerals and omega-3 fatty acids.\n- Great source of protein and B vitamins.\n- Halibut can weigh up to 500 pounds and live up to 55 years.\n- These fish can be easily identified by their sideways swim and prominent eyes.\n- Wild halibut enjoy their adult lives at the bottom of shallow oceans, eating sculpins, sand lance, herring, octopus, crabs, clams, and other groundfish.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nearshore habitats in Lake Michigan vary sharply in terms of substrate, structural complexity, and thermal regime. Despite these differences, research and management of fish communities has largely considered the nearshore region of Lake Michigan as a homogenous unit. Nearshore habitat diversity can affect food web interactions as well as fish growth and recruitment. To look at abundance and growth rate differences in relation to habitat types, three distinct locations in Illinois waters of Lake Michigan were sampled bi-monthly from 2008-2012 using small-mesh gill nets. Round goby catch rates were positively related to structural complexity, with almost no fish caught at the sandy location and highest catch rates occurring at the location containing boulders and cobble. Alewife catch rates were highest at the cool northern location and lowest at the warmer southern location. Perch catch rates varied by month, with incoming pulses of age-0 fish in August being higher at the northern location, but age-1 yellow perch in the spring being more common at the southern location. Significant annual variation was found in total length at age-0 for yellow perch, which indicates that temporal patterns in biotic or abiotic conditions could be more important than spatial factors for juvenile perch growth.\n|Original language||English (US)|\n|State||Published - 2014|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new species of parasitic nematode, Capillostrongyloides congiopodi n. sp. (Capillariidae), is described based on specimens collected from the gall bladder of the horsefish, Congiopodus peruvianus Cuvier and Velenciennes (Congiopodidae, Scorpaeniformes), from the Patagonian Shelf, Argentina (45–48°S; 60–64°W). Among the 9 species described so far in the genus, the new species most closely resembles C. norvegica Moravec and Karlsbakk, 2000, by the presence of its conspicuously elevated anterior vulvar lip in females; however, it is readily distinguished from it by having a larger body size, larger eggs with protruding polar plugs, the shape and length of the spicule, and mainly by the general morphology of the caudal bursa of males. In addition, the site of infection, i.e., stomach versus gall bladder. This is the first Capillostrongyloides species reported from fishes in the southern Atlantic Ocean.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|\n|158633||2018||12 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||9581 کلمه|\nPublisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)\nJournal : Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 212, 15 April 2018, Pages 450-461\nIn Europe, the quality of coastal bathing waters improved considerably in the last decades, mainly due to the more demanding legislation and the adoption of water sanitation plans. In the Nerbioi estuary (North Spain), the Wastewater Treatment Plan implemented between 1990 and 2001 resulted on an abrupt decrease in microbial concentration; thus, complying with bathing waters legislation and allowing recreational activities again in the three beaches of the estuary. However, little is known about how improvements in bathing waters influences the provision of cultural ecosystem services and human well-being. A questionnaire was used to study beach users' behaviour and perceptions and compared with environmental time-series data (microbial concentration and water transparency). Most respondents perceived an improvement in bathing waters quality and linked it to the estuarine sanitation. Nerbioi beaches are important recreational areas, mainly for local visitors, and water quality improvement was found to be a critical factor for deciding to visit these beaches. Furthermore, most visitors answered that they would not return if water conditions deteriorate. Significant differences existed between beaches, with the most inner beach presenting worse environmental conditions than the other two beaches; and matching user's perceptions. Our findings highlight that water sanitation actions are important for the recovery of degraded coastal environments and for the maintenance of ecosystem services. Also, that multidisciplinary research is necessary to better comprehend the links between environmental recovery and the provision of ecosystem services.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Have you heard the exciting news? The first biofluorescent reptile was discovered this week! A hawksbill sea turtle! Biofluorescence is a big word meaning the ability for an animal to absorb light and then produce it (show it) as a different color. In addition to the hawksbill sea turtle being the first reptile to show this amazing ability, it is also one of the first animals to emit two radiating colors. The only other animal that can do this is coral.\nSpeaking of other animals, this bright, glowing talent is found in many including crabs, jelly fish and fishes. The glow the animals radiate helps them survive in the ocean. Some animals use biofloourescence as bait to lure their prey or even as a defense from predators. The red and green neon lights that the sea turtle gives off could help camouflage the turtle among other fluorescent animals. Or it may help males and females find one another to mate. Then again, this discovery is so new many scientists aren’t quite sure why they have it yet.\nThis particular hawksbill sea turtle was spotted by a diver in the Solomon Islands located in the Pacific Ocean. Their natural range includes the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Though they commonly nest near the Gulf of Mexico and bordering coasts, a few have been reported along the coasts of North and South Carolina. This new and exciting discovery is just another reason to protect this endangered species. For more information on hawksbill sea turtles, click here.\nWhile our hatchlings at the Aquarium are not glowing, they are growing! This week, Turtle A is 145.8 grams and 9.0 cm and Turtle B is 116.4 grams and 7.9 cm. For more information on what to do with those numbers, please check out our lesson: Hatchling to Yearling.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Herbivory is a key process structuring plant communities in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with variation in herbivory often being related to shifts between alternate states. On coral reefs, regional reductions in herbivores have underpinned shifts from coral to dominance by leathery macroalgae. These shifts appear difficult to reverse as these macroalgae are unpalatable to the majority of herbivores, and the macroalgae suppress the recruitment and growth of corals. The removal of macroalgae is, therefore, viewed as a key ecological process on coral reefs. On the Great Barrier Reef, Sargassum is a dominant macroalgal species following experimentally induced coral–macroalgal phase-shifts. We, therefore, used Sargassum assays and remote video cameras to directly quantify the species responsible for removing macroalgae across a range of coral reef habitats on Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. Despite supporting over 50 herbivorous fish species and six macroalgal browsing species, the video footage revealed that a single species, Naso unicornis, was almost solely responsible for the removal of Sargassum biomass across all habitats. Of the 42,246 bites taken from the Sargassum across all habitats, N. unicornis accounted for 89.8% (37,982) of the total bites, and 94.6% of the total mass standardized bites. This limited redundancy, both within and across local scales, underscores the need to assess the functional roles of individual species. Management and conservation strategies may need to look beyond the preservation of species diversity and focus on the maintenance of ecological processes and the protection of key species in critical functional groups.\nThis is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.\nBuy single article\nInstant unlimited access to the full article PDF.\nPrice includes VAT for USA\nSubscribe to journal\nImmediate online access to all issues from 2019. Subscription will auto renew annually.\nThis is the net price. Taxes to be calculated in checkout.\nArcher S, Scifres C, Bassham CR. 1988. Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 58:111–27.\nArthur R, Done TJ, Marsh H. 2005. Benthic recovery 4 years after an El Nino-induced coral mass mortality in the Lakshadweep atolls. Curr Sci 89:694–9.\nAtsatt PR, O’Dowd DJ. 1976. Plant defense guilds. Science 193:24–9.\nBazely DR, Jefferies RL. 1986. Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt-marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer. J Ecol 74:693–706.\nBell RHV. 1971. A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Sci Am 225:86–94.\nBellwood DR. 1995. Carbonate transport and within-reef patterns of bioerosion and sediment release by parrotfish (family Scaridae) on the Great Barrier Reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 117:127–36.\nBellwood DR, Hoey AS, Choat JH. 2003. Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs. Ecol Lett 6:281–5.\nBellwood DR, Hughes TP, Folke C, Nyström M. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429:827–33.\nBellwood DR, Hughes TP, Hoey AS. 2006. Sleeping functional group drives coral-reef recovery. Curr Biol 16:2434–9.\nBellwood DR, Wainwright PC. 2001. Locomotion in labrid fishes: implications for habitat use and cross-shelf biogeography on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 20:139–50.\nBolser RC, Hay ME. 1996. Are tropical plants better defended? Palatability and defenses of temperate vs. tropical seaweeds. Ecology 77:2269–86.\nCarpenter RC. 1997. Invertebrate predators and grazers. In: Birkeland C, Ed. Life and death of coral reefs. New York: Chapman and Hall. p 198–229.\nChapin FS, Walker BW, Hobbs RJ, Hooper DU, Lawton JH, Sala OE, Tilman D. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277:500–4.\nChoat JH, Axe LM. 1996. Growth and longevity in acanthurid fishes; an analysis of otolith increments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134:15–26.\nChoat JH, Clements KD, Robbins WD. 2002. The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs I: dietary analyses. Mar Biol 140:613–23.\nColey PD, Barone JA. 1996. Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annu Rev Ecol Sys 27:305–35.\nCoppard SE, Campbell AC. 2007. Grazing preferences of diadematid echinoids in Fiji. Aquat Bot 86:204–12.\nCruz-Rivera E, Paul VJ. 2006. Feeding by coral reef mesograzers: algae or cyanobacteria? Coral Reefs 25:617–27.\nCvitanovic C, Bellwood DR. 2009. Local variation in herbivore feeding activity on an inshore reef of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 28:127–33.\nDalzell P, Adams TJH, Polunin NVC. 1996. Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 34:395–531.\nDiaz-Pulido G, McCook LJ. 2002. The fate of bleached corals: patterns and dynamics of algal recruitment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 232:115–28.\nDobson A, Crawley M. 1994. Pathogens and the structure of plant communities. Trends Ecol Evol 9:393–8.\nDone TJ, Turak E, Wakeford M, DeVantier L, McDonald A, Fisk D. 2007. Decadal changes in turbid-water coral communities at Pandore Reef: loss of resilience or too soon to tell? Coral Reefs 26:789–805.\nDublin HT, Sinclair AR, McGlade G. 1990. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands. J Anim Ecol 59:1147–64.\nFabricius K, De’ath G. 2001. Environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 19:303–9.\nFolke C, Carpenter S, Walker B, Scheffer M, Elmquist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:557–81.\nFox RJ, Bellwood DR. 2007. Quantifying herbivory across a coral reef depth gradient. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 339:49–59.\nFox RJ, Bellwood DR. 2008. Remote video bioassays reveal the potential feeding impact of the rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus (f. Siganidae) on an inner-shelf reef on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 27:605–15.\nGraham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Pijous JP, Robinson J. 2006. Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:8425–9.\nGruner DS, Smith JE, Seabloom EW, Sandin SA, Ngai JT, Hillebrand H, Harpole WS, Elser JJ, Cleland EE, Bracken MES, Borer ET, Bolker BM. 2008. A cross-system synthesis of consumer and nutrient resource control on producer biomass. Ecol Lett 11:740–55.\nHay ME. 1991. Marine-terrestrial contrasts in the ecology of plant chemical defenses against herbivores. Trends Ecol Evol 6:362–5.\nHoey AS, Bellwood DR. 2008. Cross-shelf variation in the role of parrotfishes on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 27:37–47.\nHolling CS. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23.\nHolmgren M, Lopez BC, Gutierrez JR, Squeo FA. 2006. Herbivory and plant growth rate determine the success of El Nino Southern oscillation-driven tree establishment in semiarid South America. Global Change Biol 12:2263–71.\nHughes TP. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547–51.\nHughes TP, Rodrigues MJ, Bellwood DR, Ceccarelli D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCook L, Moltschaniwskyj N, Pratchett MS, Steneck RS, Willis B. 2007. Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Curr Biol 17:360–5.\nJompa J, McCook LJ. 2002. The effects of nutrients and herbivory on competition between a hard coral (Porites cylindrica) and a brown alga (Lobophora variegata). Limnol Oceanogr 47:527–34.\nJones RS. 1968. Ecological relationships in Hawaiian and Johnston Island Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes). Micronesica 4:309–61.\nKulbicki M. 1998. How the acquired behaviour of commercial reef fishes influence the results obtained from visual censuses. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 222:11–30.\nKulbicki M, Guillemot N, Amand M. 2005. A general approach to length–weight relationships for New Caledonian lagoon fishes. Cybium 29:235–52.\nLedlie MH, Graham NAJ, Bythell JC, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Hardcastle J. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. Coral Reefs 26:641–53.\nMcClanahan TR, Muthiga NA, Mangi S. 2001. Coral and algal changes after the 1998 coral bleaching: Interaction with reef management and herbivores on Kenyan reefs. Coral Reefs 19:380–91.\nMcCook LJ. 1996. Effects of herbivores and water quality on Sargassum distribution on the central Great Barrier Reef: cross-shelf transplants. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 139:179–92.\nMcCook LJ, De’ath G, Price IR, Diaz-Pulido G, Jompa J. 2000. Macroalgal resources of the Great Barrier Reef: taxonomy, distributions and abundances on coral reefs. Report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. 22 p.\nMcNaughton SJ. 1984. Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form, and co-evolution. Am Nat 124:863–86.\nMantyka CS, Bellwood DR. 2007. Direct evaluation of macroalgal removal by herbivorous coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 26:435–42.\nMartin-Smith KM. 1993. The phenology of four species of Sargassum at Magnetic Island, Australia. Bot Mar 36:327–34.\nMeyer CG, Holland KN. 2005. Movement patterns, home range size and habitat utilization of the bluespine unicorfish, Naso unicornis (Acanthuridae) in a Hawaiian marine reserve. Environ Biol Fish 73:201–10.\nMumby PJ, Hastings A, Edwards HJ. 2007. Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature 450:98–101.\nMyers RF. 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Guam: Coral Graphics. p 298.\nNyström M. 2006. Redundancy and response diversity of functional groups: implications for the resilience of coral reefs. Ambio 35:30–5.\nNyström M, Folke C. 2001. Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4:406–17.\nOwen-Smith N. 1994. Foraging responses of kudus to seasonal changes in food resources: elasticity in constraints. Ecology 75:1050–62.\nPeterson G, Allen CR, Holling CS. 1998. Ecological resilience, biodiversity and scale. Ecosystems 1:6–18.\nPolunin NVC, Klumpp DW. 1992. Algal food supply and grazer demand in a very productive coral-reef zone. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 164:1–15.\nRhodes KL, Tupper MH, Wichilmel CB. 2008. Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia. Coral Reefs 27:443–54.\nRiginos C, Grace JB. 2008. Savanna tree density, herbivores, and the herbaceous community: bottom-up vs. top-down effects. Ecology 89:2228–38.\nRobertson DR, Gaines SD. 1986. Interference competition structures habitat use in a local assemblage of coral reef surgeonfishes. Ecology 67:1372–83.\nScheffer M, Carpenter SR, Foley J, Folke C, Walker BH. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–6.\nShepherd SA, Hawkes MW. 2005. Algal food preferences and seasonal foraging strategy of the marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, on Santa Cruz, Galapagos. Bull Mar Sci 77:51–72.\nShurin JB, Gruner DS, Hillebrand H. 2006. All wet or dried up? Real differences between aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Proc R Soc B 273:1–9.\nSteinberg PD, Edyvane K, de Nys R, Birdsley R, van Altena IA. 1991. Lack of avoidance of phenolic-rich brown algae by tropical herbivorous fishes. Mar Biol 109:335–43.\nSteinberg PD, Paul VJ. 1990. Fish feeding and chemical defenses of tropical brown algae in Western Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 58:253–9.\nSteneck RS. 1988. Herbivory on coral reefs: a synthesis. In: Proceedings of 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, p 37–49.\nSteneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson JM, Estes JA, Tegner MJ. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ Conserv 29:436–59.\nWahl M, Hay ME. 1995. Associational resistance and shared doom: effects of epibiosis on herbivory. Oecologia 102:329–40.\nWalker BH, Ludwig D, Holling CS, Peterman RM. 1981. Stability of semi-arid savanna grazing systems. J Ecol 69:473–98.\nWantiez L, Thollot P, Kulbicki M. 1997. Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs 16:215–24.\nWilson SK, Bellwood DR, Choat JH, Furnas M. 2003. Detritus in coral reef ecosystems and its use by coral reef fishes. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 41:279–309.\nWismer S, Hoey AS, Bellwood DR. 2009. Cross-shelf benthic community structure on the Great Barrier Reef: relationships between macroalgal cover and herbivore biomass. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 376:45–54.\nWe thank P. Cowman, C. Lefèvre, and S. Wismer for field assistance, and J. Hoey for assistance with video analysis. Comments by J. Hoey, S. Wismer, T. Done and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. We thank the staff at the Lizard Island Research Station—a facility of the Australian Museum for invaluable field support. Financial support was provided by The Ian Potter Doctoral Fellowship at Lizard Island (ASH), the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Australian Research Council (DRB).\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nHoey, A.S., Bellwood, D.R. Limited Functional Redundancy in a High Diversity System: Single Species Dominates Key Ecological Process on Coral Reefs. Ecosystems 12, 1316–1328 (2009) doi:10.1007/s10021-009-9291-z\n- Naso unicornis\n- functional redundancy\n- coral reef", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fugro has already completed 10 surveys for the programme since 2006 and acquired over 140 000 km2 of data. This latest survey will collect high-resolution, high-density multibeam echosounder and sub-bottom data to produce seamless datasets for the Norwegian mapping programme. The fieldwork will run from June to late October this year.\nThe survey area covers approximately 2700 km2 over Spitsbergenbanken, a large bank in the Barents Sea, in water depths ranging from 30 m to 500 m. Fugro will use state-of-the-art-sensors, advanced calibration techniques and oceanographic measurement workflows designed for acquiring vital Geo-data in this challenging environment.\nNicolien Haasbroek, Project Engineer at Mareano, said: \"We are pleased to award this year's contract to Fugro. Our experience of working together has always been positive and we are looking forward to this latest collaboration.\"\nDr Marco Filippone, Chief Hydrographer at Fugro, said: “Over the past 14 years, we have deployed our specialist multibeam echosounder equipment and applied our International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) certified hydrographers’ expertise on several surveys for the Norwegian Hydrographic Service under this programme. It’s very rewarding to deliver continuous development in line with their objectives and expectations.”\nDuring the survey campaign, Fugro will continue its ongoing contributions to crowdsourcing initiatives such as The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 project, the global initiative to produce a high-resolution map of the world’s ocean floor by the year 2030. To date, Fugro has donated 622 000 km2 of bathymetric data to Seabed 2030, collected during transits to and from global survey areas, and aims to boost this contribution with transit data from the MAREANO programme.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "main goals of the research are to examine the ability of Arctic Ocean\nmodels to simulate variability on seasonal to interannual scales, and\nto qualitatively and quantitatively understand the behaviour of\ndifferent Arctic Ocean models. AOMIP's major objective is to use a\nsuite of sophisticated models to simulate the Arctic Ocean circulation\nfor the periods 1948-2004 and 1901-2004. Forcing will use the observed\nclimatology and the daily atmospheric pressure and air temperature\nfields. Model results will be contrasted and compared to understand\nmodel strengths and weaknesses.\nAOMIP will bring together the international modeling community for a comprehensive evaluation and validation of current Arctic Ocean models. The project will provide valuable information on improving Arctic Ocean models and will result in a better understanding of the processes that maintain the Arctic's observed variability.\nO.A.Sys participates in AOMIP with the coupled ice-ocean model NAOSIM in close cooperation with the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. The focus of O.A.Sys work in this project is the dynamics of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean and the preparation of a specific 100 – year forcing dataset to run a coordinated experiment for the period 1901 – 2004.\nAOMIP is supported by the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF) and the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) of the National Science Foundation (NSF).\nThe project is an official activity of the Arctic Climate System Study / Climate and Cryosphere Numerical Experimentation Group (ACSYS/CliC NEG).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NFRDI to Hold 8th Scientific Conference\nIn recognition to efforts towards ensuring fisheries sustainability and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources' goal of Food Fish Sufficiency, the NFRDI is set to conduct its 8th Scientific Conference (SciCon) with the theme \"#Fisheries RDE: Pagkaing sapat para sa lahat.\"\nThe Conference will feature various scientific researches from the NFRDI, Academe, BFAR and other research institutions.\nIt will comprise of Plenary Sessions, Poster Presentation, Spotlight Presentation and Parallel Non- Competing Paper Presentation with sub-themes from the Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture Fisheries, Postharvest Fisheries and Cross-cutting themes (Climate Change, Extension, etc.)\nThe conference is scheduled on September 5-7, 2018 in Quezon City.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Chairs drift dive\nAnother wonderful drift dive with gorgeous coral reef and some interesting features to top it off.\nThe shallows have several Elkhorn Corals of monumental proportions. They make a diver next to it look small. The top of the drop off is in a spur and groove lay out. A great diversity of healthy hard corals make up the spurs while in the grooves you will find the tallest soft corals anywhere. Many of the Sea Whips here reach an incredible height of 15 feet!\nAn irregularity along the 45 degree drop off is the place to find a nice school of Tarpon in clear waters. This school of Tarpon is often joined by schooling Cubera Snappers and Horse Eye Jacks. Also Green Moray, Sting Ray and Turtles are seen here many times. Lots of small fish life as well between all the corals. But because of all the soft coral you can not see many of the fish until you are above them and able to look down in between the corals.\nAnd just in case you were wondering. We won't see any chairs on this dive. For years I had this spot marked with some washed up parts of beach chairs. Both entry and exit are with rolling surf.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Northern Agricultural Catchments Council's (NACC) Coastal & Marine Team will be launching their new Coastal Community Engagement Trailer and hosting a guided Beach Walk at this year's Point Moore Lighthouse Open Day.\nCome down and talk to the Coastal and Marine Team about your local coastal environment and discover new and exciting displays! Grab your lunch and make sure you are there for a Guided Beach Walk at12:30pm to learn about coastal native plants and the creatures that live on the beach.\nAs part of last year's Goodness Festival, the Coastal team delivered a GeroSoup pitch which was very successful in raising funds for a coastal education trailer. Since then, the Department of Fisheries kindly donated a trailer to the Coastal and Marine Program. The pitch money has since been used to deck out the Coastal Community Engagement Trailer with solar power panels and equipment to assist with educational presentations and interpretive displays on traditional ecological knowledge, coastal ecology, processes and their associated management issues.\nWho to contact for enquiries: Andrew Outhwaite (0466 694 702)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of five freshwater lakes running across North America. These are landlocked lakes and contain the world’s largest freshwater reserve.\nSharks are saltwater creatures. Nonetheless, certain shark species have a proclivity to migrate to freshwater ecosystems. So, do sharks live in the Great Lakes of the United States?\nThankfully, this article will attempt to answer this question in depth. In addition, we will answer some additional questions about the subject.\nSo, let’s get this journey started!\nAre there sharks in the Great Lakes?\nAs we stated, the Great Lakes are landlocked and are freshwater sources. This puts a question mark on the presence of sharks in them. So let’s unfurl the truth.\nIt might sound weird, but there are indeed no sharks in the Great Lakes. One of the main reasons sharks do not prefer these lakes is that they fail to cope with the cold temperature. Also, there might be a lack of proper food for sharks in these lakes.\nHowever, if one swam and ends up in one of these lakes, it might survive for a few days before heading towards the marine waterways.\nWhat sharks live in the Great Lakes?\nSharks, by nature, are supposed to live in saltwater ecosystems. However, they simply cannot survive without the salt to process into their bodies.\nSince sharks’ bodies are resistant to adaptation to freshwater, there have been no shark sightings in the Great Lakes. The only reports in this context have been of dead shark bodies being discovered on the lakeshore on occasion.\nAs a result, most reports of shark sightings in the Great Lakes are a hoax.\nAre there any bull sharks in the Great Lakes?\nBull sharks are a remarkable shark species. These sharks can live in freshwater environments. So, is it a possible shark species for the Great Lakes?\nAlthough bull sharks have a physiological structure that allows them to live in freshwater, no sightings of them have been reported in the Great Lakes. This is because Lake Michigan and Superior are the deepest and coldest of all the lakes, making it extremely difficult for bull sharks to survive.\nIt is important to note that bull sharks can be found in freshwater sources such as the Amazon, Mississippi, and Central American lakes. Because of the warmer water in these areas, bull sharks can migrate here in search of food.\nAre there any great white sharks in the Great Lakes?\nThe Great Lakes have distinct geography and climate patterns. But does it benefit great white sharks to live here? Let’s go exploring.\nGreat white sharks cannot live in freshwater. Furthermore, the Great Lakes are too cold for great white sharks to survive. As a result, there are no records of these sharks being found in these bodies of water.\nThe Great Lakes are surrounded by land. So the possibility of sharks migrating into these bodies of water is ruled out. However, even if great whites end up in any of these lakes during the summer, they will not be able to survive the freezing months.\nCould a bull shark get into the Great Lakes?\nOne of the primary requirements for shark migration to the Great Lakes is connectivity to the ocean. Is it possible that bull sharks will migrate to these bodies of water?\nAlthough the Saint Lawrence River links the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, bull sharks cannot migrate there. In addition, bull sharks avoid these bodies of water due to their cold temperatures.\nThere are also several barriers that these massive fish would have to overcome in order to reach these lakes. As a result, wired barriers, dams, and other barriers would prevent bull sharks from migrating into the Great Lakes.\nWhy do the majority of sharks fail to survive in freshwater sources?\nSharks are among the most feared and infamous predators. They do, however, have a flaw: most of them cannot survive in freshwater. But why is this the case?\nFreshwater reduces shark buoyancy, which causes them to sink. To elaborate, sharks lack the air bladder, which helps fish survive in freshwater. As a result, it’s only natural that these apex predators aren’t adapted to living in freshwater.\nStill, sharks such as bull sharks use their liver fats to create buoyancy and can thus survive in murky and freshwater environments. These are, however, not their permanent residences, but they migrate there in search of prey.\nAre there whales in the Great Lakes?\nWhales are the world’s largest marine mammals. Whales, like marine water, can thrive for some time in brackish and freshwater, and they frequently migrate there in search of food.\nThe Great Lakes are devoid of whales. Although there have been reports of whale sightings in Lakes Superior and Michigan, most of them have been pranks or hoaxes.\nAs a result, whale enthusiasts hoping to see breaching water whales should avoid North America’s Great Lakes. Also, social media pages like the Lake Michigan Whale Migration Station should not be taken seriously because they result from pranks, hoaxes, and miscalculations.\nAre there freshwater whales?\nThe largest members of the cetacean family, whales are versatile. They are, in essence, marine mammals. However, do they have the ability to live in freshwater as well?\nPure freshwater whales do not exist. This is because these mammals lack the physiological structure that would allow them to thrive in freshwater.\nHere are some possible reasons why there are no whales in freshwater environments.\n- Whales and their prey have adapted to life in saltwater.\n- Freshwater sources are shallower than saltwater sources.\n- The mineral content of saltwater aids healing.\n- The majority of the whales’ food comes from saltwater sources.\n- The buoyancy of saltwater is greater.\n- Whales have the most space to survive in saltwater bodies.\n- Marine waters are cleaner than freshwater ways.\nAre there baleen whales in the Great Lakes?\nBaleen whales are larger whales and have baleen plates instead of teeth. As a result, they need deeper and wider space to stretch out. So, are there any baleen whales in the Great Lakes?\nBaleen whales have never been recorded in the Great Lakes. Since whales are not freshwater mammals, we cannot expect them to make these lakes, despite being deep, their homes.\nAre there killer whales in the Great Lakes?\nThe Great Lakes are devoid of killer whales. Furthermore, no sightings of orcas have been recorded in the lakes’ prevailing geography.\nWhile there are some freshwater dolphin species, killer whales have rarely been seen in freshwater environments. However, there have been reports of killer whales spotted in freshwater rivers such as the Thames, Rhine, and Elbe. This is because they can travel to freshwater sources searching for prey, but they cannot live there.\nAre there beluga whales in the Great Lakes?\nBeluga whales are the most strange-looking white-toothed whales. They are primarily found in the cold water of the Arctic regions.\nCold waters are a favorite of beluga whales, yet they do not live in the Great Lakes that receive freezing temperatures in colder months.\nHowever, a population of beluga whales has been found to make the St. Lawrence estuary (Canada) their home. They are currently declared endangered, as their population has been on the decreasing side since the 2000s.\nTo summarize, sharks and whales were not designed to thrive in freshwater. Some of their species can survive in less salty and freshwater environments, but they do not make them their home. If you want to see some toothed grins and massive marine creatures, go to an aquarium or take a marine tour rather than visiting the Great Lakes of the United States.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The U.S. Coast Guard is removing one container at a time in an effort to free a cargo ship that has been stuck in Chesapeake Bay for more than four weeks. NewsNation got an up-close look at the efforts to free the cargo ship EVER FORWARD\nThe Coast Guard said 43 containers were removed from the ship over the weekend with nearly 500 yet to go; the overall effort is expected to take weeks. The massive cargo ship, which is operated by Taiwan-based Evergreen Marine Corp,, was headed from the Port of Baltimore to Norfolk, Virginia when it ran aground in about 18 feet of water March 13.\nxSalvage experts determined they wouldn’t be able to overcome the ground force of the more than 1,000-foot ship, loaded with nearly 5,000 containers, the U.S. Coast Guard, Maryland Department of the Environment and Taiwan-based Evergreen Marine Corp., the ship’s operator, said in a news release. Unloading the ship offers the best chance to refloat it, officials said.The Coast Guard is utilizing two large crane barges that are tall enough to remove the stacked containers. The containers are then transported to Baltimore’s Seagirt Marine Terminal, officials said. Once that job is complete, tugboats and pull barges will again attempt to refloat the ship. The shipping channel will remain open to one-way traffic during the operation.\nIt’s unclear what caused the ship to run aground, although reports suggest the crew made a wrong turn just outside of a channel that would have allowed it to continue on. Evergreen Marine Corp. has invoked a principle of maritime law known as “General Average,” which means the owners of the containers onboard the Ever Forward will have to share in the cost of the undertaking. It’s the second time in recent memory that an Evergreen-operated cargo ship has been stuck in a tough spot. Last year, the Ever Given blocked the entire Suez Canal, disrupting the global supply chain for days. But unlike the Ever Given, the vessel in the Chesapeake Bay is not blocking vital trade routes..\nSource : NewsNation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "photo credit: NEOM\nIn its vision of the post-carbon economy, Saudi Arabia creates the NEOM site. Located on the shores of the Red Sea, the city is thought of as the ocean city of the future. Ecological, connected, open, NEOM is a new blueprint for sustainable life on a scale never seen before.\nThe Think Tank Nicolas Baudin is preparing a series of studies for the NEOM project as part of the Focus of our achievements as described in the presentation of our focus, in particular on tourism, transport, aquaculture, coral reefs, water and waste management in yachting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Synonyms for Oncorhynchus-kisutch\nA salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with silvery sides and a dark back, native to northern Pacific waters and introduced into the Great Lakes.\nsmall salmon of northern Pacific coasts and the Great Lakes\nCoho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch\nFind another word for oncorhynchus-kisutch. In this page you can discover 5 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for oncorhynchus-kisutch, like: coho, cohoe, coho-salmon, blue jack and silver-salmon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Come join us for a series of short talks from researchers in LISCO to find out what your colleagues do!\nOur theme for today will be “changing shores” considering: shoreline management, the biogeochemistry of saltmarshes, seabird adaptation and monitoring of physical processes.\nWe’ll kick off with an external speaker from the Environment agency (EA), whose interests are aligned with the LISCO Coastal Resilience Theme. Lee Swift is the EA’s Coastal research and Development Officer. He’ll be talking about “The EA/Defra Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Joint Research & Development Programme: A coastal update”.\nLee will be followed by a speaker from each of the three higher education and research institutions specialising in coastal and marine research that form LISCO.\nKostas Kiriakoulakis is from the School of Biological and Environmental Sciences at Liverpool John Moores University. His expertise are in biogeochemistry specializing in the origin, transformations and fate of organic matter in natural systems. He will present on “Carbon and microplastics in saltmarshes”.\nSimon Williams is from the Sea Level and Ocean Climate group at the National Oceanography Centre. His research is in the development of new monitoring techniques and data analysis to observe elevation change of both land and water. He will present on “Ground Based GNSS Measurements of Sea Level or Measuring tides without getting your feet wet”.\nJonathan Green is from the School of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences at the University of Liverpool. His interests lie at the interface of the traditional disciplines of ecology, physiology and behaviour, but focuses on seabirds, as these animals adapt to contrasting environments. He will present on “Seabird ecology: linking coasts and oceans”.\nEach talk will last 10 mins with 5 mins for Q&A before we adjourn to the Cath Allen for tea, biscuits and further discussion. We hope you use this opportunity to find out more about the research interests of LISCO members and take the opportunity to build new collaborations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "3 for $ 5.49 | 6 for $ 4.99\nShipping: Eligible for Free Shipping Program\nAvailability: In Stock\nEmerald Crabs are an Atlantic crab that is great at eating Bubble Algae and Hair algae. They grow to about 2\" in size. They for the most part are reef safe, but have been reported to sometimes eat coralline algae, so keep a close watch on them. They are great cleaners though, recommend 1 Emerald per 25-50 gallons of tank.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Red Sea diving is an awe inspiring experience. Rich with coral, laden with fascinating wrecks, populated by an incredibly diverse fish population including the ‘big boys’ of the sea, manta rays and sharks as well as being surrounded by towering red mountains and vast expanses of arid desert, the Red Sea offers impressive adventure. Complementing the experience of scuba diving vacations Red Sea are other unique sites.\nDiving in Egypt has its benefits. As interesting as it is unique, the Red Sea is a cul-de-sac, which results in an unusual marine life with color bursting from some of the most beautiful and delicate reefs in the world. Fabulous soft corals draped over exquisite hard coral formations, shrouded in swirling schools of glassfish is a typical visual scenario of what Red Sea scuba diving has to offer, with gullies and swim-throughs adding a sense of adventure and mystery.\nFan corals, their edges an ideal perch for feather stars, sway in the current, while lionfish lurk in every nook and cranny, waiting for a tasty morsel to drift past. Sheers walls, such as those found at Ras Mohammed and Sanganeb, plunge into the abyss. Here you can also find patrolling sharks, schools of snapper, barracuda, jacks and other open water species. Scuba diving Sharm el-Sheikh has also become a favorite spot for scuba divers from around the world because of its stunning underwater scenery.\nMade popular by Jacques Cousteau in the 1960’s, Egypt diving and the Red Sea is still considered top notch as a travel destination with dives sites for every interest. From the unspoiled Sinai Peninsula in Egypt in the north to St. John’s pristine reefs just north of the Sudanese border in the south, the Red Sea shimmers as an example of dedicated environmental conservation. The success of the region’s sea life is largely thanks to conservation efforts implemented in the early 1990’s.\nThe south is home to fabulous marine parks, most only accessible by Red Sea liveaboards. Amid the pinnacles and steep walls there are ample scuba diving opportunities for pelagic encounters including schooling hammerheads, mantas, oceanic white tips, thresher sharks and other ‘wish-list’ sharks.\nSouth of the port of Marsa Alam, the southernmost town of any size on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, is Fury Shoal, part of which is famous for its coral pinnacles and swim-throughs with some healthy, large and colorful coral heads. The northern Red Sea offers many impressive wrecks such as the world famous Thistlegorm and Umbria, considered one of the world’s finest wrecks as it acts as a frame for stunning walls colored with soft corals, gorgonians and swarms of reef fish. Other sites offer schools of tuna, barracuda and other pelagics. Sharks are not uncommon to frequent the area as well.\nDiving Egypt and experiencing the grandeur of liveaboards on the Red Sea is an experience every scuba diver should indulge in. To get started, simply check out our scuba diving vacations Red Sea selection. Let us help you create an entertaining and safe scuba adventure to the Red Sea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Blog Tags: SB 1138\nIn a move that will help to turn the tide on seafood fraud, the California legislature passed a bill (SB 1138) late last Friday evening that will help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions for their health and for the health of our oceans. The Senate passed the bill in a vote of 25-10, directly following passage off the Assembly floor in a vote of 57-15.\n- Photos: Three Days Swimming around the Hawaiian Na Pali Coast Posted Fri, October 24, 2014\n- CEO Note: Introducing Lars “Lasse” Gustavsson, Oceana in Europe’s New Senior Vice President and Executive Director Posted Tue, October 21, 2014\n- Ocean Roundup: Great Barrier Reef Health “Never Been Worse,” Coral Could Be New Substitute for Bone Grafts, and More Posted Thu, October 23, 2014\n- Sam Talbot's Fish Tacos with Tomato Salsa and Citrus Crema Posted Fri, October 24, 2014\n- Bird Casualties from BP’s Gulf Spill Much Higher than Original Estimates Posted Tue, October 21, 2014", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The recently passed bill by the state of California on Sustainable Seafood Labelling (SSL) will provide consumers an opportunity to identify where the seafood is sourced and how it is produced. Under the new law, the state's Ocean Protection Council will develop standards for what constitutes sustainable fishing practices and initiate labelling for seafood that meets these standards.\nThe bill was authored by state Assemblyman Bill Monning, D-Carmel, and was drafted in consultation with the Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) as well as the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations (PCFFA). The new labelling bill is expected to promote the purchase and consumption of certified California sustainable seafood.\nMBA is a unique oceanographic research centre which gives information on seafood sourcing through its popular ‘Seafood Watch’ programme. It gives details about which seafood is fished responsibly, which companies’ catch methods harm the environment and which fish farms operate under questionable standards. Likewise, the PCFFA is the largest and most politically active trade association of commercial fishermen on the west coast of the US.\nMonning brought to the notice that a number of species that were absolutely in danger because they had been overfished. He said labelling would give consumers a choice whether they should opt for a product which was produced in an environment-friendly manner or not. He also said that the labelling would be a good marketing point, and those interested would be offered a marketing assistance programme and a competitive grant and loan programme under the new bill.\nThe SSL should meet or exceed the guidelines of the sustainability standards for the Eco-labelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries established by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. However, the participation in the labelling programme is not mandatory. Experts believe the Californian labelling programme will have far-reaching implications on the seafood sourcing and production across the globe in the near future.\nBy Jose Roy\nsustainable seafood labelling to provide details on origin", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Waikiki on The Island of Oahu in Hawaii is a great place to go to do self directed scuba diving. Hawaii has so many different types of scuba diving and Waikiki has almost every type within 1 hour. You have wreck dives off Diamond Head, Shore Dives at Electric beach, Portlock with its large drop in. Lava tubes up at Sharks Cove, and tons of fish at Hanama Bay, including some pelages, and if you have your own scuba diving equipment it can be quite inexpensive. Even if you rent gear You can shore dive allot of different spots near Waikiki like Hanama Bay which basically is a giant aquarium filled with all sorts of beautiful fish. They have a tram that takes you down and back up. There is a lot of gear lugging to do this dive, but worth it, as it is one of the best dives in Hawaii. Electric Beach up at the power plant on the west side towards Makaha, has Giant turtles which can be found under the ledges hiding from the sharks, that you will most likely never see.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Most climate models simulate sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that are consistently 1–4 °C warmer than observed in eastern tropical Atlantic. These biases undermine seasonal prediction efforts and the credibility of climate change projections in this region. To understand what drives the seasonal cycle in upper ocean temperature near the eastern boundary of the tropical Atlantic, we use a 5‐year moored buoy data set from the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic at 6°S, 8°E. The buoy is located along the southeastern edge of the Atlantic cold tongue where the seasonal cycle in SST, which is maximum in March and minimum in August, is influenced by the meridional movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and formation of low‐level marine stratocumulus clouds. Associated with these seasonal changes in atmospheric conditions, surface heat fluxes on seasonal timescales are most strongly controlled by shortwave radiation and latent heat flux. The seasonal mixed layer shoals, warms, and freshens in the boreal spring coincident with a southward migration of the ITCZ. The shallow mixed layer amplifies heating from solar radiation on mixed layer temperature at this time. Conversely, during the boreal summer, upwelling leads to entrainment of cold and salty water into the surface layer. From this analysis, we discuss the relative importance of the different components of the seasonal mixed layer heat balance at 6°S, 8°E and how they can be used to better understand the sources of climate model SST biases.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In Madagascar, public authorities, fishers, and civil society organisations are working towards improving fisheries transparency and governance. Together, they want to ensure sustainable and fair management of stocks, and enhance the value of a sector that represents between five and...\nOur partner network in Indonesia are speaking with coastal communities whose livelihoods have been impacted by COVID-19\nJamen Mussa, Blue Ventures’ new Fisheries Officer in Mozambique, joined our partner Oikos to support a training session on governance and conflict management in Ilha de Moçambique\nWith our partners, we are mobilising around the world to help support locally led conservation efforts against the current crisis, safeguarding food security and livelihoods for coastal communities in this turbulent time.\nFor three years, Blue Ventures has been working with stakeholders and communities in Tsimipaika Bay, northwest Madagascar, to develop an innovative, integrated and consensual Fisheries Management Plan.\nThe first community-led temporary octopus fishery closure in Wakatobi was reopened on 2 September with much ceremony and celebration.\nTwo fishing communities in the Barren Isles archipelago of western Madagascar recently closed part of their octopus fishing grounds for two months. Was the wait worth it? Caroline Holo tells the full story from opening day\nA community meeting in the coastal village of Bulutui in Sulawesi inspires the establishment of a catch monitoring system and a move towards sustainable fishing practices.\nSarah Freed reviews the highlights of 2017, a year of learning, partnership and preparation.\nThe National Coordinator of the MIHARI Network, Vatosoa Rakotondrazafy, is a pioneering voice for women’s rights in Madagascar’s male-dominated fisheries sector.\nIn December last year we visited our partner organisation Mwambao, which is assisting communities in Zanzibar to manage fisheries in a way that benefits the many.\nThe community of Ilik-namu have decided to take control of their future and begin managing their marine resources.\nMadagascar volunteer Jessie Skedd shares her insight after witnessing the opening of octopus fishing grounds following a period of temporary closure.\nAbigail Leadbeater and Charlie Gough from the Blue Ventures Monitoring and Evaluation team recently visited our new partners in Sulawesi to support them in their implementation of octopus fisheries monitoring", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The word submarine resounds the pictures of wars and underwater invasions. No doubt the submarines were introduced with the warfare purpose, there is definitely more to this technological masterpiece. Everyone knows that a submarine is nothing but a ship floating underwater. It not only allows the privilege of sailing in a concealing manner but also creates an environment to stay below the water for months together.\nIn this article we won’t be focusing on the utility aspect but on the technical ones. How a submarine dives and surfaces in the water? How it maintains a healthy environment and from where does it gets its power. A submarine does not fall strictly in the category of types of ships but is certainly an underwater ship. Learn about these interesting and technically complex machines in the article below.\nSubmarine Application in Brief\nSubmarines were introduced with the sole purpose of fighting wars. They were extensively used in world war- I & II . Submarines were used for protecting aircraft carriers, for blockade running, for patrolling a country’s boundaries etc.\nNowadays the use of submarines have proliferated across many fields. Today they are used for marine sciences research, underwater oil and minerals exploration, salvaging and surveying purposes, underwater cable repairs and also for tourism purpose.\nA submarine also works on the same principle as that used by other ships, i.e Archimedes Principle of buoyancy. A normal surface ship sails on water by creating a positive buoyant force, by displacing more water than its weight. But in order to submerge a ship hydrostatically, a negative buoyant force needs to be generated. This can be done by increasing the weight of the ship or by reducing the amount of water displaced. For this purpose, ballast tanks are used.\nSubmarines can easily control their buoyancy. When the submarine is at the surface, its ballast tanks are filled with air, thus increasing making its density less than that of the surrounding water. In order to submerge, the ballast tanks are filled with water, making the overall density of the ship higher than the surrounding water. When the submarine submerges in the water, a continuous supply of compressed air is supplied in order to support life inside it. Also the air from the ballast tanks is pushed out with the help of pumps. Hydroplanes, small movable wings at the stern helps to adjust the angle of dive. The wings are so arranged that the water moves over the stern area, pushing it upwards and thus alligning the submarine in a downward angle.\nOnce underwater, the desired crusing depth is maintained by neutralizing the bouyance force. This means that a balance of air and water is maintained inside the tanks in order to equalize the buoyant force of the submarine and the water surrounding it. This is known as neutral buoyancy. On reaching the crusing depth, the hydroplanes are leveled and thus the submarine can travel parallel to the water level. The port and starboard movement is controlled by tail rudder.\nContruction and Design\nAlmost all the submarines are cigar-shaped. This is done in order to reduce the hydrodynamic drag when the submarine is in water. The pressure hulls are made spherical instead of cylindrical for even distribution of stress at great depths. The raised tower on submarine is where the navigation system is fixed. It accommodates a periscope, radio, electronic radars and other navigation systems.\nThe hull and outer body are made extremely thick and of a material that can resist excessive stress when the submarine is at greater depths.\nThe main propulsion systems that a submarine uses are steam turbines, nuclear reactors or diesel engines. The electric power on the ship is mainly supplied by the diesel engines. An emergency backup system is provided by using batteries, which can be charged using propulsion systems. There are more than 2 diesel engines on each submarines.\nNuclear reactor submarines are the most commonly used ones as they don’t require a continuous fuel supply and produces zero pollution.\nParker. J. (2007) The World Encyclopedia of Submarines: An Illustrated Reference To Underwater Vessels Of The World Through History, From The Nautilus And Hunley To Modern Nuclear-Powered Submarines. London: Lorenz Books", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Join us and a special guest speaker at the National Aquarium to get a behind the scenes tour geared towards sustainable seafood! Learn what Baltimore and the Chesapeake Bay are doing to help educate commercial fisherman and famers, distributors and local market owners. After the talk and tour, you will be able to explore the aquarium and see the tropical forest exhibits, watch the dolphin show, and see shark alley! all on the other side of the Inner Harbor just a short walk from the conference hotel.\nLinking Landscape Heterogeneity and Socio-Environmental Systems\n2017 Annual Meeting\nBaltimore, MD | April 9-13, 2017", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sep 11, 2014\nThree Humboldt State faculty members have received a $272,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study the effects of low pH and low dissolved oxygen on marine organisms along the North Coast.\nThe researchers—Eric Bjorkstedt, Jeffrey Abell and Brian Tissot—will be looking at how low pH ocean acidification and low dissolved oxygen hypoxia impact the behavior, physiology and genetics of juvenile rockfish.\n“While most research examines either low Ph or low dissolved oxygen, we will be examining the effects of both low Ph and low oxygen in various combinations,” says Tissot, director of HSU’s Marine Lab and the principal investigator on the grant.\nOcean acidification and hypoxia are emerging threats to marine ecosystems driven by growing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Off the North Coast, brief exposures of low pH and low oxygen conditions occur naturally during extended, strong upwelling events. These conditions are expected to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity as climate change progresses.\n“One concern is that greater exposure to low pH and hypoxia will put juvenile rockfish at risk of increased predation as they transition to benthic life in kelp forests and on rocky reefs,” says Bjorkstedt, a scientist with the NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service and an adjunct faculty member. “This is a critical stage in the life cycle, when increased predation can have strong effects on future abundance.”\nThe researchers will test the effects of exposure to acidified water and hypoxia on fishes’ swimming performance in flow tanks with progressively faster currents—a fish treadmill—as well as their ability to detect predators and exhibit escape behaviors. By identifying genetic effects—what genes are turned on and off during exposure to stressful conditions in the laboratory—researchers will have a tool for assessing whether low pH and hypoxia events are affecting juvenile rockfish in natural settings.\nThe HSU researchers will focus on juvenile rockfish since they’re both commercially and ecologically important in nearshore ecosystems. Their research—conducted in collaboration with Cal State Monterey Bay, NOAA Fisheries and Moss Landing Marine Labs—will be used as a model for other marine organisms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Aerosol Characteristics over Bay of Bengal During W-ICARB Cruise Campaign\nDetailed observations of aerosol optical and physical properties were carried out to study variability at the sea surface, along vertical profiles and total column during the Winter-Integrated Campaign on Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (W-ICARB) from 27 December 2008 to 30 January 2009 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The results show large heterogeneity in aerosol load and characteristics; dominance of anthropogenic aerosols over the northern BoB, along the eastern Indian coast and in Far East BoB region and higher fraction of coarse-mode aerosols over the southern parts of BoB. The aerosols over the area are highly influenced by the Indian continental outflow and the biomass burning in the Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the larger fraction of coarse-mode aerosols over the southern BoB is closely associated with intense sea-surface winds producing coarse-mode sea-salt aerosols. The vertical profiles of aerosols obtained via CALIPSO data also exhibit considerable vertical heterogeneities.\nKeywordsAerosol Optical Depth Aerosol Layer Spectral Aerosol Optical Depth CALIPSO Observation Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Program\nThe authors are thankful to Director, NRSC and Dy. Director (RS&GIS-AA) for necessary help at various stages and ISRO-GBP via W-ICARB project for funding support. We also thank the Department of Ocean Development for giving the opportunity to conduct measurements on board Sagar Kanya.\n- Moorthy KK, Beegum SN, Babu SS, Smirnov A, Rachel SJ, Kumar KR, Narasimhulu K, Dutt C, Nair VS (2010) Optical and physical characteristics of Bay of Bengal aerosols during W-ICARB: spatial and vertical heterogeneities in the MABL and in the vertical column. J Geophys Res 115:D24213. doi: 10.1029/2010JD014094 CrossRefGoogle Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Explore the underwater marvels of Costa Rica, from the coral reefs along Guanacaste’s coast to the nearby Caño Island. And let’s not forget the famous Coco’s Island.\nClose to the shore, the water might not be as clear as other top diving spots worldwide. But, the diversity here is impressive. You’ll see large schools of fish, a variety of marine creatures, and enjoy the perfect water temperature.\nFor the avid divers, there’s Coco’s Island. Located two days from our Pacific Coast, this lush, green, uninhabited island lies 342 miles offshore. UNESCO recognized it as a World Heritage site in 1997. The rocky pinnacles around the island attract big sea animals and promise exciting encounters. You can see hammerheads, white-tip sharks, mantas, tuna, turtles, giant frogfish, and even whale sharks. Weather allowing, we also offer hikes through the island’s jungles. For diving at Coco’s Island, we recommend a 3-5 mm wetsuit. Get ready for seven days of unique diving with Team Tachiz. We’re all about creating unforgettable Diving Adventures of a Lifetime.\nWrite us now to start working on your dream Costa Rica Diving Adventure of a Lifetime. Once we speak and best understand your wishes and interests, we will send you a free fully-customizable detailed proposal with incredible accommodations, prices, special meals, choices of unique bilingual guided activities and more.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Locals have seen a massive increase in sea life since COVID cancelled cruising.\nIt was said not even God himself could sink that ship.\nThe industry met with Tourism Minister Stuart Nash.\nAll crew and passengers are vaccinated.\nIdeal for when you're…. on a break.\nHe played the iconic Captain Merrill Stubing.\nDespite the COVID-19 pandemic, cruise operators are still investing in the future.\nThe COVID-19 pandemic made more marine traffic disappear from the Carribbean than the Bermuda Triangle.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Leeuw, G. de\nTNO Fysisch en Elektronisch Laboratorium\n|Source:||Bissonnette, L.R., SPIE Proceedings - Propagation and Inaging through the Atmosphere II, 22-23 July 1998, San Diego, CA, 53-62|\n|Proceedings of SPIE|\nPhysics · Bathymetry · Coastal zones · Energy dispersive spectroscopy · Mathematical models · Particle size analysis · Sea spray aerosols · Atmospheric aerosols\nThe first results are presented from a quantitative model describing the aerosol production in the surf zone. A comparison is made with aerosol produced in the surf zone as measured during EOPACE experiments in La Jolla and Monterey. The surf aerosol production was derived from aerosol concentration gradients measured downwind from the surf zone, after correction for the background size distribution that was measured upwind from the wave breaking zone. The aerosol production model was originally developed from measurements performed along the Baltic coast. The model predicts the aerosol production from the total energy dissipated in the wave breaking zone, calculated from the coastal bathymetry and deep-water surface wave field. In the present work, the parameterization of the aerosol production in the wave breaking zone is maintained, but the energy dissipation in the wave breaking zone is calculated using a different model that produces more realistic surf zone widths. Wave data were obtained from buoys off the Californian coast, while bathymetry data were supplied by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Observed and predicted aerosol production in the surf zone are in good agreement, for both sites. The predicted aerosol flux reproduces the day-to-day variations and even some of the observed variations on a time scale of several hours.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "North Sea cod stocks are improving rapidly and could be certified as sustainable within five years, according to fresh analysis.\nNorth Atlantic Ocean FishA good part of the country is along the Mediterranean Sea, the north along the Atlantic Ocean the.Sea Fresh, Seapro, Sea-licious, Sea Shell Cuisine. and fish markets sell Canadian seafood.\nAtlantic Salmon SteakCANADA - Worldwide exporters of live Lobster and seafood from the Canadian North Atlantic Ocean.\nAtlantic Fish NamesIn Japanese cuisine,. includes a variety of fish and shellfish can contribute to heart health and.Atlantic wolffish are found throughout the North Atlantic and in other locations around the UK such as the.\nThe New Jersey Department of Health regularly colltcts shellfish. hundred miles out to sea to catch deepwater fish such. the North Atlantic or.\nIreland Irish Advertising Awards 2016\nStock Photo : Atlantic Sailfishes, Istiophorus albicans, Isla Mujeres ...\nAtlantic Ocean Fish Species\nNorth Sea Wolf Fish\nRainbow Chard SteamedSeafood And Edible Fish. (like the Sargasso Sea). Haddock is a popular food fish dwelling in the North Atlantic.\nBest of the Sea Fish Market LTD only. beds of the Newfoundland area of the North Atlantic. complement to any cuisine and they can be purchased.BiCoastal Seafoods, a major wholesaler shipping throughout Western Canada,.Best seafood restaurants in Boston. 1. Why are crowds forever clustered outside this North End seafood bar when pasta.Forecast fish, shellfish and coral population responses to ocean acidification in the north Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea:. 2,000 m in the North Atlantic.\nour shellfish is wild caught from the north atlantic and north sea ...\nFish Seafood Cooks Library. sea to shore caribbean charter yacht recipes a cooks guide to fish cookery. north atlantic seafood.What kinds of sea bass are healthiest for you and the oceans.Sea Gastronomy: Fish and Shellfish of the North Atlantic by Michael O.\nFrozen Ground Fish, Pelagie, Bottom Fish, Flatfishes, Shellfish,.\nNorth Carolina Seafood FestivalResearch health information for thousands of foods and recipes.We are Northcoast Seafoods. Brussels Seafood Exposition 2015 Northcoast Seafoods will once again be exhibiting at the. wild caught in North East Atlantic,.\nNorth Atlantic Cod Fish\n- Evil Cake Overlord\n- ABC Foundations for Young Children: A Classroom Curriculum\n- Hugh Johnsons Modern Encyclopedia Of Wine 4th Edition\n- A Fools Gold: A Story of Ancient Spanish Treasure, Two Pounds of Pot, and the Young Lawyer Almost Le\n- Real Property (Gilbert Law Summaries / Law School Legends Series)\n- Diseases of skin,\n- Presto Pressure Cooker Cookbook: 101 Quick & Delicious Recipes Your Family Will Love (Pressure Cooke\n- Ballentines Law Dictionary\n- Caste and Democratic Politics In India (Anthem South Asian Studies)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Deforestation, erosion, and water pollution are among the most significant environmental problems in St. Kitts and Nevis. Deforestation has affected the nation's wildlife population and contributed to soil erosion. The erosion of the soil produces silt, which affects the living environment for marine life on the coral reefs.\nWater pollution results from uncontrolled dumping of sewage into the nation's waters. Another contributing factor is pollution from cruise ships which support the nation's tourist trade. In an effort to establish a framework for the regulation of environmental issues, the government has introduced legislation. The National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act, along with the Letter Act, are aimed at monitoring the nation's most pressing environmental concerns.\nEndangered species in the country include the red-bellied racer, green turtle, leatherback turtle, and the hawksbill turtle.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Feeding mainly on catfish, the beaked sea snake will also feed on pufferfish and occasionally other fish or squid species (2) (4) (7) (8). Prey is thought to be located by touch and by detecting movement, rather than by vision, allowing the beaked sea snake to hunt in low-visibility waters (4) (8). Prey is swallowed whole, head first (7), after first being overcome by the snake’s powerful venom (3).\nSea snakes are among the most venomous of the world’s snakes (3), and the beaked sea snake is one of the most dangerous (1) (2). Most sea snakes rarely bite, and often do not inject much venom when they do, but this species is more aggressive than most (2). Just 1.5 milligrams of the beaked sea snake’s venom is enough to kill a human, with a full dose estimated to be enough to kill 22 people. Most fatalities from beaked sea snake bites occur where it frequently comes into contact with humans, such as in shallow estuaries or when it is removed from fishing nets (1) (4).\nThe beaked sea snake mates in September and October, and breeding is likely to be annual (8). Female sea snakes give birth to relatively large, live young, and this species produces the largest litter of any sea snake, giving birth to an average of 18 young, but sometimes up to 30 or more (3) (4). Mortality of young beaked sea snakes is likely to be high (4) (9), but those that survive grow rapidly. Maturity is reached at around 18 months, the female usually giving birth to the first clutch of young at around 24 months (9).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Say No To Bottom Trawling: A Damaging & Wasteful Fishing Technique Bottom Trawling: How Does It Impact The Environment? Bottom trawling is a fishing technique whereby the net is towed along the seafloor to trap and catch [...]\nMutual respect between teachers, students and parents is important for a better future of our education system.\nMutual respect & understanding towards other religions for a better world.\nStop the Hatred, Spread the Love Our Prayers go to all the victims Christchurch Attack", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Short Neck Clam\nThe short-neck clam Mesodesma indicum Lamarck, 1818 is a commercially valuable bivalve mollusc of the brackishwater Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala. It has been exploited indiscriminately and heavily by local fishermen for many years. The size composition of M. indicum population from various locations in this lake was studied by collecting samples twice a day at two m depth. Age-determination of M. indicum was undertaken by examination of mantle margin, shell thickness, and the growth lines in the shells obtained from both natural and cultured populations.\nThe minimum legal size (MLS) for Mesodesma indicum is 225 mm long, 125 mm wide and 30 mm thick. Samples of these molluscs were examined microscopically to study the variation in shell characters between males and females, within the same length class.\nRecently, the Muscula genus of bivalve molluscs (Family: Veneridae) has been reported for the first time from Kerala. The brackishwater Ashtamudi Lake is an estuarine ecosystem extending to about. It contains 39 species of bivalves and gastropods. Eleven species are Terebratulidae, 6 species are Cyrenidae, 6 species are Corbiculidae, 4 species are Hiatellidae, 3 species each of the genera Dreissena and Anadara, 2 species each of the genrea Arca and Cerastoderma. Two species are the genera Solen, Muscula, Pisidium, and My sinum. Only one species was reported in the genus Galeodea, Seila, and Lucinoma.\nThe genus M uscula is comprised of two species viz., M. galloprovincialis and M. perna . The former has a broad distribution range in the Indo-West Pacific region. Whereas the latter has a narrow distribution range in European waters, the Mediterranean Sea, and southwards along the west coast of Africa to South Africa. M. galloprovincialis is more frequently found in the soft bottoms of the coastal waters, whereas M. perna prefers hard surfaces with low salinity levels.\nHowever, recently both these species have been reported from the brackishwater Ashtamudi Lake which has a salinity level below 9 ppt, without being able to establish their exact distributional ranges.\nAdditionally, the prevalence of M. galloprovincialis has been reported in a coastal region in south Ceylon and has been considered as a serious invasive species because it competes with the local mussel population which could bring about a fundamental change in the marine ecosystem. To corroborate the present findings, an ongoing field survey on the benthic fauna of Ashtamudi Lake is ongoing.\nThe possible biological requirements of M. galloprovincialis and M. perna in Ashtamudi Lake are discussed with reference to their distribution patterns reported from other coastlines around the world. The economic and ecological impact of the M. galloprovincialis and M. perna on Ashtamudi Lake are also discussed.\nGlobal short neck clam production\nThe short-neck clam is a type of bivalve mollusk that is found in marine environments all over the world. These clams are harvested for their meat, which is considered to be a delicacy in many cultures. The short-neck clam is also known by its scientific name, Tapes philipinarum.\nShort-neck clams are found in a wide range of habitats, from shallow waters to depths of over 1,000 meters. They are most commonly found in sandy or muddy substrates. Short-neck clams can also be found in estuarine and brackish waters.\nThe short-neck clam is a filter feeder, meaning that it feeds by filtering water through its gills. This process captures small particles of food, which the clam then ingests. Short-neck clams are known to eat a variety of food items, including algae, bacteria, and other small organisms.\nShort-neck clams are harvested for their meat, which is considered to be a delicacy in many cultures. In Japan, short-neck clams are used in a dish called hamaguri soup. This soup is traditionally made with chicken broth and vegetables, and the addition of short-neck clams gives the soup a unique flavor.\nIn the United States, short-neck clams are most commonly found in New England. They are harvested from the wild and are also farmed in aquaculture facilities. Short-neck clams can be found fresh, frozen, or canned.\nThe short-neck clam is an important species in the global seafood industry. In 2018, the global production of short-neck clams was estimated to be worth over $1 billion. The majority of these clams are harvested in China, Japan, and Korea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publications | Institutes | Persons | Datasets | Projects | Maps|\nOCEAMM harbor porpoise sightings in the North Sea\nBouveroux, T., Kot, C. 2011. OCEAMM harbor porpoise sightings in the North Sea. Observatoire pour la Conservation et l'Etude des Animaux et Milieux Marins (OCEAMM).\nContact: Bouveroux, Thibaut\nOther online datasets:\nAvailability: This dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.\nIn this study, systematic surveys were conducted to document the distribution of the harbor porpoise observed in the English Channel (North Sea, France). more\nSmall cetaceans can use a variety of habitats and are generally wide-ranging. For this reason, extensive sighting surveys to assess their distribution, abundance, and habitat preference are needed. In this study, we conducted systematic surveys to document the distribution of the harbor porpoise observed in the English Channel (North Sea, France). The English Channel is an epicontinental sea. It constitutes a relatively narrow link between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea and is influenced by strong tides and freshwater inputs, which create well-mixed waters. The harbor porpoise is placed under Appendix II of the European Union Habitats Directive, and an assessment of his status and distribution in the English Channel, very exposed to human activities, is much needed to identify conservation and management strategies. Therefore, we conducted surveys following a series of predetermined saw-tooth transect lines to study the distribution of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Boat transects were conducted using a Sealine Stateman 35, equipped with two 230 hp Volvo inboard engines at speed around 10 knots. Surveys were made as many days as possible throughout the season at sea state of Beaufort 3 or less, between March 2009 and September 2011. For each animal sighting, the species, angle of sighting, the distance from the boat, the group size and composition, the general behavior and the swimming direction were recorded.\nBiology > Mammals\nMarine, Cetacea, Marine mammals, Porpoises, ANE, Belgium, Belgian Continental Shelf (BCS), ANE, English Channel, Cetacea, Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758)\nANE, Belgium, Belgian Continental Shelf (BCS) [Marine Regions]\n18 March 2009 - 3 September 2011\nDataset status: Completed\nData type: Data\nData origin: Research: field survey\nMetadatarecord created: 2012-05-14\nInformation last updated: 2012-06-12", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Satellite imaging has revolutionized the way we monitor and detect algal blooms. Algal blooms are a natural phenomenon that occur when algae grow excessively in water bodies. While some algal blooms are harmless, others can be toxic and pose a threat to human and animal health. The detection and monitoring of algal blooms are crucial for managing their impact on the environment and public health.\nSatellite imaging is a powerful tool for detecting and monitoring algal blooms. It allows scientists to track the growth and movement of algal blooms over large areas and long periods. This technology has been used to detect and monitor algal blooms in lakes, rivers, and oceans around the world.\nOne of the main advantages of satellite imaging is its ability to provide a comprehensive view of algal blooms. Traditional methods of algal bloom detection, such as water sampling and laboratory analysis, are limited in their scope and accuracy. Satellite imaging, on the other hand, can cover large areas and provide real-time data on the extent and severity of algal blooms.\nSatellite imaging also allows scientists to track the movement of algal blooms. Algal blooms can be transported by wind and water currents, and their movement can be difficult to predict. Satellite imaging can provide valuable information on the direction and speed of algal bloom movement, which can help in predicting their impact on coastal communities and ecosystems.\nAnother advantage of satellite imaging is its ability to detect algal blooms in remote areas. Traditional methods of algal bloom detection require physical access to the water body, which can be difficult in remote areas. Satellite imaging can detect algal blooms in even the most remote areas, providing valuable information on the health of aquatic ecosystems.\nSatellite imaging can also provide information on the environmental factors that contribute to algal bloom formation. Algal blooms are often caused by an excess of nutrients in the water, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Satellite imaging can provide data on the concentration of these nutrients in the water, as well as other environmental factors such as temperature and light levels. This information can help scientists understand the conditions that lead to algal bloom formation and develop strategies for preventing them.\nIn addition to detection and monitoring, satellite imaging can also be used to assess the impact of algal blooms on the environment and public health. Algal blooms can have a range of impacts, from reducing oxygen levels in the water to causing respiratory problems in humans and animals. Satellite imaging can provide data on the extent and severity of these impacts, which can help in developing strategies for mitigating their effects.\nOverall, satellite imaging plays a crucial role in identifying and monitoring algal blooms. Its ability to provide a comprehensive view of algal blooms, track their movement, and detect them in remote areas makes it an invaluable tool for managing their impact on the environment and public health. As technology continues to advance, satellite imaging will likely become an even more important tool in the fight against algal blooms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The elusive Cuvier’s beaked whale, already known for its prowess as a diver, turns out to have even more staying power than scientists thought.\n|The Cuvier's beaked whale, whose deep dives can last an hour or more, typically spends only minutes at the sea surface before plunging back underwater. Credit: Todd Pusser/NPL|\nThe champion diver among whales can stay underwater for more than 3½ hours — an unparalleled diving record for any mammal.\nCuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris), which live in deep waters around the world, are capable of reaching depths of almost 3,000 metres when hunting for squid and other food. Scientists had previously estimated that these whales could hold their breath for around 30 minutes before exhausting their oxygen store. But observations among Cuvier’s whales foraging off the coast of North Carolina suggest they can dive for far longer.\nNicola Quick at Duke University in Beaufort, North Carolina, and her team fastened satellite-linked tags on 23 whales and obtained records from almost 3,700 deep dives over a 5-year period. The data reveal that the median duration of foraging dives was around a full hour, before the animal returned to the surface to recover.\nOne individual made two extreme dives of 2 hours 57 minutes, and 3 hours 42 minutes, respectively, which might represent the true limit of the species’ extraordinary diving capacity, the researchers say", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "BANKS, shoals (EN: banks; DE: Banken; FR: bancs; ES: bancos; RU: банки) are\n1) The underwater shoals and barriers, which have emerged as the consequence of the deposition of sand or silt by water, or as the result of the life activity of the benthic reef-building organisms, namely, corals, brachiopods, mollusks, algae. The banks may be the elements of the residual relief of the dry land, and within the oceans of the volcanic or coral origin. Depending on the genesis and forming material, they distinguish the sandy, corally, shelly, stony, and other banks. The sandy banks can change their outlines and situation under the influence of the currents. There are named as banks also the clusters of the fossil shells within the sedimentary rocks (biostells).\n2) The ore filling of the hose-like shape, which is parallel to the stratification (according to K. I. Bogdanovich, 1913).\n3) The large ducts within the delta of the Volga river, which are flowing into the Caspian sea, and are having the continuation on the sea bottom (the term of the local significance).\n|A a||B b||C c||D d||E e||F f|\n|G g||H h||I i||J j||K k||L l|\n|M m||N n||O o||P p||Q q||R r|\n|S s||T t||U u||V v||W w||X x|\n|Y y||Z z|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.\nTemporary Rule; decrease of landing limit.\nThis action decreases the Georges Bank (GB) yellowtail flounder trip limit to 2,500 lb (1,134 kg) for Northeast (NE) multispecies days-at-sea (DAS) vessels fishing in the U.S./Canada Management Area. This action is authorized by the regulations implementing Amendment 13 to the NE Multispecies Fishery Management Plan (FMP) and is intended to decrease the likelihood of harvest exceeding the total allowable catch (TAC) for GB yellowtail flounder during the 2009 fishing year (FY). This action is being taken to optimize the harvest of transboundary stocks of GB yellowtail flounder, haddock, and cod under the authority of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act).\nEffective June 5, 2009, through April 30, 2010.Start Further Info\nFOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:\nDouglas Potts, Fishery Policy Analyst, (978) 281-9341, fax (978) 281-9135.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information\nRegulations governing the GB yellowtail flounder landing limit within the U.S./Canada Management Area are found at 50 CFR 648.85(a)(3)(iv)(C) and (D). The regulations authorize vessels issued a valid limited access NE multispecies permit and fishing under a NE multispecies DAS to fish in the U.S./Canada Management Area, as defined at § 648.85(a)(1), under specified conditions. The TAC for GB yellowtail flounder for the 2009 fishing year (May 1, 2009 —April 30, 2010) was set at 1,617 mt (3,564,774 lb) (74 FR 17030; April 13, 2009), a 17-percent decrease from the TAC for FY 2008. The same regulatory action for FY 2009 implemented a trip limit of 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) for GB yellowtail flounder, less than the default initial trip limit of 10,000 lb (4,536 kg). A 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) trip limit was implemented based on data from FY 2008, in order to allow harvesting of the TAC, and to minimize the likelihood that further restriction of catch rate through additional trip limits would be necessary.\nThe regulations at § 648.85(a)(3)(iv)(D) authorize the Administrator, Northeast (NE) Region, NMFS (Regional Administrator) to increase or decrease the trip limits in the U.S./Canada Management Area to prevent over-harvesting or under-harvesting the TAC allocation. According to the most recent Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) reports and other available information, the cumulative GB yellowtail flounder catch is approximately 16 percent of the TAC as of May 21, 2009. Of this total, approximately half is , I sattributed to fish that have been discarded at sea. A previous analysis of fishing behaviour in fishing year 2007, found that vessels that fished in the U.S./Canada Management Area were more likely to direct effort onto species other than yellowtail flounder when the yellowtail flounder possession limit dropped below 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) per trip. Therefore, decreasing the trip limit from 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) to 2,500 lb (1,134 kg) is expected to reduce the number of trips made to the Western U.S./Canada Area to target yellowtail flounder, decrease landings of yellowtail flounder without increasing discards, and result in the achievement of the TAC during the fishing year without exceeding it. Attainment of the TAC prior to the end of the fishing year results in the loss of yield of other stocks caught concurrently with yellowtail flounder. Based on this information, the Regional Administrator is decreasing the current 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) yellowtail flounder trip limit in the U.S./Canada Management Area to 2,500 lb (1,134 kg) per trip, through April 30, 2010.\nGB yellowtail flounder landings will continue to be closely monitored. Further inseason adjustment to increase or decrease the trip limit may be considered, based on updated catch data and projections. Should 100 percent of the TAC allocation for GB yellowtail flounder by projected to be caught, all vessels would be prohibited from harvesting, possessing, or landing yellowtail flounder from the entire U.S./Canada Management Area, and the Eastern U.S./Canada Area would be closed to limited access NE multispecies DAS vessels for the remainder of the fishing year.\nThis action is authorized by 50 CFR part 648 and is exempt from review under Executive Order 12866. Pursuant to 5 U.S.C 553(b)(3)(B) and (d)(3), there is good cause to waive prior notice and comment for public comment; as well as the delayed effectiveness for this action, because prior notice and comment, and a delayed effectiveness, would be impracticable and contrary to the public interest. The regulations under § 648.85(a)(3)(iv)(D) grant the Regional Administrator the authority to adjust the GB yellowtail flounder trip limit to prevent over-harvesting or underharvesting the TAC allocation. This action will implement a more restrictive trip limit for yellowtail flounder in order to ensure that the TAC is not overharvested, and the biological and economic objectives of the FMP are met.\nIt is important to take this action immediately because, based on current data and a projection, continuation of the status quo trip limit of 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) will result reaching the GB yellowtail flounder TAC prior to the end of the fishing year. Attainment of the TAC prior to the end of the fishing year on April 30, 2010 (and closure of the Eastern U.S./Canada Area) would result in the loss of yield of other valuable species caught in the Eastern U.S./Canada Area.\nThe information that is the basis for this action is recent catch data. The time necessary to provide for prior notice and comment, and delayed effectiveness for this action would prevent NMFS from implementing a reduced trip limit in a timely manner. A resulting delay in the curtailment of catch rate of GB yellowtail flounder may cause closure of the Eastern U.S./Canada Area early in FY 2009. Such a closure would result in less revenue for the fishing industry and be counter to the objective of optimal yield.\nThe Regional Administrator's authority to decrease trip limits for GB yellowtail flounder in the U.S./Canada Management Area to help ensure that the shared U.S./Canada stocks of fish are harvested, but not exceeded, was considered and open to public comment during the development of Amendment 13 to the FMP and Framework Adjustment 42 to the FMP. Therefore, any negative effect the waiving of public comment and delayed effectiveness may have on the public is mitigated by these factors.Start Signature\nDated: June 3, 2009.\nKristen C. Koch,\nActing Director, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service.\n[FR Doc. E9-13347 Filed 6-3-09; 4:15 pm]\nBILLING CODE 3510-22-S", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "\"You know how muddy it is there — how could there possibly be a reef there?” she recalled thinking.\nNevertheless, Yager, a marine science professor at the University of Georgia, helped the fellow researcher, Rodrigo Moura of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, get the equipment he needed to dredge the sea floor. What he pulled up astonished them both: vibrant corals, brittle stars, sponges, spiny lobsters and an array of fish. The find, reported Friday in the journal Science Advances, covers about 3,700 square miles off the coasts of French Guiana and northern Brazil — all where scientists had assumed corals just couldn't grow.\n“This is something totally new and different from what is present in any other part of the globe,” Fabiano Thompson, an oceanographer at the Federal University in Rio, told Smithsonian magazine. “But until now, it’s been almost completely overlooked.”\nThe find comes at a time when reefs worldwide are under immense stress. Last week, a task force in Australia reported that 93 percent of the Great Barrier Reef has suffered at least some bleaching. The warming of oceans because of climate change and El Niño have weakened the world's coral for months, scientists say, causing damage from Hawaii to the Indian Ocean.\nBut the ecosystem at the mouth of the Amazon seemed to be doing well, despite the muddy water there blocking much sunlight from reaching the reef. In the northern part of the plume, where the sea floor is shielded from sunlight much of the year, sponges and carnivorous creatures dominated. In the sunnier south, colorful corals — which depend on a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae and reef-building organisms called polyps — became more common.\nAll told, the researchers in Brazil found 61 species of sponge, 73 types of fish, 35 species of algae, 26 soft corals, 12 stony corals and more. Dozens of those are thought to be previously undiscovered species.\nTheir existence demonstrates that reefs can thrive even in suboptimal conditions, Moura and his colleagues wrote. Although the Brazilian reef is less diverse than the vast, colorful cities of ocean life that spring up in the crystalline waters of a place such as Australia or Belize, it is still a successful ecosystem. Studying it could give insight into how corals survive when circumstances aren't in their favor.\nBut the mouth of the Amazon is likely to become even less hospitable to sun-seeking marine life, the researchers note.\n“In the past decade, a total of 80 exploratory blocks have been acquired for oil drilling in the study region, 20 of which are already producing,” the study authors wrote. “... Such large-scale industrial activities present a major environmental challenge.\"\nHigh levels of fishing in the area also pose a threat to the reef, Yager told the L.A. Times. And since environmental-impact assessments were conducted before the reef was discovered, it's not clear how much damage drilling and fishing might cause.\n“Isn’t that always the case?\" she said. \"You don’t know what you’ve got until it’s gone.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The capture of the short-beaked garfish,Belone svetovidovi Collette & Parin 1970, off the Cornish coast is of particular interest in that it represents an easterly extension to the known range of this species in the eastern North Atlantic, and the first record in British waters.\nIn August 1990 seven garfish were angled, on mackerel bait, in Mount's Bay, Cornwall. The captor, Mr A.C. Cass, believing the garfish to be different from the common garfish,Belone belone (L.), sent the largest one to the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for identification. The specimen was provisionally identified as the short-beaked garfish B. svetovidovi and later verified by one of us (A.W.). The other six specimens were not available for examination.\nGarfish, sometimes called needlefishes, have elongated bodies. Both upper and lower jaws are long and beak-like, with sharp teeth. They are epipelagic, feeding near the surface and are often observed leaping and skittering over the surface of the water. Only two species are recorded in the genus Belone in the north-eastern Atlantic.Belone belone (including subspecies) is commonly found off the European Atlantic coast as far north as Trondheim, Norway. It is also found in the North Sea, the southern Baltic seas, the Mediterranean and Black Sea where it is commercially exploited (Collette & Parin, 1986).Belone svetovidovi has only recently been distinguished from B. belone, and consequently its abundance and distribution are less well known. It was first identified in northern European waters by Dorman (1984,1987) from southern Ireland.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "San Francisco Bay’s water level is expected to rise over the coming decades. Even using the moderate estimates of three feet over the next eighty years, the resulting damage could resemble the recent hurricane-caused havoc on the East Coast.\nScientists estimate the cost in the Bay Area of a major rainstorm plus a three foot rise in the Bay’s water at $70 billion, with losses to homes, businesses, and critical public infrastructure like roads and wastewater treatment plants. Flooding could reach more than 1,000 industrial sites around the Bay’s shoreline and release toxic pollutants from these contaminated lands into the Bay. Toxins in the water would harm wildlife, including millions of migratory birds, and make recreation on and in the Bay dangerous.\nRecreational opportunities around the Bay would also be scarcer, because sea level rise would shrink existing shoreline parks. San Francisco’s Crissy Field may completely erode away. Trails at parks like Martin Luther King Jr. Shoreline in East Bay and Don Edwards Wildlife Refuge in South Bay could become flooded and inaccessible.\nImpacts like these can be averted, but it will take bold action now. Baykeeper has some recommendations:\nWetlands, not seawalls. Wetlands are the Bay Area’s best defense against sea level rise. They soften waves, provide a buffer against flooding, filter pollutants from water, and stabilize shorelines. But wetlands need tidal action, with time above and below water each day. Wetlands won’t survive if rising seas submerge them continuously.\nTo preserve the Bay’s wetlands, Bay Area leaders need to make sure that no more are destroyed by development. Another fix is to halt excessive sand mining from the Bay floor. If too much sand isn’t removed, the Bay’s sand will naturally wash up on wetlands, and help raise them.\nDredging practices in the Bay also need to be modernized. Right now, clean mud and sediment is dredged up to keep shipping channels open, then dumped far out in the ocean. That clean sediment should instead be used to build up and restore Bay wetlands. And if there’s undeveloped land adjacent to wetlands, it should be protected from development. As tides rise onto the formerly dry land, wetland plants and animals can migrate uphill, if there’s room.\nPreserving wetlands is a much better strategy than concrete seawalls. A higher, stronger seawall on one part of the shoreline can increase flooding elsewhere on the shoreline.\nMore green infrastructure. Green infrastructure along shorelines and in urban areas can also help protect against sea level rise, by providing flood protection and filtering pollutants. Examples include planted areas along sidewalks and permeable pavements. Green infrastructure provides additional benefits by greening neighborhoods and recharging groundwater for use in future droughts.\nCoordinated region-wide planning. Most importantly, communities around the Bay Area cannot tackle sea level rise in a piecemeal way. The Bay Area needs coordinated regional planning that protects the ecosystem, economy, and communities. And a top priority is to regionally identify the more than 1,000 industrial sites along the shoreline that could release toxic pollution into the Bay when flooded. Coordinated, expedited cleanup of these sites, starting with the most dangerous sites first, will help prevent harmful pollution from getting into the Bay and hurting wildlife and people.\nFor more about how the Bay Area can meet the huge challenge of sea level rise in San Francisco Bay, visit Baykeeper’s new ShoreView website. ShoreView is a Google Impact Challenge Grant project. It includes Street View-style images of the Bay shoreline, plus maps of toxic industrial sites around the Bay and of shoreline areas at risk of being underwater.\nPhoto of Bay Bridge approach durng the year's highest tides by Robb Most.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1960s: Oysters fall into the water. Two men operate dredge inside boat full with oysters on the deck.\nBy AV Geeks\n- Stock footage ID: 29047816\nVideo clip length: 00:26FPS: 24Aspect ratio: 16:9Editorial use only. Learn more\n|4K||$179||3840 × 2160||MOV||1.4 GB|\n|HD||$79||1920 × 1080||MOV||168.6 MB|\n|SD||$65||852 × 480||MOV||25 MB|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When it comes to keeping invasive species out of the Great Lakes, ballast water has long been seen as the bad guy.\nBallast is the water that oceangoing ships carry into the lakes, and scientists say it carries a host of unwanted organisms that can foul Michigan waters and choke out natural plants and fish.\nBut new studies suggest it’s not the only way potentially dangerous stowaways can hitch a ride.\nResearchers are now turning their microscopes on another area of those ships — the hull — as a possible entry point for invasive species into the lakes.\nThe mass of plants, algae and organisms that latch on to ships beneath the water line — called biofouling — may contain life-forms that could be harmful to Great Lakes. It’s a potential problem that has received little attention from legislators and conservationists, who have focused on ballast water bills now before Congress.\nBiofouling for years has been considered a second-tier concern in the fight against invasive species because organisms coming into the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean are thought to thrive only in saltwater. The presumption was that exposure to the lakes’ freshwater would kill them off.\nBut in one of the first examinations of biofouling on an oceanic/Great Lakes vessel, samples from a single ship produced more life-forms than expected. Those samples, taken by two California-based researchers and analyzed over the past several years, found eight species that previously had not been seen in the Great Lakes.\n“Overall invasion risk from biofouling may be comparable or exceed that of ballast water discharge,” concluded researchers John Drake and David Lodge, of the Santa Barbara, Ca.-based Environmental National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.\n“This finding implies that even if policies aimed at ballast water and sediment discharge are successful, future invasions may continue at a high rate unless biofouling is also addressed.”\nHull fouling has been identified as “the next big issue on the national scale now that (fixes for) ballast water have been created,” said Dave Reid, a senior physical scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory in Ann Arbor.\n“In the Great Lakes right now, it’s a question of how big an issue it should be. There is little known about it.”\nSimilar studies are under way in the Northwest. Ian Davidson, a researcher with Portland State University and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, has taken hull samples off ships that cruise the Columbia River in Oregon — a waterway that, like the Great Lakes system, can be accessed from the ocean.\n“It is much harder to do sampling for hull fouling than for ballast water,” Davidson said, because of difficulties researchers face in getting access to ships and docks. “But we need to determine how serious a threat fouling is as a vector for invasive species.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "June 15 is\nNational Lobster Day\nMost people don’t encounter lobsters except for an occasional tank at the supermarket or in a toasty buttered bun. But these humble crustaceans have a special place here at the New England Aquarium and in New England lore. On National Lobster Day today, let’s meet some of these handsome critters—and not just the American lobsters you may be thinking of!\nWhen we talk about lobsters, the image that pops into a New Englander’s head is probably the American lobster. These are the mottled brownish critters that are a delicacy on dinner plates. You’ll find them in North Atlantic waters from Canada through North Carolina, and they can get as big as 40 pounds! The big guy in our Boulder Reef display in the Gulf of Maine exhibit is around 20 pounds. Genetic mutations cause these creatures to come in a variety of hues, including blue, orange, and even split half-and-half. Shell color can also be determined by diet, as is the case with some of the baby lobsters in our Blue Planet Action Center nursery with bluish shells.\nTake a walk around the Aquarium to see if you can spot these American lobsters in our cold water exhibits!\nThe Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) can be found from North Carolina and Bermuda south to Brazil—and in the Aquarium’s Blue Hole exhibit. They are about a foot long, though they can grow to be longer than 3 feet and weigh 15 pounds in the wild! Caribbean spiny lobsters are one of approximately 30 different spiny lobster species found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. Unlike the American lobster, they lack large claws and have spines covering their body for protection. Like their American lobster cousins, Caribbean spiny lobsters have long antennae on the front of their carapaces for defense.\nOne of the more unusual lobsters at the Aquarium is the slipper lobster. See if you can spot them crawling on or hiding in the coral habitat in the frogfish exhibit in the Yawkey Coral Reef Center at the top of the Giant Ocean Tank. Slipper lobsters look very different from the other lobsters at the Aquarium, and actually they’re not considered true lobsters. They have enlarged antennae, which project forward from the head as wide plates.\nSpending some time with the lobsters at the Aquarium is just one way to enjoy National Lobster Day. If you choose to celebrate with some lobster on your dinner plate, please look for sustainably caught seafood and help protect our blue planet!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Legacy Plastic: 100% Post-Consumer Plastic Pellet From Shoreline, Ocean and Used Marine Gear\nPRESS RELEASE December 14th, 2021\nOCEAN LEGACY PRODUCES FIRST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 100% POST-CONSUMER PLASTIC PELLET IN NORTH AMERICA FROM SHORELINE, OCEAN AND USED MARINE GEAR\nOcean Legacy has produced the first commercially available plastic pellet in North America made from 100% recycled plastic collected during ocean, shoreline, and marine equipment cleanup. Legacy Plastic™ is a watershed in addressing the ocean plastic crisis.\n“We are very excited to now be able to produce recycled plastic pellets (Legacy Plastic™) from ocean, shoreline and marine equipment materials for brands to incorporate into their products,” announces co-founder Chloé Dubois. Legacy Plastic™ is comprised of fishing rope, buoys, floats, oyster trays and other plastic debris collected from cleanup activities and reprocessed to create a high-grade, 100% recycled plastic pellet to be used in the manufacturing of new durable products.\nWith the introduction of Legacy Plastic™, companies are now able to source marine plastics for use in their products, creating a closed-loop system for these materials. “I am excited to support the gathering of plastic from our beaches that we can recycle into paddles or other items to be used by paddlers who love the water they paddle in,” explains Tim Niemier, founder of Ocean Kayak and Origami Paddler. “As a business owner and a human, I feel that it is my responsibility to help leave our paddling environment cleaner than when we started paddling there. This project is great because it cleans the environment and makes recycling commercially profitable, which means that it can be economically sustainable.”\nExamples of commercial fishing rope and the resulting Legacy Plastic™.\n“Canada has become a leader in the global effort to eliminate and prevent ghost gear pollution in our oceans. Through our Ghost Gear Program, we’re working with incredible organizations like Ocean Legacy, to protect and regenerate our marine ecosystems by removing this harmful waste.” explains The Honourable Joyce Murray, Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard. “I am so inspired by the tremendous work done so far, and I look forward to more progress as we work together to tackle ghost gear in Canada and abroad.”\n“We are looking to partner with leading brands in the fight to address the ocean plastic crisis,” explains Gil Yaron, Director of Sales and Marketing for Ocean Legacy. By using Legacy Plastic™, companies become part of a market for ocean plastic that will drive its recovery and prevent used marine gear from making its way into the world’s oceans.\nFor more information about Legacy Plastic™ and to obtain product samples, please visit www.legacyplastic.ca and contact:\nGil Yaron, Director, Sales and Marketing\nDOWNLOAD THIS PRESS RELEASE: Legacy Plastic Press Release- FINAL", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vol. 46, n.4, December 2005\npp. 329 - 344\nA Mediterranean and Black Sea oceanographic database and network\nThe MEDAR Group\nC. Maillard, M. Fichaut, G. Maudire, C. Coatanoan, Ifremer, Centre de Brest, France.\nE. Balopoulos, A. Iona, A. Lykiardopoulos, P. Karagevrekis, Hnodc, Anavyssos, Greece.\nJ.-M. Beckers, M. Rixen, Gher, Univ. de Liege, BE4000, Liege, Belgium.\nM.-J. Garcia, Ieo, Madrid, Spain.\nB.B. Manca, A. Giorgetti, A. Mosetti, OGS, Trieste, Italy.\nN. Mikhailov, E. Vyazilov, A. Kuznetsov, N. Puzova, Rihmi-wdc, Obninsk, Russia.\nR. Boukortt, B. Boudjellal, N. Eddalia, Ismal, Alger, Algeria.\nH. Dooley, Ices, Copenhague, K, Denmark.\nA. Drago, Pou/Um, Msida, Malta.\nS. El-agami, Enodc/Niof, Alexandria, Egypt.\nG. Kortchev, Inst. Meteo. Hydrology, Sofia, Bulgaria.\nI. Gertman, Y. Tsehtik, Iolr., Haifa, Israel.\nS. Lakkis, Ncmr, Batroun, Lebanon.\nG. Manzella, Enea-cram, La Spezia, Italy.\nI. Oliounine, Unesco/Coi/Ioc, Paris, France.\nA. Orbi, J. Larissi, S. Zizah, Inrh, Casablanca, Morocco.\nM. Ozyalvac, F. Berkay, Hs/Tn, Istanbul, Turkey.\nN. Pinardi, M. Zavatarelli, Laboratorio Sincem, University of Bologna, Italy.\nA. Suvorov, A. Khaliulin, Mhi, Sevastopol, Ukraine.\nG. Zodiatis, Cynodc/Dfmr, Nicosia, Cyprus.\nK. Bilashvili, Z. Savaneli, Nocg/Ug, Tbilisi, Georgia.\nV. Dadic, Iof, Split, Croatia.\nV. Diaconu, Ircm, Constanta, Romania.\nR. Gelfeld, Wdca, Noaa, Silver Spring, Usa.\nC. Sammari, Instm, Salammbo, Tunisia.\nReceived April 8, 2003; accepted October 29, 2004\nThe basic characteristics of a large multi-parameter ocean database for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea are described. The database has been developed through close cooperation between National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODCs) of IOC/UNESCO and specialized marine research institutes, within the framework of the MEDAR/MEDATLAS Concerted Action, supported by the European Union (EU). The data used in developing the database have been collected by about 150 scientific laboratories from 33 countries and consist of vertical profiles of in-situ temperature, salinity and bio-chemical parameters. In all, the database includes 285 879 qualified hydrographic stations of mechanical bathythermographs (MBT), expendable bathythermographs (XBT), CTDs and bottle casts. As regards the studied regions, these data increase (almost double) the volume of the ocean data made available to the user community greatly, when compared to earlier initiatives. They are published on a set of four Cd-roms, which include other products such as a Cruise Inventory, a Climatological Atlas of gridded numerical fields with vertical sections, maps (static and animated to illustrate the annual cycle), as well as, a selection and visualisation software. Although there are still some gaps before a complete data service can be provided, this important concerted action has contributed in developing data management standards and methods, in drawing attention to the necessity of acquiring professional data archiving systems and, finally, in increasing data and information circulation on the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.\nDownload PDF complete\nback to table of contents", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our Changing World for Thursday 5 March 2009\nLife in the deep ocean\nThe deep sea is the largest biome on the planet. Deep-sea ecosystems have the largest biomass and largest undiscovered biodiversity of any of the world's biomes. Deep-water fisheries in New Zealand's large Exclusive Economic Fishing zone are worth tens of millions of dollars each year, and include deep-sea fish such as orange roughy, hoki and oreo dories. These fisheries have traditionally been managed as single species, but there is a recent recognition that sustainable fisheries management needs to take into account the whole ecosystem.\nMatthew Jones' (pictured on the left) work is part of a new effort to understand the complexity of the deep-sea ecosystem, and focuses on the feeding interactions between predators and prey, and between commercial and non-commercial species. His work has identified about 40 new species, including a new species of cat shark.\nThis viper fish has a large bite mark on its back: it was found inside the stomach of another deep sea fish, and in turn its stomach contained yet another, smaller fish. Images: Alison Ballance\nVictoria University's new Coastal Ecology Laboratory in Island Bay, Wellington. Image: Jeff Shima\nThe offspring of most coastal marine organisms - fish and invertebrates - develop in offshore waters for long periods of time. During this time, the young can travel large distances and may never return to their natal stretch of coast or reef. Instead, they may join more distant populations - and this process is what marine ecologists call population connectivity.\nJeff Shima, an ecologist at Victoria University (pictured above with PhD student Anna Smith; image: Elizabeth Connor), says population connectivity underpins the population dynamics and evolution of most marine species, determines the efficacy of marine reserve designs, and influences the response of natural systems to external effects, including pollution, invasive species, climatic anomalies, and fishing.\nWith funding from the Royal Society of New Zealand's Marsden Fund, he and his research team use the commonly found triplefin (pictured on the right; image: Shane Geange) as a model species and they analyse the ear bone (otolith) of juvenile fish for \"environmental fingerprints\" as markers of their geographic origin.\nA juvenile snapper near biogenic habitat made up of soft corals attached to a horse mussel. Image: Kerry Webster\nSnapper is New Zealand's largest recreational fishery, and one of the country's largest coastal commercial fisheries with an annual export value of $32 million (2008). But in recent years some stocks have failed to recover from historical overfishing, with some commercial catch quotas for snapper being cut recently to protect the species.\nNIWA scientists have discovered that nearly all snapper on the west coast of the North Island come from nurseries in just one harbour. In 2003, they collected juvenile snapper (pictured on the right; image: Crispin Middleton, NIWA) from seven estuaries along the west coast of the North Island. By testing their ear bones (otoliths) for eight different chemical elements, scientists were able to create a 'chemical signature' to identify which estuary the fish came from. They found that 98 percent of the adult snapper were originally juveniles from Kaipara Harbour. NIWA Fisheries Ecologist Mark Morrison says these findings show how fragile some New Zealand snapper and other coastal fish stocks could be.\nAntarctic sea ice\nThe University of Otago team at work out on the sea ice.\nThere are three types of ice on Antarctica. The ice sheets are the thickest (up to 4km) and cover the entire continent. Ice shelves are giant slabs of floating ice that stretch out across bays along Antarctica's coast. Sea ice is the blanket of ice that forms around Antarctica when the ocean freezes during winter.\nThis annual change from dark ocean to white ice plays an important role in global climate, reflecting light from the sun back out into space and influencing how heat and moisture are exchanged between the ocean and atmosphere. Also, as the ocean freezes, it releases brine into the deeper water, which in turn drives global ocean currents. Through this process, Antarctic sea ice contributes to a global ocean current that transports heat around the planet and between the hemispheres.\nMost research on sea ice has been carried out in spring, when it begins to break up again, but now a team of scientists from the University of Otago, NIWA, Industrial Research Ltd and Victoria University is focusing on the processes that take place just beneath the sea ice during winter. Two members of the team, Alex Gough and Andy Mahoney, are settling in for a long and dark winter on ice to monitor the start of the planet's biggest seasonal event. The project is funded by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology as part of New Zealand's contribution to the International Polar Year.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Whether it’s accidentally using plastic as food or accidentally swallowing it while filtering seawater, marine animals will always inadvertently ingest plastic products.\nSo as filter feeders, how much plastic do blue whales eat each day?\nThe way blue whales eat is to open their mouths, filter the food from the seawater and swallow it. According to a US study, blue whales eat 10 million pieces of plastic every day, and the culprit is not sea water, but krill.\nThe research builds on more than a decade of data collection and analysis through drone observations, non-invasive tags, whale feeding areas and krill colonies, and the team combined this information with measurements of microplastics off the coast of California stand up,\nThey found that whales move between 50 and 250 meters underwater, which is where the density of microplastics is highest in the ocean.\nMatthew Savoca, a marine biologist at Stanford University, said that while blue whales are big. But in fact, their position in the food chain is lower than imagined, so there will be so many microplastics, that is, “krill eat plastic, whales eat krill”.\nIt is estimated that blue whales eat about 10 million pieces of plastic debris every day, which is about 45 kilograms (100 pounds).\nAt the same time, the team also studied the ingestion of plastic particles by humpback whales and fin whales.\nMicroplastic on Fish and Krill\nThe average humpback whale is about 15 meters long, about half the size of the blue whale, and feeds mainly on herring and anchovies.\nAbout 200,000 pieces of microplastics are ingested per day; fin whales, whose menu includes both krill and fish, are estimated to consume 10 million pieces of microplastics per day, or about 43.5 kilograms (96 pounds).\nShirel Kahane-Rapport, lead author of the study, believes that more research is needed to understand the effects of microplastics on krill, fish, and whether they will feel full from eating plastics.\nIt ends up making the krill, known for their krill oil, less nutritious, or the fish emaciated and less plump.\nKahane-Rapport believes that if there is a lot of food without a trace of nutrients, then the whales are wasting time eating junk food.\nTherefore, the next step for the team is to understand the impact of microplastics on krill and fish.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tortugas & CenoteS snorkel With Turtles Tour\n- Live Guide\n- Instant Confirmation\n- Pickup Service\n- 5 hr\nExplore the fascinating underwater world of Turtle Bay on a leisurely snorkel tour in search of 3 of the world’s 7 sea turtle species. Brightly colored tropical fish, spectacular coral, amazing rock formations, rays and unbelievable visibility makes this an unforgettable experience. Then journey deep into the subtropical rainforest of the Yucatan to relax, swim and snorkel in the crystal clear fresh waters of a massive “cenote”, and marvel at the thousands of spectacular stalagmites and stalactites that surround you at every turn.\nOperated by: Paradise Adventours\nWe going to do snorkel in akumal or tulum zone where is a huge possibility to see turtles and swim in the beautiful and fresh cenotes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US Offshore Wind Segment Showing No Signs of Slowing Down\nThe U.S. offshore wind segment shows no signs of slowing on its journey to deploy 30 gigawatts (GW) of offshore wind by 2030 and 110 GW by 2050. Based on current project activity we anticipate around 60 GW of offshore wind capacity to be installed by 2035.\nBy 2035, we will see offshore wind turbines operating in the Atlantic and the Pacific and probably the Gulf of Mexico. We will also see an emergence of commercial scale floating wind farms around the end of the decade. Floating wind farms bring a whole range of interesting technical challenges and opportunities for the supply chains that are currently not seen with the Atlantic bottom-fixed projects.\nAmong foundations for the positive outlook, two major Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) projects with around 940 megawatts (MW) of capacity have reached final investment decision (FID) and have commenced onshore construction, 11 OCS developments with a potential for more than 17 GW are undergoing federal permitting review and 17.5 GW of project capacity has secured offtake commitments from states. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has completed a successful Carolina Long Bay auction and has launched the leasing process for over 4.5 GW of floating wind capacity offshore California, while further auctions are planned for the South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Central Atlantic, Oregon and the Gulf of Maine before the end of 2024. In addition, an unsolicited request has been submitted to develop a 2 GW floating wind farm in Washington State. Meanwhile, turbine component, foundation and cable factories and Jones Act wind farm vessels are being built in the U.S., and offshore wind port development is accelerating.\nIntelatus Global Partners has just released the latest in its series of market reports identifying the opportunities and challenges associated with the U.S. offshore wind industry. Our forecast accounts for projects that will install close to 70 GW of capacity in this and the next decade. The forecast capacity will require capital expenditure amounting to $205 billion to bring onstream, a recurring annual operations and maintenance spend of $7 billion once delivered, and close to $31 billion of decommissioning expenditure at the end of commercial operations:\n•Two offshore wind projects have passed the FID stage, have finalized major contract commitments and have commenced onshore construction.\n•An FID is expected within the next 18 months for four OCS bottom-fixed project and two demonstration projects, one of which floating wind technology.\n•16 projects are in the midterm planning stage where an FID is expected between 18 and 36 months.\n•Seven projects are in the early planning stage where an FID is expected to be taken in 36-60 months.\n•Another 13 areas will support close to 17 GW of future offshore wind projects and where an FID is expected after 60 months.\n•There are a further 27 offshore areas at the planning stage in the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico that will support the longer-term U.S. ambition of deploying 110 GW of offshore wind by 2050.\nDetails of all U.S wind projects and developments are discussed in Intelatus Global Partners’ June U.S. Offshore Wind Report. Also in the project section of the report are details for over 60 projects in the planning stage, two projects in construction, and two wind farms currently in service. The report is accompanied by an online database. Information is current as of June 1.\nFor more information about Intelatus Global Partners' U.S. Offshore Wind Market Forecast, visit www.intelatus.com or contact Michael Kozlowski at +1 561-733-2477or Philip Lewis at +44 203-966-2492", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Some of the open opportunities are shown below. There is also certainly scope to discuss ideas for projects.\nHere is a list of current open opportunities:\nThe RV Pelagia is crossing the Atlantic and there’s a chance to join.\nA new MSc project investigating biogeomorphodynamics in Sint Maarten coastal bays, in collaboration with Deltares.\nA new MSc project with SWAN on Caribbean coastal bays.\nA new MSc project in physical oceanography applying EOF analysis.\nA new MSc project in physical oceanography.\nA new MSc project investigating the protection offered by coastal wetlands.\nA MSc project evaluating the potential for extracting energy from the ocean around Curaçao, in collaboration with Bluerise.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Every year thousands of visitors flock to Monterey Bay, California to enjoy one of the most amazing coastlines in the world. With rough ocean waters swirling around jagged rocks, the view from the shore only hints at the beauty beneath the surface.\nThe Monterey Bay is referred to as the Grand Canyon of the ocean with depths reaching over a mile. The variety of life found in the Bay is unique to this area with many species yet to be discovered in these deep mysterious waters. Most of us will never have the opportunity to explore the underwater world of the Monterey Bay, so the next best thing is to find hotels near the Monterey Bay Aquarium.\nVisiting the Monterey Bay Aquarium is an experience that will delight the entire family. There is something to see here for every age and interest. test website speed . If you plan a visit to the Monterey Bay Aquarium this year, here are a few tips that will make your day more enjoyable.\nTop 7 Tips for Visiting Hotels Near the Monterey Bay Aquarium\n- Visit during the week rather than the weekend if possible. The weekends are typically busier than other days of the year and visiting off-season may also prove less crowded.\n- Check for other local events taking place in the Monterey Bay area to include in your visit. There are many world-class events such as the Pebble Beach Pro-Am in February, Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca events, and concerts at the Monterey Fairgrounds that recently featured popular bands such as Mumford and Sons.\n- Bring cash for parking meters. Street parking in Monterey can be a bit pricey at $15 a day. There are parking lots adjacent to the Aquarium that charge less but fill up fast as well as a multi-story parking structure near Cannery Row.\n- Break up your visit with a stroll down the beautiful coastline. You can have your hand stamped and come and go as you please.\n- Stay for several days in order to enjoy all that the Monterey, California has to offer. Plan a whale watching tour, take a Segway ride, drive through Pebble Beach, or just spend a few days enjoying the sand on the long beach of Asilomar.\n- Visit historical Pacific Grove, the sister city to Monterey visiting the unique shops and historical architecture.\n- Become a member of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. It may save you some money especially if you plan more than one visit in a year. Your membership helps fund the work and preservation of this valuable world eco system.\nIf you plan to stay overnight in Monterey, be sure and check with the front desk at Monterey Bay Park Hotel. We have several package deals that will help you save money and make your visit a memorable one including, discount 2-day tickets to the Aquarium. At the door adult tickets are $34.95 and children $21.95. Save even more – with our two-day passes for the price of one. Ask at the front desk for more information.\nWritten for the Bay Park Hotel by local photographer and writer Laura Wrede.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "VOL. 98, NO. 12, 2991–3251 ECOLOGY DECEMBER 2017\nPhysiological stress responses to natural variation in predation\nrisk: evidence from white sharks and seals\nTHE SCIENTIFIC NATURALIST\nFighting an uphill battle: the recovery of\nfrogs in Australia’s Wet Tropics\nVOLUME 98 • NUMBER 12 • DECEMBER 2017\nSunday, August 5 – Friday, August 10\nErnest N. Morial Convention Center\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nAbstract Submission Deadline:\nFebruary 22, 2018 | 5:00 PM EST\nLinking extreme events,\nand human well-being\nECY_v98_i12_OC.indd 1ECY_v98_i12_OC.indd 1 23-11-2017 19:26:5823-11-2017 19:26:58\nPhysiological stress responses to natural variation in predation risk:\nevidence from white sharks and seals\nSIMON MDUDUZI SEAKAMELA,\nAND SCOTT CREEL\nDepartment of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences,\nUniversity of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149 USA\nLeonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146 USA\nBranch: Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town 8000 South Africa\nApex Shark Expeditions, Shop 3 Quayside Center, Simonstown Cape Town 7975 South Africa\nDepartment of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA\nAbstract. Predators can impact ecosystems through consumptive or risk effects on prey.\nPhysiologically, risk effects can be mediated by energetic mechanisms or stress responses. The\npredation-stress hypothesis predicts that risk induces stress in prey, which can affect survival\nand reproduction. However, empirical support for this hypothesis is both mixed and limited,\nand the conditions that cause predation risk to induce stress responses in some cases, but not\nothers, remain unclear. Unusually clear-cut variation in exposure of Cape fur seals (Arcto-\ncephalus pusillus pusillus) to predation risk from white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the\nwaters of Southwestern Africa provides an opportunity to test the predation-stress hypothesis\nin the wild. Here, we measured fecal glucocorticoid concentrations (fGCM) from Cape fur\nseals at six discrete islands colonies exposed to spatiotemporal variation in predation risk from\nwhite sharks over a period of three years. We found highly elevated fGCM concentrations in\nseals at colonies exposed to high levels of unpredictable and relatively uncontrollable risk of\nshark attack, but not at colonies where seals were either not exposed to shark predation or\ncould proactively mitigate their risk through antipredatory behavior. Differences in measured\nfGCM levels were consistent with patterns of risk at the site and seasonal level, for both seal\nadults and juveniles. Seal fGCM levels were not correlated with colony population size, density,\nand geographic location. Investigation at a high risk site (False Bay) also revealed strong corre-\nlations between fGCM levels and temporal variation in shark attack rates, but not with shark\nrelative abundance. Our results suggest that predation risk will induce a stress response when\nrisk cannot be predicted and/or proactively mitigated by behavioral responses.\nKey words: antipredator behavior; apex predator; ecology of fear; ecophysiology; glucocorticoid; noncon-\nsumptive effects; predation risk; risk effect; seal; shark; stress.\nApex predators can strongly alter ecosystems by affect-\ning the numbers, distribution and behavior of their prey\n(Werner and Peacor 2003, Peckarsky et al. 2008). More-\nover, such behavioral modifications in response to preda-\ntion risk can manifest in physiological changes in prey\nthat carry fitness costs and affect population dynamics\n(Peckarsky et al. 2010, Zanette et al. 2014). Together,\nthese predator effects can have cascading impacts on\nother species (Schmitz et al. 1997, Brashares et al. 2010).\nTwo general hypotheses have been proposed for the\nphysiological mechanism underlying predation risk effects\non prey populations (outlined in Creel et al. 2009). The\npredator-sensitive food hypothesis predicts that predators\nconstrain foraging activity or efficiency of their prey, thus\nincreasing energetic or nutritional constraints on prey\nreproduction or survival (Sinclair and Arcese 1995). Many\nstudies across a broad range of taxa have found empirical\nevidence in support of this hypothesis (Werner and Peacor\n2003). Growing research has revealed that food-mediated\nreactions of prey to predators (e.g., food–risk trade-offs)\nare not simply an artifact of predator encounter rates and\noften depend on predator hunting mode, anti-predator\nbehavior, and on landscape features that can influence the\nprobability of death given an encounter with a predator\n(Schmitz 2008, Heithaus et al. 2009). The predation-stress\nhypothesis predicts that exposure to risk causes increased\nsecretion of glucocorticoids (or other physiological stress\nresponses; Romero 2004). However, studies of this hypoth-\nesis in natural settings have been limited and the results\nmixed (Boonstra et al. 1998, Clinchy et al. 2004, Creel\net al. 2009, Sheriff et al. 2009). Moreover, most investiga-\ntions of this hypothesis in the wild have generally\nemployed study designs for monitoring of potential stress\nchanges through time at a single site (Boonstra et al.\n1998, Zanette et al. 2014); but few natural study systems\nhave been conducive to investigating the effects of risk on\nManuscript received 28 September 2017; accepted 6 October\n2017. Corresponding Editor: John F. Bruno.\nEcology, 98(12), 2017, pp. 3199–3210\n©2017 by the Ecological Society of America\nstress responses in prey populations with replication\nwithin both a low risk and high risk condition. Addition-\nally, many studies assume that risk effects are mediated by\nfear of predation, which is manifested in stress; however,\nanti-predatory behavioral responses to risk can arise\nthrough mechanisms that do not involve a stress response.\nFor example, in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem, elk\n(Cervus elaphus) forage in suboptimal habitats to reduce\ntheir exposure to predation from wolves (Canis lupus;\nCreel et al. 2005), which incurs physiological costs associ-\nated with lower nutritional intake, but does not result in a\nstress response (Creel et al. 2009). Taken together, a key\nquestion remains: under what conditions are risk effects\nmediated by stress in the wild? This knowledge gap is lar-\ngely driven by the inherent challenges of working with\npredators and their prey in nature. Such studies are partic-\nularly important at this time given declines in predator\npopulations worldwide (Estes et al. 2011), together with\nsuccessful predator recovery programs in some ecosystems\n(Marshall et al. 2016).\nThe waters off the Western Cape of South Africa pro-\nvides an opportunity to study predator–prey interactions\ninvolving white sharks Carcharodon carcharias and Cape\nfur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, and an ideal sys-\ntem to test the effects of predation risk on prey physiology\n(Fig. 1A). Here, the population of Cape fur seals in the\nregion is segregated into discrete colonies that inhabit dif-\nferent inshore islands; but the seals from the different\nisland colonies move offshore to feed where they share\nthe same general foraging grounds (Rand 1959, 1967,\nOosthuizen 1991). White sharks only actively target cer-\ntain seal colonies, creating a natural spatial variation in\nseal colonies to threat of attack (Bonfil et al. 2005, Dud-\nley 2012, De Vos et al. 2015a, Andreotti et al. 2016). At\nthese locations, there also exists clear seasonal variation\nin predation risk, as sharks only actively hunt Cape fur\nFIG. 1. (A) Photograph of a white shark lunging toward a Cape fur seal at the edge of Seal Island (background) in False Bay,\nSouth Africa. White sharks aggregate during the cool season at specific island colonies to hunt seals when they enter and exit the\nwater to and from offshore foraging. (B) A white shark patrols the border of a kelp bed that surrounds the seal colony at Geyser\nRock. The kelp is used by seals as refuge from sharks while traversing to and from the island. (C) Kelp and other high relief land-\nscape features are absent from the waters around the island colony in False Bay, where attack rates on seals are 18 times higher than\nat Geyser Rock. (D) A large seal bearing a fresh injury from a white shark attack hauls out on to Seal Island in False Bay where it is\ninvestigated by a group of pups and juvenile seals. All images by C. Fallows. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]\n3200 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12\nseals during winter months (Hammerschlag et al. 2006,\nJewell et al. 2013, Towner et al. 2016). However, among\nthe different colonies targeted by sharks, predation risk to\nseals can vary significantly due to landscape features that\neither offer protection to seals traversing the gauntlet or\nleave them exposed to unpredictable risk of attack (Wcisel\net al. 2015). For example, white shark attack rates on\nseals at the seal colony in False Bay (1.97 attacks/h) are\n18 times higher than at Geyser Rock (0.1 attacks/h),\nbecause the latter is surrounded by dense kelp beds and\nreefs that serve as a refuge from sharks when the seals tra-\nverse from their colony (Wcisel et al. 2015; Fig. 1B). Such\nlandscape features are absent from False Bay (Fig. 1C),\nwhere predation rates on seals average 6.7 attacks per day\nduring the cool season, with success rates as high as 0.55\nkills per attack (Hammerschlag et al. 2006). Rarely do\nspatially discrete natural prey populations share the same\ngeneral food supply, while being exposed to such distinct\nvariation in predation risk as in the current study system.\nThe purpose of this study was to test the predation-\nstress hypothesis using this shark-seal system off South\nAfrica. First, we analyzed movement patterns of satellite\ntagged white sharks to evaluate spatial and temporal pat-\nterns of white shark residency and density at six seal colo-\nnies that vary in risk from shark attack. Next, we\ncollected seal scat samples from these six seal colonies\nover multiple years and seasons for measurements of fecal\nglucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) to evaluate if concen-\ntrations were associated with patterns of spatial and tem-\nporal occurrence of white sharks. Finally, we conducted a\nmulti-year study at Seal Island in False Bay (a high risk\nsite), to test if seal fecal cortisol levels were correlated with\neither relative abundance of white sharks or measured\nattack rates by sharks on seals. We used these data to (1)\nevaluate if seal colonies exhibit spatial and seasonal varia-\ntion in fGCM concentrations consistent with patterns of\nwhite shark predation risk, (2) test if fGCM levels in seals\ncorrelate with shark relative abundance or measured sur-\nface attack rates by sharks on seals in False Bay, (3) test if\ndifferences in colony-specific landscape features that\ninfluence the type and magnitude of shark predation risk\nto seals are associated with differences in seal fGCM con-\ncentrations, and (4) determine whether fecal cortisol levels\ndiffer in in adult seals vs. juveniles under risk of preda-\ntion. Additionally, we tested the alternative hypotheses\nthat fGCM concentrations were associated with seal col-\nony population size, density and geographic location (and\nassociated variation in environmental factors).\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nCape fur seals exhibit high site fidelity to specific\ninshore island colonies, which therefore remain fairly\ndiscrete units (Rand 1959); however, seals from different\ncolonies share the same general offshore feeding grounds\nas revealed through mark–recapture (Oosthuizen 1991).\nPrevious satellite and acoustic tracking of white sharks\nwithin South Africa have demonstrated that sharks\naggregate at certain seal colonies during cool months of\nthe year to target Cape fur seals. These “high shark\nabundance”seal colonies include False Bay, Mossel Bay,\nand Geyser Rock, where shark habitat use and predation\nhas been relatively well studied (Martin et al. 2005,\nJohnson et al. 2009, Fallows et al. 2012, Jewell et al.\n2013, Kock et al. 2013, Towner et al. 2016, Wcisel et al.\n2015). During warm months, white sharks shift the focus\nof their hunting away from seals at the colonies, presum-\nably to feed on teleosts and elasmobranchs, resulting in\nlower shark occurrence and predation pressure to seals\nat these high shark abundance colonies during the sum-\nmer (Hammerschlag et al. 2006, Kock et al. 2013, De\nVos et al. 2015a). There are also “low shark abundance”\nseal colonies within the region that are not targeted by\nsharks at any time of year (Bonfil et al. 2005, Kock et al.\n2013, De Vos et al. 2015a). These spatiotemporal pat-\nterns of white shark abundance have also been found\nthrough region-wide survey data of white sharks\nthrough standardized boat-based baited surveys as part\nof a project to estimate population sizes of white sharks\nin South Africa (Andreotti 2015, Andreotti et al. 2016).\nIn this study, we focused our investigation on six seal\ncolonies that varied in exposure to the seasonal presence\nof hunting white sharks: three high shark abundance\ncolonies (False Bay, Mossel Bay, and Geyser Rock) and\nthree low shark abundance colonies (Bird Island in Lam-\nbert’s Bay, Jutten Island, and Robbesteen; Fig. 2) during\nboth the “high predation season”(winter, June–Septem-\nber) and “low predation season”(summer, October–\nMay). However, to confirm this previously described\nspatial and temporal variation in exposure of the six\nfocal seal colonies to white sharks during the study per-\niod, we analyzed white shark movement data that were\ncollected as part of a larger collaborative satellite tagging\nproject between the USA-based non-profit OCEARCH\nand South African researchers.\nWhite shark tracking\nBetween March and May of 2012, a total of 37 white\nsharks (14 males, 23 females) were captured and tagged\nat five different localities across the Western Cape of\nSouth Africa: Algoa Bay, False Bay, Gansbaai, Mossel\nBay, and Struisbaai. Details on capture and handling\nmethods can be found in Wcisel et al. (2015). Briefly,\nsharks were captured with baited barbless hooks and\ncarefully lead onto a hydraulic platform. One or two\nhoses where then inserted into the shark’s mouth to\npump fresh oxygenated saltwater over the gills. Sharks\nreceived antibiotics and electrolyte injections to enhance\nrecovery time. Smart Position-only and Temperature\nTransmitting tags (SPOT5 tags; Wildlife Computers,\nRedmond, Washington, USA ) were affixed to the dorsal\nfin of sharks. Depending on their size, sharks were\ntagged with either a small SPOT tag (2-yr battery life for\nDecember 2017 SHARK PREDATION AND STRESS IN SEALS 3201\nsharks <3 m total length) or a large SPOT tag (5-yr bat-\ntery life for sharks >3 m total length).\nLocations were acquired whenever the dorsal-fin\nmounted SPOT tag broke the water surface and transmit-\nted a signal to a passing ARGOS satellite. Geographic\nlocations of SPOT tagged sharks were determined by\nDoppler-shift calculations made by the ARGOS Data\nCollection and Location Service (Argos CLS, Toulouse,\nFrance ). Accuracy of position data is variable depending\non number of transmissions received by ARGOS and cat-\negorized into location classes (LC) as follows:\nLC 3 <250 m, 250 m <LC 2 <500 m, 500 m <LC 1 <\n1,500 m. The median error for LC 0, A, and B ranges\nfrom 1 to 3 km. Class Z indicates that the location pro-\ncess failed and estimates of position are highly inaccurate\nand are removed before spatial analysis.\nSeal fecal sample collection\nBetween 2012 and 2015, a total of 502 fecal samples\nwere collected and analyzed for fGCM, with at least two\ncollection periods in the high predation season and two\ncollection periods in the low predation season for each\ncolony (N=92 samples from Geyser Rock, N=44 from\nRobbesteen, N=52 from Jutten Island, N=145 from\nLambert’sBay,N=114 from Seal Island in False Bay,\nN=55 from Seal Island in Mossel Bay). At each sam-\npling occasion, ~20 g samples from clearly distinct\ndefecations by single seals were collected and placed in\n50-mL screw-lid vials and frozen within 1–2 h of collec-\ntion. Where possible, fecal samples could be assigned to\nseal age classes (adult vs. juvenile) based on differences in\nsize (though no effect of age class was detected: see\nResults). The juvenile category also included young-of-\nthe year seals. Based on direct observation, juvenile scats\nranged in size from 6 to 10 mm diameter; whereas adult\nscats ranged in size from 15 to 20 mm diameter. Adult\nscats could also be further distinguished based on a rela-\ntively higher frequency of fish bones in the scat, which are\nfewer in juveniles. Ambiguous samples and scats between\n11 and 15 mm were not assigned to an age class.\nSteroid hormone metabolites were extracted from\nfecal samples by drying the scat and boiling a known\nmass of dry feces in ethanol using methods that have\nbeen described in detail previously (Monfort et al. 1997,\nCreel et al. 2009).\nWe measured glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations\nin fecal extracts (fGCM) using an enzyme-linked\nimmunoassay with a cortisol antibody (Enzo Life\nSciences ADI-900-071, Farmingdale, New York, USA))\nthat has broad cross-reactivity and has been procedurally\nand biologically validated for assay of fecal extracts in a\nbroad range of species (Monfort et al. 1997, Creel et al.\nBird Island (LS)\nJuen Island (LS)\nSeal Island (HS)\nGeyser Rock (HS)\nSeal Island (HS)\nFIG. 2. Locations of six focal colonies off the Western Cape of South Africa (inset). LS, low shark abundance colony; HS, high\nshark abundance colony. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]\n3202 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12\n2009, 2013). We expressed fGCM concentrations as mil-\nligrams of cortisol immunoreactivity per gram of dry\nfeces. Antibody binding was parallel for a dilution series\nof cortisol standards and seal fecal extracts diluted from\n1:1 to 1:256 (log-linear slopes 0.011 and 0.014, respec-\ntively). Quantitative recovery of cortisol added to seal\nfecal samples was highly accurate (r\nb=1.00 0.03 [mean SE]) for a range from 156 to\n5,000 pg of cortisol added to fecal extracts at working\nconcentration. Assay sensitivity was several orders of\nmagnitude below the concentration of fecal extracts.\nBased on preliminary analysis, we assayed extracts at\n1:100 dilution to maximize sensitivity, assaying all sam-\nples in duplicate with a seven-standard curve, controls\nand measures of total activity, zero-steroid binding, and\nnon-specific binding on each plate. Intra- and inter-assay\ncoefficients of variation from pooled fecal extracts were\n13.36 and 13.71, respectively. The composition of scats\ndid not vary between sites or seasons, and we detected no\nassociation between fGCM concentrations and the com-\nposition of scats, as measured by the proportions of water\nand indigestible matter.\nSeal population data\nAerial photographs of seal colonies from fixed wing\nand helicopter aircrafts were taken at the peak of the seal\npupping season and the numbers of newborn pups of\nthe year were counted on the photographs. This is\nbecause pups are confined to land (during their first\nmonth of life) and their numbers can be used to infer\ntotal population size of adults and pups, subject to cer-\ntain assumptions (Kirkman et al. 2011). Because Jutten\nIsland is primarily a non-breeding colony where rela-\ntively few pups are currently born, both pups and adult\nseals were counted.\nAerial seal counts were conducted annually at all six\nseal colonies between 2011 and 2014, excluding 2012 at\nMossel Bay and Lambert’s Bay and 2013 at Robbesteen,\nGeyser Rock, False Bay, and Mossel Bay. Annual seal\ncounts were then averaged across the study period (here-\nafter referred to as colony population size). We also cal-\nculated an estimate of seal density (seals/ha) at each\ncolony by dividing the number of seals counted by the\narea of the island occupied by the seals (hereafter\nreferred to as colony density).\nShark predation and relative shark abundance\nin False Bay\nBetween February 2014 and August 2015, standard-\nized surveys were conducted at Seal Island in False Bay\nto evaluate for the potential differential effects of shark\noccurrence vs. hunting behavior (i.e., components of pre-\ndation risk) on seal fGCM concentrations.\nPredation by white sharks on Cape fur seals was\nrecorded daily around the seal island colony in False\nBay for one week prior to fecal sample collection, which\noccured on seven dates: 11 February, 25 April, 30 July,\nand 12 September 2014 as well as on 19 March, 7 July,\nand 12 August 2015. Previous laboratory studies that\nhave subjected sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)toan\nadrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge found\na lag of up to 4 d between ACTH injection and peak\nfGCM (Hunt et al. 2004). Accordingly, for one week\nprior to collecting fecal samples on the dates specified\nabove, standardized observations for shark predation\nevents were performed from a research vessel daily\nbetween 07:00 and 09:30, sea conditions permitting.\nMonitoring of shark predations on seals were conducted\nfollowing the approach of Martin et al. (2005), and Fal-\nlows et al. (2016). Here, sharks primarily attack Cape\nfur seals at the surface via a vertical breach when seals\nare surface porpoising to and from the Island. Attacks\nare concentrated on the southern side of the Island, close\nto shore (within 2 km). By positioning at the south end\nof Seal Island where the majority of predatory activity\noccurs, we were able to survey the waters surrounding\nthe island for predations up to a distance of at least\n3 km, although the majority of predations occur within\n400 m of southwest end of the island (Martin et al.\nAfter about 09:30 , our research vessel anchored on\nthe southern side of Seal Island and conducted stan-\ndardized boat-based baited surveys of white sharks\nusing an approach modified from Hammerschlag and\nFallows (2005). Between 10:00 and 12:00, sea conditions\npermitting, sharks were attracted to the boat using a\nlarge tuna head and seal decoy. Individual white shark\ncan be identified based on a combination of visual mak-\ners, including unique scarring, presence/absence of clas-\npers, and individual variation in pigmentation patters on\nthe gill flaps, pelvic fins, and caudal fins (Domeier and\nNasby-Lucas 2007). The duration of baited surveys were\nrecorded, along with the number of different individual\nwhite sharks observed during this period. Using these\ndata, we calculated the number of different white sharks\nobserved per hour of baited survey as a metric of relative\nWhite shark tracking analysis\nSPOT satellite tagging data were downloaded from\nARGOS CLS. Given variable tag size (and thus battery\nlife) and possible issues related to biofouling with\nincreasing tag age, we included only positions within a\nyear of tagging for each individual shark. Given irregu-\nlar transmissions and varying levels of position accuracy\n(see Hammerschlag et al. 2011 for details), all SPOT\nlocation data were interpolated and regularized to a con-\nstant 6-h interval using a hierarchical, first-difference,\ncorrelated, random-walk, switching (hDCRWS), state-\nspace model (SSM) described by Jonsen (2016). This\napproach accounts for both the variability in geoposi-\ntion accuracy provided through ARGOS location classes\nand the irregularity of surfacing. Locations were not\nDecember 2017 SHARK PREDATION AND STRESS IN SEALS 3203\ninterpolated for data gaps >14 d and for shark tracks\nwith fewer than 20 positions (per instructions by I. Jon-\nsen). The SSM model also estimates a behavioral state\n(bt) for each position ranging from one (transient,\nmigratory state) to two (resident, area-restricted state;\nJonsen 2016). Following Acu~\nna-Marrero et al. (2017),\neach position was classified as being either predomi-\nnantly transient (bt <1.25) or predominantly resident\n(bt >1.75). Given we were interested in predation risk\nto seals from hunting sharks residing at the colonies,\nsubsequent analysis were restricted to 6-h interpolated\npositions classified as predominately resident (bt >1.75)\nand plotted in ArcMap 10.1 (ESRISA).\nTo examine relative differences in the spatial distribu-\ntion of white sharks in relation to the focal seal colonies,\nwe applied kernel density analysis to the position data in\nArcMap 10.1. This calculated and plotted the number of\nshark positions per km\nusing a kernel function (Silver-\nman 1986). We then used ArcMap spatial analysis tools to\ncalculate the average kernel densities (KD) of white shark\npositions within a 2 km radius of the high vs. low shark\nabundance colonies. This analysis was conducted sepa-\nrately for the warm (October–May) and the cool season\n(June–September). To evaluate patterns of shark residency\nat the colonies, we calculated the mean, minimum, and\nmaximum number of days individual white sharks spent\nwithin 2 km of the high vs. low shark abundance colonies\nwithin each season. We selected a 2 km radius given the\nspatial accuracy of the SPOT data and also because white\nsharks patrolling the colonies concentrate hunting effort\nwithin 2 km of shore (Johnson et al. 2009, Fallows et al.\n2012, Jewell et al. 2013, Towner et al. 2016).\nIn addition to colony-specific and seasonal variation\nin predation risk to seals, differences in colony popula-\ntion size and/or density could contribute to seal stress\nlevels. Moreover, given that colonies were widely dis-\ntributed along the coast, differences in their geographic\nlocations (i.e., latitude and longitude) could potentially\nexpose the colonies to differences in environmental fac-\ntors that could influence seal stress levels. Accordingly,\ngeneralized linear models (GLiMs) were employed to\ntest the effects of these explanatory variables on mea-\nsured fGCM concentrations, which included seal colony\n(Jutten Island, Lambert’s Bay, Robbesteen, Geyser\nRock, Mossel Bay, False Bay), season (warm, cool), the\ninteraction between colony and season (colony 9sea-\nson), colony population size, density, latitude, and longi-\ntude. GLiMs were constructed with backward and\nforward stepwise selection, starting with a model con-\ntaining all the plausible explanatory variables. Retention\nor removal of variables were based on the Akaike infor-\nmation criterion (AIC), with the lowest AIC suggesting\nthe best fitting model. Based on results of the GLiMs,\nwhich revealed that the best explanatory model included\nonly the interactive effects of colony 9season, Tukey’s\nstandardized range (HSD) tests were used for pairwise\nevaluations among colonies across both seasons.\nFor the high shark abundance colonies (False Bay,\nMossel Bay, Geyser Rock), analysis of variance\n(ANOVA) was used to test for potential differences in\nfGCM between seal age classes (adult vs. juveniles),\nbetween seasons, and the interaction of these effects.\nTukey ’s HSD tests were then used for pairwise evalua-\ntions between age classes among colonies.\nFor predation data recorded in False Bay, hourly attack\nrates by white sharks on seals were averaged across the\nseven days prior to each fecal sampling. Pearson’scorre-\nlation was used to test if weekly shark attack rates were\ncorrelated with associated fGCM concentrations. Simi-\nlarly, for shark survey data, hourly relative abundance of\nwhite sharks were averaged across the seven days prior to\neach fecal sampling and Pearson’s correlation was used\nto test if shark relative abundance was correlated with\nassociated fGCM concentrations.\nIn addition to the GLiMs testing for effects of plausi-\nble explanatory variables on measured fGCM concen-\ntrations, we used Pearson correlations to separately test\nfor significant relationships between colony population\nsize and density on mean fecal cortisol concentrations.\nSimilarly, we used Pearson correlations to separately test\nfor potential significant relationships between latitude\nand longitude on seal fGCM values in both the warm\nand cool season.\nAll statistical analyses were conducted in SAS statisti-\nThirty-four tagged white sharks provided geoposition\ndata (three tags failed to report) for spatial analyses of\nlocations regularized to 6-h intervals using SSM. Sixteen\nindividual sharks provided resident positions (bt >1.75)\nwithin 2 km of a high shark abundance colony (Geyser\nRock, Mossel Bay, and False Bay) in both the warm and\ncool season. In contrast, no sharks provided resident\npositions within 2 km of a low shark abundance colony\n(Jutten Island, Lambert’s Bay, Robbesteen) in either sea-\nson. In fact, no sharks tracked occurred within 2 km of\nthese colonies; the closest a resident individual came\nwithin proximity of a low shark abundance colony was a\nsingle individual 44 km off Jutten Island. Within 2 km\nof the high shark abundance colonies, average density of\nshark positions were 2.5 times higher in the cool season\n(KD =0.35 km\n) than warm season (KD =0.14 km\nIn terms of residency, sharks were resident 1.5 times\nmore days within 2 km of high shark abundance colo-\nnies during the cool season than during the warm season\n(Table 1). Moreover, the maximum number of days an\nindividual shark was resident at a high shark abundance\ncolony during the cool season was double that of the\nwarm season (Table 1).\nFecal GCM concentrations showed considerable vari-\nation, ranging from a minimum of 26.66 mg/g to a\n3204 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12\nmaximum of 3,372.11 mg/g. The best fitting GLiM\nincluded only the interactive effects of colony and season\n(Colony 9Season) as an explanatory variable, which\nwas highly significant (P<0.0001; Appendix S1:\nTable S1). Pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s HSD\nTests revealed fGCM concentrations were significantly\nhigher in samples from the high shark abundance colo-\nnies in False Bay and Mossel Bay (Fig. 3; Appendix S1:\nTable S2). While fGCM concentrations for these two\ncolonies did not differ from one another in the high pre-\ndation season, both were significantly higher than from\ncollection made from those same colonies in the low pre-\ndation season as well as significantly greater than those\nfrom any other colony in either season, including the\nhigh shark abundance colony at Geyser Rock (Fig. 3).\nConcentrations of fGCM measured from the island\ncolonies in False Bay and Mossel Bay (1,737.8 689.16\nSD mg/g) were on average 2.8 times greater than the\nmean of all other colonies across both seasons\n(627.26 523.88 mg/g), including Geyser Rock during\nthe high predation season (620.01 388.19 m/g).\nFor the high shark abundance colonies, there was a sig-\nnificant interaction between season, seal age class, and\nindividual colony on measured fGCM values (ANOVA,\nN=261, df =7, F=10.26, P<0.0001; Appendix S1:\nTable S3). At these sites, fecal glucocorticoid metabolite\nconcentrations did not differ between adults and juveniles\nin either the low or high predation season, but values for\nboth adults and juveniles were significantly higher in the\nhigh vs. low predation season (Appendix S1: Table S4).\nThe exception was for Geyser Rock, in which there were\nno differences in fGCM values between age classes during\nthe high vs. low predation season (Appendix S1: Table S4).\nAt Seal Island in False Bay, white shark predation rates\non seals were recorded on seven occasions during the\nweek prior to fecal sampling. Mean weekly predation\nrates ranged from 0 attacks/h (4–10 February 2014) to\n3.49 attacks/h (5–11 August 2015). Pearson correlation\nrevealed a strong positive linear correlation between mean\nfGCM concentrations and mean predation rates (attacks/\nh) over the prior week (r=0.96, P=0.0007; Fig. 4A). In\ncontrast, fGCM concentration were not correlated with\nshark relative abundance (r=0.2, P=0.66; Fig 4B).\nTABLE 1. Mean kernel density (KD) estimates of white shark\ninterpolated position per km\nand the mean, minimum (min.)\nand maximum (max.) number of days individual sharks were\nresident within 2 km of a low shark abundance colony (Jutten\nIsland, Lambert’s Bay, and Robbesteen) or a high shark\nabundance seal colony (Geyser Rock, Mossel Bay, and False\nBay) in the warm (low predation) and cool (high predation)\nseason within one year of tagging.\nLow warm 0 0 0 0\nLow cool 0 0 0 0\nHigh warm 0.14 7.1 1 22\nHigh cool 0.35 10.8 1 47\nS.I. Mossel Bay\nS.I. False Bay\nS.I. Mossel Bay\nS.I. False Bay\nFIG. 3. A comparison of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGCM) across all six seal colonies in both the low preda-\ntion season and high predation season. Fecal samples were collected from each colony at least twice per season for at least two years\nbetween 2012 and 2015. High shark abundance colonies are solid bars and low shark abundance colonies are vertical patterned bars.\nValues are means and whiskers are 95% confidence intervals. Values with different letters denote statistical differences. HS, high shark\nabundance colony; LS, low shark abundance colony; HP, high predation season; LP, low predation season; S.I., Seal Island.\nDecember 2017 SHARK PREDATION AND STRESS IN SEALS 3205\nAverage counts of seals at each colony across the study\nperiod and associated density can be found in App-\nendix S1: Table S5. Model selection did not include these\nexplanatory variables in the final GLiM, and seal colony\npopulation size and density was not correlated with mean\nfGCM concentrations at that colony (Fig. 5A,B). More-\nover, seal fGCM concentrations were not correlated with\neither colony latitude or longitude in either the warm or\ncold season (Fig. 5C–F).\nThe predation-stress hypothesis predicts that risk from\npredators causes activation of physiological stress reac-\ntions in prey, which can directly or indirectly reduce\nreproduction and survival (Romero 2004, Clinchy et al.\n2013). Observational and experimental studies have\nfound mixed evidence for such increases in stress hor-\nmones of prey in response to predators or predation cues\n(Boonstra et al. 1998, Clinchy et al. 2004, Creel et al.\n2009, Sheriff et al. 2009) and to date there have been too\nfew studies of the predation-stress hypothesis in the wild\nto infer general relationships (Clinchy et al. 2013). In this\nstudy, we found that spatiotemporal patterns of stress in\nCape fur seals, measured by fGCM concentrations, were\nconsistent with predation risk from white sharks at the\nsite and seasonal level. In contrast, fGCM levels were not\ndetectably related to seal colony population size, density\nand geographic location. Moreover, our subsequent study\nin False Bay, revealed seal fGCM concentrations were\nstrongly positively correlated with temporal variation in\nshark predation rates, but not with shark relative abun-\ndance (Fig. 4). These findings provide empirical support\nfor the predation-stress hypothesis in the wild from a nat-\nural experiment involving large long-lived apex predators\nand their prey. It is worth considering here that seals may\nalso incur costs consistent with the predator-sensitive\nfood hypothesis, which could be assessed through the\nfuture research using energetic or nutritional indicators\n(Gallagher et al. 2017a,b). The two mechanisms are not\nmutually exclusive (Creel et al. 2009).\nBelow we separately discuss plausible alternative expla-\nnations for the patterns found; however, it is likely that\nsome unmeasured variables (e.g., storms) are contributing\nat least partly to the variation in measured fecal cortisol\nlevels, such as the seasonal difference in mean fGCM that\nwere found for the colony in Lambert’sBay.However,\nthe data gathered suggest that these factors are not the\nprimary drivers of the nearly quadrupling in fGCM levels\nthat occurred at the False Bay and Mossel Bay “high risk”\nseal colonies during the high predation season. In con-\ntrast, we believe the majority of this variation is attributa-\nble to predation stress. While our data is correlative, our\ninference is strengthened by the added results from the\nFalse Bay study where the magnitude in variations of\nfGCM levels were associated with recorded predation\nrates on seals, measured on multiple occasions across dif-\nferent seasons over the course of two years (Fig. 4A).\nThe occurrence of some white sharks at the high shark\nabundance colonies during the warm season, albeit lower\nthan during the cool season (Table 1), may seem difficult\nto reconcile with the low fGCM stress levels found there,\nwhich were comparable to the low shark abundance colo-\nnies where no tracked sharks occurred. We suggest this is\nbecause during the warm season at the high shark abun-\ndance sites, white sharks are not actively hunting Cape\nfur seals (Hammerschlag et al. 2006, Wcisel et al. 2015).\nCorroborating these data is behavioral information previ-\nously gathered from Cape fur seals using acoustic teleme-\ntry in False Bay (De Vos et al. 2015a,b). For example,\nseals engaged in safer behaviors, such as swimming in lar-\nger groups and avoiding deeper water, during the high\npredation season and not during the low predation sea-\nson (De Vos et al. 2015a,b).\nAlthough exposed to hunting white sharks during the\ncool season, seals at Geyser Rock did not exhibit signifi-\ncant seasonal increases in fGCM levels in a manner simi-\nlar to False Bay and Mossel Bay. This pattern can be\nexplained by the previously described variation in seals’\nuse of landscape features unique to the waters surround-\ning Geyser Rock. Specifically, these waters contain a\nmosaic of structurally complex reef and dense kelp beds\nthat are used by seals as refugia from white sharks and\nappear to effectively reduce attack rates on seals (Wcisel\net al. 2015). So while encounter rates between white\nsharks and seals are high during the cool season at Gey-\nser Rock, the seals can behaviorally mitigate their expo-\nsure to risk by using the reef and kelp as a relatively safe\n0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2\nShark relative abundance (sharks/h)\nP = 0.66\nPredation rate (attacks/h)\nP = 0.0007\nFIG. 4. Correlation between fGCM concentrations and (A)\nmean weekly predation rates (attacks/h) and (B) mean weekly\nrelative shark abundance (sharks/h) at Seal Island in False Bay.\nFecal sampling occurred on seven occasions between February\n2014 and August 2015. Values are fGCM means SE.\n3206 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12\nunderwater pathway to escape the immediate vicinity of\nthe colony (Wcisel et al. 2015; Fig. 1B). In comparison,\nthe waters in the immediate vicinity of the two other high\nshark abundance colonies (Mossel Bay and False Bay)\nare relatively deep and featureless, lacking landscape\ncharacteristics that allow seals to proactively mitigate\ntheir risk of attack (Fig. 1C). Indeed, recorded hourly\npredation rates by white sharks on seals in False Bay are\nmore than 18 times higher than at Geyser Rock (Wcisel\net al. 2015). Moreover, the False Bay investigation\nrevealed strong positive correlations between seal fecal\nstress levels and shark attack rates, but not with shark rel-\native abundance. These results are consistent with grow-\ning theoretical and empirical predator–prey research\nindicating that predator presence alone does not equate\nto risk, as predator hunting mode, prey anti-predator\nbehavior, and habitat characteristics that mediate both\nwill influence risk (Schmitz 2008, Heithaus et al. 2009).\nThe finding from False Bay that seal fecal cortisol levels\nwere correlated with attack rates at a weekly scale suggests\nseals can accurately assess and subsequently mount a\nstress reaction in relation to the magnitude of actual risk\nposed from shark predation. The base of information used\nby seals leading to these responses might be obtained from\ndirect observations of daily shark attack rates around the\ncolony, by in-water encounter rates with attacking sharks,\nor by on-island encounter rates with conspecifics bearing\nfresh bite wounds (Fig 1D). It is likely that such informa-\ntion could be socially transmitted at colonies or in water\namong these highly social mammals.\nHigh population density or crowding can impact stress\nlevels in animals and could have contributed in part to some\nof the variation in glucocorticoid secretion measured among\ncolonies. However, it is unlikely that density differences\namong colonies or between seasons was the primary driver\nof fGCM patterns found, for several reasons. First, mean\nfGCM values were not correlated with our measures of seal\n0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000\nB) Colony density r= -0.09\nP = 0.87\n0 5,000 10,000 15,000\nA) Colony population size r= 0.63\nP = 0.17\n31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0\n31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0\nC) Warm season latitude r= 0.12\nP = 0.82\n16 18 20 22 24\n16 18 20 22 24\nE) Warm season longitude r= -0.71\nP = 0.12\nD) Cool season latitude r= 0.24\nP = 0.65\nF) Cool season longitude r= 0.44\nP = 0.39\nFIG. 5. Plots showing lack of correlation between fGCM concentrations and seal colony (A) population size, (B) density, (C)\nlatitude, with data in the warm season, (D) latitude, with data in the cool season, (E) longitude, with data in the warm season, and\n(F) longitude, with data in the cool season. Values are fGCM means SE.\nDecember 2017 SHARK PREDATION AND STRESS IN SEALS 3207\ncolony density or population size across the study period\n(Fig. 5A,B). Second, as long-lived, k-selected species, female\nCape fur seals only give birth to one offspring per year\n(Kirkman et al. 2011) and established colonies in the study\nregion do not exhibit significant monthly or seasonal fluctu-\nations in population size or density (Huisamen et al. 2011).\nThe only period during which the islands exhibit relatively\nlarge changes in seal density is during the breeding season\n(December); however, we did not collect fecal samples at\nthis time to avoid disturbing breeding animals.\nGlucocorticoids often rise in late gestation of mam-\nmals due to an increase in binding globulins (see Creel\net al. 2009 for a discussion), but this phenomenon can-\nnot explain the observed differences among colonies or\nthe correlation of fGCM with exposure to risk at the\nweekly time scale in False Bay. Additionally, Jutten\nIsland is not a breeding colony.\nWhile annual or seasonal changes in climate could\nimpact seal stress levels, this is unlikely to be the primary\ndriver of spatiotemporal variation in stress levels mea-\nsured given that all the study islands occur within the\nsame region. Similarly, changes in food supply could be\nexpected to influence stress levels in the seals, but the\ncolonies examined shared a common food supply (Rand\n1959, 1967, Oosthuizen 1991). Although colonies vary\ngeographically and thus could be exposed to an associ-\nated gradient in environmental factors that may influ-\nence seal stress levels, we found no correlation between\nlatitude and longitude on fGCM levels at the colonies.\nHypothesized conditions leading to stress-mediated\nresponses to risk\nIt has been previously suggested that differences in the\nfrequency and magnitude of predation risk may affect\nwhether prey mount a physiological stress response (Creel\net al. 2009). Seals at the high risk colonies of False Bay and\nMossel Bay may behaviorally reduce their individual level\nof risk by employing grouping when in the water (dilution\neffect and increased vigilance; Fallows et al. 2012) and/or\nperhaps by shifting movements to the night (presumably to\nbenefit from the cover of darkness; Johnson et al. 2009,\nDe Vos et al. 2015b, Fallows et al. 2016). However, once\nin the water and traversing the gauntlet, the seals cannot\nreliably predict or detect a hunting shark prior to the\nlaunch of an ambush attack (Martin et al. 2005). For\nexample, shark kill rate averages 0.48 per day in False\nBay, with frequency of attacks ranging from 0 to 45 per\nday (Hammerschlag et al. 2006). Thus, when traversing\nthe gauntlet in False Bay and Mossel Bay, seals are\nexposed to unpredictable, potentially lethal, and rela-\ntively uncontrollable risk of attack, precisely the condi-\ntions known to produce physiological stress in controlled\nbiomedical experiments (Weiss 1970, Romero 2004,\nSapolsky 2005). As discussed above, despite a high abun-\ndance of hunting white sharks at Geyser Rock, relative\npredation risk to seals is comparatively low due to land-\nscape features permitting seals to proactively mitigate\nrisk of shark attack (Wcisel et al. 2015). Here again, the\nability to control exposure to a stressor is known to\nreduce glucocorticoid responses in biomedical experi-\nments (Weiss 1970). A similar predator–prey scenario to\nthe one at Geyser Rock may exist between wolves and\nelk in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Specifically, the pres-\nence of wolves has not been found to cause activation of\nthe fGCM stress response (Creel et al. 2009), likely\nbecause elk can proactively mitigate their risk by altering\ntheir patterns of habitat selection, grouping and behav-\nior, and wolves can be detected proactively using a com-\nbination of vision, olfaction, hearing, and perhaps social\ntransmission of information (Creel and Winnie 2005,\nFortin et al. 2005, Christianson and Creel 2010).\nIn summary, our study had four primary results. First,\ndifferences in measured Cape fur seal fGCM levels were\nstrongly associated with patterns of white shark predation\nrisk at the site and seasonal level, equally for both adults\nand juveniles, based on multi-year sampling from six pop-\nulations. Second, seal fGCM levels were not correlated\nwith colony population size or density, nor with colony\ngeographic location (a proxy for geographic gradients in\nenvironmental factors that might be expected to influence\nstress levels). Third, within a high risk site (False Bay),\nfecal cortisol concentrations across two years were strongly\ncorrelated with temporal variation in shark attack rates on\nseals at the weekly scale, but not with shark relative abun-\ndance. Finally, seals from the Geyser Rock colony did not\nsharks despite being exposed to high encounter rates with\nsharks. However, in contrast to the other focal colonies tar-\ngeted by white sharks, seals at Geyser Rock can proactively\nmitigate their risk behaviorally through use of subsurface\nhabitat refuges (Wcisel et al. 2015). Based on results from\nthe current shark–seal study system and in comparison to\nother systems (e.g., elk exposed to wolves), we hypothesize\nthat predation risk will produce physiological costs, in the\nform of a stress response, when risk cannot be adequately\npredicted or mitigated by behavioral responses.\nGlucocorticoid stress responses can carry fitness and\nreproductive costs to individuals (Weiss 1970, Sapolsky\n2005) and previous research has revealed that acute and\nchronic physiological stress experienced by fur seals can\nconsequently result in mortality (Seguel et al. 2014).\nThus, future research is needed to determine the potential\ndifferential contribution of various shark effects (e.g., pre-\ndation mortality, physiological stress, foraging mediated\ncosts) and environmental variables (e.g., food limitation)\non seal fitness and population dynamics at the colonies.\nThis is especially important given recent conflicting data\non declining white shark populations in the study region\nand associated concerns for the ecological consequences\n(Towner et al. 2013, Andreotti et al. 2016).\nUnderstanding the mechanisms and underlying\ncircumstances that can lead to differences in the occurrence,\n3208 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12\nmagnitude, and type of prey response to a predator in\nthe wild is a challenge, but an important one given wide-\nspread declines of top predators globally and associated\ngrowing conservation recovery efforts and successes\n(Myers and Worm 2003, Estes et al. 2011, Neubauer\net al. 2013, Marshall et al. 2016). It is probable that path-\nways leading to stress reactions of prey to predation risk\nwill vary among taxa, contexts, and systems, with differ-\ning consequences for prey population dynamics, as has\nbeen found for food-mediated responses to risk (Schmitz\n2008). The hypothesis presented here, describing the con-\nditions leading to physiological stress responses in prey,\nprovides a testable null model that may aid in future\nempirical investigations of the physiological mechanisms\nunderlying predation risk effects on prey in the wild.\nFor providing satellite tagging data used in this study, we wish\nto thank OCEARCH and collaborating researchers from the\nOCEARCH South Africa Expedition, including Chris Fischer, Ali-\nson Kock, Dylan Irion, Alison Towner, Enrico Gennari, Ryan\nJohnson, and Malcolm Smale. For providing white shark survey\ndata throughout the Western Cape province of South Africa, we\nare thankful to Sara Andreotti. Seal fecal samples were collected\nunder research permits from the South African National Parks\nand the South African Department of Environmental Affairs\n(DEA). For assisting with collection and organization of fecal sam-\nples, we are grateful to Yves Chesselet (Cape Nature), Deon Kotze,\nSteven McCue, Laurenne Snyders, Bruce Dyer, Lieze Swart, and\nseveral DEA interns. For assisting with predation data and field\nwork, thanks to Monique Fallows and Lacey Williams from Apex\nShark Expeditions. Thanks to Rachel Skubel and Emily Nelson\nfor helping with paper formatting. We thank John Bruno, Mark\nHebblewhite and the anonymous reviewers of our manuscript for\ntheir comments that significantly strengthened our paper.\nna-Marrero, D., A. N. H. Smith, N. Hammerschlag,\nA. Hearn, M. J. Anderson, H. Calich, M. D. M. Pawley, C. Fis-\ncher, and P. Salinas-de-Le\non. 2017. Residency and movement\npatterns of an apex predatory shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) at the\nGalapagos Marine Reserve. PLoS ONE 12:e0183669.\nAndreotti, S. 2015. The conservation of South African white\nsharks: population number, genetic distinctiveness and global\nconnections. Dissertation. Stellenbosch University, Stellen-\nbosch, South Africa. https://scholar.sun.ac.za\nAndreotti, S., M. Rutzen, S. Van der Walt, S. Von der Heyden,\nR. Henriques, M. Me€\nyer, H. Oosthuizen, and C. A. Matthee.\n2016. An integrated mark-recapture and genetic approach to\nestimate the population size of white sharks in South Africa.\nMarine Ecology Progress Series 552:241–253.\nBonfil, R., M. Me€\nyer, M. C. Scholl, R. Johnson, S. O’Brien,\nH. Oosthuizen, S. Swanson, D. Kotze, and M. Paterson.\n2005. Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics, and popula-\ntion linkages of white sharks. Science 310:100–103.\nBoonstra, R., D. Hik, G. R. Singleton, and A. Tinnikov. 1998.\nThe impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare\ncycle. Ecological Monographs 68:371–394.\nBrashares, J. S., L. R. Prugh, C. J. Stoner, and C. W. Epps. 2010.\nEcological and conservation implications of mesopredator\nrelease. Pages 221–240 in J. Terbough and J. A. Estes, editors.\nTrophic cascades: predators, prey, and the changing dynamics\nof nature. Island Press, Washington DC, USA.\nChristianson, D., and S. Creel. 2010. A nutritionally mediated\nrisk effect of wolves on elk. Ecology 91:1184–1191.\nClinchy, M., M. J. Sheriff, and L. Y. Zanette. 2013. Predator-\ninduced stress and the ecology of fear. Functional Ecology\nClinchy, M., L. Zanette, R. Boonstra, J. C. Wingfield, and\nJ. N. M. Smith. 2004. Balancing food and predator pressure\ninduces chronic stress in songbirds. Proceedings of the Royal\nSociety B 271:2473–2479.\nCreel, S., D. Christianson, and P. Schuette. 2013. Glucocorticoid\nstress responses of lions in relationship to group composition,\nhuman land use, and proximity to people. Conservation Physi-\nCreel, S., J. A. Winnie, and D. Christianson. 2009. Glucocorti-\ncoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk\nreproduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\nCreel, S., J. Winnie, B. Maxwell, K. Hamlin, and M. Creel.\n2005. Elk alter habitat selection as an antipredator response\nto wolves. Ecology 86:3387–3397.\nCreel, S., and J. A. Winnie. 2005. Responses of elk herd size to\nfine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of preda-\ntion by wolves. Animal Behaviour 69:1181–1189.\nDe Vos, A., M. J. O’Riain, M. A. Me€\nyer, P. G. H. Kotze, and\nA. A. Kock. 2015a. Behavior of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus\npusillus pusillus) in response to spatial variation in white\nshark (Carcharodon carcharias) predation risk. Marine Mam-\nmal Science 3:1234–1251.\nDe Vos, A., M. J. O’Riain, M. A. Me€\nyer, P. G. H. Kotze, and\nA. A. Kock. 2015b. Behavior of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus\npusillus pusillus) in response to temporal variation in preda-\ntion risk by white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) around a\nseal rookery in False Bay, South Africa. Marine Mammal\nDomeier, M. L., and N. Nasby-Lucas. 2007. Annual re-sight-\nings of photographically identified white sharks (Carcharodon\ncarcharias) at an eastern Pacific aggregation site (Guadalupe\nIsland, Mexico). Marine Biology 150:977–984.\nDudley, S. F. J. 2012. A review of research on the white shark,\nCarcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus). Pages 511–532 in M. L.\nDomeier, editor. Global perspectives on the biology and life\nhistory of the white shark. Taylor and Francis Group, Boca\nRaton, Florida, USA.\nEstes, J. A., et al. 2011. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth.\nFallows, C., R. A. Martin, and N. Hammerschlag. 2012. Pages\n105–117 in M. L. Domeier, editor. Global perspectives on the\nbiology and life history of the white shark. CRC Press, Boca\nFallows, C., M. Fallows, and N. Hammerschlag. 2016. Effects of\nlunar phase on predator-prey interactions between white shark\n(Carcharodon carcharias) and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus\npusillus pusillus). Environmental Biology of Fishes 99:805–812.\nFortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne,\nand J. S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behav-\nior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park.\nGallagher, A. J., S. Creel, R. P. Wilson, and S. J. Cooke. 2017a.\nEnergy landscapes and the landscape of fear. Trends in Ecol-\nogy & Evolution 32:88–96.\nGallagher, A. J., R. A. Skubel, H. R. Pethybridge, and N. Ham-\nmerschlag. 2017b. Energy metabolism in mobile, wild-\nsampled sharks inferred by plasma lipids. Conservation\nPhysiology 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cox002\nHammerschlag, N., and C. Fallows. 2005. Galapagos sharks\n(Carcharhinus galapagensis) at the Bassas da India atoll:\nFirst record from the Mozambique Channel and possible\nDecember 2017 SHARK PREDATION AND STRESS IN SEALS 3209\nsignificance as a nursery area. South African Journal of Mar-\nine Science 101:375–377.\nHammerschlag, N., A. J. Gallagher, and D. M. Lazarre. 2011.\nA review of shark satellite tagging studies. Journal of Experi-\nmental Marine Biology and Ecology 398:1–8.\nHammerschlag, N., R. A. Martin, and C. Fallows. 2006. Effects\nof environmental conditions on predator–prey interactions\nbetween white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and Cape fur\nseals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) at Seal Island, South\nAfrica. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76:341–350.\nHeithaus, M. R., A. J. Wirsing, D. Burkholder, J. Thomson, and\nL. M. Dill. 2009. Towards a predictive framework for predator\nrisk effects: the interaction of landscape features and prey\nescape tactics. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:556–562.\nHuisamen, J., S. P. Kirkman, L. H. Watson, P. A. Pistorius, and\nV. G. Cockcroft. 2011. Re-colonisation of the Robberg Penin-\nsula (Plettenberg Bay, South Africa) by Cape fur seal. African\nJournal of Marine Science 33:453–462.\nHunt, K. E., A. W. Trites, and S. K. Wasser. 2004. Validation of\na fecal glucocorticoid assay for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias\njubatus). Physiology & Behavior 80:595–601.\nJewell, O. J., R. L. Johnson, E. Gennari, and M. N. Bester.\n2013. Fine scale movements and activity areas of white sharks\n(Carcharodon carcharias) in Mossel Bay, South Africa. Envi-\nronmental Biology of Fishes 96:881–894.\nJohnson, R., M. N. Bester, S. F. Dudley, W. H. Oosthuizen,\nyer, L. Hancke, and E. Gennari. 2009. Coastal swimming\npatterns of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at Mossel Bay,\nSouth Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85:189–200.\nJonsen, I. 2016. Joint estimation over multiple individuals\nimproves behavioural state inference from animal movement\ndata. Scientific Reports 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20625\nKirkman, S. P., W. H. Oosthuizen, M. A. Meyer, S. M. Seaka-\nmela, and L. G. Underhill. 2011. Prioritising range-wide sci-\nentific monitoring of the Cape fur seal in southern Africa.\nAfrican Journal of Marine Science 33:495–509.\nKock, A., M. J. O’Riain, K. Mauff, M. Me€\nyer, D. Kotze, and\nC. Griffiths. 2013. Residency, habitat use and sexual segrega-\ntion of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias in False Bay,\nSouth Africa. PloS ONE 8:e55048.\nMarshall, K. N., A. C. Stier, J. F. Samhour, R. P. Kelly, and E. J.\nWard. 2016. Conservation challenges of predator recovery.\nConservation Letters 9:70–78.\nMartin, R. A., N. Hammerschlag, R. S. Collier, and C. Fallows.\n2005. Predatory behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon car-\ncharias) at Seal Island, South Africa. Journal of the Marine\nBiological Association of the United Kingdom 85:1121–1135.\nMartin, R. A., D. K. Rossmo, and N. Hammerschlag. 2009.\nHunting patterns and geographic profiling of white shark\npredation. Journal of Zoology 279:111–118.\nMonfort, S. L., K. L. Mashburn, S. K. Wasser, M. Burke, B. A.\nBrewer, and S. R. Creel. 1997. Steroid metabolism and valida-\ntion of noninvasive endocrine monitoring in the African wild\ndog (Lycaon pictus). Zoo Biology 6:533–548.\nMyers, R. A., and B. Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion\nof predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280–283.\nNeubauer, P., O. P. Jensen, J. A. Hutchings, and J. K. Baum.\n2013. Resilience and recovery of overexploited marine popu-\nlations. Science 340:347–349.\nOosthuizen, W. H. 1991. General movements of South African\n(Cape) fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus from analysis\nof recoveries of tagged animals. South African Journal of\nMarine Science 11:21–29.\nPeckarsky, B. L., C. A. Cowan, M. A. Penton, and C. Ander-\nson. 2010. Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling preda-\ntory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74:\nPeckarsky, B. L., et al. 2008. Revisiting the classics: considering\nnonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-\nprey interactions. Ecology 89:2416–2425.\nRand, R. 1959. The Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus):\nDistribution, abundance and feeding habits off the south\nwestern coast of the Cape Province. Investigational Report\nNo. 34, South African Division of Fisheries, South Africa.\nRand, R. 1967. The Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus): Gen-\neral behaviour on land and at sea. Investigational Report No.\n60, South African Division of Fisheries, South Africa.\nRomero, L. M. 2004. Physiological stress in ecology: lessons\nfrom biomedical research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution\nSapolsky, R. M. 2005. The influence of social hierarchy on pri-\nmate health. Science 308:648–652.\nSchmitz, O. J. 2008. Effects of predator hunting mode on grass-\nland ecosystem function. Science 319:952–954.\nSchmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman, and K. M. O’Brien. 1997.\nBehaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation\nrisk on food web interactions. Ecology 78:1388–1399.\nSeguel, M., E. Paredes, H. Pav\nes, and N. L. Gottdenker. 2014.\nCapture-induced stress cardiomyopathy in South American\nfur seal pups (Arctophoca australis gracilis). Marine Mammal\nSheriff, M. J., C. J. Krebss, and R. Boonstra. 2009. The sensitive\nhare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in\nsnowshoe hares. Journal of Animal Ecology 78:249–1258.\nSilverman, B. W. 1986. Density estimation for statistics and data\nanalysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.\nSinclair, A. R. E., and P. Arcese. 1995. Population consequences\nof predation-sensitive foraging: the Serengeti wildebeest.\nTowner, A. V., V. Leos-Barajas, R. Langrock, R. S. Schick,\nM. J. Smale, T. Kaschke, O. J. Jewell, and Y. P. Papastama-\ntiou. 2016. Sex-specific and individual preferences for hunting\nstrategies in white sharks. Functional Ecology 30:1397–1407.\nTowner, A. V., M. A. Wcisel, R. R. Reisinger, D. Edwards, and\nO. J. D. Jewell. 2013. Gauging the threat: the first population\nestimate for white sharks in South Africa using photo identi-\nfication and automated software. PLoS ONE 8:6–12.\nWcisel, M., M. J. O’Riain, A. de Vos, and W. Chivell. 2015. The\nrole of refugia in reducing predation risk for Cape fur seals by\nwhite sharks. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69:127–138.\nWeiss, J. M. 1970. Somatic effects of predictable and unpre-\ndictable shock. Psychosomatic Medicine 32:97–408.\nWerner, E. E., and S. D. Peacor. 2003. A review of trait-\nmediated indirect interactions in ecological communities.\nZanette, L. Y., M. Clinchy, and J. P. Suraci. 2014. Diagnosing\npredation risk effects on demography: Can measuring physi-\nology provide the means? Oecologia 176:637–651.\nAdditional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/\n3210 NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG ET AL. Ecology, Vol. 98, No. 12", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "St. George, Bermuda (August 9, 2016) – Underwater conservation initiative Project Baseline has completed the longest underwater video transect from the deep ocean to a shoreline in history. The world record transect recorded two and a half miles of ocean floor off the coast of Bermuda and was achieved through the collaboration of GlobalSubDive (GSD) manned submersibles and volunteer scuba divers trained by Global Underwater Explorers (GUE). The marine life samples and stereo-video footage will be used to establish the first baseline for the health of the Sargasso Sea in Project Baseline’s database of documentation of the world’s aquatic environments.\nA human-occupied submersible piloted by Robert Carmichael, founder of GlobalSubDive, started the video transect of the deep ocean floor at a site called Spittal. A series of (3) 20-minute, horizontal transect dives were carried out at 1,000, 800, and 650 feet. At 300 and 200 feet, a team of GUE technical divers led by Dr. Todd Kincaid completed horizontal stereo video transects and marine life sample collection and then continued a vertical line transect to the shoreline. The transect was completed in one day’s worth of diving, making it the most ever accomplished in one day, at this depth, and of this length.\n“We’re creating vertical and horizontal transects, which allows us to understand a cross section of this environment,” Robert Carmichael said. “That is not being done anywhere, uniting a skilled technical diver set with scientists and submersibles for the benefit of the ocean.”\nProject Baseline places humans into depths from 1,000 feet to the shoreline to collect high quality imagery from two different angles, as opposed to using remote operated vehicles (ROVs). Horizontal recordings capture fish populations and related habitat structure, while vertical angles aid researchers in understanding benthic communities in greater detail than currently known.\nThe video transect data and sample are given to scientists aboard the Baseline Explorer who are a part of the XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey / Nekton Mission in Bermuda. Collectively, the missions are creating a new standardized methodology for marine biologists to measure physical, chemical, and biological indicators to assess the function, health, and resilience of the deep ocean. The data will be released as part of the XL Catlin Deep Ocean Survey after the mission ends on August 14.\n“Not only are we going places people have never really been before, but we are collecting data that is critical to establishing environmental baselines in Bermuda and influencing conservation policy,” said Dr. Todd Kincaid, Director of Science and Conservation for Project Baseline.\nThe data collection missions are launched from the 146-foot r/v Baseline Explorer, a mobile diving platform equipped with human-occupied submersibles and volunteer technical dive teams.\n“We believe that everyone in the world can have a true understanding of what is going on in the underwater environment once we have something to compare it to, but first we need to establish a baseline,” said Carmichael.\nFollow along on Facebook! facebook.com/ProjectBaseline", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Atlantic Weather Is Bringing Fish Decline\nThe fish decline associated with the striped bass had been successfully combated back in the 1980s by setting stringent rules which forbade overfishing. But the low rate of the marine animal this time round could be much more serious as the scientists now suspect that the weather brings fish decline as well. The Atlantic weather is bringing fish decline fears Bob Wood, a biologist attached with the ‘National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’.\nWood is now conducting a research into the cause of the fish decline which hopes to establish the fact that it is the weather behind the decline of fish. A study of the AMO or the ‘Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation’ will take us closer to the truth feels Wood.\nThe AMO is known to have affected marine life whenever the shift in winds and oceanic current takes place. The phenomenon is known to occur every 35 years at the North Atlantic region causing a substantial fish decline in the area. The AMO is also known to affect the local weather along the coasts of Atlantic, states Ed Martino an associate of Wood.\nThe changes in temperature and precipitation is one of the predominant factors of fish decline explains Martino reiterating the fact that such climatic changes could play havoc with the saline levels of the sea thereby striking at the very base of the food chain, the Plankton. It is these tiny marine creatures that are consumed by the Striped Bass. The loss of Planktons caused by the AMO shift results in fish decline corroborates the two biologists.\nImage Courtesy: porroa.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From the richness of the Coral Sea to underwater volcanoes, photographer Alexis Rosenfeld will travel the seas of the planet under the sponsorship of Unesco, a 10-year mission in images intended to raise awareness of the “dramatic” situation of oceans.\n“The situation of the Ocean is dramatic, biodiversity suffers a lot, but people see it less than what is happening in their garden”, explains to AFP Vladimir Ryabinin, executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of Unesco , which sponsors this operation “1 Ocean, the great testimony on the ocean”.\n“There is a proverb which says: far from the eyes, far from the heart. It is an important project because it is an answer to this problem”, continues the Russian scientist.\nThe project, which is part of the United Nations decade for ocean sciences in the service of sustainable development (2021-2030), wants to “highlight the wealth and threats weighing on the ocean through 1,000 photographs”.\nA bit like the adventure “Earth seen from the sky” by photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand, but under the sea. And “with a more scientific and more committed dimension”, comments Alexis Rosenfeld.\nBefore exhibitions planned later around the world, a first dive into this universe will be unveiled on the forecourt of the Gare de Lyon in Paris from March 4. Like the images of a first mission in the Coral Sea National Park, off the coast of New Caledonia, interrupted by the Covid in 2020.\n“It’s an incredible place. The quantity of animals per cubic meter is worthy of a cartoon, of the imagination of Jules Verne”, tells AFP the photographer-diver who displays on the counter “more than 10,000 hours below the surface “.\n“It is the area considered to be the most pristine and the richest in the world,” he continues, seeing it as a means of “demonstrating the importance of marine protected areas”.\nThe ocean, increasingly ill with the absorption of CO2 generated by human activities, is at the heart of the planet’s climate challenges, but also threats to biodiversity.\nThis great testimony “above all photographic” will focus in particular on the means of making the corals more resistant to warming, on the “ghost” fishing nets which continue to fish after being lost at sea, on the little known underwater volcanoes. or the proliferation of Sargassum algae.\nOperation “1 Ocean” will also include texts and “making of” videos, as well as testimonials from personalities from the world of art, science or sports who will talk about their relationship with the ocean.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Elizabeth Wallace, Ph.D., 2020\nJeffrey Donnelly, Advisor\nLittle is known about how Atlantic hurricane activity changes on long timescales. This thesis uses proxy development and proxy-model integration to constrain the spatiotemporal variability in hurricane activity in the Bahama Archipelago over the past millennium. I present annually-resolved archives of storm activity derived from sediment cores from blue holes on three islands in the Bahama Archipelago: South Andros, Long Island, and Middle Caicos. Dramatic differences between these records suggest localized controls on the hurricane patterns observed by each island. Thus, compiling these records together more accurately captures regional variations in hurricane strikes. Integrating our new Bahama Archipelago compilation with compiled paleohurricane records from the U.S. coastline indicates shifting patterns of hurricane activity over the past millennium between the Gulf Coast and the Bahama Archipelago/New England. Finally, I address whether variability in hurricane strikes observed in Bahamian paleohurricane records is related to climate or random variability using hurricane model output. The signal observed in any individual record of paleohurricane activity from the Bahama Archipelago is driven more by random variability in hurricane tracks than by climate. This thesis lays the groundwork for creating high-resolution paleohurricane records from blue holes and using hurricane models to inform our interpretations of these records.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Oceanic and atmospheric modes play a key role in modulating climate variations, particularly on interannual and interdecadal scales, causing an indirect response of regional climate to external forcings. This study comprehensively investigated the time-varying linkages among dominant oceanic and atmospheric modes of the Pacific and Atlantic areas on different timescales using the scale space multiresolution correlation analysis. For the Pacific Ocean, the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) shows closer matches with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) than with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). This indicates that the ENSO dominates climate variability of the whole Pacific Ocean not only on interannual but also on interdecadal scales. Interdecadal variations of the IPO appear to be more closely linked to southern Pacific Ocean climate before ∼1940, but become more closely linked to northern Pacific Ocean after ∼1940. The shifts on interdecadal connections among northern, tropical and southern parts of the Pacific Oceans seems to be related to the phase shifts of the IPO/PDO, which may contribute to the cooling trend from 1940s to 1970s. For the Atlantic Ocean, the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) is closely linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the interdecadal scale before ∼1940.\n- Climate teleconnection\n- Scale space multiresolution analysis\nASJC Scopus subject areas\n- Earth-Surface Processes", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you follow food issues, one of the topics that surfaces again and again is how exactly we’re going to feed a planet expected to exceed 9 billion hungry mouths by 2050.\nExperts talk about crop yield and study ways to increase animal production. Others predict future food shortages will eventually require us to adapt to a vegetarian lifestyle. Mmmm … kale.\nBut an oft-overlooked part of the sustainable protein conversation is aquaculture. This has less to do with farmed bluefin tuna and farmed Atlantic salmon — which both have serious sustainability issues — and more to do with oysters, clams and mussels.\nBivalves are the darlings of the sustainable seafood world. They’re filter feeders that clean the water as they grow. They don’t require supplemental feed. No pesticides or antibiotics are used in their cultivation. There are virtually no issues with escapement. They’re a delicious, affordable source of protein. Every way you look at it, they could become an important part of the solution of how to feed the planet. There’s just one problem with all of this: It’s called ocean acidification.\nThe world’s oceans are changing. Not only are sea levels rising and ocean water getting warmer, but the sea has been acting as a huge sponge, soaking up our excess carbon dioxide.\nUnfortunately, it’s being dissolved into the ocean, making our waters acidic, and it’s happening at an alarming rate. For oysters, and other creatures that make calcium carbonate shells, the ocean’s changing pH levels mean tiny larvae have a hard time creating the shells they require to survive.\nRight now, this change is primarily visible in the Pacific Northwest (although seafood-watchers on the East Coast are worried too — the Washington Post just published this story on how acidification is affecting Maryland’s treasured blue crabs). Hardest hit are oyster companies like Taylor Shellfish Farms and Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery that produce the seed aqua-farmers up and down the West Coast use to grow oysters.\nScientists are beginning to take a closer look off our own San Diego shoreline.\n“We’re not immune to ocean acidification. The pH of our waters offshore are changing here as well,” said Dennis Peterson, biologist and director of science at Carlsbad Aquafarm, which produces the Carlsbad oysters that appear on raw bar menus and at dollar oysters nights across San Diego. (They’re also the only oyster farm in Southern California.)\nWhile Peterson says ocean acidification hasn’t caused massive oyster die-offs at the Carlsbad farm yet, he is worried about the company’s mussel production.\n“The byssus thread is what I’m really worried about. I lose a lot of product in the summer already, and if it gets worse, I could see that as a real problem,” he said.\nThat byssus thread is the fiber mussels produce to cling to rocks. As mussels mature, they get heavier. When the byssus thread is weak, it makes it hard for the bivalve to stay attached to its growing surface. Whether pH changes in the water are impacting the development of the byssus thread is still uncertain, but Peterson said there’s cause for concern.\n“It’s important that we tease apart what’s ocean acidification, what’s global warming and what’s La Nina,” he said.\nTo help solve the mystery, Peterson connected with Gretchen Hoffman, a marine scientist from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Hoffman and her team have been placing monitoring equipment up and down the coast of California to track ocean acidification levels.\n“We want to learn what’s going on in the water at economically important sites,” she said. “We want to understand which species are more resilient, and to identify those that are sensitive. Without a doubt, San Diego is an important region for us.”\nWhile ocean acidification may make it difficult for oysters to form shells, mussels to form healthy byssus threads or may eventually impact species like rock fish or other economically important fisheries; some species like sea urchin, seem to be more resilient. At least so far.\nThe California Ocean Protection Council has formed a working group to monitor the effects of ocean acidification and to develop recommendations, similar to the way Washington state created a Blue Ribbon Panel on the issue, Hoffman said.\n“We’re trying to do for California what Washington did, and to understand the science,” she said.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Southwest Florida Shoreline Studies\nCome study SW Florida's bays and beaches with us....\nSW Florida Shoreline Studies\nSW Shoreline News\nThis blog is dedicated to the environmental well-being of our Florida coastal habitat.\nThis blog is\ndedicated to the environmental well-being of coastal habitat.\nSunday, January 13, 2013\nWarm Weather Question\nHey you, READER, what are the effects of the current exceptionally warm weather on Sarasota's Shoreline?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hawaii Locals Tee\nHawaii - respect the local wildlife. This vintage-inspired beachy graphic supports Ocean Conservancy, an organization working to protect our oceans and all the creatures within it.\n- Unisex sizing for a relaxed, comfy fit\n- Heavy wash jersey\n- 100% cotton, garment-washed for softness\n- Model wears a size small", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mote Marine Laboratory will host a five-day coral restoration workshop in the Florida Keys, providing hands-on intensive training in Mote’s signature coral fragmentation process, along with knowledge about coral larval settlement and survival in a land-based nursery and proper monitoring of outplanted coral. Dr. David Vaughan, Executive Director of Mote’s Elizabeth Moore International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration and Manager of Mote’s Coral Reef Restoration Program, will lead the coral restoration workshop starting March 25, ending March 29 and geared toward those with an interest in conducting their own restoration projects.\nVaughan most notably pioneered implementation of coral fragmentation techniques to re-skin massive coral species for reef restoration. Vaughan’s first workshop late last year was designed to share best practices with other coral restoration enthusiasts. “We had students from all around the globe come to our facility to learn our methods of restoration. Many already had restoration efforts underway in their parts of the world and were interested in implementing new key knowledge and understanding how to scale-up their production,” said Vaughan. The first workshop was deemed such a success by the attendees that Vaughan decided to host another workshop this March. “The knowledge transfer with other coral restoration stewards is so important as we all continue to face similar impacts to our marine environment,” added Vaughan.\nWorkshop Schedule (some activities are weather-dependent):\nMonday, March 25: Orientation & tour of the facility; History of massive and staghorn coral restoration\nTuesday, March 26: Massive coral species production and land-based nursery training; Participant presentation of current projects/interests; micro-fragmentation lab & fusion\nWednesday, March 27: Field nursery dive or snorkel, nursery gear manufacturing and site selection\nThursday, March 28: Research project presentations/review; coral sexual reproductions opportunities and settlement; early juvenile care, genotype testing and tracking; data collection, scale-up and economics\nFriday, March 29: Land-based system design, planning and construction; field trip to outplant site\nThe cost of the workshop is $1,400 and includes meals and accommodations at the facility. Each participant is responsible for providing their own snorkel and/or dive equipment. For more information or to register, click here. If you are interested in learning more about coral restoration workshops and volunteer opportunities, visit: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/115hrupqiN6l5gJAdEjrZdx6im7lJ3M8BNUFqOG5ckno/viewform?ts=58cae651&edit_requested=true.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "THE OFFICIAL BLOG OF NORTHEAST MARITIME INSTITUTE\nBlue Stream Shellfish, LLC – A Morning in the Life of an Oyster Aquaculture Crew\nThere is a growing demand for more sustainable food sources on our planet. Aquaculture poses one of the more promising ways to meet this objective. Not only does aquaculture provide sustainable seafood, but also ecological, environmental, economic, and societal benefits to our world.\nThe 2018 Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries annual report stated that the Massachusetts Oyster industry was valued at $27.5 million. The Massachusetts aquaculture industry is still in its infancy and is predicted to develop and continue to grow exponentially.\nIn our developing Restorative Aquaculture program at Northeast Maritime Institute, we have been collaborating and gaining aquaculture experience with our industry partners and Nasketucket Bay, Fairhaven sea farming neighbors like Blue Stream Shellfish LLC. (BSS).\nWhat follows is one of my typical mornings when I intern with the crew at Blue Stream Shellfish to learn the ropes in oyster aquaculture.\nEvery Tuesday morning, I join the morning shift with the crew at Blue Stream Shellfish in Fairhaven, MA. I take a final left hand turn across from Hoppy’s Landing before the West Island causeway and into the West Island Marina parking lot. I put on my rain bibs, my boots, and my gloves, grab my water bottle and head toward the Blue Stream Shellfish docks. I am here to learn the ins and outs of oyster aquaculture. After teaching nautical science and sailing for the past 40 years, I realize that it is much more effective to teach a subject that you have gained experience in!\nI join some of the BSS crew in the 25’ Carolina work skiff. We motor out to the farm site in Nasketucket Bay. We haul lantern nets, pull bags full of oysters from bottom cages and floating oyster “condos” (wire mesh cages that contain multiple bags of oysters in racks within the cage). The oyster bags get piled into the skiff. We return to the processing barge, the bags and nets are opened, and loaded into the sorting hopper. A conveyor system pulls oysters from the hopper bin into a slow spinning cylindrical drum where the oysters are cleaned and tumbled to develop shape before they are cleaned, sorted, and sized on the culling table.\nFour to six BSS crew process the oysters on the culling tables. Each oyster is externally cleaned (of marine growth) by hand, and then sized as “Grande”/4+ inches extra-large, “Market”/3 inches, “Petite”/2.5-3 inches, “put-backs”/(go back into the cages to grow) or “boxes”/shell only. This processing goes on all morning with a break midway. Other tasks are taking place simultaneously while the sorting goes on. Emptied bags and nets are power washed of barnacles, tunicates, sponges and other marine growth and then readied to be redeployed. Market oysters are counted and bagged to make up outstanding orders to be delivered or picked up.\nSo… what have I learned from my Tuesday morning sea farming on-the-job training? I’ve learned by hands-on experience the intricacies of culturing oysters from seed to market. There is a great deal of labor and care that goes into an oyster that is ready for the consumer to enjoy. Oyster farming like all farming is demanding, repetitive, and physical. It is fulfilling work to provide locally grown seafood to the community to enjoy and sustain them. It is a blessing to work on the sea in a setting as lovely as Nasketucket Bay, Fairhaven Massachusetts. It makes me proud to work shoulder to shoulder with such a fun loving, hardworking, smart, capable, sterling Blue Stream Shellfish oyster farming team!\nClick here to learn more about NMI’s Office of Restorative Aquaculture.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For more than 80 years grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were assumed to be extinct in the German Baltic Sea. The reasons for their disappearance were hunt, loss of habitats and massive pollution of the Baltic Sea causing infertility. In the 1980s the Baltic grey seal was threatened with extinction while the number of seals collapsed. The number decreased from originally more than 100.000 Baltic grey seals to only 2.000 remaining individuals.\nOver the last decade grey seals were sighted again year round in the German Baltic Sea. The number of seals increased steadily with seasonal fluctuations. The return to their historical sites is a highly sensitive period. For the future management of this protected species, the knowledge about potential anthropogenic disturbance is critically needed.\nThis research project analyses potential disturbances to grey seals as well as their habitat use and site fidelity in the German Baltic Sea. Main focus are abundance estimation, establishing quality criteria of haul-out sites, temporal and spatial distribution of seals in the research area and the effects of disturbance.\nThe project utilizes several techniques:\n- Photo-id allows for the identification of grey seals and enables long-term abundance estimations. Data is collected during periodic counts.\n- Additionally, webcams and wildlife cams along the coastline provide continuous data for photo-id. Moreover, these non-invasive camera systems give an insight into the seals’ lives and records their behavior and reactions to interfering sources, for examples boats.\n- An underwater noise recorder will document the noise emissions at one haul-out site.\nThe results of the project serve for reporting requirements and will influence the development of indicators of the marine strategy framework directive (MSRL) and corset indicators (HELCOM). The results will feed into further international protection agreements. Furthermore, this project serves as a scientific basis for the management of grey seals in the Baltic Sea.\nThe project is funded by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LOS ANGELES, May 31 (UPI) -- Changes have been made in shipping lanes along the California coast to give whales a break, a shipping industry association said Friday.\nIn an effort to reduce collisions between freighters and whales, routes within the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, near the Los Angeles and Long Beach ports, have been changed, as well shipping lanes in national marine sanctuaries near San Francisco Bay and the Santa Barbara Channel, the Los Angeles Business Journal reported.\nThe Pacific Merchant Shipping Association said the new routes are effective Saturday.\nAirplanes will also be used to spot migrating whales, the newspaper said.\nThe new routes will affect shipping companies that are members of the trade group and other commercial vessels.\nThe action follows recommendations made by the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Councils and other organizations, with input from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, biologists, researchers and other environmental groups, the newspaper said.\nThe changes were approved by the International Marine Organization.\n\"We are in full agreement with the shipping changes as they will help assure the protection of both human and marine life and the continued safe and efficient flow of commerce in and out of California ports,\" association Vice President TL Garrett said the adjustments will be good for both shippers and whales.\nsaid in a statement.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "(this 12-image Java animation sequence will take a minute or two to load...)\n(- Animation -)\nThis loop of GOES-9 visible imagery shows ship condensation trails (\"ship tracks\") off the California coast on 15 July 1998. These features were being distorted as they were carried southward by northerly winds within the marine boundary layer. Note the cloud-free regions downwind of the islands off southern California -- these result from the the islands acting as a barrier to the winds and stratocumulus clouds within the marine layer. Aslo evident are the snow-capped Sierra Nevada Mountains in central California.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "“Working in ocean conservation, I can teach people about something that I care about deeply with the hopes that it will inspire others to care just as much as I do.”\nEva Touhey grew up immersed in the island life. Growing up in Portsmouth, Rhode Island on Aquidneck Island, she’s lived within minutes of the coast and surrounded by the waters of the Ocean State, so protecting and preserving ocean health is a topic near and dear to her.\nEva earned her bachelor’s degree in biology in 2015 from Hobart and William Smith (HWS) Colleges, located in the heart of New York State’s Finger Lakes region. Before coming to Clean Ocean Access (COA), Eva gained experience working as an animal caretaker assistant at the HWS biology department and an aquarist intern with Save The Bay.\nShe first discovered COA through a beach cleanup in her hometown and quickly became inspired to advance the budding organization’s mission. Eva began interning with COA in the fall of 2015, working to organize and analyze the Seaweed Nutrient Analysis Program (SNAP) two-year raw data set. She led presentations about the watershed, sources of pollution in the watershed, and pollution prevention. She later joined the team as an education coordinator, helping to develop hands-on environmental curriculum for elementary school students across Aquidneck Island.\n“We didn’t have an office and I met with Dave in coffee shops to discuss the project I was working on,” recalls Eva. “In the three years I have been involved with COA, we have grown a lot as an organization. We now have an office, a solid work team and great interns.”\nEva is now COA’s program manager and oversees the organization’s programming, volunteer management, and advocacy efforts. “I am motivated to stay with COA because we have so much potential to do more great work, and I really am interested and excited to see where it takes us,” she adds.\nAs she works to finish her master’s degree in marine affairs at the University of Rhode Island this year, Eva aims to educate Rhode Islanders about the importance of having policies to protect the environment, though she is hopeful that environmental protection can be achieved without strict policies, but instead through instilling environmentally-responsible behavior in the community.\nEva’s master’s thesis, entitled “The Influence of Plastic Bag Bans on Pro-environmental Behaviors in Rhode Island Coastal Communities,” analyzes the effects of plastic bag bans on individual behaviors, and takes an in-depth look at people’s awareness of and involvement in environmental groups, their awareness of plastic bag bans in their community and their general support for a state-wide plastic bag ban. She will be presenting on her research as part of COA’s Ocean Science Speaker series in spring 2019.\nWhere did you grow up?\nI grew up in Portsmouth attending the Portsmouth public school system and am now living in Newport. Aquidneck Island is home!\nWhat is your first memory of the ocean?\nI am not sure what my first memory of the ocean is, but I remember taking family summer vacations to York Beach, Maine and spending time looking for sand dollars along the beach. My parents started bringing me to the beach at a very young age and I have memories of swimming with my dad and playing in the sand.\nWhat is your favorite ocean activity?\nBeing a beach bum. I can go to the beach for hours on end and sit, read a book, go for a swim, take a nap and repeat. I am dive certified and would love to dive more often than I get to right now. I also really like looking in tide pools and seeing what little critters are there.\nWhat motivates you to work in ocean conservation?\nGrowing up on Aquidneck Island, the ocean has always been home. I can’t really imagine living anywhere that’s not within minutes of the coastline. Working in ocean conservation is very personal and I can’t “sea” (haha) myself doing anything else. By working in ocean conservation, I can teach people about something that I care about deeply with the hopes that it will inspire others to care just as much as I do. We take a lot of the benefits from the marine environment for granted, and if we keep abusing this, we are going to be in much deeper trouble in the future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AKA: sand perch\nDescription: The fish has a greenish-blue back with bright silver or brassy sides and belly. It can be distinguished from other drums and croakers by its terminal mouth, five to six chin pores, lack of chin barbels and strong spines on the gill cover.\nSize: Silver perch grow to 9 inches.\nSometimes confused with: croaker, juvenile weakfish, spotted seatrout or kingfish\nHabitat: Silver perch are found inshore in sea grass beds, tidal creeks, rivers and marshes.\nEating habits: Silver perch feed on small crustaceans, silversides, anchovies and herring.\nLife cycle: Spawning occurs in the late spring or early summer, beginning later and having shorter duration at higher latitudes. Off North Carolina, spawning lasts from April through August.\nFishing tips: Silver perch are often taken by hook and line as incidental catches and used as live bait for bluefish, mackerels and striped bass.\nN.C. Saltwater Fishing Tournament\nNo award given for this species.\nPersons engaged in recreational fishing in North Carolina coastal waters are required to possess a Coastal Recreational Fishing License in accordance with G.S. 113-174.2.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We’re traveling Antarctica on Silversea Cruises. Today, we sailed the Drake Passage on our way to the Falkland Islands. Since there’s not much to report, here’s a little information about the passage and surrounding seas.\nIt takes nearly two days to sail from Elephant Island to the Falkland Islands though the Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces. This crossing will be our second. (our first was on day 2.) The Drake Passage spans between Cape Horn in Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the South Atlantic and the South Pacific.\nThe 600 miles of the Drake Passage are some of the most treacherous and unpredictable in the world. When the cold South Atlantic water mixes with the warm water of the South Pacific, it creates choppy seas of large currents and swells. And there is no land to slow the currents down.\nThe passage gets its name from the 16th century English explorer, Sir Francis Drake. With only one ship left from his original fleet, he was blown south after passing through the Strait of Magellan in 1578. As a result, he was the first to suggest there was an open connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.\nHalf a century earlier, the Spanish navigator Francisco de Hoces was pushed south from the Strait of Magellan. He surmised there might be safe passage between the oceans, but he had no factual base for it. Some Spanish and Latin American historians give Mr. Hoces the nod for being first to discover the passage. But today the most common name is the Drake Passage.\nNeither Francisco de Hoces nor Sir Frances Drake navigated all the way through the Drake Passage. In 1616, Dutch navigator Willem Cornelisz Schouten on the Eendracht recorded the first voyage through the passage. In the process he named Cape Horn after the other ship in his expedition, which sank earlier.\nThe boundary between the South Atlantic and the South Pacific extends from Cape Horn to Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands. We sailed from Snow Island to Elephant Island, and now we’re headed to the Falkland Islands. It is a voyage of 800 miles taking two full sea days.\nThere are two other passages around Cape Horn, but they’re both more treacherous. The narrow Magellan Strait and Beagle Channel easily entrap large ships in ice. For more about being icebound, read up on Sir Ernest Shackleton and his Endurance.\nAntarctic Circumpolar Current\nNo significant land masses impede the currents in the Drake Passage. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an ocean current that flows unimpeded by land clockwise, from west to east, around Antarctica. The ACC keeps warm waters away from Antarctica, enabling the continent to maintain its huge ice sheet.\nThe ACC is a massive flow of water that acts as a barrier separating the Southern Ocean from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The current extends from the sea surface to depths of more than 2.5 miles and is approximately 120 miles wide. The current is very cold ranging from slightly below freezing to just over freezing depending on the time of the year. The current is very strong and is constantly circulating.\nThe ACC carries an estimated 5.8 to 6.4 billion cubic feet of water every second. This is the equivalent of 43.3 to 47.8 billion gallons of water every second.\nThe mixed water moves onward to the other oceans through the Drake Passage. The AAC also moves around steep undersea mountains that restricts its path and steers it north and south across the Southern Ocean.\nThe AAC carries a huge volume of water around Antarctica. It flows at 600 times the Amazon River. So, it’s no wonder that the Drake Passage is so rough. Traveling north we haven’t seen any land or icebergs. With temperatures in the 40-degree range, it’s too warm for ice.\nSailing the Passage\nThe Drake Passage opened 41 million years ago. Scientists found fish teeth in sedimentary rock and dated it. Before the passage, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separate. Back then, Antarctica was much warmer, and there was no ice cap. When the passage opened, the two oceans joined and started the AAC, which has provided air conditioning for the Antarctic region ever since.\nThe Silver Cloud has large stabilizers and usually cruises at 15 knots. But the side-to-side motion of the ship brings motion sickness to many. Madeline suffered during our first time across the Drake Passage, going from Ushuaia to Antarctica. And she suffered worse sailing back to the Falklands. And she’s not alone. The previously well attended science and history lectures now seated far fewer passengers. Since passengers can watch lectures from their suites, many stayed in their cabins—and near the bathroom.\nWe’re eating regularly from room service until the seas calm down. Room service on the Silver Cloud is easy and tasty. Richard, our butler, and Rebecca, our suite attendant, showed concern for us and tried their best to help. Thank you, guys!\nI roamed the Silver Cloud without difficulty. I left the room this morning to ready our equipment for arrival in the Falklands. It’s a biological safety check to ensure we aren’t bringing onboard foreign material like plants, seeds and animal excrement. Silversea’s expert expedition staff check out boots, poles, gloves, parkas and hats. I did this solo because Madeline wasn’t moving beyond the couch.\nSome people have no trouble with choppy water. The ones that do try remedies like scopolamine, ginger, pressure bands, Dramamine and others. The best advice we have is to go to a lower deck in the ship. The lower you go, the less you feel the wave movement.\nLast night, I went to a Venetian Society cocktail party on the 8th deck. Compared to our suite on the 5th deck (lower), the rocking was more noticeable. Even staff were leaning against something for support!\nThe Drake Passage is a must to experience Antarctica; you’ll get two opportunities to experience it. But afterward, you’ll carry your Drake Passage badge of honor with pride.\nI heard staff say that the megaships and tankers can’t go through the Panama Canal to avoid the Drake Passage. They must run the gauntlet, just like we did. But those that crew one of those tankers are happy to do so. They want to experience one of the most notorious sea crossings in the world. Those of us on the Silver Cloud have no choice. Our terrific captain and crew minimizing the waves as much as they can and are safely getting us to our next destination.\nWe thank them and all the service staff looking after us every day.\nIn tomorrow’s post I'll talk about the Falkland Islands, where we hear it's warm, sunny and calm.\nThat's it for Day 12 of our trip to Antarctica. More tomorrow!\nTips: You can learn how we planned our trip by reading Planning Our Antarctica Trip. Learn what we read to prepare at Reading Antarctica. And you can find out what we packed at Packing for Cruising Antarctica on Silversea.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is especially critical for the Chesapeake Bay estuary; underwater grasses provide habitat for fish and other aquatic animals, stabilize sediments, and help clarify the water. Since the 1970s, pollution and human development have decimated the population of underwater grass in the Chesapeake Bay, further degrading the water quality. States surrounding the Bay have been working together since 2010 to restore its ecosystems.\nOne study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analyzed the positive impact of long-term nutrient reduction on valuable ecosystems in the estuary.\nThe study, led by Jonathan Lefcheck, Ph.D., formerly of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) and now at the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science, showed a 23-percent decrease in average nitrogen levels and an eight-percent reduction of average phosphorus levels, which resulted in a significant increase of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) in the Bay. Data analysis indicated that this ecosystem recovery is the biggest resurgence of underwater grasses ever recorded.\nThe research team said that cutting pollution, as well as conservation incentives, promoted the return of aquatic vegetation, which then led to a healthier Chesapeake Bay.\n\"It's a humbling and unique opportunity,\" stated Lefcheck. \"These efforts began before I was even born, but we are at a stage now where all of these different threads can be pulled together to unveil a picture of unprecedented success. This is a message of hope, and I look forward to a future when the Bay is filled with grasses, something I never thought I would see during my lifetime.\"\nThe scientists determined how the reduction of pollutants – such as nitrogen and phosphorus – is the key driver to this ecosystem recovery. The analyzed data in two ways: One focusing on the flow of nutrients from the land to the waterways; and one showing what happens to SAV once the nutrients reach the water.\nSenior co-authors Dr. William Dennison of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and Dr. Robert \"JJ\" Orth of VIMS have worked on underwater grasses and water quality in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem restoration project for decades.\nAccording to Dennison: \"J.J. and I have had the distinct privilege of facilitating research that confirms a direct correlation between conservation actions undertaken by a broad partnership and ecosystem responsiveness that is leading to positive ecological outcomes.\"\n\"The EPA Chesapeake Bay Program is working and can serve as a model for the rest of the world,\" he added.\nOrth noted that he feels proud of the team of both new and experienced researchers for the progress and accomplishments thus far of the restoration project. \"I really feel the torch is being passed to a next generation of scientists who bring both the passion and knowledge needed to continue the vital work of marine science required to keep our Chesapeake Bay flourishing. What has been a lifetime of work for Bill and me can now be analyzed and managed with analyses of long term data sets in creative ways to highlight this wonderful recovery.\"\nThe Chesapeake Bay Program is a partnership between the states of Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia; the District of Columbia; and the federal government, represented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).\nThe program relies on funding from community groups, local government and non-governmental organizations, which engage in pollution mitigation efforts, such as redesigning urban surfaces to reduce stormwater runoff and subsidizing farmers to grow winter cover crops that help retain nutrients on fields.\nThe study on the Chesapeake Bay has spanned decades of analysis and investigation on the estuary, and the aforementioned study shows a positive impact of management actions on the huge resurgence of underwater vegetation. The ongoing restoration efforts provide an outline for effective pollution abatement and may be applied to other polluted bodies of water, in an effort to restore more aquatic ecosystems in other places.\nHead on to Environ.news for more updates on the Chesapeake Bay and other ecosystem restoration projects.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The results of this study imply that if ocean temperatures continue to increase, US west coast fisher communities reliant on commercial albacore fisheries are likely to be either negatively or positively affected depending on location.\nHigh-resolution wave forecasts are useful for navigational planning, identifying wave energy resources, providing information for site-specific coastal flood models, and having an informed recreational beach user group, among other things.\nThe National Sea Grant Library makes single copies available by interlibrary loan,\nand many have been digitized and made available for free download.\nThe library is especially useful for locating older publications that may be out of print.\nPlease contact us if you are having difficulty with the accessibility of any of\nour documents and we will do our best to accommodate your needs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Degree of Threat: A : Very threatened throughout its range communities directly exploited or their composition and structure irreversibly threatened by man-made forces, including exotic species\nComments: Intense fishing of spawning aggregations has severely threatened the viability of the species in particular locations (Olsen and LaPlace 1978; Aguilar-Perera 1990; Fine 1990; Sadovy 1990, in press; Luckhurst 1996). For example, the decline in Bermuda is due to the intensive fishing of spawning aggregations with fish pots (Luckhurst 1996), and the decline in spawning aggregation size off Bay Islands, Honduras, is attributable to intense fishing of spawning aggregations (Fine 1990). In the 1960s, the introduction of spearguns led to sharp declines in aggregations; speargun fishing removes reproductively active individuals and likely affects future fishery yields. Removal of larger individuals could lead to a lack of experienced adults to lead first time spawners to spawning areas (Stevenson et al., in press). This fish is an important top-level, resident predator in coral reef environments; removal can cause corresponding changes in reef fish community structure (Carr and Hixon 1995). Indications of overfishing include: declines in abundance and size, decreases in number and weight of catch, declines in catch per unit, and loss of spawning aggregations. Catch throughout much of range often yields only immature (< 40 cm total length) individuals (Sadovy, in press). Considered overfished in the Florida Keys based upon spawning potential ratio below 30 percent, despite seven-year moratorium in Florida and federal waters (Ault et al. 1998). Overfishing for at least 20 years have raised concerns that the species could become locally or commercially extinct range-wide (Sadovy, in press).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Assessment Carbon Sequestration Rate of Different Cultivable Seaweeds of Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bangladesh\nSeaweed has the ability to use carbon from the environment through photosynthesis to produce biomass. This study aims to estimate the carbon sequestration rate by different cultivable seaweeds as a strategy to mitigate the impact of ocean acidification and global climate change. This study also determines the influence of carbon sequestration on different environmental factors. The study was undertaken at Cox’s Bazar coast. Locally available five seaweed species namely Gracilaria tenuistipitata, Ulva compressa, U. intestinalis, U. lactuca and polysiphonia sp. were cultured with the longline and net method for three cultivation periods, starting from October to March, 2020-2021. Each cultivation period was taken about 45 days. Seaweed samples were collected every 15 days from day 0 (initial), 15,30 to 45 (replanting) for every cultivation period to assess the carbon content of seaweeds. The results show that the sequestration rate of U. intestinalis is significantly higher than the others in the longline and net method. Highest concentration found in the day-45 and lowest concentration is in the day-15. Descending order of the Carbon sequestration in the cultivated seaweeds U. intestanalis>U. compressa>G. tenuistipitata>U. lactuca>Polysiphonia sp. Trends of carbon sequestration rate were influenced by different seaweed variants. Generally, U. intestinalis has higher sequestration rate than other four seaweed variants. Highest concentration found in the day 45 and lowest concentration is in the day 15. Two way-ANOVA results showed the comparisons of the rate of the carbon sequestration among the different cultivated seaweeds at Cox’s Bazar coast among different stations and seasons. Correlation matrix and multiple regression analysis showed the influence of different environmental factors. If the cultures of seaweed increases worldwide in a large scale it will be a powerful tool in controlling ocean acidification and economically benefitted.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ocean Wise Staff Eco-Action Accelerator Cohort\nA bit about me:\nI love invertebrates, ecology, and watching people fall in love with science and climate action!\nWhat gets me out of bed in morning?\nHoney nut cheerios.\nA fun fact about me:\nI’m the world’s #1 observer of Pacific Hairy hermit crabs on iNaturalist!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The evolution of oceanic gabbros : in-situ and ancient examples\nAuthor(s)Kvassnes, Astri Jæger Sweetman, 1972-\nWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\nHenry J.B. Dick.\nMetadataShow full item record\nThis study is a geochemical investigation into the accretion of lower oceanic crust and processes of shallow melt-rock reaction at mid-ocean ridges. Major-, trace-elements, and isotopes from whole-rocks and minerals from the Lyngen Gabbro, a 480-My old dismembered ophiolite from the Scandinavian Caledonides, indicate that this igneous complex was produced from hydrous supra-subduction zone magmas, a remnant of an incipient ocean-arc. Such ophiolites are better models for the structural evolution than the geochemical evolution of the lower oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges. Minerals in gabbros from Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge, a modern, in-situ example of lower ocean-crust, were analyzed for major and trace-elements. The MELTS algorithm indicates that these gabbros formed by near-fractional crystallization at mid-crustal pressures. The gabbroic crust is more evolved than the lavas and represents melts fractionated 50-95% relative to a mantle-derived melt-composition, supported by trace-element models. This argues against the often-cited gabbro-glacier accretion model, where mantle-derived melts are transported to a shallow melt-lens and fractionates there before eruption. There remain >770-m of additional primitive cumulates below 1500-m deep Hole 735B or within the underlying mantle. Thus, the seismic Moho, beneath Hole 735B, could be the crust-mantle boundary, rather than an alteration front as suggested elsewhere. The Atlantis Bank gabbros have augites that are more primitive than plagioclases and olivines with which they coexist. Melt-rock interaction, where ascending melts dissolve the pre-existing gabbroic rocks and create hybrid magma may have caused this. Dissolution-experiments for plagioclase-olivine and plagioclase-augite mineral pairs(cont.) were performed at 1180⁰-1330⁰C and 20-min - 24hrs. Dissolution occurs rapidly and out of equilibrium, with the dissolution rates dependent on the [delta]T above the solidus. Rocks with small grain-boundary areas (coarse grained or nearly mono-mineralic) heat internally when enclosed in hot magma, causing xenoliths or wall-rock to melt and disaggregate. The dissolution-derived magma crystallizes minerals more refractory-looking than the melts that precipitated the original gabbroic rocks. Assimilation of gabbroic rocks increases the Na content and decreases the Fe content of the melt that digests it, thus basaltic glasses formed after this hybridization will falsely reflect a lower degree and pressure of mantle melting.\nThesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2004.Includes bibliographical references.\nDepartmentJoint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology\n/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering., Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Despite Pandemic Delays, Coalition Uses Oyster Shells to Build Reef\nNEW ORLEANS — Despite a delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, construction of the Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana’s third reef made from recycled oyster shells is underway in Barataria Bay. The 800-ton “living shoreline” – which is two-thirds of a mile long – is designed to create habitat for new oysters and other aquatic life and stabilize an eroding coastline.\nConstruction of CRCL’s latest reef was slowed by the coronavirus pandemic even before cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in Louisiana. The facility in China that manufactures the gabions — steel construction cages used to hold oyster shell in place — was forced to shut down in February, halting production of a vital piece of the project. Shortly after, cases of coronavirus were detected in Louisiana, causing the closure of CRCL’s office, the cancellation of volunteer events and the rescheduling of this year’s State of the Coast conference. Additionally, the Oyster Shell Recycling Program’s restaurants partners shut down, and the oyster industry was left devastated.\nNow, the gabions have been delivered to Louisiana, where CRCL has been working with contractor Coastal Environments Inc. to fill the cages at a shell pile in Buras. The cages, filled with oyster shells collected by New Orleans restaurants that have partnered with the Oyster Shell Recycling Program, are being deployed at the reef site in Barataria Bay.\n“The start of construction of our Barataria reef has been a gratifying moment for CRCL,” said Dr. Deborah Visco Abibou, CRCL restoration programs director. “Coastal land loss is a slow-moving but urgent crisis that affects our entire state, so we have to use every tool available to tackle the problem. We hope this reef demonstrates the effectiveness of a nature- based solution to slow shoreline erosion and re-establish functional reef ecosystems that can sustain themselves — and us — into the future.”\nCRCL’s Oyster Shell Recycling Program began in 2014 and has collected nearly 10 million pounds of oyster shells from restaurants in the New Orleans area. In 2016, CRCL constructed its first oyster reef using recycled shell, a half-mile long reef in Lake Athanasio within the St. Bernard Parish’s Biloxi Marsh. A second reef, completed last year, is protecting the Pointe-au-Chien Indian Tribe’s culturally significant mound complex from erosion and sea level rise. CRCL recently collected positive data on that reef and is planning the construction of a fourth reef in Plaquemines Parish.\n“The dramatic ongoing losses to Louisiana’s coastline necessitate a variety of restoration solutions and interventions: diversions, shoreline armoring, marsh creation and reef building — just to name a few,” said Steve Cochran, campaign director for Restore the Mississippi River Delta, a campaign to which CRCL belongs, along with the Environmental Defense Fund, the National Audubon Society, the National Wildlife Federation and Pontchartrain Conservancy. “Construction of the living shorelines, in addition to other priority restoration projects and community resilience measures, will help combat Louisiana’s land loss crisis, rebuild land that has been lost and sustain new land into the future.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2002-2003 UAF Catalog\nResearch Institutes and Centers\nThe Fishery Industrial Technology Center (FITC), located in Kodiak, is part of the School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences. FITC is dedicated to contributing scientific and technical expertise to the harvesting, processing and marketing efforts of the fishing industry. The center's activities include the harvesting technology group, which studies fishing gear and methods with an attempt to make them more selective so as to avoid incidental catch. Its processing technology group develops new or modified seafood products that are safe, wholesome, nutritious, functional, attractive and stable. Its faculty have expertise in the areas of biochemistry, microbiology and seafood technology and engineering. In order to tap these resources for students within the university system, the School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences offers courses in seafood science and interdisciplinary graduate degrees. FITC research efforts are often coordinated with the Alaska Sea Grant College Program and the Marine Advisory Program.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lincoln City, OR —\nOn January 13, 2012 Steve Harnack was surfing at Nelscott Reef near Lincoln City, Oregon. The reef is approximately 0.5 miles offshore and creates a reef break with waves frequently 20 feet high. It was 10:00 AM and he had been on the water about 20 minutes. The sky was clear with an air temperature in the mid-40s Fahrenheit. Water temperature was approximately 48 degrees Fahrenheit with 15 – 20 feet of water visibility and a depth of 40 – 50 feet. There were two jet skis in the area assisting about 8 other surfers. No marine mammals were observed in the area. Harnack reported; “I had traveled beyond the reef about 200 yards by duck-diving through several waves about 20 feet high. I noticed my board dragging as I moved through the water. I had a jet-ski tow me back to the beach where I noticed a section on the bottom of my board had been struck by a shark. A portion of the fiber-glass had been removed and tooth impressions were also present.”\nAdditional information, including photographs of the board's damage, will be posted when available in a few days. Please report any shark sighting, encounter, or attack to the Shark Research Committee.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UKZN’s Marine Biology, Aquaculture, Conservation Education and Ecophysiology (MACE) Laboratory was featured in a recent episode of the TV show Carte Blanche which highlighted microplastics and the danger they pose to marine life.\nThe TV segment explained what microplastics are and dealt with the dire effects of microplastic contamination, revealing that by 2050 there will be more plastic in the ocean than marine life, affecting up to 90% of sea birds.\nPlastics, widely used without long-term consideration of impact; take hundreds of years to degrade and are washed out to sea where they collect in five major gyres worldwide, one of which covers an area larger than South Africa and in places is more than three metres deep.\nMarine life cannot distinguish between plastic and food, consuming the plastic and then starving to death.\nMicroplastic (particles smaller than 5mm long) are either manufactured to this size (primary), or broken down from larger plastics (secondary). They are too small to be filtered at sewage plants, flowing into rivers and ultimately the ocean.\nMACE researchers have found that 30% of fish they study contain microplastics. All 16 species under analysis had microplastics in their guts, irrespective of where they feed in the water column.\nMicroplastics, found in beauty and household products and synthetic fibres released from clothing in washing cycles, have been banned in several countries, but not in South Africa.\nMoodley explained that microplastic contamination of marine life started with primitive organisms at the base of the food chain - the effects were multiplied up the food chain as contaminants accumulated, affecting development and fertility of larger predators. Microplastics both release and absorb dangerous chemical pollutants from the surrounding water, making them up to one million times more toxic than the surrounding water.\nThe TV feature touched on the research of postgraduate students Mr Sipho Mkhize, Ms Kaveera Singh, Ms Gemma Gerber and Mr Mathew Coote. In the video, Mkhize dissected a fish caught in the Durban harbour, demonstrating the extent of the microplastics in its stomach, Singh discussed finding nylon clothing fibres in the Umgeni River, and Gerber spoke about the impact of microplastics on mussels, an important local food source.\nFish, including those contaminated, are a major food source for many South Africans. A CSIR research project featured on the programme recommended less than five fish meals from affected systems per person per month to avoid adverse health effects.\nDespite the challenges, Robertson-Andersson is positive. ‘Twenty years ago, we had things like glass and tin cans and plastic bottles on the beaches,’ she said. ‘With programmes such as Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, people have become more aware of their plastic products. We can do something about it, but it’s up to each individual person, rather than big organisations.’\nMoodley, Robertson-Andersson and their students are involved in many beach clean-up events, collecting data and partnering with Durban Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT) and Paddle for the Planet to clean up river systems and remove plastic waste before it reaches the ocean.\n‘We have only one planet we call home and we all need to do our little bit to keep it healthy, clean and sustainable,’ said Moodley. ‘We encourage individuals and organisations to join us in these clean-up activities to ensure that we DO make a difference.’\nView video: http://carteblanche.dstv.com/player/1114154/\n-Video courtesy of http://carteblanche.dstv.com/", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Coast Train--Labeled imagery for training and evaluation of data-driven models for image segmentation\nCoast Train is a library of images of coastal environments, annotations, and corresponding thematic label masks (or ‘label images’) collated for the purposes of training and evaluating machine learning (ML), deep learning, and other models for image segmentation. It includes image sets from both geospatial satellite, aerial, and UAV imagery and orthomosaics, as well as non-geospatial oblique and nadir imagery. Images include a diverse range of coastal environments from the U.S. Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, ...\nSingle-beam bathymetry data collected in 2009 in the vicinity of Wainwright, Alaska\nBathymetry data were collected in the Wainwright Inlet, the mouth of the Kuk River, and in the nearshore region off Wainwright, Alaska, in August of 2009. Bathymetry was measured with a single-beam echo-sounder (10 Hz 144 ODOM Echotrac CV-100) mounted on the stern of a small vessel and synchronized to a 145 Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The depth is measured relative to approximate Mean Sea Level (see attribute accuracy report in this file for further details on the MSL), and ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Researchers from the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and Texas A&M University report that methane gas concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico have returned to near normal levels only months after a massive release occurred following the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion.\nThe study into the methane concentrations was led by oceanographers John Kessler of Texas A&M and David Valentine of UCSB. The findings show that more than 200,000 metric tons of dissolved methane were removed through the action of bacteria blooms that completely consumed the immense gas plumes the team had identified in mid-June.\nAt that time, the team reported finding methane gas in amounts 100,000 times above normal levels. But, about 120 days after the initial spill, they could only find normal concentrations of methane.\n’What we observed in June was a horizon of deep water laden with methane and other hydrocarbon gases,’ Valentine said. ’When we returned in September and October and tracked these waters, we found the gases were gone. In their place were residual methane-eating bacteria, and a one million ton deficit in dissolved oxygen that we attribute to respiration of methane by these bacteria.’\nKessler added: ’Based on our measurements from earlier in the summer and previous measurements of methane respiration rates around the world, it appeared that [Deepwater Horizon] methane would be present in the Gulf for years to come. Instead, the methane respiration rates increased to levels higher than have ever been recorded, ultimately consuming it and prohibiting its release to the atmosphere.’\nThe research team collected thousands of water samples at 207 locations covering an area of about 36,000 square miles. It based its conclusions on measurements of dissolved methane concentrations, dissolved oxygen concentrations, methane oxidation rates and microbial community structure.\nThe Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling platform exploded on 20 April 2010, about 40 miles off the Louisiana coast. The blast killed 11 workers and injured 17 others. Oil was gushing from the site at the rate of 62,000 barrels per day, eventually spilling an estimated 170 million gallons of oil into the Gulf. The leak was capped on 15 July 2010 and the well was permanently sealed on 19 September.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CZ-Tip - Internship/Job-Search Resources: Get into the Blue\nWith more than 70% of Earth's surface covered in ocean, it's not surprising how many marine-related professions there are to choose from. Some have you literally out in the field or on or in the water (e.g., extreme-science coastal geologist), others have you working directly with sea creatures (e.g., marine mammal trainer), and still others surround you with test tubes and technology (laboratory research). Additionally, many marine management and coastal protection organizations and government agencies need people with expertise in policy development, planning, GIS, law, science, and communications (covering advocacy, education, fundraising, journalism, photography, and even film making). There are hundreds of possibilities, so if the blue calls to you, check out these links to learn more.\nHigh School Internships\nFor high school students ready to get wet behind the ears, here are some excellent resources.\nCollege Internships and Fellowships\n- High School Internship Listing - The Marine Advanced Technology Education Center works to help prepare America's future workforce for ocean-related occupations and maintains this list of national and international opportunities.\n- Woods Hole Science Aquarium Summer Intern Program - Located in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the aquarium has a summer program that gives students a chance to learn about marine animals and environments, aquarium operations, and careers in marine science and related fields.\n- High School Student Opportunities - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal and Ocean Sciences maintains this list of links to resources, internships, camps, and other opportunities for high school students.\n- Marine Science Programs by State - This list published by WhaleNet includes K-12 student intern and educational programs, including several in Massachusetts.\nIf the college you attend doesn't offer coastal courses or ocean-related internship/fellowship opportunities, or you want to explore a different geographic area, see these sites.\n- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Guest Student Program (Woods Hole, MA) - Through this informal internship program, a limited number of undergraduates become Guest Students in WHOI laboratories on a year-round basis. Advanced high school students from Upper Cape Cod and the Islands may also be eligible.\n- Marine Wildlife Internships (Southeastern Massachusetts) - The New England Coastal Wildlife Alliance offers internships with local colleges and universities in southeastern Massachusetts.\n- Cape Cod National Seashore Internships (Cape Cod, MA) - A variety of flexible internship opportunities are available for students to learn about research, monitoring, and stewardship activities at the Cape Cod National Seashore.\n- Five College Coastal & Marine Sciences Program Internships (Amherst area, MA) - Students from the \"Five Colleges\" (Amherst, Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, Smith, and UMass Amherst) can apply for these paid internships. The site also includes links to other internship options.\n- Shoals Marine Laboratory Undergraduate Internships (Appledore Island, ME) - Located on 95-acre Appledore Island, the lab offers a variety of internship opportunities for undergraduates.\nThe links below focus on graduate-level opportunities.\nFor those who have completed their education (at least for now), these job-search resources are an excellent way to find coastal and marine careers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Geomorphic features of the Antarctic margin and Southern Ocean 2012\nAuthors / CoAuthors\nPublicly available bathymetry and geophysical data has been used to map geomorphic features of the Antarctic continental margin and adjoining ocean basins at scales of 1:1-2 million. The key bathymetry datasets used were GEBCO08 and ETOPO2 satellite bathymetry (Smith & Sandwell 1997), in addition to seismic lines in key areas. Twenty-seven geomorphic units were identified based on interpretation of the seafloor bathymetry with polygons digitised by hand in ArcGIS. Seafloor features were classified largely based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (2001) classification of undersea features, and expanded to include additional features, including those likely to have specific substrate types and influence on oceanography. This approach improves the technique as a predictor of physical conditions that may influence seafloor communities. The geomorphic map has been used for developing a benthic bioregionalisation and for developing a representative system of Marine Protected Areas for East Antarctica.\nSlight modifications have been made since original publication in O'Brien et al. 2009 and Post et al. 2014. These include:\n- updating of some feature names;\n- combining \"wave affected banks\" with \"shelf banks\"\n- Combining \"coastal terrance\" with \"island coastal terrane\" as \"Coastal/Shelf Terrane\"\n- replacing canyon vectors with polygons by using a buffer around the vectors\nFurther details of the original mapping can be found in:\nO'Brien, P.E., Post, A.L., Romeyn, R., 2009. Antarctic-wide geomorphology as an aid to habitat mapping and locating Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems, Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Workshop, Paper WS-VME-09/10. CCAMLR, La Jolla, California, USA.\nPost, A.L., Meijers, A.J.S., Fraser, A.D., Meiners, K.M., Ayers, J., Bindoff, N.L., Griffiths, H.J., Van de Putte, A.P., O'Brien, P.E., Swadling, K.M., Raymond, B., 2014. Chapter 14. Environmental Setting, In: De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H.J., Raymond, B., d'Udekem d'Acoz, C., et al. (Eds.), Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, pp. 46-64.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NOAA Ocean Buoys PRO\nBy Asbury Mobile, LLC\nOpen iTunes to buy and download apps.\nPRO VERSION FEATURES: BUOYS, BUOY MAP, TIDES, FAVORITES (BOTH TIDES AND BUOYS)\nPRESS FOR NOAA Ocean Buoys\n“The official NOAA buoys are essential tools that pro surfers use, and you should too. This app is definitely a steal.” – Surfer Magazine\n\"’It's actually great for figuring out what's going on when you wake up in the dark and need figure out what's going on, without leaving your bed’ […] If the surf hasn't cleaned up yet, or the swell hasn't arrived, no one wants to stumble out into a 40-degree morning […] It's also good for getting real time info to track a swell, watching the numbers rise or fall.” – www.espn.com\nThe app “processes countless data from NOAA’s buoys and displays it in an easy-to-read format on your phone.” – Eastern Surf Magazine\nThe NOAA Ocean Buoys application provides users with access to live data transmitted from over 200 buoys scattered throughout North America, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, Europe, and the Caribbean. Most buoys provide information about current wave heights, wave periods, wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, pressure tendency, and dew points. It also provides tide information for the USA including Alaska and Hawaii. You can also save your favorite Buoys and Tides for easy retrieval! One of the best tools for professionals and general enthusiasts alike.\nTHIS APPLICATION IS PERFECT FOR:\nand anyone else looking to know current conditions of the oceans and beaches near them.\nBuoys can be found based on their region or by using the interactive map provided that uses precise GPS coordinates of each buoy’s location to create a visual tool to find buoys of interest. Buoys can also be searched for by their station Id’s or using search terms that may describe their location.\nOver 200 buoy locations available. Buoys are available in the following regions:\nEast Coast U.S\nWest Coast U.S\nGulf Coast U.S\nGreat Lakes U.S\nFor a detailed map of locations please visit: http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/\nThere are many types of data available by buoys. Different buoys may display different types of data depending upon their buoy type but may include any of the following:\nData for buoys is provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\nThis app all the sudden stopped working. When you click on it the screen goes to a Go Daddy screen. I can't even contact customer support. I paid for this app too. I liked it and used it frequently. I just wish if would start working again or someone would tell me it will soon because now I'm searching for the next best thing.\nSolid app, but one other feature would be nice\nApp is great. Does everything advertised. Just wish it would let you view historical data for buoys. At least going back a month would be a start.\nI have the non-pro version and just upgraded so I could get the tides around me and it's exactly what I wanted. Also being able to save my favorites is really helpful. Perfect for fishing here in Florida!\n- Category: Weather\n- Released: Jul 28, 2011\n- Version: 1.0\n- Size: 0.4 MB\n- Language: English\n- Seller: Asbury Mobile, LLC\n- © 2011 Asbury Mobile, LLC\nCompatibility: Requires iOS 3.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Blue Planet II Live in Concert at Kiri Te Kanawa Theatre on Wednesday 22 July 2020 will need to be rescheduled. We hope to make an announcement of a new date for this concert experience in the coming weeks. For the time being, please hold on to your ticket(s) while we work with BBC Studios and Auckland Live to reschedule the event.\nIn the meantime, if you have any questions, please contact email@example.com.\nBlue Planet II Live in Concert takes you beneath the surface of the world’s oceans and up close with the fascinating creatures of our underwater world.\nThis immersive concert experience features breath-taking visuals from the multi-award winning BBC Earth television series on the big screen, with the original music score by Hans Zimmer, Jacob Shea and David Fleming, performed live by the APO.\nWatch surfing dolphins, powerful killer whales, colourful clownfish and ethereal jellyfish. From icy polar seas to vibrant coral reefs, from the luminous deep sea to vast undulating kelp forests — Blue Planet II Live in Concert is an unforgettable exploration of the awe-inspiring wonders of the deep.\nPresented by BBC Studios, Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra and Auckland Live\nProudly sponsored by Meridian Energy\nBlue Planet II is a BBC Studios Natural History Unit Production", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cellula Robotics Ltd. has joined the Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) Innovation Center’s Industry Network. Cellula looks forward to working with ONC to develop new markets for our seafloor drills and geotechnical tools around the world.\nOcean Networks Canada (www.oceannetworks.ca) was created in 2007 to manage the cabled observatory being constructed on the sea floor off the B.C. coast. A total of approximately $200M has been invested to date to build and operate the Observatory, primarily with funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and the Province of British Columbia. It is the first, largest and most advanced regional-scaled cabled observatory in the world. The Ocean Networks Canada Innovation Centre is a business division within Ocean Networks Canada that has leveraged this observatory to develop a suite of products and services called Smart Ocean Systems™.\nThe Centre was established as a Centre for Excellence in Commercialization and Research (CECR) in 2009 under the Canadian Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) program to leverage this investment, accelerate the development of new technology, grow industry, and help our international clients build their own ocean observatories.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The fstc operates a state-of-the-art commercial kitchen ventilation (ckv) laboratory for conducting ventilation research flow visualization techniques are. Ventilation rate and oxygen consumption of spangled perch, leiopotherapon ventilation and oxygen consumption rates in in the laboratory, fish were. Hypoxia in fish fish are exposed oxygen consumption rate decreases with decreasing environmental oxygen gonad development, and ventilation efforts. The amphibious fish kryptolebias marmoratus uses different strategies to of control fish ventilation after fish were inserted, and oxygen consumption. 1 int j exerc sci 2014 jan 17(1):22-32 wii, kinect, and move heart rate, oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and ventilation due to different. Oxygen consumption and apnoea in the shortfin eel, anguilla australis schmidtii of ventilation, oxygen consumption of ventilation in shortfin eels fish no. Ventilation and oxygen consumption in fish sally ming bio 102- pr# 2 12/12/12 abstract goldfish (carassius autarus), when subjected to warm temperatures will have a. Ventilation rates for carassius auratus during oxygen consumption (beamish, 1964a) this schedule provided fifteen counts of ventilation rate per fish per day for.\nOxygen consumption and ventilation rate acclimated to 10° in the laboratory helgoländer wiss fish res bd can 27, 551. Respiratory system: fish may expend about 20 percent of their total oxygen consumption in the animals increase their ventilation and oxygen extraction. Gold fish respiration lab report because there is an increased need for oxygen and energy, the fish breathes faster to get that necessary oxygen. Oxygen and fish behaviour oxygen because of increased consumption a universal reaction to low oxygen is increased ventilation of the gills. The oxygen table documents the oxygen consumption of fishes based on experiments reported in cb 1980 oxygen consumption of estuarine fish in relation to. Experiments conducted at the university of florida tropical aquaculture laboratory demonstrated that fish reduces oxygen consumption ventilation ) and.\nAnd gill water flo in thwe dogfish scyliorhinus canicula l for the ventilation fre-quency and percentage oxygen removal, but the oxygen consumption of the fish. Analysis of ram ventilation of fish gills with application to skipjack tuna some species of fish use ram ventilation to pass if oxygen consumption. Effect of cobalt chloride on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a freshwater fish, cirrhinus mrigala (ham. And acclimatized to the laboratory conditions in experiments on the oxygen consumption of the fish were higher ventilation volume , decrease in oxygen.\nFree essay: study of oxygen consumption to measure energy metabolism in mammals brianne simonsen lab section 8 4 oct 2005 abstract in this experiment the. Open document below is an essay on into and discussion for oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of fish from anti essays, your source for research papers. Oxygen uptake by plaice, pleuronectes platessa l oxygen consumption was found to be influenced of oxygen consumption, determined in the laboratory.\nVentilation and oxygen consumption in the hagfish, myxine glutinosa l ventilation oxygen consumption introduction laboratory the hagfish. Oxygen consumption in the home aquarium is a frequent topic among fish keepers, but do you really understand what is going on inside of your tank. Oxygen consumption rates of tilapia in fresh oxygen consumption rates for the three ventilation was significantly higher in fish in sea water compared to the. 1 two levels of oxygen uptake, (1) the lowest point in the resting metabolism in the daily cycle and (2) the maximum steady rate of oxygen uptake found when the fish.\nExercise physiology laboratory #4 the purpose of this lab is to measure oxygen consumption and ventilation at rest and during exercise and to demonstrate how the.\nRespiration of crabs in air and water oxygen consumption (i702), ventilation volume (ir) fish, dog food. View bio lab long report from bio 207 at cuny city the effect of temperature on the ventilation rate and oxygen consumption of carassius auratus tonima rahman lab. Metabolic rate and gill ventilation in fish are oxygen-consumption rate provides partial pressures, p o 2) and are easier and faster to use in the laboratory. Jane doe bio lab it: morgan billick september 4th, 2010 ventilation and oxygen consumption results oxygen concentration oxygen concentration in water can be altered. Learning and teaching resource for animal respiration written by phd diagram of the ventilation process in a continual source of oxygen, fish have developed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Over 90% of the Norwegian cod catches come from the North-East Arctic cod stock. The North-East Arctic cod grow up in the Barents Sea and is therefore also known at the Barents Sea Cod.\nThe North-East Arctic cod stock is the largest cod stock in the world, and is in very good condition. Norwegian cod have been evaluated against different schemes as Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and KRAV.\nVilla Seafood can offer a variety of fresh and frozen cod products. For more info please contact us.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Big Beach Clean 2022\n16th – 18th of September 2022\nThe Big Beach Clean is an annual call-to-action organised by Clean Coasts, calling people all around Ireland to host a beach clean and take part in a worldwide citizen science project as part of Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup, by simply recording the marine litter they collect to help shape future policies and campaigns to help protect our ocean.\nThis big beach clean day helps to heighten awareness about the issue of marine litter, and serves as an indicator of the magnitude of the problem and help shape future policies and campaigns.\nReasons to join go beyond the environmental side of the initiative, and everybody in the community would benefit from taking part – our ocean supports livelihood and businesses, it feeds billions of people, it offers a playground for people engaged in water sports and inspiration for artists, it helps our mental health, and much more.\nRegistration is open to all residents of Ireland, no matter how far from the coast they may be based. Getting involved in the Big Beach Clean is a way for residents of non-coastal counties to help prevent litter entering our waterways and seas by holding a clean-up no matter where they are in the country and tackling the problem at source.\nSome of the frequently asked questions include …\nCan I join an existing clean-up?\nYes! Closer to the date, Clean Coasts Ireland will be releasing a map of public events around the country that you can join. As well as that – we at Leave No Trace Ireland are running our own event! Join us on Friday 16th of Sept, 2pm, The Point, Westport.\nHow can I get involved in the citizen science project?\nCan I join if I’m not based on the coast?\nYes! Litter from towns and cities very often makes its way to our ocean, carried by the wind, waterways, sewage systems, and more. No matter how far from the coast, your clean up will help tackle marine litter at its source.\nWhat can I expect in my beach clean kit?\nMarine Litter Data Collection Card\nDuring the Big Beach Clean, Clean Coasts volunteers are asked to be part of an excellent round the world citizen science data collection project and to carry out marine litter surveys to quantify the amount and types of litter on Irish beaches. These surveys are aimed at heightening awareness about the issue of marine litter and serve as an indicator of the magnitude of the problem. We also encouraged our groups to use the Clean Swell App by Ocean Conservancy.\nThis year, Clean Coasts are hosting a series of events, where you will find a Clean Coasts officer that will help you collect information about marine litter. Make sure to check their website and social media as we get close to the dates!\nTo learn more, check out the Clean Coasts Website.\nJoin us on Friday 16th of Sept, 2pm, The Point, Westport.\nClick here to register your beach cleaning event, and get a free beach cleaning kit!\nOnce you’ve completed your event, you can submit your big beach clean data online here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- What should you not do at the beach?\n- Which tide is more dangerous?\n- How do you outsmart a shark?\n- How can we stay safe in the sea?\n- How do you stay safe while swimming?\n- Can you swim during high tide?\n- Is it dangerous to swim in the sea?\n- What are 10 safety rules?\n- What are the basic rules for swimming?\n- How close to shore Can sharks get?\n- How can swimmers stay safe in the ocean?\n- What time of day is the ocean calmest?\n- Is swimming in the sea at night dangerous?\n- Do sharks come closer to shore at night?\n- Do sharks swim in shallow water?\n- Should I swim at high or low tide?\n- What is the safest time of day to swim in the ocean?\n- Why is the sea dangerous?\n- What should you not do while swimming?\n- Is High Tide dangerous?\n- What is the most dangerous ocean?\nWhat should you not do at the beach?\n13 Things You Should Never Do at the BeachPlay Music Out Loud.Play Tackle Football.Leave Your Phone Out.Feed the Seagulls.Shake Your Towel Near Others.Forget Water.Keep Your Dog in the Sun.Smoke.More items…•.\nWhich tide is more dangerous?\nHeavy breaking waves can trigger a sudden rip current, but rip currents are most hazardous around low tide, when water is already pulling away from the beach. In the past, rip currents were sometimes called rip tides, which was a mistake, Carey said.\nHow do you outsmart a shark?\nHow to outwit a shark that wants to eat youStay calm and don’t splash around. … Leave the water. … Back up against something. … Fight back aggressively. … Punch or claw at the eyes and gills, as these are the most sensitive areas. … If you’re bitten, try to stop the bleeding. … Seek medical attention immediately, if needed.\nHow can we stay safe in the sea?\nHow to Stay Safe in the SeaGet to know your beaches. Ask yourselves these questions: Is the beach lifeguarded? … Look for the lifeguards and know what the flags mean. … Check the tides before you surf. … Know your limits. … Surf with a friend. … Be vigilant. … Don’t ditch your board when duck diving. … Don’t drink and surf.More items…\nHow do you stay safe while swimming?\nHere are some other good water safety tips:Learn to swim. … Always put on plenty of sunscreen before you go outside. … Drink plenty of water and fluids when you’re outside swimming and playing so you don’t become dehydrated.Stop swimming or boating as soon as you see or hear a storm. … Don’t swim in the dark.More items…\nCan you swim during high tide?\nFor swimmers, the water is safest during a slack tide, during which the water moves very little. … During high tide, the waves break too close to shore to offer much of a ride. During low tide, uncovered rocks or seaweed may get in the way. Waves with long intervals and large swells are ideal.\nIs it dangerous to swim in the sea?\nAs water flows from land to coastal waters, it is often contaminated by untreated sewage from boats, pets, failing septic systems, fertilizers, and spills from hazardous substances. High levels of bacteria and other chemicals in the water can cause gastrointestinal illnesses in those who swim directly in the water.\nWhat are 10 safety rules?\nHere are some tips to help make your workplace safe.Understand the risks. … Reduce workplace stress. … Take regular breaks. … Avoid stooping or twisting. … Use mechanical aids whenever possible. … Protect your back. … Wear protective equipment to suit the task. … Stay sober.More items…•\nWhat are the basic rules for swimming?\nSwimming RulesAlways swim with a buddy.Swim only in areas that have a lifeguard.Stay out of the water when you are very tired, very cold, or overheated.Follow all swimming rules posted at the swimming area.Obey the lifeguard’s instruction.More items…\nHow close to shore Can sharks get?\nThe swimming patterns of dogs can also draw sharks. Don’t think you’re safe just because the water is shallow — shark attacks can occur in less than three feet of water. While shark activity tends to be greater a few hundred yards from shore, stay alert even if you’re in thigh-deep water.\nHow can swimmers stay safe in the ocean?\nTop Things to KnowSwim in designated areas with a lifeguard present.Always swim with a buddy.Avoid areas with moving water, waves or rip currents.Stay within your fitness and swimming capabilities.\nWhat time of day is the ocean calmest?\nUsually calmest in the early morning and picks up late afternoon.\nIs swimming in the sea at night dangerous?\nIt isn’t safe to swim in the ocean at night. Swimming in the ocean at night can pose a greater risk than swimming during daylight hours, especially for inexperienced swimmers. This is due to the loss of vision in the darkness, the lack of people nearby, and the nocturnal behavior of ocean predators.\nDo sharks come closer to shore at night?\nSharks are at the top of the food chain in the ocean and must be respected. … Many species of shark are known to come closer to shore during dusk, dawn, and night time hours. Do not swim or surf during these high risk time frames. Make sure that the beach you are going to swim at is patrolled by lifeguards.\nDo sharks swim in shallow water?\nResearch has found that most swimmers are attacked by sharks in shallow water for a number of reasons. … Most shark attacks occur close to shore or near sandbars or areas with nearby deep drop offs, because that’s where sharks’ prey is often located, according to The Huffington Post.\nShould I swim at high or low tide?\nDo be aware, however, that while it’s generally safer to swim on a slack tide, the acutal times of slack water may vary from the official high or low tide times depending on local geography and weather conditions.\nWhat is the safest time of day to swim in the ocean?\nDaytimeDaytime is the safest time for ocean swimming. Visibility is low in early morning hours and at dusk, and predatory animals in the water tend to move closer to shore at night.\nWhy is the sea dangerous?\nCoastal waters around the world are dangerous for several reasons. Tides, currents, and rip tides pose a risk for drowning. Plants and animals can harm humans through accidental contact, self-defense, or attack.\nWhat should you not do while swimming?\nHere are 9 things you should NOT do in your swimming pool.Don’t leave children unattended. … Don’t run along the outside of the pool. … Don’t allow horseplay. … Don’t use glass. … Don’t drink and swim. … Don’t bring electrical devices near the pool. … Don’t let your pool get gross. … Don’t leave your pool area open and unsecure.More items…\nIs High Tide dangerous?\nDuring high tide, waves generally have more water in between them and the bottom. … This happens at many beaches where there is a steep drop off into deep water. Many call this type of surf shorebreak or shorepound and it can be very dangerous to an unsuspecting beach goer.\nWhat is the most dangerous ocean?\nThe South China Sea and East Indies, eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, North Sea, and British Isles are the most dangerous seas in the world, with the greatest number of shipping accidents in the last 15 years, according to a report released by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Observing the California Current since 1949 to understand and predict the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems\nThe California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) is an oceanographic and marine ecosystem research program off the coast of California that holistically studies the physics, biogeochemistry, and biology of the marine environment to inform the sustainable management of marine resources in the context of climate change.\nTemperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and many more environmental variables from CTD sampling and underway systems\nMarine Ecosystem Data\nMarine mammals, seabirds, fish eggs & larvae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, primary production, bacterioplankton, and eDNA from net tows, CTD sampling, and underway systems\nWelcome, Rachel Pound, CalCOFI’s new Research Associate\nWe are excited to welcome Rachel Pound to the CalCOFI team. Rachel will serve as a sea going technician and data analyst. She will carry\nJob Announcement: Oceanographic Chemist\nWelcome Zack Gold, CalCOFI’s new Molecular Ecologist!\nWe are pleased to welcome Zack Gold to the CalCOFI team. Dr. Gold will serve in a collaborative role as the CalCOFI Molecular Ecologist &\nData science team completes app to explore CalCOFI physical data\nCalCOFI collaborated with the Central Coast Data Science Partnership at UCSB to develop an exploratory app to visualize seawater characteristics off the coast of California\n14 – 29 Aug 2022\nR/V Bold Horizon\nSan Diego to San Diego\nLoading 11 – 13 Aug 2022\nOffloading 30 Aug 2022\n10th Ave Marine Terminal\nCalCOFI conducts four research cruises per year; typically in January, April, July, and October.\nCruises depart from and return to San Diego, CA and occasionally San Francisco, CA. Depending on the season and number of stations targeted, cruises are between 15 to 25 days.\nCheck the Cruises page for dates of upcoming cruises and summaries of completed cruises.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marine Depot Refractometer - Aquariums aquarium stands - marine depot, Free shipping for orders $29+ marine depot offers free economy shipping for most products when you spend $29 or more! your order will be delivered 1-7 business days. Milwaukee ma887 digital salinity refractometer , Milwaukee ma887 digital salinity refractometer with automatic temperature compensation, yellow led, 0 to 50 psu, -2 psu accuracy, 1 psu resolution: science lab. Your canadian online reef aquarium super - reefsupplies.ca, Reefsupplies.ca, your canadian aquarium reef online supplier. unbeatable pricing and service. top reef brands and home of sunbrite canada led's reef lighing!. Bacharach 3015-0641 h10pm/h10g clear probe tip - - amazon., Get fast repairs or replacements from squaretrade, an allstate company; covers: mechanical and electrical failures during normal use, 100% parts and labor. Socalireefs - premier online reefing community, Premierreef is a reef community forum dedicated to the marine saltwater coral reef hobby. at premierreef, reef hobbyist can share their knowledge and experiences in. Fish supplies - deals & coupons | groupon, Fish supplies deals: 50 to 90% off deals on groupon goods. insten 300w adjustable aquarium fish tank water heater 110-120v. air stone bubble disk aerator aquarium. 英汉日科技词汇( english-chinese-japanese dictionary , 本词汇表版权为有限会社msc所有,欢迎使用。 船舶配件贸易分类==> main ship equipments | equipment types | main marine manufacturers. List military electronics united states - wikipedia, This page lists types of american military electronic instruments along with brief descriptions of them. electronic items of this sort are assigned designations. Barry' homepage: industrial equipment manuals, Barry's goods for sale bridgeport-style millhead for sale.\nAquariums and aquarium stands marine depot → Milwaukee ma887 digital salinity refractometer with → Your canadian online reef aquarium super reefsupplies.ca → Bacharach 30150641 h10pmh10g clear probe tip amazon → Socalireefs premier online reefing community → Fish supplies deals & coupons groupon → 英汉日科技词汇(an englishchinesejapanese dictionary of → List of military electronics of the united states wikipedia → Barry's homepage industrial equipment and manuals →", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Virginia Aquarium's Stranding Response Team asks residents who find beached seals to leave them alone.\nSeals have been spotted recently in local waters and on land at Chesapeake Beach, Sandbridge and Croatan, where they take breaks to rest, an aquarium release says. Because some seals may be too tired or sick to get back in the water, the stranding team is asking for sightings to be reported.\nResidents should not feed them or discard bait in the water near seals.\nTo report a sighting, call the team any time at 757-385-7575. The aquarium is offering boat trips on March 12 and 13 that will include areas where seals are known to visit.\n– Cindy Clayton, The Pilot", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UNCW/NOAA scientific permit No. 948-1692-00\nHerman Melville may have made the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) famous with Moby Dick, but there are other good reasons why you may not be familiar with the huge predator’s smaller cousins, the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia breviceps and Kogia sima). Though they inhabit wide ranges and depths of temperate and tropical oceans along continental shelves and slopes, they are rarely sighted.\nScientists didn’t even recognize that the two species were separate until 1966. The pygmy species is a bit larger, and there are differences in morphology and genetics.\nDwarf and pygmy whales have been among the most commonly stranded marine mammals along the coast of Virginia and North Carolina. That gave three scientists from the University of North Carolina Wilmington a look at what the whales eat. Their study appears in the April Marine Mammal Science.\nAfter marine mammals become stranded, their bodies are collected and necropsied, and the contents of their stomachs are saved. Michelle D. Staudinger and her colleagues looked through a stockpile of those stomachs, collected from 22 pygmy and 9 dwarf sperm whales from 1998 to 2011, and tallied up what the whales had been eating before they died.\nMostly the whales had been eating cephalopods, which Staudinger separated into species based on the hard beaks left behind after the soft bodies had been digested. To do that, she compared those beaks to her own reference samples (I guess there’s a collection for everyone) and to samples collected by whalers and fishermen over the last two centuries and now kept in the Smithsonian Institution.\nThe pygmy sperm whales had eaten 35 different species of cephalopod, and the dwarf sperm whales had consumed 13 species. A lone female pygmy sperm whale had a more varied diet, with two fish species — Sloane’s viperfish and Parin’s spinyfish— in her stomach. When she was left out of the analysis, the researchers found large overlap in diet between the two species.\nThey confirmed that overlap with analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the whales’ muscle. Those isotopes reflect the food a creature has been eating, and they were also similar in the two sperm whale species.\n“Overall, our results imply there is minimal niche partitioning between [the two] whales, thus shared food resources are likely not limited in offshore habitats of the mid-Atlantic region,” the researchers write.\nThe whales seem to have plenty of food for now, enough to share. But there is worry that that could change, particularly with climate change pushing some, but not all, species to move and upending established food webs. If that happens, the pygmy sperm whale will have a distinct advantage over its smaller brethren simply because of its larger bulk. Because the animals swallow their prey whole, the size of what a sperm whale can eat is dictated by the size of its esophagus. The pygmy sperm whale’s ability to eat larger prey could give it a leg up in the future, the researchers write.\nFollow me on Twitter: @SarahZielinski", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Journey Bracelet from fahlo, each bracelet tracks a sea turtle!\nEach bracelet comes with a real Sea Turtle to track:\n- Learn your sea turtle's name, size and get their picture\n- Gain knowledge of their amazing stories, and where they came from\n- Follow their incredible journey on an interactive tracking map\n- In Partnership with Sea Turtle Conservancy\nA portion of all proceeds are donated to Sea Turtle Conservancy, who help raise awareness and provide protection for sea turtles around the globe! Your contribution will help the Sea Turtle Conservancy achieve the vision of a world where every Sea Turtle can live free from harm.\nWe offer a flat rate shipping charge of $9 for all orders up to $74.99 , and FREE shipping on orders $75 or more (Excluding Hawaii and Alaska). Please see the description of the product for items we are not able to ship due to their size. Sorry, we do not offer international shipping. Some exclusions apply on certain items.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Proceedings of the global conference on aquaculture 2010. Fao published a technical manual in 2010 based on an ecosystem approach. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010 food and. This facilitators guide on aquaculture complements a number of existing junior farmer field and. Biofloc technology for nursery and growout aquaculture. Release of fao yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics. In the last three decades 1980 2010, world aquaculture production has expanded by almost 12 times, atanaverageannualrate of 8. The fao database on introductions of aquatic species dias includes records of species introduced or transferred from one country to another, and also contains additional taxa, such as molluscs and crustaceans and marine.\nBy 2010, aquaculture production was estimated at 10 000 tonnes. Aquaculture for the poor in cambodia lessons learned. In the annual agricultural area and production survey 2010, the expert system is used. Pdf fao fisheries and aquaculture circular fiaac1140. Aquaculture big numbers food and agriculture organization of the. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Home food and agriculture organization of the united nations. This is further complemented with the cwp handbook of fisheries statistics. Aquaculture production quantity and value by economic class in 2008 22 table 7. The fao fisheries and aquaculture technical papers form one of the main regular and most popular series publications of the fao fisheries and aquaculture department. A manual for rural freshwater aquaculture by the rural fisheries programme department of ichthyology and fisheries science rhodes university for the water research commission and department of agriculture, forestry and fisheries wrc report no. Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. Food and agriculture organization of the united nationsfor a world without hunger.\nGlobal conference on aquaculture 2010 farming the waters for people and food. Brackishwater aquaculture is a sun rise sector in india, which plays a crucial role in socioeconomic expansion and is considered as influential income and employment generator. Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production. Pdf estimating employment in world aquaculture researchgate. Aquaculture production of atlantic salmon worldwide 2010. The food and agriculture organization of the united nations fao and. Global aquaculture production online query allows the download of historical and current aquaculture production data. This statistic shows the total global aquaculture production of atlantic salmon from 2000 to 2010. It is increasingly realized that sustainable development and responsible production of aquaculture, in the long. This world aquaculture 2010 document provides a closer look at the state of. Global sea cucumber fisheries and aquaculture fao s.401 1401 168 440 1127 511 1304 1040 1297 1454 1464 891 515 1506 83 624 356 645 210 1238 200 1019 591 220 1227 1313 122 755 618 113 1088 1300 438 684 416 574 472 343 716 1064 502", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We sat down with Richard Artz, environmental scientist at NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory, to learn more about the new global assessment of air pollutants that fall to the earth in precipitation and in dry form. The assessment is available online in the journal Atmospheric Environment.\nToday, NOAA and its partners released the first federal strategic plan to guide research and monitoring investments that will improve our understanding of ocean acidification, its potential impacts on marine species and ecosystems, and adaptation and mitigation strategies.\nNew NOAA research has revealed unprecedented changes in ocean carbon dioxide in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the last 14 years, influencing the role the oceans play in current and projected global warming and ocean acidification. Natural variability has dominated patterns in ocean CO2 in this region, but observations now show human activity contributes to increasing CO2 levels.\nAs our planet is warming, not only have Earth’s climate zones begun to shift – the pace of change is expected to accelerate, according to a new study led by the NOAA Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado.\nThe largest harmful algae bloom in Lake Erie’s recorded history was likely caused by conditions that are expected to become more common in the future due to climate change.\nRain Garden, a new free iPhone app, guides users on how to create and install rain gardens that curtail runoff of pollutants, prevent erosion, and provide wildlife habitat.\nEarth’s oceans, forests and other ecosystems continue to soak up about half the carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere by human activities, even as those emissions have increased, according to a study by University of Colorado and NOAA scientists published today in the journal Nature.\nVisitors to Lake Huron this summer may have a unique opportunity to glimpse science in action. During July and September, scientists will crisscross Thunder Bay, Saginaw Bay, and the open waters of Lake Huron, collecting samples of sediment, water, mussels, microscopic organisms, and fish.\nOceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) - or \"NOAA Research\" - provides the research foundation for understanding the complex systems that support our planet. Working in partnership with other organizational units of the NOAA, a bureau of the Department of Commerce, NOAA Research enables better forecasts, earlier warnings for natural disasters, and a greater understanding of the Earth. Our role is to provide unbiased science to better manage the environment, nationally, and globally.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "No Thumbnail Available\nNow showing 1 - 1 of 1\nPreprintChemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy( 2005-12-01) Haberstroh, Paul R. ; Brandes, Jay A. ; Gelinas, Yves ; Dickens, Angela F. ; Wirick, Sue ; Cody, George D.The chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon (GBC) fraction of marine organic matter was explored in several marine and freshwater sedimentary environments along the west coast of North America and the Pacific Ocean. Analysis by carbon x-ray absorption near edge structure (C-XANES) spectroscopy and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) show the GBC-fraction of Stillaguamish River surface sediments to be dominated by more highly-ordered and impure forms of graphite, together forming about 80% of the GBC, with a smaller percent of an aliphatic carbon component. Eel River Margin surface sediments had very little highly-ordered graphite, and were instead dominated by amorphous carbon and to a lesser extent, impure graphite. However, the GBC of surface sediments from the Washington State Slope and the Mexico Margin were composed almost solely of amorphous carbon. Pre-anthropogenic, highly-oxidized deep-sea sediments from the open Equatorial Pacific Ocean contained over half their GBC in different forms of graphite as well as highly-aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly-acidic aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly aliphatic carbon, and amorphous forms of carbon. Our results clearly show the impact of graphite and amorphous C phases in the BC fraction in modern riverine sediments and nearby marine shelf deposits. The pre-anthropogenic Equatorial Pacific GBC fraction is remarkable in the existence of highly-ordered graphite.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sexy Fish – Grey Tilefish\nOur Sexy Fish this week is the Grey Tilefish. They live in the deep cold waters along the continental shelf. Because they hide in underwater canyons, they weren’t discovered until 1879. Tilefish are colorful fish with yellow spots, big heads, and big eyes. The ones that live in the deepest water feed on crustaceans, which give tilefish a mild flavor that has been compared to lobster or scallops.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FSU professor of art, Carolyn Henne, has adapted marine scientist Niels Lindquist and commercial fisherman Clammerhead “David” Cessna’s invention of a biodegradable hardscape named Oyster Catcher™, to sculpt an oyster reef. Once in place, natural processes over several years will transform the Oyster Catcher™ sculpture into a vibrant, living oyster reef, providing shelter and foraging habitat for fishes, crabs and shorebirds, and a sustainable source of nutritious food for people.\nHenne dreamed up Sea Stars with its constellations of life-sized synchronized swimmers and a larger-than-life octopus companion. Lindquist believes “Sea Stars speaks to the ‘coastal condition’ epitomized by the entanglement of human and natural communities, sustainable exploitation of nature and change.”\nSea Stars will spring to life late May 2021 in the Newport River near Beaufort, North Carolina (34.74105 N; 76.67202 W) on Sandbar Oyster Company’s (co-founded by Clammerhead and Lindquist) inter-tidal shellfish lease named “The Spa”. Sea Stars will be “framed” with a narrow oyster reef created with Oyster Catcher™ Tables.\nTo make a tax-deductible donation to support the Sea Stars project, send a check to the North Carolina Coastal Federation (3609 N.C. 24, Newport, NC 28570) with “Sea Stars” in the memo line, or scan the QR Code to go to the NCCF sponsored Sea Stars donation webpage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Enter and explore the marine realm of S.E.A. Aquarium Singapore, home to more than 100,000 marine animals of over 1,000 species, across 50 different habitats, each one as fascinating as the next. It's a marine life experience you won’t forget. Get your special discounted S.E.A Aquarium tickets only with KKday!\nExplore the marine realm of S.E.A. Aquarium, home to more than 100,000 marine animals of over 1,000 species, across 45 different habitats\nGo through an underwater tunnel to uncover common myths about sharks, and learn more about their important role in keeping the ocean ecosystem balanced\nImmerse in the enthralling views of the Open Ocean Habitat, one of the world’s largest viewing panel\nLearn how you can safeguard the health of the oceans for future generations\nHop on the Sentosa Express Monorail at the VivoCity Station and alight one stop away at Resorts World Station.\nS.E.A. Aquarium™ Singapore is one of the world's largest aquariums. Located in Sentosa Island, it'll bring you down to the fascinating depths of the deep blue sea. Discover life under the ocean and get an up-close look at over 100,000 sea creatures!\nSEA Aquarium Singapore One Day Pass (E-Ticket)\nOpening hours: 10am – 7pm\n＊Open dated ticket, valid for 2 months\n＊Reservation is not required\n＊Adult ticket : 13 years old and above\n＊Child ticket : 4-12 years old\n(note: free admission for child below 4 years old)\nGood to know\n＊E-ticket allows you to skip the Queue\n＊Ticket is valid for all nationalities\n＊Ticket is valid for Weekend and Public Holidays\nPlease remember to leave behind your email address and we will send you the eTickets via email after you have completed the payment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "France orders government to order end of dolphin-porpoise deaths\nPARIS, France: Amidst the mass deaths of dolphins and porpoises in recent years, France's highest administrative body has ordered the government to better protect endangered whales, dolphins and porpoises, in an industrial fishing hub in the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe move was welcomed by conservationists, who have ben working to prevent some species in the zone from becoming extinct.\nFrance's council of state gave government officials six months \"to close areas of fishing in the Bay of Biscay for appropriate periods, in order to limit the number of deaths of common dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises that are victims of accidental capture during fishing.\"\nIt also required them to compile a reliable estimate of the annual number of accidental catches.\nAccording to government-affiliated scientists, some 10,000 dolphins and porpoises are killed every year in that maritime zone in western France, with one recent year recording 18,000 deaths. The fishing industry is widely blamed for the deaths.\nIt was noted that some species are now in a state of \"unfavorable conservation,\" with the common dolphin and harbor porpoise in \"serious danger of extinction\" in the region.\n\"Of course, this move is a ray of hope for us, but it is bittersweet. So many dolphins are already dead, we see dead creatures washed up every day. I hope it is not too late. We have come so far. Even a few years ago in France, no one knew about these horrors,\" said Lamya Essemlali of Sea Shepherd France, as quoted by the Associated Press.\nHowever, conservation groups stressed that dolphins in the fishing zone are already behaving in ways scientifically consistent with a dying population.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SwissSed - past, present and future trends in Swiss sedimentology\nDistribution of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the transitional environment of the Djerba lagoon (Tunisia)\nSwiss Journal of Geosciences volume 111, pages 589–606 (2018)\nThe eastern edge of the Djerba Island represents an important tourist pole. However, studies describing the environmental processes affecting this Island are scarce. Although never studied before, the peculiar Djerba lagoon is well known by the local population and by tourists. In July 2014, surface sediment and seawater samples were collected in this lagoon to measure grain size, organic matter content and living foraminiferal assemblages to describe environmental conditions. Seawater samples were also collected and the concentration of 17 chemical elements were measured by ICP-OES. The results show that a salinity gradient along the studied transect clearly impacts seagrass distribution, creating different environmental conditions inside the Djerba lagoon. Biotic and abiotic parameters reflect a transitional environment from hypersaline to normal marine conditions. Living benthic foraminifera show an adaptation to changing conditions within the different parts of the lagoon. In particular, the presence of Ammonia spp. and Haynesina depressula correlates with hypersaline waters, whilst Brizalina striatula characterizes the parts of the lagoon colonized by seagrass. Epifaunal species, such as Rosalina vilardeboana and Amphistegina spp. colonize hard substrata present at the transition between the lagoon and the open sea.\nCoastal lagoons are present in all continents and are water bodies, generally parallel to the coast line, and separated from the ocean by barriers and by one to more inlets. Water salinity can vary from very low (fresh water) to high (hypersaline conditions), depending on the hydrological balance (Kjerfve 1994).\nA large number of lagoons are present in the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest and thoroughly studied mainly because of the intense anthropogenic impacts (e.g., tourism) is the Venice lagoon in Italy (e.g. Sfriso et al. 1987, 1992; Livingstone et al. 1995; Bellucci et al. 2002). Additional lagoons along the Italian coast have also been investigated (Bouchet et al. 2018). Other lagoons like Berre and Thau (France) (e.g. Arfi 1989; Point et al. 2007; Chambouvet et al. 2011; Delpy et al. 2012); Mar Menor (Spain) (e.g. García-Pintado et al. 2007); Paradeniz (Turkey) (e.g. Türkmen et al. 2011); and Marina (Egypt) (e.g. El-Gamal et al. 2012) have been studied as a consequence of anthropogenic practices (e.g., tourism, agriculture, sewage) leading to pollution concerns. Along the Tunisian coast, the Bizerte, Ghar El Melh (e.g. Chouba et al. 2007) and El Bibane lagoons (Vela et al. 2008) are known to be impacted by heavy metals, organic pollutants. The most studied is the Bizerte lagoon, located in the northern part of Tunisia (e.g. Mzoughi et al. 2005; Dridi et al. 2007; Louiz et al. 2008; Ben-Ameur et al. 2012; Martin et al. 2015, 2016). The high population density and the industrial activities around this large (over 150 km2) lagoon represent an environmental threat. The lagoon of Bizerte is therefore of major interest to assess its environmental quality (Martins et al. 2015 and references therein). Although a large part of the Tunisian costal environments have been studied, some important areas were neglected or poorly investigated. For example, the Eastern edge of the Djerba Island is one of the least explored regions in Tunisia, where only grain size distribution related to the dynamic of coastal currents has been studied (Brahim et al. 2014).\nLocated in front of the south-eastern coast of Tunisia, the Djerba Island is the largest island (Fig. 1) and is surrounded by the Gulf of Gabes to the North and by the Boughrara lagoon to the South-east. Approximatively 2 km long and 200 m wide, the Djerba lagoon can be considered as small in comparison to the other Tunisian lagoons. Its northern and western parts are the shallowest whereas the southern part is the deepest. A natural channel connects the lagoon to the sea. Based on the classification of Kjerfve (1986), the Djerba lagoon is a choked lagoon as it connects to the Sea by a single channel. Tidal currents acting along the eastern coast of Djerba modulate the hydrology of the lagoon (Brahim et al. 2014) because tides in this region are some of the highest in the Mediterranean Sea (Sammari et al. 2006). The water depth inside the lagoon varies depending on the tide amplitude although it never exceeds 2 m, following the semidiurnal tide, and the water flows out of the lagoon twice a day.\nMost coastal areas in the world are impacted by some level of pollution (Shahidul and Tanaka, 2004) and coastal lagoons are especially vulnerable to anthropogenic activities because they represent ideal environments for different economical activities such as fishing, aquaculture, tourism and agriculture which affect their ecology (Gamito 2008 and references therein). The geographical position of the Djerba lagoon makes it particularly exposed to anthropogenic-related pollution since tourism is very intense especially during summer.\nThe arid climate in southern Tunisia, has also a strong impact on the environmental setting of the Djerba lagoon. High temperature, low precipitation, changing circulation patterns and the heterogeneity of the sediments in the lagoon may impact and influence environmental conditions of the ecosystems within a few meters.\nBenthic foraminifera have been used since the 1960s to describe marine environments (e.g., Schönfeld et al. 2012). Their high density in marine sediments, high species variability, short life cycle and the good preservation of tests in marine sediments make these organisms an ideal tool to describe and monitor marine environments (Gooday 2003; Jorissen et al. 2007; Schönfeld et al. 2012). Coupling investigations on living benthic foraminiferal assemblages with environmental parameters (e.g., physiochemical parameters, grain size, and sedimentary facies) may allow to better understand the environmental and ecological conditions in the Djerba lagoon. Availability of organic matter (OM) in sediments, representing as a food source, can influence the benthic species distribution, including foraminifera (e.g., Martins et al. 2015).\nEutrophication of marine environments can be the result of anthropogenic activity, which is induced by an increasing supply of OM into the ecosystems (Nixon 1995). The eutrophic state of marine environments can be described using OM (and its compounds) as a proxy because it reflects a higher primary productivity due to the increase of nutrient input (Dell’Anno et al. 2002, Martin et al. 2015, 2016).\nHeavy metals, although minor elements in seawater, are also good pollution and/or anthropogenic indicators (Callender 2003).\nThe aim of this study is to describe for the first time the Djerba lagoon by investigating hydrodynamic patterns, seagrass meadow distribution and water physiochemical parameters. This approach will allow to describe the environmental conditions that characterize the different parts of the lagoon and to correlate them with living benthic foraminiferal distributions. This study also provides a preliminary assessment of the anthropogenic impact on this lagoon.\nMaterial and methods\nSampling and station description\nTen stations have been sampled (LA-01 to LA-10) in the Djerba lagoon on July 2014. Stations are located along a transect from the internal to the external part of the lagoon (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Most of the stations are located inside the lagoon, only station LA-10 is located outside the lagoon on the rocky substrate on the eastern side of the lagoon.\nFor each station, surface grab sediment (the first centimeter) and seawater samples were collected. Two sub-samples were collected: (1) approximatively 15 cm3 of sediment per station were collected in falcon tubes for geochemical analyses (Rock–Eval, stable carbon isotope ratio of OM, C, H, N elemental analysis) and were stored at 4 °C; (2) around 50 cm3 of surface sediment samples were collected for living (stained) foraminiferal assemblage analysis following Schönfeld et al. (2012) protocols. Sediments were placed in a rose Bengal solution (2 g/L in alcohol at 90%) for at least 14 days to stain living foraminifera. At station LA-10 two different sediment samples were taken: (i) sediment layout on the bottom of cavities (LA-10a) (ii) sediment trapped in the algal carpet (LA-10b). Both samples (LA-10a and LA-10b) were also analyzed for living foraminifera, only the sediment trapped in the algae carpet were used for geochemistry.\nAt each station, 120 mL of surface seawater samples were collected in high density polyethylene Nalgene® bottles. Seawater samples were acidified (pH 1) by adding 5 mL of concentrated nitric acid to avoid precipitation of coordination complexes and were stored at 4 °C.\nSediment and seawater analysis\nSurface sediment samples for geochemical analysis were dried in a ventilated oven at 35 °C until reaching a constant weight. Rock–Eval analyses were performed on approximatively 100 mg of bulk surface sediment previously crushed in an agate mortar. Rock–Eval analyses were performed following Rock–Eval6 technology to obtain total organic carbon (TOC) content (wt%), hydrogen index (HI), oxygen index (OI), S1 S2 and S3 peaks, maximal temperature (Tmax) and mineral carbon (MINC) content on approximately 100 mg bulk sediment. HI correspond to the free hydrocarbons present in the sample (mg HC/g TOC, measured on S1 peak) and OI to the amount of hydrocarbons containing oxygen that are produced during the thermal cracking of kerogen (mg CO2/g TOC, measured on S2 and S3 peaks). Tmax is measured at the maximum of S2 peak. High temperatures (up to 850 °C) allow MINC determination through mineral carbon oxidation (Espitalié et al. 1985; Lafargue et al. 1998).\nTotal carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (C, H, N) contents (in wt%) were measured in the surface sediment samples using a Thermo Finnigan Flash EA 1112 gas chromatography analyser. Rock-Eval and C, H, N analyses were performed at the laboratory of Sediment Geochemistry at the University of Lausanne on approximately 100 mg bulk sediment.\nCarbonate minerals in surface sediment were dissolved using a 10% HCl solution at 50 °C. This process was repeated twice and the sediment was rinsed with milli-Q water. Stable carbon isotope ratio of OM (δ13COM) from surface sediment samples were measured at the Stable Isotopes Laboratory of the University of Lausanne by flash combustion on a Carlo Erba 1108 elemental analyser connected to a Thermo Fisher Scientific Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometry that was operated in a continuous helium flow mode via a Conflo III split interface.\nMajor elements (Na, Mg, S, K, Ca and Sr) and trace elements (Li, Al, Si, P, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, and Cd) were measured in seawater samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at ATI Aquaristik lab at Hamm in Germany. Measurements were performed with a Spectro Arcos 2 ICP-OES analyser with four points of calibration for major elements and eight points of calibration for trace elements. For each sample and each chemical element, four measurements were performed and corresponding average values were calculated. Every five measurements, a control sample was measured to check the stability of the plasma torch and to avoid any shift during the set of measurements.\nConcentration factors (CF) were calculated from the ICP-OES data set. The concentration of each element and of each sample was divided by the concentration of a reference seawater sample, considered as representing normal seawater conditions. Station LA-10 was chosen as the reference site to represent values of seawater because it is located outside the lagoon.\nGrain size analysis was performed on the stained (rose Bengal) surface sediments. The samples were wet sieved through four mesh sieves: 500, 250, 125 and 63 µm. Each fraction (< 63, 63–125; 125–250; 250–500 and > 500 µm) was dried in a ventilated oven at 35 °C and weighed to calculate the proportion (wt%).\nFollowing the FOBIMO protocols (Schönfeld et al. 2012), stained foraminifera were picked from plummer cells for each size fraction. Taxonomy was done to species level following the work of Cimerman and Langer (1991), Hottinger and Halicz (1993), Loeblich and Tappan (1994), Milker and Schmiedl (2012). Quantitative data were treated with the software Primer 6 (Clarke and Gorley 2006). The number of living foraminifera (for each species) per samples was standardize for an equivalent volume of sediment of 100 cm3, then the data set was double square root transformed to limit the contribution of most abundant species (Field et al. 1982). The Bray–Curtis (dis-)similarity was calculated and used to obtain the non-metric MultiDimensional Scaling-nMDS plots. The contribution of each species to the total average similarity and dissimilarity between different groups and within single groups where determined by using the similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). The density of living foraminifera was calculated for every station by dividing the number of living specimens by the total volume of sediment. To compare the diversity pattern of living (stained) benthic foraminifera, in addition to the number of species per stations, the Shannon-Index (H′) and Fisher’s α Index were calculated with the software Primer 6 (Clarke and Gorley 2006).\nSedimentary and environmental facies\nBased on the visual sample description and in situ observation of the sampling sites, five facies were distinguished (Fig. 2):\nFacies A groups stations LA-01 and LA-02, it correspond to the inner part of the lagoon. The main characteristic of this facies is the abundance of living Cerithium vulgatum (gastropod).The numerous furrows on the sediments’ surface confirm this observation. The water depth was very shallow in comparison to the other areas of the lagoon (< 10 cm).\nFacies B groups stations LA-03 and LA-04. This facies is characterized by the presence of numerous burrows. Unfortunately, the organisms responsible for these burrows were not observed and thus, could not be identified.\nFacies C groups station LA-05 and LA-08. This facies does not show any peculiar characteristics, sediments are close to pure sand. However, station LA-05 is located on a country road crossing the lagoon.\nFacies D groups stations LA-06, LA-07 and LA-09. This facies is characterized by the seagrass Posidonia oceanica.\nFacies E is represented by station LA-10. The bottom is a consolidated sandstone and is probably beachrock. However, numerous cavities present are filled by soft sediments of two types: (i) sediment layout at the bottom of the cavity (i.e. LA-10a). (ii) sediment trapped by a carpet of algae on the wall of these cavities (i.e. LA-10b).\nSediment grain sizes are fairly evenly distributed across all stations. However, sample LA-10a which is relatively coarser (Fig. 3) with the fractions > 500 and 250–500 µm reaching 71 and 19 wt%, respectively. In addition, samples LA-07 and LA-09 are dominated by the fraction 125–250 µm ranging between 31 and 40 wt%, respectively. The finest fraction (< 63 µm) is the least represented and does not exceed 20 wt% except in sample LA-01 with values reaching 27 wt%.\nThe results of the geochemical analyses are presented in Table 2. TOC values are generally very low for all samples. The maximum TOC content is observed in sample DJB-10 with 0.9 wt%, however, in general, TOC fluctuates from 0.07(LA-04) to 0.5% (LA-01). MINC values are relatively low in the inner part of the lagoon and increase towards the outer part. Minimum and maximum MINC values are reached respectively at station LA-04 and LA-09 with 3.62 and 9.04 wt%. The HI values do not fluctuate significantly among samples varying from 213 (LA-07) to 373 mg HC/g TOC (LA-01), whereas, OI oscillates from 298 (LA-10) to 823 mg CO2/g TOC (LA-06). These data was used in this study to determine the provenance of the sedimentary OM (Fig. 4): (i) HI vs OI plot is widely used to represent the origin of the sedimentary OM, however the plots are out of the different delimited areas for the kerogen type. (ii) HI vs Tmax plot indicates a kerogen type IIb (Delvaux et al. 1990). (iii) S2 vs TOC plot confirms the type II kerogen (Langford and Blanc-Valleron 1990).\nTotal nitrogen (TN) contents are low and do not exceed 0.088 wt% (LA-10) with some samples being below the detection limit (LA-03, LA-04 and LA-06). Total carbon contents have similar trends as the MINC, with a maximum of 9.074 wt% for sample LA-10 and a minimum of 3.583 wt% for sample LA-04. Total hydrogen content is relatively high in sample LA-01 with 1 wt% but low for all other samples, fluctuating from 0.066% (LA-04) to 0.288% (LA-10). Stable carbon isotopic composition of OM is similar for all samples, ranging between – 16.7‰ (LA-04) to – 14.6‰ (LA-09).\nConcentration and CF of major and minor elements in seawater are shown in Tables 3 and 4. In general the lowest concentrations of major elements are found at station LA-10. Sodium and magnesium have respectively concentrations of 11,869 and 1399 mg/L. Sulfur has also a relatively low concentration with 945 mg/L followed by Ca and K with respectively 462 and 442 mg/L. Strontium has the lowest concentration at station LA-10 with only 8.4 mg/L. An almost two-fold increase in major element concentrations was observed from the external (LA-10) to the internal parts of the lagoon (LA-01). However, the concentration of major elements in seawater is relatively similar in stations LA-06 and LA-10 and their CF is equal to 1. For samples between LA-01 to LA-05, the CF did not exceeded 1.8 for all major elements.\nConcentration factors of most minor elements in the seawater are different than those of major elements. Generally, the CF of minor elements increased from station LA-10 to LA-01, with the exception of Cd (CF = 1), As (CF slightly decreasing from stations LA-10 and LA-01) and Cr (CF < 1.4, except for station LA-05). Concentration factors of Li have similar trends as major elements. Silicon reaches its highest concentration factor at station LA-01, with a value of 23.6. Concentration factors of P, Al, Fe and Mn fluctuate from station LA-10 to LA-01, they reach maximum factors at station LA-05 and LA-01, respectively.\nLiving foraminifera and multivariate analyses\nLiving foraminiferal diversity is relatively high in the lagoon. Ninety-six living species have been identified (Online Resource 1). Fourteen species (> 7% of relative abundance on at least one station) represent at least 60% of all living specimens (LA-10a). The distribution of the 14 most dominant species changes significantly along the transect (Figs. 3, 5). The inner part of the lagoon is dominated by Haynesina depressula and Ammonia spp., although the species Ammonia tepida is only present at stations LA-01 and LA-02. Brizalina striatula, Glabratella altispira, Mychostomina revertens become progressively more abundant from station LA-05 to station LA-10, although in variable amounts. The abundance of Rosalina vilardeboana increases significantly from station LA-05 to LA-06 and is especially abundant at station LA-10b. Abditodentrix rhomboidalis and Amphistegina lessonii are present, but only dominant in station LA-10. Specimen density and number of species per station have similar trends along the transect (Figs. 3, 5). They are relatively low in the inner part of the lagoon, especially at station LA-01 (1.3 specimen/cm3 of sediment and only 4 living species). The density of living foraminifera shows an increasing trend from station LA-01 to LA-10. Some fluctuation in abundances are observed at station LA-02 and LA-09, station LA-10b has a very high living specimen density, with 99 specimens/cm3 of sediment. The number of species shows a continuous increase trend from station LA-01 to LA-10, except samples LA-09 and LA-10a, which show a slight decrease in comparison to station LA-08. Sample LA-10b shows the highest species number with 48 species. Species richness varies from 4 to 48. The Shannon Index (H′) reaches lowest value on station LA-02 with 0.69 and has the highest score of 2.42 on station LA-10 (Fig. 3). The Fisher α Index displays values between 0.58 and 11.86. Both diversity Indexes show similar trends with the number of species per stations (Online Resource 1) and increase from station LA-02 to LA-10 with a marked decrease on station LA-09.\nBased on the Bray–Curtis Similarity and n-MDS plots, two clusters are identified in the dendrogram. Cluster 1 groups samples LA-01 to LA-07 with Ammonia parkinsoniana (57.51%), Haynesina depressula (19.45%) and Elphidium incertum (7.31%) as dominant species and is interpreted as representing the internal part of the lagoon. Cluster 2 groups samples LA-08, LA-09, LA-10b and LA-10b representing the external parts of the lagoon with Brizalina striatula (21.09%), Rosalina vilardeboana (18.37%), and Rosalina bradyi (7.12%) as the dominant species.\nImpact of water parameters on the marine flora and macrofauna\nWater parameters are important factors controlling the distribution of the flora and fauna in the marine environment (Ruivo 1973). In coastal regions, the water parameter that has a major impact on the distribution and density of flora and fauna is salinity (e.g. Bulger et al. 1993; Montague and Ley 1993; Lamptey and Armah 2008). Unfortunately, during the sampling campaign, we were not equipped to record salinity measurements (e.g., with electrical conductivity meter, refractometer for seawater, seawater density meter). Therefore, in the present study, major elements are used to estimate salinity in the Djerba lagoon. A clear increase in the concentration of major chemical elements from the open sea towards the internal part of the lagoon was observed (Fig. 3). Based on CF the lagoon can be divided into two parts: (i) an external part close to the open sea characterized by normal saline seawater with CF ≤ 1. (LA-06, LA-07, LA-08, LA-09 and LA-10). (ii) An internal part that can be considered as hypersaline with a salinity that can be estimated to be around 1.5 times higher than normal seawater conditions (LA-01, LA-02, LA-03, LA-04 and LA-05). However, the seawater sampling was performed during the rising tide and it has to be taken in account that the current probably influences the internal part of the lagoon close to the channel. Stations LA-06 and LA-07 can be regarded as transitional stations where the salinity (i.e. CF) can significantly fluctuate depending to the tide level.\nThe concentrations of major elements in the internal part of the lagoon are directly linked to the arid climate. This is especially true in the summer, when increased evaporation may increase salinity to hypersaline values (Kjerfve et al. 1996). Reduced seawater exchange between the internal part of the lagoon and the open sea may also be responsible for the hypersaline conditions as this is characteristic of choked lagoons with longer flushing times (Kjerfve 1994). The entrance of the lagoon may act as a dynamic filter significantly reducing the strength of tidal current and thus, seawater flow exchange toward the inside of the lagoon (Kjerfve 1994). In addition, the arched morphology of the channel may contribute to decrease the strength of the tidal current. This difference in the tidal current strength is expressed by the presence of moving sand banks (Fig. 2) between the lagoon entrance and the sharp bend of the lagoon.\nA relationship exists between the CF and the P. oceanica seagrass meadow distribution inside the lagoon of Djerba. Posidonia oceanica is present only in areas where the CF does not exceed 1, although P. oceanica is absent in two stations (LA-08 and LA-10). In the case of station LA-10 the rocky sea floor may prevent the roots of P. oceanica from colonizing the substrate, and in case of LA-08 (> 10 cm of the water depth) the very shallow water conditions may prevent the development and vertical growth of P. oceanica leaves.\nSeveral studies demonstrated the sensitivity of P. oceanica to hypersaline conditions (Fernández-Torquemada and Sánchez-Lizaso 2005; Gacia et al. 2007; Sanchez-Lizaso et al. 2008). Brine discharges from desalination plants may increase the salinity of seawater and have a negative impact on P. oceanica meadows (e.g., Platja de Mitjorn on the Island of Formentera; Alicante in Spain) (Fernández-Torquemada et al. 2005; Gacia et al. 2007). Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that when seawater salinity exceeds 39.1 psu, marine vegetation mortality increases, while at 45 psu, 50% of the marine vegetation died within 15 days. However, P. oceanica is able to recover to normal growth when exposed to short hypersaline episodes (Fernández-Torquemada and Sánchez-Lizaso 2005).\nGoogle Earth is an efficient tool to observe landscape evolution through time. Satellite images of Djerba lagoon, dating back to July 10th 2003, are available on Google Earth (https://www.google.com/earth/) where the distribution of Posidonia oceanica is clearly visible on satellite images. The comparison of images from 2003 with the present distribution of P. oceanica suggests no spatial/temporal variation and no seasonal effects. This observation indicates that the salinity of the Djerba Lagoon has not changed since 2003.\nIf the hypersaline environment is not favorable for P. oceanica, it may possibly provide a suitable ecological niche for other marine macro-organisms, such as C. vulgatum. This marine gastropod is very common along the Mediterranean Sea coast in shallow water marine ecosystems. The diet of this gastropod consists of diatoms and epibenthic microalgae (Nicolaidou and Nott 1999). Hypersaline conditions can be considered as an important stressor on marine organisms leading to a decrease in biodiversity, coupled with a reduced competition among marine organisms. Well-adapted and/or stress-tolerant organisms to natural fluctuations in environmental conditions can thus proliferate and dominate specific ecological niches, as C. vulgatum does in the innermost parts of the lagoon.\nOrganic matter: origin and trophic state\nOrganic matter is an essential food resource in marine environments and can also impact faunal and/or microfaunal distribution (e.g., Whitlatch 1981; Mojtahid et al. 2009). The amount and the origin of this food resource allows for better understanding of ecological processes in marine environments (e.g., Whitlatch 1981; Lopez and Levinton 1987) in addition to providing information on trophic resources.\nRock–Eval pyrolysis can be successfully used in environmental studies to determine the type of kerogen which indicates the origin of the OM. Type I kerogen is indicative of lacustrine environments, Type II kerogen of marine environments and type III of terrestrial environments (Espitalié et al. 1985). However, some study differentiate the Type IIa kerogen (marine) and Type IIb (mixed marine/terrestrial) (e.g., Delvaux et al. 1990). Some limitations on Rock–Eval pyrolysis exist due to the low TOC content and where HI and OI should be interpreted with caution. Below 0.3% of TOC, a very limited amount of hydrocarbons can be produced which may induce low S1 and S2 peaks and form a wide gentle hump (Nunez-Betelu and Baceta 1994). In addition, values lower than 0.2 mg HC/g sediment (S2 peak) may influence on Tmax because the S2 peak becomes broad and low and hen the top of the peak cannot be accurately defined (Nunez-Betelu and Baceta 1994). The classical HI versus OI graph prevents a precise determination of the kerogen type (Fig. 4) because of the high OI values. Adsorption of CO2 is possibly induced by low TOC content in the sediments (Table 2) (Nunez-Betelu and Baceta 1994). In addition high carbonate mineral content increases the OI during the heating process of Rock–Eval analysis (Katz 1983) and may therefore represent serious limitations in the interpretation of the OM content.\nThe graphs S2 vs TOC and HI vs Tmax (Fig. 4) indicate that the OM composition is relatively homogenous along the lagoon of Djerba, and is mainly composed by type II kerogen. This kerogen type reflects a mix marine and terrestrial OM origin (Langford and Blanc-Valleron 1990; Delvaux et al. 1990). The type II kerogen is mostly composed by amorphous kerogen (e.g. planktonic material) and exinite (e.g. pollen, cuticle of leave and herbaceous plants). This mixed provenance of OM can be easily explained: in a coastal environment, planktonic material can be carried inside the lagoon by tidal currents, while the terrestrial OM origin is due to the presence of vegetation such as date palm trees on the western shore of the lagoon of Djerba. Organic matter can also come from the seagrass P. oceanica. This seagrass species presents similarities with land plants as it possesses cuticles and contains a high amount of cellulose (Nunez-Betelu and Baceta 1994; Khiari et al. 2010). Stable carbon isotope composition signal of OM from surface sediment correlates well with land plants and with P. oceanica. Enriched δ13COM values (> – 18.5‰) is typical for C4 land plants (Smith and Epstein 1971; Hedges et al., 1997). The δ13COM of P. oceanica ranges from – 19.7 to – 10.8‰ (Cooper and DeNiro 1989; Vizzini et al. 2002; Lepoint et al. 2003; Vizzini et al. 2003), which corresponds to δ13COM values measured inside the lagoon of Djerba (Table 2).\nThe relatively high TOC content at station LA-10 (Table 2) can be explained by the algae carpet which traps the sediment, however, we cannot exclude a contribution of OM from the beachrock itself. Strasser et al. (1989) noticed organic compounds (e.g. algae, roots residue) in the beachrock from Bahiret el Biban (southeastern Tunisia). In addition, Vousdoukas et al. (2007) noticed OM associated with microbial structures in the beachrock. Environmental conditions in station LA-01 are extreme (high salinity coupled with high water temperature) and the TN content is relatively high in comparison to the other stations (Table 2). As a nutrient, nitrogen and phosphorus can influence the productivity of microalgae and increase the TOC content in the sediments, hence creating eutrophic conditions (Nixon 1995; Taylor et al. 1995). Following Smith (2003), the concentration in total phosphorus on station LA-01 (Table 4) is indicative of a very high nutrient pollution level (> 31 µg/L of total phosphorus) for a coastal marine ecosystem and thus contribute probably to form eutrophic conditions at this station. High nutrient pollution level together with high sedimentary OM content indicate a high primary productivity which is the definition of eutrophication (Nixon 1995). High primary productivity may explain the high density of C. vulgatum as it provides an ideal food source for this gastropod. In contrast, low TOC content in the rest of the lagoon (LA-03 to LA-09) (Table 2) may possibly be related to the coarse sediment present in the lagoon. Coarse sediment may allow better oxygen diffusion into the sediments, promoting mineralization of OM and leading to the decrease of TOC content (Tyson 1995). Despite these low values (except for stations LA-01 and LA-10), the TOC content shows a consistent gradient in the Djerba lagoon probably due to the constant OM flux from tidal currents. However, we also suggest a possible ecological link between OM content and P. oceanica meadow distribution. During its life cycle, P. oceanica, regenerates its leafs (Ott 1980) and leaf litter represents a significant OM source laying on the surface sediment (Romero et al. 1992; Lepoint et al. 2006).\nBenthic foraminifera as bioindicators\nForaminifera are good bioindicators that can provide valuable information about environmental conditions (e.g. Alve 1991; Kaiho 1994; Hallock et al. 2003; Mateu-Vicens et al. 2010; Dimiza et al. 2016). Changes in foraminiferal assemblages can be related to changes of environmental physiochemical parameters (e.g., pH, dissolved oxygen), OM, or substrate type. Living benthic foraminiferal assemblages change significantly within the Djerba lagoon (Fig. 3) based on variations in physiochemical parameters, tidal currents and seagrass distribution. Previous studies demonstrated that some foraminiferal species are sensitive to variations in grain size (e.g., Murray 2006). However in the case of the study area, grain size is fairly homogeneous within the entire lagoon and its possible influence on foraminiferal assemblages can be excluded.\nLiving benthic foraminiferal assemblages suggest a division of the lagoon into two parts (Fig. 6) separated by the channel, acting as a natural barrier between the internal and the external parts of the lagoon. The channel represents a dynamic environment due to the action of tidal currents that have shaped its present morphology. The channel also acts as a preferential flowing path for the tidal flow, thus reducing tidal energy towards the internal lagoon preventing the transport of foraminifera between internal and external parts of the lagoon.\nAmmonia parkinsoniana is one of the most abundant species along a large part of the lagoon and is especially dominant in the internal part. Ammonia parkinsoniana can be considered as stress tolerant because it is a dominant species in the NorthwesternGulf of Mexico under highly variable environmental condition (Gupta et al. 1996 and references therein). In addition, in Puerto Rican bays and lagoons, this species is abundant in fine-grained, polluted and organic-rich sediments (Gupta et al. 1996 and references therein). Ammonia parkinsoniana is also abundant in the Bizerte lagoon and this species is common in transitional environments under seawater influence (Martins et al. 2016) such as Djerba lagoon.\nThe hypersaline environment directly impacts benthic foraminiferal density in the internal part of the lagoon where species numbers is lower than in its external part. The dominance of Ammonia tepida reflects the extreme hypersaline conditions and high water temperature in the internal edge of the lagoon. In particular, A. tepida was observed in shallow marine environments and lagoons (Frontalini et al. 2009) and is tolerant to thermal pollution. Ammonia spp. is also known to be very tolerant to hypersaline environments (Walton and Sloan 1990; Murray 2006). Another dominant species in the hypersaline internal part of the lagoon is H. depressula. This species is known to colonize sandy substrate in inner shelf environments and is tolerant to brackish water intolerant to salinity higher than 50 psu (Murray 2006). However, this species was identified in several locations along the Gulf of Saros (Turkey) in environments where salinity reached over 50 psu (Bassler-Veit et al. 2013). Based on the concentration factor and the normal seawater salinity in the southern coast of Tunisia (~ 37 psu) (Béranger et al. 2004), the present study suggests that salinity can exceed 55 psu in the part of the lagoon where H. depressula is dominant and confirms the ecological tolerance of this species to high salinity.\nElphidium incertum is relatively abundant in the internal part of the lagoon (Online Resource 1). It is described as uncommon in bays, marshes and in lagoon barriers (Phleger 1965). In the northern Gulf of Mexico, E. incertum is typical for brackish inlet-influenced outer lagoon environments (Otvos 1985). This species is less abundant than Ammonia spp. in the internal part of Djerba lagoon and its presence is probably not directly related to the salinity conditions like H. depressula. Elphidium incertum was also observed in the inner part of Flensburg Fjord (SW Baltic Sea), where high organic matter content in the muddy sediment provides ideal living conditions (Polovodova et al. 2009). Murray (2006), indicates that E. incertum prefers shallow infaunal habitats in sandy substrates, with high oxygen positively impacting on its reproduction. In the Djerba lagoon, the abundances of E. incertum correlate with burrows and seagrass in the internal lagoon. Burrows from macrofaunal activity increase oxygenation in the first centimeters of sediment, and P. oceanica, as a marine plant, supplies oxygen through photosynthesis, providing ideal conditions for E. incertum to develop.\nA strong correlation exists between the presence of B. striatula and the distribution of the seagrass P. oceanica. The genus Brizalina has an infaunal mode of life and has specific resistance to oxygen depletion in the environment (Murray 2006). Generally, taxa, which are tolerant to low oxygen conditions are typical of muddy substrates that can accumulate high amounts of organic matter (Van der Zwaan et al. 1999). In the Djerba lagoon, the presence of B. striatula and its preference for oxygen-depleted environments does not match with the observed low OM content and the coarse sediments. However, low oxygen tolerant species and low oxygen conditions can be associated to seagrass decaying in sediments (Mateu-Vicens et al. 2014). In addition, the trophic preference of brizalinids for organic detritus (Murray 2006) suggests that remains of P. oceanica could be a potential food resource.\nThe abundance of the epifaunal Rosalina vilardeboana and Amphistegina lessonii at station LA-10 can be explained by the hard substratum (Murray 2006). The beachrock located in the eastern part of the lagoon is an ideal environment for their development. The genus Amphistegina is widely used to assess water quality because of its fast response to environmental changes (e.g. water temperature) (e.g. Emrich et al. 2017; de Freitas Prazeres et al. 2012; Hallock et al. 2003). The abundance of Amphistegina spp. and its sensitivity to water quality deviating from normal conditions (e.g., Hallock et al. 2003) confirms the normal marine conditions at the external part of the lagoon. Water quality influencing the development of R. vilardeboana are poorly described in the literature. However this species was described as opportunistic in a benthic foraminiferal culturing system (Hintz et al. 2004). Erginal et al. (2013) describe this species as an indicator of shallow water. However, the present study confirms that R. vilardeboana shows affinity for substrates with more abundant organic carbon and is influenced by the distribution of Posidonia oceanica (Buosi et al. 2012).\nThe changes in the living foraminiferal assemblages within the lagoon is the consequence of an important environmental zonation due to changes in salinity, water depth, presence/absence of seagrass and type of substrate along a 2 km area. Biotic and abiotic changes reflect the transition from hypersaline conditions from the internal part of the lagoon to normal marine conditions in its external part.\nIs there an anthropogenic impact on the lagoon?\nThe Gulf of Gabes is well known to be severely polluted by one of the main industrial phosphate treatment complex in Tunisia. Many studies have demonstrated a negative impact of this pollution on marine flora such as P. oceanica (e.g. El Zrelli et al. 2017), or on macrofauna like the coral Cladocora caespitosa (El Kateb et al. 2016). The geographic position of the Djerba lagoon, within the center of the touristic area of the Djerba Island, makes it particularly vulnerable to the pollution by tourist activities. Despite of human activities around the Djerba lagoon (e.g., tourism), only few signs of eutrophic conditions were noticed. High nutrient contents on station LA-01 were not clearly defined as anthropogenic origin. Urban sewage close to station LA-01 could be one explanation for high phosphorus content (Gilabert 2001). However, remineralization of OM under warm temperatures carried at the station LA-01 could release phosphorus from the sediment (Nixon 1982) and induce eutrophic conditions. High heavy metal content in marine or terrestrial environments is generally interpreted as a sign of contamination by anthropogenic activities. In the case of the Djerba lagoon, the concentration of metal elements in the seawater is relatively low (Table 4). Concentration factors of minor elements are significantly different depending on the element. Processes can control trace metal concentrations in seawater, such as active biological processes, which can remove trace metals from seawater (Bruland and Lohan 2006). Redox cycling of metals can also influence trace metal concentrations in seawater (Morel and Price 2003). The cause of high CF for silicon (Table 4) on the station LA-01 is not clearly defined. However, the eutrophic state of this station is suspected as a possible factor for quartz solubility. In agreement with the biogeochemical cycle of Si (Basile-Doelsch et al. 2005) siliceous sources in seawater are provide by silicate minerals of endogenous rocks. Quartz is one of the main substrate minerals in the Djerba lagoon. Several studies (Bennett and Siegel 1987; Bennett et al. 1988; Bennett 1991) show the influence of organic acid/compounds on the quartz solubility and quartz dissolution kinetics. Organic matter decay caused by eutrophic conditions probably releases dissolved organic acid/compounds in water and thus increase the solubility of quartz. However, further investigations are needed to confirm this hypothesis. A peculiar behavior of concentrate factors of some minor elements was noticed at station LA-05 (Table 4), corresponding geographically to the country road crossing the Djerba lagoon. This country road is used by tourists to cross the lagoon with vehicles. The increase in seawater of the concentration factors for P, Al, Cr, Fe and Mg at the country road station (LA-05) is probably the result of intense tourist passage on this country road crossing the lagoon. In addition, the lowest living foraminiferal specimen density is reached when in close proximity to this road (Fig. 3). Although the road side site may be slightly impacted by tourism, our preliminary results suggest a minor anthropogenic impact in the Djerba lagoon.\nThe Djerba lagoon is a transitional environment from hypersaline to normal marine conditions. The high salinity in the inner lagoon is due to the shallow water depth combined with the arid climate (e.g., warm weather and high solar radiation). The variation in salinity has a direct impact on seagrass distribution and creates small-scale ecological niches for macro fauna in the internal part of the lagoon. A clear zonation in the distribution of living foraminiferal assemblages was noticed in the Djerba lagoon. A channel seems to act like a natural barrier, separating the internal and the external part of the lagoon. Based on these observations, the lagoon represents a unique ecosystem in the Djerba Island.\nAlve, E. (1991). Benthic foraminifera in sediment cores reflecting heavy metal pollution in Sorfjord, western Norway. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 21(1), 1–19.\nArfi, R. (1989). Annual cycles and budget of nutrients in Berre Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea, France). International Review of Hydrobiology, 74(1), 29–49.\nBasile-Doelsch, I., Meunier, J. D., & Parron, C. (2005). Another continental pool in the terrestrial silicon cycle. Nature, 433(7024), 399–402.\nBassler-Veit, B., Barut, I. F., Meric, E., Avsar, N., Nazik, A., Kapan-Yeşilyurt, S., et al. (2013). Distribution of microflora, meiofauna, and macrofauna assemblages in the hypersaline environment of northeastern Aegean Sea coasts. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(4), 883–898.\nBellucci, L. G., Frignani, M., Paolucci, D., & Ravanelli, M. (2002). Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Venice Lagoon: The role of the industrial area. Science of the Total Environment, 295(1), 35–49.\nBen-Ameur, W. B., de Lapuente, J., El Megdiche, Y., Barhoumi, B., Trabelsi, S., Camps, L., et al. (2012). Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology biomarker responses in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver from Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(2), 241–251.\nBennett, P. C. (1991). Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(7), 1781–1797.\nBennett, P. C., Melcer, M. E., Siegel, D. I., & Hassett, J. P. (1988). The dissolution of quartz in dilute aqueous solutions of organic acids at 25 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(6), 1521–1530.\nBennett, P., & Siegel, D. I. (1987). Increased solubility of quartz in water due to complexing by organic compounds. Nature, 326(6114), 684–686.\nBéranger, K., Mortier, L., Gasparini, G. P., Gervasio, L., Astraldi, M., & Crépon, M. (2004). The dynamics of the Sicily Strait: A comprehensive study from observations and models. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 51(4), 411–440.\nBouchet, V. M., Goberville, E., & Frontalini, F. (2018). Benthic foraminifera to assess Ecological Quality Statuses in Italian transitional waters. Ecological Indicators, 84, 130–139.\nBrahim, M., Atoui, A., Sammari, C., & Aleya, L. (2014). Surface sediment dynamics along the eastern coast of Djerba Island (Gabes Gulf, Tunisia). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 92, 45–54.\nBruland, K. W., & Lohan, M. C. (2006). Controls of trace metals in seawater. The oceans and marine geochemistry, 6, 23–47.\nBulger, A. J., Hayden, B. P., Monaco, M. E., Nelson, D. M., & McCormick-Ray, M. G. (1993). Biologically-based estuarine salinity zones derived from a multivariate analysis. Estuaries and Coasts, 16(2), 311–322.\nBuosi, C., Châtelet, E. A. D., & Cherchi, A. (2012). Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the current-dominated Strait of Bonifacio (Mediterranean Sea). The Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 42(1), 39–55.\nCallender, E. (2003). Heavy metals in the environment—Historical trends. In B.S. Lokkar (Ed.), Environmental geochemistry, H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Eds.), Journal of treatise on geochemistry (pp. 67–106). Elsevier: Pergamon Oxford.\nChambouvet, A., Laabir, M., Sengco, M., Vaquer, A., & Guillou, L. (2011). Genetic diversity of Amoebophryidae (Syndiniales) during Alexandrium catenella/tamarense (Dinophyceae) blooms in the Thau lagoon (Mediterranean Sea, France). Research in Microbiology, 162(9), 959–968.\nChouba, L., Kraiem, M., Njimi, W., Tissaoui, C. H., Thompson, J. R., & Flower, R. J. (2007). Seasonal variation of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) in sediments and in mullet, Mugil cephalus (Mugilidae), from the Ghar El Melh Lagoon (Tunisia). Transitional Waters Bulletin, 1(4), 45–52.\nCimerman, F., & Langer, M. R. (1991). Mediterranean Foraminifera (Vol. 30, p. 118). Ljubljana, Dela Opera.\nClarke, K. R., & Gorley, R. N. (2006). PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E: Plymouth.\nCooper, L. W., & DeNiro, M. J. (1989). Stable carbon isotope variability in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: evidence for light intensity effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 50(3), 225–229.\nde Freitas Prazeres, M., Martins, S. E., & Bianchini, A. (2012). Assessment of water quality in coastal waters of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Biomarker analyses in Amphistegina lessonii. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 42(1), 56–65.\nDell’Anno, A., Mei, M. L., Pusceddu, A., & Danovaro, R. (2002). Assessing the trophic state and eutrophication of coastal marine systems: a new approach based on the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(7), 611–622.\nDelpy, F., Pagano, M., Blanchot, J., Carlotti, F., & Thibault-Botha, D. (2012). Man-induced hydrological changes, metazooplankton communities and invasive species in the Berre Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea, France). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(9), 1921–1932.\nDelvaux, D., Martin, H., Leplat, P., & Paulet, J. (1990). Geochemical characterization of sedimentary organic matter by means of pyrolysis kinetic parameters. Organic Geochemistry, 16(1–3), 175–187.\nDimiza, M. D., Triantaphyllou, M. V., Koukousioura, O., Hallock, P., Simboura, N., Karageorgis, A. P., et al. (2016). The Foram Stress Index: A new tool for environmental assessment of soft-bottom environments using benthic foraminifera. A case study from the Saronikos Gulf, Greece. Eastern Mediterranean. Ecological Indicators, 60, 611–621.\nDridi, S., Romdhane, M. S., & Elcafsi, M. H. (2007). Seasonal variation in weight and biochemical composition of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas in relation to the gametogenic cycle and environmental conditions of the Bizert lagoon, Tunisia. Aquaculture, 263(1), 238–248.\nEl Kateb, A., Stalder, C., Neururer, C., Pisapia, C., & Spezzaferri, S. (2016). Correlation between pollution and decline of Scleractinian Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Gulf of Gabes. Heliyon, 2(11), e00195.\nEl Zrelli, R., Courjeault-Radé, P., Rabaoui, L., Daghbouj, N., Mansour, L., Balti, R., Castet, S., Attia, F., Michel., S., & Bejaoui, N. (2017). Biomonitoring of coastal pollution in the Gulf of Gabes (SE, Tunisia): Use of Posidonia oceanica seagrass as a bioindicator and its mat as an archive of coastal metallic contamination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9856-x.\nEl-Gamal, A. A., Peterson, R. N., & Burnett, W. C. (2012). Detecting freshwater inputs via groundwater discharge to Marina Lagoon, Mediterranean Coast, Egypt. Estuaries and coasts, 35(6), 1486–1499.\nEmrich, K., Martinez-Colon, M., & Alegria, H. (2017). Is untreated seawage impacting coral reefs of Caye Caulker, Belize? Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 47(1), 20–33.\nErginal, A. E., Ekinci, Y. L., Demirci, A., Bozcu, M., Ozturk, M. Z., Avcioglu, M., et al. (2013). First record of beachrock on Black Sea coast of Turkey: Implications for Late Holocene sea-level fluctuations. Sedimentary Geology, 294, 294–302.\nEspitalié, J., Deroo, G., & Marquis, F. (1985). La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications. Première partie. Revue de l’Institut français du Pétrole, 40(5), 563–579.\nFernández-Torquemada, Y., & Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L. (2005). Effects of salinity on leaf growth and survival of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 320(1), 57–63.\nFernández-Torquemada, Y., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., & González-Correa, J. M. (2005). Preliminary results of the monitoring of the brine discharge produced by the SWRO desalination plant of Alicante (SE Spain). Desalination, 182(1–3), 395–402.\nField, J. G., Clarke, K. R., & Warwick, R. M. (1982). A practical strategy for analysing multispecies distribution patterns. Marine ecology progress series, 8(1), 37–52.\nFrontalini, F., Buosi, C., Da Pelo, S., Coccioni, R., Cherchi, A., & Bucci, C. (2009). Benthic foraminifera as bio-indicators of trace element pollution in the heavily contaminated Santa Gilla lagoon (Cagliari, Italy). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(6), 858–877.\nGacia, E., Invers, O., Manzanera, M., Ballesteros, E., & Romero, J. (2007). Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 72(4), 579–590.\nGamito, S. (2008). Three main stressors acting on the Ria Formosa lagoonal system (Southern Portugal): Physical stress, organic matter pollution and the land–ocean gradient. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 77(4), 710–720.\nGarcía-Pintado, J., Martínez-Mena, M., Barberá, G. G., Albaladejo, J., & Castillo, V. M. (2007). Anthropogenic nutrient sources and loads from a Mediterranean catchment into a coastal lagoon: Mar Menor, Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 373(1), 220–239.\nGilabert, J. (2001). Seasonal plankton dynamics in a Mediterranean hypersaline coastal lagoon: The Mar Menor. Journal of Plankton Research, 23(2), 207–218.\nGooday, A. J. (2003). Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics. Advances in Marine Biology, 46, 1–90.\nGupta, B. K. S., Turner, R. E., & Rabalais, N. N. (1996). Seasonal oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana: Historical record of benthic foraminifers. Geology, 24(3), 227–230.\nHallock, P., Lidz, B. H., Cockey-Burkhard, E. M., & Donnelly, K. B. (2003). Foraminifera as bioindicators in coral reef assessment and monitoring: The FORAM Index. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 81(1–3), 221–238.\nHedges, J. I., Keil, R. G., & Benner, R. (1997). What happens to terrestrial organic matter in the ocean? Organic Geochemistry, 27(5), 195–212.\nHintz, C. J., Chandler, G. T., Bernhard, J. M., McCorkle, D. C., Havach, S. M., Blanks, J. K., et al. (2004). A physicochemically constrained seawater culturing system for production of benthic foraminifera. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 2(6), 160–170.\nHottinger, L., & Halicz, E. R. (1993). Recent Foraminiferida from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Vol. 33, p. 412) Ljubljana, Dela Opera.\nJorissen, F., Fontanier, C., & Thomas, E. (2007). Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. In C. Hillaire-Marcel & A. de Vernal (Eds.), Proxies in late cenozoic paleoceanography (pp. 227–242). Amsterdam: Elsevier.\nKaiho, K. (1994). Benthic foraminiferal dissolved-oxygen index and dissolved-oxygen levels in the modern ocean. Geology, 22(8), 719–722.\nKatz, B. J. (1983). Limitations of ‘Rock-Eval’pyrolysis for typing organic matter. Organic Geochemistry, 4(3–4), 195–199.\nKhiari, R., Mhenni, M. F., Belgacem, M. N., & Mauret, E. (2010). Chemical composition and pulping of date palm rachis and Posidonia oceanica–A comparison with other wood and non-wood fibre sources. Bioresource Technology, 101(2), 775–780.\nKjerfve, B. (1986). Comparative oceanography of coastal lagoons. In D. A. Wolfe (Ed.), Estuarine variability (pp. 63–81). New York: Academic.\nKjerfve, B. (1994). Coastal lagoons. In B. Kjerfve (Ed.), Coastal lagoon processes (Vol. 60, pp. 1–8). Amsterdam: Elsevier Oceanographic Series.\nKjerfve, B., Schettini, C. A. F., Knoppers, B., Lessa, G., & Ferreira, H. O. (1996). Hydrology and salt balance in a large, hypersaline coastal lagoon: Lagoa de Araruama, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 42(6), 701–725.\nLafargue, E., Marquis, F., & Pillot, D. (1998). Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production, and soil contamination studies. Revue de l’institut français du pétrole, 53(4), 421–437.\nLamptey, E., & Armah, A. K. (2008). Factors affecting macrobenthic fauna in a tropical hypersaline coastal lagoon in Ghana, West Africa. Estuaries and Coasts, 31(5), 1006–1019.\nLangford, F. F., & Blanc-Valleron, M. M. (1990). Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using graphs of pyrolizable hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon (1). AAPG Bulletin, 74(6), 799–804.\nLepoint, G., Cox, A. S., Dauby, P., Poulicek, M., & Gobert, S. (2006). Food sources of two detritivore amphipods associated with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica leaf litter. Marine Biology Research, 2(5), 355–365.\nLepoint, G., Dauby, P., Fontaine, M., Bouquegneau, J. M., & Gobert, S. (2003). Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: Depth-related variations. Botanica Marina, 46(6), 555–561.\nLivingstone, D. R., Lemaire, P., Matthews, A., Peters, L. D., Porte, C., Fitzpatrick, P. J., et al. (1995). Assessment of the impact of organic pollutants on goby (Zosterisessor ophiocephalus) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Venice Lagoon, Italy: Biochemical studies. Marine Environmental Research, 39(1–4), 235–240.\nLoeblich Jr, A. R. & Tappan, H. (1994). Foraminifera of the Sahul Shelf and Timor Sea (p. 661.) Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 31.\nLopez, G. R., & Levinton, J. S. (1987). Ecology of deposit-feeding animals in marine sediments. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 62(3), 235–260.\nLouiz, I., Kinani, S., Gouze, M. E., Ben-Attia, M., Menif, D., Bouchonnet, S., et al. (2008). Monitoring of dioxin-like, estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities in sediments of the Bizerta lagoon (Tunisia) by means of in vitro cell-based bioassays: Contribution of low concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Science of the Total Environment, 402(2), 318–329.\nMateu-Vicens, G., Box, A., Deudero, S., & Rodríguez, B. (2010). Comparative analysis of epiphytic foraminifera in sediments colonized by seagrass Posidonia oceanica and invasive macroalgae Caulerpa spp. The Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 40(2), 134–147.\nMartins, M. V. A., Helali, M. A., Zaaboub, N., Boukef-BenOmrane, I., Frontalini, F., Reis, D., et al. (2016). Organic matter quantity and quality, metals availability and foraminiferal assemblages as environmental proxy applied to the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105(1), 161–179.\nMartins, M. V. A., Zaaboub, N., Aleya, L., Frontalini, F., Pereira, E., Miranda, P., et al. (2015). Environmental quality assessment of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia) using living foraminifera assemblages and a multiproxy approach. PLoS One, 10(9), e0137250.\nMateu-Vicens, G., Khokhlova, A., & Sebastián-Pastor, T. (2014). Epiphytic foraminiferal indices as bioindicators in Mediterranean seagrass meadows. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 44(3), 325–339.\nMilker, Y., & Schmiedl, G. (2012). A taxonomic guide to modern benthic shelf foraminifera of the western Mediterranean Sea. Palaeontologia electronica, 15(2), 1–134.\nMojtahid, M., Jorissen, F., Lansard, B., Fontanier, C., Bombled, B., & Rabouille, C. (2009). Spatial distribution of live benthic foraminifera in the Rhône prodelta: Faunal response to a continental–marine organic matter gradient. Marine Micropaleontology, 70(3), 177–200.\nMontague, C. L., & Ley, J. A. (1993). A possible effect of salinity fluctuation on abundance of benthic vegetation and associated fauna in northeastern Florida Bay. Estuaries and Coasts, 16(4), 703–717.\nMorel, F. M. M., & Price, N. M. (2003). The biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the oceans. Science, 300(5621), 944–947.\nMurray, J. W. (2006). Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera (p. 426). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMzoughi, N., Lespes, G., Bravo, M., Dachraoui, M., & Potin-Gautier, M. (2005). Organotin speciation in Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia). Science of the Total Environment, 349(1), 211–222.\nNicolaidou, A., & Nott, J. A. (1999). The role of the marine gastropod Cerithium vulgatum in the biogeochemical cycling of metals. Nato Science Series 2 Environmental Security, 59, 137–146.\nNixon, S. W. (1982). Nutrient dynamics, primary production and fisheries yields of lagoons. Oceanologica Acta, Special Issue, 357–371.\nNixon, S. W. (1995). Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41(1), 199–219.\nNunez-Betelu, L., & Baceta, J. I. (1994). Basics and application of Rock-Eval/TOC pyrolysis: An example from the uppermost Paleocene/lowermost Eocene in the Basque Basin, Western Pyrenees. Munibe Ciencias naturales, 46, 43–62.\nOtt, J. A. (1980). Growth and production in Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Marine Ecology, 1(1), 47–64.\nOtvos, E. G. (1985). Barrier platforms: Northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Geology, 63(1–4), 285–305.\nPhleger, F. B. (1965). Patterns of living marsh foraminifera in south Texas coastal lagoons. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana, 28(1), 1–44.\nPoint, D., Monperrus, M., Tessier, E., Amouroux, D., Chauvaud, L., Thouzeau, G., et al. (2007). Biological control of trace metal and organometal benthic fluxes in a eutrophic lagoon (Thau Lagoon, Mediterranean Sea, France). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 72(3), 457–471.\nPolovodova, I., Nikulina, A., Schönfeld, J., & Dullo, W. C. (2009). Recent benthic foraminifera in the Flensburg Fjord (western Baltic Sea). Journal of Micropalaeontology, 28(2), 131–142.\nRomero, J., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Mateo, M. A., & Regnier, C. (1992). The detritic compartment in a Posidonia oceanica meadow: Litter features, decomposition rates, and mineral stocks. Marine Ecology, 13(1), 69–83.\nRuivo, M. (1973). Marine pollution and sea life (p. 664). London: Fishing News.\nSammari, C., Koutitonsky, V. G., & Moussa, M. (2006). Sea level variability and tidal resonance in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Continental Shelf Research, 26(3), 338–350.\nSanchez-Lizaso, J. L., Romero, J., Ruiz, J., Gacia, E., Buceta, J. L., Invers, O., et al. (2008). Salinity tolerance of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: Recommendations to minimize the impact of brine discharges from desalination plants. Desalination, 221(1–3), 602–607.\nSchönfeld, J., Alve, E., Geslin, E., Jorissen, F., Korsun, S., & Spezzaferri, S. (2012). The FOBIMO (FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative—Towards a standardised protocol for soft-bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies. Marine Micropaleontology, 94, 1–13.\nSfriso, A., Marcomini, A., & Pavoni, B. (1987). Relationships between macroalgal biomass and nutrient concentrations in a hypertrophic area of the Venice Lagoon. Marine Environmental Research, 22(4), 297–312.\nSfriso, A., Pavoni, B., Marcomini, A., & Orio, A. A. (1992). Macroalgae, nutrient cycles, and pollutants in the Lagoon of Venice. Estuaries and Coasts, 15(4), 517–528.\nShahidul, I. M., & Tanaka, M. (2004). Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: A review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(7–8), 624–649.\nSmith, V. H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(2), 126–139.\nSmith, B. N., & Epstein, S. (1971). Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology, 47(3), 380–384.\nStrasser, A., Davaud, E. & Jedoui, Y. (1989). Carbonate cements in Holocene beachrock: example from Bahiret el Biban, southeastern Tunisia. Sedimentary Geology, 62, 23–46.\nTaylor, D., Nixon, S., Granger, S., & Buckley, B. (1995). Nutrient limitation and the eutrophication of coastal lagoons. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 127(1/3), 235–244.\nTürkmen, M., Türkmen, A., & Tepe, Y. (2011). Comparison of metals in tissues of fish from Paradeniz Lagoon in the coastal area of Northern East Mediterranean. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 87(4), 381.\nTyson, R. V. (1995). Abundance of organic matter in sediments: TOC, hydrodynamic equivalence, dilution and flux effects. In R. V. Tyson (Ed.), Sedimentary organic matter (pp. 81–118). Dordrecht: Springer.\nVan der Zwaan, G. J., Duijnstee, I. A. P., Den Dulk, M., Ernst, S. R., Jannink, N. T., & Kouwenhoven, T. J. (1999). Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems?: A review of paleocological concepts. Earth-Science Reviews, 46(1), 213–236.\nVela, A., Pasqualini, V., Leoni, V., Djelouli, A., Langar, H., Pergent, G., et al. (2008). Use of SPOT 5 and IKONOS imagery for mapping biocenoses in a Tunisian Coastal Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79(4), 591–598.\nVizzini, S., Sarà, G., Mateo, M. A., & Mazzola, A. (2003). δ13C and δ15N variability in Posidonia oceanica associated with seasonality and plant fraction. Aquatic Botany, 76(3), 195–202.\nVizzini, S., Sara, G., Michener, R. H., & Mazzola, A. (2002). The role and contribution of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile organic matter for secondary consumers as revealed by carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Acta Oecologica, 23(4), 277–285.\nVousdoukas, M. I., Velegrakis, A. F., & Plomaritis, T. A. (2007). Beachrock occurrence, characteristics, formation mechanisms and impacts. Earth-Science Reviews, 85(1-2), 23–46.\nWalton, W. R., & Sloan, B. J. (1990). The genus Ammonia Bruennich, 1772; Its geographic distribution and morphologic variability. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 20(2), 128–156.\nWhitlatch, R. B. (1981). Animal-sediment relationships in intertidal marine benthic habitats: Some determinants of deposit-feeding species diversity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 53(1), 31–45.\nEditorial handling: W. Winkler.\nElectronic supplementary material\nBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.\nSupplementary material 1 (XLSX 30 kb) Online Resource 1: Diversity indexes, counting and contribution (%) of living (stained) foraminifera in surface sediment samples\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nEl Kateb, A., Stalder, C., Neururer, C. et al. Distribution of benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the transitional environment of the Djerba lagoon (Tunisia). Swiss J Geosci 111, 589–606 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-018-0300-0\n- Djerba Island\n- Transitional environment", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Finally spotted the elusive penguin! They have several species here. The Blue Eyed Penguins are the smallest and only active at night but we’ve seen a few in nesting boxes. Watched 3 Yellow Eyed Penguins along the beach and then made their way to their nests. Most of the penguins are tagged so they can track their travel patterns and monitor population which is declining.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For twenty-nine years, UBC’s Project Seahorse has been bringing awareness to the threats to seahorses, along with innovations in conservation.\nProgram leader Dr. Sarah Foster has been working with Project Seahorse for over twenty years, originally as a volunteer after finishing her master’s degree in Fish Physiology. “I was looking for a way to contribute more to the world, while still geeking out on fish,” she recalls.\nShe remembers being out at night with lantern fishers and seeing her first seahorse in the wild – and the wonderment she felt. Seahorses are evolutionary marvels, being the only known species with male pregnancy. We often hear of scientists discovering species in the ocean that we didn’t even know we have. It makes Foster wonder, “Are we negatively impacting species that we don’t even know are in the ocean?”\niSeahorse is one of their projects, ten years in the making. A community of scientists, conservationists, and citizen scientists around the world report sightings on iSeahorse, helping keep tabs on seahorse populations, habitats, and their conservation status. Sightings logged on the platform are validated, and this information can extend known habitat ranges, depth distribution, habitat use, and breeding season.\n“If we don’t know what the ocean floors were like before bottom trawling began, how can we say how we’re really doing?”\nOf the 44 known species of seahorses, at least 14 species are threatened. Of those, eight are vulnerable to extinction, and 17 are labelled as “Data Deficient” – meaning they are unable to be assessed for The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List. This lack of a designation impedes conservation decisions and policy.\nProject Seahorse has developed a way to model threats by estimating cumulative human impact (CHI) at the species level. The researchers are now calling on the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and local managers to use species-level modelling, so that threat-mitigation plans can be tailored to protect species – rather than a broad-stroke approach on ecosystems. This species-specific modelling could estimate conservation status “for thousands of Data Deficient species on the IUCN Red List,” says Project Seahorse website.\nFoster spent many years focusing on fisheries and trade, so she has “seen many more dead and dried seahorses than living.” Through trade surveys, the project estimates 25 million seahorses are dried alive for the Traditional Medicine Trade. Project Seahorse mapped the human impact of 12 human-created stressors, and found the most severe pressure to be grossly non-selective bottom trawling.\n“A mark of the intensity of such bottom trawling globally,” Project Seahorse researchers found, “is that catches of only one or two seahorses per vessel per night amounted to a total extraction of more than 11 million seahorses annually from just the first 21 countries we surveyed.” A myriad of other species are impacted, from molluscs to sharks and rays. The catch is unmanaged and unreported, says Project Seahorse.\nHundreds of thousands of bottom trawlers operate all over the world, and more than 80% of the seabed is trawled in some regions, “most of it repeatedly.” Trawling generates 25% of global marine catches, and as much as 50% in Asia. Bottom trawlers drop wide-mouth nets with heavy weights that gouge and scrape the ocean floor. The catch is often sold unsorted “for mere pennies,” as feed for fish farms, chicken feed, fish meal, or fish oil. Government subsidies offset the low value, enabling the cycle of going out in search of all marine life indiscriminately – “annihilation fishing,” as Project Seahorse founder Dr. Amanda Vincent has described it.\n“People may say some bottom trawl fisheries are well managed,” says Foster, “but you have to ask – to what reference point?” There is no historical pre-trawling data to compare numbers against. “It might be managed if your only goal is to maintain the catches of the targeted species over a short timeframe, but the picture changes when one considers ocean health more broadly.”\nLeft in the wake of trawlers are ruined habitat: seagrasses, corals, sponges destroyed. As Pacific Wild states on their website, if our unique glass reefs recover at all, it takes “well over 100 years.” Even the chemistry is changed, found another study of shrimp fisheries. The disturbed sediment interferes with carbon sequestration, re-suspending stored carbon into the water where it can more easily break down. One study has calculated this carbon release to equal the aviation industry.\nSome people think the problem can be resolved by regulating mesh size, says Foster, but that doesn’t work when the thing you’re trying to catch and the thing you’re trying to protect are the same size – “They’re going to get caught no matter what.”\nPart of the problem is being out of sight, out of mind. When people think of the ocean, they think of a blue expanse, explains Foster. Think of your favourite forest, she illustrates. “If we were using bulldozers to go in and catch a few of the animals, and left the rest behind or ground it up for animal feed, you would be pretty upset.” Getting bottom trawling on the radar, and people talking about it, is how it enters policy dialogues at the government level.\nSomething people can do on a personal level is to consider how their seafood is caught. It’s spot prawn season here in BC, and as Foster says, “they are ridiculously delicious, local, and caught by traps which are far more sustainable than bottom trawls.”\nFoster is cautiously optimistic – “It seems we’re moving towards a more holistic sense of management where we need to look at ocean health in general, and make sure that we have oceans that support livelihoods and food security well into the future.” Circling back to the data deficiencies, Foster asks, “If we don’t know what the ocean floors were like before bottom trawling began, how can we say how we’re really doing?”\nThrough research and advocacy work, Project Seahorse aims to provide solutions and drive conservation interventions. Phasing out bottom trawling is one focus, along with demanding that governments favour selective fisheries, remove harmful subsidies, enforce laws that control trawling, and implement protected areas that explicitly exclude trawling.\n“They’re magical ambassadors for the problems facing the ocean,” says Foster. “The solutions that are going to help seahorses are going to help many other species.”\nLearn more about how you can help Project Seahorse take action here.\nOdette Auger is Sagamok Anishnawbek through her mother. As a freelance journalist, Odette’s bylines include Watershed Sentinel, The Resolve, La Converse, The Tyee, Asparagus Magazine, and APTN National News. Odette lives on Klahoose, Homalco, and Tla’amin territories (Cortes Island). You can follow all her stories in one place here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marine Aquarium of the Zoological Survey of India\n10:00 am to 6:00 pm (All days of the weak except Tuesday)\nNo entry fee (Free)\nState Highway 57, Old Digha Main Road, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721428, India\nMarine Aquarium of the Zoological Survey of India Overview\nMARC- Marine Aquarium and Regional Centre is located within an area of 6.5 acres on the Foreshore Road of Digha town, this is a major tourist attraction for all Digha visitors. This is one of the 16th regional centres of Zoological Survey of India under Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. And also it has the largest inbuilt aquarium in India.\nThe museum houses more than 500 marine species, including fishes, sea snakes, molluscs, corals, crabs, prawns, lobsters, echinoderms, horse-shoe crabs etc. It displays various awareness posters related to marine life, marine biodiversity and conservation. It will help the students and public in raising awareness about marine biodiversity conservation’s as well as serve as a platform for the students having interest on marine biology from all over India.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Late- and postglacial geological evolution of the southern Kattegat connection to the Great Belt was investigated from high-resolution seismic data and radiocarbon-dated sediment cores in order to elucidate the Ancylus Lake drainage/Littorina Sea transgression. It was found that glacial deposits form the acoustic basement and are covered by Lateglacial (LG) marine sediments and postglacial (PG; Holocene) material. The LG deposits form a highstand systems tract, whereas the PG deposits cover a full depositional sequence, consisting of a lowstand systems tract (PG I), transgressive systems tract (PG II; subdivided into three parasequences) and finally a highstand systems tract (PG III). PG I sand deposits (11.7–10.8 cal. ka BP) are found in a major western channel and in a secondary eastern channel. PG II (10.8–9.8 cal. ka BP) consists of estuarine and coastal deposits linked to an estuary located at the mouth of the channels. Both channels drained fresh water from south to north. The PG III, that is younger than 9.8 cal. ka BP, represents the threshold marine flooding at the southeastern branch of the palaeo-Great Belt channel. At 9.3 cal. ka BP, fully marine conditions were established, shortly before the flooding of the threshold to the northern part of the Great Belt. These early Holocene spits and sand bars are preserved as features on the present seabed, probably as a result of the rapid sea-level rise that led to back-stepping of the early Holocene palaeo-coast system. This study shows no evidence of major erosion or delta deposition linked to the emptying of the Ancylus Lake, which suggests that continuous water flow from the south characterized the area, without any major drainage event of the Ancylus Lake impacting the southwestern Kattegat.\n- Programområde 5: Natur og klima", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shark attacks dropped sharply worldwide in 2016, reverting to average levels after breaking records in 2015.\nThere were 81 unprovoked attacks last year, well down from 98 the previous year, according to the International Shark Attack File at the University of Florida. There were four fatal attacks — two in Australia and two in the French South Pacific territory of New Caledonia.\nFlorida again led the United States, with 32 attacks, up from 30 in 2015. Volusia County, the state's shark-attack capital, recorded 15 attacks, the largest number.\nThe single South Florida bite took place in Palm Beach County, where a 12-year-old boy was bitten on the foot from a suspected blacktip shark at Ocean Reef Park on Singer Island.\nThe total does not include bites that are considered provoked. For example, a spearfisherman was bitten on the arm by a bull shark off Singer Island while reeling in a cobia trailing blood. And a snorkeler was bitten by a two-foot nurse shark off Boca Raton after people had been teasing and grabbing at the shark.\nGeorge Burgess, curator of the International Shark Attack File, said as more people go in the water to swim and dive and surf, the number of attacks will continue to increase.\n\"A shark attack is a human phenomenon,\" he said. \"Sharks are a natural part of the ecosystem. The ocean is a foreign environment to humans, and when we enter the sea, we're entering a wilderness.\"\nHe attributed the decline from 2015 to the end of El Niño, the warm-water phenomenon in the western Pacific. Warmer weather led sharks to roam farther north and more people took to the water, causing an increase in opportunities for the two to interact.\nMore than half the attacks worldwide involved people on surfboards, boogie boards or paddle boards, activities that involve kicking and splashing.\n\"Sharks are attracted to irregular activity, especially with the inevitable wipeout and the big splash that follows,\" he said. \"If you have a shark trailing, that's often when it will strike.\"\nWhile the number of humans in the water is increasing, the number of sharks is not. Targeted for their fins and meat, many shark species have sustained sharp declines over the past few decades.\n\"Once shark populations are down, recovery takes a long, long time,\" Burgess said. \"They hold a special place in their ecosystem, and a loss at one node in the web of marine life is going to have an effect on the overall system.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ESP T-Kit on Fishery\nM A R YA M E S K A N D A R J O U Y\nUnderstand the concept of Fishery in general\nBe able to identify different fishery types\nBe familiar with the term ―fish‖ in science\nBe able to apply fishery technical words to use in real world\nGenerally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some\nauthority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the \"people\ninvolved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of\nthe activities or a combination of the foregoing features\". The definition often includes a combination\nof fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.\nA fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or\naquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries\ndepends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable\nlevels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions. If fisheries are poorly\nmanaged, environmental impacts go unchecked. Unsustainable fishing practices put seafood resources\nand fishing livelihoods at risk – the United Nations FAO estimates that 11 of the world's 15 major\nfishing areas, and 69 percent of the world's major fish species, are in decline and in need of urgent\nThe term “fish”\nIn biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with\na backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape\nof fins. Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as fish are not fish in\nthis strict sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish.\nIn earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction — sixteenth century\nnatural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles,\neven hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.\nTrue fish – The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a\ntrue fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from\nother aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.\nFisheries are harvested for their value. They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed. Examples are\nthe salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of the Eastern Pacific, or\nthe shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified as industrial scale, small-scale or\nartisanal, and recreational.\nClose to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters. These marine\ncatches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86 million tons).\nMost fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal areas, such as\nwith oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other enclosures.\nThere are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by\nextension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the\nworld’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp,\nsalmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a worldwide catch of well over\na million tons in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a harvest of over 22 million metric tons in\n1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.\nOverfishing is the act whereby fish stocks are depleted to unacceptable levels, regardless of\nwater body size. Low biological growth rates and critically low biomass levels result from\noverfishing. For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine\nThe ability of a fishery to recover from overfishing depends on whether the ecosystem’s\nconditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result in\nan ecosystem shift, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions\ndifferent from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For\nexample, once trout have been overfished, carp might take over in a way that makes it\nimpossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.\nthe occupation or industry of catching,\nprocessing, or selling fish or shellfish.\nThe marine fishery is in steep decline\nor even collapse.\na limbless cold-blooded vertebrate\nanimal with gills and fins and living\nwholly in water.\nThe fossils rarely exhibited any traces\nof the soft tissues of fish .\nA person who catches fish\nfor a living or for sport.\nEarthworms are then moved to the\nsurface, much to the fisherman 's delight.\nDeplete the stock of fish in (a body of\nwater) by too much fishing.\nYears of badly managed and overfishing\nhas left tuna in a parlous state.\nThe series of vertebrae extending from\nthe skull to the pelvis; the spine.\nCut off head and tail and remove fish\nfrom backbone .\nThe respiratory organ of aquatic animals,\nas fish, that breathe oxygen dissolved\nYour fish doesn't have lungs, and gills\nonly work in water.\nA flattened appendage on various parts of\nthe body of many aquatic vertebrates and\nsome invertebrates, including fish and\ncetaceans, used for propelling, steering, and\nThe two subspecies differ in color\nand size of their dorsal fin .\nAn aquatic animal is an animal, either\nvertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in\nwater for most or all of its life.\nAquatic animals are subject to pressure\nA swimming marine mollusk that\nresembles a broad squid, having eight\narms and two long tentacles that are\nAmong the invertebrates the octopus,\nsquid and cuttlefish are rather brainy.\nAn aquatic shelled mollusk or a crustacean\nesp. one that is edible.\nAllergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and\nshellfish tend to be lifelong.\nA marine echinoderm with five or more\nradiating arms. The undersides of the arms\nbear tube feet for locomotion and, in\npredatory species, for opening the shells of\nIt seems to me that the outbreak of\ncrown-of thorns starfish is a natural event.\nA nocturnal freshwater crustacean that\nresembles a small lobster and inhabits\nstreams and rivers.\nThe predators feed on other fish, as well\nas small amounts of crab and crayfish .\nA free-swimming marine coelenterate\nwith a jellylike bell- or saucer-shaped\nbody that is typically transparent and\nhas stinging tentacles around the edge.\nTheir nets are trapping jellyfish : giant,\ngelatinous,wobbly and worthless.\nA diverse group of semi-aquatic\nmarine mammals many of which are\ncommonly called seals\nCrops will spread north as seal hunters\nA very large marine mammal with a\nstreamlined hairless body, a horizontal tail\nfin, and a blowhole on top of the head for\nThere is no eel so small but it hopes to\nbecome a whale .\nA cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class\nthat comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and\nThere is some chemical that can get into\ngroundwater and it's bad for fish and\nA large predatory semi-aquatic reptile with\nlong jaws, long tail, short legs, and a horny\ntextured skin, using submersion and stealth\nto approach prey unseen.\nAmong others at risk: wild ginseng,\norchids and the crocodile newt.\nA large thick-skinned semi-aquatic African\nmammal, with massive jaws and large\nThey were found among stone tools\nand butchered hippopotamus bones.\nA large edible fish that is a popular\ngame fish, much prized for its pink\nflesh. Salmon mature in the sea but\nMigrate to freshwater streams to spawn.\nSalmon in all their varieties are a\ngreat resource for humanity.\nCod is the common name for the genus\nGadus of demersal fishes, belonging to\nthe family Gadidae.\nIn the autumn the dried cod was stored\nin depots and sometimes used as\nA large and active predatory schooling\nfish of the mackerel family.\nThe fishing potential, mostly lobster\nand tuna , is not fully exploited.\nAn invertebrate of a large phylum that\nincludes snails, slugs, mussels, and\noctopuses. They have a soft,\nunsegmented body and live in aquatic\nor damp habitats.\nAll cephalopod mollusks with three\nhearts are carnivorous.\nA n arthropod of the large, mainly\naquatic group Crustacean, such as a\ncrab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle.\nFlamingoes, for instance, extract\npink pigments from algae and\nA marine invertebrate of the\nphylum Echinodermata, such as a\nstarfish, sea urchin, or sea cucumber.\nIt is an echinoderm which have\nradial symmetry because of its\nA large brown seaweed that typically\nhas a long, tough stalk with a broad\nfrond divided into strips.\nSea otters eat sea urchins and sea\nurchins eat kelp .\nA silvery fish that is most abundant in\ncoastal waters and is of great\ncommercial importance as a food fish in\nmany parts of the world.\nIn my view, juxtaposing these two\nchoices is a red herring.\nA small shoaling fish of commercial\nimportance as a food fish and as bait.\nIt is strongly flavored and is usually\npreserved in salt and oil.\nTry the fried artichokes and a spicy\nanchovy bread sauce.\nDemersal fish found at the\nbottom of coastal lagoons and\nestuaries of the Northern Atlantic\nand Pacific Oceans.\nFlounder are a group of\nA chiefly marine fish that is widely\ncaught for food.\nMullet are so profuse they will literally\njump into a fisherman's boat.\nAn elongated, fast-swimming\ncephalopod mollusk with ten arms,\ntypically able to change color.\nFeeding habits cobia feed primarily\non crabs, squid and other fish.\nA small free-swimming crustacean\nwith an elongated body, typically\nmarine and frequently harvested for\nThere is also a thriving fishing\nindustry, providing shrimp\nA crustacean with a broad carapace,\nstalked eyes, and five pairs of legs, the\nfirst pair of which are modified as\nNo crab has ever been attacked by a\ntruck when standing outside its burrow.\nA large marine crustacean with a\ncylindrical body, stalked eyes, and the\nfirst of its five pairs of limbs modified\nThere's no better way to enjoy lobster’s\npure flavor than to have it boiled.\nAny of a number of bivalve mollusks\nwith rough irregular shells.\nTherefore the first preparation was\nmade for the oyster .\nAn edible bivalve mollusk with a\nribbed fan-shaped shell.\nTales of skate wings cut into circles\nand sold as scallops are common.\nA young pilchard or other young or small\nherring like fish.\nThe looters may have found a few old\nsardine cans but not much else.\nThe total mass of organisms in a\ngiven area or volume.\nConversion of biomass to bio fuel\ncan be achieved by different\nmethods which are broadly classified\ninto: thermal, chemical, and\nA biological community of\ninteracting organisms and their\nWildebeests, also known as gnus,\nshape the ecosystem as they move.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Impacts of aquaculture fish cages and their biomass on the local water current field is investigated with extensive, full scale field measurements. This is important for the fish welfare as well as for waste transport from open fish cages. The relationships between the current flow rate at various locations close to fish cages are examined at an aquaculture marine site close to Frøya, Norway. This is an area with a complex current pattern due to the bathymetry, rocks and islands, coast current and strong wind conditions. An array of ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) measured currents. Moreover, CTD and separate temperature profiler instruments were made in order to analyse flow stratification. Two different measurement periods are analysed with 1) small fish size (0,2–0,4 kg) and 2) large fish size (1 kg–5 kg). The field measurements indicate some impact from the biomass on the measured current flow at distances from 90 to 320 m around it. The results are supported by results from the numerical ocean model SINMOD (SINtef MODel).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Queen's University, Belfast\n|Telephone||+44 (0) 2842727803|\n|Departments||School of Natural and Built Environment|\n|Quadrat Core Themes||Biodiversity, Environmental Management|\n|Methods I Use||Bio / Geo / Chemical Analytical, Modelling|\nKey Research Interests\n- Environmental interactions of wave and tidal energy devices: Sound emission, animal interaction, changes in\nhydrodynamics and the influence on the marine environment.\n- Coastal processes including larval and spore dispersal both applied and for restoration purposes.\n- The influence of hydrodynamics on macroalgal productivity.\nRecent Key Papers\n- Schmitt P, Pine M, Culloch R, Lieber L, Kregting L. Noise characterisation of a sub-sea kite. Journal of the American Society of Acoustics. Accepted.\n- Lieber, L., Nimmo-Smith, W. A. M., Waggitt, J. J., & Kregting, L. (2018). Fine-scale hydrodynamic metrics underlying predator occupancy patterns in tidal stream environments. Ecological Indicators, 94(1), 307-408. DOI: 10.1016/ j.ecolind.2018.06.071\n- Mooney, K. M., Beatty, G. E., Elsäßer, B., Follis, E. S., Kregting, L., O’Connor, N. E., … Provan, J. (2018). Hierarchical structuring of genetic variation at differing geographic scales in the cultivated sugar kelp Saccharina latissima. Marine environmental research. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.02\nSummary Title of Current Studentships\n- The influence of currents and waves on the productivity of Laminaria digitata.\n- The interplay of hydrodynamics and invasive species around anthropogenic structures in the marine environment.\n- Developing a framework for a flexible and detailed marine renewable energy collision risk model.\n- How differences in behaviour can influence functional response in invasive and native species.\n- Aquatic Invasive Alien Species: Distribution, Impact, Control & Biosecurity\n- Behavioural changes of top predators related to tidal-stream energy extraction – using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to measure animal distribution.\n- QUADRAT DTP student, Rosslyn Watret: Fish Spas: The importance of turbulence on stress levels of fish in dynamic environments\n- QUADRAT DTP student, Molly Crowe: Quantifying kelp detrital pathways: what is potentially locked away as Blue Carbon?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This week I discover an oceanographer working here in Slovenia on behalf of the Scottish Association for Marine Science. Emily Venables and a colleague was taking samples of water from all around the Mediterranean as the start of a project to examine the water temperatures and other qualities, something she has done all around the world. Perhaps her most interesting work has been carried out in the Arctic and Antarctic regions but I also discovered that as a keen mountaineer she spent some time on Triglav last year.\nZa prikaz vsebine morate omogočiti vtičnike za družbena omrežja (Twitter, Facebook, Scribble, ...), ki uporabljajo piškotke za sledenje uporabnikov. S pritiskom se strinjate z uporabo piškotkov!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Since 2011 MVSG's Shell Recovery Partnership has collected shells from restaurants and events for use in their oyster restoration projects in Tisbury and Edgartown Great Ponds. Although they are most often thrown away as trash, shells are a valuable natural resource. They provide substrate for settling oyster larvae and buffer against coastal acidification, which threatens calcifying animals like shellfish. Hear from Biologist and Executive Director, Emma Green-Beach, how shells are being recycled to build oyster habitat and improve the health of the ponds.\nEmail firstname.lastname@example.org to sign up and get the Zoom invite.\nWednesday, August 5 at 5:00pm to 6:00pmVirtual Event", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Observations of density and velocity in a channel in northern San Francisco Bay show that the onset of vertical density stratification during flood tides is controlled by the balance between the cross-channel baroclinic pressure gradient and vertical mixing due to turbulence. Profiles of velocity, salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment concentration were measured in transects across Suisun Cutoff, in northern San Francisco Bay, on two days over the 12.5-hour tidal cycle. During flood tides an axial density front developed between fresher water flowing from the shallows of Grizzly Bay into the northern side of Suisun Cutoff and saltier water flowing up the channel. North of the front, transverse currents were driven by the lateral salinity gradient, with a top-to-bottom velocity difference greater than 30 cm/s. South of the front, the secondary circulation was weak, and along-channel velocities were greater than to the north. The gradient Richardson number shows that stratification was stable north of the front, while the water column was turbulently mixed south of the front. Time-series measurements of velocity and salinity demonstrate that the front develops during each tidal cycle. In estuaries, longitudinal dynamics predict less stratification during flood than ebb tides. These data show that stratification can develop during flood tides due to a lateral baroclinic pressure gradient in estuaries with complex bathymetry.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Do you think sharks are dangerous? Look this barracuda!!\nDo you think sharks are the most ferocious sea creatures? May be not. Take a look to this video and see how barracudas are pretty dangerous.\nIt shows a fast barracuda attack to a giant trevally almost when it was almost at the boat. Al this happened in Alfonse Island, Seychelles.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The distribution patterns of Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius were examined, both seasonally and spatially, to identify essential feeding habitat and to add to existing knowledge of diet composition. The study focused on two local aggregations in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska: one at Seguam Pass and one near Amchitka Island. At each locale, we examined the mean stomach fullness (i.e., feeding intensity) and diet composition of randomly selected fish within and outside of trawl exclusion zones (TEZs). The trawl exclusion zones extend out 10–20 nm from Steiler sea lion Eumetopias jubatus rookeries and haulouts; no trawling is allowed inside these zones. During four of the six periods examined, mean stomach fullness was higher inside the TEZ than outside it. At Seguam Pass, fish were distributed into northern and southern aggregations and diet composition varied by age, season, and location relative to the TEZs. Feeding intensity appeared to be greatest inside the TEZ in the northern portion of Seguam Pass near a productive frontal region characterized by a transition zone of well-mixed (upwelling) and stratified water. At Seguam Pass, piscivory occurred almost entirely inside the TEZ in June. Near Amchitka Island, feeding intensity was significantly higher inside the TEZ, which coincided with an increase in egg cannibalism in October. Based on these observations, we suggest that the areas of increased feeding activity in conjunction with diet composition at Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island represent essential feeding habitat for Atka mackerel.\nEvery fish species utilizes a particular habitat for feeding, growth, and reproduction. To ensure the availability of these habitats to managed fish species, we need to not only identify habitat critical to fish species but also understand how this habitat is utilized. Congress recognized the importance of habitat to fish, and in 1996 made significant revisions to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. The revisions emphasized the need to protect fish habitat from adverse impacts of human activity. Specifically, the act required that fishery management councils identify as essential fish habitat (EFH), those areas necessary for fish to perform their basic life functions. Essential fish habitat is defined as “those waters and substrates necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity.”\nThere are several mechanisms that have been used to identify EFH. In the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Rooper and Boldt (2005) found a significant correlation between catch per unit effort (CPUE) of juvenile Pacific ocean perch Sebastes alutus and sponge and coral habitat. In the United Kingdom, results from a survey by local fishers helped identify areas of consistently higher gadoid abundance and the habitat features associated with those areas (Bergmann et al. 2004). A more quantitative approach was taken by Levin and Stunz (2005), who identified sensitive life history stages of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and then determined what, if any, habitats were important to the those life stages and where critical life stages and EFH overlapped. One useful way to identify potential EFH is to examine fish abundance using survey and fishery catch data. Areas of high fish concentrations can be an indication of favorable habitat for reproduction, feeding, or both (Valavanis et al. 2004; Bergmann et al. 2004). Several factors can determine what makes a particular habitat favorable for feeding. Areas of high relief may support a complex community of benthos and offer protection while foraging (Rooper and Boldt 2005). Water column structure can also play an important role in determining areas that may be optimal for foraging. For example, nutrient rich upwellings, meso-scale eddies, and transition zones between well-mixed and stratified waters are often associated with increased fish abundances (Thomson et al. 1992; Maravelias 1997).\nUnder this umbrella, we examined the spatial and temporal feeding habits of adult Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius to identify areas that may be important for feeding. Atka mackerel make up the largest fraction of groundfish biomass in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska (Rooper 2008), generally aggregating in dense patches and inhabiting sites of strong current and rocky relief, such as in the Aleutian Island passes. Their center of abundance lies within the Aleutian Island archipelago, where a large-scale commercial fishery is conducted (Lowe et al. 2009). Atka mackerel are considered semipelagic; they have been described to engage in diel movements in the water column, the majority of vertical migrations taking place during daylight hours and little to no movement off the bottom during night (Nichol and Somerton 2002). These migrations are presumably to feed on migrating euphausiids and other prey in the water column. Despite their semipelagic movements during feeding, Atka mackerel are demersal spawners. Females deposit egg masses on the bottom, and males guard nests for several months (Zolotov 1993; Lauth et al. 2007). Atka mackerel are a crucial component to the Aleutian Island ecosystem. They are a major prey for Steiler sea lions Eumetopias jubatus, particularly in the western Aleutians, where they can be present in sea lion diets up to 92% of the time during summer months (Sinclair and Zeppelin 2002). Atka mackerel also play a significant role in the diet of other fish species (Yang 1999), such as Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias, and Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis.\nTo identify possible EFH for Atka mackerel feeding, we examined the patterns of feeding intensity and diet composition of two local populations in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska; one at Seguam Pass and one near Amchitka Island. We examined food habits in terms of location relative to trawl exclusion zones (TEZs), which were put into effect in 1992 in response to rapidly declining sea lion populations. The TEZs extend out 10 nautical miles (nm; 18.52 km; Amchitka Island) or 20 nm (Seguam Pass) from sea lion rookeries and haulouts, and no trawling is allowed inside these zones. However, the Atka mackerel commercial fishery is allowed to harvest outside the TEZ, which is regulated by annual quotas based on stock assessment forecasts (Lowe et al. 2009).\nA two-sample t-test was used to test for differences in the mean stomach fullness of fish inside and outside the TEZs at Seguam Island and near Amchitka Island during the summer and fall months. At each area we qualitatively described the diet composition of Atka mackerel by age-class within a 1-year period (intra-annual) and over a 2–3-year period during the month of October (interannual). We then grouped the age-classes and examined diet composition inside and outside the TEZs.\nData collection.— Study sites were located at Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Island chain, Alaska (Figure 1). The study platform was a commercial fishing vessel chartered for an Atka mackerel mark-recapture study (McDermott and Haist 2011, this issue). All demersal trawl hauls targeted locations that had both suitable habitat for trawling, and historically large fishable aggregations of Atka mackerel. However, no formal sampling via grids or transects was conducted. Instead, subareas were defined within each study area. Trawls were limited by the number that could occur per subarea, and the amount of time between each trawl was limited (S. McDermott and V. Haist, National Marine Fisheries Service, unpublished data). For this study, hauls were conducted both inside and outside the 20-nm TEZ at Seguam Pass. At Amchitka Island, hauls were conducted at the north and south end of Amchitka Island, both inside and outside the 10-nm TEZ. Commercial trawl gear (nonstandardized) was used for all fish collections as part of the mark-recapture platform; therefore, the gear selected for commercial sizes of Atka mackerel, generally fish age 3 or greater (approximately 28 cm). Hauls generally remained under 2 metric tons during June and July sampling (to obtain live fish for tagging), and were less than 25 metric tons, on average, during October.\nAt Seguam Pass, samples were collected in June, August, and October of 2002 and in October of 2003 and 2004. At Amchitka Island samples were collected in July and October 2003 and October 2004. Samples collected in June or July were during daylight hours over a 12-h period. In August and October, collections were over a 24 h diel period. At Seguam Pass, large Atka mackerel aggregations are often observed in the northern portion of the study area. To verify this observation as an index of abundance, catch per unit effort (CPUE; metric tons/h) for October in 2002, 2003, and 2004 was estimated for the northern portion of the study area, both inside and outside the TEZ, by dividing the total Atka mackerel catch by the time spent towing.\nA total of 213 hauls were conducted at Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island between 2002 and 2004. Approximately 10 fish (5 males and 5 females) were collected from each haul. Fish were randomly chosen from each haul, and their fork lengths (mm) and weight (g) were recorded and their gonads, stomachs, and otoliths (age structures) collected. A total of 2,018 fish were collected and analyzed between 2002 and 2004. Results of the diet composition were summarized by total number of fish examined. For the two-sample t-test, stomach fullness was averaged for the 10 fish per haul, and the haul was defined as the observation. Diet was examined by age rather than size because spatial stratification based on maturity stage is hypothesized for this species (Cooper and McDermott 2011, this issue), and age is a better predictor of maturity than length in this species (Cooper et al. 2011, this issue)\nFish were aged in conjunction with the Alaska Fisheries Science Center's age and growth program following the protocol outlined in Anderl et al. (1996). Stomach samples were fixed in a solution of 10% buffered formalin in the field and neutralized in the laboratory with Neutralex (Tissue-Tek-Neutralex). After neutralizing the specimens for several hours, the samples were stored in a solution of 70% ethyl alcohol (EtOH) until laboratory analysis. In the laboratory, stomach contents were excised, excess moisture was blotted, and all nonprey items were removed (e.g., rocks). If a stomach contained no prey items, it was recorded as “empty.” The wet weight of stomach contents was recorded to the nearest 1.0 mg. All prey items in each stomach sample were sorted to the lowest possible taxonomic level, weighed to the nearest milligram, and aggregated by prey groups (related taxa). When Atka mackerel eggs were present in the stomach, the total number and weight of eggs was recorded.\nData analysis.— The diet composition of age-3–12 fish from both Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island were examined by year and month. Fish less than age 3 were seldom captured due to gear selectivity and, therefore, were not included in the analysis. Diets of age-7–12 fish were combined because diet composition varied little in this age range. To examine diets both intra-annually and interannually at each study site, predominant prey species by weight were placed into broad taxonomic categories, and the percent by weight (g) of the diet was calculated. The taxon categories included Copepoda, Amphipoda (Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, Caprellidea), Euphausiidae, Chaetognatha (arrow worms), nongadoid fish remains (unidentified fish, Myctophidae, and northern smoothtongue Leuroglossus schmidti), Atka mackerel eggs (cannibalized), and “other.” The latter includes species of the order Copelata (class: Larvacea), Mysidae, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Cephalopoda, and Decapoda. To examine diets relative to TEZs, the percent weight (g) was calculated for all taxa identified for June, August, and October 2002 at Seguam Pass and for July and October 2003 at Amchitka Island.\nStomach fullness was expressed as a percentage of the fish's body weight and was used as a proxy for feeding intensity. Stomach fullness was averaged by haul (sexes combined), that is,is the mean stomach fullness per haul (h), i is the specimen, n is the number of specimens in the haul (∼10), Ci is the total prey weight for specimen i, and Wi is the total body weight (including the stomach and its contents). The sex ratio of males to females was assumed to be close to 50:50 over a given sampling period, based on approximately 150 sexed-lengths that were randomly collected from each haul.\nMean stomach fullness as a percentage of fish body weight is highly variable. Because mean stomach fullness is a proportion and values are close to zero, the data were arcsine transformed to meet the assumption of parametric statistics (Zar 1999). We tested for differences in mean stomach fullness between inside and outside the TEZ for six periods and both study sites (two sample t-test). The significance level was set at 0.05.\nSeguam Pass Diet Composition\nEuphausiids dominated the Atka mackerel diet by percent weight for all 3 years in October (Figure 2). Overall, diets remained similar among years, the only shifts being in the percent composition of prey species (Figure 2). For 2002, intra-annual diet composition by age-class varied between months and ageclasses (Figure 3). Consumed prey species shifted between June and August from primarily copepods (ages 3 and 4) and fish (ages 5 and 7–12; Figure 3A) to euphausiids for all age-classes combined (Figure 3B, C). In October, the diets of age-3–4 fish were dominated by euphausiids, those of age-5–6 fish by Atka mackerel eggs (cannibalism), and those of age-7–12 fish by fish (Figure 3C).\nThe age distribution of the June sample shows that approximately 56% of the total sample consisted of Atka mackerel age 5 and older (Figure 3A), which are the main consumers of fish, although fish first appear in their diet at age 4. A large shift in the age composition takes place between June and August because the percentage of age-3 mackerel increased substantially during that period (Figure 3A, B), representing just over 50% of the sample in August and October (Figure 3B, C). This influx of young fish diluted the age-5 and older age-classes to less than 20% of the total sample size by the August sampling period.\nThe calculated CPUE for Atka mackerel inside the TEZ at Seguam Pass during the October sampling was 266 metric tons/h in 2002, 130 metric tons/h in 2003, and 250 metric tons/h in 2004. The respective CPUEs in the area outside the TEZ were 45, 81, and 73 metric tons/h.\nDifferences in diet composition between inside and outside of the TEZ were observed in 2002 (Table 1). Fish consumption (all categories) almost exclusively occurred inside the TEZ (95%), very little to no fish consumption occurring outside the TEZ (Table 1). The consumption of copepods outside the TEZ was almost double that inside the TEZ, and the consumption of squid occurred almost entirely outside the TEZ in June (Table 1). Egg cannibalism only occurred inside the TEZ in August and October, and there was no egg cannibalism in June (Table 1).\nAmchitka Island Diet Composition\nAtka mackerel eggs dominated the diet by percent weight (g) in October 2003, whereas no particular prey items dominated in October 2004 (Figure 4). Similar to Seguam Pass, the diet composition remained similar between the 2 years, the only shift being in the percent diet composition (Figure 4). Intra-annual diet composition by age-class for 2003 is shown in Figure 5. In July the diets were dominated by copepods across all ageclasses (Figure 5A); by October, euphausiids dominated the diet for ages 3 and 4, whereas egg cannibalism predominated in ages 5 and older (Figure 5B). Approximately 92% of the total sample size in July consisted of age 5 and older (Figure 5A). By October these age-classes made up approximately 57% of the total sample (Figure 5B).\nThere were some observed differences in diet composition between inside and outside the TEZ in 2003 (Table 2). Squid consumption occurred almost entirely outside the TEZ in July; however, there is no difference in October (Table 2). Fish consumption, in general, occurred in October outside the TEZ, few fish being consumed inside the TEZ (Table 2). In October, egg cannibalism inside was almost double that outside the TEZ, and there was no egg cannibalism in July (Table 2).\nMean stomach fullness was significantly greater inside the TEZ than outside it in four of the six periods examined (Table 3). There was no significant difference in mean stomach fullness in inside versus outside the TEZ at Seguam Island or near Amchitka Island in October, 2004 (Table 3). Spatial patterns of mean stomach fullness between months (i.e., June–July and October) and inside-outside the TEZ were apparent at both Seguam Pass (Figure 6) and Amchitka Island (Figure 7). The harvest of Atka mackerel by the commercial fishery in 2003 and 2004 ranged from 2,741 to 10,964 metric tons at Seguam Pass (outside of the TEZ; Figure 6) and from 9,900–19,736 metric tons at Amchitka Island (outside the TEZ; Figure 7).\nAreas inside the trawl exclusion zones may directly or indirectly enhance or preserve some essential fish habitat characteristics for feeding (and perhaps spawning) of Atka mackerel. Both feeding intensity and diet composition varied intra-annually, inside versus outside the TEZs, and between study areas. Our results of diet composition align with those published by Yang (1999) for the summer months; however, this study highlights food habit differences that occurred on a small spatial scale (i.e., 10–20 nm), both temporally (i.e., intra-annual) and spatially (i.e., between study areas and inside-outside TEZs within each study area). Based on the results of Cooper and McDermott (2011), we speculate that during the fall months, when Atka mackerel are actively spawning (age 4 and older; McDermott and Lowe 1997), their spawning habitat may overlap with their foraging habitat; fish not actively spawning (less than age 4; McDermott and Lowe 1997) may forage in the spawning habitat as well as other locations. This may explain our observations that age-4 fish at both study locations begin to cannibalize eggs from spawning habitat in October, whereas age-3 fish at both locations do not cannibalize eggs in October. The size of an Atka mackerel egg is similar to that of a small copepod, well within the size range of prey for age-3 fish at both locations, indicating that prey size is not a limiting factor for these observed prey preferences.\nDiet composition at Seguam Pass by percent weight (g) inside and outside the trawl exclusion zone. Total number of fish (N) is reported with total number of haul observations in parenthesis; the observed fork length range (cm) of fish is reported in brackets below the sample size.\nAn important element of the Atka mackerel diet is fish consumption. Piscivory was a substantial part of Atka mackerel diets inside the Seguam Pass TEZ in June. Fish consumption only occurs in fish age 4 and older, probably because of small mouth gap size in fish younger than age 4. Yang (1999) found fish consumption was less than 5% by weight of total stomach contents during the 1991 Alaska Fisheries Science Center's (AFSC) summer survey season. Also, Logerwell et al. (2005), who summarized diets over several years, report fish consumption as being a small percentage of the Atka mackerel diet in the Aleutian Islands. The disparity in these studies compared with our study is probably due to spatial locations of demersal trawls, the timing of data collections, the scale at which diets were examined, and the fact that age-class was not taken into account in either study. Few AFSC survey trawls have occurred inside the TEZ at Seguam Pass because the habitat is not conducive to trawling. Also, the commercial fishery is only allowed access to areas outside the TEZs at any point during the Atka mackerel commercial fishery, which primarily occurs in the fall and winter months. Piscivory can be a major component of the diet of other greenlings. Fish consumption by the masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus was over 33% by weight for fish age 3 and older in the summer months (Pushchina and Antonenko 1999), and for the whitespotted greenling H. stelleri, it varied from 30% to 100% by weight, depending on greenling size and year (Napazakov 2008). This intensive period of piscivory inside the Seguam Pass TEZ in June may provide essential caloric needs for fish going into a reproductive season.\nDiet composition at Amchitka Island by percent weight (g) inside and outside the trawl exclusion zone. See Table 1 for additional details.\nAtka mackerel eggs are cannibalized from demersal nests and composed a significant portion of Atka mackerel diets during October, especially at the Amchitka Island study site, where almost 50% of the diet consisted of such eggs (mostly inside the TEZ). This result also coincides with results from Cooper and McDermott (2011), who examined the reproductive organs of the same Atka mackerel specimens we collected and found that male nest-guarding mostly occurred inside the TEZ. In addition, egg masses collected from the demersal trawls were primarily found inside the TEZ (Cooper and McDermott, 2011). Similar results of egg cannibalism were reported for the masked greenling (Pushchina and Antonenko 1999), where 15–20% by weight of their fall (September–October) diet was composed of conspecific eggs. Similar to the intensive period of piscivory observed at Seguam Pass, egg cannibalism at Amchitka Island is an important part of their fall diet.\nResults of the two-sample T-tests for average Atka mackerel stomach fullness inside trawl exclusion zones and outside the trawl exclusion zones for Amchitka Island and Seguam Pass in 2002, 2003, and 2004 (α = 0.05). There were too few data at Seguam Pass in October 2002 to test for differences.\nAt Seguam Pass, results showed that feeding inside the TEZ was significantly greater than feeding outside the TEZ, particularly in the northern portion. It is likely that this pattern, as it relates to feeding, could be attributed to the unique habitat and oceanographic features of this local area. Water movement and water column mixing within Aleutian Island passes are primarily dominated by tidal currents (Hunt and Stabeno 2005; Stabeno et al. 2005) and are highly variable and dynamic; Seguam Pass is known to be a deep and highly mixed pass (Coyle 2005). Very large aggregations of Atka mackerel have been captured within this vicinity of strong mixing and upwelling (Fritz and Lowe 1998). The observed spatial patterns of mean stomach fullness evident at Seguam Pass may be a reflection of Atka mackerel aggregating to feed near a well-documented frontal zone (Coyle 2005; Mordy et al. 2005). In June 2001, Coyle (2005) collected temperature, salinity, fluorescence and Zooplankton data within Seguam Pass on a transect that ran through the pass in a north—south direction. Coyle (2005) reported well-mixed water within Seguam Pass and observed a high abundance of Zooplankton in a frontal region at the north end of the transect, where there is a transition zone between the well-stratified and well-mixed water column. This frontal zone may be an important feature, making this optimal foraging habitat for Atka mackerel.\nAtka mackerel in the Amchitka Island and Seguam Pass study sites differed in diet composition but had similar spatial patterns of mean stomach fullness. As at Seguam Pass, it appears that at Amchitka Island feeding intensity is higher inside the TEZ than outside; however, we speculate that this is for different reasons. The TEZ at the Amchitka study site (10 nm around sea lion rookeries) bisects the 90–150-m bathymetric range. As a result, we would expect feeding intensity to be the same inside and outside the TEZ boundary, but in fact, it is greater inside the TEZ. At Seguam Pass, the 20-nm TEZ, by chance, happens to encompass a well documented frontal zone. One possible explanation for the observed differences in mean stomach fullness at Amchitka Island is that the habitat inside the TEZ is relatively undisturbed (i.e., no bottom trawling) compared with sites outside the TEZ, where there is a commercial fishery that operates in January and September. Also, inside the TEZ, Atka mackerel nests are relatively undisturbed, and egg cannibalism is double of that outside the TEZ in October.\nIn summary, we found that diet composition differed temporally, spatially, and by age-class at both the Seguam Pass and Amchitka Island study areas. The existing TEZs may provide protected habitat for Atka mackerel foraging, which coincides with management objectives requiring identification of essential fish habitat.\nWe would like to thank Dan Cooper, Susanne McDermott, Susan Picquelle, Liz Conners, Peter Munro, Libby Logerwell, and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) age and growth program. Thanks also to the crew from the vessels Pacific Explorer and Seafisher, all those who helped in collecting samples and providing laboratory analyses—Jesse Aggee, Teresa A'mar, Barney Baker, Alicia Billings, Ruth Christiansen, Chris Derrah, Eric Dobbs, Rob Freyer, Alan Halvarson, John Hargrove, Justin Keesee, Bob Lauth, Scott McKillip, Adam Mitchell, Ivonne Ortiz, Suzanne Romain, and Ty Yasanak—and those providing laboratory assistance—Katie Dodd, Rick Hibpshman, and Andy Whitehouse. Funding was provided by Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean at the University of Washington and AFSC.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Yalong Bay Underwater World (Sanya)\nYalong Bay Underwater World is located in the Sanya Coral Reef National Marine Nature Reserve. In the clear blue waters, there are many varieties of hard and soft corals. Visitors can not only enjoy views of the seabed, but also try a variety of water sports.\nSanya Yalong Bay boasts an area of azure sea extending 7 kilometers from its beautiful beach. The seawater here is clean and transparent, and from a distance appears in a range of different blue hues.\nAt Yalong Bay Underwater World, visitors can enjoy more than 20 water activities such as sailing, diving, water skiing and parasailing, as well as the \"half-submarine\" sightseeing experience which enables tourists to see the amazing underwater world through a glass-sealed, submarine-like boat.\nOpening hours: 8 am – 5:30 pm\nAddress: 2 Longhai Road, Jiyang district, Sanya\nTourists enjoy the beautiful coral reefs and marine creatures at Yalong Bay Underwater World via a \"half-submarine\" sightseeing experience. [Photo/WeChat account ylwhdsj]", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RSS feed for \"Videos\"\nRESCCUE activity in Vanuatu : Conservation Fund\nRESCCUE Project in a Nutshell Take off to Vanuatu where RESCCUE established the North Efate Conservation Trust, financing environmental management activities.\nRESCCUE activity in French Polynesia: ecological anchorage\nRESCCUE Project in a nutshell For the first video of a series, we are embarking for French Polynesia, where ecological anchorages have been set up.\nThe Wake up! project explained in 5 minutes\n\"Wake up !\" or how to engage Pacific youth in efforts to control NCDs\nResponsible sport fishing - Handling fish caught on surface lures and jigs\nProduced by Nearshore Fisheries Development Section of the Pacific Community (SPC) and the Southern Province of New Caledonia. Scientific adverser: Michel Blanc, Nearshore Fisheries Development Adviser, Pacific Community (SPC) Emmanuel Coutures,…\nAn overview of RESCCUE’s actions in Fiji\nRESCCUE Project, Fiji: \"People's self-belief in strengthening their adaptive capacity and soci-ecological resilience\"\nSeason's Greetings from everyone at the Pacific Community\nSeason's Greetings from everyone at the Pacific Community to our friends and extended family around the world. Our sincere thanks for your continued support throughout the past year and we look forward to working with you again in 2019.\nRESCCUE Project in Vanuatu - Theme 3: Waste Management\nRESCCUE Project in Vanuatu - Theme 4: Protect Marine Resources\nRESCCUE helped develop a marine monitoring toolkit for the local communities in North Efate (Vanuatu) to use to manage their marine resources. The toolkit brings traditional knowledge, which is plentiful, and science together in a tool that is both…\nRESCCUE Project - Theme 1: Efate Land Management Area (ELMA)\nRESCCUE supported a rapid biodiversity assessment in the Efate Land Management Area (ELMA) in Vanuatu to help the Government of Vanuatu, SHEFA Province and local communities protect this area which provides key ecosystem services.\nWake Up! 2018: Engaging Pacific youth in efforts to control NCDs\nThe goal of the Wake up! project is to get younger generations involved in efforts to control non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by providing them with an opportunity to speak out on this topic through the media and the arts. Following the project’s…", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Citizen science: If you see a blue land crab at the beach, researchers want to know about it\nBiologists are asking visitors to eastern North Carolina’s beaches to be on the lookout for a crab species that’s not native to the Carolinas.\nThe first confirmed blue land crab sighting in the state occurred early this summer and researchers don’t yet know the extent of the crab’s distribution in the region. That’s why they’re turning to citizen scientists for help.\nNorth Carolina Museum of Science researcher Dr. Bronwyn Williams said a blue land crab was first found in Emerald Isle this summer.\n“It was the first report of a blue land crab in North Carolina,” she said.\nOccasional sightings of the large crabs have been reported in South Carolina since 2008.\nSince the sighting was reported in Carteret County, Williams said there have been, “A handful of other reports in and around the Bogue Sound area that certainly suggests that this was not just a single crab that hitched a ride, you know, let's say on somebody's boat trailer or outside vehicle luggage.”\nThe crab isn’t being treated as an invasive species, but a non-native one, because Williams said it’s too early to tell if it may have a negative impact on the beach environment.\n“What sort of impacts it might have, whether it be on native crabs or other animals, or, more likely, vegetation since blue land crabs are, are known to be vegetarians and love to eat little tender shoots of grasses and other plants,” she explained.\nWilliams said anyone that spots a blue land crab along Bogue Sound is being asked to report the sighting online – with any photos or videos of the crustacean.\nDespite their name, the crabs vary widely in color. She said adult males tend to have the characteristic blue-gray coloring, but females can also be white or ash-gray, and juveniles can range from orangish to dark brown to purple.\nThey’re also hoping to collect a few live crabs for testing. However, she said catching one of the elusive crabs should be done with some caution.\n“These crabs can be quite large, and they have a very large claw. The going, it's going to hurt.” Williams said, “So, some caution is certainly warranted in trying to capture these crabs.\nShe said covering the crab with a bucket or container may be the safest way to avoid a pinch.\nThe museum and the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality are working together on the research project.\nPeople that spot a blue land crab can report that sighting HERE.\nClick on the \"listen\" button above to hear the full interview with Dr. Williams.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Paleoceanographic records in the Chukchi Basin, western Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary\n- 海洋环境－已发表论文 \nThe late Quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the western Arctic Ocean are revealed by quantitative studies of foraminiferal abundance, ice-rafted detritus (IR)) and its mineralogical and petrological compositions, planktonic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) (Nps)-delta O-18 and -delta C-13, biogenic and non-biogenic components in Core M03 token from the Chukchi Basin during the Second Chinese National Arctic Expedition cruise. Seven IRD events appeared at MIS 7, 5, 3 and I. These IRD were carried in massive icebergs, which were exported to the Beaufort Sea through the M'Clure Strait Ice Stream, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and then transported into the Chukchi Basin by the Beaufort Gyre. Low IRD deposition occurred during the glacial times when more extended ice cover and weakened Beaufort Gyre, while the open water condition and the intensified Beaufort Gyre during interglacial periods favored the I RD deposition. Therefore, the IRD events not only indicate the provenance of coarser detritus and ice export events, but also reflect the evolutionary histories of the Beaufort Gyre and North American ice sheet. Seven light Nps-delta O-18 and -delta C-13 excursions could respond to enhanced rates of sea ice formation resulting in the production and sinking of isotopically light brines, but was irrelevant to the warm Atlantic water and freshwater inputs. Whereas, the heavy Nps-delta O-18 and -delta C-13 values separately reflect the lessened Arctic freshwater and Pacific water, and well-ventilated surface water from the continental shelf and halocline water. Variations of CaCO3 content and planktonic foraminiferal abundance during the interglacial mid glacial periods can demonstrate the incremental or diminishing input of the Atlantic water, while the total organic carbon (TOG) and opal contents increased and decreased during the glacial and interglacial periods, respectively, which could be related to the TOC degradation, opal dissolution and redox conditions of interface between the bottom water and sediments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By MAUREEN PENJUELI, Pacific Network on Globalisation (PANG)\n[The following article was first published in the Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2019 report.]\nGlobal powers and Pacific Island nations are racing to divide up the ocean’s resources using the narratives of Blue Economy and Blue Growth to justify their exploitation. Technology advances make once-unfeasible seafloor depths increasingly viable and will allow corporations to plunder oceanic resources in a bid to secure food security and alternative sources of minerals and energy for rapid growing populations.\nThe Blue Economy concept grew out of the broader green growth concept and a growing concern about the heavy damage wrought on our ocean ecosystems by overfishing, habitat destruction, marine pollution, ocean acidification and climate change. The science behind the health and resilience of the ocean to sustain human activities and life on the planet remains little discussed, a gap that SDG 14 and the 2030 Agenda attempt to address. For Pacific people who have a spiritual relationship with the ocean, its industrialization reshapes the way its value was defined by former colonial rulers into that of transnational corporations and multilateral financial institutions. Such a move must be resisted not just for the benefit of the Pacific people but for all of humanity and the planet.\nOcean resources have been the foundation of global trade and economic activities, a major source of food, energy and livelihood for centuries. Oceans provide 50 percent of atmospheric oxygen and absorb 25 percent of human-induced CO2 emissions and the circulation dynamics make our planet habitable. Oceans are home to extraordinary biodiversity and unique ecosystems. Science is only just discovering how much of a global service to the functioning of our planet our oceans provide.\nIncreasingly over the last 13 years, international concerns have focused on the health of the world’s oceans and threats to marine biological diversity, including illegal, unrecorded and unreported (IUU) fishing and destructive fisheries practices, bottom trawling and climate change along with emerging issues such as bio-prospecting in the deep sea.\nAt least 40 percent of our oceans are already heavily polluted and showing signs of ill health. In the past decades, as scientific understanding increases, concerns over how to manage and conserve the areas beyond national jurisdiction have heightened. Scientists admit to having a poor understanding of the deep ocean; more is known about the surfaces of the moon, Venus and Mars. The 2018 special report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the effects of global warming of 1.5 degrees or more and its catastrophic impact on oceans and consequent sea level rising shows the urgent need for new tools and methods for the governance of the world’s oceans.\nHarvesting the oceans under the Blue Economy\nThe UN puts the value of the coastal and marine resources at US$ 3 trillion or about 5 percent of world GDP. According to a 2014 report, China’s ocean economy is worth US$ 962 billion or 10 percent of its GDP while the USA values its at US$ 258 billion, or 1.8 percent of GDP.\nUpdated figures from the European Union estimate the value of new ocean industries at 5.4 million jobs, and gross added value of € 500 billion. The OECD suggests that the ocean economy is likely to outpace the global economy in the next 15 years. Even so, some commentators caution that the true value of oceans remains undervalued.\nFramed as perhaps the last untapped, under-explored and under-exploited region in the world, the Pacific Ocean is set to be a contested space for resources. The Blue Economy heralds a new race to carve up the Pacific, turning the Pacific Ocean, from surface to seafloor, into a crowded and contested space. Pacific state leaders are courted with economic gains that are a fraction of the value of the ocean resources that will be extracted. The destruction of Pacific fish stocks after years of licensing to allow uncontrolled commercial fishing extraction is a case in point.\nBox 14.1: Significance of the Pacific Ocean\nCovering approximately 59 million square miles and containing more than half of the free water on Earth, the Pacific is by far the largest of the world’s ocean basins. Its vastness is illustrated by the fact that all of the world’s continents could fit into the Pacific basin.\nPacific Island countries retain considerable control and power over their ocean territory which comprises a significant portion of the world’s ocean – on average 28 times more than actual land area. For example, the Republic of Kiribati has a land-size half that of London but has the 13th largest exclusive economic zone in the world, making it a large ocean state.\nThe indigenous view of the Pacific Ocean is that it is our home and our source of life, one inherited from our ancestors who paid attention to the protection and conservation of ocean resources. The People of Oceania’s well-being never derived solely from the land (which is small in comparison) but equally and perhaps more significantly from the Ocean, which, was treated as a single, sacred unit, integral to life and culture in the region.\nLegal instruments: Still fit for purpose?\nThere are a number of relevant UN legal instruments governing different uses of the ocean, yet each is aimed at a different use or need. Shipping is governed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), while fisheries are governed by the Fisheries Stocks Agreement although managed by regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). Deep sea minerals are governed by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) while the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) primarily governs the oceans. Matters relating to trade such as fisheries subsidies are dealt by the World Trade Organization (WTO). There is currently no mechanism or framework that deals with how to coordinate these different sectors that are under distinct legal frameworks, making it difficult to effectively address the various conflicts of interests.\nProtection of the ocean was included in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), specifically in Article 4.1 (d) concerning the sustainable management, conservation and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases including ‘oceans, coastal and marine ecosystems’. Issues such as equity, benefit sharing, traditional knowledge and capacity building for small island developing states to benefit from ocean resources and to ensure their sustainability can be found in several instruments, most notably the Convention on Biodiversity and a new instrument on the conservation and use of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), currently being negotiated.\nBut despite its critical role as a carbon sink, the ocean has largely been ignored by the UN climate change negotiations.\nBox 14.2: The ocean’s crucial role in climate regulation\nRecent scientific research has revealed that deep seabed and hydrothermal vents make potentially critical contributions to both biodiversity and global climate regulation. First discovered over 40 years ago, these unique hydrothermal vents and habitats play a significant role in sequestering both methane and toxic sulphide. Scientists conclude that the life forms in these vents and seeps consume 90 percent of the released methane—considered 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide– and keep it from entering the atmosphere. These life forms are literally saving the planet. A 2016 study released by 14 Universities and oceanographic institutions confirmed that carbon sequestration by hydrothermal vents and seeps were even more extensive in space and time than previously thought. There is more methane on the ocean floor than there are other forms of fossil fuels left in the ocean, its release would be a “doomsday climatic event”. Recent scientific breaks through have further revealed that most of the excess heat resulting from atmospheric Green House Gas (GHG) concentrations has been absorbed by the deep ocean, thereby significantly limiting climate change impacts on the ocean’s surface and on land.\nEven as researchers learn more about the deep sea habitats role in sustaining a healthy planet, these habitats are being threatened by a wide range of human activities, including deep sea mining, bottom trawling and energy harvesting. In addition, the deep sea mining industry has heavily promoted the need for these rare earth minerals for ironically, ‘green’ technology.\nSDG 14 and the 2030 Agenda\nThe inclusion of the oceans as a stand-alone goal was heralded as a breakthrough, focusing on ocean acidification as a way to bridge the 2030 Agenda and the UNFCC process. It also attempts to address the issue of IUU fishing by tackling the issue of fisheries subsidies, currently under consideration by the WTO.\nYet SDG 14 is disturbingly quiet on deep sea minerals particularly in the area described as the common heritage of mankind (Clarion Clipperton Zone). The UN Ocean Conference in June 2017 highlighted seabed mining under a Blue Economy narrative with side events and voluntary commitments pushed by the International Seabed Authority (ISA).\nA review of SGD 14 raises significant questions on whether the existing and somewhat fragmented institutional structures and arrangements established under UNCLOS are still fit for purpose. The question is whether they can be re-designed to rebalance the growing economic demands under a Blue Economy narrative and at the same time protect the health of the oceans necessary to ensure life itself on the planet.\nThe UN Conference to Support the Implementation of SDG 14 (the Oceans Conference) in June 2017 sought to engage “all stakeholders” in fulfilling Goal 14 through “innovative new partnerships”. It issued a Call to Action and announced a list of voluntary commitments to fulfil the goal. One, called the Abyssal Initiative,jointly announced by UN DESA and the International Seabed Authority (ISA) intends to promote the Blue Economy as a means of enabling Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to benefit fully from the sustainable development of deep sea mineral resources. However, a review of model legislation, funded by the European Commission, found that it focused more on ensuring a clear licensing regime and conditions favourable to industry rather than establishing effective safeguards and sufficient environmental protection for Pacific peoples and the environment.\nSeveral Pacific island states have made applications on behalf of mining companies, including Nautilus Minerals, Deep Green and Chinese Oceans Minerals Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA), all without explicit consultation with their own people. There is a seemingly revolving door for governments acting as agents for industry interests, as is evident in the ISA.\nBox 14.3: Cautionary tale of deep sea mining and oceans’ untapped riches\nConsumer demand for electronic minerals such as copper, lithium, rare earth minerals, cobalt, and manganese nodules coupled with advances in technology and infrastructure is set to make the ocean floor the next frontier for exploitation.\nThe total area of seabed covered under deep sea mining (DSM) licenses is over 1.3 million square kilometers. At the time of writing, the ISA had issued 29 licenses, 22 of which are located in the Pacific Ocean, 16 of them in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, approximately 500 miles southeast of Hawaii. While the ISA is still in the process of developing a mining code for a little-known part of the world, it ultimately plans to award contractors with 30-year exploration licenses.\nIn the Pacific, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands and Tonga are some of the first to undertake seabed mining within their Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZ). PNG has already issued the world’s first commercial license due to start exploitation by 2019 although Nautilus Inc has run into financial difficulties in the Solwara 1 project.\nProponents argue that sea floor ores are exceptionally rich and that as it takes place in smaller areas, DSM is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining. This low-risk and high-return rationale is being pushed strongly by the ISA and UN DESA, despite the fact that it is not known what the full impact will be on the deep seabed and the waters where it will take place.\nScientific knowledge is only just beginning to catch up to the significance of deep seabed, seamounts and hydrothermal vents and their critical contribution to both biodiversity and global climate regulation. Scientists have discovered over 300 new species, 80 percent of which are endemic around vents where temperatures can be as high as 113 degrees Celsius, making each vent system unique. Studies have found that there would be immediate adverse impacts on ocean ecosystem health, species abundance and biodiversity, with little or no recovery of biodiversity in mined sites. Moreover, the impact of industrial-scale operations (in terms of size, intensity and duration) would be devastating, covering on the order of 10,000 to 100,000 sq kilometers of the ocean floor.\nMany of the projected impacts on biodiversity and species extinction would likewise hurt communities. Pacific communities in New Ireland and East New Britain in PNG are already experiencing negative impacts from exploratory mining and drilling occurring 30 to 50 kilometers away. Villagers have reported increased frequency of dead fish washed up on shore, including a number of deep sea creatures hot to the touch. The PNG Fisheries Authority warned that “vast areas could be polluted and with tuna being a highly migratory species, contamination of stock could have dire consequences for the entire region, far overstretching the immediate impact zone of the mine”.\nWhat’s worrying is that the ISA assumes that the governance of the area considered the common heritage of mankind, the Clarion Clipperton Zone, is the sole responsibility of States to act on our collective behalf without requiring indigenous peoples and communities’ participation let alone their free, prior and informed consent. However, in this new era of ocean exploitation, Pacific Island states are in uncharted territory as their knowledge of the resources in their EEZs is limited. At least four Pacific Island states (Tonga, Nauru, Kiribati and the Cook Islands) are actively involved in the Zone.\nCaught in the net\nIn 2017, following the Oceans conference on SDG 14, members of the WTO set a deadline of 2020 to rein in harmful subsidies in the fishing industry that have led to widespread collapse of global fish stocks. Their mandate, as part of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) and the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, is to clarify disciplines on fish subsidies. Despite no consensus in 16 years of negotiations, members seem closer to a potential agreement on the issue than ever before. In part this is due to SDG target 14.6, which includes a mandate to, among other things, “by 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated [IUU] fishing…”\nAny outcome will have major implications for Pacific Island states as fish provide 50–90 percent of animal protein in rural areas (primarily from subsistence fishing), and 40–80 percent in many urban centres. Fisheries is also a key driver of developing country economies with fish and fish products generating a higher export value than coffee, bananas, cocoa, tea, sugar and tobacco combined.\nFisheries subsidies by developed countries have long been contentious for Pacific Island states which see their natural resources exploited by highly subsidized foreign fleets at the expense of their own potential local industries. As reported by IUU Watch, in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing “claims at least € 470 million annually, with actual lost revenue to Pacific Island countries around € 140 million.”\nCountries with huge industrialized fishing fleets are using these negotiations to try to include matters such as management measures under the ambit of the WTO. Any outcome must ensure that small-scale and artisanal fisherfolk can be supported, that the policy space of Pacific developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) is protected through effective special and differential treatment, and that there is no undermining of fisheries management measures.\nCall to ensure indigenous peoples and communities’ participation\nAlthough the potential negative environmental impacts of DSM are increasingly being documented, less attention is being paid to the human rights violations, particularly of indigenous peoples and communities.\nThe legal assumption is that because most of the DSM activities are designated in areas beyond national jurisdictions, the rights of indigenous peoples and communities including those living in coastal states closest to proposed sites, are not impacted. This ignores the fact that effects are experienced inside and outside national jurisdictions. Indigenous peoples can credibly claim they are entitled to invoke the highest protection of international law. Moreover, indigenous communities have obligations to sponsoring states (Tonga, Kiribati, Nauru and the Cook Islands) to ensure their compliance with the highest standards of environmental and human rights laws.\nA recent assessment of the regulatory frameworks governing DSM shows why it is so important for the principle of free, prior and informed consent for indigenous peoples and communities to be applied to deep sea mining particularly, particularly in the Pacific region, where numerous indigenous communities stand to be directly and disproportionately impacted by DSM. The authors argue that UNCLOS clear parameters on the prevention of harm to the marine environment have created a due diligence standard that is imposing even higher duties on an increasingly wide range of actors.\nA review of SDG 14 provides the global community with the opportunity to further consider how to strengthen global governance of oceans. It is clear that there are significant gaps and a need for strong accountability mechanisms to resolve what are clear conflicts between different users in areas beyond national jurisdictions to ensure the health of the oceans for future generations. It may require a new UN body on Oceans.\nMaureen Penjueli is Coordinator of the Pacific Network on Globalization (PANG) based in Fiji.\nThe ocean is a primary source of protein for over 3 billion people (www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/).\nOceans contain nearly 200,000 identified species, but actual numbers may lie in the millions (www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water.html).\nOver 3 billion people are dependent on the coastal and marine environment for their livelihoods, with more than 200 million people employed directly or indirectly in the fisheries sector (www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/).\n“Defining and quantifying China’s ocean economy”, Marine Policy, Vol 43, January 2014, pp. 164-173.\nThe SPC-EU Deep Sea Minerals Project has 15 Pacific Island states: The Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. See the SPC-EU DSM Deep Sea Minerals Project, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (http://gsd.spc.int/dsm).\nBlue Ocean Law (2016a) and (2016b).\nISA licenses have been awarded to: Cook Islands Investment Corporation (July 2016); Marawa Research and Exploration Ltd (Kiribati Jan 2015); Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd (Jan 2012); Nauru Resources Ltd (July 2011).\nIt is estimated that every mobile phone needs 0.02kg of copper; Volkswagen will need at least a third of the global supply of cobalt by 2025 for energy efficient cars; while if all European cars are electric by 2040 (using Telsa Model 3), they would require 28 times more cobalt than is produced now (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/deep_sea_mining). See also Hein et al. (2013).\nNautilus Minerals forecasts that in copper alone, seabed mining could be worth US$ 30 billion a year by 2030 (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/deep_sea_mining).\nSee e.g. Dando/Juniper, eds. (2001) and Tunnicliffe (1992).\nBlue Ocean Law (2016b).\nBlue Ocean Law (2016a): An Assessment of the SPC Regional Legislative and Regulatory Framework for Deep Sea Minerals Exploration and Exploitation. Guam.\nBlue Ocean Law (2016b): Resource Roulette: How Deep Sea Mining and Inadequate Regulatory Frameworks Imperil the Pacific and its Peoples. Guam.\nDando, Paul/Juniper, S. Kim, eds. (2001): Management and Conservation of Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems. Sidney (Victoria), B.C., Canada: Institute of Ocean Sciences.\nGillet, Robert (2016): Fisheries in the Economies of Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Second edition. Noumea, New Caledonia: Pacific Community.\nHein, James R. et al. (2013): Deep-ocean Mineral Deposits as a Source of Critical Metals for High and Green Technology Applications: Comparison with Land-Based Resources, Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 51, June 2013, pp. 1-14.\nIPCC (2018): Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Summary for Policymakers.\nTunnicliffe, Verena (1992): The Nature and Origin of the Modern Hydrothermal Vent Fauna. In: Palaios Vol. 7, No. 4 (August), pp. 338-350.\nWorld Bank (2016): Precautionary Management of Deep Sea Mining Potential in Pacific Island Countries. Washington. D.C. (Pacific Possible series).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dolphin watching tour\nDolphin watching tour lasts for 3 hours and it is designed for max 12 persons. In case you do not see the dolphins, you get the possibility to go one more time for free.\nIn cooperation with Blue World, Institute of Marine Research and Conservation, we have created a program in which you will have the opportunity to learn more about those wonderful creatures, and also learn how to behave in the vicinity of the dolphin.\nConsidering a way of life, love and respect for sea of our skipper, you will go in search of dolphins. It is necessary to know very well this area to notice even the smallest changes on the sea surface. Not every wave or jump means that there is a dolphin! Experience is required to spot the animals in the Lošinj archipelago.\nThe lectures about the dolphins, the behavior on boat and around the dolphins precedes the trip to the sea.\nApril - November", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "print dive site review | contribute site info / photo\nScuba Diving in Grenada Caribbean\nSite: Hema 1\nLocation: 3 miles off the south coast of Grenada\nLength: 50 metres (170 feet)\nDepth: 30 metres (100 feet)\nVisibility: 20 metres (65 feet)\nIn the early morning hours of March 5th 2005 a freighter who had offloaded its cargo in Grenada, was on its way back to Trinidad empty. Seas were rough and the freighter started to take on water. Unfortunately the bilge pump did not work as it supposed to. The owner/captain tried to make it back to Grenada's safe harbour but failed. Grenada coastguard rescued all crew members, but the ship had to be abandoned. It sank approximately 3 miles off the south coast of Grenada.\nThe freighter named Hema 1, was registered in Kingston, St. Vincent and its owner just had refurbished it with a new engine. For several years the ship served as an inter-island freighter. It was built in 1963 in Germany and delivered as 'Thomas Steven' of Denmark cargo around the Baltic Seas.\nThe 170 foot / 50 m Hema 1 is now the newest addition to the already diverse portfolio of Grenada's ship-wrecks. Lying on its side, still swaying in the current, in a depth of 30 m / 100 feet it will soon become a new attraction. On the first dive Aquanauts did one week after it sank, already reef and nurse sharks were investigating the new wreck as possible resting place. Like the Shakem which sank in 2001, it will be an interesting example to see how quickly marine life takes over and makes it a new artificial reef. Aquanauts will report and document the growth development on the new wreck regularly. But already it is clear that the wreck of Hema 1 will be one of the main attractions in Grenada's waters due to its location in the nutrient rich Atlantic current off the south coast where other wrecks like San Juan and King Mitch have an impossible to resist draw on experienced adventure seeking divers!\nDo you have any comments on this dive site?\nprint dive site review | contribute site info / photo | top\nDo you run a dive operation in this area?\nClick here to find out more about being listed on this\npage in dive site directory.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Everyone knows that rubbish ends up in the ocean, but did you know that there is a patch of garbage twice the size of Texas floating between Hawaii and California?\nYup, that’s right. A large collection of mostly plastic items like discarded fishing nets , plastic bottles and polystyrene cups is currently swirling it’s way around the North Pacific ocean. It’s called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). It’s not alone though, in fact there are a number of these gyres in oceans around the world. This one just happens to be the largest. There’s one in the North Atlantic, another in the Indian Ocean in between Australia and Antarctica. Oh, and there’s two more in the South Atlantic and South Pacific.\nSo, What Is a Gyre?\nBasically, thanks to ocean currents and the Earth’s rotation there are vortexes in all our oceans that pull together. The problem is that now there is so much plastic in the ocean, the garbage is being pulled along and forming these garbage patches.\n- In parts of the GPGP there are over 2 million pieces of plastic per square mile of ocean.\n- Marine life like turtles and fish mistake tiny pieces of plastic for sea plankton and ingest items their bodies cannot break down\n- By 2050 it’s estimated that there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish\n- 80% of the garbage found in the ocean is from land based sources, leaving the other 20% coming from commercial cruises, fishing and shipping\n- Ocean pollution kills an estimated one million seabirds each year\nWhy Are the Garbage Patches There?\nThe GPGP was first documented in 1988 but scientists believe over the last decade or so the patch has rapidly accelerated in size. The solution seems quite simple: locate the garbage patch and remove it. But it’s actually a lot more complicated than that. It’s difficult to locate from air and it’s even harder to get close enough to it to actually remove it. It’s not a massive island of floating garbage but more of a cloudy ocean soup of micro-plastics. However, the biggest thing standing in the garbage patch’s removal is the fact that no country wants to take responsibility for it. Although it lies off the coast of The United States, a lot of the rubbish is believed to have originated from East Asia. This is mainly because thanks to the ocean highway, a piece of plastic discarded into the ocean in Japan will take roughly 1 year to reach the patch whereas the same plastic would take 6 years from California.\nCan Anything Be Done?\nWhile people were up in arms when Coles and Woolworths stopped handing out single use plastic bags, it’s actually a great step in the right direction. Cutting down on single use plastics in every aspect of your life can reduce the amount that eventually ends up in our oceans. Easy things to cut out are coffee cups, straws and excess plastic when grocery shopping. Do you really need that extra plastic bag for your spuds? Or how about using eco-friendly skin and beauty products? Micro-beads that go into face and body washes end up washing down your drain and into the stomachs of turtles. If you are really keen to help save our oceans then volunteer for a ocean clean up day, or next time you’re at the beach or river why not pick up a couple pieces of rubbish while you’re there?\nWhat do you think LiveTribers? Is it time to ditch the plastic for good to save our oceans?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How climate change changes the oceans\nThe life insurance system of the planet is at risk. The ocean and coastal regions are changing more rapidly than it has ever been recorded in history and the cause for this is the climate change, enhanced by humanity. This statement was recently made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its fifth paper, in which the international committee of 800 scientists summarises the current state of affairs regarding global warming and new, worrying predictions for the future.\nThe last thirty years were the warmest in the last 1.400 years. Whilst global temperatures have risen by 0.14 degrees Celsius in the last decade (with 0.6 degrees since the industrialisation), ocean temperatures have risen by 0.4 degrees between 1970 and 2010. And the end is not yet in sight: A new temperature record for the North Pacific, Mediterranean and parts of the North Atlantic were recorded in 2014. Global warming will, according to the IPCC, rise by another 4 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, if we don’t reduced emissions.\nWhen glaciers sink into the ocean…\nThe rising temperatures are leading to an explosion of the ocean, as warmer waters have a larger volume, meaning that the sea level is rising continuously. Current estimates state a sea level rise of between 28 and 98 centimetres, with regional differences, and there is no end in sight. Partially this is also made up of land-based input from melting glaciers – 80 percent of land based ice masses are retreating. The Greenland ice sheet loses 100 – 350 billion tons of ice annually. Once all of this ice has melted, the sea level will have risen by 7 metres. In order to stop the complete melting of the ice sheets globally the “2 degrees Celsius goal” was put in place as an upper limit for global warming.\nFor floating arctic ice global warming also poses a threat. Feedback effects have lead to a reduction in the previously 16.2 million square kilometres ice coverage to 14.5 million in the last 30 years (a difference equal to the size of Iran). The population of polar bears and other species that are reliant on the ice sheets have been decreasing with an alarming speed. Through the rapid melting of ice in spring a high amount of ice bound algae are being released, which then sink in the water column where they feed bacteria, which in turn leads to a reduction in oxygen in the water and the creation of dead zones in the Arctic.\nBut not only the highly sensitive poles are suffering from global warming. The tropic and sub-tropic regions, too, are suffering, leading to extreme temperature variations, storms and massive downpours. The loss of habitat affects many species, and land-based nutrient input is doing its part to increase the stress on the ecosystem. Even global currents, formed by the salinity and temperature gradient in the ocean, have changed, just as it has in the past.\n… and the ocean can barely buffer any longer…\nGlobal warming through greenhouse gasses is mostly driven by the emission of carbon dioxide. Next to all the other gasses, this one is also a vital component for the geochemistry and biology of the ocean. Until now, the ocean has functioned as a sink for carbon dioxide, being able to take up more then 60 times as much carbon dioxide as the atmosphere.\nThrough the burning of fossil fuels the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has risen to 395 ppm – the fastest increase in the last 800.000 years. And the carbon dioxide concentration is the ocean is rising, too. Currently the ocean is taking up approximately a quarter of global emissions. However, the ocean is becoming increasingly acidic through this uptake, as it’s uptake leads to the formation of carbonic acid. Extrapolations show that the northern Indian Ocean has become 10 percent more acidic. But colder waters such as the waters off the coast of Siberia and Alaska (the Bering Strait is considered the most acidic ocean), the Antarctic and the northern Pacific, due to the deep water formation and the algal blooms, are more affected by this and are changing rapidly.\nThe pH value of the ocean has changed 0.1 since the start of the industrialisation – a value shift that is very drastic for many ecological processes. If the pH goes below 7.5 the calcite shells of many organisms will dissolve. The so-called biological carbon dioxide pump for the storage of this gas could thus come to a halt, after having functioned well and efficiently for more than 20 million years. Living in acidified waters first harms deep sea corals and planktonic organisms, but other corals and tropical organisms are not spared. Effects on the coastal protection from stores, tourism and global fisheries are unavoidable.\n…risks are being exponentiated\nBy now the creeping effects of climate change can be witnessed everywhere in the marine ecosystems. On top of this there are further pressures through problems such as overfishing, increasing populations, pollution and the loss of species diversity and richness, to name a few. In the world climate report of the IPCC possible consequences of climate change for global food security are being discussed. Along with wheat, rice and corn, fisheries are most important, as around 500 million people are directly reliant on the ocean for its food provision. Ocean-sourced products provide about a fifth of the global protein.\nThe experts of the IPCC state that climate change will lead to more productive fisheries in some regions, like the north Atlantic waters for example, due to a reduction in ice masses. In all tropical waters, however, the rising temperatures, acidification and loss of habitat will reduce the productivity of the ecosystems drastically. Africa, East Asia and the Island states will be the first to lose: Through coral bleaching and the rising sea level the coastal regions will suffer drastic economic losses.\nFisheries in the south rely on a healthy ecosystem. However, the productivity, species richness and planktonic dispersion will change in the warming tropical waters. According to the IPCC, landings for thousands of commercially exploited fisheries will be drastically reduced by 2060, in comparison to landings between 2001 and 2010. In the Caribbean the landings will continue to reduce and through the increase of oxygen-depleted zones many species, like the Humboldt squid, will extend their habitats globally. They could then be a competition to industrially exploited species, such as salmon.\nAlthough the consequences of climate change have not yet been noticed strongly in the rich waters off Peru or Namibia, however, these ecosystems, too, are not safe from the damage. With increasing upwelling events the open ocean species could profit from algal bloom events whilst populations closer to the coast would suffer from reduced oxygen concentrations and increased nitrogen input through fertilisers. A lack of upwelling would lead to a decrease in nutrients and biomass in all involved ecosystems. These kinds of “years of famine” can have drastic effects for birds, marine mammals and lastly also for fishermen.\nClimate change is showing rapid changes in the marine ecosystems with direct consequences for the food security for society, especially in the southern regions. And in these regions most cannot afford the possible yet expensive adaptation options such as coastal protection, relocation and development of alternative food sources or industries. However, exactly in these regions – for example, through the collapse of fisheries – many people are living on the brink of poverty, making malnutrition a serious threat. As long as there are no sufficient countermeasures this bares serious risks for conflict in the future.\nText: Onno Groß, 2016", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CALCIUM CARBONATE SEDIMENTS\nMade up of broken down skeletons, shells, and tests, calcium carbonate sediments comprise a large portion of the benthic habitat of coral reef ecosystems. The topography and coarse nature of these sediments generates an advective flow of overlying seawater, which supports large benthic oxygen and carbon fluxes despite their low organic matter content. These shallow sediments undergo intense diel cycles of photosynthesis and respiration driven by the microbes and other organisms that live within them. The metabolic uptake and production of carbon dioxide can also drive diel cycles in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution, making these sediments a very dynamic system to work in. My research utilizes novel and traditional techniques to investigate the biogeochemical cycles that occur within carbonate sands and their larger role in coral reef ecosystems.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Ocean Cities Snapshot for Policy-makers serves as a companion document to the Ocean Cities Regional Policy Guide. The Ocean Cities concept is an integrated policy approach for ocean-focused and climate-responsive urban development strategies, with a focus on urban areas in Pacific island developing States. Ocean Cities are where urban landscapes and seascapes meet, where built and natural environments near coastlines interface and where human behaviour and urban development have profound impacts on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Ocean Cities are at the forefront of the climate change impacts, the urbanization challenges and other development pressures. Within the context of ongoing urbanization processes in Pacific island developing States, the guide recognizes the important links between the impacts of urban growth and development, climate change impacts, ocean health and coastal systems, and the effect these factors have on the development and resilience of Ocean Cities.\nThis Snapshot provides an Executive Summary of the Ocean Cities concept, the context, challenges and opportunities of Ocean Cities, and outlines several policy recommendations for the implementation of solutions for simultaneously achieving urban climate resilience, improved sustainability of ocean resources and better integration of landscape and seascape planning. Interested parties are encouraged to refer to the Regional Policy Guide document (also available on the Urban Development Resources webpage) for additional in-depth content.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Coral reefs are incredibly biodiverse ecosystems, harboring sponges and seastars, octopi and sharks. The reefs themselves are built up over thousands of years by hard corals with the help of their symbiotic partner, Symbiodinium. Symbiodinium are basically a single-celled algae that lives within the coral tissue – a symbiont. Corals harbor Symbiodinium from herbivores and a harsh environment, and provide their symbionts with nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. In return, the Symbiodinium photosynthesize, creating useable carbon from sunlight and giving nutrients back to the coral. Thus, both species benefit from the interaction. Ecologists call this type of positive-positive interaction a mutualism.\nThere are hundreds of coral species and potentially hundreds of Symbiodinium “types”. Each coral and Symbiodinium has its own characteristics: where it likes to live, how it responds to the environment, and how cooperative it is with mutualistic partners. Because of this variability, each potential pairing has different characteristics and some partnerships might be more effective than others. For instance, certain Symbiodinium are better photosynthesizers, while others can withstand environmental disturbances like increased water temperatures and prevent corals from bleaching. As a starting point, we need to know which pairings are possible and why.\nIn a new article in the journal PLoS One, I use social network theory to ask:\n- Which corals have very few Symbiodinium partners and which corals have many?\n- Are there specialist (few partners) and generalist (many partners) Symbiodinium?\n- Do any coral traits influence interaction patterns within coral-Symbiodinium social networks?\nTo answer these questions, I worked with a research group at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (there are very few coral reefs in Davis, CA). Hollie Putnam, Erik Franklin, Michael Stat, and Ruth Gates had assembled a large database of coral-Symbiodinium interactions that they named GeoSymbio. The data within GeoSymbio comes from locations around the world, including Hawaii, Thailand, the Caribbean, and the famous Great Barrier Reef in Australia. We created social networks to show the connections between corals and Symbiodinium, much in the same way that I have connections to my friends on Facebook.\nWe found that most corals have very few Symbiodinium partners, but that a handful of corals have many, many symbionts. This was important because it’s generally believed that most corals have few symbiont options to choose from. We also found that transmission mode was important in these communities: young corals get their Symbiodinium from their parents or from the environment, but not both. Symbiodinium types were usually passed on through only one of these strategies, nearly dividing the networks in half. This is like saying that my family members are “friends” on Facebook and my friends are “friends” on Facebook, but there are no connections between these groups.\nOur research is important to understanding the basic interaction patterns between corals and Symbiodinium. With a greater understanding of this important mutualistic interaction, we’ll be better equipped to protect coral reef communities – and the species they support.\nYou can find our paper here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Today July 3rd, the International Plastic Bag Free Day – an annual activity is dedicated to heightening awareness and pressing issues on overusing plastic bags.\nProducing plastic bags requires large amount of fossil fuels, water and energy, particularly generating enormous amounts of waste and million tons of CO2 every year.\nOn average, plastic bags are used for 25 minutes.\nIt takes between 100 – 500 years for decomposition depending on the type of plastic bags.\nOne million plastic bags are used worldwide every minute.\n80% marine trash is PLASTIC!\nIn the EU, people annually produced 3.4 million tons of plastic carrier bags whose equivalent weight is of more than 2 million cars.\nOnly 1% of total amount of plastic bags can be recycled, the rest might be stored at the landfill.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Open-access inshore fisheries : the economic performance of the purse seine fishery in Nha Trang, Vietnam\nAuthorThi Tran, Thu Hoa\nIn Vietnam, the number of fishing vessels, especially near the shore, has increased continuously, despite the Government’s aim for reduction. In particular, 80% of the fishing vessels operate in the coastal areas that make up only 11% of the exclusive economic zone. Such heavy use of near-shore fish resources could imply overfishing and economic decline. Therefore, the economic performance of the inshore purse seine vessels in an open-access fishery have been investigated, based on a 2011 survey of cost and earnings data of a sample of 62 anchovy purse seiners, representing about 46 % of such vessels in Nha Trang, Vietnam. The empirical results show that an average purse seiner was able to cover all the costs and earned a profit margin of 17.41% and crew members earned their opportunity cost of labour or above. Engine power, number of crew size, number of fishing days and dummy variable for location are identified as the main factors affecting the annual vessel performance, represented by gross revenue. An application of the Salter diagram shows that a large number of vessels with high relative standardised effort are the most cost-efficient vessels. The majority of these vessels earned intra-marginal rent despite the open-access characteristics of this fishery.\nPublisherUniversitetet i Tromsø\nUniversity of Tromsø\nMetadataShow full item record\nCopyright 2012 The Author(s)\nThe following license file are associated with this item:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "While looking at the whales in the bay, you might not fully understand how giant these animals are.\nThis combo tour admission allows you to experience the different whales found around Iceland from both land and sea. So entry to the Whales of Iceland is included in your Whale Watching ticket.\nBefore or after your boat tour, we recommend visiting the Whales of Iceland Exhibition on the other side of Reykjavik’s Old Harbour area. The Whales of Iceland Exhibition showcases 23 life-size whale models with a lot of in-depth information, interactive experiences, and underwater footage of whales shown on an 8-meter screen. Part of the exhibition focuses on conservation, where whales’ multiple threats (and their solutions) are showcased today. The exhibition gives you a feeling of how small we are compared to the ocean wildlife.\nOn the Whale Watching tour, you will check in at the Special Tours Ticket Office in Reykjavik’s Old Harbour before you sail out to Faxaflói Bay. Here we will search for the most common whales in the area, such as humpback whales, minke whales, white-beaked dolphins, and harbor porpoises.\nDuring the tour, we observe their behavior in the wild while learning more about them from one of your expert guides. If there are no sightings on our tours, you are entitled to a ticket to try again for free.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fishing for oxygen\nIn Norway, aquaculture expert OxSeaVision and Trelleborg have teamed up to develop a system that pumps oxygen into offshore fish farms, helping fish remain healthy and grow bigger.\nOxSeaVision made a commercial breakthrough towards the end of 2007 with the OxyVision controlled oxygen-injection system for offshore fish farms and already has hundreds of installations around the world. Pumping oxygen into fish pens to help keep fish healthy and allow them to grow bigger, the system is built exclusively with customised Trelleborg rubber hoses, fittings and connectors.\nOxygen is vital for all animals. In a fish pen, soluble oxygen can be adversely affected by salinity or other factors such as the number of fish, the season, seaweed blooms and so on.\nThe core problem is that fish need more oxygen as the water temperature increases. However, as the water temperature increases, the available oxygen and its solubility in water decreases.\nOxygenating a fish pen with a standard hose in the open sea would create such big bubbles that they would float to the surface and dissipate into the air, bypassing the fish.\nThe resulting unique OxyVision system consists of a grid of rubber hoses that is sunk about 10 meters down inside a net pen. Pure oxygen is then pumped through the system for dispersion throughout the whole volume of the pen. Micro pores ensure that oxygen is properly dissolved in the water and is spread vertically over large areas.\nWhen the company was started, little academic or technical research had been done on the effects of low oxygen on fish performance. OxSeaVision, worked with EWOS Innovation, the world’s second-largest feed producer for fish farming and Rogaland Research, an independent Norwegian research institute, to do its own research.\nLATEST PRESS RELEASES\nThe product range, which was specially compiled and newly developed for aquaculture applications, wa... Read more\nTersan Shipyard Inc. (Tersan Tersanecilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.) announces the contract of their 100th New Building Vessel\nTersan Shipyard Inc. (Tersan Tersanecilik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.) announces the contract of their 10... Read more\nFibras Industriales S.A., commercially known as FISA has taken another leap in its international gro... Read more\nThordon Bearings has successfully completed the commissioning of a set of water-lubricated SXL prope... Read more\nThis clever infographic shows why maritime companies should now start smart with their data for exam... Read more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Basking sharks leave Irish waters in search of winter sun - PHOTOS\nPreviously hunted off the coast of Ireland, harmless Basking Sharks are studied intently by Irish group\n‘Banba’ a female basking shark tagged in July with a satellite transmitter off Malin head, Co. Donegal has just released its transmitter west of the Cape Verde Islands, over 5000km away from where it was originally tagged.\nThe five meter long female shark was one of five basking sharks tagged as part of the Monster Munch Basking Shark Community Awareness Project run by the Irish Basking Shark Study Group in association with the Inishowen Development Partnership and Queens University Belfast.\nThe movement by the shark ‘Banba’ into warm tropical waters off West Africa, coupled with similar findings by leading American shark biologist Greg Skomal in the western Atlantic, questions the validity of the established theory that basking sharks inhabit temperate waters only. Previous basking shark tracking studies undertaken in the north east Atlantic have only recorded shark movements within temperate waters.\nThe majority of tracked sharks have displayed a seasonal onshore - offshore migratory pattern, with movements of one or two hundred miles offshore onto the continental shelf edge during winter and return shifts to coastal waters during summer months. This seasonal pattern allows the sharks to feed year round on copepods, a type of zooplankton, their stable food source. However, the recording of this magnificent journey by a basking shark from Malin head to warmer tropical waters questions many of the fundamental theories marine biologists have regarding the species and its lifecycle.\nBasking sharks were once hunted off the coasts of Ireland, but they are now classed as endangered in the North Atlantic. The Irish Basking Shark Study Group have been pioneering research on the iconic marine leviathan which can weigh more than an African elephant and grow to over 11m in length. In recent years the group have had internationally significant findings in DNA sampling, population surveys, tagging and tracking.\nThe groups’ motivation is to see the shark protected in Irish waters, one of the last western European territorial water bodies where they remain unprotected. Emmett Johnston, a co-founder of the group, spoke briefly about Banba’s journey. “The group are delighted with the finding, but it is a bit premature to be rushing out to change the shark biology books. We are awaiting the pop-off of the remaining three satellite transmitters attached this summer, recovering five complete basking shark tracks will allow us to compare the data and make informed conclusions. Until then there is not much we can say other than this is a highly unusual place to find a species that is presumed to inhabit temperate waters.” The satellite transmitter tags used to track the basking sharks incorporate pioneering Fastloc GPS technology coupled with depth and water temperature sensors which will allow researchers to recreate the track of the shark in three dimensions.\nEmmett added, “Understanding where the sharks are and what they do when they are there, is essential to making informed management decisions regarding this endangered species.”\n- An open letter in strong defence of capitalism.\n- Sarah Palin is saving Christmas\n- Racist incidents in Ireland up by 85 percent...\n- Gay teacher fired from Catholic school after...\n- Virginia governor slammed by doctor over...\n- Irish drugs mule to escape full trial and...\n- Top Christmas Irish ads that will be bring...\n- Irish radio presenter suspended after anti-Isra\n- Families as well as Catholic Church and governm\n- Hollywood star Gabriel Byrne brands new Pope...\nWhere was MY FREEDOM to breathe clean air? My father smoked for over half of my life; I am 60. That's about 40yrs of second hand smoke. My sister smokRacist incidents in Ireland up by 85 percent says Immigrant Council\nI am sure Pope Francis is delighted to know he has quasi approval from our local, Catholic hating, Protestant abortion queen.Liam Neeson’s agent denies he was inebriated on TV show in Ireland\nHello everybody, my names is Cindy Davis Am from Canada i want to give thanks and honor to Dr.ATILA for the great work he did for me, he brought my loTop Christmas Irish ads that will be bring a tear to your eye (VIDEOS)\nNiall O'Dowd, as for my typos, can't you tell a bit of irony and parody when you see it?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Two fishery resource disasters declared for Alaska, ‘The Blob’ could be a factor in both\nU.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has declared two fishery resource disasters in Alaska.\nThe disasters occurred in 2018, impacting Gulf of Alaska Pacific cod and sockeye salmon in Chignik.\nAccording to the Associated Press, Congress has appropriated $165 million for such help for fiscal year 2019, though it is spread across seven states. The Commerce Department decides allocations to eligible fisheries.\nThe cuts to the quota were expected to result in a $7-$8 million loss in revenue, Walker wrote at the time.\nSteve Barbeaux, a resource biologist with the Alaska Fisheries Science Center at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, says that roughly 55% of the 2017 quota was actually caught by fishermen, meaning the 2018 drop was 63% of the 2017 catch.\nIn 2019, the Gulf of Alaska cod quota dropped again from 18,000 tons to 17,000 tons, another 5.5% drop.\nResearchers say a marine heatwave that impacted the northwest Pacific Ocean from 2014-16, known colloquially as “the blob,” was likely responsible for the poor returns of Pacific cod. A resurgence of warm ocean temperatures has recently been identified in the same area but scientists say it is currently not as severe as before.\n“We are waiting with bated breath,” said Dr. Nick Bond, a research meteorologist with the University of Washington, about whether the trend will worsen. Bond coined the term “the blob,” and says storms in the Gulf of Alaska could dissipate the warm water.\nIf conditions don’t return to normal, the quota could be cut again. Biologists with NOAA who advise the management of the federal Pacific cod fishery say that the management of the fishery is “conservative already.”\n“Whether we recommend to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council of making further cuts based on ecosystem indicators will need to wait until November when we have more information on this heatwave and our survey results from this summer are finalized,” Barbeaux wrote in an email.\nFor Chignik, the 2018 commercial sockeye salmon harvest totally failed, devastating the community. Walker wrote to Ross that November, requesting federal help.\n“In 2017, the community harvested 4.7 million pounds of salmon with estimated gross earnings of $2.2 million,” Walker wrote. In 2018, virtually no sockeye salmon were commercially harvested in the Chignik fishery.\nThe fishery employed 38% of Chignik residents that year, a small coastal community of 91 people, according to the 2010 U.S. Census.\nSalmon in Alaska waters are controlled at a state level and management occurs dynamically. Commercial Fisheries Director Sam Rabung with the Alaska Department of Fish & Game, says returns are analyzed in real-time and are not projected ahead of time.\nFish are counted as they come back to rivers: if escapement goals are met, commercial harvests can begin, said Rabung. The process is known as inseason escapement-based management.\nAlthough not definitively linked to “the blob,” researchers suspect that warmer ocean trends impacted zooplankton numbers in 2014-16 and how some salmon species that spend time feeding in the Gulf of Alaska were able to grow to maturity.\nSome have suspected that curtailed the size of sockeye returning and how many survived their time in the ocean.\nBill Templin, the chief fisheries scientist with ADF&G, says there is speculation about “the blob’s” impact on Alaska salmon but no definitive connection. He says the earlier warming trend was also not uniform across Alaska.\nTo make matters more complicated for researchers, the department does not have the resources to study trends to salmon in real-time on the ocean.\nFor pink salmon, it is easier, Templin said. Researchers can study juvenile fish as they leave rivers and compare their size as they return.\nIn 2017, a federal disaster was declared for Gulf of Alaska pink salmon from the previous year. $56,361,332 was made available for fishermen, research and as a means to strengthen the fishery.\nFor fishermen, Dr. Brian Brettschneider, a climatologist at the International Arctic Research Center, says it is very difficult to tell if the storms needed to dissipate the warmer water in the Gulf of Alaska will come this winter.\nConcerning as well for Alaskan fishermen is the lack of sea ice in the Bering Sea. Although not connected to “the blob,” warmer water in the area could be correlated to similar consequences.\nEarlier in the month, NOAA declared an Unusual Mortality Event in the Bering and Chuckchi seas when 282 bearded, ringed, and spotted seals were found dead in the area. That represented a mortality rate five times higher than usual.\nBrettschneider says warm water this summer in the Bering Sea means that it’s all but impossible for a typical sea ice year this winter. “With anthropogenic climate change we’ve really tipped the scales, these things are much more likely to occur now,” he said.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "9th November 2001\nFinally the weather has broken! It’s still not calm, but life has got back to more or less normal now. I got some sleep last night and had a shower today, so all in all I think I can say that I’ve weathered the storm.\nIt’s strange being at sea; it’s as much about your state of mind as anything else. I prepared for it to be challenging in lots of ways, but I didn’t expect it to be such a mind game.\nWe are fishing again now; only my second proper work day after so many days at sea. I observed the hauling from a little cubbyhole near the stern. It’s fairly safe there as it’s out the way of the trawl and of the crew, but fairly exposed to the weather and to be honest I couldn’t see any more from there than I could from the bridge so I think I might just watch from the bridge from now on.\nThe catch is poor today, probably only about a tonne in the last trawl. I climbed into the fish bin for a proper look. Wading among the fish I felt something clamp down on my welly boot – it was a big old wolffish. If like me, you have never seen an Atlantic wolffish before, imagine a blenny that you caught in a rockpool as a child, then enlarge said blenny to a metre long, add leathery grey skin and powerful canine teeth which are capable of crushing shellfish and crustaceans, then you have the Atlantic wolffish. Luckily the wolf fish didn’t bite very hard and didn’t puncture my boot. It was an interesting fish so I picked it up and carried it out into the factory for a better look. It was still very much alive and so I treated it with respect, both because I didn’t want to cause it undue stress but also because the potential damage it could inflict on me was evident by the powerful jaws and sharp teeth.\nIt didn’t take the crew long to process the catch and so I tried to count the boxes of fish to compare against the reported figures. It was more difficult than I thought it would be trying to keep track of the number of boxes of each species. Hopefully I’ll get my eye in soon and be able to produce some good quality data.\n9th November 2017\nOne of the main roles of an observer is to independently verify the catch, i.e to ensure that the ship accurately records and reports figures for the fish they catch including bycatch species which have no commercial value and are thrown back into the sea, usually dead. This information is crucial in managing a fishery. Stock assessment scientists use this data to feed into computer models which predict how many fish there are, and how many can be caught without damaging the stock. The aim is to leave enough fish to breed and ensure the fishery is renewable and healthy. The models can only work accurately if they are supplied with accurate data to begin with.\nUnfortunately in many fisheries effort is focused on the management of commercial species, and bycatch species such as the Atlantic wolffish are virtually ignored. Some modern fisheries are moving towards an ecosystem scale model, where the health of all species are considered.\nWolffish play a key role in the ecosystem, especially by keeping numbers of crab or urchins in balance. Too many urchins for example, may overgraze the kelp and diminish the habitat which acts as a nursery ground for many fish species. Therefore if you remove the wolffish you risk major knock-on effects to the whole ecosystem.\nWikipedia on Wolffish:\nThe numbers of the Atlantic wolffish are rapidly being depleted, most likely due to overfishing and bycatch, and is currently a Species of Concern according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration‘s National Marine Fisheries Service.\nApart from their unique appearance wolffish are distinguished by the natural antifreeze they produce to keep their blood moving fluidly in their very cold habitat, involvement by both the male and female in brood bearing, and the large size of their eggs. They are also an important factor in controlling green crab and sea urchin populations, which can become overly disruptive to habitats if left unchecked. Wolffish population success is also an important indicator of the health of other bottom-dweller populations, such as Atlantic cod.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ROVs play a vital role in making deep sea repairs that would be a challenge for divers. Global’s Cougar and Falcon ROV systems were mobilized to Hawaii to facilitate repairs on a 40” coldwater pipeline transition section in 500 feet of water off of Keahole Point on the island of Hawaii for the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA).\nThe 40” pipeline is unique in the fact that it was installed with gravity anchors to a depth of 457 feet, and from there to a depth of 2000 feet it took the form of an inverted floating catenary. When the deep sea pipeline was installed in 1987, an error made then would lead to future failures of the chain bridals and anchor chains. In addition, growth on the pipeline was weighing it down.\nGlobal’s ROV crew, operating off of the Healy Tibbitts 544 crane barge, was tasked with restoring the pipeline to as-designed condition. The Cougar ROV cut loose two 500-foot long, one-and-a-half-inch stud link restraining chain bridals and replaced them. The pipe was cleaned and obstructions cut loose for the installation of new pipe clamps in three places. One-and-a-half tons of flotation was added at each clamp location. Two one-and-a-half-inch stud link chain bridals were added at the bottoms of the clamps and secured to a 40 ton gravity anchor. A one-and-five-eighths-inch stud link chain bridal was added to the offshore bridal. Special underwater tooling was designed and manufactured for the project, including a hydraulic chain tensioner, three-and-a-half and 10 ton winches, and 40- and 48-inch hydraulic actuated pipe clamps that were tested in Seattle before being deployed to Hawaii.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Marine litter, and plastics in particular, is fast rising to the top of the political agenda at all levels of governance. The popular phrase today, evoked at all political meetings, in all speeches and at all cocktail parties, is that by 2050, there will be more plastics than fish in the ocean. This is a simple and valid prediction naturally, since global fish stocks are fished at capacity and therefore not increasing in number—whereas the inflow of plastics into the ocean is continuous and rising. Stopping litter from entering the marine ecosystem is therefore the logical step to stop the prediction from coming true. Do we have time to wait for the international community to come together to ratify a treaty text on this, with the required years of negotiations in between, though? Granted, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) passed 13 nonbinding resolutions in December of 2017 of which one was on marine microplastics. They are still nonbinding though and without any teeth or financial instruments attached. The General Assembly, however, adopted resolution 72/249 also in December 2017, on a conference spanning a 2-year period, starting in 2018, where the end goal is to agree on a treaty on the protection of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). We argue in this article that, rather than waiting for a treaty that is plastics specific, a path to fast action could be to incorporate this into these negotiations, since plastic is interweaved as a substantial stressor to the system and to biodiversity in all areas of the ocean.\n- Theory and previous studies have shown that commercial fishers with a diversified catch across multiple species may experience benefits such as increased revenue and reduced variability in revenue. However, fishers can only increase the species diversity of their catch if they own fishing permits that allow multiple species to be targeted, or if they own multiple single‐species permits. Individuals holding a single permit can only increase catch diversity within the confines of their permit (e.g. by fishing longer or over a broader spatial area).\n- Using a large dataset of individual salmon fishers in Alaska, we build a Bayesian variance function regression model to understand how diversification impacts revenue and revenue variability, and how these effects have evolved since the 1970s.\n- Applying these models to six salmon fisheries that encompass a broad geographic range and a variety of harvesting methods and species, we find that the majority of these fisheries have experienced reduced catch diversity through time and increasing benefits of specialization on mean individual revenues.\n- One factor that has been hypothesized to reduce catch diversity in salmon fisheries is large‐scale hatchery production. While our results suggest negative correlations between hatchery returns and catch diversity for some fisheries, we find little evidence for a change in variability of annual catches associated with increased hatchery production.\n- Synthesis and applications. Despite general trends towards more specialization among commercial fishers in Alaska, and more fishers exclusively targeting salmon, we find that catching fewer species can have positive effects on revenue. With increasing specialization, it is important to understand how individuals buffer against risk, as well as any barriers that prevent diversification. In addition to being affected by environmental variability, fishers are also affected by economic factors including demand and prices offered by processors. Life‐history variation in the species targeted may also play a role. Individuals participating in Alaskan fisheries with high contributions of pink salmon — which have the shortest life cycles of all Pacific salmon — also have the highest variability in year‐to‐year revenue.\nRecreational scuba diving is rapidly increasing, and the negative impacts to marine reef biota are of conservation concern. Educational approaches have been tested to mitigate diver damage to benthic organisms, but logistical constraints impede their implementation in many locations. We investigated the behaviors of scuba divers in terms of their contacts with benthic organisms, and assessed how an educational video-briefing caused changes in diver behavior. The video provided environmental information to divers, and enhanced their use of low-impact diving techniques. Divers who received the video-briefing exhibited significantly lower rates of contact with and damage to the benthos, than did divers who did not receive a briefing. The level of diving experience did not correlate with the rate of benthic contact in either group of divers. Male divers and photographers both contacted the benthos significantly less, and female divers and photographers both caused significantly less damage when they viewed the video-briefing prior to diving. Our findings highlight the importance of easily implemented, standardized educational approaches such as the use of video-briefings to mitigate the impacts of scuba diving. This study adds to the framework of tested strategies available to support the sustainable use of marine areas by the diving tourism industry.\n- Periodically harvested closures (PHCs) are one of the most common forms of fisheries management in Melanesia, demonstrating multiple objectives, including sustaining fish stocks and increasing catch efficiency to support small‐scale fisheries. No studies have comprehensively assessed their ability to provide short‐term fisheries benefits across the entire harvest regime.\n- We present a novel analytical framework to guide a meta‐analysis and assist future research in conceptualizing and assessing the potential of PHCs to deliver benefits for multiple fisheries‐related objectives.\n- Ten PHCs met our selection criteria and on average, they provided a 48% greater abundance and 92% greater biomass of targeted fishes compared with areas open to fishing prior to being harvested.\n- This translated into tangible harvest benefits, with fishers removing 21% of the abundance and 49% of the biomass within PHCs, resulting in few post‐harvest protection benefits.\n- When PHCs are larger, closed for longer periods or well enforced, short‐term fisheries benefits are improved. However, an increased availability of fish within PHCs leads to greater removal during harvests.\n- Synthesis and applications. Periodically harvested closures (PHCs) can provide short‐term fisheries benefits. Use of the analytical framework presented here will assist in determining long‐term fisheries and conservation benefits. We recommend PHCs be closed to fishing for as long as possible, be as large as possible, that compliance be encouraged via community engagement and enforcement, and strict deadlines/goals for harvesting set to prevent overfishing.\nAuthenticity and traceability of food products are of primary importance at all levels of the production process, from raw materials to finished products. Authentication is also a key aspect for accurate labeling of food, which is required to help consumers in selecting appropriate types of food products. With the aim of guaranteeing the authenticity of foods, various methodological approaches have been devised over the past years, mainly based on either targeted or untargeted analyses. In this review, a brief overview of current analytical methods tailored to authenticity studies, with special regard to fishery products, is provided. Focus is placed on untargeted methods that are attracting the interest of the analytical community thanks to their rapidity and high throughput; such methods enable a fast collection of “fingerprinting signals” referred to each authentic food, subsequently stored into large database for the construction of specific information repositories. In the present case, methods capable of detecting fish adulteration/substitution and involving sensory, physicochemical, DNA-based, chromatographic, and spectroscopic measurements, combined with chemometric tools, are illustrated and commented on.\nAs the body of literature on marine climate impacts accumulates the question is no longer whether marine ecosystems and their living resources are affected, but what we as scientists, managers and policy makers can do to prepare for the inevitable changes. In this study, the current literature on how fisheries, fisheries management and fishing communities react and adapt to projected climate impacts is reviewed. First, a brief background on adaptation research, including definitions of key terms and concepts is provided. Secondly, available frameworks and tools to assess and foster adaptation to climate change are outlined and discussed. Thirdly, case studies illustrating several key aspects (political, legal, economic, and social) influencing adaptation at the level of fisheries, communities and households worldwide are presented and compared. Finally, a brief synthesis of the main issues and their implications for adaptation within fisheries and fisheries management at large are identified and discussed. In summary, the study illustrates that while a great wealth of local and regional knowledge, as well as tools and approaches to foster adaptation exists, examples of concrete adaptation actions and measures are surprisingly few. This emphasizes the need to increase the general awareness of climate change impacts and to build a solid political, legal, financial and social infrastructure within which the available knowledge, tools and approaches can be set to practical use in implementing adaptation to climate change.\nEscape behaviors have a great potential as an indicator of the efficacy of management. For instance, the degree of fear perceived by fishes targeted by fisheries is frequently higher in unprotected marine areas than in areas where some protection is provided. We systematically reviewed the literature on how fear, which we define as variation in escape behavior, was quantified in reef fishes. In the past 25 years, a total of 33 studies were identified, many of which were published within the last five years and nearly 40% of those (n = 13) focused on Indo-Pacific reefs, showing that there are still many geographical gaps. While eleven escape metrics were identified to evaluate fish escape, flight initiation distance (FID) was the most commonly employed (n = 23). FID was used to study different questions of applied and theoretical ecology, which involved 14 reef fish families. We also used a formal meta-analysis to investigate the effects of fishing by comparing FID inside and outside marine protected areas. Fishes outside MPAs had increased FID compared to those inside MPAs. The Labridae family had a significantly higher effect sizes than Acanthuridae and Epinephelidae, suggesting that fishes in this family may be indicators of effective MPAs using FID. We conclude that protocols aimed to quantify fear in fishes, which provide accurate assessments of fishing effects on fish escape behavior, will help gauge the compliance of marine protected areas.\nSmall-scale fisheries are in decline, negatively impacting sources of food and employment for coastal communities. Therefore, we need to assess how biological and socio-economic conditions influence vulnerability, or a community's susceptibility to loss and consequent ability to adapt. We characterized two Philippine fishing communities, Gulod and Buagsong with similar seagrass and fish species composition, and compared their social vulnerability, or pre-existing conditions likely to influence their response to changes in the fishing resource. Using a place-based model of vulnerability, we used household, fisher, landing and underwater surveys to compare their sensitivity and adaptive capacity.\nDepending on the scale assessed, each community and group within the community differed in their social vulnerability. The Buagsong community was less socially vulnerable, or less sensitive to pertubations to the seagrass resource because it was closer to a major urban center that provided salaried income. When we assessed seagrass fishers as a group within each community, we found that Gulod fishers had greater adaptive capacity than Buagsong fishers because they diversified their catch, gear types, and income sources. We found catch that comprised the greatest landing biomass did not have the highest market value, and fishers continued to capture high value items at low biomass levels. A third of intertidal gleaners were women, and their participation in the fishery enhanced household adaptive capacity by providing additional food and income, in an otherwise male-dominated fishery.\nOur research indicates that community context is not the only determinant of social vulnerability, because groups within the community may decrease their sensitivity, enhance their adaptive capabilities, and ultimately reduce social vulnerability by diversifying income sources, seagrass based catches, and workforces to include women.\nThe capture fishing sector causes direct and indirect impacts on benthic habitats and associated fauna and flora. Effectiveness of new mitigation measures depends on fishermen's perceptions; their acceptance of, and compliance to, those measures. Accordingly, by means of Advisory Councils (ACs), fisheries stakeholders are encouraged by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) reform to contribute to policy formulations. Still, the CFP reform remains unclear about how to possibly incorporate perceptions of specific conservation measures and objectives in practice. Against this background, this article aims at exploring a systematic multi-criteria approach that provides information about stakeholder preferences for objectives reflecting on what is more important to aim for (‘what’), mitigation measures as strategies for reaching their objectives (‘how’), and accountability options that can enhance trust in the people who carry out management (‘who'). The approach applies a pairwise comparison approach to elucidate the stakeholder preferences, and to estimate the relative importance of the different options. It is conducted in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea. The outcomes of the questionnaire survey succeed in transparently reflecting a diversity of preferences. It is advised that in order to inform the CFP, the ACs develop a user-friendly attractive online version of this approach that can reach multiple stakeholders across Europe and facilitate updates on a continuous basis. In this way the ACs could better facilitate bottom-up participation in fisheries management by representing a wide range of stakeholder perceptions.\nThroughout the scientific literature, beaches have been regarded as very valuable ecosystems for the tourism industry; however, these ecosystems provide multiple direct and indirect benefits beyond tourism. This paper accounts for the results from a Willingness to Pay (WTP) study using data from 425 respondents at three beaches in the Colombian Caribbean Region. Out of the respondents from the three beaches, over 70% expressed a positive WTP to maintain Beach Ecosystem Services (BES) beyond tourism purposes. At two beaches, the payment amount was 3.40 US$/month, while at the third beach the payment amount was 6.80 US$/month. Beach environmental quality seemed to be an important aspect regarding the payment amount. It is highlighted that WTP in beaches did not depend on economic variables such as income or employment, whereas variables related to perception had a determining impact. WTP for BES was defined by interest in environmental issues and concerns about ecosystem services loss. The results offered hereto could provide support to decision makers through quantitative information on social preferences regarding beach improvement projects policies, if several reflections are considered.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As part of her fellowship, Baffa will return to Dr. Robert Ballard’s E/V Nautilus August 1- 14, to help promote Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) based research to the public, including nearly 11,000 girls belonging to GSCCC.\nVentura, CA (PRWEB) July 21, 2016\nMelissa Baffa, Vice President of Program and Volunteer Services for Girl Scouts of California’s Central Coast (GSCCC), has been selected as Lead Science Communication Fellow for 2016 for the second consecutive year. As part of her fellowship, Baffa will return to Dr. Robert Ballard’s E/V Nautilus August 1- 14, to help promote Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) based research to the public, including nearly 11,000 girls belonging to GSCCC. As a part of Baffa’s expedition, members of the Corps of Exploration will search the deep sea off the coast of Southern California, encountering rare sea creatures, investigating a series of seismic faults that pose a potential threat of earthquakes and tsunamis to Southern California, and possibly even discovering deep-sea volcanic vents.\n“It is thrilling to have an opportunity to return to sea aboard the E/V Nautilus, and to continue to highlight the STEM careers that make ocean exploration possible,” says Baffa. “It was a tremendous honor to participate in last year’s expedition, which took me to the Galápagos Islands, where we explored the same hydrothermal vents discovered by Dr. Ballard in 1977. And now we will be exploring the ocean right in my own backyard, which is just as exciting!”\nSeventeen educators and twenty-two students from around the world have been selected from a competitive pool of applicants by the Ocean Exploration Trust (OET) founded by Dr. Robert Ballard, to participate at sea during the 2016 Nautilus expedition. Dr. Ballard is most known for the discovery of the wreck of the RMS Titanic in 1985.\n“According to recent findings by Girl Scouts of the USA, growth in STEM jobs has outpaced others 3-to-1 over the past decade, and women are underrepresented in this sector,” says Gina Jaeger, Chief Executive Officer of Girl Scouts of California’s Central Coast. “Women account for only twenty-four percent of the workforce in STEM-related fields. We know that in order to increase the number of women entering these rapidly-growing fields we need to encourage girls to pursue STEM-related careers at an early age. This expedition will help inspire girls to learn about these new career paths.”\nBaffa will participate in live audio commentary and Q&A sessions through the Nautilus Live website (http://www.NautilusLive.org) while aboard the ship. She will also host a number of programs for Girl Scouts and the general public throughout the six counties served by GSCCC before her voyage and upon her return. These newly developed STEM activities will benefit thousands of current Girl Scout members, as well as potential new members, to learn about marine biology, the environment and nautical careers. Baffa will also collaborate with institutions and program partners up and down the California coast to develop programming that will introduce public audiences to Nautilus’s discoveries.\nMelissa Baffa is a former science educator and has held positions as a research associate, and nonprofit executive director in the Ventura County area before joining Girl Scouts of California’s Central Coast.\nAbout the Ocean Exploration Trust\nThe Ocean Exploration Trust was founded in 2008 by Dr. Robert Ballard to explore the ocean, seeking out new discoveries in the fields of geology, biology, maritime history, and archaeology while pushing the boundaries of STEM education and technological innovation. Our international program is launched from aboard the Exploration Vessel (E/V) Nautilus, offering live exploration to participants on shore and the public via live video, audio, and data feeds. The major 2016 expedition and education sponsors are the NOAA Office of Exploration & Research, the Office of Naval Research, the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, the University of Rhode Island, CITGO, and additional private donors. Follow us online at http://www.nautiluslive.org, on Facebook and Instagram at NautilusLive, and on Twitter as @EVNautilus.\nAbout Girl Scouts of California’s Central Coast\nGirl Scouts of California's Central Coast serves over 10,700 girls across six counties and is committed to making Girl Scouting available to girls in ways that impact their lives both in the moment and into the future. Girls participate in troops, individual projects, council events, day camps, and more. A variety of leadership, outdoor skills, and Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math (STEAM) based programs and events provide girls with opportunities to learn and explore in fun and informative ways. To join or volunteer in Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara or Ventura County, visit: http://www.girlscoutsccc.org.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Even though walking around on rocks along the coast may feel annoying, it’s often a good indicator of the presence of optimal bottom conditions for the sea trout and its food options. Everything from pebble to huge chunks of granite provides cover for sand hoppers, shrimp, and small fish. If there are waves, these food options are easily whirled up into the water column. A rocky bottom can be good all year round, but especially so during the cold months with few food options in the deeper water. A rocky bottom at a good depth also attracts other predatory fish such as cod and garfish.\nThis aquatic plant functions as a brilliant hiding place for the small food options, and simultaneously they oxidize the water around them, which provides small fish, shrimp, and sand hoppers with good living conditions. The eelgrass is also used as a resting place for the sea trout when it migrates along the coasts and particularly in late fall when the trout are headed for the river.\nAreas with shallow water can be great hunting grounds for predatory fish, since this water heats up quicker than deep water. When the sunny, warm weather arrives in early spring, you’ll often witness the first food options begin to thrive in the shallows. When the tide is high, this location is truly a prime fishing spot.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For whatever reason, sharks have adopted a reputation as human-eating, vicious machines. Ok, so maybe it’s their double rows of many teeth, or large, powerful frame. And yes, movies like Jaws only play into the stereotype. But if we all took a step back to look at the facts, we’d see that this is not the case. In fact, new research in Australia shows that reef sharks have a fairly light diet – and one that has no desire for human flesh.\nScientists at James Cook University’s ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies in Queensland Australia are taking a closer look at the diet of reef sharks to draw further implications on how changes in reef shark populations could alter coral reef ecosystems as a whole. Human hunting and climate change contribute to the numbers of reef shark deaths. The numbers are staggering, as humans kill roughly 100 million sharks per year globally. Decreases in the population of reef sharks is not only detrimental to the species itself, but could also upset coral reef food chains, which could in turn affect coral ecosystems as a whole.\nA Reef Shark Study in Australia\nMarine biologist Ashley Frisch is the lead researcher on the project in Australia. Her goal is to examine the ecological importance of sharks to coral reefs. Her team first looked at the diet of the sharks, later determining that these reef sharks are not the apex predators on reefs. Their stomach contents revealed a mix of smaller prey, including small fish, crabs, sea snakes, and mollusks. Reef sharks efficient metabolism and opportunistic feeding strategy allows them to consumer smaller prey. By analyzing the stomach contents, the team was able to conclude that reef sharks are mesopredators, or animals in the middle of the food chain, as oppose to apex predators, which exist at the top.\nFisherman kill large numbers of reef sharks, thinking that the sharks will create more competition for the fishermen’s catch. However, little do the fishermen know, the sharks aren’t going after the prize fish the fishermen are targeting.\nThe interconnectivity of organisms in an ecosystem means that decreases in shark populations could impact a wide variety of species. If we break the food chain down step by step, the impact of dwindling shark numbers becomes much clearer. Say we remove the top level of apex predators – the population of animals on the next level down would most likely increase. Now with this increase at the second level comes a decrease in the next level down from that (more predators would lead to less prey overtime). Following with the trend, the next level down from that would increase. These drastic population alterations within the food chain could dramatically upset the ecosystem as a whole.\nNow what do these changes mean for the health of the coral reef? The changes in populations at the top of the food chain will eventually reach the very bottom, even disrupting populations of microscopic plankton – coral’s main source of nourishment. This decrease in the coral’s food source overtime would hurt the health of the coral in the long run.\nFrom Australia to Hawaii\nFortunately, the researchers in Australia aren’t the only scientists who have noticed the mild diet of reef sharks. Marine curators at Maui Ocean Center (MOC) in Hawaii are joining the Australian team to bust the vicious stereotype that these sharks have acquired. The aquarium has a created a program called Shark Dive Maui, where SCUBA-certified guests have the opportunity to dive with reef sharks in the aquarium’s 750,000-gallon Open Ocean Exhibit.\nThe goal of the program is to expose visitors to reef sharks in a non-violent manner so that they can begin to shift their perception of the shark and recognize what ecological benefits they have to the reef community. According to the aquarium curator, Harry Abrahamsen, “we try to spiritually convey the importance of sharks and the balance they bring to the ocean.”\nBoth Frisch and Abrahamsen share similar views about reef shark diets. Reef sharks tend to go for the sick and injured fish – favoring the easy catch. Why go for something fast when you could easily capture something moving much more slowly? Frisch noted that many large predators tend to go for injured or weaker animals. This is part of the reason that humans sometimes fall victim to a small nibble. Because we don’t have fins and can’t swim the same way fish do, our limbs dangle in the water and resemble a wounded sea creature, attracting sharks. However, after a curious bite, sharks tend to let humans go. Abrahamsen added to that fact, explaining how the most developed sense a shark has is taste. As a result, a curious shark will bite to assess the object they encounter.\nThe stomach contents from the Australia study mirrored the facts surrounding reef shark diets. No prey larger than a cheeseburger was found in any of the reef sharks in the study. Additionally, not one stomach analysis revealed any sign of human flesh.\nFrisch is hoping that these results “will make people feel a bit safer around reef sharks, because they’re just not a threat to humans.”", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Explore: Check out the Jurien Bay Marine Park\nSee why they call it the Turquoise Coast when you visit Jurien Bay Marine Park. Picturesque submerged reefs and extensive shallow lagoons host a huge variety of marine plants and animals and are a diver’s delight. The park caters for a wide range of activities as well as protecting a popular part of Western Australia’s marine environment. It extends approximately 100km from Wedge to Green Head.\n- Jurien Bay WA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Follow along as participants in the cruise provide updates and reflections on their experiences, the science, the technology, and other elements of the expedition.\nWe have now come to the end of a long and fruitful expedition. Trying new approaches and systems integrations while dodging tropical depressions and hurricanes presented some significant hurdles, all of which were navigated successfully.\nThe role of a Chief Submersible Pilot is to ensure the safety and reliability of our two Triton submersibles, perform all submersible maintenance, and help integrate the science equipment used for each mission.\nOn August 24th, the Battle of the Atlantic expedition welcomed Joe Mohorovic as a VIP guest onboard the R/V Baseline Explorer. Mohorovic’s connection to the Battle of the Atlantic is a personal and very unusual one.\nOff the coast of North Carolina, thousands of shipwrecks speckle the seascape. These shipwrecks create reefs for fishes that our coastal fishing and diving communities depend on.\nWWII veteran Louis Segal, at the tender age of 93, is undeterred as he makes the precarious step from the small transport boat onto the R/V Baseline Explorer. Everyone on the expedition team claps and cheers, and Segal has a big grin on his face.\nThe German Navy was a force to be reckoned with during World War II. German submarines – or unterwasser boats (U-boats) – were on a mission to destroy merchant vessels carrying supplies to allied forces in order to hinder their war efforts.\nAs a Dive Safety Officer (DSO) for the Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) Dive Team aboard R/V Baseline Explorer, Meredith's role is to manage logistics for the six-person dive team.\nFor many reasons, the Battle of the Atlantic expedition is a project of profound importance. It provides an opportunity to explore approaches to battlefield archaeology in a maritime environment and across a six-month time span.\nIn August 2016, Global Underwater Explorers and GlobalSubDive teamed with NOAA, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and the University of North Carolina Coastal Studies Institute to explore and document a series of shipwrecks off the coast of North Carolina.\nToday, two 2-person teams of volunteer GUE divers will attempt to dive the wreck of the YP-389 while R/V Baseline Explorer and the rest of the team remain safely in port 100 miles to the south. The wreck lies in 320 feet of water 32 miles off shore from the Ocracoke, NC inlet.\nQuestions from the past that remain unanswered to this day may soon be answered with futuristic technology. The underwater laser scanner provided by 2G Robotics for the Battle of the Atlantic expedition is set to create a digital 3D scan of the sunken German submarine U-576.\nStorms have battered the coast of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, for hundreds of years, and today is no exception. After spending a couple of days setting up survey gear and several days collecting data, the expedition research team had to abruptly suspended dive operations due to the high seas and strong winds for the time being.\nI had the job of navigating the submersible Nemo, manned with submersible pilot Robert Carmichael and expedition lead Joe Hoyt, as they became the first men in history to witness the final resting place of the German U-boat U-576 first-hand.\nCalm seas greeted us on August 25, as we prepared to cruise offshore the Outer Banks and back in time. This expedition to the naval battlefields of World War II has the emotional impact of walking the beach of Normandy.\nIn 1975, our country established the first National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of North Carolina. It was created to protect the shipwreck of the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor, lost in a storm December 31, 1862, along with 16 of her crew.\nThe project kicked off with the team convening in Morehead City, North Carolina, to prepare for the expedition and to load all of the equipment needed to investigate the site of the U-576 and its victim the Bluefields onto the Baseline Explorer research vessel.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Bat ray, carpet ray, flying tortillas, mobs… With their strange appearance and quirky behaviour, mobula rays have many nicknames. Thanks to two horn-shaped fins protruding from the front of their head, they're also commonly known as devil rays. But despite their devilish looks, mobulas are harmless shy creatures who prefer plankton over. While little is known about the elusive ray, we do know they're endangered so understanding them is key for their preservation. So, without further ado, read on to discover ten mobula ray facts as we shed light on their mysterious lives.\n1. Ancient Creatures of the Sea\nMobula rays belong to the family Mobulidae, which can be traced back millions of years. There are nine species, ranging from the giant devil ray (Mobula mobula), one of the largest species of mobula ray, to ocellated mobula ray (Mobula eregoodootenkee), characterised by eye-like patterns on their wings.\n2. They’re The Birds of the Ocean\nA mobula rays' wingspan can reach a whopping five metres, making them one of the largest rays in the world. Their expansive wings allow them to glide effortlessly through the water, like a bird soaring through the sky.\n3. They Perform Mobula Ray Ballets\nMobula rays are best known for their large aggregations. One of the most famous examples of this occurs in Baja California, Mexico, where between May and September, hundreds of thousands of mobula rays cruise up the coast in mesmerising synchronised displays. For the best interactions, we recommend decamping in the sleepy village of La Ventana. Just an hour from La Paz, it provides one of the best access points to the mobulas favourite hangouts (as well as blue whales, dolphins, humpbacks and orcas). Part of its beauty is that it is still largely unknown, so get in quick.\n4. They’re Flying Acrobats\nIf you visit Baja California during the mobula ray migration, don't be surprised if you hear the sound of popping popcorn. Known as 'flying popcorn,' these artful acrobats propel themselves out of the water so hard (pectoral fins flexed back), when they belly flop back down, the loud slap on the ocean's surface sounds like a popcorn kernel popping. There's plenty of debate on why they do this, from communicating to courting rituals and removing parasites. We like to think they're doing it for fun.\n5. They Enjoy Family Dinners\nAs filter feeders, mobula rays have gill rakers allowing them to strain their favourite prey - plankton and other tiny fish - from the water. Once they find a plankton-rich area, they unfurl their fins and scoop prey into their mouths to be filtered. Mobula rays also enjoy family dinners and will move in a circle to concentrate plankton inside a soupy vortex which they scoop up, a technique known as 'vortex feeding.'\n6. Mobula Rays Are Ovoviviparous\nMobula rays are ovoviviparous, meaning the female develops and hatches her eggs inside the body before giving birth to live young. They will typically give birth to one or two pups, which can weigh as much as 25lb. Depending on the species, they can also have long gestation periods. For example, the giant devil ray's pregnancy can last over two years.\n7. They’re Deep Divers\nMobula rays can plunge nearly 2,000 metres below the sea's surface, making them one of the deepest divers of the ocean. They're also one of the fastest, having been recorded moving at 13 miles per hour. Scientists believe mobulas will bask on the ocean's surface to heat up a network of blood vessels in the brain before plunging into the deep. This ensures they stay active during their deep, cold (think four degrees) dives.\n8. Devil Rays vs. Manta Rays\nWhile manta rays are closely related to devil rays, they are different species. For starters, mantas are generally larger than mobulas. Take the giant oceanic manta ray, which can have wingspans up to seven metres. Physically, mantas have diamond-shaped bodies, while mobulas are more triangular-shaped. Manta rays are also generally more docile and slower moving, often engaging in leisurely filter feeding and interacting with divers. On the flipside, mobulas are incredibly shy and tend to avoid divers.\n9. Where to See Mobula Rays\nThese magnificent creatures can be found in temperate and tropical oceans, from the Atlantic and Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Aside from Baja California, mobula rays are regularly seen in Hanifaru Bay in the Maldives' Baa Atoll. Other hotspots include the Outer Islands in the Seychelles, Tofo in Mozambique, Socorro in Mexico and across Indonesia.\nBonus mobula ray fact: these shy creatures rays are most active during the morning and night, and in certain areas, such as the Sea of Cortez, will create mesmerising displays of bioluminescence by disturbing the plankton they are feeding on.\n10. Conservation Status\nMobula rays are currently listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Unfortunately, their main threats are human activity, including bycatch from fishing, boat traffic, habitat destruction and pollution. Mobula rays take several years to reach sexual maturity, which, coupled with lengthy pregnancies makes them particularly vulnerable. Conservation efforts such as raising awareness, promoting sustainable fishing practices and establishing marine protected areas are vital for the long-term survival of these magnificent creatures.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ketchikan artists produce game exhibit\nNews & Observer\nTroll took the game to Sitka on Tuesday on the Alaska Marine Highway System. The exhibit was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation and created in partnership with the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences.\nvia “school of aquatic and fishery sciences” – Google News", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DV-08-016 Technology transfer of the dual grate system to the Northern shrimp fishery\nKen La Valley\nNew Hampshire Sea Grant\n219 Nesmith Hall\n131 Main Street\nDurham, NH 03824\nEmail Ken LaValley\nNorthern shrimp stocks are healthy, but due to historic declines and market volatility, regional shore-side infrastructure (i.e., processing facilities) is reduced. To compete in this market, fishermen have tried to improve quality and consistency to both increase local demand for fresh product and obtain higher prices for their catch. Since larger shrimp fetch the highest price, fishermen are targeting catches of larger shrimp, while striving to eliminate the bycatch and discard of non-target fish. The dual-grid system and the non-parallel grate are two strategies that have been shown to significantly enhance size selectivity of shrimp and reduce the catch of non-target species. Sea Grant partnered with the National Marine Fisheries Service to fund the manufacture of 10 non-parallel grates and six dual-grid sets for the industry. As a result, 20 industry members (as opposed to two who used it in the 2005-2006 fishing season) acquired new gear and approximately 15% of vessels using shrimp trawls used the conservation gear in 2008.\nKen La Valley and his research team at New Hampshire Sea Grant/Cooperative Extension anticipate that, as the market demand for local shrimp increases, shore-side processing facilities will return and all gear that was provided, in part, by this project will be used in future shrimp seasons.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Now showing items 41-50 of 56\nSeasonality in meiofaunal distribution on a tropical beach at Balramgari, northeast coast of India\n(NISCAIR, CSIR, 1995)\nMaximum density of meiofauna was recorded during the southwest monsoon season (June to September). The major part of the faunal group consisted of cladocerans (47%) followed by nematodes (15%) and harpacticoids (14%). None ...\n(Oxford and IBH, New Delhi, 2001)\nBenthic organisms are sessile and sedentary in nature. True benthos can be divided into two groups - epifauna and infauna. They comprise major invertebrate phyla. Benthic organisms are separated into micro, meio, macro and ...\nStudies on dimensional relationships in green mussel Mytilus viridis from two environments\n(Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography, 1978)\nEffects of total solar eclipse on the behavioural and metabolic activities of tropical intertidal animals\n(Trivandrum: University of Kerala, 1987)\nTo study the effects of total solar eclipse of 16th Feb. 1980, on the behaviour and metabolic activities of intertidal invertebrates - nematodes, gastropods and bivalves - having different habitat preference a set of ...\nLength-weight relationship of Giant Oyster, Crassostrea gyphoides (Schlotheim)\n(Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography, 1985)\nRelationship between shell length and total weight, shell weight and meat weight of giant oyster, Crassostrea gryphoides revealed that the growth of these parameters is very fast and significant. It indicates the suitability ...\nMacro and meiofaunal abundance in six sandy beaches of Lakshadweep islands\n(NISCAIR, CSIR, 1990)\nBottom fauna of the Malacca Strait\n(Indian Association for Limnology and Oceanography, 1981)\nBottom fauna of Malacca Strait (connecting the Indian Ocean with Pacific) in the depth range of 80 to 1350 m, is dominated by meiofauna which exceeds macrofauna by 12.5 times in weight and by more than 780 times in population ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For the first time ever a giant squid has been filmed in its natural habitat deep under the ocean surface.\nThe new film shows the giant squid at a depth of nearly 3000 feet, roughly 9 miles off the coast of Chichi Island in the North Pacific Ocean. The video was taken by researchers from Japan’s National Museum of Nature and Science, who received assistance from the Discover Channel, and the Japanese public broadcaster NHK.\nThe researchers came across the giant squid only after around 100 missions, it took more than 400 hours to capture the 10 minutes of footage.\nInterestingly, this animal seems to be missing its two longest tentacles for whatever reason, possibly from fighting or some other reason.\n“It was shining and so beautiful,” said museum researcher Tsunemi Kubodera. “I was so thrilled when I saw it first hand, but I was confident we would, because we rigorously researched the areas we might find it, based on past data.”\nThis of course is not the first time that a giant squid has been filmed, but it is the first time that one has been filmed in the environment that it actually lives in. Typically the footage that has been seen has been of dead squid after being caught in fishing nets or washing up on shore.\nThis recent specimen, estimated to be 26 feet long, doesn’t even come close to the max size that these animals can reach. The females can reach sizes of up to 43 feet long, and that of course doesn’t include ‘freak’ individuals that exceed that maximum.\nThere have been claims of animals up to 66 feet long documented. That’s certainly an animal fitting of it’s description as a monster of the deep, the legendary ‘Kraken’.\nAnd that’s not even taking into account the possibility that the individuals or species in prehistory may have reached much larger sizes, as many animals did during the ice ages. There is still not much that is known about the deep seas and the life forms that live down there.\nSource: Huffington Post\nImage Credits: NHK/NEP/Discover Channel", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I’m a silly red fish and they call me a clown\nbecause I’m happy and never do frown.\nI love to swim and splash around\nI am very bright and can always be found.\nI have not fee, but that’s a treat\nI swim everywhere so I don’t really care.\nI live in the water that’s warm and blue\nI’m very healthy and never have flu.\nPoetry & Art by Patricia Walter 1999 ©", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I saw these sea lions on the beach at the Oregon coast, near Florence. Though I was on the cliffs above the beach and they were far down below, I could smell them! They have a strong smell. They were also making that funny \"ork ork ork\" noise. One of them was bodysurfing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In August, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) adopted Ecological Reference Points (ERPs) for the management of Atlantic menhaden. ERPs consider the role played by a fish species within the larger ecosystem, e.g. what importance it has as a predator or prey. The 2021-2022 quota for menhaden, which will be set by the ASMFC this month, will be based on ERPs. “Managers are looking at a wide range of options ranging from no reduction through fairly sizable <>40%>40%>,” Matthew Cieri, a Department of Marine Resources biologist, explained in an email.\nManagement decisions for menhaden now will be based on how it interacts with other species, in particular striped bass because it is sensitive to menhaden fluctuations. The striped bass population remains low and is considered overfished.\nThe ASMFC’s recent vote was a major shift from “single species management” of fish stocks, which weighs such factors as mortality and reproduction rates, fishing pressure and other variables, to “multi-species management,” which considers the balance between a sustainable ecosystem and commercial and recreational fisheries.\nThe link between menhaden and striped bass is one element of the Ecological Reference Point which will be used by ASFMC in setting the menhaden quota in October. NOAA photo.\nA recent study by Steve Cadrin of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth published by the Science Center for Marine Fisheries found that the vast majority of menhaden remain in the water at current fishing levels. The study found that over the ten-year period of 2008 to 2017, the fishery “harvested an average of less than one percent of the total menhaden population, with the remaining percent of the menhaden stock left in the ocean serving as food for predators and other species. … Another important measurement, fecundity, has reached a near-record high, and is well above the threshold level set by the ASMFC,” Cadrin wrote.\nThe 2020 quota for Atlantic menhaden was 216,000 metric tons. The majority of landings goes to the reduction fishery, in which menhaden are used to produce fish meal and oil. Approximately 30% of landings serve as an essential bait supply for several Atlantic coast fisheries, including lobster.\nAt the ASMFC’s meeting in October, the Commissioners will use ERPs for menhaden to set the Total Allowable Catch, as well as move forward on new measures to rebuild the Atlantic coast’s striped bass stocks. Maine’s 2020 menhaden quota allocation was 2.4 million pounds (1,088.6 metric tons). Maine fishermen were allowed to catch an additional 4.7 million pounds (2,131.8 metric tons) through the Episodic Event Set Aside program before the fishery transitioned to the small-scale menhaden fishery which limits harvester vessels to landing 6,000 pounds per day.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Contact: Barbra Gonzalez\nUniversity of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science\nCaption: The pathways traveled by >14 million modeled coral larval over a one-year period using the Connectivity Modeling System developed by Dr. Claire Paris at the University of Miami. Note the empty no-man's-land that larvae have difficulty breaching -- this is the East Pacific Dispersal Barrier.\nCredit: S. Wood/Univ. of Bristol\nUsage Restrictions: None\nRelated news release: Epic ocean voyages of coral larvae revealed", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A place to share and track progress on marine conservation actions in Atl'ka7tsem/Howe Sound as outlined in the Ocean Watch: Howe Sound Edition reports.\nocean, conservation, action, tracker, place, share, track, progress, marine, actions, atl'ka7tsem/howe, sound, watch, howe, editi\nWhere the fans of the ATL come together\natlantastuck, where, fans, come, together\nATL Muscle. ATL Muscle. Free forum, . ATL Muscle. Free forum,", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DEVIL’S BACKBONE WRECKS (8-35FT):\nIt is easy to see how this area of barrier reef earned it’s name as it is home to many ship wrecks. As the structure of the Devil’s Backbone is very consistent, these wrecks share a similar topography. Reef structures are interesting from corals with undercuts and angular, jagged edges. Marine life is in abundance and you are likely to find lobsters, moray eels, together with tropical fish. Due to the shallow nature of these sites, snorkelers enjoy this area also.\nThe Carnarvon was a 186ft long steel hulled Welsh freight vessel ran aground off of North Eleuthera back in 1916. She sits on a sand bottom in shallow water of only 25 to 35 feet which makes it possible for long relaxing dives. Her huge anchors, propeller, boilers and engines are good photo opportunities.\nCienfuegoes SS was a Ward Line passenger steam-ship built in 1883 by the John Roach & Sons Shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, USA. The 292ft iron hull had 6 watertight compartments. The ship ran a round February 5, 1895. There are mixed stories regarding the weather and sea conditions some claim there was enormous seas and haze and others said it was a calm and perfect visibility. No lives were lost.\nThis 260 foot Lebanese freighter is also known as the Freighter Wreck, or the Egg Island Wreck. This steel hulled vessel was run purposely aground in May of 1970. It is not known why, but a fire started in her galley, and spread with such speed and fury that her captain decided to save the crew by heading at full steam toward the nearest visible land, Egg Island. At the time of this unfortunate accident, the Arimoroa was carrying a cargo of fertilizer. All of her crew made it to land without injury. Today, the badly burnt rusting remains of the Arimoroa sit upright in 25 feet of water on a hard limestone bottom. All around the main wreckage is a debris field composed of steel hull plates, deck winches and various other machinery. One of the most intriguing aspects of this wreck is the impressive amount of fish that now congregate around her hull.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Two years ago, a barely submerged volcano in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands released giant bubbles of gas, some of which were broader than the world’s largest humanmade dome, the 310-meter-wide National Stadium in Singapore, researchers reported today in Nature Geoscience.\nKnown as Bogoslof, the volcano vents only 100 meters below sea level, with remnants of past eruptions forming a steaming lagoon at the ocean’s surface (above). Historically, at Bogoslof and other similar submarine volcanoes, passing ships have reported that before an explosive eruption, a giant, black dome emerges out of the ocean. But these exploding bubbles have remained poorly understood, as they make studying the volcanoes hazardous.\nSo researchers spied on Bogoslof from afar, using low-frequency microphones in the ocean 59 kilometers to the south. The volcano erupted more than 70 times over 9 months. And a distinctive, secondslong grumble preceded each eruption, scientists found. The vibration matched the song that eruptive bubbles would sing as they stretched, overexpanded, and collapsed, computer modeling shows.\nThe Bogoslof bubbles likely reached up to 440 meters in diameter and formed when lava hit seawater and chilled, creating a cap over the volcano’s vent. A bubble of volcanic water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide then pushed the cap outward, until the encapsulating film of volcanic rock and liquid water collapsed to produce an eruptive plume.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Subject: Oceanography Show all Subject: Oceanography\nEarth System Topics: Oceans\nResults 31 - 40 of 56 matches\nQuestion of the Day: Ocean Waves #1\nSketch a simple diagram of an ocean wave and label its crest, trough, and wavelength. You are in a boat and you have a stop watch. How do you measure the period of the ocean waves passing beneath you? What ...\nOceans Socratic Questioning\nOceans Socratic questions and answers. -\nLab 4: Finding Coral's Ideal Environment\nThe lab activity described here was created by Erin Bardar of TERC for the EarthLabs project. Summary and Learning Objectives Corals, like other living animals, require a particular range of environmental ...\nConcepTest: Effect of Ice Sheet on Sea Level\nDuring the last ice age there was a large ice sheet over much of Canada and the northern U.S. What was the effect on global sea levels? a. Sea level was higher b. Sea level was lower c. Sea level was the same as ...\nConcepTest: Effect of Rain on Sea Level\nA majority of Earth's water is in the oceans. Predict what would happen to sea level if rain fell continuously all over the world's oceans. a. Sea level would rise b. Sea level would fall c. Sea level ...\nConcepTest: Ocean Current Transport\nA shipment of rubber elephants falls overboard at location A on the map below. Ocean currents transport the elephants around the ocean in which sequence? a. A - G - B - F - E - A b. A - E - C - G - A c. A - G - C - ...\nConcepTest: World Oceans #9\nExamine the map of the world's oceans and use it to answer the following question. The global ocean conveyer belt brings deep, cold waters to the surface (upwelling) at ___. a. B b. E c. F d. G\nConcepTest: World Oceans #8\nExamine the map of the world's oceans and use it to answer the following question. The global ocean conveyer belt begins with surface waters sinking to deeper levels at ___. a. F b. G c. E d. D\nConcepTest: Where Waves Break 2\nAt which location would the waves break further from the beach? a. A b. B\nConcepTest: Ocean Conveyer Belt Speed 1\nAdding more salt to the North Atlantic Ocean would cause the global ocean conveyer belt to a. slow down b. speed up c. undergo no change", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Caesium-137 activity concentrations (137Cs) were measured between 2003 and 2014 in the water column of Lemnos and Cretan deep basins of the Aegean Sea. The purpose was to assess water-mass dynamics and mixing processes by combining typical oceanographic data with the activity concentrations of 137Cs. The radiological data, combined with dissolved oxygen profiles, provided substantially more information than solely temperature and salinity regarding processes such as water-mass identification, formation and mixing. In each basin it was possible to determine stagnant periods, where turbulent mixing was dominant, as well as periods where replenishment of the deep basins had been taken place. At Lemnos basin, the data profile in 2013 proved evidence of water column ventilation down to 800 m and replenishment of the deep basin by less saline water mass. The 137Cs information provided evidence for contribution of water from the Black Sea to the intermediate and deep layers of the South Aegean (Cretan) basin. The profiles of 2013 and 2014 were characterized by the return of 137Cs inventories to pre-Chernobyl levels.\n|Titolo:||Vertical distribution and temporal trends of 137Cs at Lemnos and Cretan deep basins of the Aegean Sea, Greece|\n|Data di pubblicazione:||2020|\n|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Coral reefs are in the midst of global decline, resulting from anthropogenic perturbations of climate, nutrient cycles, and fisheries. Future projections of increasing sea surface temperatures alone yield dire predictions for coral reefs and the ecosystem services they provide. This issue is very relevant to the fringing and barrier reefs of the Indo-Pacific region that are home to ~600 species of scleratinian (hard) corals. Recent studies have shown that mean sea temperature is rising by ~0.5 °C every decade resulting in an alarming increase in rainfall events. The impact of this on marine biodiversity is stark and is being further accelerated by ever-increasing human impacts – for instance, reef tourism is currently estimated at ~US$36 billion every year with annual visitor numbers being equivalent to 70 million tourist trips. This has resulted in a disproportionate increase in untreated wastewater from hotels, and restaurants that is discharged into the ocean. Both nutrients and pathogens in wastewater fuel harmful algal blooms and exacerbate the prevalence and severity of disease, respectively. Sedimentation smothers and abrades benthic species, re-suspends nutrients and pathogens, and blocks recruitment. Aquaculture waste poses similar threats, adding nutrients, pathogens, parasites, and sediments. Human activities can also create disease vectors. For instance, plastic debris serves as a vector for pathogens and spreads coral disease.\nThis issue is especially relevant to one of the most densely populated cities on Earth, Hong Kong, where nearly 1000 Olympic-sized swimming pools equivalent to sewage get dumped into the ocean on a daily basis. Human impacts in Hong Kong date back to the Tang dynasty when the slaked lime industry thrived. Although this died following WWII, several coral communities were lost. The presence of abundant corals in the past to support a slaked lime industry suggests that the coastal waters were extremely hospitable to coral communities, with low sediment load and high water quality. In the 1980s and 1990s, rapid urbanisation through reclamation and dredging facilitated explosive economic development but with trailing wastewater treatment infrastructure. This resulted in a tragic loss of water quality and associated foundational species such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. Moreover, we now see a distinct gradient in water quality (total inorganic nitrogen concentrations) with low biodiversity in the west to high biodiversity in the east.\nYet, Hong Kong is home to more hard coral species than the Caribbean! In fact, the marine environment is home to some especially old coral colonies (~200 years old). So, what makes Hong Kong coral communities special? In the little time, I have spent in this city with a long-standing eutrophication problem, I have observed that Hong Kong’s seawaters are one of the most human-impacted environments on this planet and the coral communities have been naturally selected for only resilient genotypes owing to multiple environmental stressors. In the last few years, the coral biogeochemistry lab at the University of Hong Kong has been studying water quality impacts on marine biodiversity. They now believe that the marine environment has improved considerably for coral survivorship following several Government initiatives. In fact, Hong Kong is a recent signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and is now implementing a biodiversity strategy and action plan (BSAP). However, coral recruitment continues to be negligible implying that without assisted management and restoration, … coral recruitment continues to be negligible implying that without assisted management and restoration, corals are unlikely to persist in this part of the world. corals are unlikely to persist in this part of the world. Is Hong Kong receiving coral larvae dispersed from its neighbours? Or are Hong Kong corals reproductively isolated? The former will require intervention that could be more aligned with the viewpoints of the Chinese government. The latter will require local protection and assisted restoration.\nIt is an important time for China and its neighbours to elevate public awareness and support for marine conservation specifically focusing on human activities such as reclamation and pollution. In fact, the region has seen positive shifts in mindset for the shark-fin trade and sustainable seafood campaign. After years of development, even the most pristine reefs around coastal cities are likely to transition into heavily turbid, patchy, and poor-recruitment driven, yet naturally selected and genotypic-resilient corals. With ~200 years of development, Hong Kong is a crystal ball through which we can witness the impacts of coastal development on coral reefs. Hence their name, urban reefs of the future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "January 07, 2013\n2012 Kellogg Executive Management Program graduates complete studies\nTwenty-six graduates completed their studies in the 2012 ADA Kellogg Executive Management Program, earning certificates in ceremonies Dec. 4, 2012.\nKellogg graduates: Seated from left are Dr. Tami Schwartzman; Dr. Elizabeth Demichelis; Siraj Haque; Dr. Dawn Harvey; Dr. Amerian Sones; Virginia Moore; Jody Arrowsith; Dr. Nihal Bicakci; and Marianne Sturtevant. Standing are Dr. Yogi Chen; Dr. Vageesh Sabharwal; Dr. Sukminder Pannu; Dr. Todd McGovern; Dr. James Reichle; Dr. Michael Mundenar; Dr. Gurjit Randhawa; Sean O'Donnell; Dr. Michael McDill; Dr. Thomas McNeely; Dr. Joshua Jean; Dr. Tony Lee; Dr. Allen Huang; Dr. Edward Finnigan; Dr. Michael Glick; and Dr. Grace Thomas. Not pictured is Dr. Dorothy Anasinski. –Photo by Steve Horne\nTwenty-one of this year's graduates were dentists; the remainder consultants and practice managers. For more information about the program, visit ADA.org/kellogg.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The beaches of Saint-Malo\nDiscovering Saint-Malo and its ramparts while strolling along the beach is a great experience, isn't it? During your stay, admire the charm of this city and the horizon in front of you. From our hotel, the beach of Saint Malo is only a few steps away.\nEnjoy the beach in Saint Malo\nThe city of Saint-Malo is home to some of the most beautiful beaches in France. Discover the Éventail beach, its famous breakwaters and its view of the National Fort accessible at low tide. Access Bon-Secours beach through the ramparts of the walled city and discover its famous seawater pool. This beach offers a magnificent view of the bay of Saint-Malo and the islet of Grand Bé.\nA little further along the coast, stop at the Val beach and discover an incredible panorama. This fine sandy beach is ideal, even at low tide when the sea retreats very little.\nHolidays in a 4* hotel near the beach\nThere's nothing like a holiday by the sea to recharge your batteries and enjoy a wide range of activities. Enjoy the sun and the sea and indulge in numerous water sports: boat trips, sea kayaking... As a family or as a couple, take advantage of the mild summer period and let yourself go to relax. Lose yourself in the infinite beauty of the Emerald Coast and book a room in our hotel near the beach in Saint Malo\nThe Grand Bé is a 4-star hotel offering a luxurious and impeccable service. Thanks to its proximity to the seaside, you can quickly access the various beaches around Saint-Malo. Enjoy spacious rooms in an authentic and typically Malouin atmosphere. Choose a cosy Classic room or a Deluxe suite with terrace to admire the wonderful view.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This delightful beach innvites visitors to spend the perfect day at the seaside here. Why miss out? L’Ampolla beach offers the full range of beach amenities and is a delight for visitors, above all on summer nights. Discover it.\nA small, fine sand and rocky cove offering fantastic views and a wonderful atmosphere, given the vicinity of the Paseo Infanta Elena promenade and the Baños de la Reina, making it a very popular spot with tourists.\nThanks to its crystal-clear waters, interesting seabed, the surrounding countryside and sea, this small cove is one of the numerous gems in store in the borough of Calpe,\nAlso known as “Racó de Corb”, this is an unquestionably idyllic cove for lovers of diving and fishing, with an interesting seabed teeming with marine fauna.\nA small but outstanding semi-natural cove which is the perfect spot for diving thanks to the clarity and cleanliness of its waters. It is reached via the fishing port or along the Príncipe de Asturias.\nFantastique crique dans un cadre semi-urbain près de Puerto Blanco, Les Urques convient à merveille aux activités aquatiques, notamment à la plongée, en raison de la richesse de ses fonds et de ses eaux cristallines.\nLocated in the beautiful town of Altea, close to the Mar y Montaña harbour in the Galera del Mar is this incredible and unspoiled clove where you can enjoy splendid isolation and revel in the peace and quiet of the sea.\nA beach right by the town, with a stunning promenade running alongside, teeming with fine restaurants and ice cream parlours. La Roda beach has the reputation as one of the liveliest in Altea: find out for yourself.\nThis delightful beach is the largest in the charming town of Altea, on the Costa Blanca. A real favourite with windsurfers because of the wind conditions, and the perfect beach for expert sailors.\nA small cove in the village of Altea comprising a distinctive black rock and calm waters for a sunny day by the sea, enjoying the mild climate of Spain's Eastern Mediterranean coast.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "55 Amazing Design Ideas About Marine Wedding Cake topper\n55 Amazing Design Ideas About Marine Wedding Cake topper.\nHi, welcome to this website. Are you finding recommendations on marine wedding cake topper\n, here we have uploaded 55 images of marine wedding cake topper for your references in setting up beautiful wedding day.\nModern marine wedding cake topper of military y african american cake topper air force. Picture by: www.weddingcollectibles.com\nInspiring marine wedding cake topper with flower colors wedding cakes and usmc on pinterest. Picture by: www.pinterest.com\nLuxurious marine wedding cake topper with usmc marine corps military uniform wedding cake topper. Credit: www.etsy.com\nMarine corps wedding cake topper by magical day 1 4 sheet cake united states marine corps emblem edible cake or cupcake topper d by decopac. Army sol rs military air force navy wedding cake toppers custom created for you perfect for the marriage of an army marine groom and his bride this. Poupée d’argile topper us marine gâteau de mariage avec leur miniature en argile chiot mignon décoration de couple argile fiançailles support de bague de. Military usmc marine enlisted officer usa flag rotc bulldog leatherneck jarhead wedding cake topper bride groom personalized bachelor bachelorette reception. Find great deals on ebay for marine wedding topper shop with confidence.\nGet more inspirations about marine wedding cake topper in the gallery bellow. We are hoping you love the collection, please share with your friends.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coastal blues: mrs howard's guide to decorating with the, wall color is blue chairs are the same color as my. Howard miller lenny two piece sectional sofa 2 in seafoam. Pin by theodore alexander handcraft on theodore.\nWhat do you think about the sectional? like the boat, interior design ideas home bunch interior design ideas. Sw deep sea dive a bold deep teal for a high contrast. Ocean inspired design turns home into a coastal retreat.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Trois Rivières - Cuvée de l'ocean - 42% abv.\nRum-Review-A-Day: Day 10 - Trois Rivières - Cuvée de l'ocean - 42% abv. Here we are back with french white unaged agricole rhum from the island of Martinique. This release from Trois Rivières French Plantation Rhum is produced from fresh cane press from cane cultivated on the Southern coast of the island. It is stated by the producer that the cane itself is grown so close to the shoreline that during high tide the canes are submerged under the water. With this in mind, t", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PADI Scuba Diving Courses from Discover Scuba Diving up to Divemaster. Guided leisure dives to the best dive sites in the beautiful Mediterranean Sea off the coast of the Costa Blanca. Based in Playa Flamenca on the Orihuela Costa, near Torrevieja we cover all areas from Alicante to Cartagena.\nHotel Restaurant and Accommodation: Our activities include, Quad Biking, 4 x 4 Tours, Walking, Kayaking, Mountain Biking, Paracending, Golf, Climbing, Music Evenings and Special events, there is something to suit everyone. Our hotel on The Sierra Espuña which is in the Murcia region of southern Spain and is in the Read more [...]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The following stocks were the biggest movers and shakers in the Manufacturing sector today.\nSome of the biggest gainers among Manufacturing stocks include:\nAchaogen Inc Cmn (AKAO): AKAO stock is up 36.05% today.\nBroadwind Energy Inc (BWEN): BWEN stock is up 16.19% today.\nRepros Therapeutics (RPRX): RPRX stock is up 18.34% today.\nKeryx Biopharm Inc (KERX): KERX stock is up 12.37% today.\nXbiotech Inc. Cmn (XBIT): XBIT stock is up 5.52% today.\nJoy Global Inc (JOY): JOY stock is up 8.02% today.\nAgenus Inc (AGEN): AGEN stock is up 10.66% today.\nAuris Medical Cmn (EARS): EARS stock is up 5.25% today.\nOphthotech Corp Cmn (OPHT): OPHT stock is up 7.55% today.\nTonix Pharm Hldg Cmn (TNXP): TNXP stock is up 1.64% today.\nSome of the biggest losers among Manufacturing stocks include:\nSarepta Therapeutics (SRPT): SRPT stock is down 18.4% today.\nCatalent Inc (CTLT): CTLT stock is down 7.34% today.\nMitek Systems Inc (MITK): MITK stock is down 8.92% today.\nOnconova Therapeutic (ONTX): ONTX stock is down 3.95% today.\nYulong Eco-Mtls Ord (YECO): YECO stock is down 1.52% today.\nAdv Micro Devices (AMD): AMD stock is down 7% today.\nIssuer Direct Corp (ISDR): ISDR stock is down 6.2% today.\nManitex Intl Inc (MNTX): MNTX stock is down 5.86% today.\nAmer Superconductor (AMSC): AMSC stock is down 5.08% today.\nKronos Worldwide Inc (KRO): KRO stock is down 4.98% today.\nFor more information on the best stocks to buy right now, check out the latest commentary on InvestorPlace.com.\nAnd for more on the hot stocks moving most on Wall Street right now, check out our archive of daily market movers by sector here.\nEditor’s Note: Returns for the fastest-moving stocks listed here are based on share prices 20 minutes prior to publication of this story.\nArticle printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2016/06/biggest-movers-in-manufacturing-stocks-now-akao-bwen-rprx-kerx/.\n©2020 InvestorPlace Media, LLC", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The indicated sizes can vary depending on the manufacturer. Please note the size information for the product.\nChoose your country\n20 % off sweatshirts & hoodies\nCoupon Code: HOODIES20\nRedeem Code Now\nCoupon code active\nValid until 09/22/19 on www.spreadshirt.com, but not in Spreadshirt's Partner Shops. Minimum order value: $25. A combination of a volume discount (from 6 products) and other promo codes is not possible. Only applies to products mentioned in the offer. The discount only applies to the 5 cheapest products of the order.\nWomen's Premium HoodieAnd On the 8th Day God Created Fishing T Shirt\nYou support independent designers with every purchase\nDelivery takes 5 up to 10 business days\nReliable shipping and easy returns\nWomen’s Premium Hoodie\nIf you're looking for a top-quality, instant-favorite sweatshirt, you've come to the right place! Our Premium Hoodie from our t Collection is everything you could ask for: it's warm and cozy with a tailored and feminine fit, and it's built to last. This item runs small.\n80% cotton / 20% polyester (heather gray is 85% cotton / 15% rayon, heather denim and charcoal gray are 60% cotton, 40% polyester)| Fabric weight: 8.3 oz (midweight)\nContrasting, complementary-colored drawstring and inner necktape\nStitched slit inside kangaroo-style pocket and a small loop inside the hood for headphone usage\nReinforced cuffs and waist\nCombed-cotton exterior, fuzzy fleece interior\nImported garment, processed and printed in the U.S.A.\nFind the right size: Compare these measurements with a similar product you have at home. Place the product on a flat surface to get the best results.\nA – Length in inch\nB – Width in inch\nC – Length in inch\nRegional sizing US\nAbout the designer\nAnd On the 8th Day God Created Fishing T Shirt\nAnd on the 8th day god created fishing so adam and eve could live happily ever after t shirt, god created fishing gifts t shirt, fishing lover t shirt, awesome fishing gifts t shirt\nTags: fishing shirt girls, funny fishing t shirt, fishing happily ever after t shirt, awesome fishing gifts t shirt, fishing humor t shirt, love fishing t shirt, And on the 8th day god created fishing t shirt, fishing lover t shirt, cool fisherman t shirt, awesome fishing t shirt, fishing shirt for women, god created fishing gifts t shirt, fisherman shirt, fishing shirt, cool fishing t shirt, fishing shirt for men, cool fishing shirt, fishing gifts t shirt, fishing t shirt", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Company Overview of Tidewater Marine Australia Pty. Ltd.\nTidewater Marine Australia Pty. Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Tidewater Inc.\n610 Murray Street\nWest Perth, WA 6005\n61 8 9220 7600\n61 8 9220 7699\nKey Executives for Tidewater Marine Australia Pty. Ltd.\nTidewater Marine Australia Pty. Ltd. does not have any Key Executives recorded.\nSimilar Private Companies By Industry\n|Qube Energy Pty Ltd||Asia|\n|Interlink Roads Pty Ltd.||Asia|\n|Queensland Marine & Industrial Pty Ltd.||Asia|\n|North Queensland Bulk Ports Corporation Limited||Asia|\n|Rail Corporation New South Wales||Asia|\nRecent Private Companies Transactions\n|No transactions available in the past 12 months.|\nTo contact Tidewater Marine Australia Pty. Ltd., please visit --. Company data is provided by Capital IQ. Please use this form to report any data issues.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Best Bay of Islands Fishing Charters\nWelcome to an angler’s paradise – the Bay of Islands Fishing Charters! Nestled in the pristine waters of New Zealand’s North Island, this stunning destination beckons fishing enthusiasts from around the world to embark on an unforgettable maritime adventure.\nWith its idyllic landscapes, crystal-clear waters, and an abundance of marine life, the Bay of Islands offers an unrivaled setting for both novice and experienced anglers alike. Join us as we cast off into a world of thrilling fishing expeditions, guided by seasoned professionals who know these waters like the back of their hand.\nWhether you’re in pursuit of trophy catches or seeking the tranquility of a peaceful day on the ocean, the Bay of Islands Fishing Charters promises an exhilarating experience that will leave you hooked for a lifetime.\nEarl Grey Fishing Charters\nEarl Grey Fishing Charters is renowned for being an elite saltwater fishing guide. Captain Steve provides over 40 years experience traversing the Bay of Islands and has a ton of local knowledge at his disposal.\nWith a full range of options perfect for all levels of fishing, Earl Grey provides private and shared charters suitable for all.\nMarsden Road, Paihia 0200, New Zealand\nDays Out Fishing Charters Bay of Islands\nJoin Captain Darren Knapping on exciting expeditions in pursuit of Snapper, Kingfish and more. After serving in the New Zealand Navy, Captain became a licensed commercial tuna fisherman, so he knows his way around a bay.\nJoin this fun bunch in the Bay of Islands and hear about the Captain’s world traveling experiences.\nPaihia Wharf, Haruru falls, Paihia 0204, New Zealand\nBay of Islands Water Taxi\nThis acclaimed water taxi prides itself in taking adventure seekers around the Bay of Islands and beyond. They are also the only Maori owned and operated Water Transport service within the Bay of Islands.\nIn addition to excellent boat tours, Bay of Islands Water Taxi provides hiking adventures through the surrounding nature as well as cultural immersion within a traditional Maori environment.\n199 Rawhiti Road, Rawhiti 0184, New Zealand\nMay Marie Charters\nMay Marie is a 44ft vessel that provides plenty of space for fishing or taking a rest. It formerly traversed the Cook Strait before migrating north and now operating out of Paihia.\nShared and private snapper or kingfish fishing charters are available. The boat can fit groups of up to 20 people.\n30 Silkwood Lane, Kerikeri 0230, New Zealand\nAccording to Target Charters, there’s only “one thing worth getting up at 5am for…” yep, you guessed it, spending all day on the beautiful water.\nThey will help you schedule fishing trips for yourself, your family, and friends. Or you can hop on a shared charter and make new ones. Regardless of your experience level, you will have a blast in the Bay of Islands.\nPaihia Wharf, 69 Marsden Road, Paihia 0247, New Zealand\nGet Reel Charters\nWith a boat called “Get Reel,” you know that their experts in their craft. Based in Parekura Bay, their fishing and accommodations packages are reasonably priced and will get you around the water with ease.\nTheir experts know a thing or two about marlins, snapper, and kingfish.\nMarsden Road, Paihia 0200, New Zealand\nZindabar Yacht Charter\nThis sporty looking yacht provides all the luxury and adventure you’d want in a Bay of Islands excursion.\nZindabar Yacht Charter offers single or multiple day trips that are fully customised for your pleasure. The 60 footer high performance cruiser has multiple large cabins and plenty of storage for longer trips.\nDefinitely more of a luxury option, but Zindabar provides an unforgettable experience for all.\n78 Riverview Road, Kerikeri 0230, New Zealand\nMajor Tom Adventures\nMajor Tom Adventures books out fairly quickly so get your hands on a charter well before the next season. From family trips to corporate retreats, they offer fishing adventures for anyone and everyone regardless of experience level.\nTheir extensive knowledge of the Bay of Islands provides an unmatched and informative experience.\nPaihia warf Marsden Road, Paihia 0204, New Zealand\nEpic Adventures Bay of Islands\nEpic Adventures provides, well, epic adventures both on land and on the water.\nDubbed as the go-to kingfish charter company, they pride themselves on offering unique experiences whether its fishing or land adventures like pig or deer hunting.\nLet Captain Owen, Nick, or Bruce guide you around the bountiful Bay of Islands or on land through the picturesque landscapes.\nThe Strand, Russell 0202, New Zealand\nBlue Sea Fishing Charters\nAnother Bay of Islands mainstay, Blue Sea Fishing Charters links up seasoned or aspiring anglers with the gorgeous waters of the region.\nBased in Paihia, they offer several charters focused on specific fish species, including kingfish, snapper, and hapuka.\n69 Marsden Road, Paihia 0200, New Zealand\nCaptain Bucko’s Fishing Charters\nCaptain Bucko knows his way around the Bay of Islands. He’s the 4th generation of fishermen to explore this area and he knows how to properly lure and bait many types of fish.\nThe Captain will teach you everything he knows, which is a lot. You’ll come away feeling like an expert of New Zealand fish.\n64 Marsden Road, Paihia 0200, New Zealand", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Top 5 Maui Snorkeling Tours\nSnorkeling and Maui go hand in hand for a reason: the pristine waters off the Valley Isle’s coast teem with some of the most vibrant marine life in the world. And while terrific snorkeling is found just off the beach across the island, nothing trumps taking a trip out into the Pacific—where diving under may put you within reach of everything from manta rays to Hawaiian squirrelfish.\nChoosing the right snorkeling tour on your Maui vacation, however, is a different story. Dozens of boats line the Kihei and Lahaina harbors, ready to whisk guests to several of Maui’s most revered places. With this in mind, we’ve pulled together the top 5 snorkeling tours Hawaii’s second largest island has to offer—and why you should book a reservation pronto:\n|Family Molokini||Inexpensive, Family-Friendly||5 hours||BOOK NOW|\n|Adventure Raft||Small Group, Exciting||5 hours||BOOK NOW|\n|Deluxe Sunrise||Molokini Before Anyone Else||3.5 hours||BOOK NOW|\n|Lanai Island||Dolphins, Sea Caves||5 hours||BOOK NOW|\n|Honolua Bay||Sailing, Close By||5 hours||BOOK NOW|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Inn by the Sea in Cape Elizabeth’s Crescent Beach State Park is renowned for both its eco- and dog-friendliness. …. take nature walks along the beach to spot protected wildlife like New England Cottontails and Piping Plovers.\nInn by the Sea named number 1 in Top Ten Waterfront Hotels in the Northeast. Grand, but not grandiose, Inn By The Sea keeps both top-notch luxury and eco-friendly practice sacrosanct.\nInn by the Sea in Cape Elizabeth, Maine has been welcoming dogs and their families for more than 20 years with pampering and in-room amenities.\nBlueberries, beach and smores – Inn by the Sea is the perfect place for the Maine experience.\nInn by the Sea is selected as one of the Top 20 Resorts in New England by Conde Nast Traveler Reader’s Choice Awards 2015.\nThis lovely resort boutique property offers state of the art SPA, beautiful accommodations, and an ocean front setting with beach walks. Their Sea Glass Restaurant serving up sustainable seafood with creative presentations was the culinary highlight of the trip.\nBest of Maine – For more than 20 years the elegant Inn by the Sea has welcomed dogs with 17 designated pet-friendly rooms and suites.\nMaui or Maine? Two beach resorts – Get cozy with a glass of wine by the Inn’s nightly campfire as the sun sets on Crescent Beach.\nDelight in the charms of the coast with the utmost in modern luxury and comfort at the Inn by the Sea – escape to coastal paradise.\nThe Animal Refuge League and one of the most dog-friendly hotels in the country, Cape Elizabeth’s Inn by the Sea, have partnered to find homes for adoptable dogs.\nTake a seat in the newly renovated Sea Glass Restaurant…snag one of the tables on the patio…every table in the house has a gorgeous view straight out to sea, the view that makes you exhale and remember why you love Maine.\nWedding receptions at the luxurious Inn by the Sea feature local seafood fresh from the Gulf of Maine, an essential ingredient in Chef Steve Sicinski’s kitchen.\nEco-chic is the vibe at this full-service Silver LEED certified resort, with a heated outdoor pool, a spa featuring local sea salt and Maine mud among its treatments, and a mile long private beach that is carefully managed to welcome native wildlife, from shy New England Cottontails to tiny Piping Plovers.\nWelcome to Portland, Now Let’s Eat! Photo of Atlantic Cod and Lobster Chowder at Sea Glass Restaurant at Inn by the Sea\nTop 500 – World’s Best Hotels, 2011", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If your near Hana, definitely check this out of the way beach. It’s beautiful! Requires several steps down a well maintained step way\nA beach with more young people is probably more than the water entertainment here. Many of the boys are surfing at the beach, very energetic, the weather is good, and the scenery is especially beautiful.\nThe beach is very nice. There are many young people who play speedboats and skateboards. It is not recommended to swim in the deep sea area here, which is very dangerous.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "FONDERIA ROMA - Top'J\nThe series' J covers this lead, for its peculiarity of a single hook release, all those types of fishing from a boat is not fast or even occasional need ballast but also a safe trip. Longline, drifting, bottom fishing from the bottom, where it is often necessary to change ballast but more importantly, trolling with live bait.\nWrite a reviewYour Name:\nYour Review: Note: HTML is not translated!\nRating: Bad Good\nEnter the code in the box below:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The vessel DEFENDER is working at the TYRA Field supporting the TYRA project.\nThe vessel EURUS EXPRESS is expected at the DUC Fields from 11/12 and 7 days ahead.\nThe vessel MAERSK TRACKER conducting maintenance at the DUC Fields.\nThe vessel SIDDIS MARINER (Walk to work) is working at the TYRA E Field for close down of satellite platforms and cleaning of pipelines.\nThe vessels ASSISTER, BUGSIER 10 & FAIRPLAY 27 are expected to conduct the rig move of NOBLE SAM TURNER approx. 18/12-2019.\nThe environmental buoy within the safety zone of Dan F has been withdrawn.\n- The rig MAERSK GUARDIAN in position at TYRA East.\n- The accommodation rig CROSSWAY EAGLE in position at TYRA West.\n- NOBLE SAM TURNER to be moved from DAN FA to DAN FB, approx. 18/12-2019.\nA set of buoys are deployed at the position: 55°48.127 N 004°33.504E next to VALDEMAR BA. (A waverider buoy and an isolated danger buoy):", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Nous avons reçu votre demande de renseignements et notre équipe vous contactera sous peu.\nVous allez recevoir une notification par mail.\nSi vous avez d'autres questions, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter.\nA partir de USD 45\nWe will pick you up early morning from your hotel in Marsa Alam at 4:30 am., and escort you to the Marina at Port Ghalib, where you will start your amazing trip across the sparkling waters of the Red Sea.\nBoard your boat and sail for about 30 minutes to the first snorkeling site Marsa El shone which is have amazing coloured fish.\nBack to the boat to sail for about 20 minutes to Marsa Mubarak, one of the most beautiful snorkeling and dive sites in the Marsa Alam region.\nThis tour will enable you to explore the protected bay of Marsa Mubarak, which offers some of the most beautiful coral reefs in the Red Sea and magnificent underwater seascapes offering a range of exciting snorkeling experiences. The crystal clear warm waters of this site hosts a magnificent variety of flora and fauna. Swim amongst the hundreds of exotic fish,\nEnjoy a delicious lunch on board before reaching a lagoon spot for snorkeling by the Zodiac boat. Following this, sail back to the Marina at Port Ghalib where you will be met, assisted then transferred to your hotel in Marsa Alam.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here’s my latest collaboration video with Skylum Software. I take to the waters off the coast of Motobu, Okinawa to try and photograph humpback whales.\nPlease like, share and comment on the video as it will help others find it and allow us to keep on making videos!\nSkylum Software just released a new update to Luminar this week so it is now faster with a few new editing options also.\nA big thank you to Okinawa Island Crew for letting me shoot photos and video on the boat. I much prefer whale watching from Motobu rather than Naha as the whales are located much closer to the port.\nThe gear used in the video was the Pentax 645Z camera with the 300mm f4 lens.\nThe tripod was a carbon fibre LEO by 3 Legged Thing, and the bag is the Whistler by Lowepro.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lobster Bay is a prototype from Funware which was never released. In Lobster Bay you take the role of a scuba diver in search of missing treasure. You start the game by dismounting from your ship to further dive to greater depths. Along your journey you will encounter Lobsters and Squid. Luckily you have ladders, pipes, ropes, and conveyor belts to help assist you to more treasure. Watch your oxygen level and life count along the way because danger is at every twist and turn. Treasures await below, ahoy!\nESRB Rating: E - Everyone", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Columbia Sportswear makes some of the best fishing apparel out there. It’s durable, comfortable and stylish. PFG gear incorporates proprietary technologies like Omni-Shade, Omni-Freeze and Omni-Shield. And while you may not be able to hire a cinematographer to come along on your next fishing excursion — Columbia PFG has put together a video that may be more of a how to go on a fishing dream trip than how to make your own fish flick. Check it out.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our mission has always been to provide the Finest Quality Seafood available anywhere on earth. We currently have two retail locations to serve the public. We provide seafood to numerous Cape Cod Country Clubs and well-known restaurants.\nStarting before the sunrise, we spend hours each day buying the the freshest catches from the docks to prepare for our customers, near and far. Our diligence and perseverance have earned our reputation for being one of the best in the seafood industry. We have appeared on the televised shows: Food TV's Historic Dinner Trains and Boston's Chronicle Magazine.\nWe're sure, from the sweetest tasting lobsters and tender steamers, to the succulent flavors of fresh native seafood, your palate will come alive as you taste how good fresh seafood really is.\nSo come on in, give us a try. We promise you will not find fresher, more satisfying seafood anywhere. And that's our guarantee!\nOrder your seafood from LobstersLive.com and get . . .\nThe Freshest Catch on the Net!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rating is available when the video has been rented.\nThis feature is not available right now. Please try again later.\nPublished on Feb 19, 2011\nThe hull has been flipped over and the process of sanding off the old bottom paint takes place. With paint removed, CPES (clear penetrating epoxy sealer) is brushed on the planking to stabilize water absorption and swelling. The bottom is painted, and the the boat is flipped back on its bottom for work to continue on the topsides.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1 min read\nReporting by UKMTO indicates that when transiting at about 30nm south Aden, a commercial vessel,..\nLack Of Vessel Ownership Data Is An Indicator Of..\nAbout 69.2% of vessels that have unknown beneficial owners reportedly engaged in sanction-violating..\nApproach – 27nm SW Aden\nReporting indicates that a skiff approached a Container Ship whilst underway approximately 30nm..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Whitefish Bay is a self-unloading lake freighter commissioned by Canada Steamship Lines in 2013.\nThe vessel is the third of CSL's Trillium Class ships.\nHer sister ships are the Baie Comeau, Baie St. Paul and Thunder Bay.\nCSL asserts that the new vessels will be more efficient than existing vessels, and will leave less pollution.\nComedian Rick Mercer broadcast a recording of his visit to the Whitefish Bay as it transited the lowest lock on the Welland Canal.\nWhitefish Bay Coordinates: 46°42′8″N 84°47′20″W / 46.70222°N 84.78889°W / 46.70222; -84.78889 is a large bay on the eastern end of the southern shore of Lake Superior between Michigan and Ontario. It is located between Whitefish Point in Michigan, about 10 miles north of Paradise, and the St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie on the southeast. On the Ontario side, the bay is bordered by the more rugged, largely wilderness Canadian Shield. The international boundary runs through the bay, which is heavily used by shipping traffic northbound from and southbound to the Soo Locks. The Whitefish Point Light marks the entry of the bay, Ile Parisienne Light is in the middle of the bay, and Point Iroquois Light lies near the mouth of the bay and the approach to the Soo Locks.\nAfter the Soo Locks opened in 1855 and ship traffic increased on Lake Superior, Whitefish Bay was the site of numerous shipwrecks, often due to hazardous weather. The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve was established to preserve many of the shipwrecks of Whitefish Bay for future generations of sports divers. Known wrecks include the ships Comet, John B. Cowle, Drake, Samuel Mather, Miztec, Myron, Niagara, John M. Osborn, Sagamore, Superior City, and the Vienna.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "£5.00 – £119.00\nSea Green as the name suggests takes its inspiration from the ocean. Reminiscent of a still calm sea next to a balmy beach. Sea Green is a beautiful mid-shade green with a yellow undertone.\nSuperb for kitchens and bathrooms, creating clean and bright environments.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sunconure11 wrote:Is better ocean topography planned? Oceans are rather flat. As a result, it causes some weirdness. I actually figured out a way to port space engine worlds into minecraft for instance, but the oceans end up too flat.\nHey there, do you know how to port a planet into minecraft?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "35 W SUSQUEHANNA DR,\nLittle Egg Harbor Township,\nFinished waterfront lot with quick access to the Great Bay minutes to inlet to Atlantic Ocean. In upcoming area of new and newer homes! 50x100, public water, public sewer, phone, cable, natural gas and electric available at street. Come build you waterfront home, and enjoy waterfront living at the Jersey Shore! Moor your water toys right off your back yard at your own dock, enjoy waterfront living, fishing, boating, water ski, jet ski, paddle boarding, paddle boating, clamming , crabbing and of course the beach! Swim right off your dock or take a ride by car or boat to the pristine beaches of Long Beach Island, Brigantine Island and many more.....", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The best source for Shark Gifts.\nMarBev Shark Cupcake Toppers 24pc\n24 count, food grade plastic sharks. Contains Hammerhead Shark, Great White, and Tiger Shark. Adorable toppers for birthday or ocean themed event!\n- Perfect addition to child's birthday party or ocean themed event.\n- Three separate shark designs: Hammerhead, Great White, and Tiger Shark.\n- 24 count.\n- Food grade plastic.\nRelated Shark Gifts\nCopyright © 2021 SharkGifts.net", "label": "No"}
{"text": "VTech Splush & Sing Submarine\nlet's splash and play in the water! The Splash and Sing Submarine is a fun interactive bath toy featuring fun sea characters. Watch the water squirt from the funnels in time with the music. Press the buttons to learn numbers 1-2-3, colours and sea animals through fun phrases, melodies and a song. Built-in motion sensor activates melodies and sounds when the submarine is taken out of the water. Includes interchangeable dolphin and seal characters. Ideal in and out of water.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A mysteriously glowing UFO was discovered floating over the sea by a beach jogger on their morning run.\nThe floating object was filmed by a woman in the Gulf of Mexico and shared on social media where many thought it was an alien spaceship.\nThe sighting took place on February 1 at Miramar Beach in the coastal town of Ciudad Madero in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.\nThe video, shared by social media user ‘Patty Azuara’, shows a large glowing object floating over the sea.\nShe titled the footage: “Today when I was walking on the beach at 7:12 am and discovered these lights.”\nViewers used social media to comment on the video, and some believed it was the cause of the rising sun showing under the clouds, while others insisted it was a UFO.\nFacebook user Hilda Cruz wrote: “You are so lucky! Such a good view of the sighting!”\nCarlos Lopez Hernandez said, “It’s the sunrise through the clouds and the sea breeze.”\nMauricio Izcariote commented, “It’s called the sun. It’s the largest star in our solar system.”\nLocal media said some people from the region believe there is a Martian base in the Gulf of Mexico, which is why the region is protected from cyclones.\nRuben Goy Hernandez said: “The people there say that there is a base on the sea and therefore there are no hurricanes there.”\nLatino Meche said, “This is not new, Martians have been in the Gulf of Mexico for years!”\nThere are no official reports explaining the mysterious glowing object.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Laguna Beach is a beautiful coastal city located in Orange County, California. It is known for its stunning beaches, art galleries, and natural beauty. Here are some things you can do while in Laguna Beach:\nVisit the Beaches\nLaguna Beach is known for its picturesque beaches, such as Crescent Bay Beach, Main Beach, and Victoria Beach. These beaches offer great opportunities for swimming, surfing, sunbathing, and other water activities.\nExplore the Art Scene\nLaguna Beach is home to a vibrant art community, with many galleries and studios open to the public. You can visit the Laguna Art Museum, take a walk along the Laguna Beach Art Walk, or attend one of the many art festivals held throughout the year.\nLaguna Beach has several hiking trails that offer beautiful views of the ocean and surrounding hills. Some popular trails include Top of the World, El Moro Canyon, and Crystal Cove State Park.\nVisit the Pacific Marine Mammal Center\nThis non-profit organization rescues and rehabilitates marine mammals, such as seals and sea lions, and offers educational programs and exhibits for visitors.\nTake a Boat Tour\nYou can take a guided boat tour from Newport Beach or Dana Point to see dolphins, whales, and other marine life in their natural habitat.\nLaguna Beach has many boutique shops and art galleries, particularly along Pacific Coast Highway and in the downtown area.\nEnjoy the Nightlife\nLaguna Beach has a vibrant nightlife scene, with many bars and restaurants offering live music and entertainment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Marine Valves Position Transmitter in Germany\nWorld Wide Metric Inc. Branchburg, NJ, United States\nWorld Wide Metric is an ISO-9001 certified global supplier serving the maritime and offshore markets. With over 50,000 quality products stocked in five convenient...\nHoppe Marine GmbH Hamburg, Germany\nSupplier of Tank Gauging\nvalve position transmitter hopac-dv dn- pn ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SOS! Sail full throttle to answer the call with the Coastal Rescue Boat. Use the megaphone to communicate with people on the other boat and have the first aid kit ready in case anyone is injured.\nIncludes two figures, floating boat, first aid kit, megaphone, helmet, and other accessories.\nFigures measure approximately 2.95\" tall.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Part of a series of textures found along the beach during our hike along the beach from Zandvoort to IJmuiden\nPlease view large!\nThe upcoming tide is gradually gaining ground on the beach, re-filling sand structures created by the water’s movement, like the wavelets in the next image.\nTaken near Bloemendaal, Netherlands 2010\nCamera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1\nLike what you see? Click on an image for more options!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Let's Go To New York sticker - \" Should we just leave everything here and go ? \" Let's Go To New York is an eco wall sticker made from a recyclable PVC-Free adhesive. Designer : Antoine Tesquier Tedeschi Item reference : Made in Paris, France\nThe East River. The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is actually not a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "surprising nautical rugs amazon as though lime green bath rug beautiful bathroom inspirational.\nnautical outdoor rugs home architecture awesome amazon in kitchen starfish rug seashell.\nnautical indoor outdoor rugs amazon best of new rug s decorating icing beach n.\nnautical rugs amazon area unlimited furniture amazing coastal living outdoor beach coa.\nnautical rugs amazon elegant light fixtures dining room bedroom lights collection of fresh unique ocean themed bathroom image.\nattractive nautical rugs amazon images or nature themed area new outdoor.\nbeach nautical rugs amazon themed area rug incredible runner coastal myrtle.\nnautical rugs for living room coastal outdoor ocean themed area amazon full size of livi.\nrelated post nautical rugs amazon round rug amazing for sale home depot.\nnautical rugs amazon s for bathroom themed.\nnautical rugs amazon astonishing in starfish area furniture marvelous coastal living rug.\nnautical outdoor rugs amazon endearing living room wonderful seahorse rug starfish themed.\nnautical rugs amazon themed living room furniture stores near me open.\nnautical rugs for living room architecture exquisite amazon rug full size of kitchen area starfish large coastal exqu.\nnautical rugs amazon beautiful modern area elegant coastal pictures.\nround nautical rugs medium size of areas outdoor outside for sale amazon cheap area large beach rug the ultimate guide coasta.\nnautical throw rug navy amazing rugs amazon at x com logical operator extraordinary on boards of ship n.\nround nautical rugs coastal cheap area rug great for amazon.\nnautical outdoor rugs starfish rug themed beach fish bathroom wonderful area amazon home architecture awes.\nnautical rugs amazon rug amp coastal area for less outdoor.\ncoastal area rugs cheap for sale amazon nautical ru.\nround beach rugs coastal for sale best and area beachfront decor nautical amazon.\nnautical rugs coastal amazon themed.\ndig nautical rugs amazon in the beach black lab dog indoor outdoor rug ocean.\nnautical rugs for living room coastal style area furniture amazing beach floor amazon full size of indoor outdoor b.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ISLE OF CAPRI AND NAPLES\nby Andre Salvador\n|[View as Slideshow]|\nThe City of Naples is in southern Italy. It is the capital of the Campania region, in the province of Naples. Naples is located between the volcano Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, sitting on the coast by the Gulf of Naples.\nThe Isle of Capri is an Italian island off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Coral Reef lamp brings ocean inspired lighting to any room. The lamp's rounded ceramic body has an ivory finish with raised detailing reminiscent of beautiful coral reefs. The natural colored drum shade softly diffuses the light. For versatility the lamp has a 3 way socket which holds a standard (type A) bulb. The wattage for the 3 way bulb is 50, 100 and 150 watts.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Inspired by its spectacular oceanfront setting and the locally harvested sea salt, Seasalt is the must-go seafood destination whilst strolling around the Seminyak area. Seasalt marks the start of a tantalizing new seascape dining experience, with a dash of Japanese infusion, exciting palates with an enticing taste of the sea in their fresh seafood selection.\nStepping into Seasalt will take you into what resembles a stylish seaside residence dominated by ocean hues and cozy décor. The vibrancy of an open kitchen, the changing patterns of light and shadow on the outdoor decks throughout the day, and the feel of the ocean breeze also serve to create a remarkable sense of openness and connection to the ocean for a relaxed coastal dining experience.\nOpening hours: 7.00am till 11.00pm", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dare County Accepts Beach Nourishment Bid For KDH, Kitty Hawk, Duck\nOn behalf of the towns of Kill Devil Hills, Kitty Hawk, and Duck, the Dare County Board of Commissioners on March 17, 2016, accepted the base bid for the beach nourishment project, totaling $38,520,850.00, from Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company.\nThe base bid award is another step towards the beach nourishment project’s implementation.\nThe next steps in this process include approval from the Local Government Commission, a biological opinion from National Marine Fisheries and an agreement with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.\nOnce these and final financing steps are taken, nourishment work is tentatively scheduled to begin April 2017 in Duck, with the project concluding in Kill Devil Hills in autumn of 2017. The nourishment work schedules are dependent upon weather and may change.\nIn Kill Devil Hills, the beach nourishment project will cover almost 2.6 miles of beach, beginning at the Town’s northern border with Kitty Hawk, south to Prospect Avenue, depositing approximately 900,000 cubic yards of sand.\nThe beach nourishment project is funded in part by Dare County’s Beach Nourishment Fund, which is sourced by a 2% portion of the occupancy tax collected by Dare County. Additionally, each town is also funding part of its project through ad valorem tax revenue generated by a special Municipal Service District.\nFor more Outer Banks entertainment news follow @obxe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Add to My Stocks\nHollyFrontier Stock Chart\n$69.03 $0.48 (0.7%) HFC stock closing price Aug 14, 2018 (Closing)\nHFC Stock Vs S&P 500 Index\nHollyFrontier stock performance: The HollyFrontier stock charts shows stock trend against the S&P 500 index. While the index has returned 16.06%, HollyFrontier stock price has gone up by 141.67% in the last 1 year.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Originally posted by: RippinLips on 7/19/2006 12:17:49 PM\nI've never caught a fish in the ocean and I don't really care what I catch. I just wanna catch something. I'm sure you understand. I have lots of gear. Heavy and light. Afew tips on what to use and where to go, or even what type of water to look for. I appreciate it thank you.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Let's Go Fishing\nLet's Go Fishing is the best mobile game. Let's go fishing today! The sea is full of fish, but it takes a bit skill to release your hook at the right times to catch a fish. Take out your targets and try to fish as much seafood as possible before the time runs out. Ready to go for a high score.Have much fun and good luck.\nHow to Play?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why travel to Hawaii and not go out on the ocean in a boat? Whale watching, scuba diving, sunset sails and other opportunities are among the most popular Hawaii tourist attractions.\nCaution should be exercised in going out on one of these boats. The wind in Hawaii creates rough water off shore. Storms far from Hawaii generates swells that travel hundreds and thousands of miles to create Hawaii’s famed ocean waves and surf. The channels between the Islands have some of the roughest water in the world. So a seemingly peaceful trip out to sea in Hawaii can – and usually will – involve encounters with large waves. The water looks blue and warm but a collision between the hull of a boat and a moving ocean wave is a violent event and injuries are common.\nHere is a video of a 90 foot boat out in the Molokai Channel. You can see how rough the ocean can be around Islands:\nYou can’t see this from shore because the Mountainous islands protect the near shore ocean from wind. The boat operators know that there is a \"wind line\" off shore where the ocean becomes rough. The key is the operator of the boat. The crews are often not highly trained and turnover is high. Many of the crews seem to think that the passengers want a thrill ride and they speed into the oncoming swells with the boats sometimes going airborne. Many of the boats have limited safe seating areas and not enough things to hold onto thus putting the unprepared passengers at risk.\nSteering the boat is a crucial aspect of avoiding collisions with waves that will injure. Speed is another factor. Often the boat has a tight schedule to get out and then back to the shore and the operator carelessly increases the throttle to make the schedule.\nHard bottom inflatable boats are common offenders. They have limited places to sit and hand holds are not fit for impacts with waves. I have handled many injuries on this type of boat.\nA resident of Honolulu, Hawaii, Wayne Parsons is an Injury Attorney that has dedicate his life to improving the delivery of justice to the people of his community and throughout the United States. He is driven to make sure that the wrongful, careless or negligent behavior that caused his clients' injury or loss does not happen to others.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bristol Bay Native Corporation Hosts Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Celebration in Washington D.C.\nThe Bristol Bay Native Corporation (BBNC), along with their partners, was finally able to host the Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Celebration in Washington D.C. this week after the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted plans for the past few years.\n“It has been three years since Washington, DC has had a taste of fresh, quality, and sustainable Bristol Bay sockeye salmon,” said Bristol Bay Native Corporation CEO and President Jason Metrokin. “It is an honor and a privilege to gather in-person this year to celebrate...\nTo Read Full Story Login Below.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“Near Carlsbad Premium Outlets”\nSteps from the Pacific Ocean with miles of pristine beach. This idyllic resort within the charming coastal Village of Carlsbad, California offers beautiful boutique accommodations and an inviting courtyard with ocean views. Perfect for family vacations, romantic getaways, business trips, corporate meeting and group retreats on the breathtaking Southern California coastline.\nBe the first to add a review to the Carlsbad Inn Beach Resort.\nCarlsbad Inn Beach Resort\nHours not available\nIs there a problem with this listing? Let us know.\nCredit Cards Accepted\n- 4 PM\n- 11 AM", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Just returned from spending an afternoon at the beach in Key West. Someone has a beach concession renting beach chairs and lounges and umbrellas. Perfect for us as we had none of that with us. So, I have now been in the Atlantic Ocean. Delightful to just sit and relax and read and smell the salt air. Recommend it for everyone.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Alice Cans the Cannibals (1925)\n7min · Animation, Short, Comedy · 1 January 1925\nAlice and her cat are driving along the coast when they accidentally ride off a cliff and into the ocean. They trick a fish into towing them along until a storm hits and they are swept away to the Cannibal Islands, where they are pursued aggressively by the locals.\n- Written by", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Co-written by Karen Wirsig, Plastics Program Manager\nAs we explained in Part 1 of this Plastic Free July series, the Great Lakes have a higher concentration of plastic pollution than the ocean garbage patches. With more than 10,000 tonnes of plastic waste dumped in the Lakes each year, these once pristine waters have become garbage dumps for human-made chemicals.\nAnd while you may want to blame this on litterers, it’s not individual carelessness that’s filling the Lakes with plastic garbage. It’s the incessant overproduction being forced on us by the plastics industry.\nThe pollution that’s harder to see\nA 2021 study found that all fish samples taken from Lake Ontario contain microplastics. Take the fish pulled out of the Hamilton Harbour at the west end of Lake Ontario in 2015, for example. It was found to contain 915 microplastic particles – a sad world record. Microplastics can obstruct animals’ digestive tracts and absorb, then trap, toxic chemicals and even cause deformities. When these plastics make their way into aquatic life such as fish, they can then make their way up the food chain into humans.\nMany of these microplastic particles are too small to notice when you’re standing at the water’s edge or taking a swim. And while some of them are formed when larger plastics such as containers and bottles break down via sun, heat, wind, and wave action, much of the microplastic pollution in the Lakes is from clothing, textiles and straight from the plastics industry itself.\nOne scientist found plastic pellets–the tiny beads of plastic used to manufacture everyday plastic products and packaging–on 42 of the 66 Great Lakes beaches she visited in 2018. The highest concentration of pellets was found on Lake Huron’s Baxter Beach in Sarnia, Ontario – unsurprisingly, right next to the province’s biggest plastic producers, Imperial Oil and Nova Chemicals.\nAnd then there are nanoplastics. At less than a micrometer in size, these fragments are even smaller than microplastics. You can only see them through a microscope, but that doesn’t mean they’re not there and not causing damage to our ecosystems and our health. Early research has shown that nanoplastics are even more toxic than microplastics due to their smaller size and ability to be easily absorbed into the bodies of animals and humans. This dangerous form of plastic pollution requires urgent action from industry and government.\nMicroplastics and nanoplastics are also showing up in drinking water samples and it’s not yet clear how serious this is for our health. Bottled water is no solution– it contains twice the number of microplastics of tap water, not to mention plastic bottles only contribute to the growing plastic pollution crisis.\nThe truth is that the plastic cups, bags and straws you find on beaches are just the tip of the iceberg. The real cause of plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, and around the world, is the ever-increasing production of plastics. They’re in almost everything we buy and use every day. Every single stage of plastic’s life cycle–from when it’s made, to transported, and ultimately used and thrown away–causes pollution that gets into our rivers, streams, lakes and oceans. Even if it happens to get recycled!\nBut don’t despair … there are solutions!\nWe need real limits on plastic production and use. The federal government has made an important start by banning six types of single-use plastic that are commonly found littered and are not recycled: straws, stir sticks, checkout bags, cutlery, six-pack rings and some takeout containers. Those bans alone won’t solve the problem, though. And that’s why we’re calling on the government to #ExpandTheBans.\nThe government must expand the ban on single use plastics, but they also need to require – and support – reusable containers and products to replace single-use plastics.\nAnd we also need to prevent plastic pellets used for manufacturing from ending up in the Great Lakes. There are currently no rules to address these pellets and we can’t keep allowing the industry to set standards for itself.\nA bill called the Plastic Pellet Free Waters Act was introduced in the US Congress in May that would require regulations to prohibit the release of plastic pellets into waterways, storm drains, or sewers from facilities that make, use, package, or transport plastic pellets or other pre-production plastic materials. Canada should follow suit and has the power to do so, since plastic manufactured items are listed as toxic under CEPA.\nThis Plastic Free July, we’re calling on the federal government to keep up the fight against plastic pollution by moving quickly to:\n- Ban more harmful single-use plastics\n- Support reusable packaging as the best alternative\n- Protect our rivers, lakes and oceans from plastic manufacturing pellets.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sea Bass Fishing - Anglesey's West Coast\nby Wil Anglesey Hidden Gem.com\nMalltraeth Estuary Anglesey\nI spoke to a colleague in Llangefni last week.\nBest place for sea bass on Anglesey is not Aberffraw as I had thought, but down the coast toward Malltraeth Estuary (just round the corner in other words).\nThen head up past Aberffraw\n. Apparently it's excellent fishing from Rhosneigr\nbeach all the way up the west coast of Anglesey to Cemlyn Bay\nIf you catch a sea bass at Aberffraw then it's an event worth recording. In any case, if you do catch one then check out the nearest pile of seaweed for a suicide note.\nHave fun and be safe.\nP.S. If you have any news pease let me now and I'll pass it on.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Duluth, MN (NNCNOW.com) --- A beach advisory has been removed for one Duluth beach, however a beach in Two Harbors remains on the list.\nThe water contact advisory has been removed for the 20th Street/Hearding Island Canal Beach on Park Point. However, an advisory remains in place for the Agate Bay Beach in Two Harbors.\nThe advisories were issued due to elevated E. coli bacteria that could indicate the presence of fecal contamination in the water.\nThe water at the Agate Bay Beach will be tested again later today.\nIf you become sick after coming into contact with beach water, you are asked to call the Minnesota Health Department.\nPosted to the web by Krista Burns", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tonight the crew was made up of 5 adults of which a couple of them were out sea fishing for the first time and 5 children also boat fishing for the first time. It was going to be a busy evening.\nIt was a real pleasure to see each and everyone of the children catching fish and here are a few photos of some of their catches.\nWhat a super star!\nOne for the girls!\nA great first catch!\nA happy crew with plenty of fish for the table tonight. Well done to everyone.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Billie's Underwater AdventureBook - 2015\nBillie is off on an underwater adventure! Will she be able to save her friends from the great gloopy sea monster?\nPublisher: Richmond, Victoria, Australia :, Hardie Grant Egmont,, 2015.\nCopyright Date: copyright2015.\nBranch Call Number: J PIC\nCharacteristics: 1 volume of unnumbered pages : illustrations ; 21 cm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Date(s) - 08/15/2020 - 08/16/2020\n9:00 am - 4:00 pm\nThis date is reserved for the Connyak club members. A mid day ebb on a neap tide kind of a day. We here to help you safely explorer the flows and provide some top individualized coaching a few of the ebb tide races on the Eastern reaches of Fishers Island Sound.\nThe workshop is geared for seasoned paddlers with in the club looking to grow there knowledge and abilities. Registrations will be through the Connyak club.\nMeeting time and place. Stonington Ct, Small Boat Launch by the fishing piers. Meeting at 8:30am.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Me at Garapata this morning. Trying not to be blown off into the ocean below. Awesome painting.\nHere me a photo of me being \"photo bombed\" by a cub scout in Point Lobos. Made me laugh.\n- Posted using BlogPress from my iPhone\nLocation:Cedar St,Monterey,United States", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Most expensive month:||November|\n|Average price in Marina Bay Street Circuit:||£76/night|\n|Absolute cheapest price found:||£76/night|\n|Most expensive day:||Saturday|\n£14 - £61\n£26 - £67\nBest prices found by HotelsCombined users in the past 24 hours.\nMarina Bay Street Circuit is home to many highly-rated hotels, one of which is Marina Bay Sands, which has a current rating of 9.0. For other potential stays, consider The Fullerton Hotel Singapore and Pan Pacific Singapore, which can also be great places to stay near Marina Bay Street Circuit.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "vigilis and a few other species from the desert tracts of Nevada and California to Lower California.\nChirotes canaliculatus, and two other species; Pacific side of Mexico and Lower California.\nbelow the mouth of the Gila river, thence northward to the mouth of the Gila, and thence, nearly due W., along the old line between Upper and Lower California to a point on the Pacific coast one marine league S.\nThe peninsula of Lower California (q.v.) lies parallel with the mainland coast and extends southward to about 22° 52' S.\nThe peninsula of Lower California is traversed from north to south by a chain of barren mountains which covers the greater part of its surface.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "3325 West Gulf Drive\nSanibel, FL 33957\nPristine Sanibel Island...\nA sparkling jewel on the Gulf of Mexico.\nBeachview Cottages are nestled among the graceful palms in a lush tropical hideaway. The only wake up call you'll hear from the palms that shade your cottage are songbirds every dawn. Enjoy the close of the day with a breathtaking sunset over the beautiful Gulf of Mexico.\nOne and two bedroom circa 1960s cottages and studio apartments are available for guests who want to enjoy \"Simple and Classic Island Style.\"\nGreat shelling on the beaches right in front of our cottages.\nHeated swimming pool.\nBicycle and beach chair rentals.\nFish and shell cleaning area.\nDaily towel service & weekly maid service.\nMinutes from J.N. \"Ding\" Darling Wildlife Refuge, the Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum, shopping, restaurants, golf and much more.\nSanibel beaches are world-renowned for great shelling , spectacular sunsets and abundant wildlife. Beachview Cottages sits directly on the beach. Just step out of your cottage and you're already on the warm, white sand.\nCome to Beachview Cottages and experience a vacation that you will remember for a lifetime. When you sit on a beach chair and close your eyes, the only noise you'll hear are birds singing, the breeze rustling through the palms and the Gulf of Mexico lapping peacefully against the shore.\nWe look forward to meeting you and your family on your next trip to Sanibel Island. Many of our guests return year after year and have chosen Beachview Cottages as a vacation tradition for their family. Come and stay with us and see Sanibel Island as it was truly meant to be...\nWish you were here...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A boat carrying six passengers ran aground in Winthrop, Massachusetts, on Monday morning.\nPhotos show the fishing boat \"C.J. Victoria\" stuck at an angle in shallow water off the coast of Winthrop.\nThe boat was carrying two crew members and six passengers when it ran aground. Boston Police, the Boston Fire Department and the Coast Guard responded and evacuated the passengers.\nThe crew members remained on board.\nGet Boston local news, weather forecasts, lifestyle and entertainment stories to your inbox. Sign up for NBC Boston’s newsletters.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Beach Bum Bath Bomb\nTake yourself away to the tropics of the ocean blue seas and the fragrance of pure coconut. This bomb will ensure you feel it is time for the beach with pearls.\nSodium Bicarbonate, Citric Acid, Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil, Polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate, Cream of Tartar, Fragrance, FD&C Blue#1, FD&C Yellow#5, Mica, Titanium Dioxide , Iron Oxide.\n|How to use|\nJust place the bath bomb in a warm tub and sit back and enjoy the fragrances and colors that fizz out.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This sub-project is to provide rehabilitation of the beach area including relocation of the beach showers, re-grading the beach area, installation of a new drainage system and rehabilitation of beach shower drains would alleviate the erosion issues. New sand would be installed on the beach upon completion of the drainage improvements. M&C approved the Project Concept June 4, 2019.\nThe rainy weather conditions delayed the start of construction on this project, and the pandemic put some of the work on hold. New showers and beach sand will be installed prior to the park reopening but full restoration of the beach is planned to begin after the beach closes for the season with completion anticipated in Fall 2020.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you offer international shipping to foreign countries?\nKURU shoes can be shipped worldwide! There are a handful of countries we are currently unable to ship to. As long as your country appears in the list of countries when entering your shipping address, we can ship to you!\nFor more details about international shipping please visit our International Shipping page", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Search for Land for Sale in Norfolk County VA - Mossy Oak Properties of Virginia offers Hunting Land, Farm Land, Timber Land and Recreational Land for sale in Eastern Virginia.\n- UNDER CONTRACT! 0.17 Acre Waterfront Residential Lot For Sale in Norfolk VA!\nBuilding lot on the wide beaches of the Chesapeake Bay in Ocean View. Expansive views, great fishing and boating, and leisurely days on the beach await!Great opportunity with this all cleared building lot on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay ... click for more\n- Norfolk, Virginia | 0.17 Acres offered at $292,500", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The initiative to attract and retain cruise tourism has been successful, and the new and better facilities for ships and passengers at Ocean Quay have already proved their worth in their first season\nOnce again the huge amount of work that has been put into making Copenhagen Malmö Port an outstanding cruise destination has been rewarded. The Seatrade Insider Cruise Awards were presented as part of the recent Seatrade Med conference in Barcelona, and representatives from the cruise operators presented Copenhagen Malmö Port with the Cruise Port of the Year 2014 award in competition with other ports including those in Istanbul and Tallinn.\n”I am really delighted to receive this award. It is yet more evidence that our efforts to attract and retain cruise tourism have been successful, and that we are proceeding in the right direction,” says Arnt Møller Pedersen, COO Cruise & Ferries in CMP.\n”It is a great tribute to the huge amount of work that our own staff and our many collaborative partners in the tourist industry have put into developing the port and Copenhagen as the leading cruise destination in Northern Europe and the Baltic. I am certain that our dedicated new cruise terminal at Ocean Quay has contributed to us receiving the award. The new and better facilities for both ships and cruise passengers have proved their worth already in their first season,” says Arnt Møller Pedersen.\nCMP has had a busy season so far this year, and Copenhagen and Malmö have been visited by lots of cruise passengers, who have been exploring the two cities. The overall number of visitors this season is expected to be fully 780,000 passengers and 230,000 crew members distributed over 324 arrivals.\nOn 30 august this year, CMP experienced the arrival of the largest number of passengers so far. Three large cruise liners – Royal Princess, Costa Luminosa and MSC Poesia – docked at Ocean Quay with a total of over 8,700 passengers ending their cruise in Copenhagen and 8,700 new guests starting their cruise with the three ships later in the day.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "My son and I will be fishing Pompano Beach area in Florida next week and plan to try and catch a variety of fresh and salt water fish. We will hire a guide to fish Lake Ida in Delray Beach to target Peacock Bass and Knife Fish (plus potential for gar, snakeheads. And cichlids).\nFor salt water we will fish beach, piers, boat ramps, and probably go out on party boat to drift fish. Unfortunately Anglers Pier and Deerfield Beach Pier both are closed due to damage from Hurricane Nicole.\nAny tips on must fish areas or boats to go out on are appreciated. Hopefully will have some good pics to share soon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deep Sea Accordian Dress\nPrecio habitual $80.00 USD\nPrecio habitualPrecio unitario por\nPrecio de venta\nThe Deep Sea Accordian Dress is a midlength dress, pleated, and buttoned up to adjust to your liking. Long sleeves yet flowing for comfort. The snakeskin print is definitely the look of the season!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I do a good bit of offshore fishing and I have a smaller boat without built in fish boxes. I am currently looking into the Canyon fish bags to keep my catch cool. I don't mind spending the $$$ if they really do the job. Anyone out there use them, please give me some feedback. Thanks Josh. P.S. any good retailers out there with better prices?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We'll put you on the fish from lower Tampa Bay, to Bradenton to Anna Maria Island.\nTailing Tales Fishing Charters is focused on providing light tackle inshore / nearshore fishing charters in Sarasota and the lower Tampa Bay areas including Anna Maria Island, and Bradenton.\nCaptain Kris Winkel has extensive knowledge and experience fishing the Sarasota and Tampa Bay areas, having lived and fished these inshore / nearshore waters his entire life. Sarasota and Tampa Bay are Florida’s largest estuary, with vast numbers of grass flats, creeks, shoals, mangroves and shore lines to fish.\nThis area is home to a variety of fish species and great fishing spots including the Skyway Bridge, Egmont Key, Manatee River, Terra Ceia Bay, and Sarasota Bay. The most common and sought after sport fish are Snook, Snapper, Redfish, Trout, and Triple Tail.\nFishing Sarasota and Tampa Bay is fun for the whole family. With calm shallow waters, abundant wildlife and a shoreline that’s always in sight, Tampa Bay, Bradenton, and Sarasota fishery is an ideal location for a family fishing vacation. At Tailing Tales we accommodate all levels of experience, from first-timers ages 5 years and up to seasoned pros, whether you can hold a pole (or not), you are welcome to come along.\nTailing Tales Charter Reviews\nCaptain Kris was completely prepared and got us on fish right away. Knowledgeable Guide and True Professional. This is a trip you won't regret booking!! Thanks Capt. Kris... read more\nFebruary 19, 2020\nKris is extremely knowledgeable. He knows the area very well, and can put you on fish. We had a windy day, but he found the spots on the... read more\nDecember 29, 2019\nKris does more than just catch fish, he is willing to share his vast knowledge to enhance your experience. I’m an avid fishermen trying to get to know the local... read more\nNovember 7, 2019\nI went out with Kris a couple mornings in a row and he put us on fish back to back days. He was able to put us on Reds, Snook,... read more\nOctober 6, 2019\nCapt. Kris put us on the fish! No time wasted between the dock and our first hook-ups! Lost track of time and how many fish we caught! Would... read more\nOctober 2, 2019\nHad a great trip with Kris today. My son and I caught tons of snook, redfish and grouper. The grouper we will be enjoying tonight :). I would definitely... read more\nSeptember 27, 2019\nMy teenage son and I went fishing earlier in June with Kris. It was a great experience. He gives 1st class service. Not only did we enjoy... read more\nJuly 2, 2019\nMy family and I had a wonderful experience with Kris from the get-go! My family (8 people total) wanted to go on a fishing charter during our vacation. However, few... read more\nJune 19, 2019\nWe had a great experience with Captain Kris last week! We did a 1/2 day fishing trip with him and caught so many fish that we stopped counting. ... read more\nMay 28, 2019\nCapt Kris did a great job. We did very little fishing and a whole lot of catching. He has the experience to find the fish and put you... read more\nMay 25, 2019\nMy son and I went on a 4 hour fishing charter with Kris and we had a great experience and a wonderful time. Kris was very professional and helpful... read more\nMay 8, 2019\nContact us to schedule a charter!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Community education paves the way\nThe Shark Bay Prawn Trawler Operator’s Association was recognised for its community education and marketing programs when they were presented the Seafood Industry Promotion Award at the 2021 Western Australian Seafood Industry Awards.\nThe award category is sponsored by Austral Fisheries.\nThe Awards event, recognising excellence in the WA seafood industry, was held at The Esplanade Hotel in Fremantle and opened by Minister for Fisheries Hon Don Punch MLA in front of a large audience of industry participants and seafood representatives.\nMG Kailis Group and Sea Harvest work together under the Shark Bay Prawn Trawler Operators’ Association banner to achieve mutually beneficial initiatives for the Exmouth Gulf and Shark Bay northern prawn trawling industry.\nThe wild catch prawn sector is Australia’s largest trawling sector and one of the largest producers of seafood to the domestic market, however, a lack of social license to operate was identified as an ongoing threat to the industry. To address this issue, the Association conducted an extensive promotional campaign to build trust, help educate and positively influence the community’s perception of the seafood industry.\nWA Fishing Industry Council CEO, Darryl Hockey said the Shark Bay Prawn Trawler Operator’s Association had demonstrated excellence in developing and undertaking a promotion activity that has contributed substantially towards improving the public profile of the seafood industry.\n“As an industry body, we recognise the importance of social license and acknowledging those individuals and organisations who make a substantial contribution to benefiting our industry, and the Shark Bay Prawn Trawler Operator’s Association is certainly a worthy recipient of this award,” Mr Hockey concluded.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Shark BaitBook - 2010\nSam Fox is on vacation at the Great Barrier Reef, when he and a young Japanese tourist are swept off a coral shelf by a freak wave. Before they know it, a strong current has pushed them out into open water. First, Sam must fight to keep himself and his new friend from drowning. Then, as night falls over the inky black ocean, the underwater predators start moving in ...\nPublisher: Tulsa, OK : Kane Miller/EDC Publishing, 2010, c2006.\nBranch Call Number: J FIC D'Ath\nCharacteristics: 137 pages ; 20 cm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gulf Cooperation Council Publishes Proposed Amendment to Food Additive Regulations\nOn September 30, the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council notified the WTO (SPS Committee and TBT Committee) of a draft revision to their food additives regulations. Comments are due by November 29, 2020.\nThe Gulf Cooperation Council's food additive regulations are included in the BCGlobal Food Additive Database. If you are interested in subscribing, please contact BCI for more information.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Dozen Ideas\nMiddle earth - second\nRegular price $19.00\nMiddle Earth - named after a bit of famous NZ magic.\n- A luxurious coral 10cm tassel on wooden bead necklace.\n- Beads are wood, natural, coral and white coloured.\n- Anchor beads are unique coral glass & wood.\n- Necklace is 59cm in length including tassel\nThis is a second as the coral beads have faded", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From Our Editors\nStart with the calamari and save room for the fresh catch at Boone's Mike's Inland Seafood ? this Boone seafood spot has quite the selection.\nAmple parking is available in the area.\nThe surf's definitely up when you come into Mike's Inland Seafood for a Grade-A seafood dinner.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Set of 2\nWe are very proud to offer a very rare and exquisite two piece Victorian Italian salmon coral jewelry set. The matching set is comprised of a salmon coral necklace and bracelet with 14 Kt gold, unmarked but tested. Both pieces are made of carved coral links that are held together by spikes that go through each piece of coral end to end. The individual gold spikes have nail heads to prevent them coming out. Some of the heads on the spikes are missing so I had my jeweler put glue on tips to prevent the spikes from coming out. Each of the coral links has a cut-out on each end of coral segments. The coral is in original and quite excellent condition. The 7 inch bracelet has a cabochon clasp and weighs 25 grams. The necklace, only 15 inches, has a cluster clasp and weighs 56 grams.\nThis color of precious coral is called Sciacca. The origin is the Mediterranean Sea around Naples, Italy and near-by Torre del Greco. This is the perfect color of this salmon coral and is very rare. This pigmentation only occurs at extreme depths of 500-1,000 ocean feet. It makes it the most precious and valuable coral in the world. One can only wonder how they got this coral from so deep so long ago. I got it about 30 years ago at an Antique Show in San Francisco from a couple who had just returned from a buying trip in London, England.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Selling this custom green fake coral piece (purchased at Preuss Animal House last year for $145) along with two smaller fake coral pieces.\nQR Code Link to This Post\nSelling all 3 together for only $40 total. I had these in a fresh water tank but they could go in either saltwater or fresh water. Text me if interested. Thanks\nID publicación: 6633451187\nenviar por email\nlo mejor de", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Post by Starsteward on Mar 12, 2015 11:26:09 GMT -8\nVery interesting photos of the Marine Atlantic vessels safely docked in North Sydney. The ice conditions that ferry operators have to contend with in that part of the world no doubt lead to the lengthy crossings or strandings mentioned by 'ghYHZ'. The Marine Atlantic fleet is looking very sharp with their new ships and one feels the beckoning of a trip down East (during the Summer)to see the great vistas of the Maritime Provinces.\nThe C.T.M.A.'Vancancier' with its lifeboat style and location on the vessel would lead one to believe that she is of a 1970's vintage? Have to do some research on her.\nAmusing to read that the 1991 built Leif Ericson is described as an \"aging ship\", maybe in need of replacement.\nIn BC, Alaska, and Washington, that vintage barely qualifies a boat for a 'mid-life extension'. Those east coasters are so extravagant.\nOperating in a harsher environment in Atlantic Canada, especially winter conditions, no doubt age vessels at a quicker pace than what vessels that operate on the west coast of North America. It may be that given hull wear and tear on ferries in Atlantic Canada, 'MLU's' are deemed to be too expensive. We have an example of what is turning out to be a very expensive 'make-over' of a vessel that has been no where near the rigors of winter conditions of the east coast.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "distinctive garden chair swing luxury hammock stand single seat hammocks with stands.\nwe planned to leave the parking lot at get sea glass beach by an hour before low tide washington cafe peninsula port north park.\nphoto taken at john p stroll garden by a on 6 japanese springfield mo events photos.\nfork aerial spanish utah google maps article.\nnoodles company pan japanese and co county.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "WEAR - Search Results\nRough weather cancels fisherman red snapper trips\nGULF COAST -- This is the first weekend, fishermen and charter boat captains could take advantage of the supplemental two-week red snapper season. The season runs through October 14th. But now, rough weather and big surf in the Gulf of Mexico has cancelled a lot of those fishing trips. Captains say once waves get over four or five feet it's no longer safe to take people out. So, now many are just being forced to wait and watch the weather.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The vertical distribution of phytoplankton assemblages of Lake James, North Carolina in relation to mixing depth and nitrate and phosphate concentrations\nMetadataShow full item record\nPhytoplankton, nitrate (NO3-) (mg L(.)1), and phosphate (Po-4-(3-)) (mg V) concentrations were studied in Lake James, NC, during 1997 and 1998. Depths of 2.0, 10, and 30 m were chosen for sampling to determine the vertical distribution of phytoplankton. At 2.0 and 10 m, the species diversity of Heterokontophyta was mainly represented by Mallomonas caudata (Ivanov); Chlorophyta by Chlamydomonas polypyrenoideum (Prescott); Bacillariophyta by Melosira granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs and Asterionella formosa (Hassall), respectively. At 30 m, the species diversity of Cryptophyta was mainly represented by Rhodomans minuta (Skuja); Bacillariophyta by Cyclotella glomerata (Bachmann), Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg, and Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kutzing; and Cyanophyta by Chroococcus limeticus (Lemmermann) and Oscillatoria limnetica (Lemmermann). The purpose of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in relation to nitrate and phosphate concentrations and the mixing depth in the water column of Lake James, North Carolina, USA.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tikehau Pearl Beach Resort\nOn the graceful pink and white shores of the low-lying atoll of Tikehau lies the dreamy, faraway world of the Tikehau Pearl Beach Resort & Spa. Part of the prestigious association of Select Hotels & Resorts International, the resort welcomes guests to explore and luxuriate in all of the wonders of paradise in an atmosphere of casual elegance and Polynesian charm. Perched on the delicately palm-fringed coral islet of Tiano on the southern rim of the atoll, this South Pacific hideaway rests at the threshold between wide open picturesque skies and wild waters full of tropical wonders. One side of the islet faces the crashing waves of the outer reef and the dramatic and powerful open ocean beyond, while the other enjoys the calm, gentle interior lagoon of Tikehau and its thriving natural aquarium. The resort is surrounded by numerous barrier islands within reach by kayak which invite picnicking and exploration. With a variety of delightful activities and excursions to enjoy in a spectacular natural setting make the Tikehau Pearl Beach Resort and Spa an idyllic getaway.\nEnjoy inspired cuisine in the beachfront restaurant, sip cocktails at the bar or poolside before jumping in the water to commune with the numerous and varied tropical reef fish that inhabit the corals directly off the beach. Relax with an oceanfront massage at the spa center. Lounge on a white sand beach beneath an impossibly starry sky.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "MAKE A RESERVATION NOW\nFish Creek Scenic Boat Tours\nSail Door County\nLike Us On\n“The deck boats were a real rush to drive and seeing Door County from the water was amazing!” J.S.\n“Our kids loved riding the waves on the tubes.” G.W.\nSister Bay Boat Rental, Located at the Sister Bay Marina, 10733 N. Bay Shore Drive, Sister Bay, Wisconsin, 54234 920-421-3330 • SisterBayBoatRental@gmail.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fancy scuba diving in small groups from our beautiful wooden Thai boat, with an official registered dive company?\nWell, then you are at the right address with Impian Divers on Koh Tao: a dive center for quality introduction diving; beginners- and advanced diving courses and of course: fun diving!\nCome dive with Impian Divers on Koh Tao\nDiving in Thailand at Koh Tao's only 6* Dutch scuba diving center\nReasons for doing a diving course with us\nScuba diving belongs to scuba divers, not to the dive industry.\nTherefore, we at Impian Divers focus all our attention to you as diver and your needs, rather than squeezing every baht out of you.\nOur schedules are flexible and we do our best to make your diving holiday a one not to forget.\nTHB 2,500Try Dive\n- 1/2 day\n- 1 dive\n- Free use of all dive equipment\n- I.D.D Netherlands\n- I.D.D dive insurance\nTHB 30,000First Professional Level\n- 3 – 6 weeks\n- Free use of our dive equipment\n- Teaching materials (hard copy)\n- with I.D.D training 1 year membership & professional dive insurance included\n- I.D.D or PADI\n- I.D.D or AIG dive insurance\n* Prices based on I.D.D courses\nThere are so many different dive shops in koh tao it's hard to pick one but we luckily fell on these guys! They were cheaper than most and we were worried that that might affect the quality but that was far from the case!megazin, TripadvisorBeginner scuba diving day\nImpian divers advertises they are the cozy diving school of Koh Tao! And that became true during my three day open water diving course.sander w, TripadvisorScuba kings of Koh Tao\nI followed the PADI open water course with impian divers. All the instructors are very welcoming and explain all details very carefully. Multiple languages possible, I followed in Dutch. Great team. Don't hesitate, go here!Oliver H, TripadvisorVery nice and highly trained instructors\nWe are easy to find\nImpian Divers is located on the beautiful island of Koh Tao. We chose old town Mae Haad for our location. Easy for you upon arrival and close to departure pier, so we do not need taxi or long tail boat to access our own, well maintained boat. This professional dive center is only a 5min walking distance from things you would like to have while on holiday: nice beaches, loads of Thai & Western restaurants, mini-markets, motorbike rental places etc.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sudbury, the provider of boat and RV cleaning and maintenance products, saw its investment in Albin Group Marine realize substantial gains in 2021. The marine pump company saw 69% growth over the previous year. Sudbury purchased the majority share of Albin last year.\n“The past 12 months [were] quite eventful for Sudbury,” said John Thompson, company president. “We expanded our marine portfolio with Albin and the acquisition of Questus Marine, and launched a comprehensive series of products formulated specifically for the RV market.”\nMade in the USA and sold exclusively through authorized dealers, Sudbury boat and RV products use only premium quality ingredients.\nAlbin Group Marine manufactures marine pumping, heating, and sanitation solutions for OEM and aftermarket. Questus Marine builds innovative self-leveling radar mounts.\nFeatured image from Sudbury.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Aerial view of the beach at Mooney's Bay, Ottawa, Ontario.\nThis image was taken from a camera suspended below a kite (Kite Aerial Photography - KAP).\n© Rob Huntley\naerial photographaerial viewaerialMooneys BayOttawaparkRideau RiverRideau CanalHogs BackOntariobeachKAPkite aerial photographyaerial photographyaerial viewsaerial photosaerial perspectivephotosphotographerRob Huntleykite aerial photography Rideau RiversunsetTerry Foxsports\nFrom Mooney's Bay, Ottawa, Ontario - KAP 2009-30", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cruising Guide to British Columbia\nVol. 1, Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island From Sooke to CourtenayBook - 1987\nDescribes where (and where not) to go in the Gulf Islands, with information on marinas, resorts, and provisions. Packed with maps, charts, and commentary on the area's history and wildlife.\nPublisher: Vancouver : Whitecap Books, ♭1987\nBranch Call Number: 917.1134 WOL 1987\nCharacteristics: 203 p. : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 30 cm\nAlternative Title: Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island from Sooke to Courtenay", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The terrifying leviathan who's tentacles writhe up from the abysmal depths of history to drag the unwary soul back into the lovecraftian underdeeps.\nThis creature of the sea will look simply stunning on your dressing table.\nHigh quality resin hand finished in antique silver effect.\nDimensions (approx.): H: 23.5cm W: 18.5cm D: 2.5cm", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One of our favorite things to do at the beach on Prince Edward Island every summer is to collect seashells and beach glass. We seem to be able to spend hours combing the beach for treasures...\nWe find all sorts of creatures along the way.\nThe best time to go is after a storm. It often deposits some lovely finds on the beach, although I think Isabella would be happy to have to wade through less seaweed!\nOur beach is so peaceful. Just red sand cliffs, water and a smattering of cottages as far as the eye can see. The cottage we use every summer is set back off the beach on a grassy farm plot of old farmland. I can't wait to arrive and watch the kids run down to the beach for the first time. I'm following right behind them :)\nShells you have collected are pretty on their own but they can also become great canvasses for kids to paint on!\nJust bring along some paints and brushes, mini masterpieces are born.\nI'm just counting the days...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "First time cruisers should be in no doubt that a cruise holiday is likely to change their views of holidays forever, while some people cannot handle the odd rough day at sea, overall a cruise ship gives you a feeling of service never felt before and this includes the P&O Azura.\nThe great service found on cruise ships may beat most land-based holidays, but there are so many cruise ships that the quality of cruise ship and service can change greatly by cruise line.\nWe’ve heard a few good reports about P&O’s Azura and also some problems about the way it’s laid out, and now the findings have been posted on Cruise Ship Reviews after a 2 week cruise around the Mediterranean. While it is only a first impression, the 1000+ words looks at some key points of the Azura cruise ship and also some of the issues found from the ships design.\nHave a read of the article here, and let is know if you have cruised on the Azura and how you found it. Did you find difficulties with the deck plans, and find the cruise ship quite compact? You can read the official information about this ship and more on the P&O website here. You can also compare this Azura review to feedback from other passengers via this page that shows more than 125 comments.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "About Cape Coral\nCape Coral - your very own \"Secret Place\".\nLocated on Florida's lower Gulf Coast, 125 miles south of Tampa, tropical Cape Coral and the Islands of Matlatcha and Pine Island are known for their delightful weather. Sunshine is practically constant, making each day comfortably predictable. Experience the beauty of immersing yourself deep in nature as you explore over 400 miles of scenic canals and nature preserves set between the Caloosahatchee River and Gulf of Mexico. Stunning beaches, championship golf and fun family attractions are just a few of the things that make a Cape Coral vacation so popular.\nOur homes to rent in Cape Coral offer impressive amenities such as private pools and spas, spacious indoor/outdoor living areas and stunning canal views. Many of our Cape Coral vacation rentals are located along the waterfront, with private boat docks and boat rentals available upon request.\nCape Coral boasts some of the best recreation facilities in the state of Florida. The Caloosahatchee River, named after the ancient Calusa Indians who inhabited this piece of paradise, is a meandering river that flows from Lake Okeechobee in the center of the state to the Gulf of Mexico. This vibrant and friendly destination offers all the natural beauty you’d expect from southwest Florida. Often dubbed the ‘waterfront wonderland’ Cape Coral has more navigable waterways than any other city in the world, making it a top spot for boating, fishing and water sports. Many of our Cape Coral homes to rent also offer boat rentals in Cape Coral\nFor nature lovers stay in our Matlatcha Key West Island style waterfront home and discover the beautiful, peaceful waters of Matlatcha Pass Aquatic Preserve, where mangrove tunnels, back bays and estuaries are teeming with marine life and birds. Watch for dolphins and manatees as you kayak the waters of the Great Calusa Blueway, which meanders through Estero Bay, Pine Island and Matlacha Pass. On the border of Matlatcha is Sirenia Vista Park, an 8-acre environmental park surrounded by water and the best place in Cape Coral to watch the manatees. There is a circular path around the park, along the canals, with viewing platforms and lots of information boards about the manatees.\nCape Coral's main shopping areas are located in the downtown area known as the South Cape, Pine Island Road and at Marina Village and Cape Harbor marina.\nThere is plenty to see and do in Cape Coral from the waterways and eco-tourism activities to entertainment and some of Florida’s best beaches at Sanibel and Captiva Islands. Let your time on Southwest Florida’s Gulf Coast begin with a stay in a Cape Coral villa rental that will put you close to everywhere you want to visit. We look forward to helping you enjoy your Secret Places Florida Gulf Coast vacation rental.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- This event has passed.\nMaʻalaea Ditch Clean-up\nMarch 11, 2019 @ 1:00 pm - 3:00 pm\nJoin in to help remove trash from a ditch that runs alongside Honoapiilani Highway and drains into the ocean in Maʻalaea! During our last clean-up of this ditch in December, our team of awesome volunteers picked up enough trash to fill 60 large trash bags. All of that trash was kept out of the ocean, thanks to their efforts.\nThis cleanup on Monday, March 11 begins at 1 pm and is being coordinated by our friends at Pacific Whale Foundation, who are providing trash bags and gloves for all volunteers. Wear closed-toed shoes and bring water, a hat and your favorite work gloves if you wish.\nTo sign up and for answers to questions, please email [email protected]. Mahalo nui loa for your help!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Search by airport name, city or IATA airport code.\nBaltimore–Montego Bay | BWI–MBJ\nCalculations with different methods\n- 1425.671 miles\n- 2294.396 kilometers\n- 1238.875 nautical miles\nVincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth’s surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula\n- 1430.224 miles\n- 2301.722 kilometers\n- 1242.830 nautical miles\nThe haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).\nEstimated flight time from Baltimore–Washington International Airport (BWI) to Sangster International Airport (MBJ) is 3 hours 11 minutes.\nTime difference and current local times\nThe time difference between Baltimore and Montego Bay is 1 hour. Montego Bay is 1 hour behind Baltimore.\nBaltimore to Montego Bay flight map.\nFrequent Flyer Miles Calculator\nBaltimore (BWI) → Montego Bay (MBJ).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LABUAN: A cargo ship and an offshore supporting vessel with 38,000 litres of diesel, all worth about RM15.2 million, were seized by Labuan marine police yesterday for illegally transferring fuel.\nThe two vessels were suspected of carrying out illegal ship-to-ship (STS) oil transfer in Pulau Papan waters, a five-minute boat ride from the Labuan town jetty, according to Sabah Marine Police (Region 4) chief commander ACP Mohamad Pajeri Ali.\nThe two Malaysian skippers, aged 36 and 47, were arrested in the ‘Op Gelora’ at 9.47pm, he told Bernama today.\n“This is the biggest seizure in our operation so far,” he said.\n“Our team were patrolling the Labuan waters when they spotted the two vessels, which were anchored next to each other, carrying out suspicious activities.\n“Upon checking, our team found that approximately 38,000 litres of diesel worth of RM134,000 from the Off Shore Gemia vessel was being transferred to the Success 33 cargo vessel without permit and approval from the Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry, which is an offence under the Control of Supplies Act 1961,” he said.\n“The Off Shore Gemia worth RM15 million, Success 33 worth RM120,000 and the diesel worth RM134,000 were seized,” he added.\nIt is understood that both vessels may be impounded for violating the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952. - Bernama", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This tropical beach picture places the view on the sand with the surf rolling in gently. A lone starfish lies on the beach awaiting a beachcomber to discover it. Neither the photographer nor the location of this beach is identified. But I want to be th\nThe ocean is where I belong. or a lake. My heart aches to be by the water again. I feel so at peace and one with the world when I am on, in or near the water. I must have been a fish in a previous life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you need to thaw frozen crab legs before cooking?\nCooking fresh crab legs is just as simple but requires a little extra time. Before you reheat or cook crab legs, be sure to thaw them. Thawing crabmeat ensures that it will heat up evenly. You can defrost crab legs in the refrigerator overnight (for about 8 hours) or by running cold water over them.\nAre frozen crab legs already cooked?\nMost frozen crab legs are already pre-cooked so they will just need to be heated. When cooking frozen crab legs, we recommend that you place them in a colander or steamer over rapidly boiling water. … You will need to cover the pot and steam your frozen crab legs for about ten minutes or until they are completely heated.\nHow do you cook frozen crab legs without a steamer?\nAll you have to do is put water in a pan and place it on a rack in your oven. Then, simply preheat your oven and allow the water to boil. Once this is done, you can place your crab legs in the pan, covered with a wet towel, and turn the oven on to bake mode for the best results.\nHow long does it take to cook frozen crab legs?\nPlace a steam basket at the bottom of a large stockpot with 1 cup of water. Add as many crab legs as your pot will accommodate and still close the lid tightly. Bring the water to a boil then cover and steam cook until fragrant and steaming hot (about 5 minutes for thawed or 10 minutes for frozen crab legs).\nHow long does it take to cook frozen king crab legs?\nBring a large pot of water to a strong boil before dropping in the crab. Cover the pot; bring it back to a gentle simmer, and let it cook for 8 to 9 minutes. If the crab is fully thawed, 4 to 5 minutes is sufficient. Boil king crab for approximately 10 minutes if thawed, and a few minutes longer if frozen.\nCan thawed crab legs be refrozen?\nCrab legs can be frozen. If you’re freezing fresh crab, boil or steam the crab first and then clean it. As for refreezing crab legs, it must be within 24 hours of thawing them in the refrigerator. Do not refreeze crab legs if you defrosted them in cold water.\nHow do you tell if crab legs are cooked?\nIf you’re having any doubt about whether crab legs are cooked, look for visual cues – raw crab has a greenish-brown shell, and cooked crab has a white and pink or reddish shell. You can also check the crab leg packaging or ask the fishmonger if the crab legs you’re buying are fully cooked.\nDo crab legs go bad in the freezer?\nGenerally, king crab legs have an unfrozen shelf life of five to seven days. If they have been sitting in your refrigerator for longer than this, it is likely that the meat has gone bad. When frozen, crab legs can last as long as 12 months and still retain flavor.\nCan you boil frozen crab legs without thawing?\nYou can cook frozen crab legs on the stove without thawing. You can cook frozen crab legs on the stove without thawing. Try a boiled snow crab legs recipe or an Old Bay king crab legs recipe.\nIs it better to boil or steam crab legs?\nSteaming crab legs is very similar to boiling them. Some people say that steaming is actually better because it allows all of the crab flavor to stay within the shell instead of leaking out into the cooking water.\nHow long does it take to steam frozen crab legs?\nBring the water to a boil, then place the crab legs in the steamer basket. Cover the pot, and let the legs steam until heated through. This should take four or five minutes for thawed crab legs, and a few minutes more if the legs were frozen when you placed them in the steamer.\nCan you bake king crab legs frozen?\nIf you don’t want to cook your crab legs in an oven bag, you can preheat your oven to 350 F and fill a baking dish with a bit of hot water. You can bake from frozen if you allow for a bit more cooking time. Add the crab legs to the pan with your desired seasonings. Arrange the crabs in a single layer.\nHow do you cook Costco frozen crab legs?\nHow do you cook Costco king crab legs? Place the crab legs in the pot on a rack or colander over the boiling water. Cover with a lid and cook for six to ten minutes, or until the crab is completely heated. When they begin to omit a “ cooked odor,” they should be ready to eat.\nHow do you thaw frozen crabs?\nThe best way to thaw frozen crab legs is to put them in the refrigerator overnight (at least 8 hours). If space or time is an issue, you can also put the frozen legs in a colander ($26, Target) in a sink and run cool water over them to thaw quickly.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ocean Film Festival World Tour 2018\nThursday 13th September 2018\nCalling all ocean lovers! The annual Ocean Film Festival is sweeping towards Whitley Bay with a brand new selection of the world’s most amazing ocean films, from both above and below the surface.\nBrought to you by the team behind the Banff Film Festival UK Tour, this collection of short films celebrates divers, paddlers, surfers and oceanographers who live for the sea’s salt spray. Be wowed at the mind blowing marine life; exhilarated by the power of the waves, and inspired by the characters who dedicate their lives to answering the call of the ocean.\nVisit www.oceanfilmfestival.co.uk for more.\nAge Guidance: 12A", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Written by KTUU\nAs Yukon salmon continue their summer runs, subsistence fishermen continue to express frustration about gear restrictions, closures, and — now — potentially infected fish.\nWritten by Portland Press Herald\nMaine’s lobster industry is gearing up for another big year as the state’s 4,500 commercial fishermen wait for lobsters to migrate to the coast and shed the hard shells they’ve been carrying all winter.\nWritten by Peninsula Clarion\nOn the opening day of fishing for Kenai River late run king salmon Wednesday, Alaska Department of Fish and Game managers announced restrictions for the commercial setnet fishery that operates on the east side of Cook Inlet.\nWritten by Pasadena Citizen\nGalveston Bay has been a hub for shrimpers, fishermen and oyster harvesters for decades. The area accounts for an estimated income of $1 billion per year, which is one-third of the state’s commercial fishing revenue.\nWritten by the Salem News\nThe bully pulpit for the commercial fishing industry was a crowded place on Wednesday, when past and present Massachusetts attorneys general made their way to Gloucester to meet with one of their most fervent and beleaguered constituencies.\nPage 20 of 348\nNational Fisherman Live: 3/10/15\nIn this episode, Online Editor Leslie Taylor talks with Mike McLouglin, vice president of Dunlop Industrial and Protective Footwear.\nNational Fisherman Live: 2/24/15\nIn this episode:\nMarch date set for disaster aid dispersal\nOregon LNG project could disrupt fishing\nNOAA tweaks gear marking requirement\nN.C. launches first commercial/recreational dock\nSpiny lobster traps limits not well received\nNMFS announced two changes in regulations that apply to federal fishing permit holders starting Aug. 26.\nFirst, they have eliminated the requirement for vessel owners to submit “did not fish” reports for the months or weeks when their vessel was not fishing.\nSome of the restrictions for upgrading vessels listed on federal fishing permits have also been removed.Read more...\nAlaskans will meet with British Columbia’s Minister of Energy and Mines, Bill Bennett, when he visits Juneau next week and will ask him to support an international review of mine developments in northwest British Columbia, upstream from Southeast Alaska along the Taku, Stikine and Unuk transboundary rivers.\nSome Alaska fishing and environmental groups believe an international review is the best way to develop specific, binding commitments to ensure clean water, salmon, jobs and traditional and customary practices are not harmed by British Columbia mines and that adequate financial assurances are in place up front to cover long-term monitoring and compensation for damages.Read more...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Treat Yourself in the Best Possible Way\nThe Sugar Beach Inn is located on Scenic Hwy. 30-A, a 17 mile stretch of unspoiled beach, halfway between Destin and Panama City Beach, and a short walk from the town center of Florida's most unique Victorian Village, Seaside. We have two beach accesses steps from our front door.\nThis beautiful Inn features sweeping verandas, with views of the emerald waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Enjoy the year-round warm sunshine and ocean breezes, or snuggle up to one of four fireplaces on a cool evening.\n3501 E. Scenic Hwy. 30-A\nSeagrove Beach, FL 32459\n- Category: Bed & Breakfast", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Edmund's Oast is serving butter-poached crab and shrimp; slow-baked grouper and soft shell crab for its first-ever Sustainable Seafood Dinner. Other responsibly-harvested ocean creatures on the menu for the May 19 event, organized by the South Carolina Aquarium, include flounder and clams. Dinner starts at 6 p.m., and tickets are priced at $95 (or $135 with beverage pairings.) Ten percent of the proceeds will benefit the South Carolina Aquarium Sustainable Seafood Initiative. For reservations, call 727-1145.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Every AFL Wide Bay preliminary final preview in one place\nAUSSIE RULES: It is time for the AFL Wide Bay preliminary final.\nMinor premiership winners Hervey Bay Bombers will face Bay Power in the winner-take-all affair at Brothers AFL Complex, Bundaberg, today.\nHere's your definitive list of stories from the week leading up to the big game.\nPlayer profiles, statistics, and all the coverage from the Chronicle's souvenir four-page liftout.\nThe seniors game starts at 3pm.\n- The countdown to the preliminary final is finally over\n- Baker's mid-season return a big boost for the Bombers\n- Dyson: The vibe, culture, is different at the Power\n- Behind Hickey's best year at the Bombers\n- PRIDE IN THE POWER: Driscoll driven by love for the club\n- No pressure for Scoob's first footy season in 16 years\n- Morris a major boost for Bay Power\n- Power captain will be healthy for the final\n- First-term finesse powers the Bay into the preliminary final\n- Second-term blitz sends Gympie into the decider\n- Why the Bombers are the AFL Wide Bay flag favourites", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Seafood Sheller Sea\nSiesta key is renowned for its powder soft quartz sand beaches including award winning siesta beach which ranked number one this year on dr.\nSeafood sheller sea. I got the not spicy crawfish and it was still a. 3 cadoret breton cupped oysters three no. See the must do visitor guides list of best beaches in florida. 181 reviews of swamp city we stopped in for an early lunch and it was already busy.\nFar away from the crowds of the bigger island your private paradise oceanfront vacation home is just a few steps from. It is a carefree love of life reflected in their passion for music dance and of course food. Beachs annual list of the best beaches in america. Price match promise for alaskan red king crab legs pieces 1 lb.\nPrivate beach home with large lanai. Visit the nicest secluded and public beaches around sanibel island captiva island fort myers and near cape coral. Restaurant menus cuisine and specials brasserie la lorraine paris. 3 isigny special oysters whelks clams carpet shell clams.\n16 reviews of drop by the river beautiful fresh decor with lots of nods to the sea. 3 barrau fines de claire oysters three no. The lighting shades resemble crab buckets and the seating is made of boards that. Wholesalers manufacturers suppliers exporters find international buyers and importers everyday on this fastest growing trade portal and online directory.\nWe purchased crawfish fish oysters wings and the mini shrimp and rice meal. There is a joie de vivre in the spirit of the people of acadiana. The ceiling is tiled with wood that seems to replicate the bottom of a boat.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "News related to “Joomla Article”\nAre you interested in Joomla Article? It's your lucky day as you stumbled upon its ultimate information source. We hope that you know how to swim as you're going into the ocean of information on Joomla and Article. So grab your sunscreen and dive into Joomla Article. Be sure to check this page regularly as it updates as new info appears. Updated .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scuba Diving Round the World\nThis year I have something very special up my sleeve. After almost one year of planning things are finally falling into place for my first Scuba Diving Trip around the World!\nThis map gives you a quick overview over my stops.\nAnd all that in 111 days starting in early September :). I'll blog more once I'm on the road to share the highlights of this unbelievable trip!\n- Utila, Honduras: To warm up ;) I visit the small and relaxed island Utila in the Caribbean Seas. It is well known for its whale shark sightings in early Autumn, right when I am going to be there :).\n- Galapagos, Ecuador: The main reason for my trip, a two-week live aboard around the Galapagos Islands. Hammerhead Sharks, penguins, and much more are regularly sighted here.\n- Easter Islands, Chile: Because my plane stopped there, I decided to stay a couple of days to visit the famous Moai statues (above and below water!).\n- Rangiroa, French Polynesia: This remote place is well known for its big fishes in heavy current.\n- Fiji: First a one week scuba diving on a live aboard and then two weeks island hopping with the Boola Pass.\n- Great Barrier Reef, Australia: I have two weeks time to drive from Brisbane to Cairns and so far no clue what to do in that time, but I'm sure inspiration will strike once I'm getting closer ;). In Cairns there is another one week live aboard planned to the highlights of the Great Barrier Reef :)\nLabels: diving, traveling\nLinks to this post:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Life vest is an equipment aimed to protect your safety during island hopping trip. It is strongly recommended to keep wearing life vest during your boat trip or while you are swimming on the open sea. Live fest will anticipate sudden turbulance that may cause you fall out on the sea. While swimming in the open sea or during snorkeling, life vest will keep you safe in case you are trap into strong sea current. . Price per per person inlcusive Life Vest.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A TOP QUALITY piece of Sea Green Genuine Sea Glass Pendant set in our Signature Waves© setting in Sterling Silver.\nThis piece of larger seafoam green natural beach found sea glass in our WAVES sterling setting that maximizes the bling of silver yet leaves most of the sea glass open and UNALTERED from the way it was collected on the beach.\nThis setting was inspired by the rippled sand seen on dunes and in tidal pools.\nA double loop bail insures this piece will hang perfectly on any chain or necklace collar.\nAll of our sea glass necklace pendants come with a free sterling plated rope chain, but other options like the silver snake chain are available in various lengths and thicknesses as an upgrade. The large pendant bail will accommodate a chain of 8MM.\nTOP QUALITY GENUINE SEA GLASS FROM THE OUTER BANKS!\n- Sea Glass Color:\n- Sea Green\n- Sea Glass Quality 1-5:\n- Rarity Value 1-5:\n- Color Value 1-5:\n- Possible Source:\n- Old Bottle\n- Beach Location Found:\n- The Outer Banks North Carolina\n- Metal(s) Used:\n- Sterling Silver\n- Sea Glass Sizes L x W x Thickness:\n- 1 1/4 X 1 x 3/16ths Inches\n- Total Finished Size:\n- 1 3/8 Inches Total W/ Bail", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Blue ocean strategy crocs nintendo wii\nBlue ocean vs red ocean strategies (6 major differences) ''red bull case study'' published on or they don't know how they will try, of course, but if you have done things the blue ocean strategy way, they will not be successful for a nintendo's wii appeals to families and seniors. Nintendo's curse haunts microsoft's xbox and sony's playstation nintendo sold 260,000 wii systems in its latest quarter that's lousy, but it's not all that different than the 300,000 wii u systems in fact, over the past six months. In our last blog post, we explored the fundamentals of blue ocean strategy now, to bring it to life, we're looking at 3 examples of companies that have used the blue ocean strategy framework to drive growth and innovation including the nintendo wii, yellow tail and cirque de soleil. Blue ocean strategy case study video gaming industry nintendo wii. They took the answers to those questions and designed the nintendo wii posted by dr sarah layton in blue ocean strategy on july 6, 2009 1 responses to blue ocean strategy tools: the four actions framework and errc grid. Click to agree i am a member of the teaching faculty at an institution i will not use any material issued to me for commercial use i will use these materials solely for classroom teaching and understand that they are not allowed to be distributed.\nHollensen, s 2013, ' the blue ocean that disappeared - the case of nintendo wii ' journal of business strategy, vol 34, no 5, pp 25-35doi: 101108/jbs-02-2013-0012. A swot analyis for the nintendo wii print reference this the strategy canvas of wii is both diagonistic and an action framework for building the blue ocean strategy of wii nintendo wii has used blue ocean strategy and aligned the whole system of a company's activities in pursuit. Gamestop: buy endless ocean: blue world, nintendo of america, nintendo wii, find release dates, customer reviews, previews and screenshots. The blue ocean strategy in marketing is a unique approach to building a customer base there have been several notable blue ocean moves in modern business recently the nintendo wii product shook up the gaming world when it was released nearly 10 years ago.\nThe blue ocean that disappeared - the case of nintendo wii research output: research - peer-review journal article blue ocean strategy, red ocean, competitive advantage, game consoles, strategy canvas, global marketing, value innovation. Iwata subsequently expanded his blue ocean strategy by defining a quality of life product line for the wii that later evolved into a ten-year business strategy to create stand-alone products later hardware such as the nintendo 3ds and wii u proved far less profitable than the wii, and nintendo. How nintendo created a new market through the strategic innovation wii - jörg ziesak - bachelor thesis - business economics - marketing, corporate communication 432 a new strategy 433 nintendo's blue ocean 44 development of the wii 441 identifying blue opportunities. Toyota motor corp moved from being a process innovator to becoming a product innovator thanks to its value innovation strategy (2005) nintendo wii challenged the what is blue ocean strategy (article) blue ocean our services: blue ocean strategy workshop blue ocean strategy.\nLet's look at how nintendo differentiated itself from competitors sony and microsoft xbox from the standpoint of blue ocean strategy. The video game industry a blue ocean at present the blue ocean strategy is becoming more important for those you have not heard of it from there was born the new nintendo wii console.\nAs we've explored the differentiation between blue and red oceans the nintendo wii wasn't expected to do great blue ocean strategy case studies and how to apply them to your writing. Gamestop: buy endless ocean, nintendo of america, nintendo wii, find release dates, customer reviews, previews and screenshots. Blue ocean strategy is a suite of strategic principles this blog introduces the strategy canvas there are many great examples of large companies such as nintendo wii and thomas cook financial services. Introduction to the blue ocean strategy the blue ocean strategy (bos) concept is known to us since 1995 on a book titled blue ocean strategy written by w chan kim in which the book was a success and being translated into over 40 languages (bryan, 2006.\nBlue ocean strategy crocs nintendo wii\nKim and mauborgne's blue ocean strategy is about strategy innovation the examples they give are excellent—cirque du soleil, nintendo's wii, and southwest airlines different kinds of innovation by jamie.\n- This is particularly interesting from a strategy point of view because it's a wonderful example of a so-called blue ocean strategy nintendo's wii is calmly sailing in the blue ocean it created for itself (ie a new market) by the way.\n- Blue ocean shift strategy casebook what strategic path did nintendo pursue in creating nintendo wii this case demonstrates how the company looked to the gaming industry's noncustomers in executing a blue ocean strategy.\n- What is blue ocean strategy learn through the example of nintendo's wii which changed the game in nintendo's favor forever.\n- Blue ocean strategy(source: founded by w chan kim & renee mauborgne) definition metaphor of red ocean difference superiority.\nNintendo's financial crisis and its strategic o 63 the blue ocean turns red79 strategy for the wii u model hence resulting in an unsuccessful attempt of differentiation. Back around christmas, with the launch of the nintendo wii, industry experts predicted that sales of the new nintendo wii would surpass it's rivals sony and microsoft today we check-in on nintendo, and, it seems that thanks to its blue ocean strategy, it looks like the original predictions have been surpassed. The nintendo president, who has died from cancer at the age of 55, brought in a 'blue ocean' strategy that would lead to the industry's most successful consoles. Blue ocean strategy is an alternative way of approaching strategy that's about creating new markets one of the most well known examples of a blue ocean strategy is nintendo wii thanks for sharing such useful strategy and an opportunity for fundraisers like us. Blue ocean strategy provides the foundation nintendo wii what our clients ocean strategy provides the foundation, tools and support to turn non-customers into customers and create their own blue ocean blue ocean strategy. View test prep - article 4- blue ocean strategy from acc 321 at american intercontinental university houston the blue ocean that disappeared the case of nintendo wii svend hollensen svend hollensen. Blue ocean strategy paper janet tran mkt/421 susan tomaski university of phoenix february 2 example of blue ocean moves an example of a blue ocean move would be when nintendo decided to create its own market when the gaming system developed the wii in 2006.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A peek at the amazing wildlife of the Galapagos Islands and a recipe for the best ceviche I've ever eaten, courtesy of the boat's Chef Wellington.\nFor the shrimp ceviche:\n1 1/2 pounds shrimp, peeled and cleaned\n1 cup shrimp water\n1 1/2 tablespoons finely chopped red and green bell pepper\n1 1/2 tablespoons finely chopped purple onion\n1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro\n1 1/2 tablespoons finely chopped tomato\n3 tablespoons fresh lemon juice\n1/2 teaspoon salt\n2 1/2 tablespoons ketchup\n1 teaspoon vegetable oil\nPopcorn for garnish\nBoil shrimp in water for five minutes. Place cooked shrimp in medium bowl and add 1 cup shrimp water. Stir in remaining ingredients and serve immediately, topped with popcorn. Serves 2 - 4.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sport fishing in Costa Rica with the experts!\nQuepos is one of the world’s leading sport fishing destinations. Start of the 2018 Offshore World Tournament. If you think the surrounding beauty of Manuel Antonio National Park and the offshore islands is overwhelming, imagine how you will feel catching a giant blue marlin. The prices for sport fishing in Quepos are quite reasonable, depending on how many people are in your group, where you are going, the quality and size of the sport fishing boat, the equipment, the experience of the crew, and the season. Quepos fishermen captains generally consider that a half day of fishing lasts about 4 hours on the water, and a full day of fishing lasts about 8 hours on the water. On the morning of a typical trip, the captain will send a driver to Hotel La Mariposa to pick you up and take you to the Quepos dock. All the captains of the Quepos fleet provide food and beverages on board, so you only need a few personal items like sunglasses, sunscreen, camera, and your lucky fishing hat.\nAfter taking you aboard a light boat, your captain will take you out to sea for marlin and sailfish, or inshore for roosterfish, red snapper, dorado, and snook. Whichever trip you choose, La Mariposa Hotel works with the highest quality operators in the Quepos and Manuel Antonio area to ensure a once-in-a-lifetime experience with the best possible value.\nFishing charters include: Captain and companion on board; all fishing tackle; diesel; bait and lures; beers; fruits; waters, soft drinks and lunch. Not included: fishing licenses ($ 15 per person) and tips from the boat crew.\nWant a custom sport fishing or fly fishing package? We can arrange it. Ask our inland fishing expert about fishing in Quepos and Manuel Antonio. We will be happy to help you with information. Contact us regarding this vacation itinerary. If you need a personalized package, do not hesitate to contact our reservations department at: email@example.com\n- Price is based for up to 4 people on boat occupancy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Get involved where you can! This year we helped plant native trees along cow pastures that not only absorb a great deal of nitrogen runoff and double for soil erosion control but will also restore some much needed riverside habitat. These small efforts add up. No single project should be considered too little or too late.\nEnsure that Bob and future generations continue to enjoy extraordinary sights and places like these along the Chesapeake. Support the Chesapeake Clean Water Blueprint—the plan to Save the Bay and its waters!\nDo you have a favorite Chesapeake photo you'd like to submit to the Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Photo of the Week contest? Upload your digital photo along with a brief description of where and when it was taken, and what the Chesapeake Bay means to you. We look forward to seeing your photos!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Jakarta Post\nThe Indonesian Maritime Security Board (Bakamla) patrol boat the KN Tanjung Datu 301 has captured an Indonesian-flagged vessel carrying a Vietnamese crew for illegally fishing in the North Natuna Sea in Riau Islands on Saturday.\nThe patrol boat had given the fishing vessel three warning shots before capturing it and its crew.\nBakamla sea operation director First Admiral Suwito said the vessel was found to be foreign despite bearing the Indonesian flag.\nThe ship, codenamed BT 95212, was manned by 10 Vietnamese crew members, including the captain. Aboard the ship, the Indonesian authorities found about 2 tons of fish with several pieces of dried shark fins.\nThe vessel did not have the proper documents to fish in Indonesian waters.\n“The foreign vessel tried to deceive Indonesian authorities by waving the Indonesia flag to illegally fish within Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone [EEZ],” Suwito said on Saturday.\nCol. Arif Rahman led the KN Tanjung Datu 301 and was patrolling the North Natuna Sea in an operation dubbed KAMLAMLA XII/2020 just after midnight on Saturday.\nDuring the patrol, the patrol boat caught visual and radar cues signaling there might be another ship about 5 nautical miles from the boat’s position.\n“The KN Tanjung Datu 301 then approached the vessel to identify it, but the vessel sped up to get away. The vessel only stopped after three warning shots,” Suwito said.\nAuthorities brought the vessel and its 10 crewmembers to Ranai Naval Base in Natuna Island for further investigation.\nIllegal fishing has been rampant along Indonesia’s maritime borders on the Malacca Strait and the Natuna Sea.\nThe Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry's Hiu Macan Tutul 02 patrol boat captured on Dec. 6 Malaysian-flagged fishing vessel KF 5152 for illegally fishing in the Indonesian part of the Strait of Malacca.\nFour crew members, comprising two Indonesians and two Burmese nationals, were detained.\nLast month, ministry patrols captured two Malaysian-flagged fishing vessels, KM SLFA 5223 and KM PKFB 1786, for allegedly fishing in the Indonesian part of the Malacca Strait.\nThe ships had three and four members on board, respectively, all of them were Indonesian nationals.\nAlso last month, the Indonesian Navy captured three Malaysian-flagged vessels for allegedly fishing within Indonesia’s EEZ in the Malacca Strait. The Navy detained 11 Myanmar and six Thai nationals aboard the three fishing vessels. (ami)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Japan's navy went on alert Wednesday when an unidentified submarine made a brief incursion into the country's southern waters near Okinawa.\nThe submarine left Japanese waters shortly after it was spotted, and a reconnaissance aircraft and destroyer were monitoring its movements, Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiroyuki Hosoda said. Tokyo also was trying to determine where the vessel came from.\nIf the submarine's origin is identified, Japan will take \"necessary steps,\" Hosoda said, without elaborating.\nJapan's public broadcaster NHK said defense officials were investigating a possible link between the sub sighting and Chinese military vessels detected recently in Japan's southern waters.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sun ,tropical coast and dolphin\nRoyalty-Free Stock Photo\nMore similar stock images\nColorful poster seaside with dolphin jump and lighthouse in coastTropical island, palms, dolphin. Summer Banners with marine symbols. Vector illustration. Tropical sunset. I love summer concept.Dolphin and sunDolphin sun drawTropical islandTropical landscape of Koh Rong Samloem island with Blue dolphin ResortTropical landscape of Koh Rong Samloem island with Blue dolphin ResortDolphinPool on the coast.\nMore stock photos from Juan Jose Tugores 's portfolio", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DEEP END FISHING CHARTERS\nAnytime of the year is great for deep sea fishing in Mooloolaba, Sunshine Coast. You’ll find a variety of fish species on our Half-Day Deep Sea Reef Fishing trips taking you up to 6 nautical miles offshore, or take a Full-Day Deep Sea Fishing Tour and spend more time fishing the deep sea reefs or head out to deeper waters to target light game (if prescheduled). Night fishing trips also available.\nNEED A LAST MINUTE CHARTER BOOKING? CONTACT US!\nWHY FISH WITH US?\n- MAXIMUM 7 PEOPLE FISHING.\n- QUALITY SPINNING REELS & RODS, SPOOLED WITH 50lb BRAID.\n- SKIPPER IS THE OWNER, AND KNOWS WHERE THE FISH ARE BECAUSE WE FISH DAILY.\n- WE RESPECT YOU AS A FISHERMAN LOOKING TO HAVE A GREAT DAYS FISHING\nThis is just a part of what will give you a great fishing experience to remember forever.\nDon’t be fooled by that photo of a fish that we all want to catch!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bolsa Chica State Beach\nOpen: Open all year\nAbout: Bolsa Chica State Beach is a popular place for surf fishing for perch, corbina, croaker, cabezon and sand shark. Also popular in the summer is bare-handed fishing for California grunion, a species that only spawns on southern California beaches. The beach extends three miles from Seal Beach to Huntington Beach City Pier. A bikeway connects it with Huntington State Beach, seven miles south. Wildlife and bird watching are popular. Across the road from the beach is the 1,000-acre Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, operated by the California Dept. of Fish and Game.\nDirections: The entrance to the beach is on Pacific Coast Highway, about one and a half miles south of Warner Avenue.\nCurrently there are no reviews of this campground.\nFrommer's Best RV and Tent Campgrounds in the U.S.A. (Frommer's Best Rv Tent Campgrounds in the USA", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I received my shipment and was very please with the selection and the packaging. The water was not ice cold and all the coral seemed to be in fine shape. I look forward to them adapating and growing. ...\n~ By Deborah R.\nCheap Live Corals and Coral Frags for Sale\nSalty's Frugal frags are great cheap live coral for anyone's budget. These corals include LPS, SPS and Soft coral which are all $20 or less.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By John Steinbeck\n• Born in Salinas, • TC .\n• In 1902\n• Attended Stanford\n• Committed to social\n• Writing raised social\n• Short but rich\n• Strong, compelling\ncharacters and events\n• Successful morality\n• Championing the\ncharacters and family\npeninsula in the\nA Cove on the Pacific side of Baja\nExplorations: The first Spanish explorers of Baja California discovered a\nnative Indian population of 40-50 thousand that was more primitive than the\ndeveloped Aztec and Mayan cultures found on the mainland. Hernan Cortez\nstarted building ships on the Mexican west coast in 1532, near present day\nAcapulco. In 1533, one of Cortez' crews mutinied, sailed west, and\naccidentally discovered the Baja penninsula. This was 85 years before the\nPilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock.\nExploration and settlements (La Paz) soon followed. Francisco de Ulloa\nexpored the coast of the Sea of Cortez and sailed up the west coast of Baja.\nHe skirmished with local Indians on Cedros Island and was lost at sea in the\nbight north of the Island. 459 years later, we were pounded by rough seas in\nthe same place.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Amazing Photos Of An Underwater Stripclub\nYes, you heard me right, underwater strip club.\nUnderneath the Red Sea, off the coast of Eilat, Israel, an abandoned strip club sleeps.\nThe structure was originally an underwater restaurant and bar called the Red Sea Star, it later became a strip club before being closing down last year.\nNow it sits at the bottom of the ocean...\nAll images posted with permission from Reddit user Distaplia.\nKeep up with the latest daily buzz with the BuzzFeed Daily newsletter!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "YMT063A/B/C/D： pale skin tone, brown eye color\nYMT063E/F/G/H：suntan skin tone, blue eye color\nNew cheap shipping method for USA customers\nHi, we have updated a new shipping method with very low shipping cost for our customers in USA, called Epackage. Shipping time is about 2 weeks. and this is a one-way shipping method, no return. Read more!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The recent Tiger Marine Boat Show in Egypt made huge waves when it showcased the latest Tiger Marine boats on the clear blue waters of the Red Sea.\nHeld on 11 April 2015 at stunning El Ein Bay, the Boat Show attracted numerous boating enthusiasts from around the world, including a delegation from JC Marine Australia.\nAmong the new boats that were launched, it was the Tiger Marine 520 Sport Line 2015 model that made countless heads turn. The inviting new colour scheme and new fabric design were a standout.\n“It’s a great family boat and can be used for all purposes: fishing, cruising, water ski, or simply enjoying a beautiful day on the water”, says Shahir Mikhael, General Manager of JC Marine Australia.\nJC Marine is the official Dealer of Tiger Marine boats in Australia and New Zealand.\nFor enquiries, contact Shahir at JC Marine Australia on 02 9846 1446.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GULFPORT Yacht Harbor, Gulfport, MS\n41490 Crawford Landing Rd, Slidell, LA\n100 Jody Compretta Dr, Bay Saint Louis, MS\nLong Beach Aluminum Boats, Long Beach, Mississippi. 6588 likes · 95 talking\nabout this · 1 was here. Custom aluminum boats Tunnel hulls Bowfishing...\nwww.ask.com/youtube?q=boating Long Beach, MS&v=SZIqxQ_eTak\nJul 22, 2015 ... Long Beach Custom Aluminum Boats & Fabrication Custom built aluminum boats\nin Long Beach, MS Home of the \"Long Beach Boat\" Robert ...\nWe are here to help keep your outboard motor healthy, rebuild your old one or to\nrepower your boat with a new one.\ngulfport boats - by owner - craigslist. ... Great Cabin Cruiser Boat! $19500 (Bay St.\nLouis MS) ... Feb 10 2014 Seadoo wake 155 $10000 (Long Beach) pic. $2200.\ngulfport boats - craigslist. ... Great Cabin Cruiser Boat! ... Feb 10 2014 Seadoo\nwake 155 $10000 (Long Beach) pic .... 25hp 2 STROKE SHORT SHAFT\nELECTRIC & PULL START TILLER HANDLE $1600 (HWY 90 GAUTIER,MS) pic\nLong Beach Boat Building is a relatively young company. We incorporated in the\nfall of 2000 and have been growing constantly since. We specialize in building ...\nFind details on cruises, fishing charters, and more. ... the seas, and even eat\ndinner on one of the Mississippi Gulf Coast's boat cruises. ... Long Beach, MS\nWe are located on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in the Long Beach Harbor. ... races,\nsail and boating instruction classes and social gatherings of our membership.\nLong Beach Harbor is the Gulf Coast premiere destination of choice, sought after\n.... We are planning to move our boat from the great marina at Panama City (to ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The U.S. Coast Guard rescued four fishermen Monday night after large waves hurtled the commercial fishing vessel Jo Marie into the jetty at the mouth of the Chetco River and sank it.\nA dog on board the boat was found alive Wednesday.\nContractors from Coos Bay were en route to Brookings on Wednesday afternoon with a crane to lift the boat from the water. Petty Officer 1st Class David Mosley, public affairs officer for the Coast Guard, said divers could be in the water as early as today or Friday to raise the boat and remove it from the channel.\nDivers will place bags in the boat which will be filled with air to lift it to the surface. The boat will then be maneuvered to the harbor where the crane will lift it from the water.\nAt daybreak Tuesday, only the uppermost structure of the 62-foot, steel-hulled vessel could be seen above the water. A crowd gathered at the south jetty to watch as Coast Guard personnel and Port of Brookings Harbor employees surrounded the sunken vessel with a boom to contain any leaking fuel.\nThe vessel reportedly had a capacity of about 3,000 gallons of fuel, but there were no reports of pollution in the water.\nThe channel, effectively blocked by the sunken boat, was closed to all boat traffic.\nAt 8:16 p.m. Monday, the U.S. Coast Guard Chetco River Station received an emergency radio call from the captain of the Jo Marie, reporting the boat had collided with the jetty while crossing the bar in heavy surf and was sinking.\nThe Coast Guard launched its 47-foot motor lifeboat and a Dolphin helicopter was sent from the North Bend station.\nThe motor lifeboat crew was able to rescue all four crew members of the Jo Marie before it sank. There no reports of major injuries.\nCoast Guard marine investigators from Coast Guard Sector Columbia River, in Warrenton, are investigating the incident.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is one of our favorite 7-day cruise itineraries, and Holland America offers it between April and October.\nYou can sail this itinerary in either direction, either starting in Montreal, Canada, and sailing to Boston. Or you can sail from Boston, and end your cruise in Montreal. Some folks stay on the ship both ways, for a 14-day cruise, or combine their 7-day Canada and New England cruise with a 7-day cruise to Bermuda.\nThe 7-Day Canada and New England cruise includes six days in different ports, with one day at sea. Here are some of our favorite insights on each port from our prior cruises:\nBar Harbor, Maine\n- 17 Fun Facts About Bar Harbor, Maine\n- Walking to Bar Island During Low Tide While Visiting Bar Harbor, Maine\n- A Walk Around Bar Harbor, Maine via a Cruise Ship Visit\nHalifax, Nova Scotia\n- 15 Fun Facts About Halifax, Nova Scotia\n- A Walk Around Halifax, Nova Scotia During Our Visit By Cruise Ship\nSydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia\n- 30 Fun Facts About Cape Breton Island\n- Visiting Baddeck and the Alexander Graham Bell Museum from Sydney, Cape Breton Island\nCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island\n- 33 Fun Facts About Prince Edward Island, Canada\n- Highlights From Our Visit to Prince Edward Island Via Cruise Ship\n- Culinary Walk in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island\nQuebec City, Quebec\nHave you taken a Canada and New England cruise? If so, what was your favorite experience?\nPowered by WPeMatico", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We last observed the vessel in the Eastern China Sea less than 1h ago.\nJIN MING 82 built in 2011 is a vessel in the Dry bulk / Supramax segment. Its IMO number is 9632600 and the current MMSI number is 414512000. The vessel has callsign BOPQ5. Summer deadweight is 58018 DWT. JIN MING 82 is sailing under the flag of China.\nView the real-time position for JIN MING 82 and 21000+ other Dry bulk vessels by registering a FREE account in ShipAtlas.\n|Port name||Arrival time||Departure time|\n|Baoshan Pt (CN)|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The epitome of Hawaii oceanfront living! Stunning views of the clear blue Pacific ocean & colorful Hawaiian sunsets are part of everyday life at the Ocean Villas at Turtle Bay Resort ~ Top 3rd Floor Villa ~ Legal Vacation Rental Condo with a Strong Rental History. Fully furnished & ready to enjoy. Ocean Views on all sides: from the Master, to the front lanai, to the two back guest bedrooms. Excellent Condition: 3 bedrooms 2 bath single level Villa with the resort and white sand beach within footsteps on Oahu's Famous North Shore. Two Championship Golf Courses, Gourmet Restaurants, Surfing, Snorkeling, Kuilima Cove, Horses & Helicopter services. Private & Quiet location in Building D with very little foot traffic.\nBased on information from the Multiple Listing Service of HiCentral MLS, Ltd. listings last updated on Thursday, August 5, 2021. Information is deemed\nreliable but not guaranteed. Copyright: 2021 by HiCentral MLS, Ltd. Listing courtesy of Elite Pacific Properties, LLC", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Sound of the Sea\nThe sea awoke at midnight from its sleep,\nAnd round the pebbly beaches far and wide\nI heard the first wave of the rising tide\nRush onward with uninterrupted sweep;\nA voice out of the silence of the deep,\nA sound mysteriously multiplied\nAs of a cataract from the mountain’s side,\nOr roar of winds upon a wooded steep.\nSo comes to us at times, from the unknown\nAnd inaccessible solitudes of being,\nThe rushing of the sea-tides of the soul;\nAnd inspirations, that we deem our own,\nAre some divine foreshadowing and foreseeing\nOf things beyond our reason or control.\n–Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\nI have long been influenced by the sea, but now its proximity seems to come into my work in more subtle ways. I have always loved using shell shapes and ammonite fossils in my work, as well as abalone and repurposed pearls. With my daily visits to the sea I now find different lights and moods and even movement come into play. One instance of this is in the Sea Chains earring design. The hues of deep reds and bright blue-greens echo the diversity of colours in the tide pools at New Aberdour– red, brown and grass green seaweeds mix with blue crabs and pink anemones, and all seem to flow in a meditative dance.\nI designed these earrings to move and flow with the wearer, much like the seaweeds in the rock pools!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SINGLE VISION BI-FOCAL & MORE PRECRIPTION LENSES\nIf you are looking for dive gear then thus is the place for you. Whether you want to explore the underwater world at your own pace, gently snorkeling along the surface or want to get deep dark and technical. We can help fill your scuba kit locker. Starting with Mask, Fins, and Snorkels and will quickly fill up with BCDs, Regulators and Dive Computers with everything in-between.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bowie tapped the Gulf of Mexico.\n\"You ever seen the ocean, Keechie?\"\nShe shook her head.\n\"Me neither. I'm almost thirty years old and you know I\nnever have seen the ocean. Can you beat that?\nSay, how would you like to live on the ocean?\"\n\"Sounds pretty good to me.\"\n'They Live By Night'\ndirected by Nicholas Ray\n~ If you want film noir at one of its best,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Custom Marine Carpentry\nDescription: At Custom Marine Carpentry we have the knowledge and experience in the following aspects of the Marine carpentry trade; Marine Carpentry, Teak Decking, Boat Flooring etc.\nDate: Jan 26, 2018\nNumber of Votes Received: 1\nCurrent Rating: 8\nIs this your link? Allow users to\nvote for it from your web site.\nLink Owner Name: Carlos Rangel\nModify this link | Report this link as broken", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Transportation sector saw plenty of trading activity today, including the following leaders and losers.\nSome of the biggest gainers among Transportation stocks include:\nEra Group Inc. Common Stock W (ERA): ERA stock is up 4.23% today.\nPenntex Midstream (PTXP): PTXP stock is up 3.65% today.\nEnlink Midstream Llc (ENLC): ENLC stock is up 3.52% today.\nJust Energy Group Inc (JE): JE stock is up 3.27% today.\nNustar Gp Holdings Llc (NSH): NSH stock is up 3.06% today.\nSkywest Inc (SKYW): SKYW stock is up 2.99% today.\nMplx LP (MPLX): MPLX stock is up 2.88% today.\nPlains Gp Holdings L.P. (PAGP): PAGP stock is up 2.49% today.\nDynagas Lng Partners LP (DLNG): DLNG stock is up 2.26% today.\nElong Inc (LONG): LONG stock is up 2.17% today.\nSome of the biggest losers among Transportation stocks include:\nU S A Truck Inc (USAK): USAK stock is down 4.68% today.\nDelta Natural Gas (DGAS): DGAS stock is down 4.63% today.\nSouth Jersey Industries (SJI): SJI stock is down 4.11% today.\nAllegiant Travel Com (ALGT): ALGT stock is down 3.96% today.\nCeladon Group (CGI): CGI stock is down 3.59% today.\nFor more information on the best stocks to buy right now, check out the latest commentary on InvestorPlace.com.\nAnd for more on the hot stocks moving most on Wall Street right now, check out our archive of daily market movers by sector here.\nEditor’s Note: Returns for the fastest-moving stocks listed here are based on share prices 20 minutes prior to publication of this story.\nArticle printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2016/05/biggest-movers-in-transportation-stocks-now-era-ptxp-enlc-je/.\n©2020 InvestorPlace Media, LLC", "label": "No"}
{"text": "My passion for diving started seven years ago when I saw that many of my friends were diving and I wanted to explore the sport too. I went to Palau with my sister, who was already a diver at that time, and I got my PADI Open Water Diving License there. After we were back, I upgraded it in Hong Kong for Advanced Open Water Diver including night dives with navigation classes. As I was slowly getting better at diving I was travelling yearly to beautiful diving locations like Sipadan in Malaysia, Raja Ampat and Komodo in Indonesia and Las Combos near Cancun, Mexico. This gave me the chance to explore the world’s most beautiful diving spots with friends while chartering larger yachts or on board some of my clients’ yachts. As I was continuing my adventure with diving, I got introduced to free diving by one of my clients who herself is an experienced free diver and under water photographer and I went to a free diving course in Suzhou, China where I got my 2-star license allowing me to free dive up to depths of 16m. I recently went with friends to the islands of Tonga where I was able to free dive with amazing animals including majestic whale sharks. My record free dive was a 2 minute 10 second one, while my expert friends could even reach 3 minutes 40 seconds, so I do have some catching up to do!\nThe next destinations on my list to visit will be Indonesia this year and next year French Polynesia’s Tahiti and Bora Bora and then the Galapagos, every diver’s ultimate diving destination. But up until today my favourite dive spot with amazing coral reef and marine life would definitely be Raja Ampat!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We’re on our 9th home brew. Every single one I’ve been picking up the same off flavor. Never been able to pinpoint what it is.\nThis latest brew, we filtered all the water through a Britta.\nI’m curious…does the water play a big role in the favor profile? We’ve been using straight tap water, which in our house we have very hard water. So hard that when we rinse our bottles, it leaves a white residue on them.\nThanks for the input.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Where does the time go? Here we are, our third easter in Australia. Alice is with us for the weekend so it was off down to the beach for an early walk through the bush and down to Soldiers beach. Then a walk around the headland and along the beach to the boat ramp at Norah Head.\nAfter our walk it was a short drive to Terrigal for a stroll along the esplanade and then a fish and chip lunch in the midday sun.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This pilot boat had a specially designed hull to take on strong waves. Unfortunately we couldn't smooth out the hull enough AND maintain a piece count below 200, in order to satisfy the client. Still, we were particularly proud of achieving the different angles of the vessel and we will use it as a reference model for similar projects in the future.\n- Concept Model\n- ~200 LEGO® Pieces", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We can also organize a private fishing charter is this is your preference or an extra activity to do while visiting Miami.\nEach vessel can legally host up to 6 participants - so if your group is larger we can split the group into 2-3 boats,\nor with advanced inquiry - gather 8-10 boats for a recreational fishing tournament.\nKey Biscayne - into Atlantic\nsmaller boat - Coconut Grove\nluxury fleet (not on a budget) - Miami Beach Marina\nfrom $1200-1500- 2000 upon yacht size / type - including fuel and bait\nLuxury fleet - inquire specifying budget (large vessel may have >50 gallons per hour of fuel use …)\nFishing charters take place on open ocean - rain or shine - so if you have motion sickness - I would recommend to change your mind into sailing - where we take you for a smooth and relaxing sail to calm waters of Biscayne Bay. NOBODY gets sea sick", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fishing is exceptional thanks to the spring-like conditions on Anna Maria Island in January.\nWhether inshore, nearshore or offshore, there are fish to be caught and there is beautiful weather to enjoy.\nAnd there was no hint of red tide.\nThe inshore bite for spotted seatrout is quite good when using artificials like soft plastics combined with a jig head. When targeting trout, you will encounter ladyfish and possibly a few pompano.\nFishing structure — inshore and offshore — is yielding a variety of species, with the most prominent being sheepshead. Live shrimp is working well for these convict-striped fish, as well as mangrove snapper, porgies, Key West grunts and hogfish.\nFishing along the beaches, especially for whiting and black drum, is proving to be good when baiting with live shrimp.\nMoving offshore, fishing wrecks, reefs and ledges is producing a variety of fish, including amberjack, bonito, hogfish, snappers and goliath grouper.\nSo no matter what type of fisher you are, Anna Maria Island is hosting some great fishing experiences in January.\nOn my Southernaire charters, I’m working inshore and nearshore for a variety of species. Sheepshead by far are the most abundant. I’m finding them around structure in Tampa Bay and along the beaches. Casting live shrimp on a knocker rig is luring these nibblers to the hook. Most are 14 inches, although fish up to 18 inches are common.\nFishing around wrecks and reefs is yielding mangrove snapper and Key West grunts. Again, live shrimp on a knocker rig is working well, as my clients are reeling up snapper — in the 18-inch range — and an abundance of grunts.\nBlack drum for the cooler and catch-and-release redfish are being caught along beaches and grassy areas. Most of the black drum are in the slot of 14-24 inches. As for the catch-and-release redfish, most are 20-26 inches.\nSo if the weather holds, don’t miss the opportunity to get out and do some January fishing. Whether for sport or for dinner, you’re sure to find it rewarding.\nJim Malfese at the Rod & Reel Pier is ringing in the new year with good catches of sheepshead and mangrove snapper. Both are being caught by pier anglers on live shrimp as bait. Other species, such as black drum and catch-and-release redfish also are taking live shrimp offerings. Malfese also says that casting shrimp-tipped jigs is producing some action on pompano, although the bite is sporadic.\nCapt. Aaron Lowman is working nearshore structure with good results. Fishing around ledges and hard bottom is resulting in mangrove snapper, porgies and Key West grunts for his clients. All three species are taking live shrimp on a knocker rig.\nMoving inshore, Lowman is finding action around residential docks on sheepshead and catch-and-release redfish. Again, live shrimp works well as bait.\nLastly, casting soft plastics over grass flats in Tampa Bay is luring spotted seatrout to the hook — and the fry pan.\nCapt. Rick Gross of Fishy Business Charters is running nearshore along the Gulf beaches for a variety of species. Finding ledges or other structure is yielding mangrove snapper, sheepshead, porgies and white grunts. This bite is occurring in depths of 30-50 feet of water. Live shrimp are Gross’ bait of choice.\nMoving into depths of 10-20 feet of water is producing action on spotted seatrout and black drum.\nCapt. Warren Girle is taking charters in the Gulf of Mexico for a variety of species, including tripletail, which are being found around floating debris and are taking live shrimp offerings.\nWhile at anchor in depths of 40-50 feet of water, Girle is finding numerous snapper, grunts, sheepshead and groupers. Again, live shrimp is the bait of choice.\nWhile fishing inshore, Girle is putting anglers on black drum and sheepshead, as well as catch-and-release redfish around structure in Tampa Bay.\nCapt. David White of Anna Maria Charters is targeting sheepshead around structure in Tampa Bay. Using live shrimp as bait around bridges, docks and rock piles is yielding good numbers of the tasty fish. While targeting sheepies, White is picking up black drum and catch-and-release redfish.\nCasting jigs around the passes is yielding pompano for White’s anglers. These fish are being caught on deeper grass flats.\nFly fishing with White is going well, especially at night for catch-and-release snook. Casting flies around green underwater dock lights is resulting in good action on the linesiders.\nCapt. Jason Stock is fishing offshore with great results. With any string of calm days, Stock is venturing out to wrecks and other structure offshore for a variety of species. Mangrove snapper, yellowtail snapper and hogfish are being caught frequently by Stock’s clients. For fish that pull hard, Stock is putting anglers on amberjack, bonito and goliath grouper.\nSend high-resolution photos and fishing reports to email@example.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It’s May now and we went from cold fronts once a week straight into Anna Maria Island summer time fishing. Despite all the wind we had to deal with this spring; Snook fishing was phenomenal. Which are one of the Main staples in Anna Maria Island spring fishing time. We catch Snook, redfish and, trout. Redfish here in Tampa Bay at Anna Maria Island have been doing a lot of moving around with the pressure of boats and anglers. They are still around but on most days we have to get lucky to find them. Trout fishing remains strong all spring and now into the summer. Trout are great eating fish with a healthy population. We have had many awesome days this year with some of my best clients. I look forward to what this summer is going to have in store for us.\nMay and June I expect to have many great trips where clients can expect to catch tarpon maybe some more Cobia, Snook, redfish, trout or, maybe all of the above it’s all possible! Furthermore most days in May we leave the dock around 6 AM to start out the morning Tarpon fishing off the beaches of Anna Maria Island. Then by 10 AM we will be back on the flats catching Snook redfish and trout. I Look forward to meeting you all! We have already had a few good days of Tarpon fishing in. We have also caught a couple nice sized Cobia. Which Cobia by far are my favorite fish to cook up. So If you are in the Anna Maria Island, Tampa bay, Sarasota, Longboat Key area give me a call to book your next fishing trip! Thanks for the read for more updates soon to come follow me on Facebook Instagram twitter or tumbler. Thanks again!\nEmail: [email protected]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bill and Jo Harding, advanced storm chasers on the brink of divorce, must join together to create an advanced weather alert system by putting themselves in the cross-hairs of extremely violent tornadoes.\nAncient codes hidden within the Torah reveals the secrets of global events, past (i.e. Hitler, the Kennedy assasination, the Gulf War), present, and future. One man (York) is after the Code... See full summary »\nCasper Van Dien,\nAfter \"The Poseidon Adventure\", in which the ship got flipped over by a tidal wave, the ship drifts bottom-up in the sea. While the passengers are still on board waiting to be rescued, two rivaling salvage parties enter the ship on search for money, gold and a small amount of plutonium. Written by\nTom Zoerner <Tom.Zoerner@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>\nAfter the movie was released, Angela Cartwright was quoted with saying, \"I was disappointed in certain aspects of the film and in hindsight I realize it was really a film about water, fire and stunts.\" See more »\nThe ships hull for the sea scenes was built only slightly bigger than was visible above the water line. To continue the illusion under the water line the hull had a fabric skirt that was painted red which fades to blue. This fabric skirt can be seen at the end of the movie when Capt Turner dives back underwater to find Wilbur. See more »\nCaptain Mike Turner:\n[after discovering Svevo and his men gathering plutonium]\nYou can take whatever you want from this ship, but these people have come a long way and all they want to do right now is get the hell out of here alive!\nCaptain Stefan Svevo:\nI never intended to harm anyone Captain, as you must realize, I can't let you go now.\nSee more »\nNot a good movie for me. Had great actors in it and it was rated PG so I thought that they wouldn't actually show the ship underwater, or show it sinking into the ocean I WAS WRONG. I don't actually understand why large ships sinking actually scares me to death...but it does. I can't explain to you the feeling I get when I see titanic and the ship sinking into the dark deep abyss. Seeing a cruise ship upside-down in the ocean is not my favorite either. Though the movie did seem to have its perks, and seem to have a good story and thrilling moments...I was completely focused the whole time at the ship being inches away from sinking. That, and the scene at the beginning of the movie where they're standing on top of the upside-down cruise ship. That image still haunts me.\nFor daily movie reviews visit: kimsmoak.com now!\n6 of 8 people found this review helpful.\nWas this review helpful to you?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From Celeste Mari Williams, one of Seattle's most exciting local playwrights, comes the highly entertaining\nFrom Celeste Mari Williams, one of Seattle’s most exciting local playwrights, comes the highly entertaining World Premiere of this hilarious collection of three comedies! In GILLS! GILLS! GILLS! octopuses, seahorses, and anglerfish reveal unseen depths as they navigate dating, mating, and the survival of their species in an ocean of possibilities. Come dive into the fascinating and funny lives of these unforgettable creatures as they struggle to find love in the deep blue sea. Don’t miss all the fun!\nDirected by Parley‘s Artistic Director, Rebecca Tourino Collinsworth, our World Premiere production features the diverse talents of Jeremy Behrens, Anuhea Brown, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan, Denny Le, and Stephanie Spohrer. With costumes designed by Kat Henwood, lighting designed by Robert Falk and Stage Managed by KyAnne Wilde.\nJuly 18 (Thursday) 7:30 pm - August 18 (Sunday) 4:00 pm PDT\n12th Avenue Arts\n1620 12th Avenue\nRepertory Actors Theatre (ReACT)David Hsieh", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IRINS Makran. FARS Photo\nA two-ship Iranian surface group is set to arrive today for a port visit in Rio de Janeiro as part of a round-the-world cruise, local and Iranian press reported this weekend.\nFrigate IRIS Dena and IRIS Makran, Iran’s largest warship, deployed from the Persian Gulf last year and has traveled east through the Indian Ocean, South China Sea, the Pacific and around Cape Horn into the Atlantic, ship spotters told USNI News on Monday.\nBrazilian defense writer Guilherme Wiltgen...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Astrophys. J., 782, 18 (2014/February-2)\nMeasurement of acoustic glitches in solar-type stars from oscillation frequencies observed by Kepler.\nMAZUMDAR A., MONTEIRO M.J.P.F.G., BALLOT J., ANTIA H.M., BASU S., HOUDEK G., MATHUR S., CUNHA M.S., SILVA AGUIRRE V., GARCIA R.A., SALABERT D., VERNER G.A., CHRISTENSEN-DALSGAARD J., METCALFE T.S., SANDERFER D.T., SEADER S.E., SMITH J.C. and CHAPLIN W.J.\nAbstract (from CDS):\nFor the very best and brightest asteroseismic solar-type targets observed by Kepler, the frequency precision is sufficient to determine the acoustic depths of the surface convective layer and the helium ionization zone. Such sharp features inside the acoustic cavity of the star, which we call acoustic glitches, create small oscillatory deviations from the uniform spacing of frequencies in a sequence of oscillation modes with the same spherical harmonic degree. We use these oscillatory signals to determine the acoustic locations of such features in 19 solar-type stars observed by the Kepler mission. Four independent groups of researchers utilized the oscillation frequencies themselves, the second differences of the frequencies and the ratio of the small and large separation to locate the base of the convection zone and the second helium ionization zone. Despite the significantly different methods of analysis, good agreement was found between the results of these four groups, barring a few cases. These results also agree reasonably well with the locations of these layers in representative models of the stars. These results firmly establish the presence of the oscillatory signals in the asteroseismic data and the viability of several techniques to determine the location of acoustic glitches inside stars.\nstars: interiors - stars: oscillations\nView the references in ADS\nTo bookmark this query, right click on this link: simbad:2014ApJ...782...18M and select 'bookmark this link' or equivalent in the popup menu", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Many years gone and many memories gained from San Francisco’s Upper Great Highway throughout my 85 years living in The City. My first experience as a little boy was riding with my grandparents in their 1940s black Buick sedan, with the floor-mounted stick shift, as we traveled down Sloat Boulevard and turned right onto the Upper Great Highway to drive and park in front of the now-gone Playland at the Beach Amusement Park. Then to the now-gone Sutros Bathhouse indoor heated swimming pools and arcades .\nOn the way back from the Cliff House, riding on the Upper Great Highway, we would stop by the scenic parking lots overlooking the beach opposite the now-past Fleishhacker world’s-largest outdoor ocean-water swimming pool. The Zoo is still there. It was an often event when we would be having a beautiful sunset to watch the sun appear to fall into the ocean with a bright red- and yellow-colored sky..\nBy the age and time I could cast a long surf rod, my grandfather would park his Buick on the Lower Great Highway opposite one of the tunnels under the highway to the beach. We would walk through the tunnel to see fishermen standing all along the beach hoping to catch one of the giant striped bass during one of the many runs, also now gone.\nWhen I married, my wife told me her stories of when living on 48th Avenue being taken by her father at a young age through the tunnel under the Upper Great Highway to walk south on the beach to the location opposite the Zoo to watch the men gold panning on the black-sand beach. They gave her a small jar of fools gold. This was the location where the concrete head stones from a cemetery west of Market Street which were removed for constructing buildings. The headstones were dumped on the side of the beach cliff to protect it from erosion from the ocean waves\nToday, with a rising ocean level and 25-foot-tall giant rogue waves due to the occasional lineup of the sun, moon and Earth, the question is the best use of the Upper Great Highway. In prior years, the question was to remove the Upper Great Highway to let the rising ocean to flow to the Lower Great Highway. That was not done, and the interest now is to make it a park. After years of fishing along the ocean beach, I know how cold it can be with the wind coming off the ocean. Plus the number of days each year when it is covered with fog, or it is raining or stormy with sand blowing onto the road.\nMy suggestion would be to maintain the UpperGreat Highway and add parking lot areas on the ocean side for persons wishing to go down to the beach or watch the super-occasional beautiful sunsets. The sand could be kept off the hightway by adding a low concrete wall on the side to the ocean. This also could avoid many cars from driving and parking along the Lower Great Highway and in front of the homes facing the ocean sunset.\nFrank T Norton\nCategories: letter to the editor", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thai Luxury Charters takes you to cruise and explore the real beauty of the Andaman Sea. We pamper you, your family, friends and guests in our spacious luxury yacht that allows all of you to relax and enjoy marine trip to more than 100 islands along Thailand’s coastline. We offers charter trip to many interesting and beautiful destinations including Koh Racha Yai, Koh Racha Noi, Coral Island, Maiton Island, Naka Yai Island, Phang Nga Bay, Phi Phi and many more choices around Phuket, Phang Nga and also Krabi. The trip can start from either half-day cruise in Phangna Bay or 2 weeks aboard towards western coast of Thailand. We start from trip from a well equipped and modern Ao Po Grand Marina.\n|222/7 Moo 8, Paklok, Thalang Phuket 83110 Thailand (Get Directions)|\n|+66 (0)76 350 193|\n|+66 (0)89 429 4880|\n|+66 (0)76 350 194|\n|Mon-Fri: 9.00 am to 5.30 pm|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last Updated on December 13, 2017 by admin\nWe had had a terrific time at the beach yesterday. Here’s Nick and Dane playing in the waves – the water was perfect!\nDon’t worry, Nick was not washed out to sea. Here are few more pics – click a pic to embiggen", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Island Mermaid â?? Waterfront Restaurant in Ocean Beach , Fire Island\nA full service restaurant, bar & nightclub in Fire Island on the Great South Bay of Long Island . New American cuisine served on the water while you watch the sunset. Oversized specialty martinis are our specialty at happy which is 24hrs a day!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GENEVA (Reuters) - Iran’s semi-official Tasnim news agency posted a video of the detained British-flagged oil tanker Stena Impero on Saturday.\nThe video appeared to show the ship anchored out at open sea. Reuters could not verify the authenticity of the video, which was not dated.\nAn Iranian maritime official said earlier on Saturday that the ship had been guided to the port of Bandar Abbas by Revolutionary Guards for an investigation after it collided with a fishing vessel and ignored a distress call.\nReporting By Babak Dehghanpisheh; Editing by Gareth Jones\nOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In June La Niña dipped her feet in the Pacific Ocean at the Airforce Beach in Comox, British Columbia and on Saturday she sampled the Atlantic Ocean — at Beach Meadows Beach on the South Shore in Nova Scotia.\nThe water here isn’t quite as warm as the Pacific, but it is shallow and you can walk for a long time before the water gets over your knees. Every once in a while we discovered a pocket of warm water — usually around sand bars — and played. With all the aunties, uncles, grandmas and grandpas around La Niña had a blast playing in the waves, playing in the sand and exploring all the interesting creatures and vegetation that lives in the shallows of the Atlantic.\nBeach Meadows Beach is not well known so it isn’t overrun by tourists. It is, however, just as gorgeous and good to swim in as the other white beaches in Nova Scotia. Walking on this beach at night in the moonlight is supposed to be absolutely spectacular.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Diver dies while exploring SS Tahoe; reason for his emergency ascent unknown\nGLENBROOK, Nev. – A 63-year-old diver passed away on Labor Day due to an unexplained scuba diving accident in Lake Tahoe.\nOn Sept. 5 crews from Douglas County Sheriff’s Marine 7, Washoe County Sheriff’s Marine 9 and the El Dorado County Sheriff’s Marine Patrol vessel responded to a distress call for a scuba diver near Glenbrook Bay.\nWashoe County Sheriff officials found the man on the diving boat being given CPR. The unidentified man was taken to the Glenbrook Pier where Tahoe Douglas Fire Department paramedics attempted to resuscitate him. He was pronounced dead soon after.\nAccording to officials at Douglas County Sheriff’s Office, the man was diving with two friends at the wreckage of the SS Tahoe, in roughly 350 feet of water. All three were apparently experienced divers and had done a similar dive at the SS Tahoe the day before. However, on Monday the victim made an emergency ascent to the surface, and was unconscious by the time he breached the surface.\nAn investigation is still underway, and the name of the diver has not yet been released.\nThe SS Tahoe is a 169-foot steamship that operated in Lake Tahoe towards the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The ship was scuttled in 1940.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CREAMY NEW ENGLAND CLAM CHOWDER KYLE STYLE\nCreamy New England Clam Chowder Kyle Style\nBefore we get started: an alternative to the minced clams and clam juice is buying 10 lbs of fresh clams, boiling, shucking, draining them yourself. If you do this, save 8 cups of the clam stock and go that route. Otherwise, HERE WE GO!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The world’s deepest swimming pool, as certified by the Guinness Book of Records, was inaugurated earlier this year at a spa complex in Montegrotto Terme near Padua.\nThe Y-40 Deep Joy pool, designed by architect Emanuele Boaretto and housed inside the Hotel Terme Millepini, has a depth of 42 meters (138 feet) and is filled with 4.3 million liters (1.1 million gallons) of thermal water from local springs (the area is in fact famous for its thermal springs). This allows divers to go into the water without wearing a diving suit, which they need in the open sea.\nThe pool features underwater caves to help training scuba divers by recreating sub-aquatic landscapes.\nVisitors who don't want to dive but would still like experience the pool can walk through a transparent tunnel to see the divers in action.\nAccording to Y-40 Deep Joy's website, the goal was \"to build the best swimming pool in the world.\"\nBesides attracting scuba enthusiasts and freedivers making Y-40 Deep Joy an international diving center, the creators hope the pool will help make the thermal springs area around Montegrotto better known to the general public. Padua and Venice are close by, but there are plenty of beautiful, off-the-beaten-track places to see, such as the Euganean Hills.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dolphins with Rainbow\nMaki McCarthy hails from Yokohama, Japan.\nMaki came to Cairns, Australia, in 1997. She worked as a diving instructor for five years. She has met many people from around the world and shared her wonderful diving world with people from all every nation.\nMaki loves the ocean and has been to Brazil, Mexico, Grand Cayman, Belize, Cuba, the Maldives, Papua New Guinea, Guatemala, the USA and Europe for diving and travel.\nFrom her diving and traveling she fell in love with the colour that the ocean and its environment possessed, especially turquoise blue from the shallow warm water which made her calm, very happy, and content. She would travel anywhere for it.\nMaki met Reiki in 2005 and she is a certified Reiki Master.\nShe love sharing Japanese Reiki to people.\nShe lives in Kewarra beach, Cairns with her family.She loves nature surrounding in the area.\nShe is also Pastel Art Instructor, colour therapist and Yoga Instructor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|1 results of 1||Open Now|\nPicnic Bay refers to both a bay on the south-east corner of Magnetic Island (offshore from Townsville in Queensland, Australia) and the island's main town. At the 2006 census, Picnic Bay had a population of 360.Until recently, the bay was the landing site for ferry services from the mainland, but ferries now arrive at a new terminal at nearby Nelly Bay. The town of Picnic Bay features an open-air shopping complex, The Picnic Bay Mall, and a patrolled beach along the waterfront. The town also hosts the Magnetic Island Golf Course and the Magnetic Island Police Station. Off the coast the wreck of the George Rennie is visible at low tide.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Not a member?\nAlready have an account?\nPlease go to the mailbox and click the activation button in the mail to activate the account.\nanimal great fish ocean bite teeth underwater water eat shark predator marine nature wildlife sea\nanimal rain worm earth cartoon smile\ncover bear animal tree wilderness forest wild grizzly facebook landscape predator hunting nature wildlife walking photo\nmammal animal fauna nature capricorn goat horns head wildlife\nanimal rodent face domestic pet mouse furry cute head portrait comics\nmammal people animal call horse knight horseback armor game armour man asset\nseashore spiral shore nature wildlife aquatic animal shells mollusk water souvenir decoration beach ocean shoreline summer holiday sand vacation seashell travel marine scallop shellfish biology sea\nanimal monarch insect nature butterfly", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The value is moving inside the ascending channel\nand forming a 1-5 wave which corresponds Fibo levels. Moreover, this 1-5 wave has its end exactly at the resistance of the ascending channel\n. From current level we expect to see another growth, which is definitely very good for altcoins. Volumes are awesome!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Availability:||In stock (2)|\nWild Atlantic Way: Inspired by a trip along the spectacular Wild Atlantic Way Coastline, which spans 1,500 miles of Ireland’s western seaboard, this fragrance of flower meadows & sweet coastal heathers has been infused with ozonic sea salt accord, perfectly encapsulating the freshness and vitality of a day spent by the Atlantic Ocean.\nCliffs of Moher: Rising 700ft above the Atlantic Sea, and traversing the horizon for over 8 miles, they are both majestic and mesmerising; to visit them is always such a pleasure. My favourite memory of visiting the Cliffs is of a glorious sun filled day spent at the cliffs in late August after the rays burned off the sea mist to reveal the cliffs in all their glory. Sunlight danced on the waves and a fresh breeze from the land scented with wild flowers mixed with the taste of the ocean to create a truly magical memory for me.\nHandmade in Ireland", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ōra King Salmon – Whole or Fillet\nStarting at $120.00 ($30.00 / lb)\n“The best salmon I’ve ever tasted. Succulent and rich, the cut of salmon transcended salmon.” –Food & Wine Magazine\nŌra King is the culmination of a classical breeding program that has spanned two decades and is designed to yield only the highest quality King salmon with the most appealing taste, texture and color.\nSustainably raised with selective grading and careful handling, the New Zealand King Salmon Company allows only its finest quality King salmon to be labeled Ōra King – those that best represent the superior culinary attributes of this unique breed.\nWithin hours of harvest, highly trained staff prepare the salmon for dispatch to the customer. Each salmon is individually handled to remove the gills, viscera and kidney line and carefully cleaned.\nMaster Graders then carefully review each salmon for size, color and quality. Once graded, an individually numbered Ōra King gill tag is attached to each fish, to allow for authenticity of origin and traceability for customers.\nMost importantly, ora king salmon come from the first and only king salmon ocean-farm to receive the Green Choice rating from the Seafood Watch program. This rating gives you the peace of mind that this fish is a sustainable choice.\nKing salmon is extremely versatile in the kitchen.\nAvailable as One 4-pound average skin-on side\nOne Whole Fish. Scaled and Gutted. Approx. 10-12 pounds\nFor best practices on the storage and care of fresh seafood click here.\nOra King Salmon Quick Facts\n- Species: King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)\n- Harvest Region: New Zealand\n- Seasonality: Year-round\n- Harvest Method: Farmed\n- Yield (Fillet Percentage): 70%\n- Flavor Profile: Rich, Buttery, and Full\n- Texture Profile: Moderately Firm; Delicate with Large Flakes\n- Substitute: Sea Trout, Atlantic Salmon, Arctic Char\nShipping and Handling (FAQ)\nWe prepare and pack your order the day it ships to ensure maximum freshness and quality.\nWe ship all perishables via priority overnight delivery. Place your order before 11:00 AM. est. and we can ship your order the same day!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fly Drones |\nUseful Widgets |\nHow 1 to 10 |\nWorld Travel |\n360 VR Videos\nIsland Resort 3\nStar Island Resort and Club, Orlando, Kissimmee, minutes to Disney World, Universal Studios, suites and villas.\n... Our STAR ISLAND RESORT & CLUB, a Mediterranean-styled resort and spa featuring mini-suites to three ... Star Island Resort &\nClub amenities include a golf driving range, putting green ...\nGuana Island in the BVI\n... Italiano. YOUR PRIVATE ISLAND RESORT. in the ... GUANA ISLAND. A Private Island Resort. In the ...\nBatiluva Island Resort\nBatiluva Island Resort in beautiful Bega Lagoon, Fiji is a tropical paradise with world class surfing, diving and fishing. ... Batiluva Beach\nResort. Surf - Dive - Fish - Relax - Dine. Yanuca Island, FIJI ... Our resort on Yanuca Island is one of the most restful places on the\nplanet, with lanterns ...\nHideaway Island Resort & Marine Sanctuary - Vanuatu - The diving resort of Port Vila\nHideaway Island Resort and Marine Sanctuary. Dive resort offering SCUBA wreck & reef diving in Mele Bay. Home of the worlds only\nunderwater post office and a fully equipped dive shop ... Hideaway Island Resort and Marine Sanctuary is a small coral atoll that's about\nas close as you'll get to a Robinson Crusoe island escape in the South Pacific ...\nVakarufalhi Island Resort\n... This is the perfect picture of the tropical island haven - the image that almost always comes to mind ... wherever you are at the resort\nmatch perfectly with the coconut palms ...\nWelcome to Sentosa\nWelcome to Sentosa - Homepage\nTreasure Island Resort - Fiji Islands\nLuxury South Pacific Island Vacation Resort for your wedding, relaxation and family getaway. Friendly Fijian hospitality, great fun, fine\nfood, swimming, sun, scuba diving\nCoral Island Resort, Phuket, Thailand\nCoral Island Resort and Hotel, Phuket, is offering great value villa and bungalow accommodation on a secluded tropical island off\nPhuket, Thailand ... Tsunami Update on Coral Island Resort. Regarding to the Tsunami disaster on 26th December 2004, we would ...\nupdate on the situation at Coral Island Resort. Our guests who stayed ...\nLizard Island, Great Barrier Reef - Voyages Resorts\nLizard Island Resort is an exclusive and remote private paradise located on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, with 24 white sandy beaches.\n... A unique holiday on the Great Barrier Reef's northern most island resort. ... Alice Springs Resort, Ayers Rock Resort, Bedarra Island,\nBrampton Island, Coconut Beach Rainforest Lodge ...\nGreen Island Resort > Home", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Jamaica is beautiful all around, but especially so beneath the turquoise waters. The island is excellent for snorkeling particularly in areas like Montego Bay on the north coast where you can find some of the best snorkeling in Jamaica.\nIf you’re planning on snorkeling in Montego Bay, know you’re in for an adventure. With healthy and thriving dive sites you can explore from the shore or out on a catamaran, there’s a lot you can expect to see in Jamaica. If you’re ready for the ultimate ocean adventure, read on for everything you need to know about snorkeling in Montego Bay including the equipment you’ll need, best locations, weather, and the depth for the best snorkeling.\nWithout further ado, let’s dive in!\nMontego Bay is a marvellous place to snorkel. Although snorkeling in Jamaica is good year round, some months stand out more than others for being especially good for snorkeling — like between March to May.\nOverall, Jamaica maintains a sunny climate with temperatures most often falling somewhere between 73°F to 89°F so you’ll definitely find lots of pleasant days to head out on a snorkeling trip.\nVisibility wise, in the best weather conditions you’re more likely to have unhindered views while snorkeling in Jamaica. To figure out when you’ll be able to find the finest Jamaica weather, scope our post on the best time to visit Jamaica.\nIn Jamaica, dive sightings will largely depend on where you decide to snorkel, and whether you’re snorkeling near shore or around one of the deeper reefs.\nGenerally though, while snorkeling in the crystal clear waters of Jamaica you can expect to see things like sea urchins, angelfish, and parrotfish. Snorkelers may also see clown fish, large-eyed squirrelfish, dart fish, kingfish, jack, mackerel, whiting fish, tuna and occasionally turtles since the northern coastline is a nesting area.\nLess commonly, you can spot things like the four-eye butterflyfish and sharpnose puffers.\nThe more colorful and floral coral that you may see around Montego Bay will usually be of the soft coral variety — this includes bubble coral. Soft coral is also set apart by the fact that this species usually presents as single, large organisms, while hard coral may be spotted in large groups. Hard coral like brain coral and elkhorn coral are commonly spotted in Jamaica. Although these aren’t seen as often, keep on the lookout for sea fans, star coral, and torch coral.\nSome of the best snorkeling in Jamaica can be found at locations like Doctor’s Cave Beach, Montego Bay Marine Park, and some other snorkeling hotspots which we’ll elaborate on later.\nDoctor’s Cave Beach in particular is a popular one, and it falls into the protected category in Montego Bay. This status helps preserve the natural elements of this beach including the coral reefs. For this and reasons to do with its laid back ambiance, Doctor’s Cave Beach is a favorite for visitors and locals.\nOther great options for snorkeling in the Montego Bay area include Cornwall Beach. If you’re willing to venture out a bit further for a daytrip, the waters at Seven Mile Beach and Bloody Bay are worth exploring as well.\nBelow, we’ll talk some more about what divers love about each of these locations.\n8-minute drive from Sandals Montego Bay.\nThe first thing you might hear about Doctor’s Cave Beach is that there’s a healing quality to the waters. Whether or not there’s any truth to this long standing legacy, this belief has hung around and it really does add a self-care component to even the most casual dive there.\nAt Doctor’s Cave Beach you’ll find protected coral reefs that can be easily accessed on foot. Visitors love diving on this beach because the environmental regulations really have helped preserve the beauty of the reefs here.\nIt costs about $6 for adults and $3 for children per day to visit Doctor’s Cave Beach. That fee includes access to beach bars, changing rooms and a range of water sports, the latter at an additional cost. Snorkeling gear as well will come with a price, all of which can up the cost of your beach day.\nInsider tip: Getting set for an all-inclusive vacation in Jamaica with lots of snorkeling? Sandals Resorts offers complimentary snorkeling trips for all her guests. The best part: guests staying at Sandals Montego Bay and Sandals Royal Caribbean get access to the amenities of both all-inclusive resorts. Enjoy unlimited food and (alcoholic) drinks at a total of 21 restaurants, an over-the-water bar, and multiple swim-up and beach bars. Transportation between the two resorts is included and the resorts are located on a 5-minute drive from each other!\n12-minute drive from Sandals Montego Bay.\nPromising to be the highlight of any Montego Bay vacation, the Montego Bay Marine Park has some of the best dive and snorkel sites in Jamaica. Established in 1991, this is Jamaica’s first marine park. Inside the park you’ll find 12 miles of shoreline, impressive mangrove ecosystems, seagrass beds, and of course, lots of coral reefs. This is a protected area, which is great news for the diving crowd. You’ll be able to snorkel here easily as most of the reefs are near shore. Beneath the waves you’ll find vibrant and healthy coral reefs and thriving marine life much due to strict environmental regulations.\nExpert tip: Some tours to the Montego Bay Marine Park include stops at both the Marine Park and Margaritaville where you’ll be able to do some souvenir shopping and maybe even take a walk along the nearby “Hip Strip”.\n7-minute drive from Sandals Montego Bay.\nCornwall Beach is not too far from Doctor’s Cave Beach and it is one of those beaches that are great if you want to snorkel near the shore. The coral reefs here are on the shallow side making this a great dive location for snorkelers of all ages. You’ll need to pay an entrance fee of about $5 to access this beach; a small fee that goes toward its maintenance that’ll totally be worth it once you sink into the peaceful ambiance. On some days there are sunset watch parties on this beach with more than enough rum to go around!\nDay trip. 80-minute drive from Montego Bay.\nConsidered a hidden gem by some, Bloody Bay is a cool option if you’re looking for a scenic and quiet location to relax beachside and get some snorkeling in. This beach is next to Seven Mile Beach, and in fact, three miles of Seven Mile Beach extend into Bloody Bay. Beneath the calm and clear waters here you’ll find a colorful reef which divers of all skill levels can explore. You can take a catamaran cruise into the deeper waters of this beach to go snorkeling and as part of that escapade, you’ll also be able to scope caves in the area or even canoe into the Negril Great Morass.\nDay trip. 90-minute drive from Montego Bay.\nSeven Mile Beach is high on the list of must-visit beaches as it’s the best beach in Jamaica. It is also quite extensive, as the name suggests. Located in Negril and just around a 90-minute drive from Montego Bay, this beach is not exactly around the corner, but well worth a daytrip or a split stay with Sandals Negril!\nSnorkeling and water sports are part of the allure of this strand. The water here is calm and shallow, perfect for a casual swim with a Pina Colada in one hand. Newbie snorkelers or those just looking for a tranquil experience appreciate this as well. There are many all-inclusive resorts along Seven Mile Beach where guests can enjoy a world of quality inclusions.\nDid you know Seven Mile Beach has a pirate rich history? Find out more in this article from Beaches detailing everything this gorgeous beach has to offer.\nOh, the bliss and beauty of the Caribbean Sea! So magnetizing is the ocean from this island vantage that while in Jamaica, you probably won’t be able to resist exploring the island via catamaran. Why not incorporate snorkeling into your boating adventure?\nGetting aboard a catamaran for a snorkeling trip is a great way to enjoy coastal views of Montego Bay as well as scope the local reefs from a different vantage. There’s plenty of options for catamaran snorkeling tours in Montego Bay as many of the interesting reefs in this area are further out to sea.\nExpert tip: Have a blast and book the Reggae Catamaran and Snorkeling Cruise offered by Island Routes, which includes an open bar and professionals DJ onboard! If it’s your first time snorkeling our snorkeling tips for beginners will definitely come in handy.\nThe thrill of heading out on a catamaran to go snorkeling will be felt right away with a glimpse at the coral and marine life you’re likely to come across. If you prefer catamaran snorkeling trips and plan to do a few of them while in Jamaica, all-inclusive resorts often offer excursions right through the resort.\nThe main reasons to go out on a catamaran snorkeling trip:\nSome of the best catamaran snorkeling tours in Montego Bay end at Jimmy Buffett’s Margaritaville which is always a good time. Excursions often include transportation to and from your resort!\nThe basic things you’ll need for snorkeling in Jamaica are a mask, snorkel, flippers, and a life jacket.\nMultiply these things by the number of people who’ll be going on an excursion with you and you’ll know precisely what’s required before diving in. Of course, excursions will almost always provide you with the equipment, but quality might vary. To be on the safe side, bring your own mask and snorkel.\nWant to go on your own snorkeling adventure, right from the beach? If you’re planning to stay at an Sandals or Beaches all-inclusive property in Jamaica you won’t have to worry about packing any of these things or sourcing them when you get there. Both resorts provide guests with top-of-the-line kits whenever they need them. These are always cleaned, sanitized and ready to go should the urge to go snorkeling arise while you’re out on the beach enjoying the simple pleasures of the Caribbean.\nInsider tip: Want a really private and exotic snorkeling experience? Guests of Sandals Royal Caribbean can take a complimentary ferry to the resort’s private island where you’ll find excellent snorkeling right off the beach!\nIn Jamaica there’s lots to do in and out of the water whether or not you decide to go snorkeling. Popular water sports include water skiing, paddle boarding, windsurfing, tubing, and wakeboarding. All of which are provided and included for guests staying at Sandals Montego Bay - for free. You can even get on a glass bottom boat to see marine life from a relaxed vantage, or head out on the hobie cats or aquatrikes.\nIf you want to try something else in the dive realm, consider signing up for a scuba diving excursion or going snuba diving.\nInsider tip: PADI® certified guests at any Sandals Resort in Jamaica scuba dive for free (max. two tanks a day), this includes professional equipment and the dive staff! Want to go scuba diving but not certified yet? You can get PADI® certified right on property at any Sandals resort at additional cost.\nA vacation in Jamaica is incomplete without a bit of snorkeling. This island and in particular areas like Montego Bay offer great snorkeling and dive spots, some of which we’ve detailed above. If in Montego Bay for any amount of time, you’ll definitely want to explore some of these amazing snorkeling spots which just might end up being the highlight of your vacation!\nAlso read: The 12 best beaches in Montego Bay", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"The sea, the sea, the sea. It rolled and rolled and called to me. Come in, it said, come in.\"Thirteen-year-old Sophie hears the sea calling, promising adventure and a chance for discovery as she sets sail for England with her three uncles and two cousins. Sophie's cousin Cody isn't sure he has the strength to prove himself to the crew and to his father. Through Sophie's and Cody's travel logs, we hear stories of the past and the daily challenges of surviving at sea as The Wanderer sails toward its destination -- and its passengers search for their places in the world.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "China Beach is another choice for an alternative west coast beach for those not making the trip to the Pacific Rim. The fine sand beach makes a great place to build sand castles, relax on or do some beach combing at low tide. Being relatively close to Mystic Beach, there is also the opportunity to see Grey Whales pass in spring and fall months. There is also a waterfall to discover at the western end of the beach.\nTo get to China beach there is a 15-20 minute scenic hike through the forest of Sitka Spruce, Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar and Alder trees.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Diameter: .39 inches /1 cm\nThese wave earrings are just the right size, small and subtle, and the perfect way to express your love of the ocean. Handcrafted in our Bali studio with good vibes.\nI released this circle wave design back in 2005 for all ocean lovers. As a surfer, I really wanted to create a piece that embodied our love of the ocean. We've created many versions of it over the years.\nIs this a gift? Add sweet gift wrap with a personal hand written message for only $2 here!\nView our entire Wave Jewelry Collection.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "February 02, 2024\nFernandina Beach to Flagler Beach\nCapt. Roger Bump covers inshore and offshore fishing in Northeast Florida from Fernandina Beach to Flagler Beach, including Jacksonville and Saint Augustine.\nFebruary 2 - 4\nThe winter has been a lot of days with strong winds and very few with light winds. This Saturday may be light enough to get out and Sunday is a definite no. Wahoo is not something you can plan on a specific day. It’s the day that opens itself, weather permitting for you to decide to get out and you better take the opportunity or possibly wait weeks. We are heading into February where things can get more active for wahoo and can provide more opportunities for larger fish. If you do decide to try Saturday high-speed trolling would be the way to go.\nCover a lot of water fast and get home safe. Bottom fishing has been slow or not many people have been able to get out. One thing is for sure, the farther and deeper you can travel away from shore the better the fishing. The few reports I have gotten have been sea bass, vermilion and triggerfish started at 140 feet.\nIt was cold this past week but most days had a lot of sunshine. The thing about the Florida sunshine is can heat up shallow mud flats and that attracts a variety of species. Sight-fishing anglers should be noticing redfish, black drum and even sheepshead schooling around shallow oyster beds. Great natural baits to try in these shallow sunny conditions are live shrimp or a live fiddler crab pitched on a lightweight jig head or Carolina rig. Lure anglers will want to try shrimp imitation lures such as D.O.A or small crab imitators. Trout will be in those very shallow waters also but it will be a lot harder to sight fish them. Better to blind cast. I prefer small lipped diver suspending hard baits for trout. Soft plastic swim baits also work well, that is why I would have a couple of rods rigged with both lures. Black drum in the 3- to 6-pound range are also running in the deeper corners of small creeks. Try fresh dead shrimp on the bottom for them. Sheepshead have also picked inshore near jetties, pilings, oyster beds and any shell-encrusted structure. Fiddler crabs are available at most bait stores, so no excuses. I have found best sheepshead fishing in water depths of two to five feet. Overall should be another great weekend to get out, good luck.\nCapt. Roger Bump\nEmail Roger Bump", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you ship to Nigeria\nYes we do! Please make sure to checkout using PayPal\nHello, do you ship to Mexico?\nYes we ship to Mexico\nHello, do you ship to Colombia?\nYes we do!\nBody: 158.9x73.2x8.25mm, 189g; Glass front (Gorilla Glass 5), glass back (Gorilla Glass 5), plastic frame. Display: 6.43\"...\nBody: 159.2x73.5x7.9mm, 170g; Glass front, plastic frame, plastic back. Display: 6.43\" Fluid AMOLED, 90Hz, 1080x2400px resolution, 20:9...\nBody: 163 x 74.7 x 8.95 mm; 405 ppi; \"Midnight Ice\" iridescent plastic build Display: 6.49\" IPS...\nBody: 160.7x74.1x8.4mm, 188g; Glass front (Gorilla Glass), glass back (Gorilla Glass), aluminum frame; Colors: Aquamarine Green,...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.We support the following browsers: Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac: Safari.\nAll reviews nice beach long beach local shops shallow water talcum powder long stretch high tide surrounding islands fine white sand smaller islands coral reef cote d'or beach king creole small island st pierre palm trees sea\nWe visited Anse Volbert in the evening before sunset and the water was shallow for swimming. One side had seaweed, but we walked towards the side that did not have seaweeds. Not one of the best beaches in Praslin, but one of the best for...More\nwe spent 9 days on the beach: water is clear, sand is magnificent and no seaweed with low tide. The only matter was repereseted by sendflies, a lot in the last three days that bitted us to death: itchy bites we still complain about. Sandflies...More\nAnse Volbert is a wonderful beach, with an amazing colour and waves. It is safe for swimming and relaxation but not for snorkelling. Actually we've met some stingrays...\nThe beach is affected by seaweed during December..\nThe south end of the beach where the Côte d'Or beach joines Anse Gouvenment is beautiful, with warm shallow water. Snorkelling is reasonable but the shallows and sand can make the water less clear. We saw many rays in the water close to the offshore...More\nThis beach is about 3 km long, the sand is incrediblly fine and white. Unbelievable, but we did not encounter any garbage at all, and no shells. It all looked like a hologram on the StarTrek Voyager...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We just spent our first day in St . John and love it! We just have a few questions. 1) Are there any good spas in Cruz Bay? 2)While my mom and I are at the spa the men would like to fish, but just for a few hours (doesn't have to be a big deep sea fishing trip, just fishing), any suggestions? 3) Where to rent a dinghy for 4 adults? 4) We are looking for a nice restaurant near Cruz Bay after we renew our vows, many are closed for the season, suggestions? Thank you fellow Trip Advisees!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "These days, cruises are often synonymous with vessels the size of small countries, endless amounts of incredible food and entertainment rosters as long as your arm. But there’s a whole bracket of the cruise industry that’s all about adventure, all the time – we’re talking about expedition cruises, of course. They combine the simplicity of cruise travel with the thrill of setting foot on rugged landscapes. In short, they’re an explorer’s dream.\nIf you’ve heard of expedition cruises and aren’t sure what the hype is all about, wonder no more. Here, we dish out all you need to know about the best cruise expeditions and what makes them so special.\nWhat is an expedition cruise?\nExpedition voyages are the best cruises for adventurers, as they’re all about getting out and exploring your surroundings, rather than luxuriating by the pool. Expedition cruises generally operate on smaller vessels than standard cruise ships, which allows them to get into ports that are otherwise inaccessible to bigger ships. Think of these ships more like yachts, rather than cruise ships. Once on land, you’ll have the opportunity to embark on hikes, day-long kayaking trips or observe wild animals up close – here, nobody stays onboard during port days. These cruises are ALL about the docked days.\nExpedition cruises vs. standard cruises\nOutside of the fact that they’re both technically cruises, for the most part expedition and standard voyages couldn’t be more different. In addition to variety in ship size, expedition cruises are less about the luxury and more about getting in touch with your port’s exciting landscapes. Some ships will still have a pool – albeit significantly smaller than standard ships – and wellness centres too, but overall, expedition cruises are more focused on the land-based adventures than the ship itself.\nOn an expedition cruise, your ship will be lead by an ‘expedition team’ rather than a fleet of cruise staff. These teams are generally made up of naturalists and science lecturers that are experts about your ship’s port destination. This is who will lead your excursions, once you hit the shore.\nSpeaking of the shore, how you reach it on an expedition cruise is notably difference to standard cruises as well. Many of the places you’ll be going to don’t have docks at all, leaving you to take inflatable rafts and make a ‘wet landing’ onshore, AKA hopping into the water once you’ve gotten close enough.\nThere is a notable exception to the expedition vs. standard cruise comparison and that’s with Silversea. The Silversea line offers cruises that are still heavy on the adventure and exploration, but the ships also offer luxury onboard. It’s here that you’ll find small pools and light entertainment. If you’ve never tried an expedition cruise before, voyaging with Silversea offers a great midway option, to ease you in gently.\nThe best time to go on an expedition cruise\nIn terms of scheduling an expedition cruise, where you’re heading will largely dictate what time of year you voyage. Many expedition cruise destinations are heavily weather dependent, so your itinerary is at the mercy of Mother Nature. Alaskan cruises, for instance, only run between late April to September, while Antarctic cruises are reserved strictly for November to March. You’ll want to do a little research on each of your potential destinations beforehand, including when these voyages set sail, and then decide which one floats your boat.\nBest expedition cruise destinations\nGalapagos Islands – The Galapagos Islands live on in our memories thanks to Charles Darwin and luckily, they’re as amazing as he said. They’re an isolated archipelago, 97% of which are designated national park space, which means tourism here is limited. Because they’re so off-the-beaten-path, the Galapagos Islands are home to scores of unique animal species, many of which you can see up close with snorkelling trips and animal-spotting hikes.\nAntarctica – Antarctica might be one of the most formidable places on earth, but it’s also one of the most breathtaking and fascinating. Venturing to this snowy landscape doesn’t get more exclusive, seeing as there’s no native population outside of the seals and penguins. Trips here are all about animal-watching, with whales in the water and cold-prone birds soaring overhead. Visits to nearby research stations, where Antarctic experts are on hand, are offered as well.\nAlaska – Alaska has quickly become one of the most popular cruising destinations ever, but seeing it on an expedition cruise will give you a real explorer’s perspective. The small ships mean you can swerve into coves and more narrow passageways and they tend to dock overnight, so you’ll even have a shot at seeing nocturnal creatures. Top cruise expeditions here tend to include cruising past glaciers on rubber rafts, hiking through fishing towns and photography trips to learn how best to capture nature on film.\nThe Arctic – Arctic expedition cruises head to northern territories like Norway’s Svalbard archipelago and sometimes Iceland and Greenland. Up here, you’re even farther north than Alaska and Siberia, so it’s colder than cold. Animal-watching hikes are popular, as arctic foxes, caribou and polar bears roam free. Iceberg cruises and trips to the most northerly fishing village in the world are on many must-experience lists as well.\nPacific Islands – You’ll find a mixture of culture and nature on Pacific Island expedition cruises. The islands in the Pacific are pretty isolated, which means the native culture out here has remained largely preserved. Cruises can see day-to-day island life, plus wreckages from from World War Two. Nature-wise, you’ve got an abundance of underwater sea life, which means snorkelling and coral reef diving are always on the agenda.\nTips and tricks\n- Try to scope out, ahead of time, what your cruise expedition deals with and what it will demand from you physically. At the very least, you’ll need to be able to get in and out of the inflatable rafts and withstand temperatures you probably won’t have experienced before.\n- Consider bringing seasickness tablets, as expedition cruise ships tend to have a choppier ride than a standard cruise, due to the ship’s smaller size.\n- Expedition cruises don’t always stick to their itineraries, as they are affected by factors such as unexpected weather, the tide or passing animals. You’ll need to be a little more flexible on these cruises.\n- Pack responsibly! While some expedition cruises will provide you with applicable gear – Celebrity Cruisesgives cruisers snorkelling gear, for instance – check ahead of time with your line. You need to know what will be provided and what you’ll need to bring yourself, in order to stay comfortable on your journey. Wellies, weather appropriate clothing and walking boots are a good place to start.\n- Keep your expectations in check. Everyone wants to see a polar bear on their Arctic cruise, but sometimes it just doesn’t happen. And that’s okay. Just try to keep your eyes on the bigger picture and enjoy your cruise holiday for what it is – an unforgettable experience.\nReady for an adventure? Start planning your expedition cruise today.\nWe are acting as an agent on behalf of travel suppliers and your booking will be subject to the supplier’s terms and conditions. Prices may be subject to very limited availability and are correct as at the date and time of writing. Prices may go up or down from time to time. Prices quoted are for the dates, accommodation, board basis, departure points and number of persons sharing specified only and cannot be combined with any other offer. We reserve the right to amend any quotes given if there is a genuine error as soon as we become aware of it. We reserve the right to withdraw any offers without notice.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE, July 14, 2016\n[Digby, Nova Scotia] – Marking a first for Nova Scotia, a trial commercial diver-caught scallop fishery has been approved by Fisheries & Oceans Canada (DFO), and is set to begin on July 16th, 2016. The Ecology Action Centre (EAC) has been working regularly with DFO and fishing industry partners in Nova Scotia over the past four years to help make this trial fishery a reality.\n“We were seeing local restaurants selling diver-caught scallops, but they were sourcing them from Mexico. We realized that there was an incredible opportunity to have this product harvested in Nova Scotia, and have it available here and for export, as part of meeting the growing demand for traceable and sustainably harvested seafood.” says Justin Cantafio, Sustainable Fisheries Campaigner with the EAC.\n“In Seachoice’s retail and supplier partnerships across Canada, we see a growing demand for sustainable seafood. Nova Scotia has an excellent opportunity to meet that increasing demand through smaller scale, but high value fisheries like these.\" says Colleen Turlo, the EAC's representative to SeaChoice, Canada's sustainable seafood program.\nThe trial fishery will take place in St. Mary’s Bay, and offers a new opportunity for commercial divers to extend their fishing season using a low-impact and selective fishing method to catch scallops outside of their commercial urchin diving season. This fishery will also contribute to sustainable livelihoods and economic development in the Digby region.\n“This type of initiative is an excellent way of increasing the value of a fishery resource, without increasing the actual amount harvested.” says Cantafio. “We’ve been working with various value chain members, from processors to retailers, to ensure that there is a demand for this product, and the demand for diver-caught scallops has been so high that there are commitments to buying catches for several years, in advance.”\nThe pilot project will harvest 2.5 tonnes—approximately 5,500 pounds—with the season closing at the end of September. The quota to be used is from the existing allocation for the fishery, and will be fished by a local team of commercial diver fishermen. The concept for the fishery was also presented to the Inshore Scallop Advisory Committee, before final approval by DFO.\n“Having been a resident of Nova Scotia for a number of years, I know the high quality of the scallops that grow in the Bay of Fundy, and I know that our customers would fully support a diver-caught product that was harvested in a manner that respected the premium quality of the seafood and the marine ecosystem from which they’re sourced.” says Dan Donovan, owner of Hooked Inc., a premium seafood retail and distribution company based in Toronto.\n– END –\nFor further information, please contact:\nEcology Action Centre\nFor over a decade, the Ecology Action Centre’s Marine Program has engaged in several initiatives to grow awareness of sustainable seafood choices, including consumer education, developing procurement policies with retailers through our partnership in SeaChoice, engaging as a stakeholder in eco-certification processes, conducting and participating in assessments for various seafood ranking systems, helping establish SlowFish Canada, and co-founding and managing Off the Hook, Atlantic Canada’s first Community Supported Fishery (CSF). These initiatives have helped connect Nova Scotia’s small-scale fisheries and coastal communities to new and existing markets, and seek to maximize the value of the resource while providing consumers access to sustainable seafood with the assurance of knowing who caught their seafood, where it was caught, and how.\nSeaChoice is Canada’s most comprehensive sustainable seafood program, comprised of three respected Canadian conservation organizations — David Suzuki Foundation, Ecology Action Center, and Living Oceans Society. SeaChoice helps educate Canadians and assists companies and buyers to take an active role in supporting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture at all levels of the seafood supply chain.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coral Bay Bungalows Amed Bali\nSituated in the proximity to Dana\\'s Paintings, Coral Bay Bungalows Amed Bali entices guests with a sundeck and an outdoor swimming pool.\nThe property is situated 12 km away from Tirta Gangga Water Palace.\nThe hotel comprises 10 rooms equipped with air conditioning, a laptop safe, a balcony, a seating area and a cupboard.\nCafe C'est Bon are 5 minutes walking distance from Coral Bay Bungalows Amed Bali.\nThe venue offers airport transfer, laundry service and dry cleaning.\nActive activities feature snorkeling, diving and canoeing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sail through the Bay of Isles to wondrous Woody Island, the only island in the entire Recherche Archipelago that is open to visitors. It's here you can get up close and personal with the locals as dolphins, rare birds and fur seals frolic within arms reach.\nFerry ride will lead you there. The island also boasts a special interpretive centre as well as a kiosk.\nFishing, swimming and bushwalking are popular pastimes here and there's even a glass bottom boat so you can experience the incredible underwater world without getting your feet wet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Little Antigua Beach Tour\nL A Tour provides beach tours. Visit a sampling of some of our beaches such as Long Bay, Turners Beach, Darkwood Beach, Dickenson Bay just to name a few of our 365 white sandy beaches. Need a beach for snorkeling or just to relax? Let Little Antigua Island tour take you there. Contact us for full details.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Aurora Expeditions is the first operator to be disclosed for this multi-ship SunStone order and it has options on the other three.\nThe ship will be delivered in time for Aurora’s November to March 2019/2020 Antarctic season.\nAurora's md Robert Halfpenny said the company is excited to field the first cruise vessel to use patented X-BOW (pronounced ‘crossbow’) technology that will make the ocean-going experience as safe and comfortable as possible in the polar regions.\nThe design is in service for non-passenger ships; currently, more than 100 vessels with this bow concept are being constructed or in operations around the world.\nInstead of a traditional bow, the tapered fore ship will allow the new vessel to pierce waves with much greater stability.\nHalfpenny said that while a traditional bow vessel rises on the waves and then drops suddenly onto the surface of the water, an X-BOW ship is less subjected to the vertical motions induced by the waves and continues on course more smoothly, maintaining speed and using less fuel.\nHe said the new technology will make open sea journeys, like Antarctica’s notorious Drake Passage, more pleasant for passengers ‘than other small ships on the market today.’\nAt a time when the cruise industry is focused on six-star luxury and on-board activities to attract passengers, Aurora Expeditions remains steadfast in its belief that its destinations are best-experienced by small groups.\nA custom-designed platform will cater for additional numbers of kayakers and divers and a mud room for the easy preparation of climbers and skiers.\nSmall inflatable Zodiac craft will continue to carry expeditioners between ship and shore, with a dedicated sea-level Zodiac loading platform for quick and easy boarding.\n‘In between adventures, passengers will return to the warm, friendly and inclusive onboard atmosphere for which Aurora Expeditions is well-known,’ Halfpenny said.\n‘Add to this private bathroom facilities, cabin balconies, a 180-degree indoor observation deck, wellness facilities including gymnasium, sauna and spa and plenty of outdoor viewing areas for additional enjoyment and comfort,’ he said.\nItineraries for the new ship are expected to be released later this year.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Need some info!\nI am about to open my own Packing company for shipping goods. I am located near NYC so my main target is the Atlantic Ocean traffic. Has anyone gone into this before? Please help me with some tips.\n|All times are GMT +1. The time now is 07:47 PM.|\nPowered by vBulletin®\nCopyright ©2000 - 2013, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "OverviewFlag Pond Coastal Access Park, located in Cow Bay, Canada, is a picturesque beach destination that offers a serene coastal experience. The beach stretches along the shoreline for approximately 400 meters and features soft, white sands that invite visitors to relax and soak up the sun.\nAmenitiesNature enthusiasts can explore the park's coastal trails and admire the diverse wildlife that inhabits the area.\nActivitiesFlag Pond Coastal Access Park provides a range of activities to enjoy, including swimming, sunbathing, beachcombing, picnicking, and birdwatching.\nParkingParking at Flag Pond Coastal Access Park is convenient, with a dedicated parking lot available. The parking is free of charge, allowing visitors to access the beach and enjoy their time without any additional expenses.\nFun FactfunFacts about Flag Pond Coastal Access Park in Cow Bay, Canada: The park is nestled along the stunning coastline of Nova Scotia, known for its rugged cliffs and scenic beauty. Flag Pond Coastal Access Park offers breathtaking views of the Atlantic Ocean and provides a tranquil setting for beachgoers to unwind and enjoy the natural surroundings. The area is also a prime location for birdwatching, with various seabirds and shorebirds frequenting the park.\nAttractionsWhile the beach itself offers a serene escape, there are several attractions to explore in the vicinity. Nearby hiking trails, such as the Cow Bay Loop Trail, offer scenic routes for outdoor enthusiasts to immerse themselves in the coastal landscape and enjoy panoramic views of the ocean. The park is also located near picturesque fishing villages and charming coastal towns, offering opportunities to explore the region's maritime heritage and indulge in fresh seafood.\nRestaurantsWhen hunger strikes, there are several restaurants near Flag Pond Coastal Access Park. The Cow Bay Cafe is a cozy establishment that serves up delicious breakfast and lunch options, with a focus on local ingredients and homemade dishes. For seafood lovers, The Lobster Shack offers a delectable selection of fresh lobster, crab, and other seafood specialties, providing a true taste of the region's culinary delights.\nHotelsWhile there are no hotels directly within Cow Bay, visitors can find accommodation options in nearby towns and cities. The Coastal Retreat is a charming bed and breakfast located just a short drive away, offering comfortable rooms and a peaceful atmosphere. The Nova Scotia Inn provides cozy accommodations with stunning views of the ocean, making it an ideal place to relax and unwind after a day at the beach.\nExperience the tranquility and natural beauty of Flag Pond Coastal Access Park in Cow Bay, Canada. Whether you're seeking a peaceful beach getaway, coastal hikes, or culinary delights, this enchanting destination promises a memorable and rejuvenating escape into nature.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Bound electric wand-style weapon|\n|Proc:||Bloodbane level 6|\n|Proc:||Electrocute level 3|\n|Proc:||Focused mind level 5|\n|Proc:||Mindspike level 8|\n|Proc:||Necrosis level 4|\n|Proc:||Overload level 3|\n|Proc:||Polyphase level 1|\n|Proc:||Psychic scream level 4|\n|Proc:||Shield level 2|\n|Proc:||Shock level 6|\n|Proc:||Shock level 5|\n|Proc:||Soul rend level 4|\n|Proc:||Soultear level r 4|\n|Proc:||Voltaic burst level 5|\n|Proc:||Voltaic shock level 6|\n|Cost:||15,000 victory points|\nEven castles made of sand,\nfall into the sea, eventually.\n— Jimi Hendrix\nYou must be at least level 119 and have at least 110 rage points to craft and use the coral wand.\nThe coral wand has the ability to deal between 85 and 95 electric damage against an opponent in each round of a battle.\nA coral wand increases your chance of hitting an opponent by 7%.\nA coral wand also increases the chance you will make a critical hit on an opponent by 9%.\nWand proficiency increases your chance to gain disrupt for your wand-style weapon setup at level 1, gives an even better chance to gain disrupt at level 2, and the largest increase in your chance to gain disrupt at level 3.\nUsing the coral wand with the glyph of the scholar will increase the damage dealt by the coral wand by 20%.\nYou can inscribe a coral wand with any of the wrath inscriptions for weapons. The proc associated with the lifebound wrath inscription increases the chance to resist hostile procs, while each of the other wrath inscriptions has an offensive buffs that gives a chance to increase the amount of damage from a particular damage school that is dealt against an opponent.\nSockets and gems\nA coral wand has a total of three socket for gems:\nYou may gain one or more of the following procs while using the coral wand:\nThe coral wand can be combined with one or more of the following items to form the set Leviathan's wrath:\nYou can purchase the coral wand from the Battlemaster's store.\nYou cannot disenchant a coral wand.\nYou cannot remove a coral wand from your inventory by scrapping it for credits.\n- 17 June 2013: The coral wand was added to Chronicles of Blood.\nYou might also be interested in looking at:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It was an epic charter trip for sure. We put some wood on them blue fins.\nGreat team efforts and we lost very few fish that were hooked as a result.\nThis was my second trip on the Pride this year. Excellent crew and always fishy boat.\nRick, I am already looking forward to our next trip.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This summer, thousands of anglers will be leaving their favorite boats and fishing spots to vacation in Myrtle Beach. If you’re an avid fisherman, no matter how much fun you have at all of Grand Strands top tourist attractions, at some point you’re bound to ask yourself, “Is it really a vacation if I don’t fish?”\nThe Grand Strand consists of a chain of beaches stretching almost 60 miles from Little River to Pawley’s Island, a crescent-shaped area known as “Long Bay” on most nautical charts. This coastline is interrupted only by small saltwater inlets that form coastal bays. These salt marshes are a refuge for dozens of species of salt fish that are just waiting for a well-thrown bait.\nWhat you need to know about saltwater fishing in Myrtle Beach\nThe very first thing to know about shore fishing on South Carolina beaches and marshes is that a saltwater fishing license is absolutely necessary unless you are fishing from a pier or an approved guide boat.\nSouth Carolina residents can purchase a 14-day saltwater license for $10. Non-residents will want either the $10 1-day license or the $35 7-day license. All South Carolina Department of Natural Resources licenses are available on their website.\nSaltwater fish tend to be toothy and have sharp fins, so never attempt to lick a salty fish like you would a largemouth bass or you might come away with bloody fingers.\nFinally, the coast of Myrtle Beach experiences large tidal swings, up to six feet, twice a day, which keeps the bait and fish moving and changes the terrain.\nWatch where you walk. Caroline’s “meaty mud” is known to suck boots and oyster reefs make nasty cuts. So, check your destination’s tide chart before you go and wear proper footwear.\nChoose one of these six area piers to start.\nThe Carolina Coast is home to a seasonal migration of many different species, from the small but tasty Pompano to the ripping King Mackerel.\nHeading to one of the seven piers open to the public is the easiest way to start fishing in Myrtle Beach, as a recreational fishing license is not required to fish from area piers.\nPier bait shops can provide everything you need to get started, from rod/reel rentals and bait, to advice on what bites and a sense of camaraderie from other anglers.\nCatches vary by season, but regularly include plaice, sea trout, red and black drum, whiting, Spanish mackerel, croaker and pompano.\nWe have six local piers and a seventh under construction: Cherry Grove Pier, Apache Campground Pier, Pier 14, 2nd Avenue Pier, Springmaid Pier, Myrtle Beach State Park Pier and Garden City Beach Pier. The Surfside Beach pier is under construction.\nHit the surf for anything that swims.\nThe Myrtle Beach area has long been a popular spot for surf fishing. Anglers line calmer sections of the beaches with rod holders sunk in the sand lifting 2-5 ounces of pyramid weights onto bottom rigs baited with cut shrimp, squid, live or cut mullet , sand fleas or crab.\nNo one wants to snag a swimmer, so be sure to set yourself up away from the crowds. The city of Myrtle Beach gives swimmers the right of way, prohibiting fishing from fifty feet and in front of rental umbrellas, but regulations vary by municipality, so when in doubt, ask your nearest lifeguard. Surf fishing is often best in the early morning or late evening when it is usually less crowded, allowing the angler and the fish to avoid the blistering heat of the day.\nAnglers need a rod long enough to ride the waves, a weight heavy enough to hold their bait to the bottom, and the right rig and bait for the target species. The expertise of bait shops is the best way to learn this style of fishing. Most local shops have a surf fishing expert ready to help newcomers fish. The state Department of Natural Resources hosts fishing clinics and provides a wealth of information on its website.\nWatch the entries for some hot coastal action.\nThe saltwater marshes and estuaries along the Carolina coast are teeming with marine life like oysters, crabs, shrimp and baitfish which attract many target fish species such as rockfish, flounder , spotted sea trout, black drum and Spanish mackerel.\nMany fishermen can be seen along the roads and causeways flowing into the creek. A quick look at Google Earth will give the visiting angler an idea of where these swamps can be easily reached on foot, keeping an eye out for the aforementioned oysters and mud pfluff. Here are some popular areas in the Myrtle Beach area to get you started.\nVereen Memorial Gardens 2250 SC-179, Little River, SC 29566 is a Horry County park with boardwalks through the marsh leading a few hundred yards to the shoreline of the Intracoastal Waterway with a pier jutting into the lane navigable. The shore is a gently sloping crushed oyster shell, easy to walk and wade.\nCherry Grove Park and Boat Ramp 413 53rd Avenue North in North Myrtle Beach is on Hog Inlet has a public pier and fishing spots along the seawall. The area is popular with boaters and kayakers. Parking is $2 per hour. A saltwater fishing license is required. There are other popular places to access the entrance in the Cherry Grove area. Riprap lined Lake Drive at 39th Ave. North to North Myrtle Beach follows the edge of House Creek. There is also a good paddling area at “The Point” where Hog Inlet flows between sandbars into the ocean. Keep in mind that much of the point is covered at high tide. The closest public parking lot to Cherry Grove Point is at 6202 North Ocean Boulevard in North Myrtle Beach.\nGarden City Beach Atlantic Avenue Causeway, the main road through Garden City Beach, has a boardwalk on the north side with steps leading to oyster bars and mudflats.\nThe Veterans Pier at Murrells Inlet Marshwalk is a great place to fish and crab as well as grab a bite to eat or drink at one of the many bars and restaurants in the area.\nOyster Landing Drive is a hidden location behind Huntington Beach State Park to collect all the swamp prizes. This is a large area of mudflat and oyster reef that almost dries out at low tide and is often used for launching small boats and kayaks. If you go there, be careful to park above the high tide line.\nMurrells Inlet’s South Pier at Huntington Beach State Park is a favorite spot for anglers who are willing to take the long walk with their gear to get there. This rocky jetty juts almost 500 meters into the Atlantic Ocean and serves as a breakwater for boats sailing in the cove. It has a black surface that is convenient for foot traffic, bicycles and fishing carts. Everything that swims in our ocean passes through here, which provides plenty of opportunities for big catches. But, be careful crawling on sharp rocks with barnacles and smooth ones with marine growth. Entrance to Huntington Beach State Park is $8 per person and a 1.5 mile beach walk from the northernmost parking lot, so pack light.\nPawleys Island has a limited number of parking spaces near the north and south causeways on the island, and anglers can often be seen diving into the streams from the bridges. But, the easiest way to get to the water here is at the South Point parking lot on the southern end of the island. It is a free lot and anglers have the choice of fishing the waves or the sandy shore inside the cove.\nBe well rigged. Ask a local.\nAnglers will find that many rods, rigs and freshwater fishing techniques will also work in our inshore fisheries, so bring your bass tackle. Jig heads weighted with soft plastics, spoons and many of the same hard plugs are effective artificial baits in our marshes.\nThe most popular rigs for fishing bait are the “Carolina Rig” and the “Double Dropper Rig”.\nDock and surf anglers will likely want longer, heavier rods to deal with the waves and current.\nBass Pro Shops, located at 10177 N Kings Hwy, Myrtle Beach, is a shopping mecca for any angler, but it’s always best to stop by the nearest local bait shop to find out what bites and how to bite it. rig.\nThis local knowledge can turn a day of fishing into a day of fishing.\nHere are some local bait shops that will help you get on the fish.\nStalvey Baits and Tackle: 1609 4th Ave, Conway. 843-488-2715\nBaishe Boys Baits and Tackle: 4298 US-17 BUS, Murrells entrance. 843-651-191\nPerry’s bait and tackle: 3965 US-17 BUS, Murrells entrance. 843-651-2895\nPawley’s Island Away: 9790 Ocean Highway, Pawleys Island. 843-979-4666\nFish-On Outfitters: 800 Sea Mountain Hwy, North Myrtle Beach. 843-249-2600\nBoulineau Ace Hardware: 318 Sea Mountain Hwy, North Myrtle Beach. 843-663-6920", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How to Get to the Channel Islands: Island PackersNewport is a seaside city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, located approximately 33 miles (53 km) southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, 20 miles (32 km) south of Fall River, Massachusetts, 73 miles (117 km) south of Boston, and 180 miles (290 km) northeast of New York City.\nNewport Beach Christmas Boat Parade 2019 with NewportThe island has a permanent population of 2 persons, and is about 26 miles (42 km) off the coast of Santa Barbara, California.\nMarlin and Dorado Out Off Of Newport Beach! – Pacific\nAll newport ri paintings ship within 48 hours and include a 30-day money-back guarantee.The Irvine Company plans to rename the Island Hotel in Newport Beach as the Fashion Island Hotel.Balboa Island is a small community that is part of the City of Newport Beach.They are intended to inform our visitors of current shark activities along the Pacific Coast of North America.Steve Roose is a local Realtor and Broker of Luxury Real Estate.\nHuge populations of calico and sand bass, sheepshead, and sculpin can be caught year round.\nNewport Ambassador Inn Middletown | Hotel nearThe area where I wanted to fish, Catalina Island, has a great range of fish including Red Snapper, California Sheephead, Bonito, Tuna, and many kinds of Rockfish.\nA hammerhead shark, one of two seen last Thursday, was captured on video lazily swimming in the waters off the coast of Newport Beach.A few weeks ago, Edwin and I were in California for a week of work and of seeing family and friends.Parties and trips for the Newport Beach Christmas Boat Parade Of Lights.Newport Beach Boat Parade offers private cruises and rentals of boats, ships, and yachts for company and corporate events during the Newport Beach Christmas Boat Parade and throughout the holiday season.Man Suspected Of Jumping Off Newport Beach Bridge Onto Moving Boat Arrested August 3, 2018 at 8:52 pm Filed Under: bridge jumper, Lido Island Bridge, Local TV, Newport Beach.\nTake the Balboa Island Ferry to Balboa Island and enjoy a Balboa Bar, shopping, restaurants, and fun things to do.You could also fly in via helicopter, private plane or sail over on a private boat.\nCatalina Island Info | Visit Catalina IslandBalboa Island is an harborside community located in Newport Beach, California, accessible to the public via bridge, ferry and several public docks.May through November brings warmer waters and the opportunity to view blue whales to 80 feet, finback whales, huge pods of dolphin that number in the thousands, seals, killer whales, sharks, and.\nHello Fashion Island Hotel: The Irvine Company unveils new\nMany Newport vacation rentals come with hot tubs or saunas to add a warm glow to the frostiest day.As it turns 50 this year, it looks like Fashion Island is getting a big birthday gift: a hotel.Near the Newport State Airport and within 3 miles of the Newport Mansions, this hotel in Middletown, Rhode Island offers free Wi-Fi access.All feature floor to ceiling windows that open to fully embrace coastal breezes, as well as balconies framing breathtaking views of the Pacific Coast and Newport Back Bay.\nOff Newport, Rhode Island I oil painting reproduction by\nUser:WPPilot/Gallery - Wikimedia CommonsFor the warmest ocean swim off the west coast of the United States, your best chances are Newport Beach in early August or at Avalon on Santa Catalina Island in mid to late August.One of my favorite days of the whole trip was when Allison and I snuck off for a day on Balboa Island, which is one of our favorite little slices of California Heaven in Newport Beach.\nIt is connected to the mainland by a short two-lane bridge on the northeast corner of the island.To get to Santa Catalina Island, you can take a passenger ferry from Newport Beach, Dana Point Long Beach or San Pedro, CA.The parade takes place in Newport Beach, around the harbor and Balboa Island just off the Pacific Coast Highway.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 25' single engine catamaran is going to be our most versatile boat, Perfect for offshore fishing as well as inshore fishing. center console fishing cat. 7723593641 [email protected] Home Joe Miller has one of four fishing boats that fish from Lulworth, a Cygnus 19 named NEReNough PE 237. Joe’s son Levi (10th generation) fishes Silver Foam PE 723, a Plymouth Pilot 18 – he started three years ago, keeping up the Lulworth name. Joe’s wife, Chris, runs the Cove Fish shop. Rilaxy Inshore & Lake Chinese Manufacturer Oriented Cheap Small Inflatable Center Steering Console Fishing Boat For Sale , Find Complete Details about Rilaxy Inshore & Lake Chinese Manufacturer Oriented Cheap Small Inflatable Center Steering Console Fishing Boat For Sale,Inflatable Fishing Boat,Small Fishing Boat,Fishing Boat Sale from Rowing Boats Supplier or Manufacturer-Linyi Joy Garden Co ...\nIts size is such that you can take the kids along with assurance, and it has good stability on the water. With a sufficiently large Bay Boat, there is a wide range of uses you can take advantage of. You can fish in shallower inshore waters and, if the waves aren't too big, venture farther out from shore to go after game fish like snapper and grouper. Apr 28, 2017 · Now fishing the central Gulf Coast and its vast marshes can be a bit overwhelming, especially running a boat in a region for the first time where the sky appears endless. But, by starting with these coastal locations and tactics, it won't be long before your catching fish like marine managers and charter guides. Mar 03, 2020 · Inshore and offshore fishing are vastly different, and both have aspects that make them worthwhile. Although it’s arguable that offshore is more athletic or requires more skill, do not be fooled. Regardless of where you are on the water, you can still find a challenging catch, good eating, and a fantastic time to be had with friends.\nFree legal aid ypsilanti michigan\nDestin FL Inshore and Bay Fishing Charters. Gulf-Angler fishing charters - Our Boats! 850-428-0118. the boats. ... nearshore catamaran. At 24 Feet,\nPpp loan forgiveness guidelines\nAs the only catamaran, the Tideline 235 Hybrid is the odd boat out in this review. ... The unique Vee of the hulls shed water well to avoid spray and also avoid hull slap when fishing inshore ... Get a catamaran. Since catamarans have reduced wetted surface area on their hulls, they are much more fuel-efficient. In light winds, they can use just one DP: Who wants to take two separate boats to shore? A monohull is much easier to dock, takes up less space, and is cheaper to dock, haul and slip.Boats; Fishing Tech; General Use; Guides. ... Inshore/Nearshore Fishing. Fishing; By Type; Inshore/Nearshore Fishing . January 2021 Don’t Give Up Because It’s Cold!\nPso2 unique weapons badge shop\nInshore fishing, on the other hand, is anything within 9 miles of the shore line. Estuaries, bays, inter-coastal waterways, and saltwater flats are often wrongly listed as the only popular inshore fishing spots, but as we just mentioned, offshore fishing also applies to anything within 9 miles of the coast. Inshore fishing charters, shark tours, corporate tours and more in Mount Pleasant, Charleston, SC Need something relaxing and fun to do this weekend? Book a tour with Knot Stressed Inshore Charters, LLC to sail away on a first-class fishing expedition .\nBath time lol cat video luka\nEnter Our Inshore Offshore Fishing Giveaway. What makes inshore saltwater fishing so popular is that you get all the best game fish, but the water is calmer. That means smaller, more basic boats work well, and your gear can be less than deep sea fishing too. Inshore saltwater fishing – when you’re ready for the big leagues. But before we ... The Catfish all-aluminum catamaran fishing boat's amazing stability and rugged durability lets you fish virtually anywhere. The proprietary catamaran hull of the Catfish is the first fishing boat of its kind in the industry, offering unprecedented stability while providing unique storage opportunities.Gator Nelson and Matt White got together in 2010 and formed Nelson Charter Fishing. To start, they built this business because they truly love to fish. Next, they wanted to show people a complete fishing experience. From their rustic fishing marina and boatyard to the sights of the secluded baywater fishing areas.\nBenchmark ahb2 vs bryston\nRib Boat China, Fishing Boat China, Inflatable Boat China manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Liya 5.2m Inshore Inflatable Fishing Rib Boat with Outboard Engine, China Liya 5.8m Center Console Rib Boat Hypalon Rigid Inflatable Boat, Liya 5.8m Fiberglass Bottom Rib Inflatable Boat Rubber Dinghy Boat and so on. INSHORE ADVENTURES WITH CAPT. TOMMY DERRINGER & CAPT. SHANE STOVER. Our boats can accommodate from 3-4 anglers for a half or full day of Northeast Florida Inshore or offshore fishing. All guided fishing charter rates include everything you need… fishing licenses, top of the line fishing gear, bait & tackle, cooler with ice and bottled water.\n2015 f150 water pump leak\nAug 14, 2012 · A new cat for family fishing and boating from a Carolina maker. Tideline Boats’ first boat to the market is the Tideline 19, a smooth-riding single engine catamaran with a wide bow flare and ... INSHORE FISHING . $2200 for a day trip for up to 15 anglers/divers (incl GST) INCLUDES : Bait, tea & coffee. We can provide packed or BBQ lunch, snacks etc as per. your spec's at cost only (just request a quote) SEASON : November - March . Inshore fishing involves about an 8 hour day out from Whakatane Wharf targetting local snapper, gurnad ...\nBible translation spectrum\nZego Catamaran Sports Boat Review - BoatAdvice If you're a keen angler looking for a small, versatile fishing platform for inshore and offshore use then check out the Zego Catamaran Sports Boat. Article by Cepж\nLease iphone 11 pro max no credit check\nWelcome to Crescent Beach Fishing. Captain Kenny Romero, a fishing guide in St. Augustine, FL, provides both inshore and nearshore fishing charters in the beautiful Saint Augustine Beach area. Some of the fish you can expect to target are redfish, trout, flounder, sheepshead, black drum, cobia, and tarpon. All inshore boats are USCG safety approved All boats have the latest electronic equipment. All bait and tackle provided for all types of trips. Food and drinks can be provided, with prior arrangement. Catamaran models can differ in size and length from 22 feet to 131 feet with unique boat hull types including catamaran and other. They are frequently used for traditional, time-honored endeavors such as overnight cruising, day cruising, sailing, saltwater fishing and freshwater fishing. Catamaran produces models with inboard, electric, outboard, outboard-4S and inboard/outboard propulsion systems, available in diesel, gas, electric and other fuel systems.\nZ cam e2c amazon\nPower catamaran fishing boats for sale Enter your email address to receive alerts when we have new listings available for Power catamaran fishing boats for sale . Email field should not be empty Please enter a valid email address. Welcome to the Home of Freedom Boats. #1 in Quality & Performance . Freedom boats are built to be the finest shallow water boats in the Gulf Coast area. They are built with quality and durability in mind. Freedom boats will get you to the hot spots quickly and easily before anyone else. If you want to experience Freedom, come by and talk to us. Feb 12, 2016 · The inshore fishing fleet at Redcar originated in the early 14th century with crab, lobster and fish bringing much-needed income to local fishermen. ... Fishing boats rest on trailers used to tow ...\nAmazon fire tablet 10\nBoat Reviews. 5 Best Catamaran Fishing Boats. When are two hulls better than one? To explore some of the best catamaran fishing boats further, I asked several major catamaran builders to give me some information on their larger models, and to answer three questions about cat advantages...Carolina Beach Inshore Fishing Guide Service. Call or Text (910) 550-6324 . Email: [email protected]\nFortigate key pair mismatch for local cert\nMay 16, 2019 · Cat boats like the Glacier Bay 2665 offer an expansive cockpit and all the expected fishing features of a monohull.\nSport Fishing Charter Boat Rates. Half Day Fishing Charter: (7-11am or 1 to 5pm) Inshore - POWER CATAMARAN • 1 to 2 Passengers - $450 • 3 to 4 Passengers - $520*.Inshore fishing guides in Miami do this a little different that our big boat cousins. Instead of journeying out to deep water and watching the rod for it to bend, we head to the clear flats of Biscayne Bay Miami near Stillsville and Soldier Key. We chum in the sharks and bring them up on the flats in 20 inches of water.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sterling Marine Group\nNovember 15th, 2015\nSterling Marine was called to the scene of the Westlake Marina Fire that started on November 2nd. Four vessels sank in the blaze and many others were damaged. Crews mobilized to Lake Union to assist Dunato’s Marine & Salvage in raising three of the four sunken vessels.\nStructural engineers and the local fire department has previously cleared the area and surrounding charred buildings for the operation. Read more about event here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ORIENT STAR - Oil Products Tanker\nVessel ORIENT STAR (IMO: 6720664 ) is a Oil Products Tanker built in 1967 and currently sailing under the flag of Philippines. Below you can find more technical information, photos, AIS data and last 5 port calls of ORIENT STAR detected by AIS.\nAre you interested in the sailing schedule of the ORIENT STAR ship?\nThe ORIENT STAR's port of calls and sailing schedule for the past months are listed below as detected by our live AIS ship tracking system.\n|Last Port Call||Actual time of Arrival (UTC)|\n|Vessel Name||ORIENT STAR|\n|Ship type||Oil Products Tanker|\n|Summer Deadweight (t)||2500|\n|Length Overall (m)||76|\n|Year of Built||1967|\n|Place of Built|\n|Vessel Name||Registered Owner||Year|\n|ORIENT STAR||Tankmaster Sg Corp||1992|\n|ORIENT STAR||Development Bank of the Philippines||1989|\n|SAN JOSE-B.||Navotas Industrial Corp||1978|\n|TSURUGIZAN MARU||Sanshin Kaiun KK||1973|\n|TSURUGIZAN MARU||Showa Kisen KK||1967|\nORIENT STAR current position and history of port calls are received by AIS. Technical specifications, tonnages and management details are derived from VesselFinder database. The data is for informational purposes only and VesselFinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of ORIENT STAR data.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Kamakahonu Intro Scuba Beach Dive\nDive into the beautiful and exotic waters of Kamakahonu on a guided scuba diving beach dive, ideal for first timers. Swim with tropical fish and protected coral – see the underworld like never before!\nWhat You Will Do\n- Learn how to safely scuba in an introductory lesson, led by a professional\n- Practice your skills in the shallow water lagoon pre-reef dive\n- Explore Kamakahonu Reef underwater\n- Enjoy a short paddle to the reef from the beach\n- Beach dive with an instructor\n- All gear, except wetsuit\nYou can rent a wetsuit onsite for $10 each. Any respiratory, coronary and/or seizure conditions require written doctor's clearance.\nCancellations made within 48 hours will receive a 50% refund. No refund will be given to no shows.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sea Heart in Red Satin Bag\n... The Sea Heart in\nSatin Bag is a one of a kind, genuine jungle Sea Heart\nMeticulously polished for weeks to enhance its natural grain, color and beauty, every Sea Heart\nhas its own individual characteristics of size, shape and personality.\nLook inside your Red\nSatin Bag and discover The Sea Heart\nLegend Storybook, a delightfully illustrated 16 ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I popped down to the Bull Ring this afternoon, with my flip-flops, windbreak and swingball – we love beaches at B:iNS (see we do). Despite the\npalm trees wicker parasols, it’s really just a 10m square sandpit – they do have podcast tho but as you need to be a ‘browse bullring’ member I’ve not bothered.\nIt’s not a beach without water really, and ‘wednesday afternoon for grown-ups, with music supplied by galaxy’ doesn’t thrill either. Beach two has a big telly, beach three punch and judy, beach four scantily clad volleyballers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Captain Bobby Marshall aboard Class Act\n- Captain Lawrence Tyler with Diving Ducks Outfitters\n- Captain Shannon Pickens aboard the Working Girl\nTilghman Island is home to some of the best sport fishing charters for rockfish, bluefish, red drum, black drum, trout, croaker & spot on the Chesapeake. There is even bow-fishing for cow-nosed rays.\nOur knowledgeable local Captains and experienced crews have been fishing these waters for most of their lives. They know the best spots, techniques and times for catching the fish found here in the Bay. While there are no guarantees in fishing, these Captains will be your best chance at catching your limit of fish.\nThe fish are biting so contact them to book your trip soon.\n- Class Act Sportfishing Charters with Captain Bobby Marshall\n- Diving Ducks Outfitters with Captain Lawrence Tyler\n- Working Girl Charters with Captain Shannon Pickens", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lobster Mac And Cheese Boston - Luke’ lobster bay - bay - boston, ma - yelp, 1331 reviews of luke's lobster back bay \"got a lobster roll and clam chowder here.. damn the lobster roll was so so good.. omg it was fresh and buttery tasting and yumm so good.. this place is great.\". Smack shack - 1026 photos & 802 reviews - seafood - 603 , 802 reviews of smack shack \"really really great ct lobster roll (and that is coming from a ct native!) i personally got the seacuterie board, a twist on a classic charcuterie. it was all very briny (which i love,) but would have definitely been…. Local experts rank boston’ 9 lobster - thrillist, T-7. woodman’s of essex, 14 pts . essex, ma part of a three-way tie for #7, woodman’s lobster roll combines generous portions of meat with the perfect amount of mayo.. Red lobster prices - top restaurant prices, Red lobster is an american casual restaurant chain that serves a wide variety of quality seafood dishes and some steak entrées, pasta, and chicken dishes.. Barking crab boston restaurant - boston, ma | opentable, Barking crab is a landmark boston seafood restaurant celebrating our 22nd birthday. located on the fort point channel in boston's seaport district, the barking crab features fresh crabs, lobsters, and day-boat fish brought in each morning.. Chops lobster bar - boca raton restaurant - opentable., I ordered the tomahawk steak, which was cooked just as i requested (medium) and was very tendet and had great flavor. the appetizer that the server recommended was outstanding, which was a seafood sampler consisting of lobster, king crab legs, oysters, clams and u-10 shrimp.. Menu - billys boston chowder house, We at billy’s boston chowder house are proud to present our authentic new england seafood menu. our portions are plenty for hungry sea lovers. remember to ask your server about our wicked good specials. when it comes to daily catch specials feel free to call ahead to check with the kitchen. we are at the […]. Takeout menu - pauli' north - boston lobster rolls, Seafood. fish & chips $13.99. served with french fries and onion rings. tuna melt w/ fries $8.99; lobster roll (7oz) market . chunks of fresh lobster meat & mayo on a grilled new england style hot dog roll, served with a bag of regular utz potato chips.. Dinner menu | red lobster seafood restaurants, Pick 2 items below from a selection of shrimp, fish, pasta, and wood-grilled dishes for to create your perfect seafood pair.. served with choice of side and unlimited warm cheddar bay biscuits..\nLuke’s lobster back bay back bay boston, ma yelp → Smack shack 1026 photos & 802 reviews seafood 603 n → Local experts rank boston’s 9 best lobster thrillist → Red lobster prices top restaurant prices → Barking crab boston restaurant boston, ma opentable → Chops lobster bar boca raton restaurant opentable → Menu billys boston chowder house → Takeout menu pauli's north end boston lobster rolls → Dinner menu red lobster seafood restaurants →", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Turn your flip flops into a master piece and safe the ocean\nThe warmth of the warm Indian Ocean laps against the Swahili coast line of Kenya. Nostalgic images embrace the imitation of long, lazy walks down the beach embracing the sun shine and feel of the soft sand beneath your flip flops. Each summer the shops around the world promote brightly colored flip flops to compliment your perfect island getaway. What we don’t realize is where these flip flops could potentially end up.\nLying along the coastline and waterways of Kenya, Ocean Sole, a flip-flop recycling company walk along the water’s edge and collect all the discarded flip-flops and rubber clogging the water ways. In a massive eco-tourism drive the colorful flip flops are transformed into brightly colored, animal figurines, bowls, bags and ocean masterpieces.\nOcean Sole gives ...\nRead full Article", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Beach clean with Clean our Patch\nPlanting crocuses to eradicate polio\nPlessey donates spare firefighting equipment to IFRA\nPlessey becomes the official ‘Team Challenge’ Sponsor for Britain’s Ocean City Running Festival!\nmicroLED display developer to work with Facebook\nPlymouth manufacturer disrupting the global display market with its proprietary GaN-on-Silicon microLED display technology", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sea glass and beach glass are similar but come from two different types of water.\n\"Sea glass\" is .... Hobby. Like collecting shells, fossils, or stones, combing\nshorelines for sea gl...\nMay 21, 2016 ... Where to find sea glass, Collecting beach glass. Seaglass Collecting, Tips for the\ncollector and seaglass hunter. What beaches make for good ...\nWhere to find sea glass - here are a list of sea glass beaches all over the world\nwhere people like you have reported finding sea glass! Collecting sea glass has\nI began collecting sea glass on the OBX (Outer Banks of North Carolina) and\namassed a sizable personal collection of sea glass during our 20+ year\nHow to Collect Sea or Beach Glass. Collecting sea glass can be an incredibly\nrelaxing activity! Walking down the beach of an ocean or lake will clear your mind\nThe Sea Glass Journal is the online magazine blog for sea glass lovers\neverywhere. This website contains sea glass photography along with informative\nwww.ask.com/youtube?q=Collecting Sea Glass&v=gxKr6DdU0_g\nSep 18, 2010 ... Join me as I go collecting English seaglass multi's and the dangers involved.\nA lot of the sea glass has been carted away by collectors, but quite a bit still\nremains on the shore. The best known place for collecting sea glass is Glass\nI collect sea glass from New Jersey beaches and love when I find a piece, it's a\n...... My advice is to boycott Fort Bragg until they allow you to legally collect glass.\nFeb 28, 2012 ... “The reason that Glass Beach (#3) has become the least desirable sea glass\ncollecting location is because it has been commercially ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A collection of royalty free calm sounds of ocean waves on the beach and rocks!\nGreat for foleys in films and tv shows, game implementation.\nIncludes 5 variations.\n- 48 kHz\nNeed to test this track with your project? Download the preview\nWe're trusted by these great organizations.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Join our 2 hour kayaking adventure along the Clyde River at Batemans Bay on the NSW South Coast. This kayaking tour is two hours long and will include visit to some of the most successful oyster farmers on the South Coast. This is a leisurely kayaking adventure amongst the oyster leases, past oyster packing sheds all within easy paddling from your starting point at Batemans Bay bridge. You will learn about the local oyster cultivation techniques and the science behind oyster farming. You won't just be looking at the oysters, you'll also get to eat the freshest oysters you'll ever taste!\nThis is a tour aimed at any level of kayaking experience. You'll be given thorough instruction of your kayak and safety equipment before you start your paddle down the calm, clear waters of the Clyde River National Park.\nClyde River kayaking tour includes\n- Kayak instruction\n- Kayak hire, PFD, splash jacket & paddle\n- 2 hour kayak on the Clyde River including the Oyster Trail\n- Oyster grower talks & tasting\nYou will be able to purchase fresh oysters directly from the farmers if you wish.\nDuration: Your sea kayaking tour is for 2 hours approx.\nNumbers on the Day: 2 to 10 people", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We test and confirm the hypothesis that individual investors are net buyers of attention-grabbing stocks, e.g., stocks in the news, stocks experiencing high abnormal trading volume, and stocks with extreme one day returns. Attention-driven buying results from the difficulty that investors have searching the thousands of stocks they can potentially buy. Individual investors don't face the same search problem when selling because they tend to sell only stocks they already own. We hypothesize that many investors only consider purchasing stocks that have first caught their attention. Thus, preferences determine choices after attention has determined the choice set.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Posted on : 2019.08.20\n|Date:||August 20, 2019|\n|Topic:||Waterproof bathroom wall murals|\nWaterproof diy pvc vinyl self adhesive wallpaper for. Moon and stars wall paper waterproof mural poster bathroom. Giant turtle in the sea ocean 00065 floor decals 3d. Sea ocean rocks 00040 floor decals 3d wallpaper wall mural.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An Island Vacation on the Ocean and Bay!\nGreetings from Barnegat Light, NJ!\nBarnegat Light, New Jersey, is on Long Beach Islands north end - the quiet side - where families return year after year for their summer vacation. Beach dunes - a well-maintained dune system between the ocean and it's ocean front houses - has protected this town from the recent storms. Unchanged for so many years, the first time visitor can feel the spell of this Jersey shore gem. Be inspired to find and rent your own summer place on Barnegat Light and begin your own Jersey shore vacation tradition.\nOn the northernmost tip of Long Beach Island, Barnegat Light homeowners are proud of their famous lighthouse, Old Barney, which is a beacon to boats and a destination for tourists with its museum and sandy trails. Vacationers who make the climb up the lighthouse's narrow staircase are rewarded with a spectacular view of all the beach towns of Long Beach Island and an endless water view of the ocean and the bay.\nBarnegat Light offers a classic Jersey shore vacation experience of ocean and bay explorations. Children wade and search for sea creatures on Barnegat's rocky jetties and bay. The beach is a wild and natural backyard to beautiful historic beach houses, some for rent.\nMany vacationers to Barnegat Light never leave this end of the island it's time to go home. Everything is here : a Farmers Market, shopping village, home-grown restaurants, and churches. They are all a short walk or bicycle ride away. It seems everyone here rides a bike. While there is a bicycle and video rental shop in Barnegat Light and good seafood restaurants, mother nature provides almost all the entertainment for this island vacation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Scroll to Continue\nFrom snorkeling and sandcastle building on sun-soaked beaches to exploring aquariums and fishponds, there are seemingly endless ways to connect with the family in the Hawaiian Islands.More\nHolo Holo Charters is the only Kauai boat tour company that offers daily snorkeling and sightseeing trips to the Napali Coast and \"Hawaii's Forbidden Island\" of Niihau. Experience unique marine life while exploring sea caves, waterfalls, cliffs, beaches, and valleys. Call 808-335-0815 to learn more.\nFrom our two mile long Zipline Through Paradise, to the only volcano tour on the Big Island chosen “BEST” by Princess Cruises the adventure of your dreams awaits with KapohoKine Adventures!\nKohala Zipline's Kohala Canopy Adventure features elevated suspension bridges, soaring tree platforms and thrilling ziplines. Whether you are a real zipline enthusiast or a first-time adventure seeker, the Kohala Canopy Adventure will be an unforgettable experience.\nDiscover Hawaii and tour with one of our Interpretive Guides who will share a world of rain forests, waterfalls, cliff-side trails, rare birds, waterfalls and sunrises & sunsets atop Maunakea.\nExplore a forbidden coastline formed by Mt. Haleakala's last eruption. Experience close encounters with protected green sea turtles, race across the waves searching for dolphins, and snorkel the crystal waters of the world-famous Molokini Crater.\nOur daily Deluxe Snorkel & Dolphin Watch guarantees dolphin sightings or come again FREE! Captain Cook Sunset Dinner Cruise to Kealakekua Bay and a Seasonal Whale Watch! Beautiful 65' luxury catamaran with plenty of shade, cushioned seating, a premium cash bar, and is 100% wheel chair accessible.\nHawaiian Paddle Sports offers authentic, sustainable eco-tours that empower guests to discover a deeper appreciation of and connection to Hawaii’s marine environment. Guests can choose from private kayak, outrigger canoe, canoe surfing, whale watch, and snorkel tours, or take SUP or surf lessons.\nSnorkel with award-winning Fair Wind Cruises! Located on the Big Island of Hawaii, our snorkeling tour travels up the Kona Coast to snorkel at historic Kealakekua Bay marine sanctuary, site of Captain Cook Monument. Our family friendly tours will be the highlight of your Kona, Hawaii vacation!\nAtlantis Submarines offers a one-of-a-kind underwater experience off the shorelines of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii Island, giving guests a close-up view of an array of marine life, exotic tropical reefs and numerous sunken vessels. It's like swimming in a giant aquarium, but staying dry the whole time!\nMaui's oldest family-owned and operated sailing company celebrating 45 years of Ocean Adventures with Island Hospitality. Daily sailing trips to Lanai or Molokini. Scuba. Snorkel. BBQ. Tour.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most orders ship within 3-4 business days, however, we ask that you please allow up to 10 business days for estimated shipping date of in stock items. Items marked as special order can take up to 4 weeks. In the event of a back order, shipping may take longer due to production schedules. We ship small orders by UPS and our published shipping and handling rates. We only ship within the contiguous United States.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Humpback whale, Gold Coast Australia\nA Humpback whale raises it tail from the water as it goes into a deep dive, leaving a cascade of glittering water droplets in its wake.\nGALLERYPhotographs Gift IdeasTrading HoursDirections\nGet the latest on special offers and news\n© 2023 Wayne Sorensen Photography.\nDeveloped by Studio Hyphen", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Step onboard the big submarine and wander the ocean. Collect treasures and coins to destroy matching groups of three or more objects. Be proactive and acquire power-ups like Bomb, Goldfish, and Lightning to improve your score. As a bonus, there`s a brave captain to help you navigate the game. Explore the depths of the ocean in OceaniX, a subterranean match game.\n* Magnificent underwater world\n* Cool power-ups to acquire\n* Command this vessel!\nNote: the official download link seems to be broken. Here's an alternative link (I've just found it on the web, so there's no any responsibility from me if it harms your machine; beware):", "label": "No"}
{"text": "aikenmarine operates as the marine division within the Aberdeen and UK based company Aiken Group Ltd offering a wide range of services to the global marine and offshore industries...\nSince its introduction into the group, aikenmarine has grown and developed into an internationally recognised name within the global ship brokering and marine industry with representation in many of the key global locations mainly associated with the oil and gas industry.\nThrough its established global network aikenmarine can facilitate the charter, resale\nor new build of the following offshore and marine assets. Including but not limited\nto the following -\nOffshore Support Vessels, Diving Support Vessels, AHTS Vessels. Accommodation Support Vessels, Accommodation Work Barges, Drilling / Accommodation Jack Ups / Semi Subs, & Offshore / Inshore Flotels, etc.\nTo complement the Charter or resale on any of the above vessels we are also positioned to provide the relevant ship management, catering and technical service to support the deployment and delivery of any charter or new build vessel.\nOperating as part of Aiken Group, aikenmarine compliment the groups existing activities\nby providing the relevant marine spread supporting in-\nThe combined services across the group enables us to provide what we consider a unique\nturnkey service to support marine, offshore and onshore projects providing a comprehensive\nrange of both in-\nFor details on our full range of services and sales charter listings please follow the menus", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Honey amber sea glass from the Caribbean and facetted hessonite gemstones have been hand pieced together with sterling silver wire. We found the the sea glass while wandering the beaches of Rincon, Puerto Rico. It was worn smooth by some of the Caribbean's most powerful surf in the waters off of Puerto Rico where the Caribbean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean. I hand wired the sea glass together with sterling silver wire and finished this bracelet with a sterling silver dolphin clasp. This bracelet is very well made. The sea glass ranges in size from 9mm L to 14mm L and from 2mm W x 3mm W. The Swarovski crystals beads are 7mm L to 10mm L and from 3mm W to 4mm W. Bracelet length 7&7/8\". Authentic Sea Glass.\nYou will receive the bracelet pictured here.\nWhy Is This Bracelet So Inexpensive?\nI have been making sea glass jewelry full time for over 30 years and am experiencing a calling to explore other art forms. I am phasing out sea glass jewelry and am offering it to you for ultra low \"bargain\" prices. I am happy to let my sea glass jewelry go for very low prices while endeavoring this transformation.\nAbout The Sea Glass\nCommon Sea Glass\nAmber sea glass comes from a wide range of fascinating glass items and some pieces date back to the late 1800's. Old Clorox and Lysol bottles along with tobacco snuff and jars, medicinal bottles/jars, beer bottles and even brown mason jars have all contributed significantly to the creation of amber sea glass. In addition to the sources listed above amber sea glass from Puerto Rico comes from Puerto Rican beers like Tigre, India and Medalla and Puerto Rican malted sodas such as Malta India and Goya. Beck's beer and Heineken bottles could be a possible sources as these beers were once bottled only in amber glass on the island.\nAbout The Gemstones Beads\nThe hessonite gemstones in tis bracelet are natural and have not been dyed. They are beautifully facetted. The range in color from soft honeys to honey ambers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tampa Bay Rays Photo - TOP Deals\nBrowse Tampa Bay Rays Photo shopping results as seen on November 16, 2019\nTampa Bay Rays Photo - TOP 10 Results\nTampa Bay Rays Photo - Video Results\nMost Popular Tampa Bay Rays Photo Video Reviews\nTampa Bay Rays Minor League Photography HD\nSpring Training games this year\nTampa Bay Rays 2011 Season in Pictures\nThe story of the 2011 Tampa Bay Rays using old pics and the new team photos, set to the music of ...\nTampa Bay Rays unveil Ybor City ballpark plan\nThe Tampa Bay Rays have finally unveiled their plans for a new stadium and, perhaps more importan...\nThe MAGIC of Tropicana Field -- meet-n-greet plus field access!\nFor the first time ever, I announced that I'd be doing a meet-n-greet at a Major League Baseball ...\nTampa Bay Rays apologize for Steve Irwin photo\nThe baseball team is apologizing after a photo was posted on Twitter showing the team's mascot ho...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Superior Picnic Table\nTerrace Bay Beach\nThe Terrace Bay Superior Picnic table is located on the far end of Terrace Bay Beach, directly on the sand, at the end of the boardwalk. Directions: Turn right out of the Drifters parking lot, turn left off highway 17. The turn is indicated by a large, colourful sign. Follow the blue signs down to the beach, about 3 km.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We last observed the vessel in the Caribbean Sea less than 1h ago.\nNEC VISION built in 2006 is a vessel in the Tug segment. Its IMO number is 9381081 and the current MMSI number is 362027000. The vessel has callsign 9YGP. NEC VISION is sailing under the flag of Trinidad and Tobago.\nView real-time AIS positions for NEC VISION and 75.000+ other vessels by registering a FREE account in ShipAtlas.\n|Port name||Arrival time||Departure time|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Visitor arrivals by cruise ships for the first five months were down 26 percent from the same period last year, according to the latest monthly visitor statistics released by the Hawaii Tourism Authority.\nThere have only been 74,291 visitor arrivals from cruise ships from the beginning of this year through May 2014. That’s a 26 percent drop compared to the same time period in 2013, which saw 99,842 visitors.\nCruise ship arrivals in May 2014 were better than May 2013, however, with 7,034 arriving versus 4,088.\n\"Fewer cruise ship arrivals to Hawaii through May 2014 are the result of lower capacity ships and fewer cruise ships in comparison to the same period last year, which was up 12.6 percent through May 2013,\" said David Uchiyama, HTA's vice president of brand management. \"Since cruise lines set their itineraries a couple years out, we do not anticipate any immediate changes in cruise arrivals.\"\nAccording to the Hilo Harbor cruise ship schedule, at least 12 cruises planned during the first five months of the year were cancelled.\nOn Maui, only Norwegian Cruise Line’s Pride of America has a regularly scheduled visit to Kahului Harbor. The Carnival Miracle has five scheduled visits to the harbor this year, and three other cruise ships with one stop each are on the Kahului Harbor Cruise/Passenger Ship schedule this year.\nThis month on Oahu, NCL’s Pride of America and Ocean Dream are the only cruise ships scheduled for the port of Honolulu.\nThere is hope for the future.\nUchiyama said the HTA recently issued an RFP for maritime vessel scheduling software and is working with the Department of Transportation and the Department of Land and Natural Resources to create a system that will ease the vessel scheduling process and efficiently utilize docking space, in order to accommodate and welcome more cruise visitors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Fusion Marine Dealer\nand Installer for the\nMandurah and the Peel Region\nFUSION-Link allows a certified Multi-Function Display (MFD) the ability to integrate with, and utilise FUSION’s specialised entertainment functionality, creating a centralized control station for the entire vessel and a more user-friendly experience for our valued customers.\nFUSION-Link is supported over the following platforms: NMEA 2000, Ethernet and WiFi.\nFUSION has introduced NMEA 2000 connectivity to the new 750 Series, 650 Series and 205 Series Marine Entertainment Systems. Adding NMEA 2000 connectivity is the logical progression of the FUSION True Marine standard and further cements FUSION as the market leader in marine entertainment.\nOceanwater Marine can also help you with installation of marine electronics to your boat.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dreaming of a tropical getaway? Escape to paradise with our top picks for the best exotic destinations.\nStay: Unwind at El Tamarindo, where you won't have to angle for beach space with only a few dozen guests and two miles of coast; 866/717-4316.\nEat: Try El Marino in nearby Manzanillo for fresh seafood and a stunning beach view.\nDo: Arrange for a temazcal, an ancient purifying treatment involving a mud bath and sweat lodge on the beach.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "114-116 Badger Ave\nJunk removal, trash removal, clean out services,Estate clean out, House clean out, rubbish removal, foreclosure clean out, hoarding clean up, hoarder clean up, hoarder clean out, clutter clean up, clutter clean out, junk haulers, junk pick up, trash pickup,\nLocal junk removal company since 1997. Offering all types of clean outs and hoarding clean up. Call 1-844-586-5728 today! Free Estimates!\nMonday to Friday: 8:00Am to 7:00PM\nSaturday: 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coast Guard Rescue\nTwo kayakers were rescued from the water near Paradise Cay in Tiburon Saturday evening, according to the United States Coast Guard.\nOne man drowned and another man was rescued after waves swept them into the ocean in the Marin Headlands Sunday afternoon.\nFive adults and three children were rescued after jumping from a burning boat near Tiburon Saturday afternoon.\nFour people fell into the water Saturday morning after a 25-foot fishing boat capsized in the Pacific Ocean near the Fort Funston/Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\nThe U.S. Coast Guard responded to a fishing boat with two dozen people aboard that was reportedly taking on water near the Farallon Islands Sunday afternoon.\nThe U.S. Coast Guard has rescued four people from a life raft after their tugboat sank off California near Big Sur.\nA surfer who was stranded on a rock near the Cliff House restaurant Monday afternoon has been rescued, a San Francisco Fire Department dispatcher said.\nThe Coast Guard says crews rescued 28 people after their boat engine caught fire in San Francisco Bay.\nTwo men were rescued by helicopter Friday afternoon when their boat ran onto rocks after the engine failed near the Point Bonita lighthouse in Marin County.\nA sea plane carrying two people capsized in Richardson Bay near Sausalito Friday night after it was hit by a wave while attempting to take off from the water.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1120 Princeton Dr., #3\nMarina Del Rey,\nVisit Company Website\nYear Established 1966\nYacht Interiors • Custom Covers\nOscar's Boat Covers is located in Marina Del Rey, California, and has been serving South Bay boaters since 1966. We specialize in Boat Covers, Marine Canvas, all aspects of Marine Interiors and Upholstery. We use the marine industry's most trusted brands of marine grade fabric, fittings, zippers, fasteners and windows to insure a protective fit and a beautiful finish.\nFlooring-Marine, Interiors - Boat, Carpet & Rug Dealers, Carpet & Rug Manufacturers", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This cruise will take you to discover the south west part of the island and bring along an opportunity to see dolphins. Snorkeling on the reefs and visiting Crystal rock and “Benitier” Island are part of the trip. This catamaran cruise proposes a BBQ lunch buffet as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages throughout the day and the following attractions. When visiting Mauritius this cruise is a must do. It departs at 9am from Black River and sails in deep blue waters outside the reef towards Tamarin Bay allowing you to spot the school of dolphins living on the west coast of the island. A snorkeling stop is included in the itinerary near the reef of La Preneuse. Once there, you can either have a casual swim, snorkel with the colorful reef fish, have a drink or simply relax on the trampolines whilst enjoying breathtaking views of the Black River mountain range (amongst is La Tourelle du Tamarin and our highest mountain Le Piton de la Petite Riviere Noire rising to 828 metres). You will then go to visit the famous Crystal Rock which stands out in the middle of the lagoon. A delicious BBQ lunch will be served on board of the catamaran before heading to Benitiers Island and its beautiful white sandy beaches. As backdrop you will see Le Morne Mountain, classified as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in July 2008. The crew, who enjoys playing séga music and keeping our guests entertained, will make sure that you will keep fond memories of this day out at sea whilst visiting Mauritius. We sail back to the embarkation point at 15h30.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "< Return toThe Best Hotels in Australia\nOne&Only Hayman Island [CLOSED]\nHayman Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland\n| +61 7 4940 1234\nPhoto courtesy of One&Only Hayman Island\nSun - Sat 9am - 5pm\nOne&Only Hayman IslandThis resort is currently closed for renovations through 2019 due to damage sustained from Cyclone Debbie.\nThe $80 million One&Only Hayman Island opened in July 2014 on the northernmost island of the Whitsunday archipelago. The Whitsundays are some of the most pristine and picturesque isles in the world, protected from the Pacific Ocean by the Great Barrier Reef. One&Only guests have exclusive access to 726-acre Hayman Island and unparalleled opportunities to experience the turquoise lagoons, sandy cays, and 33,000 species of the world’s largest reef system.\nThe resort itself is a tropical paradise that unfolds along a sandy beach on the island’s south shore, where a fringe reef reveals itself at low tide. More than 550 types of native plants surround the property’s villas and penthouses, from Poplar gums to Moreton Bay figs, attracting the rare Proserpine rock wallaby as well as island birds like sea eagles, kingfishers, white cockatoos, and rainbow lorikeets. The last two might greet guests in their private plunge pools. Despite the romance and indulgences offered here, One&Only Hayman Island couldn’t get more family-friendly. Custom room configurations, diverse dining options, a kids club, and excursions tailored to guests of all ages make the Great Barrier Reef accessible and magical for everyone.\nalmost 4 years ago\nSplurge Down Under\nQuite possibly the best way to blow all that cash in one decadent night, the Chef’s Table at Australia’s One&Only Hayman Island spreads a four-course meal over three Barrier Reef islands, with helicopter and yacht rides in between. Highlights: tomato tarts on Whitehaven Beach’s snowy sand and roasted glacier fish on teensy Langford Island. From $2,375 per person. This appeared in the August/September 2015 issue.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Subscribe to 'Condé Nast Traveler'\non YouTube to keep up with all of\nour latest videos and shows.\nTake a dip in the blue waters of Puglia, Italy. A region on the southern coast of Italy known for its hundreds of miles of coastline and relaxed Mediterranean atmosphere.\nA film by Yeweng Wong.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Description||The Coastal Commission’s September meeting took place virtually from Wednesday, September 13 to Friday, September 15. The meeting featured several important informational updates including a presentation from the US Geological Survey on new coastal groundwater rise modeling, an overview of the Coastal Commission’s draft critical infrastructure sea level rise guidance and an update from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management on the status of offshore wind development proposals. Notably, Santa Barbara County withdrew their local coastal program update for coastal hazards in disagreement with staff’s suggested modifications. The Executive Director and several Commissioners remarked on their disappointment with the County’s decision and the importance of proactive sea level rise planning. The meeting resulted in one vote chart, the resolution of a public access violation at Campland and the Mission Bay RV Resort in Mission Bay.|\nIssues voted on at this Meeting\nClick on an issue to read full description\n|Campland and Mission Bay RV Resort - Public Access Enforcement||On Thursday, Coastal Commission staff presented the ongoing public access violations at Campland and the Mission Bay RV Resort that have been effectively privatizing bay beaches. The violations effectively walled off public beaches and included documented cases of asking people to move.\nThe Commission approved the administrative order in cooperation with the violator to: 1) remove unpermitted development, including signs and other obstructions that restrict access to beaches and public parking areas, 2) provide additional public access amenities on the property, and 3) cease and desist from undertaking additional unpermitted development. The levied fines and penalties totaled approximately $1 million.\nCommissioners approved the administration order according to the staff recommendation and included two additional amenities in the orders; public picnic tables and bird watching amenities as suggested by the San Diego Audubon Society.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Long Island Sound Kayak Tour\nThe Saugatuck River in Westport, Connecticut is a very scenic route out to the Long Island Sound and the Norwalk Islands.\nWe have many possible routes to take depending on the wind and currents. We can circumnavigate Cockenoe Island, Chimons Island and possibly around Shefield to get a glimpse of the lighthouse.\nOn windy days, we can paddle along the shoreline with a possible trip into Bermuda Lagoon. As this is an intermediate kayaking trip, we hope to get some fun conditions to paddle in at some point during the program.\nThe Norwalk Islands were created during the last ice age and have since been home to dairy farms, mansions, and now large populations of waterfowl. The Nature Conservancy recognized the significance of these islands and purchased Chimons Island to create a National Wildlife Preserve.\n*Note: None trailed program. No Rental boats available. Must bring own boat.\nPlease arrive 20-30 minutes before the program start time to get set up with your equipment so we can get the program started on time.\nLocation: Westport, Connecticut\nlat/lon: N41.1206 W73.3669\nVenue: Saugatuck River, Long Island Sound", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Browsing SUNY College at New Paltz by Subject \"Sarcophagus\"\nNow showing items 1-1 of 1\n(2015-12)I am approaching a representation of the ethereal body. I am exploring the sculptural figure as both a body and as a vessel for the physical body. By forming metaphorical vessels for the spirit through visceral abstract ...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "south beach tanning company south beach tanning company chapel health beauty chapel south beach tanning company miami beach fl.\nrehoboth beach spa avenue inn spa king resort with balcony ave rehoboth beach inn and spa.\ncaliza alys beach restaurant beach menu prices restaurant reviews caliza alys beach menu.\nblue diamond miami beach blue diamond tennis court blue green diamond miami beach rentals.\nstone in spanish x stone rock walls with moss and grass textures pixels spanish stone houses.\nelan huntington beach studio 2 bed beach elan huntington beach greystar.\nmodern luxury homes modern luxury house with water features and modern design modern luxury homes atlanta.\nroof in spanish custom blend roof tile spanish style roof name.\nfig in italian black fig tree italian fig cookies emeril.\nblue coast rehoboth beach gallery image of this property blue coast restaurant rehoboth beach delaware.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An international scientific project to probe the deep continental crust and its transition to the mantle\nYou are here\nA tough job for the drill bits\nAnother drill bit got worn down and required changing, see the very clear photo comparing the old and new bits. Changeover takes quite some time at 438.8 m depth. We hope the new bit will last at least as long as the previous ones.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I'm not really big on getting my picture taken - on land. But underwater, sure! Plus, who doesn't look cool with scuba gear on? After almost a week of attempting to model for both our photographer and my buddy though, I've come to the conclusion that my attention span is way too short to be an underwater model. When I'm diving, I drift along thinking things like \"Ooh, that's pretty!\" and \"What is that fish?\" and \"I want to see a turtle.\" So when either our photog or my buddy would give me the signal to stop and pose, it was almost like being awoken from a dream. I'd stop; I'd move left; I'd move right; I'd move up; I'd move down; I'd wildly fin my hands to move myself backwards into the perfect position. I'd look at the camera or at the photographer (usually the wrong one — notice how I'm cross-eyed in the shot at right) and then begin to move along. But there's never only one take underwater, so I'd try again. And believe me, they made me look GOOD. But by early week, our photographer was using my buddy almost exclusively as his model. Which is fine with me — I had more time to watch for turtles.\nEditor's Blog: Cozumel Super Models\nby Rebecca Strauss\nLinda Sue Dingel\nBrought to you by:Honduras\n\"Never,\" \"you can go with a friend,\" \"we do have children\" ... these are just some of my excuses to never go shark diving on a designated shark trip. No misunderstanding: I absolutely love sharks during an unexpected encounter. I always hope to capture the classic shark silhouette on a sandy patch close to the Cayman wall — a big treat, and an even bigger one if a Caribbean reef shark comes close and hangs around for some minutes before its shyness takes over and it disappears into the mysterious depths! Here's what happened when my husband encouraged me to book an oceanic white-tip shark expedition.\nFrom 15-22 February 2014, PADI Diving Society members are headed for an adventure in the Philippines to experience and explore the warm water, white sandy beaches and a rich and diverse culture and history.\nThe key to shooting good motion blur images underwater is to have a slow enough shutter speed to capture some blur from the ambient light and be close enough to your subject to freeze part of it with the light from your strobes. Get more tips here ...\nUnderwater Photographer Brandon Cole's new book is a must-have marine life field guide\nWant to learn how to dive with your kids? Find out how you can connect with your family underwater at Sea Camp. Visit familydivers.com for Kids Sea Camp 2013 dates and locations.\nThe first underwater film, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, was shot in Nassau in 1915. Ever since, Holllywood producers have been returning to the Bahamas again and again for the same reason divers do — the spectacular visibility, incredible diversity and easy access.\nIf you’re looking for a destination packed with adventure, history, superior diving and a vibrant natural heritage, then set your sights on Honduras and the Bay Islands.\nA photography project in the U.K. aims to shine light on the country's ecosystems, including some of its spectacular marine life\nUnderwater camera technology expert SeaLife has launched its 2013 Get SET rebate program. Running through Aug. 31, 2013, underwater photographers and dive enthusiasts have the opportunity to get a substantial amount of money back when they purchase a complete SeaLife camera package including the company’s popular lighting and lens accessories.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Description Our numbers\nThe shady camping site is situated directly at the sea along a large beach with finest sand.\nSetting: Seaside Height: 0 (m a.s.l.) Area: 16,000 (sq. M) Places: 189 Bungalow: 50 Mobilhome: 3 Flats: 4 Distance from the sea: 10 m Nature of the Coast: Sandy\nrestaurantprofessional entertainmentmarketbarpizzeriainfirmaryout of season garagingseasonal gueststoilettes suitable to handicapped peoplewifi zone\non a leashnot in shared areasonly insured animalsonly vaccinated animalsonly small animalsonly on the pitches\nvolley ballfive-a-side football\nultima verifica 01/08/2016", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This item ships directly from the vendor. Delivery time varies - typically 2-3 weeks.\nRestrictions: This item does not ship to a PO Box, APO, FPO, DPO or international address. Expedited shipping is not available.\nWest Marine will email you when your order ships from the vendor.\nThis Boxed Set offers a complete set of 4 gauges ready to install.\nThe outboard set includes:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Starting at picturesque little San Juan del Sur and stretching north towards El Salvador, Nicaragua’s Pacific Coast offers plenty to do and see for the entire family.\nFrom lazy days on the beach to viewing unique jungle wildlife, the secret of Nicaragua is out. This is an awesome place to visit, especially for families.\nToday, Nicaragua is safe, friendly and affordable. You’ll find access to high-quality health care with several highly specialized hospitals, especially in the greater Managua area. And driving around the country is easy.\nThis is a destination best explored when you can take your time. In addition to charming Granada, wild Ometepe Island and the relaxed Caribbean coast, Nicaragua’s Pacific Coast could certainly be a trip all on it’s own. Here are 3 reasons why you should consider visiting Pacific Coast Nicaragua on your next family vacation.\nA Beach for Everyone on Nicaragua’s Pacific Coast\nSome are white and sandy and others are rocky. Some are calm and ideal for swimming and others are ideal for big wave surfers. Some are popular and others remain untouched.\nBut there is a beach for everyone in Nicaragua, and exploring the Pacific coastline to find YOUR perfect beach is a perfect way to spend a few days while traveling through the country.\nTalk to locals, ask your hotel or book a tour guide for directions to the real gems. The main beaches along Nicaragua’s Pacific Coast are Montelimar,San Juan del Sur, La Flor, La Boquita and Pochomil.\nRenting a car in Nicaragua is relatively easy, and if you’re going to spend a few days beach hunting with the family it’s a good idea.\nNicaragua’s Pacific Coast is an Ideal Place to Learn How to Surf\nSpeaking of beaches… did you know Nicaragua is the epicenter of surfing in central and South America?\nThanks to 300+ days of all day offshore winds funneling in from Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua has some of the best surfing waves in the world. The combination of tropical conditions, near constant offshore winds and deep-water swells creates great, year round surf. The peak surfing season, however, is May through November.\nEl Velero Nicaragua, located in the town of Leon, is one of the best surfing beaches, with crystal clear waters and a perfect white sandy beach, both relatively unique for the Pacific coast of Nicaragua.\nThen San Juan Del Sur is perhaps the capital of surfing in Nicaragua. Located about 130 km South East of Managua city this is without a doubt the most visited beach in Central America. A mecca for surfers, San Juan Del Sur is also a great spot for jet skiing, fishing, diving and snorkeling.\nIf you’re new to surfing, grab the kids and head to Rancho Satana’s new surf center. Playa Santana features everything from punchy little waves huge barrel waves and is an ideal location for beginners. If you’re staying at Rancho Santana, take advantage of board rental and organize a lesson on site.\nLearn about Jungle Wildlife on Nicaragua’s Pacific Coast\nThe La Flor Wildlife Refuge, located at the Southern end of Nicaragua’s Pacific coast near San Juan Del Sur, features pure white sand bordered by tropical forests on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other.\nThis reserve is small, only 800 hectares, but it is where 30,000 Olive Ridley turtles or Paslama come each year to mate and make their nesting areas.\nEstero Padre Ramos Nature Preserve is also worth a visit. This reserve consists of a large mangrove estuary surrounded by several small beach communities, the largest of which is the town of Padre Ramos. Here you can find numerous species of migratory and resident birds, fishes, crustaceans, sea turtles and other wildlife.\nHave you traveled around Nicaragua with kids? I’d love to hear your tips and advice as we prepare for our summer family adventure!\n[wufoo username=”aweekatthebeach” formhash=”z9mdv1r1xmdr8r” autoresize=”true” height=”340″ header=”show” ssl=”true”]\nImages via Flickr.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "See the 3 things that matter: reviews, photos, and prices The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, a warm and inviting boutique retreat located less than one-hour from Washington D.C. and Baltimore at the base of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. Featuring breathtaking views, attentive service and award-winning cuisine, the craftsman-style resort embodies the rich history and charm of the Chesapeake Bay region\nthe inn at the chesapeake bay beach club Set on Kent Island, The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club welcomes guests with 77 beautifully-appointed guest rooms, suites and cottages, wellness-focused treatments at the full service spa and salon, and more than 30,000 sq. ft of flexible meeting and event space The Spa at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club invites you to enjoy peace, tranquility and relaxation. Nourishing your body with mindful ingredients, The Spa offers the finest treatments including restorative massage, rejuvenating facials, luxurious body treatments, and hair and makeup in a beautiful environment We are thrilled to have the opportunity to welcome prospective couples to the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club for our Open House. This is a great opportunity to see the venues set up, view the property, and hear the latest CBBC news! Every Saturday, we open our doors to couples from 9:00am-11:00am for Open House Tours, no appointment necessary Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is a waterfront event venue based in Stevensville, Maryland. Featuring versatile event spaces, a luxury boutique hotel, full service farm-to-table restaurant and spa, couples have the accommodations of overnight stays and exceptional water views for their wedding! On-site coordinators are there to help you every step.\nThe Inn At Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 180 Pier One Road; Stevensville, MD 21666; 410.604.5900; Stay Connected | Email Updates. Subscribe. Gift Cards ©2020 Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, LLC Now $209 (Was $̶2̶7̶6̶) on Tripadvisor: The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa, Stevensville. See 141 traveler reviews, 104 candid photos, and great deals for The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa, ranked #1 of 2 hotels in Stevensville and rated 4.5 of 5 at Tripadvisor Get directions, reviews and information for Chesapeake Bay Beach Club in Stevensville, MD. Chesapeake Bay Beach Club 500 Marina Club Rd Stevensville MD 21666. Reviews (410) 604-1933 Website. Menu & Reservations Make Reservations . Order Online Tickets Tickets See Availability.\nThe Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is an absolutely gorgeous venue, the sunsets are incredible and the grounds are so well kept - it was just perfect! Thanks for making our wedding day such a memorable one! All the best, Liz & Matt. Read More. Reviewed On 9/05/2016 by Amanda W Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, LLC is located in Stevensville, MD, United States and is part of the Special Food Services Industry. Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, LLC has 25 total employees across all of its locations and generates $1.64 million in sales (USD). (Sales figure is modelled) The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 180 Pier One Road, Stevensville, MD 21666, United States of America - Excellent location - show map. Excellent location - rated 9.0/10! (score from 86 reviews) Real guests • Real stays • Real opinions. 9.3 • The Captain or Chesapeake Bay Pedal Club team has the right to refuse any guest prior to boarding if they believe that the guest behavior or actions are deemed to be unacceptable to the safety of all other guests. • Not agreeing to or signing Chesapeake Bay Pedal Club Voyage Agreement is reason to refuse any guest from boarding Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, Stevensville, MD. 7,136 likes · 172 talking about this · 63,701 were here. The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is the region's premier venue for extraordinary Maryland waterfront..\n. Boasting four gorgeous ballrooms, outdoor terraces, gardens, breathtaking waterfront venues, and private beach access, the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is an exquisite venue for the sea-loving couple. The various ballrooms can host as few as 60 or as many as 310 guests, making it perfect for an intimate. The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club was the perfect location for our wedding. So many of my guests commented on how beautiful both the ceremony and reception areas were. The food was fantastic and all of the staff were friendly and attentive. Erin was our wedding coordinator and she was wonderful. She always responded quickly to any questions asked. The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa: Wedding - See 142 traveler reviews, 104 candid photos, and great deals for The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa at Tripadvisor The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 180 Pier One Road , Stevensville, Maryland 21666. 180 Pier One Road , Stevensville, Maryland - 21666. 855-516-1090 COVID update: The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club has updated their hours and services. 43 reviews of The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club I came here for a wedding and they did a fantastic job. The wedding was held outside in the courtyard as the waves lapped against the beach. There were two cocktail hours - one before the ceremony and one after\nThe Inn at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 6,508 likes · 92 talking about this · 10,872 were here. Full service luxury boutique hotel, farm-and-bay-to table restaurant, gourmet market and spa Chesapeake Bay Beach Club Wedding. This stunning waterfront wedding venue in Maryland has four different ballrooms available for your reception, depending on the size and style of your celebration. The Beach House Ballroom's big windows let your guests take in the views of the Chesapeake Bay while they dine Escape to Chesapeake Beach and experience the warm welcome that awaits you at Rod 'N' Reel Resort. Located on Maryland's picturesque Western Shore, our family-friendly, waterfront hotel is just a short drive from Washington, D.C., Baltimore and Annapolis - enabling you to get away without going away Chesapeake Bay For beachgoers looking for kinder, gentler waves, refuge can be found along the calm waters of the Chesapeake Bay, in the community known affectionately to locals as Chic's Beach. From swimming and building sand castles to dolphin watching and volleyball, all the traditional beach rituals are here in a setting that has a. Escape, Relax, Enjoy! Escape to the Chesapeake Yacht Club and enjoy the pristine waters and diversity of wildlife on the West River. We are less than 30 minutes from the Beltway and centrally located on the Bay. Situated conveniently in Shady Side, Maryland, CYC offers the finest sail and power boating experience. CYC is a gated club with a.\nThe Chesapeake Bay Beach Club offers many complimentary amenities and services to make wedding planning easy. Couples can celebrate their entire wedding weekend at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club with room blocks at The Inn , bridal party hair and makeup services at The Spa , Market to the Room and a rehearsal dinner and farewell brunch at one of The. And Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is a cut above the rest and exactly matches the grandeur of a lavish wedding ceremony and reception you've always dreamed about. Richly detailed interiors and sophisticated decor should persuade you to book this venue for your upcoming ceremony and reception\n2021 Season Passes On Sale NOW! Countdown to Opening! Days Hours Minutes Seconds 2021 Season Passes Tickets Calendar Birthdays Cabanas Swim Lessons Summer Camps Food/Drink Follow us on Social Media @cbwaterpark_ Watch Now! Weekday Twilight Rates 3PM: 30% OFF 4PM: 40% OFF 5PM: 50% OF . You'll love the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. Love Life Images are photographers serving the Washington DC, Maryland, Virginia, Baltimore & DMV area. Love Life Images specializes in wedding photography, family & children photos, lifestyle portraits & headshots for professionals\nThe Inn at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club was live. The Inn at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club was live. Jump to. Sections of this page. Accessibility Help. Press alt + / to open this menu. Facebook. Email or Phone: Password: Forgot account From North: Chesapeake Bay KOA Resort & Beach Club is located approximately 10 miles south of Cape Charles, VA. Traveling South on VA 13, turn right on Wise Point Lane and enter the parking lot to the left. Follow the registration signs. From South: Chesapeake Bay KOA Resort & Beach Club is located 1/4 mile north of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel. . Turn left on Wise Point Lane and enter the. The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa: Perfect getaway outside of the city! - See 141 traveler reviews, 104 candid photos, and great deals for The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa at Tripadvisor The Premier Resort Club Experience on Virginia's Cape. Enjoy 1,720 acres of lush beauty, two miles of private beach, 27 holes of Palmer and Nicklaus golf, a newly designated 350-acre nature preserve with miles and miles of trails—and countless opportunities to fish, swim, crab, kayak, paddle board, hike, or simply take in the pristine wonders of Bay Creek\nThe Chesapeake Bay Beach club was the perfect venue for their wedding day. The Creative Team Venue:Chesapeake Bay Beach Club Beach House Ballroom Flowers: Floret and Vine Invitation: Minted Gluten Free Cake: Figgs Ordinary Wedding Cake: Peace of Cake Maryland Hair and Make Up: The Spa at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club DJ: Bay DeeJay . The decision to inflate hot air balloons is made just prior to the scheduled ballooning activity. Please note that due to the popularity of our festival, our. Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, Stevensville, MD. 6,904 likes · 141 talking about this · 62,189 were here. The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is the region's premier venue for extraordinary Maryland waterfront..\nNow $209 (Was $̶2̶6̶0̶) on Tripadvisor: The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa, Stevensville. See 140 traveler reviews, 104 candid photos, and great deals for The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa, ranked #1 of 2 hotels in Stevensville and rated 4.5 of 5 at Tripadvisor Popular Fishing Locations within Maryland's portion of the Chesapeake Bay. Areas listed north to south Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. Waterfront venue and boutique Inn on Maryland's Eastern Shore with amazing views of the Chesapeake Bay. Weekly open house every Saturday morning! www.baybeachclub.com. Posts IGTV Tagged El The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club está situado en Stevensville, a 2,8 km de la playa de Matapeake, y ofrece alojamiento con restaurante, aparcamiento privado gratuito, piscina al aire libre de temporada y centro de fitness. Dispone de bar, salón compartido y jardín\nThings to Do in Chesapeake Beach, Maryland: See Tripadvisor's 2,249 traveler reviews and photos of Chesapeake Beach tourist attractions. Find what to do today, this weekend, or in August. We have reviews of the best places to see in Chesapeake Beach. Visit top-rated & must-see attractions A beautiful sunset highlighted by the #ChesapeakeBayBridge in the middle of a party at one of my favorite wedding spaces in Maryland!http://www.DJSeanJ.comIn.. Now $269 (Was $̶4̶2̶9̶) on Tripadvisor: Chesapeake Beach Resort, Islamorada. See 36 traveler reviews, 339 candid photos, and great deals for Chesapeake Beach Resort, ranked #17 of 19 hotels in Islamorada and rated 4.5 of 5 at Tripadvisor Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is a waterfront event venue based in Stevensville, Maryland. Comentários sobre - On the Beach At The Chesapeake Bay, VA 23503 Norfolk, Estados Unidos da América. Bayside/Waterview Attractive 3 Br Home 2 Blocks From Marina, Beaches & More. The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is located 2.1 mi (3.4 km) from.\nThe Chesapeake Bay spans more than 64,000 square miles and is home to 150 major rivers and streams. A true boater's playground, you will find everything you need in the Bay. From live music and great tiki bars, to cruising with the kiddos, there's no shortage of activities here. Snag-A-Slip is a free, online boat slip reservation site where. How to use a Chesapeake Bay coupon Shop the Sale section at Chesapeake Bay for the best deals. You can have promotional offers and other discounts sent to your inbox if you sign up for their email list. Check their social media accounts for exclusive deals. More offers from Chesapeake Bay can be found at Coupons.com Hotels near The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa, Stevensville on Tripadvisor: Find 13,519 traveler reviews, 1,255 candid photos, and prices for 842 hotels near The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club & Spa in Stevensville, MD Travel Around the Great Chesapeake Bay Loop. The elegant, dual spans of Maryland's Chesapeake Bay Bridge that cross the wide waters of the middle Chesapeake, and the engineering marvel that is the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel at its mouth open the bay to road tripping adventures. You can circumnavigate the Bay in one big loop; do a fun figure. The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is one of our absolute favorite wedding venues. As you can imagine, our office used to be just minutes away, so we've performed at the Beach Club quite frequently over the years. If you are planning to hold your wedding on Maryland's Eastern Shore, this is one of the venues that you just have to keep in mind\nEnjoy champagne and selections from the Beach Club's award Saturday, January 9 2016 12:00 PM — 3:00 PM. Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. other events by this organization. Facebook. Email Us. www.baybeachclub.com. Mailing Address. 500 Marina Club Road Stevensville, MD 21666. 410-604-1933 Matapeake Clubhouse & Beach. Located on the Chesapeake Bay on Kent Island, Maryland, the grounds include a public swimming beach, an outdoor amphitheater, family picnic area and 1 mile trail through the surrounding woods, with views of the Bay Bridge. The beach is open sunrise to sunset daily. The Café at Matapeake Clubhouse is currently closed See Full List. 1 Hyatt Regency Chesapeake Bay Golf Resort, Spa and Marina. 2 Rod N' Reel Resort. 3 The Inn at Herrington Harbour. 4 St. Michaels Harbour Inn. 5 Island Inn & Suites on St. George Island. 6 The Inn at Perry Cabin. 7 The Inn at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 8 Cove Point Lighthouse Podickory Point Yacht & Beach Club is a privately owned marina on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Situated between the Bay Bridge and the mouth of the Magothy River. Our facility is surrounded by the state owned nature preserve of the Sandy Point State Park. We provide a variety of options to store your vessel at our facility\nThe Chesapeake Beach Resort is surrounded by pure blue waters, powder white sand, and gorgeous sunshine.This is life on the water. Relaxing, enticing, and breathtaking. Just a couple of minutes from Sandbar Islamorada , Hotel by Theater of the Sea , Anne's Beach and hotel near Full Moon Party at Pierre's Restaurant & Morada Bay Chesapeake (Chick's) Beach is the beach for Virginia Beach residents. Bayside, the waves are minimal and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel dominates the landscape. Parking is on-street or fee-based at nearby First Landing State Park or Lynnhaven Boat Ramp. Chesapeake Beach and the 17.6 mile Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel Mar 11, 2016 - The Tavern Ballroom in the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club in Stevensville, Maryland features a classic ballroom design perfect for wedding events\nThe Chesapeake Rotary Club is proud to partner with the City of Chesapeake in this 36 year old tradition. Please see the links below for registration. . The Parade for 2019 is Saturday December 7th at 6:00 p.m. The parade begins at Mt. Pleasant Rd. and Battlefield Blvd. and ends in front of City Hall on Cedar Rd Get reviews, hours, directions, coupons and more for Chesapeake Bay Beach Club at 500 Marina Club Rd, Stevensville, MD 21666. Search for other Wedding Reception Locations & Services in Stevensville on The Real Yellow Pages® Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. Pickup. Pickup only at this location. Cash Bar. Salads Partnership Adds 78 Oyster Reef Balls off Coast of Chesapeake Beach, Maryland. CBF staff and project partners added 78 reef balls to the Maryland Artificial Reef Initiative site located in the Herring Bay oyster sanctuary. The oyster reef balls were placed about two miles offshore in a sanctuary protected from oyster harvesting. Read Mor Located in Stevensville, 1.7 miles from Matapeake Beach, The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club provides accommodation with a restaurant, free private parking, a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and a fitness centre\nThe Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is a small business that has grown gradually over the past 20 years. There is a family-like atmosphere among the staff at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club, and we look forward to growing our family. The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club is looking for dependable and professional individuals with positive energy to join our. Apr 11, 2019 - The Chesapeake Bay Beach Club in Stevensville, Maryland houses the Sunset Room wedding and event venue with a waterfront view of the Chesapeake Bay The Inn at the Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. 6,400 likes · 93 talking about this · 10,505 were here. Full service luxury boutique hotel, farm-and-bay-to table restaurant, gourmet market and spa Chesapeake Bay Beach Club | Maryland's premier waterfront wedding and special events venue located on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay on the Eastern Shore\nThe Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. Located in Stevensville, 1.7 mi from Matapeake Beach, The Inn at Chesapeake Bay Beach Club provides accommodations with a restaurant, free private parking, a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and a fitness center. Among the various facilities are a bar, a shared lounge, as well as a garden Large Alligator Caught, Killed At Beach In The Chesapeake Ranch Estates. LUSBY, Md. --In recent years, many have commented on the different wildlife being discovered in the Chesapeake Bay The hotels below are listed in order of their distance from Chesapeake Bay Beach Club. Use this guide to find hotels and motels near Chesapeake Bay Beach Club in Stevensville, Maryland. Address: 500 Marina Club Road, Stevensville, MD 21666 Zoom in (+) to see interstate exits, restaurants, and other attractions near hotels", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The complete Costa Rican Pacific coast provides gorgeous vistas of unspoiled jungles, beaches and headlands such as Playa Mina, shown here, south of Flamingo. Most charter captains here troll a combination of teasers, lures and pure baits, together with bonito and ballyhoo. When hooked, sailfish struggle vigorously and are highly acrobatic; tail strolling, jumping and flipping repeatedly in attempt to dislodge the hook.\n- Hookless teasers have been set out on the left outrigger; the port aspect cleared so the right-handed Suescun might solid.\n- The Savegre River, some of the pristine rivers within the nation and surrounded by lush vegetation and meandering waters, options class II and III rapids that are perfect for newbie rafters.\n- We may help you expertise one of the best Sailfishing irrespective of the place you propose to be.\n- Large numbers of sails show up in these heat waters all the way as a lot as Kenya, and also you often don’t should journey very far offshore to get into them.\n- If wallet fishing is your ardour, that is where you wish to be.\nAnd costa rica fishing Rica boat operators release all billfish that are not document contenders, so the future of the useful resource is assured. The all-time event record of 1,691 billfish releases by 120 anglers in 4 days was established in Costa Rica a number of years ago during the International Sailfish Tournament. At last rely, there were more than 70 present IGFA world record fish from Costa Rica waters including 17 all-tackle marks. We’ve raised plenty of fish, on both the total day offshore fishing charters and the 3/4 day deep sea rooster fishing in costa rica journeys. At last rely, there were greater than 80 present IGFA world record fish from Costa Rica waters including 21 all-tackle marks. With a reputation like “Rich Coast” few are surprised to hear that Costa Rica özgü a number of the most interesting deep sea and coastal sport fishing wherever.\nOsa Peninsula Offshore Fishing Video\nBlue, black and striped marlin cruise along with wahoo, yellow fin and blue fin tuna, and dorado. Wahoo, rooster fishing in costa rica fish, snapper, and grouper are plentiful across the reefs, rocks and islands nearer to shore. Costa Rica’s pacific coast is residence to a few of the best sport fishing species on the earth – and in abundance. Species such as Sail Fish, Marlin, Dorado, Tuna, Wahoo, roosterfish costa rica (Https://Www79.zippyshare.Com), Snapper, Jacks, Mackerel, and extra, are seen and caught in these waters.\nHalf & Full Day Trips\nSailfish are unimaginable sprinters, reaching speeds of up to 65mph. When hooked, they’re recognized to make spectacular long hard runs and aerial leaps. To give you a basic thought of what you might anticipate to catch throughout the year in Costa Rica below is a fishing calendar for the Jaco Beach and Los Sueños Marina areas. Dead bait or live crabs, small lobsters, fished on the underside over rocky construction and reefs. Snapper commonly eat small fish, squid, crustaceans and chunked baits..\nCosta Rica is well-known for its flat, calm sea circumstances and its incredible amount of billfish. We offer gentle tackle bait and switch fishing for seasoned professionals with the desire to hone their abilities as nicely as catering to the novice anglers. Everyday is a good day when you’re out fishing for giants with Double Nickel Charters. We know the entire fish patterns and keep up to date on essentially the most successful techniques to land that trophy fish.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Kangaroo Island: 2-Hour Dolphin, Seal and Snorkeling Tour\n- Small group\n- Duration: 2 hours\nWant to discover all there is to do in Kangaroo Island? Click here for a full list.\nThis is a great tour, the guides were so friendly and knowledgeable and the scenery was beautiful. It was incredible to get in the water with the seals and see them in their own environment and while we couldn’t get in with the dolphins, the guides made sure we got to see them up close. I’d highly recommend this to anyone!\nHad a great time. No guarantees of seeing seals or dolphins but due to persistence of our guides we managed to swim with the seals on the second attempt and saw dolphins as we returned to the dock. Were willing to get us back a little late just to achieve this, well done guys!! Loved it!\nWe went looking for dolphins first however the main pod was feeding in deep water. We then went looking for seals, there were 2 that were very inquisitive, with the snorkeling conditions brilliant. We then went looking for dolphins again and swam with some in shallower water\nThis was absolutely amazing! Thoroughly enjoyed the seal and dolphin snorkelling, our instructors were brilliant, Elijah was fantastic- very informative and relaxed. Would totally recommend this to anyone thinking about it!\nWe were lucky enough to swim with a couple of seals. Got up close to them as they play around in the water. Unfortunately didn't get to see any dolphins but getting to swim with the seals made up for it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "`Remember me on this computer` option\nSelect the `Remember me on this computer` option if you wish to be automatically logged on to the computer in future. Your account will remain active for 45 days. Please do not use the `Remember me` option if using a computer with public access or that is used by more than one person.\nView more related products to:\nNikon AF-S VR micro Nikkor ED 105 mm F 2.8G Focus Gear\nAt scubastore, we show all the characteristics of Sea and Sea Focus Gear for 105 mm VR Lens. In our dive store, you can find different sizes of Sea and Sea Focus Gear for 105 mm VR Lens. Secure payment and guaranteed shipment! In addition, discover more similar products of Sea and Sea Focus Gear for 105 mm VR Lens and benefit from our other offers of dive equipment.\nClick on the following link to get more information about:Manual\nWrite a review or ask our dedicated team of experts a question\nEASY & FAST RETURN\nSECURE & SAFE\nRECOMMENDED FOR YOU", "label": "No"}
{"text": "June 28, 2018\nAlaska Wildlife Troopers in Wrangell contacted Randy Churchill, Jr., 34, of Wrangell, after investigation\ndetermined he was using a vessel which was not used for commercial fishing to transport commercially caught fish. Churchill was unable to produce any government-issued identification. Additionally, one of his crewmembers did not have his commercial crewmember license in\npossession. Churchill was issued a summons for not registering a vessel for commercial fishing and a $310 citation for no ID while commercial fishing with a CFEC permit. An under-18 crewmember was issued a cita...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sizzling Garlic Shrimp\nOur recipe makes this restaurant favorite accessible to anyone, any night of the week.\nWHY THIS RECIPE WORKS\nThe first step in a successful garlic shrimp recipe is to buy the best shrimp possible for the dish. Because most shrimp is frozen directly after being caught, and thawed shrimp start losing their flavor in just a couple of days, we chose t...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Description :4Pcs/Lot 7cm 6g Soft Silicone Bait Fishing Lure Lead Jig Head Fish Tackle Sharp Hook Winter Wesca LuresSharp Hook Winter Wesca\n- Usage: For fishing\n- Features :\n1.Fishing lures for fishing lovers.\n2.Wonderful fishing tool for fishing lovers.\n3.Excellent buoyancy and sensitivity.\n- Packing includes : 4 Piece / lot Fishing Lure\n- Weight :6g （approximate）\n- Length :7cm/piece\nAttention：Due to different production batch, it may be a little color difference from the real one. If you mind it please think it through.\nSHIPPING FASTER AND SAVER", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Atlantic tropical storm preview -- get your skateboard, fishing pole or other non-surf gear ready. It doesn't look good for surf.\nAfter a cold winter and a solid run of surf, the East Coast turns the corner on winter.\nThe Gulf boy on oil spills, Teahupoo thrills, and fish that keep getting bigger\nArt On The Corner\nHere in New Jersey, we talk about flat summers and cold winters. But to the north, they really have flat summers, like \"where's my skateboard and fishing pole\" flat. And the winters are almost too cold to snowboard, much less surf. I received so...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Women's Atlantide Sea Snake Protecting Its Pearl Ring\nLes nereides. Hand-enameled brass, faceted glass, fresh water pearls, stones, fantasy beads, glass beads, 14k gold plated brass chains. Quality material. Flora and fauna have taken over and invaded this mythical submerged city. Covered in coral reefs, the treasures of this island, frozen by the waters, have become a for imposing octopuses and jellyfish. The most enigmatic of sea creatures shine in their by pearls bathed in an ocean of beauty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chessie Racing, the Baltimore-Annapolis entry in the Whitbread Round the World Race, has been sailing well during the first three days of competition, and for a short time shared first place with Merit Cup of Monaco.\nFor the most part, however, Chessie has been sailing in the upper half of the 10-boat fleet, struggling against light, shifting winds, foul tides and tangles of seaweed snagged on the boat's rudder and keel.\n\"If you're not hauling sails up and down, or hanging over the side trying to clear kelp off the rudder and keel, you're not trying hard enough,\" Chessie bowman Jerry Kirby said yesterday. \"These boats are workhorses. It's been a complete mine field of kelp out there.\"\nDuring portions of the 24-hour period ending at 2 p.m. (GMT) yesterday, Chessie had been racing closely with Silk Cut and Merit Cup, and in light airs was within three boat lengths. But Chessie skipper Mark Fischer reported having to slow the boat often to clear kelp from the underbody. Kelp on underwater appendages drastically slows the boat.\nPub Date: 9/24/97", "label": "No"}
{"text": "beach theme bathroom images decorating ideas themed unique latest decoration decor modern the vanity.\nbeach theme bathroom love the drift wood behind themed accessories sets.\nturtle beach theme bathroom themed towels decor sea co wall.\nseaside themed bathroom beach tiles home vanity ideas coastal tile makeup small sea theme rug sets decor under the diy dec.\nbeach themed bath rugs ocean bathroom rug sets accessories decor theme australia.\nseaside themed bathroom sea bathrooms beach theme decor beautiful ocean pictures images ba.\nbeach themed bathroom ideas ocean lovely 2 theme accessories walmar.\nremarkable beach themed bathroom ideas with design theme wall decor d.\nocean themed bathroom beach theme ideas decor amazon.\nbeach themed om sets ocean accessories decor theme bath bathroom diy.\nbeach bathroom decor ideas theme lights d.\nbeach themed bathroom best coastal bathrooms ideas on regarding small theme decor for.\nbathroom beach theme decor ideas themed hand printed mural wall accessories uk.\nbeach bathroom themes ideas decorating more how to decorate your inspired themed tiles theme lights them.\nbeach themed bathroom images decorating ideas inspired decor wall cheap cottage design style fascinating theme accessories australia.\n5 beach themed bathrooms that will blow you away more theme bathroom accessories.\nbeach bathroom ideas theme themed blue guest pictures images tiny lights.\nbeach themed bathroom decor theme ideas ocean b on inspiring decorating with grey walls rug set.\nbeach themed bathroom decor sets accessories theme rug set t.\nbeach bathroom decor theme themed accessories sets.\nbeach themed bathroom decor ideas theme kids wall small decorating.\nbeach bathroom decorations decor ideas accessories sets elegant theme themed hand towels decoratio.\nbeach themed bathroom vintage with unique tiles towel racks theme accessories uk.\nbeach themed bathroom ideas ocean decor nautical bathrooms best theme b hand towels.\nbathroom ocean theme sea themed bath traditional beach mirror th.\nocean theme bathroom decor ideas phenomenal image design of old fashion cars beach themed towel hooks towels hand holder m rug sets fantastic s accessories o.\nbeach themed bathroom ideas theme decor for design.\nbeach bath accessories theme bathroom themed towels.\nbeach themed bathroom decor inspiration under the sea decorating ideas wallpaper for theme diy.\nawesome beach style bathroom design ideas theme themed towel racks.\nsea themed decorating ideas theme bathroom best of beach with elegant small under the.\nsimple small bathroom decorating ideas beach decor photo of themes theme themed amazon th.\nbeach themed bathroom ideas large size of decor theme bathrooms awesome mirror bathro.\nbeach themed room theme decor x bathroom living decorating ideas accessories walmart.\nbeach themed bathroom decor nautical theme sea exotic medium size diy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We are situated on the west coast of the Isle of Mull opposite the Isle of Iona where St Columba landed in the year 563AD.\nWest of Iona is the open Atlantic where our fishing gear is well tested in fierce conditions. Our range of fishing gear comprises Lobster, Crab, Velvet crab, Prawn and Buckie creels.\nThe fishing fleet from here can travel four hours out west of Iona, to reach the Lobster and Crab territory and it is then that the creels are set for fishing. If you visit Iona on holiday call in and see our range of creels and the manufacturing process. You could buy one for decoration in your garden when you return home and be the envy of your neighbours.\nCorrie-Glen, Fionnphort, Isle of Mull, Argyll PA66 6BW\nCoire-Ghlinne, Fionnphort, Eilean Mhuile, Earra Ghaidheal PA66 6BW\nTel and Fax: 01681 700\nEnquire about our fishing gear", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The following stocks were moving the Wholesale Trade sector today.\nSome of the biggest gainers among Wholesale Trade stocks include:\nNatural Hlth Trd Cmn (NHTC): NHTC stock is up 2.79% today.\nAnixter International Inc (AXE): AXE stock is up 3.7% today.\nVtti Energy Partners LP (VTTI): VTTI stock is up 0.82% today.\nPatterson Companies (PDCO): PDCO stock is up 0.48% today.\nSome of the biggest losers among Wholesale Trade stocks include:\nWatsco Inc Cl B (WSO.B): WSO.B stock is down 7.31% today.\nWatsco Inc (WSO): WSO stock is down 7.22% today.\nReal Industry Cmn (RELY): RELY stock is down 3.45% today.\nTe Connectivity Ltd (TEL): TEL stock is down 2.36% today.\nSunopta Inc (STKL): STKL stock is down 1.25% today.\nFor more information on the best stocks to buy right now, check out the latest commentary on InvestorPlace.com.\nAnd for more on the hot stocks moving most on Wall Street right now, check out our archive of daily market movers by sector here.\nEditor’s Note: Returns for the fastest-moving stocks listed here are based on share prices 20 minutes prior to publication of this story.\nArticle printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2016/10/biggest-movers-in-wholesale-trade-stocks-now-nhtc-axe-vtti-mgpi/.\n©2020 InvestorPlace Media, LLC", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Beach Party Theme | Charlie The Cavalier\nThese would be fun for an \"O-fish-ally Done With School\" class party theme! #classparty #roommom\nBeach+Party+Theme | Beach Party Theme centerpiece\nLove idea for Christmas on the beach party theme!\npinterest pool party snack ideas | Mermaid party / Pool party brownies!\nCheck out these beach themed cupcakes to go with the beach party theme! #beachparty #partyfood #cupcakes\nDrink idea for beach party theme\nBeach Party theme for kiddos! SO cute!\nGreat for a beach theme party\nSwimming party theme for boy's birthday, includes a swimming themed birthday cake! #swimmingparty #birthdaysforkids #kidsbirthdays #kidssummerparties", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Department of Marine and Coastal announced on Monday that smoking will be banned at all beaches in the kingdom.\nThe ban was made after a large number of cigarette butts were collected on Patong Beach.The ban will first be imposed on 20 popular beaches such as Hua Hin, Pattaya and Patong starting in November. The law is eventually expected to be enforced on all beaches nationwide.\nThe enforcement which is under the power of Article 17 of the 2015 Act on the Promotion of Marine and Coastal Resources Management will be presented on Oct. 22-23 during a summit of ASEAN countries about marine debris to be held in Phuket province.\n“We are not completely banning smoking on the beach, but we will arrange a smoking area with bins where cigarette butts can be disposed,” said the department’s Director-General Jatuporn Buruspat. “But we will not allow smoking while strolling on the beach because eventually, there is a high chance they will be thrown on the beach.”\nHe added that those who violate the law will face a maximum of one year in jail or a fine up to 100,000 baht, or both. He would also ask the Marine Department for their cooperation to ban smoking on boats.\nSource: Khaosod English\nPhoto: Irish Times", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Maui Real Estate Blog\nBeautiful March Weather\nWe have had a couple of gorgeous days along the North Shore of Maui to start this week. Here is a photo I took from the Baby Beach area of Spreckelsville looking towards the West Maui Mountains.\nIt is hard to beat the beaches and waters of Spreckelsville on a calm day in March. You can see all of the current Spreckelsville Real Estate Listings on MauiRealEstate.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ocean City Md. Fishing Pier Half Gone\nOCEAN CITY, MD. - Hurricane Sandy has done significant damage to a large fishing pier in the Maryland beach resort of Ocean City.\nPolice spokesman Mike Levy confirms the damage, which occurred overnight as the storm pounded the resort town with waves, wind and rain.\nGov. Martin O'Malley says the fishing pier is now \"half-gone.\"\nTown officials are providing more details at a 10 a.m. news conference.\nThe pier is at the southern end of the Boardwalk in an area that's been under a mandatory evacuation order.\nTracy Lind, a front desk worker at a Holiday Inn & Suites in Ocean City, said the pier was an icon and about as close to the ocean as one could get without getting in the water.\nCopyright 2012 The Associated Press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Acting Minister for Agricultural Industry Development and Fisheries and Minister for Rural Communities, The Honourable Yvette D’Ath, Media Release, 14 January 2021\nQueenslanders with an interest in the state’s landmark Sustainable Fisheries Strategy have another three weeks before consultation on the latest phase of reforms closes.\nActing Minister for Agricultural Industry Development and Fisheries Yvette D’Ath said public consultation on draft fisheries harvest strategies is open and expressions of interest are sought for stakeholders to join fishery working groups.\n“Finalising harvest strategies is a key step to enable our fisheries and fishing stakeholders to be ready for new management arrangements on 1 September 2021,” Ms D’Ath said.\n“Public consultation has been a key tenet of the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy since the reforms commenced and this is a continuation of that process.\n“A formal period of consultation by Fisheries Queensland is open until 31 January 2021 and I encourage all fishing stakeholders to provide feedback on the harvest strategies online.”\nMs D’Ath said nominations are also open for membership of ten fishery working groups which are integral to delivering world-class fisheries management reforms.\n“This is an exciting opportunity to be part of sustainable fisheries management,” she said.\n“Fishery working groups provide important operational advice on the management of specific fisheries and serve as an effective communication and consultative forum between fishing stakeholders, Fisheries Queensland and the government.\n“Fisheries Queensland is seeking a range of stakeholders including commercial and recreational fishers, charter operators, seafood marketers and processors and people with conservation experience to join the fishery working groups.”\nUnder the Sustainable Fisheries Strategy, working group membership is renewed every two years, and members of the original fishery working groups have been thanked for their efforts.\n“The initial working groups were very effective in narrowing down reform options, developing 13 draft harvest strategies and leveraging operational knowledge and advice from fishing stakeholders,” she said.\nTwo new fishery working groups will review Gulf of Carpentaria inshore and East Coast Spanish mackerel fisheries while the Rocky Reef Working Group will be re-formed to continue its work.\nSeven other fishery working groups are also being re-formed to continue implementing harvest strategies and monitor performance.\nMs D’Ath said a new Vessel Tracking Working Group will be established and a dedicated e-hub engagement portal has been launched for stakeholders as part of a Fisheries Queensland review of vessel tracking.\n“Vessel tracking is an important for part of providing ongoing commercial access to fisheries resources and the Queensland Government wants to work with commercial fishers to address their issues and find workable solutions,” she said.\nExpressions of interest to join the new fishery working groups, including the new Vessel Tracking Working Group, are due by 31 January 2021, with the first meetings likely to commence in March 2021.\nTo nominate for the fishery working groups, provide feedback on the draft harvest strategies or view the vessel tracking portal, visit https://daf.engagementhub.com.au/.\nMedia contact: Fidelis Rego 3719 4930", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yes, these are straw beach mats just like the ones from the ABC Stores in Hawaii, (and you thought you could only get 'em in Waikiki!).\nYou can easily take these folding straw mats with you in your suitcase!\nThese fold up mats measure 10\"x12\"x3\" folded and a huge 73\"x36\" when they're opened.\nBe sure to outfit yourself for the beach with some board shorts and a sarong or two. Don't forget to protect your skin from harmful UV rays with a rash guard or KoreDry shirt.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coral Cash Slots\nHow would you like to spend the day on the ocean? Enjoy the luster of the coral reefs, and watch the tide come in! You can do this, you know…just play Coral Cash Slots at Lincoln Casino, and you will be right there! If you love the combination of money and the ocean, then this slot is for you!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pisces Fishing Reports\nGreat fishing again this week, with only a few boats missing out on catches. Marlin like we hadn’t seen in a few years for this season and fun smaller game fish as well, including rooster fish, wahoo, jack crevelle and some sharks.\nWhat an impressive week of fishing, with almost 100% success rate from our crews! Only 5 out of 107 boats did not catch fish this week, and those that did find luck outdid themselves, with numerous catches and different species brought in per boat. The billfish are back with a bang, mainly striped and some blues with sailfish showing up again as well; dorado numbers continue strong and tuna have diminished only a bit. Other species caught have been wahoo, rooster fish and amberjack, with a few scattered sharks landed too.\nThis week we saw the end of the Bisbees Offshore and the start of the Bisbees Black and Blue. With a pot of around 3 million, the stakes were very high to find a fish over 300lbs. Many of our boats entered in both these tournaments, so we must note that although the numbers would seem to reflect that fishing was not that good, it is moreso that many boats were specifically targeting large black or blue marlin only and did not find them. Other boats that were not in the tournament fared quite well at catching smaller striped marlin and blues as well as dorado and tuna, with the scattered wahoo or roosterfish.\nThe big tuna this week was caught by anglers aboard the 31ft Rebecca, captained by Jose Ramon Alucano. With the WON Tuna Tournament just around the corner, from November 1st to 4th, these are some nice indications that the big fish are out there, and the tournament should be a good one! Anglers from California caught the 229.5 lbs yellowfin tuna on a purple lure 30 miles to the 140 Spot.\nShowing results 1 to 3 (of 3)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Nothing better than a quick and easy access location for us to kick off the diving season!\nMost SoCal divers have already been to Casino Point and know what a gift that is for local divers. A one-hour boat ride for 37 bucks each way, a twelve (yes, twelve, not thirteen, not fifteen) minute walk, and there we are: at this amazing shore diving spot. Clear water, kelp, ship wrecks and tons of fish right off the shore.\nWe’re going on the 6:00 AM boat out of Long Beach and coming back on the 6:15 PM. You have to be at the dock by 5:30 AM. I suggest you get there early and have breakfast at the little cafeteria. Pretty nice. We should arrive in Catalina and be off the boat by 7:30. We’ll head out to Casino Point and should be in the water by 8:15. We’ll do 3 or 4 dives, have lunch at the beach club chill for a little bit, and head back on the 6:15 PM boat. It's an awesome day. Catalina has that fun island vibe. A day there feels like a mini-vacation.\nThey have a trailer with air right there. Last time I was there it was 7.00 a fill. If you need to rent any equipment, they also have equipment for rent right at the trailer. Call Catalina Divers Supply (http://www.catalinadiverssupply.com/) to inquire: (310)[masked]. BRING YOUR CERTIFICATION CARD. You will need it to rent anything and to get air.\nRSVP here and then go to http://catalinaexpress.com to reserve your ticket. That 6:00 boat is the scuba divers boat and it often sells out on Saturdays. Let me know if you have any questions.\nSee you out there,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Port of Call Dili, Timor-Leste\nWhere do cruise ships dock in Dili (or tender) @ googlemaps\nAnything you'd like to say about Dili as a cruise destination?\nCruiseTimetables Facebook Page\nto enjoy a boatload of cruise fun and information.\nCruises To Dili, Timor-Leste\nCruises To Dili", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hello ?? im whats about of your mind ?? i'm content writer of www.safety-equipment.us published Pictures Of Ocean Waves on June 28th, 2017 for your Wall Destkop designs picture as your inspiration. If you want to see the picture in full size, just click on the picture above and then click en. You can also download this Pictures Of Ocean Waves picture by clicking the picture caption which is located under picture and then save on your device. We Also featured related photos to the Pictures Of Ocean Waves as thumbnail below, so you can easily acces them as what you want. We hope you enjoy being here and feel free to contact our team at the contact page when you need any help or another such as, we will be happy to assist you.\nIf you are interested in similar pictures relating to Pictures Of Ocean Waves, you are free to browse through Wall Destkop category, search feature that located on top this page or related post section at below of this post.\nTags: pictures of frozen ocean waves, pictures of huge ocean waves, pictures of ocean waves, pictures of ocean waves beach, pictures of ocean waves clipart, pictures of ocean waves crashing, pictures of ocean waves hairstyles, pictures of ocean waves on shore, pictures of ocean waves to color", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1.2 mile swim, 56 mile bike, 13.1 mile run\nIronman 70.3 California is one of several North American Ironman 70.3 events. The wave-start swim leads through Oceanside Harbor, the bike course leads north along the coast and returns through Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base, and the out-and-back run leads south along the coast (two loops).\nIronman 70.3 California\nI participated in the event for the third consecutive year, now it is time for the long course.\nThanks to all the volunteers.\nBy: Bernd Straehle\nSee Also: Ironman Arizona\n© 2006 - 2020 TourOfCalifornia.org. All rights reserved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Trinidad & Tobago - Off the beaten track\nBuccoo is a small village that's only lightly touristed. The narrow brown-sand beach at Buccoo Bay doesn't compete with the generous white sands at Store Bay, but Buccoo's offshore waters are lovely.\nA handful of glassbottom boats provide tours of the extensive fringing reef between Buccoo and Pigeon Point. The boats pass over the reef, much of which is just a meter or two beneath the surface, stop for snorkelling and end with a swim in the Nylon Pool, a calm shallow area with a sandy bottom and clear turquoise waters.\nFort King George\nTobago's best remaining colonial fortification (1779) is well worth a visit for its history, coastal views and parklike grounds. Cannons line the fort's stone walls, and there's a working lighthouse, a shop selling local crafts and a small museum with displays on Amerindian artifacts and Tobago's colonial history.\nTrinidad's east coast is wild and rural, a mix of lonely beaches, rough Atlantic waters, mangrove swamps and coconut plantations. You may not encounter another traveller along the entire coast, but you will encounter free-roaming cows, water buffaloes, vultures, egrets and herons. The main east coast beach, Manzanilla Beach, has brown sand, palm trees and white beach morning glory.\nThe oddest attraction in Trinidad is Pitch Lake, a 40ha (99ac) continually replenishing lake of tar which is the source of the world's single largest supply of natural bitumen - however, as a sight it's reminiscent of a huge parking lot.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Flex wardrobe accessories - interesting design combined with a practical interior\nWith a Flex wardrobe system you have opted for abundance space. Flex wardrobe accessories systems allows you to customize interior of wardrobe and grants more ways to organize your belongings.\nWhatever you want tidy away, protect or hide: We have the perfect interior solution for you. And each individual accessory us cleverly designed to ensure that you can find everything in twinkling of an eye.\nNote: Bottom shelf can be fitted only to middle compartment of Flex wardrobes.\n83 cm bottom shelf can be installed in Flex 200 cm wide wardrobes.\n103 cm bottom shelf can be installed in Flex 220 cm wide wardrobes.\n123 cm bottom shelf can be installed in Flex 240 cm wide wardrobes.\n143 cm bottom shelf can be installed in Flex 260 cm wide wardrobes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Five days of scuba diving in the deep blue of Cozumel was spectacular and so much fun. For this, I thank Elodie and Blueminke. Elodie is an excellent dive instructor: professional, knowledgable about the reefs and Elodie just has a great personality. Blueminke offered one of the fastest boats, solid equipment, helpful staff, relaxed vibes and I think the best diving around. I can't wait for my next trip.\nIf you own or manage Blueminke, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Alice eve nude having sex with a guy then she lying on her back in bed, her breasts in view as a guy sits on the foot of the bed and talks to her. She then slides back to sit against the headboard of the bed. From crossing over.\nPornstars beach sex party turned to orgy.\nBeach sex 2 couples.\nRagan brooks nude foursome sex from chemistry.\nGetting naked on the beach.\nThe red dress on the nude beach 0031.\nGroup anal beach sex with two hot sexy girls.\nNude beach blow & handjob 4tubed. Com.\nSex on nude beach in spain amateur.\nNude beach sucking with spectators.\nSpying my aunt and mom on the nude beach.\nMaggie q nude sex on the beach from naked weapon.\nPublic mature nude beach sex.\nHot nude group sex 1 girl and 3 man.\nVivthomas - nude beach babes getting wet.\nBlond bikini babe loves beach sex.\nSex on nude beach.\nNude beach 23.\nSunbathing on a nude beach turns into some four-way fornication.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Central Coast Travel Program encourages “benevolent tourism”\nHighway 1 Discovery Route has launched its Stewardship Travel for Good program, which encourages California coastal travelers to “make a difference on their vacation.”\nThe program includes beach clean-ups, trail restoration, museums and park tours, and other sustainable activities.\nâWe want our visitors to feel a deeper connection to our region, so the ways we do this educate and inspire them to do good while they’re here, whether it’s spending a few minutes cleaning up the trash, or let it be a few hours building a trail in Montaña de Oro, âsaid Katie Sturtevant, director of the Stewardship Travel for Good program.\nOn Saturday, Travel For Good organized a beach clean-up at Avila Beach in collaboration with the Central Coast Aquarium. Visitors could pick up beach cleaning kits and help protect marine life by spending a few hours picking up the litter left behind. Each cleaning kit includes an Avila Beach Appreciation Stewardship collection bag, glove and tote bag.\nThe program offers these cleaning kits daily, with no reservation required. Senior age family members can also receive volunteer credits while on vacation.\nCleaning kits are available at: Central Coast Aquarium, Avila Beach Golf Resort, Avila Lighthouse Suites, Avila Village Inn, Sycamore Mineral Springs Resort, Coastal Vacation Rentals, and San Luis Bay Inn.\nThe Travel for Good program promotes activities all along the central coast.\n“The Sea Star Award that was presented to the program last weekend by the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary really highlights a new trend in benevolent tourism that the Highway 1 Discovery Route has helped create and support. model for the state of California, âsays Sturtevant.\nA list of activities along Highway 1 can be found here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "www.oceanbeachonline.com www.socalbeachmag.net www.socalbeachesblog.com Come take a quick look around Ocean Beach, one of San Diego’s most popular beach comminties right by the Ocean Beach Pier and Newport Avenue. FOr more photos and video of Ocean Beach visit www.oceabbeachonline.com www.socalbeachmag.net and our blog at www.socalbeachesblog.com\nGo out about 9 am. Net some anchovies. Use the chovies to catch some nice sized Mackrel. Get drunk for a while and watch the butt shuffle by. At about midnight, use the Mackrel to catch a Leopard shark. Take the shark and stick it in your underwear and start screaming bloody murder. When a crowd starts to gather, whip out your shark and chase them down the pier, shakin it, while screaming even louder.\nI was born and raised here. That’s what I do. Been doing it for fifty5 years.\nThis is dated august 17, 2009. I was in that exact location 48 hours earlier. Holy shit that is so awesome\n6-360s and 8-360s down OB pier, youtube hassel handstand", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coast Guard boat overturns in N.Y. inlet\nNew York — A 25-foot Coast Guard vessel flipped over early Thursday while assisting a 76-foot fishing boat that ran aground in an inlet off New York City, resulting in dramatic rescue efforts but no serious injuries, authorities said.\nFive Coast Guard crew members, wearing protective gear, swam to shore after their boat capsized in 10 to 12 foot waves following an overnight storm, according to spokeswoman Ali Flockerzi. Seven fishermen were lifted to safety in a helicopter basket and taken to a hospital for observation.\nThe events unfolded after the Coast Guard got a distress call at 2 a.m. from the Carolina Queen III. The fishing boat initially was taking on water. Its crew got that under control, but then ran aground.\nThe fishing boat got stuck about 100 feet from shore in the Rockaway section of Queens, Flockerzi said. Both vessels, including the one that capsized, eventually drifted to shore and were secured. Meanwhile, a Coast Guard helicopter was sent to the scene from Atlantic City, New Jersey.\n“All mariners were secure” by 7 a.m., Flockerzi said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NIOS Student-Led Campaign Lesson Guide\nPlan and implement a student-led campaign to prevent bullying and promote acceptance and inclusion. The guide includes seven sessions to plan and launch a campaign complete with scripts for an introductory assembly, as well as tools that help students survey their peers and identify the issues at their site. Sessions offer specific lessons to support students in designing and implementing their school NIOS campaign. Additional planning tools and two short videos to inspire and motivate students are included.\nChapter Titles include:\n1. An Introduction to NIOS\n2. Beginning to Identify Issues at School\n3. Discussing Social Justice Issues at School\n4. Getting Voices at the Table and Selecting the Campaign Focus\n5. Preparing the Campaign 6. Planning the Campaign and Launch Assembly and Finalize Planning", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How good is your critical thinking?\nCritical thinking is the ability to take a logical and well-reasoned approach to future planning and problem-solving - an essential trait for leaders and aspirational CAs.\nMastering this skill can boost your aptitude for mediation, delegation and vastly improve your decision-making processes.\nBy always considering the bigger picture and constantly questioning the 'who, what, when, where, why and how' of important information you are given, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of the influencing factors in almost any situation.\nCritical thinkers can independently reflect on the potential outcomes of various scenarios and objectively assess the best course of action for a successful result.\nAdopting this level of foresight requires an adaptive and balanced approach to professional choices. You need to be able to evaluate problems on an ad hoc basis and apply the same level of non-biased care each time.\nThis is a key skill for managers, as critical thought lends a distinct advantage to predicting future obstacles and setting achievable goals for an organisation.\nFutureLearn, in partnership with ICAS, offers a free online course, 'Logical and Critical Thinking', to help you adapt your processes in this way and use them practically in your everyday life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Anglo saxon christian heroes essay\nFree essay: anglo saxon culture as reflected in beowulf every culture has its own set of beliefs values and customs cultural beliefs, values, and. Christianisation of the anglo-saxon kingdoms began in ad 597, influenced by celtic christianity from the north-west and by the roman church from the south-east. Anglo-saxon religious poetry anglo-saxon religious poetry the influence of christianity came to england from ireland with the arrival of st augustine’mission the ancient vernacular. English 1001 beowulf essay the element of religious tension is common in anglo-saxon writings, but a pagan story with a christian narrator is unusual “much of the. A hero both controls and transforms events, a coward does not as beowulf shows : “a coward faced with a dangerous situation, such as an uncertain fate often. Essays on beowulf anglo saxon beowulf and its implications in anglo-saxon, pagan and christian beowulf is the perfect example of an anglo-saxon hero. Beowulf towers above all other anglo-saxon literature, not only because it is a powerful poem about people's hero written in true epic style, but also.\nAnglo saxon culture as reflected in beowulf with pagan and christian beliefs because him the ultimate anglo saxon hero and the great epic of. Anglo-saxon religious poetry - jesus essay example the influence of christianity came to england from ireland with the arrival. Beowulf and anglo-saxon culture there are still modern day christian beliefs in his although grendel is anglo-saxon, his beliefs contradict most heroes beliefs. Christianity and paganism, in the anglo-saxon period, had a lot in common: accepting or modifying their life, the paths that they could have were always two: good or. Free essays from bartleby | the epic poem beowulf describes the most heroic man of the anglo-saxon times the hero, beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person. Abstract heroes are considered to embody the upstanding morals and values of the cultures that design them often possessing mystical powers or godlike.\nAny student versed in both norse and anglo-saxon literatures may immediately recognise similarities between the norse god thor and the anglo-saxon hero. The influence of christianity in beowulf some scholars believe that beowulf was written by a christian monk who added christian elements to the story how do these elements affect the poem. Old english poetry is divided into two types: the heroic, the sources of which are pre-christian germanic myth, history and custom and the christian hero. Beowulf essay beowulf: beowulf and beowulf throughout beowulf the christian and heroic values are seen next to beowulf is an anglo-saxon epic hero that.\nBeowulf - essay homework help by antithesis the concept of the christian hero and shows how beowulf's lack of anglo-saxons, beowulf was a model hero. Anglo-saxon heroes the concept of the anglo-saxon hero has transcended from it’s original cultural context through to the in his essay, he. Beowulf is an anglo-saxon epic because it contains the necessary the hero, beowulf beowulf and christianity there are stories told all over the world.\nAn outstanding archetype of christian influence on anglo-saxon heroism beowulf is an anglo-saxon hero essay - according to the definition. Beowulf: the pagan & christian epic hero essay beowulf: the pagan & christian epic hero essay 1570 words oct 30th, 2011 7 pages show more beowulf has both pagan and christian influences. Is this the perfect essay for you save time and order anglo-saxon heroic poetry essay editing for only $139 per page top grades and quality guaranteed. The anglo-saxons were germanic barbarians who invaded britain and took over large parts of the island in the centuries following the anglo-saxon culture essay.\nAnglo saxon christian heroes essay\nThe second important trait of anglo-saxon literature is christian ideals in adapting to christianity, the anglo-saxons also fit their literary heroes to the new.\n- The anglo-saxon and medieval true hero from the fierce, doomed anglo-saxon warrior beowulf to christianity spread so rapidly that by 690 all of britain.\n- Beowulf complete unit- 121 pages- study guide (anglo-saxons) preview they are instructed to write an essay synthesizing the pagan and christian or epic hero.\n- Check out our top free essays on anglo saxon hero to help you write your own essay.\n- Essays exploring christianity and the implicit allusion of beowulf as christ shows the christianity of the anglo-saxon time period while heroes in.\nAnglo-saxon belief in fate and christianity analysis of an anglo-saxon hero “the wanderer”: anglo-saxon poem essay: why we keep playing. Read this college essay and over 1,500,000 others like it now don't miss your chance to earn better grades and be a better writer anglo-saxon/ christian heroes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Not really a part of nature to have red fox on the priaries--they were introduced via England.\nThe ducks need 15 to 20% sucess on the nest to break even. All the studies I have read about are 0 to 20% with an average of 8%\nWhich means less and less ducks each year--all due to predators/lack of suitable grassalnds. Red fox and Coon are tied for about 25-30% and then Mink and skunks at 15-20% each.\nThe loss of grassland nesting habitat is appalling in the Dakotas and CA. It is the least amount of grasslands since CRP started IMO which does NOT bode well for the overall duck population.\nYou Pheasnt hunters will understand this--how long does a dog take to cover 160 acres looking for pheasants? So how long do you think a red fox which depends on their life to obtain food would take to find a nesting duck or pheasant? Bottom line is large tracks of grasslands (40% of the township is the threshold for highest natural nesting conditions) is what is needed to obtain 30% nesting success, where the grasslands are hardly available, it success is zero-yes 0 % nesting sucess because the birds are so concentrated and thus easy for the predators to find. :pissed:\nOn a side note, I was pleased to see more winter wheat being planted in ND than ever before which can be of help.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NIOS is publishing blogs with the voices of LGBTQ students, teachers and community members weekly starting with the Day of Silence in April through Gay and Lesbian Pride month in June. This is the third blog post in our series. Please share these stories on Facebook and retweet them for everyone to join the powerful movement of equality that crosses all races, religions and nationalities. By Jordan Addison I’m a big fan of being a wallflower. You know the type, there’s one in every crowd. A person who rarely speaks and is content to listen, to have the world ignorant to their existence. Having been bullied my entire life for being perceived as gay, I am very good at being a wallflower.\nIf you are not automatically redirected, please click here to go to the Not On Our Campus page.\nOur original Not In Our Town film sparked a movement. Citizens across the United States came together to stop hate in their respective towns. And college students were no exception. Michigan State University, University of South Alabama, Knox College (Illinois), University of Akron (Ohio), University of Utah, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Cornell University, Ithaca College, University of Wisconsin, and John Carroll University (Ohio) were among those who created groups, hosted screenings and workshops, and held rallies. Many other college students—from Bloomington, Ind. to Modesto, Calif.—joined community organizations in the fight against hate. On this page you'll find a small sampling of some of these student-created programs that may be useful on your campus. Join others across the country that are saying Not In Our Hall, Not In Our House, Not On Our Campus.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. Because they are light and strong, magnesium alloys are often used for tire rims.|\n|Atomic Number:||12||Atomic Radius:||173 pm (Van der Waals)|\n|Atomic Symbol:||Mg||Melting Point:||650 °C|\n|Atomic Weight:||24.31||Boiling Point:||1090 °C|\n|Electron Configuration:||[Ne]3s2||Oxidation States:||2|\nFrom Magnesia, district in Thessaly. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Davy isolated it in 1808 and Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals.\nThe metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water.\nMagnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame.\nUses include flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron, and is used as an additive to conventional propellants.\nIt is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters.\nOrganic magnesium is important in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered perphyrins.\nThe adult daily nutritional requirement, which is affected by various factors include weight and size, is about 300 mg/day.\nBecause serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially when finely divided. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. announced on December 12, 2007, that it has launched a pilot project to recover bioethanol and biogas from food waste generated by schools in Koto Ward, Tokyo. It has been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as a next-generation waste management technology development project, and is being conducted jointly with Koto Ward and Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation. Both bioethanol and biogas recovery processes will take place at the same plant; construction of the project's pilot plant started on December 17 on the premises of the Waste Collection Office in Koto Ward, and tests began on February 25, 2008.\nIn Koto Ward, about 200 kilograms of food waste from school lunches is generated daily by elementary and junior high schools. Once delivered to the plant, this food waste will be broken into pieces and enzymes added to saccharify carbohydrates. The saccharified waste is then squeezed to separate liquids and solids. Bioehanol is extracted from the liquid through fermentation, and biogas is recovered from a mixture of the solid portion and the liquid left over after ethanol is distilled. The targeted recovery amounts are five liters of bioethanol with more than 90 percent purity and 20 cubic meters of methane gas per day.\nThe aims of this pilot project are to verify a technology for producing bioethanol and biogas together, and to establish a more efficient and higher value-adding system of recycling energy as compared to conventional methane fermentation biogas recovery systems.\nTokyo Gas will contribute to environmental education with this project, for example raising local residents' awareness through plant tours. Since the pilot plant is small in scale, the company intends to use the recovered energy as a local resource; extracted ethanol will be used at schools and biogas will be used for a 9.9 kW generator and a boiler used to operate equipment and distill ethanol at the plant.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A new Project Frog classroom for teaching students and scientists\nContact: A. James Maskrey, (808) 956-3645  Assistant Specialist, Hawaii Natural Energy Institute\nProject Frog classroom at Ilima Intermediate School. Credit: Priscilla Thompson (HNEI) & Hawaii DOE.\nStudents at Ilima Intermediate School in Ewa Beach, Oʻahu will have the unique opportunity to learn in a classroom that is itself a learning platform. A 1,200-square-foot, state-of-the-art structure has been installed at the school, the first of three sites selected for energy research that will test the effectiveness of innovative energy efficient buildings powered by renewable energy. The Hawaiʻi Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is leading the research study which will analyze the performance of these energy systems for potential future Navy applications in the Pacific region.\n“We're delighted to participate in and be the beneficiary of this innovative project,” said Assistant Superintendent Randy Moore of the State of Hawaiʻi Department of Education. “It will excite our students and staff on the campus to know they are a part of leading edge research and development work into creating environments that support student learning and are friendly to the planet.”\nThe pre-engineered test platform, created by California-based Project Frog, Inc., incorporates passive design elements to decrease energy demand, thus increasing the effectiveness of its photovoltaic systems. The structure will be outfitted with high-tech energy monitoring instruments providing valuable research data on the performance of design and material components.\nProject Frog’s design provides air quality management and thermal comfort through the use of natural convection and air displacement to reduce the requirements for mechanized systems. Optimized daylighting and glare reduction provides high quality illumination for over 95 percent of daylight hours, keeping the electrical lights off during most of the school year. The design reduces energy consumption, construction waste and operating expense, while providing spaces that are adaptable for a variety of uses.\n\"We are excited to play such an integral role in HNEI's research and together advance the science and technology behind all new construction throughout the Islands,\" said Nikki Tankursley, director of marketing for Project Frog.\n“Frog buildings are very responsive to the Hawaiian climate,” according to Tankursley. “With a small rooftop photovoltaic array, the classroom at Ilima Intermediate School produces more energy than it consumes.”\nAt Ilima Intermediate School, HNEI will also compare the performance of two different photovoltaic systems, one using a high efficiency crystalline technology, and the other using a newer thin film technology.\n“This important assignment is part of a larger research program to evaluate energy technologies for the Office of Naval Research that includes a range of efficiency, storage, and renewable generation systems,” said Dr. Richard Rocheleau, HNEI Director.\nThe Office of Naval Research is providing funding for the project through a grant to the University of Hawai'i. Projects that support the Department of Navy's energy programs to demonstrate technologies that enable increased implementation of alternative energy sources and promote energy security are made possible by the efforts of U.S. Senator Inouye, Senate Appropriations chairman, to ensure that the Department of Defense has adequate resources to make these critical, cutting-edge investments in energy technology.\nProject partners include the State of Hawai'i Department of Education, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa – Hawaiʻi Natural Energy Institute, and Project Frog, Inc.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To accept cookies continue browsing as normal or go to the Cookies Notice for more information and to set your preferences.\nFundamentals of Unix and Linux System Administration\nTired of looking through various resources to fully understand Linux? Not only is it time consuming but also expensive, having to pay for many different courses to learn how to setup, maintain and operate a complete backend infrastructure powered by linux os.\nNo longer do you have to waste time and money, we have specifically designed a course just for you. Here you will not only learn complete system administartion of Linux/unix based infrastructure but will also learn to handle the system processes, the users and the software running on such an infrastructure.\nThis exclusive and unique course has been designed with in collaboration with the industry experts to create a tutorial that covers all aspects of the Linux/Unix administration. Not only does it include the fundamentals of Linux Administration, but it will also include tips, tricks and even the potential pitfalls that one can come across when trying to operate a linux based backend system.\nThe main focus of the course is to turn you from zero to hero in Linux Administration. At the end of this course, you will learn all about the backed commands including how to successfully create and maintain a Linux based web system. The course will also include complex concepts such as package management, shell scripting guide, user management, kernel and shells, how to boot the system, control access, working with controlling processes, the file system, log files, adding new users, storage, security, etc.\nWhat will you learn in this course:\nWe have created this course with the utmost care to help you not only understand the Linux Administration but to also master it. Enroll now and become a Linux expert.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fantastic colorful sedimentary patterns, Bentonite layers are seen as striations exposed in the Utah Badlands, part of the Brushy Basin shale member of the Morrison Formation. This layer was formed during Jurassic times when mud, silt, fine sand, and volcanic ash were deposited in swamps and lakes. Aerial photograph. USA\nImage ID: 38020\nFormat: Digital 1:1\nCopyright © Phillip Colla / Oceanlight.com, all rights reserved worldwide.\nThis professional quality stock photo can be licensed in high resolution form by contacting the photographer: Phillip Colla, firstname.lastname@example.org\n, (760) 707-7153, more info and photographer bio", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"When men and women actually think of themselves as equals, the world will have changed.\"\n—Patricia Smith, Feminist Jurisprudence\nArt and politics, like men and women, share the kind of magnetic attraction that often leads to marriage. Resulting unions are sometimes productive, sometimes explosive, occasionally incompatible. Artist Judy Chicago has married art to feminism, under a chuppa. Judy Chicago is a feminist. She describes her art as rooted in feminist principles.i Judy Chicago is Jewish. Her art deals with Jewish themes. But there is no one kind of \"feminism,\" just as there is no one brand of \"Jewish,\" and to say that Judy Chicago's art is Jewish Feminist is about as descriptive as saying it's artistic.\nFeminism is a multifaceted movement united by a common desire to overturn patriarchy.ii There are classical feminists and radical feminists, modern feminists and postmodern feminists, Marxist feminists and relational feminists. There are feminists who resist association with militant movements, feminists who would still gladly burn their bras in the streets, and feminists who rightly call themselves feminists for no reason other than they support the idea of gender equity...whatever that means. Mary Wollstonecraft wanted to abolish marriage. Postmodern French feminists laud woman's place as \"The Other\" in a male-dominated world.iii Carol Gilligan and fellow relational feminists see men and women as entirely different moral animals.iv\nJudy Chicago's feminist mission rests largely on re-introducing the female body, through visual symbolism, into artistic and historical spheres that have become predominantly male. Vagina imagery appears commonly in Chicago's work, as aesthetic and physical reminders of female presence. Many of her pieces deal explicitly with historical events, in which representations of the female contribute to crafting a more gender-balanced conception of history. Then, like fellow feminist artist Cindy Sherman, Chicago calls attention to the act of gazing—and to the male gaze—in many of her pieces. To \"gaze\" is to do more than look. It is to hunger more than to see. It is to drink in an image, to take it in without worrying about the consent of the viewed; it is a silent power struggle, in which many do not realize they constantly engage.\nAs a young art student, a brush-wielding Judy Chicago studied the work of those masters who came before her. She found herself staring at canvas after canvas painted by male artist depicting female subject, and found herself asking, \"Am I the model or am I the artist?\".v Her own artistic growth has led her to direct her talents toward fracturing the male-dominated artistic canon, and the history to which it contributes, through insertion of the female and the unique ways in which women see the world. In 1970, she coined the term \"feminist artist\" when she started the first feminist art programvi at the California Institute of the Arts, which led to Womanhouse: the first installation \"demonstrating an openly female point of view in art\".vii\nArt has become a means for Chicago to comment on both the way we see and what we choose to look at. Her most famous work, The Dinner Party, turns the male gaze on its head as it calls attention the female actors of history, the female gazers. It attacks the issue of what gets canonized. Thirty-nine women of action ranging from Hatshepsut to Sacajawea to Susan B. Anthony are given place settings at a triangular table measuring forty-eight feet on each side; the names of 999 other women are etched into triangular tiles covering the floor. Place settings make use of embroidery, sewing, and china painting, as a way to insert traditional female \"crafts\" into a work of high art. The stated aim of the piece, completed in 1979, is to insert the names and achievements of women into a historical record from which they have been largely omitted.\nMany find the piece provocatively political. Inspired by the Last Supper, The Dinner Party is filled with more than just the names of women—it is laden with symbolic vaginas, in a piece rooted in the symbolism of religious piety. The traditionally-rectangular table is bent into a shape reminiscent of the pubic triangle, traditional female symbol, and is lined with plates inspired by the shapes of flowers and vulvas. The women of The Dinner Party, writers politicians or ancient goddesses, are figures of inspiration removed from canonical notions of patriarchy, Christian or otherwise. To encourage a gaze in their direction is to encourage action based on the examples they set. It is left for the viewer to wonder just how much irreverence is intended by Chicago's transformation of the solemn \"Last Supper\" into the sort of \"Dinner Party\" that seems to allude to Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway.\nThe Dinner Party is currently on display at the Brooklyn Museum of Art; this past February through July, Hebrew Union College curated an exhibit entitled Judy Chicago: Jewish Identity which was designed to accompany The Dinner Party. Judy Chicago: Jewish Identity attempted to navigate Chicago's body of work with an eye not only to its \"feminist\" mission and stylistic trademarks, but also with regard to Jewish subject matter and Chicago's own Jewish upbringing If it sounds like a lot to probe at once, that's because it is—and one gets the feeling it may be too much for any exhibit to tackle in a few galleries.\nAt times it seemed the exhibit at Hebrew Union College took Chicago's \"feminist\" descriptor for granted, glossing over and at times ignoring different kinds of feminism present in each of her \"Jewish\" works. It did not question the validity of seeing feminism as some easily definable category, as it asserted that Chicago had appropriated its ideology. It did not ask: what is feminine subject matter? It did not ask: how does one reconcile the notion of a feminist mission with pieces that emphasize the aesthetic more than the polemically political? It is precisely because there are no definitive answers to these questions that the questions themselves should highlighted as substantive.\nJudy Chicago is an artist first and activist second. She presents images from which political statements may arise as interpretations. In Wall of Diptychs, lines from psalms accompany abstract and colorful images of male and female forms. Each gender's anatomy is visually magnified in pastels, and equally beautified, as Chicago paints the sexual body as something linked with the poetry of a historical Jewish tradition. Absent from this piece is the controversy surrounding the power dynamics of gender in Judaism today; Chicago instead emphasizes notions of continuity, tying physical coupling and genealogical continuity to the continual relevance of the biblical word. Some might argue that Chicago's attempts at equality conflict with the spirit of a tradition that instructs men to give thanks daily for not being women. Others might counter that Chicago focuses not on the body, but rather on the act of coming together to craft moments both personal and historical. The individuals that create these moments and this continuity must depend on each other to do so. Wall of Diptychs makes interdependence something beautiful, and makes the absence of shame its powerful statement.\nCompare this to Double Jeopardy. In this work, black and white photographs of prisoners in concentration camps and Jews under attack are partially painted over with Chicago's re-drawn, colorful depictions of select individuals from the photographs. The images are grouped in panels, separated by clusters of rainbow-colored Jewish stars and the Greek female symbol. Confronted with images of inhumanity, told to look at suffering and starvation, the viewer is simultaneously reminded to think of women and the gender rights struggle that makes use of the rainbow banner. When I look at images of emaciated Holocaust victims hunched together in barracks, I resent being told to look at the gender of one sufferer over another.\nIt may be relevant to assert that Jews should be able to understand the subjugation of women, and use art as a medium to suggest as much. However, it is not clear that forcing these two struggles into the same work of art teaches the viewer anything. It may instead oversimplify two very different and complex struggles. What is really gained by combining images of starving prisoners with a 2-dimensional female symbol? How can that symbol evoke the physical fear in which many women worldwide are forced to live? I wonder whether grouping together both of these instances of oppression under an amorphously generalized sense of suffering takes away from the power that arises from evoking each.\nIt is evident that Judy Chicago's feminism combines in explosively different ways with her Judaism. The degree to which the political enters the sphere of her art varies, and can be disputed. Sometimes suffering is absent, and sometimes the focus is directed specifically to the way in which suffering is shared. The ghosts of religious man and religious woman in Under the Stones of Treblinka are divided as if by a mechitza onto separate canvases. Tombstones that surround them become an echo of the Ten Commandments' stone tablets. On his canvas, a man holds a Torah; on hers, a woman holds Shabbat candles. Both figures are dead. Neither is old. There is shared sadness in their separation, and they are co-mourners. Chicago asserts here that man's suffering is no more righteous than woman's; tradition may not allow her to hold the Torah that he holds in his arms, yet he presents the scrolls no more boldly than she presents her candles. And yet what is equally highlighted is woman's clear and definitive distancing from the Torah, the central symbol of Judaism. She cannot even lay claim to a spot on the canvas on which it appears. The extent to which the cleft between man and woman is commentary on Judaism itself and the extent to which the divide is due to tragic and fracturing historical circumstance is left for the viewer to ponder.\nSometimes Judaism becomes more metaphor than explicit subject matter in Chicago's work. The Four Questions has an unambiguously Jewish title that references the Passover Seder, but the work's subject matter is far from limited to Judaism. The four questions are a component of the Jewish Passover Seder in which the youngest child present asks why the night of the Seder is different from other nights, why we eat Matzo and bitter herbs, dip our vegetables twice, and recline. This youngest diner, the voice of innocence, queries a tradition prepared with ready answers. We eat Matzo because fleeing slaves could not wait for their bread to rise. Marror reminds us of slavery's bitterness, and dipping herbs twice reminds us of two kinds of tears. We recline because we have the luxury to do so. The queries Chicago poses in The Four Questions have no ready answers. \"When do ends justify the means?' she wants to know, \"What determines a quality of life?\" The skeletons she depicts lying on hospital beds are not meant to be just Jewish ones, though the Seder analogy highlights the world's absence of response to these questions. Is this Chicago criticizing Judaism's ability to answer these queries, or even search effectively for answers? Perhaps, but the work does highlight that one of the first things Judaism teaches its youngest children is to question.\nSometimes Chicago's aesthetic devices become thematic in their own right. The Dinner Party turns the mediums of traditional female craft into components of the piece's subject matter. Much of Chicago's work makes use of weaving as a way to empower what has come to be viewed as a traditional female mode of expression. Whether the image of Penelope at her loom is seen as one of oppression or ingenuity has no bearing on the fact that weaving has long been associated with the feminine in the Western tradition. Extensive use of thread in works dealing with largely historical subject matter \"ties\" women into history in a very literal way. The technique of weaving recalled to me \"threads\" of history and the stories of which they are formed. To build a work of high art out of interlocking threads reinforces the notion of an interconnectedness founded on the principle that the feminine be allowed to flourish.\nA video screen set up at Hebrew Union College carried Judy Chicago's voice across the otherwise silent gallery, as she explained her artwork and how it came to be, ideologically as well as stylistically. Exhibits like this one tread a fine line between presenting valuable information and promoting interpretations. Using socially conscious terminology and broad brushstrokes to paint multi-layered pieces into categorical corners forces viewers to cross pre-assembled bridges to fascinatingly complex works. There is a good deal to unpack in Chicago's repertoire—both inside of and beyond the categories of \"Jewish\" and \"Feminist.\" Granted, an exhibit's failure to address some of this nuance by no means detracts from a viewer's capacity or right to find such nuance as an individual critic. Where an issue arises, though, is when museum-goers have to struggle against presentations of text and voice in an attempt to hear their own reactions to works intended to elicit strong responses.\nLayering Chicago's voice atop her artwork suggests a forced blending of what Chicago stands for as an individual with what her art does. To conflate the two can yield false synthesis; sometimes art subverts connotations carried by categorical descriptors like \"Jewish\" and \"feminist.\" Works saying fundamentally different things were classed together in Judy Chicago: Jewish Identity for no reason other than that they dealt with Jewish themes. Categorical lumping isn't an issue unless the emphasis on the 'Jewish' fails to take into account different and at times conflicting aspects of Jewishness.\nJewish identity can inform Jewish art just as any identity, feminist or otherwise, can inform art. But when one tries to describe art and artist using the same sentences, depriving them of words of their own—when an artist's \"secular Jewish upbringing\" becomes an exhibit's explanation for a piece's subject matter, there is a problem. There is a difference between seeing through Jewish eyes and seeing something Jewish—and there are many different definitions of what \"Jewish\" means. Sometimes the greatest strengths emerge from gray spaces, from the freedom viewers have to interpret and even misinterpret. For it is in entering these gray spaces, and in setting aside notions of what Judy Chicago might stand for as a \"Jewish Feminist\" when looking at her pieces, that one has the opportunity to discover new meaning within their frames.\ni Judy Chicago, Donald Woodman, \"Judy Chicago's Content-Based Art Pedagogy,\" Through The Flower, http://www.throughtheflower.org/page.php?p=41&n=3.\nii Patricia Smith, Feminist Jurisprudence ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 5.\niii Smith, Feminist Jurisprudence, 6.\niv Smith, Feminist Jurisprudence, 7.\nv John W. Whitehead, \"Women and Art: An Interview with Judy Chicago,\" Gadfly Online, Nov./Dec. (1999): http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/NovDec99/archive-judychicago.html.\nvi Whitehead, Gadfly Online, http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/NovDec99/archive-judychicago.html.\nvii Judy Chicago, Donald Woodman, \"Judy Chicago,\" Through The Flower, http://www.throughtheflower.org/page.php?p=40&n=3.\nMarissa Brodney is a Columbia College junior studying the way people look at each other. She sees you.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Tomorrow is International Data Privacy Day! If you didn’t know, International Data Privacy Day is held annually on January 28 to raise awareness and promote data privacy and data protection best practices. Sponsored by the National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA), the website Stay Safe Online offers tips for consumers to stay safe online and to protect their personal information. It’s not just for consumers, as businesses are encouraged to keep consumer data out of hacker’s hands by understanding what and where are the digital assets others want, learning how to protect those assets, detecting when something has gone wrong, and reacting quickly to minimize impact. For Canadian businesses, you can also visit the Office of the Privacy Commissioner Canada site for more details on your rights and obligations under Canadian privacy laws.\nSome history on Data Privacy Day: Data Privacy Day began in the United States and Canada in January 2008 as an extension of the Data Protection Day celebration in Europe. Data Protection Day commemorates the Jan. 28, 1981, signing of Convention 108, the first legally binding international treaty dealing with privacy and data protection. Since then, Data Privacy Day has been observed annually on Jan. 28.\nIn keeping with the spirit of Data Privacy Day, here are 5 tips for businesses on keeping data out of hacker’s hands.\n- Keep your operating system and all software up to date\nThis is very important, as sometimes the software we use has security vulnerabilities. Hackers are known for exploiting these vulnerabilities to break into systems. Software companies, like Microsoft, offer regular updates and patches to their software to address these vulnerabilities. Updating and patching your software on a timely basis will help thwart these types of attacks.\n- Set strong passwords\nThe stronger the password, the more difficult it is for someone to guess your log in and steal your data. Even better, using multifactor authentication and biometrics will also help secure your data.\n- Back up, back up, back up!\nFor any data you need to keep, you want to ensure you have secure backups. This way, if you lose are hard drive, or are infected with a virus, you will still have your data available.\n- Encrypt your sensitive data\nEven more important than the back-ups, you need to ensure your sensitive data in encrypted. In the event that someone does break in or you are infected with ransomware, this way, the data that is stolen is not able to be accessed by the hacker. If you do have to save any sensitive data to a removable device, that data should also be encrypted, just in case that device is lost or stolen.\n- Delete/archive data securely\nOf course, the less data you keep on customers, the less chance there is that the data can be stolen by a malicious actor. When deleting data from systems, make sure that it is completely wiped from the device so it can’t be recovered later. If you do need to archive the data, ensure that it is encrypted prior to storing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Testicles diseases and infertility causes\nThere are a number of testicles diseases that affect the quality and quantity of spermatogenesis and cause infertility. Here are listed some of the most frequently:\n1. Varicoceles can cause a third of all cases of male infertility. It is caused by retrograde leakage of blood with progressive dilatation, often palpable, of the venous plexus. Occurs most commonly on the left (85%). Unilateral varicocele increases blood flow and temperature for both testis which is the cause for poor quality of sperm and infertility. Surgical resection results improve fertility in half of the men with the best results (70% pregnancy rate) obtained for men who have preoperatively over 10 million sperms per millilitre .\n2. Germ Cell Aplasia (existence of Sertoli cells only) has a positive family history with consecutive azoospermia\n3. Unilaterally Cryptorchidism, even when is corrected before puberty is associated with abnormal sperm for many individuals.\nAcquired Testicular Defects\n5. Viral Orchitis: The responsible viruses include: mumps virus, echovirus, choriomeningitis virus and some arboviruses. Testicle size and function may return to normal or may undergo atrophy. Semen analysis returned to normal in three-quarters of men with unilateral involvement and only one-third of men with bilaterally orchitis. Atrophy is usually perceptible within 1 to 6 months after orchitis is solved.\n6. Trauma is the second common cause of secondary atrophy of the testicles.\n7. The destruction by irradiation: doses higher than 200 mGy (20 rad) lead to the destruction of spermatogonia. Oligospermia or azoospermia appear after doses of 800 mGy (80 rad). Fractionated irradiation may have a more profound effect than a single dose irradiation and complete recovery of sperm density levels may require 5 years.\n8. Certain medications as: guanethidine, some digitalis, spironolactone and ketoconazole, drugs – marijuana, heroin or methadone, alcohol, when is consumed for prolonged periods causes a decreased level of testosterone. Antineoplastic and chemotherapeutic agents routinely interfere with spermatogenesis.\n9. Environmental Risk factors include chemicals known as nematicide, cadmium and lead, microwaves and ultrasound.\nTesticular abnormalities associated with systemic diseases\n10. In Liver Cirrhosis, low testosterone production is independently by direct toxic effects of ethanol. Testicular atrophy and gynecomastia are present in approximately half of men with cirrhosis and many of these men are impotent. Liver transplant cancel cirrhosis effects on the pituitary-testicular.\n11. Chronic renal failure, about half of men with renal dialysis are suffering from impotence and reduced libido, but kidney transplant can lead to normal the testicular function.\n12. Men with sickle-cell disease present an affected secondary sexual development and testicular atrophy is present in one-third. Protein-calorie malnutrition, Hodgkin’s disease and chemotherapy, amyloidosis affect the testicle function.\n13. Similar hormonal changes occur after surgery, myocardial infarction and severe burns.\n14. Men with AIDS may have decrease testosterone as immunodeficiency virus can infect the testicles.\n15. Temporarily decrease in sperm density may occur after acute febrile illness.\n16. Infertility in men with celiac disease is associated with a typical resistance to androgen hormone.\n17. Neurological diseases associated with low testicular function include myotonic dystrophy, muscle atrophy and paraplegia.\n18. The obstruction can be unilateral or bilateral, congenital or acquired. Obstructional azoospermia at the epididymal level also occurs in association with chronic infections of the paranasal sinuses and lung infections.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite captured night-time look at Hurricane Irma as it weakened to a large tropical storm and the GOES East satellite provided a daytime view as the large storm continued moving north over Florida.\nIrma made landfall twice on Sept. 10, first in the Florida Keys and then near Naples. The storm has now been downgraded to a tropical storm but could still cause significant impacts over Georgia and Alabama. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama was under a Tropical Storm Watch on Sept. 11.\nAt 3:21 a.m. EDT (0721 UTC), Sept. 11, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite provided an night-time infrared image of Irma (above). The VIIRS image showed the large extent of Irma over Florida, Georgia, Alabama and the Carolinas.\nAfter sunrise, NOAA's GOES East satellite provided a daytime look at Tropical Storm Irma as it continued to move north up the Florida Peninsula. The large storm covered a large area in the southeastern U.S. The image was created by the NASA/NOAA GOES Project at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Irma remains a large tropical cyclone.\nThe National Hurricane Center said \"Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 415 miles (665 kilometers) from the center.\" That makes the storm more than 830 miles (about 1,336 kilometers) in diameter since the cloud cover extends farther out than the tropical storm-force winds.\nAt 11 a.m. EDT on Sept. 11, the National Hurricane Center noted that a Storm Surge Warning is in effect for South Santee River southward to the Flagler/Volusia County line, Florida; from north of Bonita Beach to the Ochlockonee River and for Tampa Bay.\nA Tropical Storm Warning is in effect for Anclote River to the Okaloosa/Walton County Line and north of the Volusia/Brevard County line to the South Santee River.\nIrma's status on Sept. 11 at 11 a.m. EDT\nAt 11 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC), the center of Tropical Storm Irma was located near 30.3 degrees north latitude and 83.1 degrees west longitude. That's about 70 miles (115 km) east of Tallahassee, Florida.\nIrma was moving toward the north-northwest near 17 mph (28 kph), and this motion is expected to continue through Tuesday. On the forecast track, the center of Irma will move into southwestern Georgia later today, and move into eastern Alabama Tuesday morning, Sept. 12. The estimated minimum central pressure is 975 millibars.\nMaximum sustained winds have decreased to near 65 mph (100 kph) with higher gusts. The NHC said continued slow weakening is forecast, and Irma is likely to become a tropical depression on Tuesday.\nFor updated forecasts on Irma, visit www.nhc.noaa.gov.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Description This photo was taken in 2007 at Karnak temple (Egypt. Africa).The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples, chapels, pylons and other buildings. It is located near Luxor in Egypt. This was ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut (The Most Selected of Places), the main place of worship of the Theban Triad with Amun as its head, in the monumental city of Thebes. The complex retrieves its current name from the nearby and partly surrounding modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5km north of Luxor.The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is probably the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the Giza Pyramids near Cairo. It consists of four main parts (precincts) of which only one is accessible for tourists and the general public. This is the Precinct of Amun-Re, and this it is also the main part of the complex and by far the largest part. The term Karnak is often understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, as this is the only part most visitors normally see. The three other parts, the Precinct of Montu, the Precinct of Mut and the Temple of Amenhotep IV (dismantled), are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries located outside the enclosing walls of the four main parts, as well as several avenues of human and ram-headed sphinxes connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amon-Re, and Luxor Temple.The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction work began in the 16th century BC. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued thro\nMikhail Palinchak, Uzhgorod Member Since April 2008 Artist Statement Ukrainian photoartist Palinchak Mikhail has over the past 20 years displayed his work in more than 400 exhibitions in the USA, England, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Hong Kong, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, France... Mikhail is an artist of international federation of photoart (FAIP). Mikhail is the winner of countless prizes and awards.\nIn this gallery shown photos of Palinchak Mikhail and his son Mikhail Palinchak Junior. Many of the photos done in their cooperation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Explore this hands-on activity to learn the different ways light is created.\nWe take it for granted, but when you think about it, light is amazing. light allows us to see the world around us. Animals and humans use light to do all kinds of very practical things every day. But do you know how light is created?\nBasically, light is energy -- specifically electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy travels in waves of varying lengths. Some are very long radio waves, some medium, and other are very short gamma rays. The human eye can detect only a small portion of this spectrum of waves. What we can see is called Visible Light.\nTo create light, another form of energy must be supplied. There are two ways to do this: incandescence and luminescence.\nIf you heat something to a high enough temperature, it glows. That's incandescence. Old-style light bulbs, fire, and the sun & other stars are incandescent. Hot light.\nThe cooler way that light is created is called luminescence. That's any light that's not created by heating. In this activity we will feature 3 types of luminescence: fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence.\nWe'll be using: glow sticks, glow-in-the-dark stickers, laundry detergent, flashlights, and ultraviolet light. And you'll need to be able to turn out the lights.\nFirst, take the laundry detergent. What does it look like in normal light? What about with the lights off? (pause)\nNow, with the lights off, shine the UV or black light on the laundry detergent. What happens? What happens when you remove this light? (pause)\nThis is an example of luminescence - called fluorescence. In fluorescent substances, energy from one color (or wavelength) of light is converted to another color. And these substances can only \"fluoresce\" - or emit light - as long as the external energy is supplied.\nNext, take your glow-in-the-dark stickers that have been stored in the dark. Turn off the lights. What do you see? (pause)\nNow shine your flashlight directly on the sticker for one minute, then turn off the flashlight. What's different this time? (pause)\nThis is an example of phosphorescence. Phosphorescent materials absorb energy from radiation, like light, and slowly re-emit it. Unlike fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials can produce light for a long time after the external energy source is removed.\nAnd now, the glow stick. What does it look like in normal light? And with the lights off? (pause) Bend the glowstick until you hear it crack. What happens? Now shake the glowstick . What changes? (pause)\nThis is an example of chemiluminescence, which in most cases is the kind of light bioluminescent animals create. In this case, breaking the small tube inside the glowstick releases chemicals to mix with other chemicals in the outer section of the glowstick, causing the glowing reaction.\nWhere else in your daily life do you see examples of luminescence? How would you figure out what type of luminescence these examples display? (pause)\nWe hope this has been illuminating.Check out the NOAA Ocean Explorer \"Deep Lights\" lesson plan, from which this video was adapted, for further exploration of luminescence.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most 3D printing professionals and enthusiasts experience 3D printing ghosting from time to time.\nDuring 3D printing, the vibrations in your printer may cause defects in your final print.\nThese 3D printer vibrations are caused by sudden and rapid changes in printing speed and direction.\n- What Is Ghosting 3D Printer (3D Printing Ghosting)?\n- What Causes Ghosting in 3D Printing?\n- How Do I Remove Ghosting From 3d Printing? [Easy Fixes]\n- What Is 3D Print Ringing?\n- Solutions for Ghosting, Ringing, Echoing & Rippling\nSo, rapid changes in printing speed and direction cause ghosting.\nGhosting, also referred to as jerking or ringing in 3D prints occurs when your 3D model has patterns and characteristics that reoccur across its surface.\nThe most common sign of ghosting remains the reoccurrence of line patterns across the surface of your 3D print object.\nGhosting remains a problem that you need to fix as it certainly impacts the quality of the final 3D printed object.\nThis well-researched article remains a good companion on matters ghosting in 3D prints and how to fix it.\nWhat Is Ghosting 3D Printer (3D Printing Ghosting)?\nA ghosting 3D printer is a printer that consists of most of the challenges that cause ghosting. Such issues may include heavy components, wrong jerk, and acceleration settings, and an overused and faulty internal support system.\nThe presence of a ghost of layers in your 3D print is a sign of trouble. Furthermore, ghosting may ruin your 3D printing efforts and leave you quite frustrated depending on the time and effort you invested.\n3D printing ghosting has multiple names, such as jerking, ringing, rippling, and echoing.\nStill, you can readily identify ghosting if you see structures and features in your final print that wasn’t part of the design.\nThe printer head quickens sudden movements and the same directional changes cause intense vibrations. Thus, the printer movements cause ghosting that appears as a duplicate model.\nThat is why when you look at your 3D print, you will observe clear repetitive lines and features.\nMore significantly, ghosting distorts the expectations of the final print. Also, it remains a problem primarily found in models such as Logos and Wordings.\nWhat Causes Ghosting in 3D Printing?\nMany factors can cause ghosting during the 3D printing process. Notably, vibrations remain the primary cause of ghosting, and it happens because of:\n1. Acceleration and Jerk Settings\nBefore you start printing a three-dimensional object, it will be helpful to enter the value for acceleration. What is acceleration in the 3D printing context? Acceleration refers to the changes in printing speeds.\nThe jerk settings measure the speed at which your print head moves from a stable position. The higher the jerk setting, the faster it will move from a stable condition once activated.\nAlso, if your printer has a lower jerk setting, it will not enable sudden printer movements as it will move slowly from its stable position.\nBoth jerk and acceleration settings play a crucial role in setting your 3D printer in motion.\nReducing Printing Speed\nFor example, if you reduce the acceleration settings, the printer head speed, and motion decrease. Therefore, reducing print speed reduces the risk of printer shaking that can result in ghosting.\nIf you select a higher jerk setting, your print head will suddenly move faster in a new direction. But if you select a lower jerk setting, your printer head will take longer to settle down.\nThus, it will result in darker print details because the printer head takes too long to change direction.\nMore significantly, if you changed acceleration and jerk settings, you would have managed your print speed. As such, you can fix ghosting issues by controlling your 3D printer jerk and acceleration settings.\nBe careful not to select the wrong jerk and acceleration settings. Wrong settings lead to 3D printer over-extrusion at the 3D print object’s sharp corners. This means that the printer head will extrude excessive plastic filaments at a sharp angle.\nThus, it will be helpful to change your firmware settings to prevent over-extrusion of filament during 3D printing.\n2. High Printing Speed\n3D printing at high-speed causes ghosting problems. Additionally, high-speed printing increases the risk of vibrations in your 3D printer. Also, if you print at a lower speed, you minimize your 3D print head vibrations.\n3D printer vibrations need to be avoided as they cause recurring lines, shapes, and patterns. These signs are primary indicators of ghosting.\n3. Numerous and Acute Angles\nNot all 3D printers can work on developing complex 3D printer models. More so, models that have numerous and acute angles.\n3D printing shapes, wordings, and logos with extreme acceleration curves cause ghosting. Additionally, a 3D printer needs to match up the required quality.\nOtherwise, if you print with a 3D printer that doesn’t measure up to the task, you will end up with prints that have distorted shapes and patterns.\nAs such, a 3D printer customized with precision and cutting is required to achieve quality prints. Such a 3D printer is better placed to mitigate the potential risk of ghosting in your 3D print.\n4. Insufficient Frame Rigidity\nManufacturers typically design 3D printers with different frames. These frames are suited to work on different materials to satisfy the 3D printer market.\nSome materials boost attributes that can withstand vibrations and motions during the printing of three-dimensional objects.\nNonetheless, not all materials can withstand vibrations and motion. It results in ghosting in some 3D print objects.\nTemperature is another crucial factor; it will be helpful if you can use materials that can withstand higher temperatures. As such, if you 3D print with materials that are prone to melting, vibration will cause severe damage to the final print.\nIn summary, 3D printer vibrations caused by high resonant frequencies cause acute ghosting problems. Other reasons for ghosting include:\n- Printing speed\n- Higher jet and acceleration settings\n- Heavy components induced moment\n- Insufficient frame rigidity\n- Rapid and shape angle changes\n- Resonant frequencies caused by quick movements\n- Outright and precise details like wordings and logos\nHow Do I Remove Ghosting From 3d Printing? [Easy Fixes]\nTighten Your 3D Printer Belt\nIf you detect ghosting, then your 3D printer sloppiness could be the reason behind it. Sloppiness in your printer motion system increases the risk of vibrations.\nSo check whether your 3D printer has a loose belt. If you find a loose belt, tighten it up as the printer belt is vital in moving things around.\nAlso, if the belt is too loose, it can’t move or stop another component. Thus, you need to follow the manufacturer’s guide properly to tighten the belt.\nRelated: How to Lubricate Your 3D Printer\n3D Print Slowly\nIf you realize that you still get ringing even after you have tightened up your printer belts, check if you are using a reasonably high speed for printing.\nSudden printer movements tend to generate violent vibrations that cause 3D printer ringing. Always remember that a long print is far better than a poor one.\nUse a Solid Support Base\nIf you use a solid support base for your 3D printer, you cut down vibrations during printing. Advisably, place your 3D printer on a solid and flat base that can either be a table or a counter.\nAdditionally, you can make use of an anti-vibration pad that will support your printer when placed on the table. The pad will ensure the printer is supported and fixed on the table to avoid unwanted vibrations.\nUse a Sturdy Printer’s Frame\n3D printers are subjected to a lot of movement and force, so you may find that parts of the printer have become loose over time. These small vibrations take place for hours and hours when you use the 3D printer.\nTherefore, it results in a loose nut here and there, and it may cause severe vibrations when 3D printing.\nYou are expected to check all the joints in the 3D printer frame and tighten all the loose ends. It will eliminate the possibility of unnecessary printer movements leading to ringing.\nBe keen to tighten all the printer corners, wheels, brackets, rails, and bolts to ensure it remains stable and free from vibrations.\nWhat Is 3D Print Ringing?\nRinging, sometimes referred to as ghosting, occurs when lines or features appear to repeat themselves all over the 3D print surface. Notably, ringing remains a severe problem that can easily damage a print surface that would otherwise be excellent.\nAdditionally, you may note that most 3D print ringing occurs around sharp angles and corners of the print objects.\nSometimes, you may easily mistake visible infill for 3D print ringing. Moreover, 3D prints consist of solid walls that surround sparse infill patterns.\nSometimes, the 3D print wall may not be thick enough, and the infill may show through. However, you should know that it is not ringing. More significantly, it is easy to identify ringing as it will always take the shape of the 3D model design.\nAlso, it ripples out and is not consistent across the surface.\nWhat Causes Ringing?\nVibrations caused by 3D printer movements cause ringing. Still, when moving parts like the printer head change direction or speed, parts of the printer resonates, causing irregularities on the print surface.\nAlso, printer motion components are essentially loose, so excessive high-speed motions cause vibrations leading to ringing.\nSolutions for Ghosting, Ringing, Echoing & Rippling\nYou can use many ways to fix the ghosting problem and ensure you 3D print high-quality print objects. You may choose any of the following solutions that best suits your circumstance to eliminate ghosting;\n- Use a separate spool holder (check at Amazon)\n- Tighten the toothed printer belt\n- Increase printer stiffness and stability\n- Use a stable and a fixed base to mount your printer\n- Use anti-vibration pads (check at Amazon)\n- Use a thick surface foundation\n- Ensure printer rails and bars are firmly held in place\n- Tighten your hot end firmly to reduce vibrations\n- Print slower\n- Reduce the weight of moving parts of your 3D printer\n- Use a light-weight extruder (check at Amazon)\n- Use light-weight rods\nAs you figure out the best solutions to your ringing issues, it may be helpful to recognize that ringing is not easy to eliminate. Numerous factors cause ringing, and you may not be sure of the best remedy for your circumstance.\nHowever, the key to solving ringing issues remains with correctly identifying what is causing your 3D printer to ring.\nTherefore, it calls for a delicate balancing act from you, and you may be called up to use trial and error techniques to find out what works well for you.\nYou may check your loose components, reduce printing speed, adjust jerk and acceleration settings, and put your printer on a solid and rigid surface.\nHow To Remove 3D Print Supports From The Bed\nSo how to remove 3D print supports from your 3D printer build plate? Before removing support, the print bed should be allowed to cool for some time.\nIs PETG Food Safe? Things to Watch Out For!\nIs PETG food Safe? PETG is considered food safe. However, this doesn't apply to all PETG filaments. Let's find out more!\nCan You 3D Print Silicone?\nCan you 3D print silicone? Silicone filaments had been impossible to print. Silicone is recently making advancements in 3D printing. Time will tell!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Estudiantes líderes de la escuela secundaria Del Sur en Lancaster, California visitan una escuela primaria local y enseñan a estudiantes de 4º y 5º grado cómo ser defensores. A través de dramatizaciones y actividades interactivas dirigidas por los chicos de secundaria, los alumnos de primaria aprenden el significado del término “defensor” o “upstander” y cómo intervenir de manera efectiva, buscar ayuda y apoyar a un compañero que está siendo acosado. Este proceso puede ser una herramienta efectiva para utilizar en el salón de clases con los estudiantes. Por favor siga las siguientes instrucciones y revise la “Nota de cautela” para asegurar que sea una experiencia positiva y productiva. Nota: El proceso completo puede durar de 1 a 3 clases o reuniones de los estudiantes Instrucciones:\nThis skit can be used as part of the Not In Our School Student-Led Assembly Guide to launch an anti-bullying program in your school.\nHere is an example of a student-led assembly at Peralta Elementary School in Oakland, CA. This assembly launched their schoolwide anti-bullying campaign. The students did a skit and talked about how to be an upstander as they took the lead in addressing bullying and intolerance. Students also learned how to be upstanders who work toward an accepting and identity safe school environment. Not In Our School developed a guide and sample skit for a similar assembly at the middle and high school levels. Click here for the student-led assembly kit.\nIn 1995, Azim Khamisa's 20-year-old son, Tariq, was delivering a pizza when he was shot to death by a 14-year-old gang member. Experiencing the pain, grief, frustration, and anger that a parent would, Azim decided that the only way he could better the situation was to use the tool of FORGIVE to ensure that this type of tragedy happens less frequently in the future. After meeting with the father of the boy who shot Tariq, Azim decided that he would bring his message of forgiveness and mutual respect to groups of young people all over the country. The foundation in his son's memory, the Tariq Khamisa Foundation, raises awareness and engages youth to resist a culture of violence and learn to live in harmony with one another. This lesson addresses the following SEL strategies and you can have students look for these issues and examine them in themselves.\nIn this new video geared toward elementary schools, students from Grimmer Elementary School in Fremont, CA explore the impact of bullying and ways to be an upstander. After intermediate students share personal experiences, they decide to take action and invent the \"Leaving a Positive Footprint\" activity, where the pupils paint blue footprints with positive messages \"walking\" though their campus. Later, they work with first grade buddies to discuss bullying and speaking up, and together they make paper footprint cut-outs and create their own upstander messages to post around the school. Download the full PDF version of the lesson plan by clicking here.\nSUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR STUDENTS AFTER READING THE CHRISTMAS MENORAHS, VIEWING NOT IN OUR TOWN, OR VIEWING OR PERFORMING PAPER CANDLES. By Janice I. Cohn Fighting Bullies The residents of Billings stood up to bullies despite the risks. Why did they do that? Do you think that would have happened without the help of people like Chief Inman and Margaret MacDonald? Do you think that would have happened if Tammie Schnitzer had not “gone public” with what happened to her family? What were the risks these people took by taking a stand? What can each of us do in our own lives if we must confront − or someone we know must confront − bullying? Would you attempt to help another person who is being bullied or treated badly? Why? What factors would affect your decisions? What would you want to do, and how would you want to do it? What would be helpful to you in these situations Fighting Hatred And Intolerance • Do you think the events that happened in Billings could happen in any town? Why?\nDescription: This video provides a brief overview of the purpose and goals of NIOS. It includes brief interviews with Patrice O’Neill, founder of NIOT and other NIOS leaders and offers examples from schools that have taken action to end bias, harassment, bullying and create safer school environments. Directions: After viewing the video, engage students in a discussion using some or all of the following questions: • What do you notice about NIOS and how it works? • How do you think NIOS can be used to address bullying or intolerance in a school community? • Do you agree with the idea that it is human nature to categorize and stereotype other people? If so, how do we stop ourselves from acting on our stereotypes or biases? • Do you agree with the statement “silence equals acceptance” in the face of bias or bullying? Why or why not? • What student activities on film drew your attention? • How could you see implementing NIOS in our school or district?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "During the ACE-AISA project radiosondes were launched from the deck of the RONALD BROWN at synoptic times, 00Z and 12Z. Beginning around 1-April Radiosondes were also launch at extra times during daytime, at 03,04, 06 or 09Z. The data from these radiosondes have been interpolated onto a 125m vertical grid using a piece-wise second order polynomial fit. The regrided data have been used to make time height cross sections of relative humidity and winds.\n5-day time height cross sections are available in the table below in the altitude ranges 0-5 Km and 0-12 Km. The 0-5 Km plots are useful to look at boundary layer process and the 0-12 Km plots show most of the troposphere..\nThe horizontal wind vectors are plotted at 250 meter vertical resolution\nin the 0 to 5 km plots and with 500 m resolution in the 0 to 12 km\nplots. Arrows pointing down indicate wind from the north, Arrows\npointing right indicate wind from the west. The length of the standard\nwind vector at the bottom of the plot is 20 m/s. The \"tail\" of the\nwind vector is at its data position in altitude-time space. A number\nof the soundings had sections with no reported winds, these are indicated\nby a lack of wind vectors in the plots. A few soundings had defective\nhumidty sensors so that wind vectors are shown but no rh. The \"time\" of\nthe sounding in these plots is the \"synoptic\" time. The launch time\nwas generally one hour and 15 minutes earlier, that is the 12Z sounding\ngenerally started at 1045 UTC.\n|75.0 - 80.0||16-Mar thru 20-Mar||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|80.0 - 85.0||21-Mar thru 25-Mar||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|85.0 - 90.0||26-Mar thru 30-Mar||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|90.0 - 95.0||31-Mar thru 4-Apr||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|95.0 - 100.0||5-Apr thru 9-Apr||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|100.0 -105.0||10-Apr thru 14-Apr||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|105.0 -110.0||15-Apr thru 19-Apr||To 5 Km Altitude||To 12 Km Altitude|\n|ascii and Vaisala binary", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Redistricting Means Change and Latinos Need to Get Involved\nLatinos have been significantly absent from the public hearing process which redraws L.A. City Council district lines\nAbelardo de la Pe??a Jr.\nRedistricting is the process of drawing district boundaries for voting. Every 10 years, cities and states redraw district lines. As Arturo Vargas, head of the Los Angeles City Council Redistricting Commission (LACCRC), which is charged with redrawing the lines for the city's 15 council districts, says, \"Redistricting means change.\"\nPublished on LatinoLA: February 8, 2012\nAs the population of Latinos continues to grow in various parts of the U.S., there's been a concerted effort to redraw districts to extend Latinos' ability to elect the candidates of their choice. To reflect L.A.'s significant Latino population growth, the LACCRC's draft map, released on January 25, increased the number of majority-minority council districts from four to five.\nGood news for Latinos, but there's just one catch: Latinos have been significantly absent from the public hearing process. And without their input, boundary lines could change. To encourage Latinos to participate in the last series of public hearings and to learn what's at stake in their communities, Vargas was joined by two members of the commission along with Fernando Guerra, a professor at Loyola Marymount University and redistricting expert, to speak to a few media Latino representatives.\nTheir message: Latino individuals, neighborhood groups and organizations, large and small, need to get involved and learn what's at stake for their community before the final map goes to the City Council on March 1.\nGuerra gave a brief overview of how district lines were historically drawn to keep Latinos from consolidating enough power to elect a Latino city council member. \"Reapportionment has played a role in the disenfranchisement of Latinos,\" he said.\nAlthough Henry Roybal served as council of the Ninth district from 1949 to 1962, at which time he moved on to the U.S. Congress in 1963, it wasn't until 1985 that Richard Alatorre was elected to represent the 14th District. With continued changes in the criteria on how districts are drawn, \"Latinos are now at the table, protecting Latino seats,\" said Guerra.\nJackie Dupont-Walker, a commissioner on the LACCRC representing the 13th district, spoke of the importance of meeting legal requirements, including provisions of the landmark Voting Rights Act, in drawing district lines, as well as the role played by Neighborhood Councils. She emphasized that redistricting is a work in progress; even after the Commission presents its final maps to the City Council, boundaries could be changed. \"It's still up for grabs,\" she said, and that's why community input is needed every step of the way.\nVargas spoke of equalizing the dynamics of each council district. \"We're trying to take fragmented communities and unite them, and keep united communities united,\" he said. In the 14th district, for example, the commission's draft map united Highland Park, which is presently divided into two council district, bringing them together into one district that also includes Lincoln Park and Boyle Heights.\nHe, too, spoke of the importance of Latino participation in the redistricting process: \"I'm very interested in hearing from community members, Latino organizations, major groups and smaller groups.\" He mentioned that the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) submitted a map of all 15 districts for the commission's consideration.\nAppointed by Jose Huizar, council member of the 14th district, commissioner Antonio Sanchez spoke of how he is personally charged with engaging Latinos. \"Hearing from Latinos is how we weigh input. Folks are submitting maps by hand and using the software we offer on the our website.\"\nHe encouraged Latinos to get out to the hearings, write letter or send emails. \"We have been hearing from lots of English-speaking Latinos, but not enough from Spanish-speakers. We have translation services at the hearings, which have been helpful.\"\nHere are resources that can help you get more acquainted with the L.A. City Council redistricting process:\nLos Angeles City Council Redistricting Commission (LACCRC) website\nJauary 25, 2011 Draft Map\n\"Draw the Districts\" application allows anyone to go online and draft their own version of the map for submission to the committee.\nHere's a schedule for public hearings, where community members can give their input:\nLA City Council Redistricting Commission at LA City Hall\nLA City Council Redistricting Commission at Studio City\nLA City Council Redistricting Commission in South LA\nOther key actions and dates:\nFeb. 22, 2012 - Presentation and Adoption of Final Council District Boundaries Map\nFeb. 29, 2012 - Presentation and Adoption of Final Commission Report\nMar. 1, 2012 - Final Commission Report Submitted to City Council\nMar. 16, 2012 - Commission Presentation on Final Report to City Council's Rules and Elections Committee\nEmail the author", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Breast feeding improves important outcomes for mothers and infants. In the UK, breastfeeding rates have historically been low, particularly among socially disadvantaged young women. Although there have been gradual increases in breastfeeding initiation rates since 2000, rates of exclusive breast feeding and continuation until 6 months remain lower than those in similar countries. This review summarises the evidence for effective and cost-effective strategies to help women, particularly those in low income groups, make informed choices, overcome barriers and establish and maintain breast feeding. We describe the development and impact of the Unicef Baby Friendly Initiative, and the roles and responsibilities, and challenges and opportunities that clinicians have in promoting breast feeding and maintaining a baby-friendly culture and environment.\n|Number of pages||6|\n|Journal||Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal edition|\n|Early online date||7 Oct 2014|\n|Publication status||Published - 1 Mar 2015|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Outcome: Observe and analyze phenomena related to acid-base reactions and equilibrium. [SI, DM] Indicators: a. Identify examples of acids and bases b. Discuss the historical development and limitations of theories, including Arrhenius, Brønsted‐Lowry and Lewis, which explain the behaviour of acids and bases. (STSE, K) c. Identify conjugate acids and bases formed in acid‐base reactions […]\nAbout Blog Author\nChemistry and Math Teacher\nA Saskatchewan science and math teacher who loves chemistry!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you often find yourself doing what others want you to do? Or do you put the needs of others first? Being assertive is sometimes the hardest thing for women to achieve. We are nurturers by nature; and we hate to disappoint people or make others unhappy. We don’t feel comfortable saying “no.” Many times we rush through life doing a host of activities we don’t even like to do.\nI can truly admit that I really didn’t become assertive until I started to work and joined the 70 percent of women who worked outside the home. My children were little and my time was valuable. And there were only so many hours in the day. Learning to be assertive was not easy, especially when it meant doing or saying things that others may not have viewed favorably.\nLearning to stand up for your rights by learning to say “no” to activities you don’t want to do—whether it’s volunteering for a project, working overtime, or baking ten dozen cookies for a bake sale—is the only way to learn how to express your true feelings. When you think about it, being assertive is a way of protecting yourself and your health, and allowing yourself to be the master of your own life.\nAssertive people don’t let others take advantage of them and aren’t afraid to let go of the nagging feeling that “they have let someone down.” They have overcome the guilt and belief that people will think unkind thoughts if they don’t cave in to the pressures and demands asked of them\nAnd once you’ve taken the first step—once you said the first no, it’s a liberating feeling that makes the second “no” even easier. Doesn’t everyone deserve a more stress free, healthy life?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "VTDP: Drill Down-Close Out with Hierarchical Aggregation\nIn many big data applications it is not possible to show all entities at once, so they must be aggregated before visualization is possible. The basic interaction is clicking on an object of interest whereupon it opens revealing the visual representations of the objects that it stands for. A reverse operation closes the object. For aggregated objects to be meaningfully used they must visually portray either sufficient information for decision making (aggregated average data may be all that needed in some cases). Aggregated objects must display what Pirolli and Card call information scent, graphical cues to what they contain. One solution is to cause that key information to propagate up using some consolidation method. This provides visual scent for drill down operations. A screen budget combined with the number of data objects can be used to calculate the degree of aggregation necessary.\nExample 1: A highly modualarized software system consisting of one million lines of code. At the top level there are 10 large modules, each of these contains 20-50 sub modules, and each of these contains 20-50 software objects. Each object conains 30-200 lines of code. The task is to understand the relationship between components within and between modules; for examaple, which modules are directly connected and how.\nExample 2: A large set of news stories is subject to heirarchical semantic aggregation. The task is to find the major news stories we are not looking for. Obtain a conceptual summary of a corpus of documents.\nExample 3: A nested social network. Some social networks are nested in the sense that they form highly interconnected local communities, with only weak couplings between communities. These kinds of networks can be easily nested based on community and the nesting may be heirarchical in that large communities may be decombosed into smaller sub-communities.\nExample 4: File browser. In this variant a single user or group has manually organized their work into folders and sub-folders.\nAn overview of the process of drill-down, close-out\nDisplay Environment: Symbols representing aggregations of data.\n- Based on a screen budget, the quantity and architecture of the data, the computer creates a hierarchy of entities, each having a visual representation that reveals some aspect of its constituent parts.\n- The visualization begins with a display of the top level object.\n- The analyst conducts a visual search for informative objects based on some aspect of their visual appearance (visual scent)\n- Click on object judged to have the highest probability of yielding useful information.\n- If useful information is acquired, save in human or machine memory.\n- Close object.\n- Repeat from 3.\nData budget and Screen budget\nImplementation Guideline: The number of on screen objects is likely to be somewhere between ten and a few hundred. Similarly, each object can be an aggregation of between ten and few hundred objects.\nImplementation Guideline:Roughly: use aggregation/drill down when there are 3 or fewer levels in the hierarchy and when information scent is high p >0.8. Where p is probability of selecting the right node for drill down based on the information available about that node\nData Guideline: It is essential that there be some semantic basis for categorization. There is little point in dividing a large homegeneous set of entitities into sub groups an arbitrary manner.\nVisual Query Support: If the visual scent cue being searched for is pre-attentive then the time to click may be close to constant. If it is not then slow serial search will occur. Often the visual scent is in the form of text labels and search is necessarily serial. Any opportunity to add visual scent can narrow the search and greatly increase cognitive efficiency.\nCognitive Guideline: Aggregration and resulting information scent should relate to cognitive tasks.\nIt is essential that aggregate objects contain and display useful information. In general it is best if the aggregations takes advantage of some inherent structure of the data.\nConsolidation principle 1: Statistical summary: Aggregate objects can display basic statistical properties of the component: sum, median, average.\nConsolidation principle 2: Exceptions: In some monitoring applications the key information relates to the detection of faults. This information can be propagated upward. The user notices exceptions during the visual search and drills down.\nConsolidation principle 3: Temporal Change: In some monitoring applications, any change is of interest. Change information can be propagated upward. A change threshold may be involved.\nManual Open Close Operations\nThe most common and simple version of this VTDP is the heirarchical tree browsers. Clicking on a particular node expands the tree to the next level. It is possible to interactively explore even quite large trees with careful attention to layout.\nThe figure below left\nshows the result of heirarchically clustering of the infamous wiki leaks corpus. Various sub categories are highlighted and color coded to reference a table on the right. This support access to particlular topics.\nSometime this kind of tree view is called a dendogram.\nIntelligent Zooming on Graphs\nSometimes networks are inherently heirachically structured. In other cased networks can be heirarchically structured by means of algorithms. In both instances, the drill down close out interaction can be applied.\nDealing with High Degree Nodes\nExample: Overview Stray, Karlsson, Munzner, Ingram, Brehmer.\nIngram, S., Munzner, T., & Stray, J. (2012). Hierarchical Clustering and Tagging of Mostly Disconnected Data (Vol. 1). Tech. Rep. TR-2012-01, University of British Columbia Department of Computer Science.\nMunzner, T., Guimbretière, F., Tasiran, S., Zhang, L., and Zhou. Y. TreeJuxtaposer: Scalable Tree Comparison using Focus+Context with Guaranteed Visibility. SIGGRAPH 2003, 453-462.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Novo Nordisk Foundation has awarded grants totalling DKK 115.7 million for 12 biotechnology research projects that will contribute to solving major challenges associated with the green transition within agricultural and food production and industry. The grants are part of the Foundation’s Research Leader Programme.\nCan microorganisms hold the key to solving three of our greatest biotechnological challenges: sustainable production of chemicals, carbon capture and renewable energy storage?\nA new research project led by Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark will try to answer this question. She will investigate whether microbes can be used to create one overall solution to all three biotechnological challenges and has received a grant of DKK 9,735,600 through the Foundation’s Research Leader Programme.\nThe grant will enable Amelia-Elena Rotaru and her team to investigate whether and how microorganisms can capture electrical energy directly and then assess whether microorganisms capable of direct energy capture can be used to create a solution for the sustainable production of chemicals, carbon capture and renewable energy storage.\nThe project is one of 12 biotechnology research projects distributed across the Nordic countries that have received grants totalling DKK 115.7 million for research over the next 5 years. Six of the projects awarded grants, including that of Amelia-Elena Rotaru, are within industrial biotechnology and environmental biotechnology.\nNew knowledge is vital for the green transition\nThe other six grants have been awarded within plant science, agriculture and food biotechnology. One project within this scientific field will investigate how breeders can select the variants of a crop that provide farmers with the best yield under local growing conditions.\nThe project is led by Guillaume Ramstein, Assistant Professor and Group Leader, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University. He will use machine learning to obtain new knowledge about how the various genetic variants of crops such as wheat or barley cope under specific climatic conditions and thus which variant would provide the best yield in specific circumstances. Guillaume Ramstein has received a grant of DKK 7,993,851 for the project.\nThese 12 diverse projects will contribute significantly to creating new knowledge that can be used to ensure the green transition within agricultural and food production and industry.\n“Globally, we face major challenges in ensuring the sustainable production of food for a growing world population and creating energy sources that do not drain our planet unnecessarily of resources. The 12 very different projects can help to drive this development by searching for answers to some basic questions that can later be converted into solutions to be used in agricultural fields and in industrial production,” says Claus Felby, Senior Vice President, Biotech, Novo Nordisk Foundation.\nThe 12 recipients of grants within industrial biotechnology and environmental biotechnology and within plant science, agriculture and food biotechnology are listed below.\nGrants within industrial biotechnology and environmental technology:\nAmelia-Elena Rotaru, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark: Harnessing Microbes to Store Electricity and Capture Carbon Dioxide in Sustainable Chemicals, DKK 9,735,600\nPablo Iván Nikel Mayer, Senior Researcher and Group Leader, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark: TARGET – Sustainable Production of Novel Biopolymers by Engineering Efficient C1 Assimilation in Pseudomonas putida, DKK 9,999,440\nHenrik Land, Researcher, Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden: Biocatalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide – Biodiversity and Evolvability of Present-day Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase and its Ancestors, DKK 8,139,512\nLinda Bergaust, Researcher, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway: Single-cell Protein Production by Anaerobic Respiration (AnaPro), DKK 9,981,000\nSuvi Santala, Postdoctoral Fellow, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Finland: Improving Metabolic Diversity and Efficiency of Bacteria for Lignin Valorization, DKK 9,942,617\nMiia Mäkelä, Principal Investigator, Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland: MYCOFACT: the Dual Role of Sugar Transporters in Plant Biomass Conversion by Fungi to Improve Microbial Cell Factories, DKK 9,997,196\nGrants within plant science, agriculture and food biotechnology:\nGuillaume Ramstein, Assistant Professor and Group Leader, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University: Selection of Mutations by In Silico and Experimental Variant Effects (SIEVE): a New Strategy to Improve Fitness in Cool-season Grasses, DKK 7,993,851\nSebastian Marquardt, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen: PROTECTOR: Promoting Resilience to Temperature Change with Environmental Sensor RNAs, DKK 9,999,063\nKlaus Herburger, Group Leader, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Understanding Plant Cell Wall Remodelling to Enhance Cell Wall Biomechanics, DKK 9,998,188\nClarissa Schwab, Associate Professor, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University: Organic Acids – Old Natural Compounds with Underexploited Biofunctionalities (BIOFUNC), DKK 9,941,638\nDerek Lundberg, Group Leader, Department of Plant Biology,\nSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden: Revealing the Secrets to the Success of Sphingomonas, a Versatile Bacterial Genus with Exceptional Agricultural Potential, DKK 9,998,690\nKirsi Mikkonen, Associate Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Finland: Revealing Mechanisms of Post Processing Senescence to Secure the Supply of High-quality Vegetables for the Planetary Diet (VegeSense), DKK 10.000.000\nPart of the Novo Nordisk Foundation Research Leader Programme\nThe grants for the 12 projects within biotechnology research are part of the Fondation’s Research Leader Programme, which targets research leaders at three different career stages.\nEmerging Investigator. Upcoming and promising researchers who want to establish or are in the process of establishing their own research group and research profile.\nAscending Investigator. Talented research leaders at the associate professor level in the process of consolidating their research group and profile.\nDistinguished Investigator. Professors of high international standing and calibre.\nSabina Askholm Larsen, Communications Partner, +45 2367 3226, firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Media literacy helps us understand, analyze and create media. While we rely on good journalism to provide accurate information, we also have responsibilities of our own in this media-saturated environment. We can no longer be passive consumers of media. We need to be active users of media, as readers, listeners, viewers and creators, so we are all better informed. Our goal is to help you do just that.\nIn this course, you'll hear from some amazing folks who are part, or keen observers, of the news industry—including, among many others, Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales, craigslist founder Craig Newmark, New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan, and Buzzfeed editor Ben Smith.\nYou'll learn to:\n- Describe the changes that have transformed the way we create and consume media\n- List essential principles for being an active media consumer\n- Evaluate the tools and techniques of media creation\n- Employ a “slow news” approach, especially as a consumer of news\n(Copied from website)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We live in a multicultural society. It has always been so, but only in recent years have we said so. In the past, the recognized cultures in the United States were primarily European in origin – Irish, German Scandinavian, Italian, etc. Also present but unrecognized was the Native American cultures and the culture of slavery. Now that there are numerous cultures within our communities from Latin America, Asia and Africa, we are having to deal with the reality of living and working with people who are different than we are.\nMulticulturalism is understood to be the process of recognizing, understanding and appreciating cultures other than one’s own. That means we must look at our differences, not only at our similarities. Our tendency has been to hide or brush over differences, look for points of agreement, and embrace processes and procedures that make us all appear to be the same.\nUnderstanding differences requires serious study and personal examination. It is very important that we learn all we can about the cultures within our society. Our learning must go beyond the stereotyping we see on TV or read in newspapers. Personal contact with people of other cultures for serious conversation and sharing about their lives, cultural mores and experiences is most helpful. If such is not available then books, videos and various resources can help us gain a better understanding.\nWhen we move to the stage of dealing with multiculturalism, must move beyond theory into practicing acceptance. This is where things get difficult if you insist there is only one way something can be done or can look. Accepting differences does not imply total understanding. It does mean you try to avoid making quick, thoughtless judgments. You must have a solid sense of your own self-worth and understand your own culture if you are to accept someone else’s. This means you have to address your own prejudices, biases and racism, and perhaps change some of your own ideas and perceptions. You also must work on your communication and interpersonal skills so that legitimate differences can be discussed in an open and safe environment.\nTo value another culture and the contribution it makes or can make to society is the ultimate goal in living in a multicultural society. Differences help to enrich our communities and our churches. Within our churches our understanding of the Gospel too can be challenged as we discuss faith and beliefs among Christians from another culture. The Holy Spirit is at work in the midst of many Christian communities in many cultures. The faith is not expressed the same by all either in word, deed, or song. Value these differences. Learn from each other Expand your understanding of God at work in our world.\nWe are living in a multicultural society. By the year 2030 it is predicted the majority of people living within the United States will be of non-European descent. It is imperative for us and our children that we become people who move away from fearing differences and work toward the goal of valuing our differences. May God be our guide as we attempt to build a society based upon acceptance and respect of each person and each culture.\nJoyce D. Sohl, Laywoman-in-Residence\nJoyce D. Sohl has been Laywoman-in-Residence since 2009 as a full-time volunteer. She retired as CEO of United Methodist Women in 2004. She is the author of 4 books, a teacher, retreat leader, writer and non-professional musician. Here at the Center her work is in the area of Spirituality & the Arts with such programs as Tuesdays in the Chapel, Vespers & All That Jazz, Poet’s Corner, quarterly retreats, and art exhibits.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Up to 800 million children around the world are being poisoned by lead from water and air pollution, the United Nations warned Thursday in a special report on the \"massive and previously unknown\" health crisis.\nOne out of every three children is estimated to have levels of lead — a potent neurotoxin — in their blood that requires immediate action to prevent long-lasting damage, the UN’s children’s fund said.\n“With few early symptoms, lead silently wreaks havoc on children’s health and development, with possibly fatal consequences,” said Henrietta Fore, UNICEF executive director.\n\"Knowing how widespread lead pollution is -– and understanding the destruction it causes to individual lives and communities –- must inspire urgent action to protect children once and for all.”\nChildhood lead exposure has been linked to a range of behavioral problems, as well as kidney damage and cardiovascular conditions later in life.\nThe problem, which occurs overwhelmingly in South Asia, is estimated to cost low- and middle-income countries almost $1 trillion over the children’s lifetimes. Lead pollution comes […]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coming to China is a chance to expose our children to a culture and language that may be quite different from the land of their birth. Time and again I have seen in my practice that children who have the most success in this new culture are the ones who are able to participate.\nOne obvious way is to learn the language. Many may be turned off from learning the language due to time commitment and perceptions of difficulty. However, learning Chinese can be a way for children to feel less “foreign” and to feel included the community. Encourage children to learn the language by showing them that you are making an attempt as well.\nSome children may shy away from making local friends for linguistic reasons, feeling too “different”, or just plain shyness. Help your children by making friends with other parents and families, and arranging playdates. This first step can model for your child how to challenge their fears and take a risk that may have a great payoff.\nSupport your children when they feel certain parts of their new culture are difficult to accept. Validate your child’s feelings and difficulties if they are having a tough time, and help them identify ways that they can express their own cultural values while respecting the ones of the culture they are living in. Help your child consider how actions of others may be perceived as a cultural difference instead of simply as “rude.”\nIt is not uncommon for some expatriate children to feel bullied or picked on, especially ones who may look different from the local population. If you feel that your child may be a target of bullying, alert the school (if applicable) and assist your child in finding activities and areas in which they can feel confident. Please also consider seeking the help of a qualified professional.\nHelp your child share aspects of your own native culture with the local population. Cultural exchange is a two-way street, and cultural understanding and acceptance can be built by children who take some initiative. One idea is to consider inviting members of the local community to your next holiday celebration of your home culture.\nI’ve thoroughly enjoyed this opportunity to share knowledge with the Beijing community. This will be my last column for beijingkids as my family moves on to our next chapter in Shanghai. Happy New Year, and my very best wishes to all our readers as you continue to raise happy, healthy kids here in Beijing.\nThis article originally appeared on page 21 of the beijingkids February 2016 issue. Click here to read the issue for free on Issuu.com. To find out how you can get your own copy, email firstname.lastname@example.org\nPhoto: Philippe Put (Flickr)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "No one is quite sure how this term came into existence but there are several interesting stories about its origin. One version was made popular by an American humorist who said that Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, used the expression on official papers as an abbreviation of ‘Orl Korrect’. During a presidential campaign Jackson’s political enemies seized upon this story to try to make him appear ignorant. Jackson used to sign the legal papers with the initial O.R. – order recorded – and because R might have looked like K the humorist had material for his little joke.\nAnother assumption said that the Red Indians may have given us the term. A Red Indian chief, Old Keokuk, was accustomed to signing papers with his initials. The Choctaw Indians have a word, okeh, which means ‘It is and in no other way.’ But regardless of its origin, the expression is widely used today to signify all right or all correct. Even in non-English speaking countries like France and Germany it has become part of the common speech.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|born on||6 June 1933|\n|Place||Buchs (SG), Switzerland, 47n10, 9e2812|\n|Timezone||MET h1e (is standard time)|\nSwiss physicist and Nobel price winner. He was born half an hour after his twin sister, but their birth time is not known. Rohrer grew up in a rural area of the canton St. Gallen and moved to Zürich with his parents when he was sixteen, in 1949. He studied physics at ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), received his diploma in 1955 and graduated in 1960 with a PhD in experimental solid state physics, the subject being length and volume changes at the superconducting phase transition. It was a period of important progress in he understanding of superconduction. After postdoc years in the US he joined the recently founded IBM research laboratory in Rüschlikon, a suburb of Zürich.\n[Alois Treindl, the editor of this entry, did his PhD at the same institute of ETH twenty years later, and remembers Rohrer as a frequent and always curious guest in the internal seminars held at the laboratory for solid state physics. He had a modest personality and used to ask highly intelligent questions, whatever the subject.]\nAt the IBM laboratory he developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), together with Gerd Binnig, in 1982. This was the first device creating direct images of matter at the level of individual atoms, by scanning the surface with a fine needle. They received the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1986.\nRohrer died on 16 May 2013, shortly before his 80th birthday.\n- Work : Prize 1986 (nobel prize physics)\nbirth data from public biography, time of birth not known.\n- Vocation : Science : Physics\n- Notable : Awards : Nobel prize (physics)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lessons from Olympia, Washington\nBy Reiko Callner and Anna Schlecht, coordinators of Olympia, Washington’s Unity in the Community\nWhen hate group activity occurs in a community, it is incumbent upon local residents who value diversity to take action.\nSince the early 1980s, Olympia, WA, the state’s politically progressive capital city, has dealt with the threat of neo-Nazi hate groups organizing in the area. As a diverse and involved community, our response has been to enlist our community’s full breadth. Our tools of engagement have been energetic and broad-based, including festivals, speakers, grass-roots fundraisers, panels and films. We contribute much of our success to 1) focusing on building trust among all members of our coalition, 2) being vigilant in gathering information on the specific hate groups, and 3) working with local law enforcement agencies, as well as the area’s faith communities.\nHate groups advocate extreme prejudice, vandalism or violence as a way to instill fear and terror among people on the basis of race, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation or gender identity. These groups, seeking to tap a vein of underlying bigotry in U.S. society, use hate language, threats, symbols and actual incidents of violence to send a message of intolerance. To counter these bias incidents, many communities have created groups and developed protocols to mobilize a broad and positive show of support for diversity. Here is the protocol we developed in Olympia, WA.\nGET THE FACTS. Once notified of a hateful incident, follow up on the original source of information, whether it’s the local newspaper or other media, a police report, eyewitness account or crime victim’s story. Get the most accurate account of what did occur or what’s being announced as forthcoming. In cases involving acts of graffiti, determine exactly who or what was targeted and the nature of the graffiti (i.e. swastikas or slurs.) In the case of a physical assault, determine who was injured, the exact nature of the injuries, when and where it occurred, and the number and description of assailants. If an event such as a hate rally has been announced, note what precisely was stated, including the involvement of specific organizations and their planned action. If it’s an action by the National Socialist Movement (NSM), for example, you can conduct a web search to learn about their activities and efforts in other communities. You can also find valuable information about hate groups on the websites of the Anti-Defamation League’s and the Southern Poverty Law Center. Be aware that the fear generated by hate incidents can lead to exaggeration. Maintaining accuracy will be key to building your coalition and maintaining your public credibility.\nSUPPORT TARGETS OF HATE. Prioritize advocacy and support to people directly targeted by hate incidents. One or more individuals who are ideally trained as crime victim advocates or are naturally sensitive and considerate should make contact with the affected people, acknowledge the damage done, express support and sympathy, and see if there’s something tangible your group can do for them. Let them know immediately that they are not alone and people are concerned and sympathetic.\nMAP OUT YOUR ALLIES. Seek out the folks that share your concerns about hate group activity and work up a plan to expand your base of support. Do an inventory of the people and organizations, which may include the local chapter of the Anti-Defamation League, human rights organizations, ethnic and cultural associations, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender rights organizations, faith community leaders, inter-faith associations, local business people, elected officials, law enforcement, high school, college or university student organizations, faculty and other staff. If you are responding to hate crimes, include people and organizations with trained experience as advocates, such women’s shelter advocates and crime victim advocates. Research your state and local hate bias crime laws and find out which local law enforcement jurisdictions have experience and training to respond. Learn from the experience of other communities. Think big. Think broad-based. If your coalition all gets along then you don’t have a diverse enough coalition. A broad-based coalition will merit and gain positive coverage by the local and possibly wider-reaching media.\nHOST A COMMUNITY MEETING. Engage your list of allied individuals and groups to come together. If your community has a natural focal group (for example, a strong human relations commission or an interfaith alliance) to convene such a meeting, work with them to host the meeting. It may, however, be more inviting to create a new coalition. By creating a temporary alliance of distinct parties, persons, or states for joint action, you will create a more neutral environment in which diverse parts of your community can feel welcome to participate. In choosing the facilitator(s) to host and facilitate the meeting, deliberately seek out two or more people who themselves represent the diversity that you seek to build among your coalition. Recognize that diversity means differences. Not everyone will agree on what to do. Some folks may want to directly confront and drive out hate groups. Some folks will want to change the focus entirely to celebrating diversity. Encourage your facilitators to model how people with very different strategies (confrontation vs. celebration, radical vs. mainstream, secular vs. faith community) and divergent backgrounds (racial, faith, sexual orientation, age, or gender) can find ways to bridge the gaps and work together.\nDevelop an agenda that allows time for introductions, a clear and accurate accounting of incidents, discussion of options for community responses and a development of an initial plan of response, and brainstorming of action committees and future tasks. Develop and maintain a coalition structure that keeps everyone informed, allows for meaningful participation by all members, and then get busy.\nDEVELOP AN INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED RESPONSE. Based on the agreed plan of response, facilitate the coalition’s work toward unifying the community in an appropriate response to hate activity. The range of community responses include rallies, speakers series, school engagement, marketing materials and newspaper ads, and counter celebrations.\n- Rallies: Host a pro-diversity rally featuring speakers from divergent parts of the community in a local gathering spot that showcases precisely the unity in the community that the hate incidents seek to undermine\n- Speakers Series: Assemble a list of culturally diverse community members to give talks for local civic organizations about your efforts\n- School Engagement: Involve schools and seek out sympathetic K-12 school teachers and staff to host speakers in classes or develop student forums on the subject of diversity.\n- Developing a Marketing Campaign: Develop a poster with a positive message and recognizable logo to create a visual show of support throughout the community. Stickers of a logo are also a fantastic way to spread visible signs of community solidarity.\n- Newspaper Ads: Raise money to run an ad in the local newspaper(s) featuring your pro-diversity message, your logo and the names of your supporters by asking donors to give at least $5 to list their name. Ask your local newspaper to waive the fees, following the example of The Olympian of Washington and the Billings Gazette of Montana. This sends a strong message of support for diversity.\n- Counter-Celebrations: Consider hosting a celebratory event that affirms the positive, diverse nature of your community, rather than simply reacting to and possibly mirroring negativity of the hate group. In this day of near-universal computer access, web sites and email lists can be quick and effective ways to organize participants. Phone trees also work well. You should urge prudence in who has access to this list depending on the nature of the hate group. You do not want it infiltrated and used to intimidate your membership.\nSAFETY PLANNING. Take hate groups seriously. Encourage the visible leaders of your effort to exercise some prudence without bringing their actions to a halt. Express your reasonable concerns to law enforcement and set up a buddy system for late night meetings. If needed, consider hiring off-duty police for security. These steps provide security, are good talking points for why your community needs to coalesce, and reinforce for law enforcement the importance of serving and protecting local “good guys” like your group.\nFOLLOW UP. If there are victims of hate crime, work with local crime victim advocacy organizations and tap local businesses to provide material support, from medical care and counseling, to legal advocacy and painting or repair work for graffiti or vandalism. If your activities included a focal event, such as a rally, host a subsequent de-briefing session to talk about what worked, what didn’t, what to do differently next time and to resolve any conflicts that arose between coalition members.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The rise of Facebook, Google, and Amazon to become the most valuable and well-known companies in the world, while inspiring, is also a story that highlights why the government must break up monopolies and promote competitive markets, said US senator and presidential hopeful Elizabeth Warren in a statement.\nShe wrote: In the 1990s, Microsoft — the tech giant of its time — was trying to parlay its dominance in computer operating systems into dominance in the new area of web browsing. The federal government sued Microsoft for violating anti-monopoly laws and eventually reached a settlement. The government’s antitrust case against Microsoft helped clear a path for internet companies like Google and Facebook to emerge.\nToday’s big tech companies have too much power — too much power over our economy, our society, and our democracy. They’ve bulldozed competition, used our private information for profit, and tilted the playing field against everyone else. And in the process, they have hurt small businesses and stifled innovation, Warren wrote, adding that her administration will make big, structural changes to the tech sector to promote more competition — including breaking up Amazon, Facebook, and Google.\nWarren said her administration would take two major steps:\n1. Passing legislation that requires large tech platforms to be designated as “Platform Utilities” and broken apart from any participant on that platform; companies with an annual global revenue of $25 billion or more and that offer to the public an online marketplace, an exchange, or a platform for connecting third parties would be designated as “platform utilities.”\nThese companies would be prohibited from owning both the platform utility and any participants on that platform. Platform utilities would be required to meet a standard of fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory dealing with users. Platform utilities would not be allowed to transfer or share data with third parties.\nFor smaller companies (those with annual global revenue of between $90 million and $25 billion), their platform utilities would be required to meet the same standard of fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory dealing with users, but would not be required to structurally separate from any participant on the platform.\nAmazon Marketplace, Google’s ad exchange, and Google Search would be platform utilities under this law. Therefore, Amazon Marketplace and Basics, and Google’s ad exchange and businesses on the exchange would be split apart. Google Search would have to be spun off as well.\n2. Appoint regulators committed to reversing illegal and anti-competitive tech mergers. These regulators would be people who are committed to using existing tools to unwind anti-competitive mergers, including:\n- Amazon: Whole Foods; Zappos\n- Facebook: WhatsApp; Instagram\n- Google: Waze; Nest; DoubleClick\nUnwinding these mergers will promote healthy competition in the market — which will put pressure on bigtech companies to be more responsive to user concerns, including about privacy, Warren said.\nThese changes would result in an internet in which “small businesses would have a fair shot to sell their products on Amazon without the fear of Amazon pushing them out of business. Google couldn’t smother competitors by demoting their products on Google Search. Facebook would face real pressure from Instagram and WhatsApp to improve the user experience and protect our privacy. Tech entrepreneurs would have a fighting chance to compete against the tech giants.”\nIn addition, Warren discussed data ownership and distribution issues: “we must give people more control over how their personal information is collected, shared, and sold — and do it in a way that doesn’t lock in massive competitive advantages for the companies that already have a ton of our data. We must help America’s content creators — from local newspapers and national magazines to comedians and musicians — keep more of the value their content generates, rather than seeing it scooped up by companies like Google and Facebook. And we must ensure that Russia — or any other foreign power — can’t use Facebook or any other form of social media to influence our elections.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is the age when so called “multitasking” is a goal, a thing to aspire to and maybe even train for. Doing several things at the same time seems the only way to get everything done in a day. Who wouldn’t strive to be a multitasker? It’s like having a super power. Being able to do multiple things all at once certainly is a skill worth having. Right?\nThe truth is . . . . . you can’t do it! The brain cannot do more than one job at a time. What your brain is actually doing when you “multitask” is switch from one task to another. The problem is you lose time as you switch back and forth. While “multitasking” may seem efficient, tasks may actually take more time in the end. Studies show an average of two hours is lost every work day to job-switching and recovering from distractions.\nTexting while driving is the most dangerous distraction says the U.S. Department of Transportation. Research shows that sending or receiving a text takes a driver’s eyes from the road an average of 4.6 seconds. At 55 mph that’s like driving the length of a football field with your eyes closed! Researchers have also found that trying to learn something new while “multitasking” is nearly impossible. Besides that, multitasking has been found to temporarily lower IQs by 10 points – that is the same effect as missing a night’s sleep!\nMealtime is an especially bad time to try to “multitask”. Not only does it set a poor example to be texting and phoning while eating, but it makes everyone else feel neglected and ignored. In one study, subjects who ate meals while watching TVs or computer screens were unable to recall how much they ate. The plugged-in eaters also snacked twice as much as those who focused on their food during mealtimes.\nThere is a big price to pay for those who use several types of media all at once. A Stanford University study compared two groups: those who regularly do a lot of media “multitasking” and those who don’t. The “multitaskers” scored lower on ignoring unimportant information, remembering important information and switching from one task to another. In other words: the minds of the “multitaskers” were not working as well as they should.\n– Stay rested and get enough sleep.\n– Keep healthy food and water within reach.\n– Keep a manageable to-do list. Enough to keep you busy but not overwhelmed.\n– Check emails a designated times only and then for the rest of the day put it to rest.\n– Stay on task. One thing at a time.\n– Take time outs during the day. Listen to a song, take a walk, take deep breaths.\n– Make phones and TV a no-no at the dinner table.\n– Log off all electronics one hour before bedtime.\n– No texting while driving.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An 8 Card Game Set\nThese games play like classic Go Fish. There are two decks of 50 cards in each game – one for grades K-2 and the other for grades 3-5. The games differ from classic Go Fish in that players must answer a question before they can accept a requested card. Instead of the usual number and picture cards, the cards have fun pictures of fish and fish names. Each game also comes with a rules sheet and facilitator guidelines.\nTime required: About 20 minutes. 2-5 players.\nLearning Objectives – Players will:\n|Audience:||Elementary (K-5), Middle (6-8)|\n|Publisher:||The Guidance Group|\n|Topic:||Anger, Anxiety, Bullying, Character, Classroom Guidance, Divorce, General Counseling, Grief & Depression, Group Counseling, Learning Disabilities, Safety Issues, Social & Life Skills, Testing & Study Skills|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Color Meaning Your Complete Season Analysis\nColor Meaning Your Complete Season Analysis covers in depth, information on: warm and cool skin tone, hair color, eye color, color charts and guides, color seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter color palettes.\nOn Color Meaning\nThe Impact Of Color\nYou may have heard of color analysis and you probably do experience it, perhaps not really understand the meaning behind it. If a glimpse of your reflection in a mirror shows you looking tired, washed out, and faded lack of sleep may not be the culprit, rather something as simple as wearing colors that do not flatter you are belong in your color palette.\nA wrong color selection can effect your appearance in many ways.:\n- Skin tone appearing drained and tired\n- False impressions of under-eye circles caused by shadowing\n- False impressions of double chins caused by shadowing\n- Even your teeth can appear with a slight yellow hue\nThis means it is time you gave yourself a color analysis. Understanding the meaning of color is a guide to your correct color.\nA correct color selection can result in your having this look:\n- Skin tone appearing radiant and glowing\n- Eyes appearing brighter and alert\n- Hair reflecting highlights\n- Where you hear compliments, such as \"You look great in that outfit\"\n- That flatters your apparent size and body shape\n- Reflecting your personality and sense of fashion\nUnderstanding Color Terminology\nLearn how to use color to your benefit as you understand the meaning of: hue, value, and intensity. Learn how to combine those colors in pleasing harmonies for your season palette.\nTo become familiar with the dimensions of color, let us review a few terms, Color Hue refers to the color name. Primary hues are red, yellow, and blue. These hues cannot be produced by combining other colors, but are the basis for making all other colors. On the color wheel, the primary colors form a major triangle (Color Chart1). Secondary hues are formed by combining two primary hues.\nThe three secondary hues are orange, green, and violet. Tertiary or intermediate hues are formed when a primary and neighboring secondary hues are combined. These include yellow-green, blue-green, blue-violet, red-violet, red-orange, and yellow-orange.\nThe Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary hues are the basic twelve colors, but numerous color variations can be produced from them. Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue, ranging from white to black on the value scale. Add white to a hue and it becomes a tint; add black and it becomes a shade.\nFor example, red can vary from pink to wine on the value scale. Intensity (chroma) is the brightness or dullness of a color. We refer to the strength or weakness of a color, depending on the saturation of color. Full saturation refers to the pure hue. When a pure hue is mixed with another color, it becomes grayed.\nColors can be combined in various ways, but the three most common color harmonies are: monochromatic colors, analogous colors, complementary colors (Color Chart 2). By knowing the various color schemes, you can select the colors that are harmonious to each other and to your personal coloring.\nMonochromatic harmony is developed around one color. This could mean variations in value or intensity of one hue, such as light, medium and dark blue. Monochromatic color schemes are easy and restful, but can become monotonous. Analogous harmony refers to neighboring colors on the color wheel. An example is yellow, yellow-green and green.\nThis produces a restful effect and is less dramatic than the complementary color scheme. Complementary harmonies are colors that are directly opposite of each other on the color wheel. They tend to be dramatic, such as the red and green Christmas color scheme. Complementary colors intensify each other and tend to be bold and attention-getting. However, if these colors are grayed they become more wearable. Now, aren't you smart!\nColor The Powerful Design Element\nColor is a powerful design element in our environment and our wardrobes. Although colors are only only one facet of design, color is usually first to attract us to clothing. As you become more aware of color, it will become your key for selecting harmonious colors and more appropriate clothing choices, which will save both shopping time and money.\nYou will save time in dressing, and feel confident with your new color-related appearance. Up to date with your best colors, you control impulse shopping. Your personal coloring, skin tone, hair color, and eye color will create your color palette.\nEach season, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter has it's own unique color palette. Unfortunately, when it comes to clothing, we often purchase whatever is in fashion and only our hangers are the ones to wear that new blouse that would look great — on somebody else. Is your closet full of fad colors that do not flatter you?\nWe know you got them at a great price. We know your girlfriend said they looked good. Now you can replace those accidents knowing your color palette and create a balance and harmony within your closet. Pieces will just seem to go together without frantic planning.\nThe Art of Wearing Colors that are Right for You\nEvery woman should know what colors are becoming to her, and know her own seasonal palette. Color Meaning Your Complete Season Analysis can then be the used as the guide when:\n- Purchasing clothes\n- Choosing make-up to enhance your skin tone\n- Choosing a new hair color or highlights\nWe seem instinctively drawn to colors that complement our own natural coloring. Often selecting even large ticket items such as furniture, decorating accessories, and cars that are within in our color palette.\nThen we seem to lock at our own image. The key for unlocking is simply understanding what color means and the direct effect it has on you. It is as important to your overall appearance as is your Facial Shape when choosing a hairstyle. The basic premise of color in both fashion and decorating transcends all ethnic, racial, and economic bounds.\nMost of the Universal systems used places us into \"seasonal\" categories. For the sake of simplicity, that will be our system of choice here, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. You identify your season based on the colors of your skin tone, hair color, and eye color.\nUsing Color To Express Feelings\nPlay with color to reflect a mood or to create one. The evening can be yours in a little black dress. Be noticed. Go unnoticed, um, No.\nLook both professional and polished for an interview, establishing your credibility as soon as you enter the room. When you are planning active sports or an active day, leave those cool, reserved, flat colors for serious occasions and business. Wear sunshine, if a rainy day is bringing you down, hot pink or yellow will lift spirits and keep you bright in the gray of the day.\nColor can create a woman in the time it takes to dress!\n- Planning romance? Pursue in dark red\n- Planning to be pursued? Wear baby pink or ivory\n- Planning for fun? Bring out the fun with oranges and bright blues\nColor And Your Moods\nInnocent, pure, young, Bridal, safe, simple, clean, feminine, innocence\nSoft, feminine, girly, delicate, sweet, gentle, delicate, softly sexy, subtle\nStrong, fun, sporty, outgoing, sexy, flirty\nExciting, fun, sunny disposition, energetic, joyful, alert\nWarm, caring, nurturing, outdoors, natural, earthy\nVictorian, romantic, classic, chic\nSky Pale Blue\nDreamy, calm, serene, soft, uncomplicated, simplicity\nStrong, sexy, romantic, passionate, wild, fun, sensual, directed, flashy, daring\nAdventurous, fun, sporty, outgoing, confident, upbeat, high energy, young\nBusiness like, educated, polished, organized, professional\nViolets, romantic, sweet, femme fatal, innocent\nRenew, fresh, adventurous, confident\nDark Royal Blue\nNavy Blue business like, classic, polished, directed, successful, refined, royal\nClassic, mysterious, sophisticated, good taste, good fashion sense, polished\nColor And Skin Tone\nMany consider the skin tone as most important for choosing color. The skin tone contains three pigments:\n- Hemoglobin (red)\n- Carotene (yellow-orange)\n- Melanin (brown) The suntan and freckle pigmentation\nAll races have the same three pigments, but in different concentrations. Black people have more melanin in their skin tones than Caucasians; Orientals have greater amounts of carotene than other groups. People of the same race differ from each other in value (lightness and darkness) due to the melanin content of their skin.\nA scientific study of personal coloring, classifies skin tones as pink, peach, and golden. We have used the category \"Seasons\" and may also hear them referred to as \"Warm\" or \"Cool\" for skin tone, eye color, and hair color. Of course, not everyone falls into those precise groups. There are those people with skin tones between pink and peach or between peach and golden.\nMatching colors to your eyes, hair, skin and related reds become the basis for finding your color palette Related reds are inspired by the red in your skin tone. When a person blushes, you see the basis for related reds in the skin tone. They are used in lipstick colors for women and in tie colors for men. This red can be varied as long as it is related to the red in skin color.\nMore Season Color Analysis\nColor Meaning Your Complete Season Analysis\nAuthor: Tanna Mayer\nUpdated: March 18, 2015\nBeauty And The Bath", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Women Working Night Shifts at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer, Study\nWomen who work night shifts are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer, researchers say. The risk is higher for those women who are morning people or \"larks\" rather than \"owls\" who are comfortable with night shifts.\nMail Online reports that this study is backed by the Danish Cancer Society. The study involved some 18,500 women who worked for the Danish Army between 1964 and 1969.\nThe research team were able to track down around 200 breast cancer survivors from the study group and matched lifestyle data obtained by them with data collected from around 800 women who hadn't suffered from cancer.\nThe results showed that night shift work for 3 days a week for a period of 6 years or more increased the likelihood of developing cancer by 40 percent. Women who were early risers had high risk of developing cancer.\n\"Although this study found a higher risk for women working the greatest number of hours of night shifts altogether, they didn't see a solid association if they analysed the data in other ways, for example when they looked at how many years of night shifts women had worked. The evidence so far seems to point to a probable link, but we still need more research to understand how big the risk could be and how many years it would take to appear,\" Sarah Williams, Cancer Research UK's health information officer, The Guardian reports.\n\"The observation that women with night work and morning preference (who may be less tolerant of night shift work) tend to have a higher risk for breast cancer than similar women with evening preference warrants further exploration in larger studies,\" Dr Johnni Hansen, of the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, in Copenhagen, Denmark, and lead author of the study, reports The Telegraph.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention reports, that according to 2004 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, almost 15 million Americans work full time on evening shifts, night shifts, or other employer arranged irregular schedules.\nExperts are still divided over the probability of circadian rhythm affecting a person's risk of developing cancers. However, they agree that the risk of breast cancer in women can be reduced through weight management, exercise and reducing alcohol intake.\n\"For the moment, there is strong evidence that women can reduce the risk of breast cancer by keeping to a healthy weight, drinking less alcohol and being physically active,\" Sarah Williams said, ( The Guardian)\n\"Night shift working and breast cancer risk is a hugely complex area and two of the biggest risk factors – diet and physical activity outside of working hours – weren't considered in this study. So, whilst it contributes to the debate, further research is needed to fully understand the link between night shift working, the lifestyle factors and breast cancer,\" said Lisa Wilde, director of research at Breast Cancer Campaign, reports The Guardian.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "These women were transferred from one concentration camp to another so that many of the guards had worked at most of the concentration camps.\nWhen the English and American troops liberated the concentration camps, the deaths didn’t stop because so many of the prisoners were too advanced in their malnourishment and disease that all the allies could do was to make them as comfortable as possible during their final hours.\nConcentration Camp Bergen-Belsen\nOne camp, Bergen-Belsen, had over 13,000 prisoners die after being liberated due to the inhumane and horrific conditions of the camp. Even hardcore soldiers found it impossible to witness what went on in these death camps.\nIt was discovered during the many criminal trials that followed the days of liberation that the women guards were responsible for the majority of the atrocities that went on in the women’s camp on a daily basis.\nWhen Bergen–Belsen was liberated by the British on April 15, 1945, the Commandant Josef Kramer was arrested and indicted along with 44 other Nazis who worked in the camp.\nOf the 44 Nazis, three female guards in Nazi concentration camps were sentenced to death:\n–> Irma Grese\n–> Elizabeth Volkenrath\n–> Joanna Bormann\nAll three women had worked together at Auschwitz, Ravensbruck, Birkenau and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps.\n21-year-old Irma Grese had been a dairy worker, 26-year-old Volkenrath had been a hairdresser and the chief of SS women, Juana Bormann, 53, had been a “religious fanatic who gave up mission work to join the SS”. (1)\nIrma Grese, Beast of Belsen, Convicted and Sentenced to Death by Hanging\nIrma Grese, aka Beast of Belsen, was convicted of crimes she committed while at Auschwitz and Bergen–Belsen. Irma’s story was typical, she wanted to be a nurse, but was rejected. Instead, she was trained to be a guard and sent to Auschwitz.\nWithin a year she was the second highest ranking female guard in the Nazi concentration camps and oversaw 30,000 female Jewish prisoners. In 1945, she was sent to Bergen-Belsen.\nGrese was known for her cruelty and brutality. A former lover of the sadistic SS doctor Josef Mengele (Angel of Death) who conducted horrible experiments on children, she began an affair with the Bergen–Belsen commandant, Josef Kramer soon after her transfer.\nGrese was known for her sexual prowess. She had sex with female prisoners and, when tired of them, sent them to the gas chambers. She also had sexual relations with other SS personnel and male prisoners.\nShe was convicted of murdering prisoners by shooting them in cold blood, sadistic cruelty in beating prisoners and turning her half-starved dog on prisoners. She was also responsible for selecting prisoners for the gas chambers.\nIlona Stein testified that in 1944 she witnessed Irma Grese riding a bicycle past one of the prisoners standing at the wire that divided the camp. The woman had gone there to see her daughter.\nUpon seeing the woman, Grese jumped off her bike and, “took off her leather belt and beat the woman with it”. Grese beat the woman until the prisoner fell to the ground and then Grese “trampled on her”. The woman was so severely beaten that she was hospitalized for three weeks. (1)\nStein further testified that:\n“Whilst at Birkenau I have seen Grese making selections with Dr Mengele of people to be sent to the gas chamber. On these parades Grese herself chose the people to be killed in this way.\nIn one selection about August 1944, there were between 2,000 and 3,000 selected. At this selection Grese and Mengele were responsible for selecting those for the gas chamber.\nPeople chosen would sometimes sneak away from the line and hide themselves under their beds. Grese would go and find them, beat them until they collapsed and then drag them back into line again.”\nGrese carried a whip she’d made by braiding cellophane strips together and used it on prisoners at Auschwitz. Grese testified that, “after eight days Kommandant Kramer prohibited whips, but we nevertheless went on using them…” (1)\nJuana Bormann Sentenced to Death by Hanging\nJuana Bormann was assigned to the first women’s concentration camp in Lichtenburg in 1938, then transferred in 1939 to the new concentration camp in Ravensbrück. She was promoted from kitchen help to overseer.\nIn 1942, she was transferred to Auschwitz concentration camp and later that same year to Birkenau. Like other guards, she was transferred to various camps and in 1945 ended up in Bergen-Belsen. Bormann was 53 years old when she was hanged for war crimes, although often reported as being 42. (1)\n–> Anni Jonas testified that Bormann would point out weak prisoners to Dr. Mengele to be taken to the gas chambers.\n–> Dora Szafran testified that at Auschwitz Juana made selections for the gas chambers along with Dr. Klein.\n–> Szafran witnessed Bormann set her dog on a female prisoner lagging behind because her leg was injured. The dog attack was so severe, the woman was carried away on a stretcher.\n–> Hanka Rozenwayg testified the Bormann beat her and other women prisoners for having a fire in their hut.\n–> Prisoner Peter Makar testified that Bormann beat several women for stealing vegetables from the pigsties.\nInmate after inmate testified of beatings, cruelties, dog attacks and other sadistic acts. (1)\nElizabeth Volkenrath Sentenced to Death by Hanging\nIn 1941, Vokenrath arrived at Ravensbruck concentration camp. She quickly learned the cruelties of her profession and rose in position. She was later transferred to Auschwitz as a supervisor.\nLike her fellow female guards, she was transferred about various concentration camps. In 1944, she was promoted to Senior Supervisor. In this position, she oversaw three hangings.\nMandel later promoted her to Birkenau commandant of the women’s camp at Auschwitz. Inmates testified against her and she was convicted of numerous murders and gas chamber selections. (2)\nThe former hairdresser turned sadistic Nazi guard was 26 years old when she was hanged for war crimes. (3)\nMaria Mandel, “The Beast” Sentenced to Death by Hanging\nMaria Mandel was arrested by the US armed forces in 1945 after she tried to escape home to Austria. She was held prisoner and interrogated for nearly a year and half.\nIn 1946, she was turned over to the Polish government and stood trial in Krakow. At the age of 36, Mandel was sentenced to death by hanging.\nShe was one of the last of the worst female guards to be hanged. She had taken Irma Grese under her wing at Auschwitz and promoted her to “head of the Hungarian women’s camp at Birkenau”.\nOf all the Nazi female guards, Mandel was the most notorious and accused of being personally responsible for more than 500,000 women and children being murdered.\nMandel was known for her cruelty and abuse of prisoners and quickly rose to power. In 1942, she was made the SS female commandant and reported directly to Hoess (SS Commandant of the camp).\nShe was head of all the female camps and subcamps. She was so corrupt that if any inmate looked at her the wrong way, she had the prisoner taken away, it is assumed to the gas chamber or worse.\nDubbed, “the Beast”, Mandel’s cruelty was unsurpassed. She delighted in choosing which Jewish children would be sent to the gas chambers.\nShe also had pet Jews, but quickly tired of them and condemned them to the gas chambers. She loved playing god and her sadism drove her to create the Auschwitz orchestra.\nIt was a cruel irony that pleased her as she forced the Jewish orchestra to play for selection parades, executions and other camp activities that tortured and tormented the Jewish prisoners. (1)\nGuards Forced to Remove the Dead\nAs part of the punishment for those guards not executed, the women were forced to carry the dead from the camp huts.\nThere were over 17,000 dead in the camp at the time the British liberated it. In the ensuing weeks, another 13,000 corpses had to be removed. (1)\nIn various accounts, the women guards complained that the bodies were so badly decomposed that arms and legs would pull off as they labored to carry them to the mass burial pits. One guard interviewed nearly 60 years later complained that the British had refused to let them wear gloves while performing the removals.\nThe sheer number of people murdered by the Nazi regime is beyond staggering. The brutality of the crimes committed against the Jews, Gypsies and political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps is recorded in the war crime trials documents.\nOne thing that may be recorded but not tallied is the number of female Nazi guards who were recruited from the League of German Girls. It is stated in the transcripts concerning career progression that many of the female guards were League of German Girls party members.\nThe League was the girl’s division of the Nazi youth movement, also known as the Hitler Youth. At Irma Grese’s trial, her sister testified that all the girls wanted to join the League, but their father forbade them.\nIrma was determined to join and ran away from home at the age of 14. Later, when she visited her family and revealed that she’d joined the SS, her father beat her.\nStill, her father’s disapproval and subsequent beating didn’t dissuade Irma. She eagerly returned to fulfill her duty with the SS.\nWhile these girls were at a very impressionable age, it’s absolutely no excuse for the horrific cruelty they committed their time as female guards in nazi concentration camps. It does, however, give a glimpse into the world they lived in.\nIt was a world of absolute power over other people’s lives. The influence of superiors and peers further corrupted that world where not only was cruelty approved but constantly encouraged. Acts of violence were a way of life and it molded these young women into some of history’s most barbarous and sadistic murderers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "6 Of The Oldest Cat Breeds Still In Existence January 07 2020, 6 Comments\nFrom being revered as symbols of Ancient Egyptian gods, to being linked with witches in the Middle Ages, to completely dominating the Internet today, cats have long been a part of human history. It's estimated that cats were domesticated as far back as 12,000 years ago! With all the joy that cats bring us today, is it any wonder why they have persisted this long?\nLet's take a look back at some of these ancient breeds that are still around today!\n1. Egyptian Mau\nPerhaps the most ancient cat breed of them all, it is believed that Egyptian Mau ancestors have been found mummified alongside Pharaohs in their tombs. It is debated if Egyptian Maus are actually the oldest domesticated breed of cat, but it is one of the few naturally spotted breeds of cat. And papyri and frescoes dating back as far as 1550 B.C. depict spotted cats, similar to our modern day Egyptian Maus.\n2. Norwegian Forest Cat\nNorwegian Forest Cats, affectionately called \"Wegies\" by cat connoisseurs, these fluffy giants are thought to be descended from cats that crossed the seas on Viking ships. Yes, Viking cats! The Norwegian Forest Cats' ancestors may include black and white shorthair cats brought to Norway from Great Britain sometime after 1000 AD by the Vikings, and longhaired cats brought to Norway by Crusaders.\nAs with most things feline, the true origin of the Siamese cat breed is shrouded in mystery. No one is exactly certain where Siamese cats were originally bred and domesticated. Some people believe they were bred by royalty, others say Buddhist monks. But a Thai manuscript dating back to the 14th century, the Tamra Maew, or 'The Cat Book Poems,', makes mention of dark-pointed cats and suggests that the Siamese is a very old breed.\n4. Turkish Angora\nThe Turkish Angora breed finds its origins in mountainous regions of Turkey, where it developed its soft, medium-length fur coat for protection against the harsh climates. This traditionally white-coated breed is documented as far back as France in the 1600s! There is some speculation that this unusually soft-furred feline may be descended from the Manul cat, a small cat domesticated by the Tartars.\n5. Maine Coon Cats\nMaine Coons, known as gentle giants and the \"dogs of the cat world\" are one of the most popular cat breeds today. But they're also one of the oldest! Likely descended from cats brought over to the Americas by Vikings, or later European sailors who docked at ports in 1700s New England. Genetic testing has indicated that Maine Coon cats are actually descendants of Norwegian Forest Cats and a mysterious, now-extinct domestic cat.\nAnother surprisingly old breed, the Chartreux were thought to have originated in France as far back as 1558, where it was mentioned in a poem by Joachim du Bellay, called Vers Français sur la mort d'un petit chat (French verse on a small kitten's death). The poem reads:\n\"Here lies Belaud, my little gray cat,\nBelaud, that was the most handsome perhaps\nThat nature ever made in cat's clothing.\nThis was Belaud, death to rats.\nBelaud, to be sure his beauty was such\nThat he deserves to be immortal.\"\nThe most enduring explanation is that the Chartreux's ancestors, like the Turkish Angoras, were feral mountain cats from the Middle East. During the 13th century, it's thought that merchants or Crusaders brought the cats to France. Once in France, the breed was continued by Carthusian monks at the Grande Chartreuse Monastery in southeastern France.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Clinical Patient Group Presentation Present a summary of your clinical patient to your clinical group. This will be a 15-minute presentation.\nTeach your classmates something you learned while providing care to this patient! Share your expertise! The presentation should include a brief history of the patient including the health history that led to the priority needs, nursing diagnosis, outcomes and interventions you identified in the plan of care. Include a summary of one evidence-based article that supports your plan of care. This article must be a nursing journal, written within the last 5 years. Submit a copy of the journal article to your instructor.\nYou must use a minimum of two teaching methods in your presentation. This can be a PowerPoint, a poster, a YouTube video, a game, a quiz question, etc.\nPresentation should be conducted in a professional manner and should be organized, clear, concise and timely. Your presentation should engage the interest and participation of the audience.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Abbasids from 750 until 1517 AD, with all its forms from the first period, and the Turkish, Seljuk and Mamluk Guards were eras that do not represent the history and the message of Muhammad, nor any of the numerous divine national messages. Rather, they were regimes and periods of injustice, corruption, fraud and colonization of Turkic Mongolian gangs from East Asia.\nThose 8 centuries produced a great deal of shady heritage and fake scholars and researchers misleading and corrupt sciences who aided all their branches of the Turkic colonialists gangs including Turks, Persians, Romans, Jews, Sabaeans and Bedouins. They attacked Africa, Europe, Asia and the Religion\nAmong the most important symbols of Abbasid rule was the so-called Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406 AD), whose writings are considered scientific references and is considered the source and founder of modern sociology and one of the leading scholars of history and economics. This is, in fact, an infringement on the sound and honest scientific method, on history, peoples and the Religion\nThe 8 centuries of Abbasids were the beginning of the time of the various Turkic gangs taking over the entire Mediterranean coasts and turning Yebus/Jebus or Aelia to Jerusalem; and reinforcing the lie that early Jews were children of Israel; and that the children of Israel were in Egypt; and all the stories of the Tanakh that the Turkic groups invented in Babylon in 580 BC. These lies were incorporated into the interpretations of the Holy Qur’an, jurisprudence, hadiths, and the Prophet’s biography, and institutions claiming to be religious were set up by them.\nAs for the Ottoman period (1299 – 1923 AD) that followed Abbasid, it went too far, because it was the summit of criminality, corruption, forgery, colonialism and collusion with the Jews and various Turkic Mongolians. The great leap for Turkic Mongolian gangs was to establish colonies of the Americas after their gangs were expelled as Spain and Portugal were liberated in 1492 AD (Andalusia). The Crusades were nothing but a continuation of the Roman Turkic aggression against Europeans and the peoples of the region\nWhy Spain and Portugal went bankrupt immediately after the colonization of the Americas since 1492 AD, the same year of the end to 780 years of colonization of Iberia; meanwhile Italy, Catholic Church and the Ottomans prospered greatly? Why in all history books it is called “European colonization of the Americas” while Europeans were just employed by Jewish settlers and ships’ owners.\nThe verses of jihad in the Holy Qur’an and the message of Mohammad, which are meant to command the Arabs to liberate themselves, struggle and fight the occupiers and colonialists. Jihad and the command to fight were not intended to attack foreign nations, or to spread the Mohammad’s message by force at all.\nBut power in the Arab communities was in the hands of a few ignorant and hypocritical Arabs who were bound by interests with those who commanded the Holy Qur’an and Muhammad’s message to fight them and be free from their colonization. The masters of the Arabs agreed with the Bedouins and their Turkic allies, the Jews, the Sabeans, the Persians, and the Romans to abort Muhammad’s message.\nEast Asian Turkic Mongolian gangs used the same Quranic verses of jihad in the Roman Church, contrary to their aims to wage the Crusades, just as the Arabs and their allies used them before to establish the Abbasid colonies.\nWe must question very seriously why scholars and clerics did not discover for 1400 years the difference between messages and the Religion? And between Muhammad’s message and Islam? Why they do not know or state the difference between the early Jews and the children of Israel? And why they do not clearly define the difference between Arabs and Bedouins? Why they do claim and insist that Aelia or Yebus is the Holy City of King Solomon’s Temple? And why did they insist that the first Kingdom of Israel during the time of King Solomon was in lands of western of Assyria?\nAnd why did they not know that the gangs of East Asia were the ones who formed the Akkadians, the Hyksos, the Hebrews, the Arameans, the Sabaeans, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Turks, the Romans, and the Jews? And why do they promote naive Bedouin myths that are not based on any logic, science, or evidence claiming that more than 7 billion living inhabitants of the globe descended from one pair only? And why do they say that tribes and peoples migrate like birds or fish?\nAnd why do they say that God Almighty, the One and only One, sent several religions, while the Holy Qur’an explicitly says that the Religion is one? Why today clerics misinterpret the verses of jihad and fighting, and the infidel aggressors and use them to attack nations, promote terrorism and colonialism, and destroy the tolerance and justice of the disappeared Muhammad’s message?\nThe only answer to all these questions, and more than them, is because scholars and clerics are not scholars or clerics, but rather they are a fifth column who represents the interests of Bedouins and their partners, the East Asian gangs, the Turks, the Romans, Persians, Jews and Sabaeans. The methodology of science, religion and history is truly corrupt altogether\nAll the nations and governments of Africa, Europe, Asia, the Americas and the entire world must reformulate the methods of science, religion and history; and defend their national and human interests from attacks by corrupt Turkic science, religion and history", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We all want to know how many harmful substances there are in our food, what substances a drug contains and whether our furniture has too much formaldehyde. The methods developed by metrologists at Saarland University ensure that transportable gas chromatographs can detect the tiniest traces of harmful substances, as the team led by Professor Schütze specializes in making artificial sensory organs ever more sensitive and accurate. Mobile devices in particular are set to benefit from optimizing detectors for gas chromatographs. The engineers from Saarland University are thus keen to make useful contacts with gas chromatograph manufacturers at HANNOVER MESSE.\nWhether in medicine, food chemistry, biology, environmental analysis or forensics, the new analysis technology reveals what mixtures contain and how much. \"Our technology makes it possible to detect short gas pulses with a high level of precision and selectively analyze tiny quantities of gas for the substances they contain,\" explains Tilman Sauerwald from the Department of Measuring Technology. This technology will even enable diagnosis of lung cancer from exhaled air. “Our sensors are highly sensitive. We're developing them to such an advanced level that we can selectively measure ever lower concentrations. At the moment, we can already detect 100 femtograms, which is less than one trillionth of a gram,\" says Sauerwald, who is coordinating the group’s work in this area.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Open water swimming\nOn 3 May 1810, Lord Byron swam the Hellespont, emulating the legendary Greek Leander. He swam 6.4 km (4 miles) in one hour ten minutes. He also swam in the length of the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy and across the Tagus River in Portugal.\nLord Byron is the namesake for the Lord Byron's Bicentennial Swim Crossing of the Hellespont and the Lord Byron's Swim Festival, ranked among the Top 50 Open Water Swims In Asia.\nLord Byron wrote prolifically. In 1832 his publisher, John Murray, released the complete works in 14 duodecimo volumes, including a life by Thomas Moore. Subsequent editions were released in 17 volumes, first published a year later, in 1833.\nByron's Don Juan, a poem spanning 17 cantos, ranks as one of the most important long poems published in England. The masterpiece, often called the epic of its time, has roots deep in literary tradition and, although regarded by early Victorians as somewhat shocking, equally involves itself with its own contemporary world at all levels — social, political, literary and ideological.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ONR PISTON Field Campaign\nPISTON stands for the Propagation of Intra-Seasonal Tropical OscillatioNs. While numerous tropical intra-seasonal oscillations exist, PISTON will primarily target the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO). The BSISO defines the northward and eastward movement of the Asian monsoon during northern-hemispheric (boreal) summertime. This oscillation has been observed to impact weather across the Maritime Continent and into the southeastern portions of continental Asia, and even weather within the United States. The BSISO is rather complex, and PISTON is therefore an extensive field campaign, involving both intensive numerical modeling and observational activities. Namely, the PISTON campaign emphasizes two scientific questions:\n- How do localized features such as island orography and individual thunderstorms influence tropical intraseasonal oscillations?\n- How does variability in large-scale atmospheric circulations over the South China Sea influence the diurnal cycle, synoptic systems, and interactions between the atmosphere and ocean within the Maritime Continent?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Posted October 9th, 2013 in Education\nThis past summer’s B-WET workshop offered a lot of lesson and activity ideas for all of the teachers who attended, including Marea Spentzos-Inghram, middle school teacher at Catherine Cook School in Chicago.\nBeyond just taking a few curriculum ideas back to her lesson prep, though, Ms. Spentzos-Inghram decided to turn her class into student scientists by becoming official precipitation observers for CoCoRaHS – the “Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, and Snow Network” – which is a volunteer network of weather watchers throughout the country. The project was even featured in the school newsletter (photo below).\n“The B-WET workshop presented teachers with so much information it would be impossible to not get inspired!” said Ms. Spentzos-Inghram. “They had a lineup of AMAZING presenters from a variety of organizations to promote their efforts, which made it a one-stop shop for information about bringing Great Lakes science into the classroom.”\n“Being an urban school, I felt limited in outdoor environmental opportunities but CoCoRaHs was do-able. Since I have rooftop access to my building it was easy to participate! And the students get REALLY excited when it rains because they want to see how much rain fell at our school. I can’t imagine what it will be like for snow (or other precipitation).”\nMs. Spentzos-Inghram has expanded on this experience and introduced an outreach component, with a group of students working on a PSA right now featuring a cartoon rain gauge being interviewed.\nAs for the benefits of the workshop, “what they had to share seemed easy (teachers like easy) yet practical, useful, and educational. And the students have really taken to it and gotten involved, which is the best part of coming back with new ideas for the classroom.”\nSimilar workshops are held regularly, and you can contact IISG’s Robin Goettel and Terri Hallesy for more details. You can find additional information about Great Lakes science resources and training at our education page and at the Center for Great Lakes Literacy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "System for Shear Flow Profiling\nInventor: Erik Anderson\nPublication No. US 7054768 B2\nOverview: A computerized method of profiling a shear flow using particle velocimetry near a surface interface known as the boundary layer.\nTechnology: This computerized image analysis method determines potential particle motion vectors based on the received images and dynamically ranks the likelihood that the potential tracks are correct based on track density. Two successive images of a plurality of particles in the shear flow near the interface are analyzed. The method is also applicable to moving and deforming interfaces.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A STUDY OF ACRYLIC DISPERSIONS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PAINTINGS\nMichael C. Duffy\nMATERIALS USED IN CONSERVATION should be stable over an extended period of time. This does not seem to be the case for the polymer dispersions tested. Discoloration (the formation of conjugated double bonds) occurred in measurable amounts in all samples after a relatively short exposure to aging conditions. Changes in peel strengths related to the aging of films indicate increased difficulty of reversibility in the Rhoplexes and 498 HV. While the precise peel strength desirable would depend on a number of factors not examined here extreme highs and lows were judged to be undesirable. The extremely high peel strength value for HV 360 makes its reversibility a harsh undertaking for a fragile art object. Conversely, reactivated samples with low peel strengths do not have the adhesive strength to keep a fabric securely adhered to another and so threaten delamination. Changes in technique of reactivating the adhesive may be required if it is to be used in the lining procedure.\nOf the five adhesives tested, the Plextol B500 appears to be the most resistant to peel strength changes over time. Unfortunately, it also sustained the most discoloration of any of the adhesives. Since the adhesive would be hidden from light in a lining, yellowing may not be a factor under consideration. Accepting a material's negative properties to gain the advantage of its positive properties is a compromise frequently made in conservation. Certainly the discoloration of any of these materials is inevitable and must be considered vis-ll\nl3mbined adhesives could be tested to determine if a mixture of two adhesives would yield more favorable properties than either one used alone. Comparison of peel strength vs. sheer strength values would further enhance understanding of these materials. There are many avenues for further study of the use of these materials in the conservation field.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Evolution of Point Venus, Tahiti\nIn 1768, James Cook left England on the Endeavour bound for Tahiti. The first of his three famous voyages, one of Cook’s tasks was to observe the transit of Venus. The transit is one of few easily observable and predictable astronomical events and occurs in eight-year pairs, separated by first 101.5, then 121.5 years (Espenak). During the transit, Venus passes between the Earth and the Sun and is visible to the naked eye as a black dot approximately 1/32 the size of the Sun. The most recent transit occurred in 2012 and was the eight-year mate of the 2004 transit. With the next transit not set to occur until 2117, those who viewed both witnessed a rare and special event (Phillips, “Transit”). The transits of 1769 and 2012 provide a comparison in the evolution of science and of landscape. The scientific tools at the disposal of James Cook seem modest compared to modern solar instruments, and the landscape of Point Venus, where Cook observed the transit, has changed dramatically as well.\nCaptain James Cook lived in a time of scientific revolution called the Age of Enlightenment. An intelligent, self-made expert in mathematics, astronomy and hydrographic survey, he was selected by the Royal Society of England to make the voyage to Tahiti because of his ability to contribute to this surge in scientific discovery (Herdendorf, 40). The 1769 transit of Venus had an added significance in the scientific community because it was the key to understanding the size of the solar system (Orchiston, 67-71).\nScientists in the 18th century had an inaccurate understanding of the distance between the Earth and other planets. The relative spacing of the planets was understood, however no numbers were associated with these distances (Phillips, “Cook”). When Cook left England for Tahiti, Edmund Halley understood that accurate observations of the transit of Venus could be used to determine the size of the solar system. Halley found that by having two people view the transit at the same time on the same line of longitude but different lines of latitude, the calculations could be made to find the distance between the Earth and the Sun. In essence, the solar parallax, which is the angle formed by lines “drawn from the centre of the Earth and from the observer’s location on the circumference of the Earth,” can be converted into the astronomical unit, which is the actual distance between the Earth and the Sun, using the value of the radius of the Earth and simple trigonometry (Herdendorf, 41). Finally, using Johannes Kepler’s Third Law of Planetary Motion, the value of the astronomical unit can be extrapolated in order to understand the size of the solar system (Orchiston, 67-71).\nThe transit of 1769 was additionally important considering that the previous transit was a scientific failure. Bad weather and poor communication between nations resulted in a lack of data to calculate the solar parallax in 1761. The next transit would not occur until the 19th century, making 1769 the last chance any scientist alive had to make the calculation. Armed with this information, James Cook sailed for Tahiti, recently visited by Captain Samuel Wallis and deemed the perfect place to observe the transit because it was one of few locations where the entire event would be visible (Salmond, 124). According to his journal, Cook and his crew arrived in Tahiti in April of 1769 and began to build an observatory on the 18th. Known as Fort Venus (Figure 1), the structure served as a solid platform on which to make the necessary observations, and provided protection for the astronomical equipment from the Tahitians who, according to the log, had a penchant for stealing the instruments (Hawkesworth, Chap. IX). The fort was built on Matavai Bay on the north side of Tahiti, was fortified with weapons from the Endeavour and was spacious enough to fit over forty of Cook’s men (Salmond, 147). The instruments housed in the fort had improved significantly since 1761 and represented the best that was available for the time (Herdendorf, 43).\nCook was equipped for his journey by the Royal Society and the Royal Observatory of England with the most sophisticated instruments of the time (Orchiston, 56-57). At his disposal were two Gregorian reflecting telescopes with wooden stands, one astronomical quadrant, an alarum clock, a brass Hadley’s Sextant, a barometer, two thermometers and a dipping needle (Kaye, 8). Using these instruments, Cook needed to record the times of the four vital moments of the transit, known as contacts. These are the points at which (1) Venus just touches the edge of the Sun, (2) the planet’s opposite edge is at contact 1, (3) Venus has traversed the Sun and first touches its opposite edge, and finally (4) the last moment that Venus is in contact with the Sun (Espenak). Cook was unable to obtain precise measurements of the contacts due to the limitations of his instruments. He appeared frustrated and following the transit he recorded in his journal: “We all saw an atmosphere or dusky cloud round the body of the planet, which very much disturbed the times of contact…and we differed from each other in our accounts of the times of the contacts much more than might have been expected.” Cook refers to Charles Green and Dr. Solander, who were also members of the voyage of the Endeavour and observed the transit from another location on Tahiti and the neighboring island of Moorea (Hawkesworth, Chap. XIII). The “dusky cloud round the body of the planet” refers to the black drop effect, which is a phenomenon created by Venus’ atmosphere that causes the edge of the planet to appear in contact with the edge of the Sun longer than it actually is. This effect caused the data recorded by Cook, Green and Solander to differ by several seconds (Phillips, “Cook”).\nDespite Cook’s difficulties in obtaining accurate values of the four contacts, mathematicians used his observations to find a value for the solar parallax and thus the astronomical unit. The presently accepted value for the distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149,597,870 kilometers, defined as one astronomical unit (“Glossary”). Cook’s observations were accurate to within 5% of this value, which is impressive considering the difficulties overcome to make this observation (Orchiston, 67-71).\nFollowing the 1769 transit, technology improved the accuracy of the astronomical unit. During the 1874 and 1882 transits, photography allowed scientists to eliminate human error and the black drop effect (Orchiston, 67-71). The invention of radar in the 1960s allowed for the most precise measurement and the calculation of the presently accepted value of the astronomical unit (Phillips, “Cook”). Solar telescopes used for the 2004 transit produced stunning images (Figure 3) that are quite a contrast to the drawings of Cook and Green. The most recent transits were therefore not observed for the purpose of determining the size of the solar system, but were nevertheless scientifically important.\nThe 2012 transit featured high-tech observatories around the world ready to watch the tiny black dot of Venus traverse the Sun. The solar telescopes of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory are notable in the Hubble-quality images they produced (Phillips, “Cook”). The National Solar Observatory (NSO) and the associated NSO Integrated Synoptic Program (NISP) were other notable contributors, and projects associated with this group analyzed the atmosphere of Venus (“Success!”). By studying Venus’ atmosphere, scientists hoped to develop techniques to measure the atmospheres around planets outside of our solar system (Klotz). The Venus Twilight Experiment also studied the 2012 transit with goals to understand the atmosphere of Venus and to use this information to determine the habitability of extrasolar planets. The Venus Twilight Experiment used an instrument called a Cytherograph, which uses at least eight lenses and filters in order to analyze the actual atmospheric composition of Venus (Tanga). In comparison, James Cook’s reflecting telescopes offered views of Venus using two concave mirrors, which provided only 140 times magnification (Herdendorf, 46). This difference highlights the dramatic advances in technology that have changed the way scientists study the transit of Venus.\nAs an event that requires observations around the globe, the transit of Venus creates an international sense of community. The 1769 transit was the first major international scientific effort, and the observations of the 2012 transit crossed borders as well (Herdendorf, 43). Live feeds of the event were posted on the Internet and any amateur sky-watcher could report their observations to a database run by NASA (Espenak). Those adventurous enough to travel to Tahiti had a front row seat to the entire transit, just as Cook did over 200 years ago (Veillet).\nJust as the instruments have changed, the location from which Cook observed the transit has changed as well. Today Point Venus looks much different than when James Cook visited almost 250 years ago, with surfers, swimmers, sunbathers and fishermen lining the location where Fort Venus once stood. As shown in the modern day image of Point Venus (Figure 2), no evidence remains of Cook’s observatory. There is, however, one small white monument with a bronze plaque that welcomes visitors and includes information about Captain Cook. Although no physical evidence of Cook’s visit remains, visitors are now able to learn about his purpose in travelling to Tahiti, and his efforts in observing the transit of Venus.\nHannah Aichelman, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\nEspenak, Fred. \"The 2012 Transit of Venus.\" NASA Eclipse Web Site. NASA, 28 Feb. 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.\n\"Glossary: Astronomical Unit (AU).\" Near Earth Observation Program. NASA, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013.\nHawkesworth, John. An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1773. Print.\nHerdendorf, Charles E. “Captain James Cook and the Transits of Mercury and Venus.” The Journal of Pacific History. Vol. 21, No. 1 (1986): pp 39-55. Web.\nKaye, I. “Captain James Cook and the Royal Society.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 24, No. 1 (1969): pp 7-18. Web.\nKlotz, Irene. \"Venus Transit Offers Opportunity to Study Planet's Atmosphere (+video).\" The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 06 June 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.\nOrchiston, Wayne. From the South Seas to the Sun, The Astronomy of Cook’s Voyages. Essay in Science and Exploration in the Pacific. Ed. Margarette Lincoln. St Edmunds, Suffolk: St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, 1998. Print.\nPhillips, Tony. \"The 2012 Transit of Venus.\" Science@NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.\nPhillips, Tony. \"James Cook and the Transit of Venus.\" Science@NASA. NASA, 2 June 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.\nSalmond, Anne. Aphrodite’s Island: The European Discovery of Tahiti. New Zealand: Penguin Group (NZ), 2009. Print.\nTanga, Paolo. \"The Venus Twilight Experiment.\" The Venus Twilight Experiment, 10 July 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. <https://venustex.oca.eu/foswiki>.\n\"Transit of Venus 2012 a Success!\" Venus Transit of 2012. National Solar Observatory (NSO), 17 May 2012. Web. 16 Jan. 2013.\nVeillet, Christian. \"Marquesas Islands 2012 Venus Transit Expedition.\" Astronomy Outreach in the South Pacific. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013.\nFigure 1. A drawing of Fort Venus by Samuel Parkinson, an artist who travelled on Cook’s first voyage. The inscription reads: “Venus Fort, Erected by the Endeavour’s People, to secure themselves during the Observation of the Transit of Venus, at Otaheiti.” (Wikimedia Commons)\nFigure 2. A photo of Point Venus taken on a beautiful day in January 2011. Courtesy of Mary Malloy.\nFigure 3. Venus beginning its transit across the face of the Sun during the 2012 transit. This image was taken by a solar telescope that is part of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (Wikimedia Commons).\nHow to cite this page:\nHannah Aichelman. “The Evolution of Point Venus, Tahiti,” Atlas for Sustainability in Polynesian Island Cultures and Ecosystems, Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA. 2013. Web. [Date accessed] <html>", "label": "No"}
{"text": "News broke yesterday that the UK government has new guidelines for securing smart cars. As vehicles continue to become smarter and increasingly common on British roads, the UK government says it is crucial that manufacturers take the correct steps to make them cyber secure. IT security experts commented below.\nRaj Samani, Chief Scientist and Fellow at McAfee:\n“With the county’s strong manufacturing heritage, it’s unsurprising that the government has high hopes for the UK to be a global leader in driverless car technology.\nThe new cybersecurity guidelines will be a key step in achieving this goal, with the security of the car’s network paramount to the safety of the driver and those in the car’s vicinity.\nDriverless vehicles must be secure by design, and the government’s new guidelines will undoubtedly play a key role in ensuring that UK car manufacturers make that happen.”\nLeigh-Anne Galloway, Cyber Security Resilience Lead at Positive Technologies:\n“The proposed key principles sound reasonable, but we doubt it’s enough to provide security when it goes to real tech.\n“The most doubtful principle is the last one, saying the system should “respond appropriately when its defence or sensors fail”. If the sensors have not failed but are compromised, they can provide wrong data and endanger human lives. The possible solution is to use more sources of data, not just from this car but from other cars, from the road infrastructure including traffic cameras and interactive maps. Smart vehicles security cannot be considered in isolation, it’s part of a bigger, more complex system of the whole city.\n“Another principle that would be hard to put in practice is the one saying “all organisations, including sub-contractors, suppliers and potential third parties, work together to enhance the security of the system”. Although we agree with this guideline, some of the recent IoT incidents prove this concept to be hardly possible. Telecom providers don’t know about the vulnerabilities in their routers made somewhere in China. Security guards don’t know about the back doors in the surveillance cameras they use. If you want to get the whole coordination of all the supply chains and controls of a smart car production you need something like NASA mission control center.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You are your child’s first and most important teacher.\nEducation is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.\n~ William Butler Yeats\nInspire learning with our preschool learning kits\nDoes your child want to read the same story over and over again?\nKeep on reading! Numerous studies have found that during a child’s formative years, repeated information builds children’s brains by strengthening the neural pathways where information is stored. This leads to:\n- Stronger vocabulary development\n- Higher-level thinking skills\n- Sets the foundation for kindergarten readiness\nReading the same book repeatedly doesn’t have to be boring! Our storybook-based preschool learning kits help bring concepts and characters from stories to life with engaging preschool learning activities!\nPreschool Learning Kits\nSpend less time prepping, and more time engaging with our ready-to-use hands-on preschool learning kits ideal for learners ages 2-4*.\nTake advantage of classic storybooks children can read over and over again. Your kit includes multiple activities across six core subjects with all materials provided!\n* age range may vary because every child is on their own individual journey!\nSkill Building Learning Mats\nTraveling and eating out with kids doesn’t have to be stressful. Our preschool learning mats are designed to be hands-on, portable, and reusable.\nHave fun practicing foundational preschool skills with our learning mats while you’re on the go!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Assessment is a way of finding out if learning has taken place, but it is also necessary to assess your learners’ entry behaviors/understanding and to check whether the objectives have been met. In this article, based on an assignment created as part of my PTLLS (Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector) course, I will look at different types of assessment and also the need for good record keeping. Records are kept to show how learners are progressing and are essential for a learner to complete a course and earn the qualification for which they studied.\nAssessment can be formative (ongoing) or summative (at the end) and can be formal or informal. It is about gathering information, making judgments based on the interpretation of that information, and then deciding on the appropriate course of action to achieve course objectives. Formal assessments include written, oral and practical tests or recorded observations (e.g. via video, Dictaphone or witness testimony) and their grades contribute to the respective qualification. These are objective, graded, and mark a point where a student may be making progress or need further instruction on a particular topic.\nWhile formal assessments are usually time-bound (by which I mean timed tests as well as the fact that they are scheduled at specific points in a course), informal assessment is, in a sense, always happening – the teacher is constantly watching learners, listening to the answers and judge their attitudes and progress: These are mostly subjective and are not officially recorded. The learners can assess themselves and each other in pairs and groups. The assessment can also be carried out by another person within the teaching organization (internal) or from outside, for example by the examination board or a funding organisation/authority (external).\nFor my livestock department, many of the assessments can be hands-on – something that particularly suits the type of student attractive to this degree (ie less academically gifted), although other testing methods can be used depending on skill level. A BTEC course requires written proof of achievement, eg in the form of homework; On the other hand, an evening class for small farmers will not do this and the assessment will be largely informal.\nAs mentioned above, the initial assessment is crucial. Again, this can be informal (assessment of previous learning/knowledge level through introductory tasks) or formal (e.g. the need for an entrance exam/test). An example is the free writing practice required at the start of a PTLLS course – this was used by the tutor to assess levels of understanding, experience and expectation, as well as an opportunity to check literacy and communication skills . From an initial assessment, the teacher knows where to start, how and at what level to deliver the course content and, to a lesser extent, what type of learners to expect – a well-designed initial assessment can even tell a little about the learning styles of betray the group. A very valuable planning aid!\nA word of course assessment – often a written document completed by learners – that gives a good indication of a person’s progress and understanding and helps to design/redesign future courses. This type of evaluation tells both the tutor and the course leader how well a course is “working” and how effective a teacher is.\nYou must keep records of learners’ progress. The most important would be an attendance record (to show that students have completed the required hours of formal study); a grading grid (to record all tests and assignments completed and the grades achieved); some form of profile document (recording, for example, key information about individuals’ achievements and challenges, any tutorial notes on recruitment, past achievements and progress reports); and evaluation forms discussed above (if these are completed during the course, the teacher and his managers can ‘tweak’ the course accordingly).\nWithout proper written records, the course cannot be formally completed and awards cannot be given – the types described in the previous paragraph represent a collection of evidence that a specific goal has been achieved. The record must be accurate as assessment information is some of the most sensitive information a teacher handles. It should also only be accessible to those who need to have access to it – ie those who are directly involved in the course aligned with the learning objective at hand.\nThanks to Andrew Carter | #Assessment #methods #records #education", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A pacemaker is a small electronic device that helps your heart beat more regularly. It does this with a small electric stimulation that helps control your heartbeat. Your physician puts the pacemaker under the skin on your chest, just under your collarbone. It's hooked up to your heart with tiny wires. People may need a pacemaker for a variety of reasons - mostly due to one of a group of conditions called arrhythmias, in which the heart's rhythm is abnormal.\nYou may need a pacemaker to keep your heart contracting and pumping blood adequately. In this way your body gets the blood, oxygen and food that it needs. Some people just need a pacemaker for a short time, (like after a heart attack), and may use a kind that's outside the skin. The battery unit for this type of pacemaker is worn on a belt.\nTo understand why your physician may have told you that you need a pacemaker, you need to know about your heart's electrical system. This electrical system helps it beat at a regular speed or pace. Problems with this electrical system can make your heart's pace slow or uneven, possibly leaving you feeling fun-down or even faint. A pacemaker is a small electronic device that helps your electrical system keep your heart beating at the right pace.\nSymptoms of a slow heartbeat may include:\n- Shortness of breath\n- Fainting Spells\nThese symptoms are usually most noticeable when you're trying to do something active, such as walking or climbing stairs.\nHaving a pacemaker implanted is a fairly simple surgical procedure, but it does require a lifelong commitment. Keep in mind that pacemakers have been around for more than 30 years. With proper care, a pacemaker can help keep you feeling good for many years to come. The pacemaker keeps track of your heartbeat and, when necessary, generates electrical signals similar to the heart's natural signals. These signals keep your heart beating at the right pace.\nA pacemaker helps keep your heart from beating too slowly, but it doesn't stop your heart from beating on its own. The pacemaker \"listens\" to your heart. When the heart's own electrical system sends a signal and the heart beats, the pacemaker waits and does nothing. When the heart's system misses a signal, the pacemaker sends a signal to replace it.\nWhen you're active, your heart beats at a faster pace or rate. Electrical system problems can sometimes keep your heart's rate from speeding up when you're active. Because of this, some pacemakers are also rate-adaptive. This means they can help change the rate of your heartbeat depending upon your activity level. So when you're dancing or doing similar activity, a rate-adaptive pacemaker helps your heart beat faster. And when you sit down to rest, the pacemaker lets your heart return to a slower rate.\nInserting the pacemaker into your body is called implantation. Pacemaker implantation is not open heart surgery; it's a minor procedure that's done in an operating room or cardiac catheterization lab. Your physician's office will provide instructions on how to prepare for the procedure. Pacemakers can be inserted near the right or left shoulder. If you prefer to have it implanted on a particular side, discuss your preference with your physician.\nYou will probably be admitted to the hospital on the day of the procedure. Before the procedure begins, you may be given some medication to help you relax.\nThe most common method used to insert a pacemaker is called endocardial (\"inside the heart\") implantation. This procedure may take 2 to 3 hours and you will be awake during the surgery. Your physician may be ask you some questions or ask you to take some deep breaths.\nA local anesthetic is given by injection to numb the area where the pacemaker will be inserted to keep you from feeling pain during the procedure. An incision is made in your skin below your collarbone to create a small \"pocket\". The lead for the pacemaker is threaded through the incision into a vein in your upper chest. The lead is then guided into your heart's chambers using x-ray monitors. Electrical measurements are taken to determine a good position for the lead in the heart. If there is a second lead, this process is repeated.\nThe pacemaker generator is attached to the lead or leads. Then, the generator is placed in the pocket under your skin. The pacemaker's settings are programmed to help your heart beat at a rate that's right for you. The incision is then closed and covered with a sterile dressing.\nYour physician may elect to use an alternative method, called epicardial (\"outside the heart\") implantation. Epicardial implantation takes longer than endocardial implantation and requires more recovery time. An opening is made in the lower chest, and the lead is threaded up to the outside of the heart. The generator is attached to the leads and placed underneath the skin in the abdomen.\nAfter your pacemaker is implanted, you'll probably stay in the hospital for a day or two to be sure that there are no problems. When you go home, you may be given instruction on how to take care of the incision site as it heals. Your physician may also schedule some follow-up visits.\nTo be sure your pacemaker is working correctly, you'll probably need to visit your physician or pacemaker clinic several times a year. During these visits, the pacemaker's battery level and functions are checked and the pacemaker's settings can be adjusted. Your pacemaker can also be checked from your home.\nOnce your pacemaker is implanted, it should last five to 10 years, which is the average battery life. When a pacemaker's battery wears out, the entire pacemaker's pulse generator is replaced, and you'll need another procedure to fix your device. The leads of your pacemaker can be left in place, and the procedure to change your pacemaker's battery is often quicker and requires less recovery time than the procedure to first implant your pacemaker.\nLiving with a pacemaker requires some lifestyle adjustments, but It isn't difficult. You can usually do almost everything you did before you got your pacemaker. And, since you will probably feel better, you may be able to do even more, including regular exercise. See your physician regularly to help ensure that you remain healthy and feeling good.\nWhen you first get your pacemaker, you'll be given an ID card to carry. This ID card contains important information about your pacemaker. Show it to any physician, dentist, or other medical professional you visit. Also, because pacemakers tend to set off security devices like those found in airports and libraries, you may need to show your card to security personnel.\nModern pacemakers are well protected from outside signals, so there are very few things that can interfere with your pacemaker. But if you ever feel symptoms that make you think a device is disrupting your pacemaker's signals, turn the device off or move away from it. Your symptoms should stop and your pacemaker shouldn't be damaged. To be safe, check with your physician.\nAppliances which should be safe to use include:\n- Microwave ovens and other appliances in good repair\n- Hair Dryers\n- Power Tools\n- TV's and Radios\n- Electric Blankets and Heating Pads\n- Vacuum Cleaners\nThere are a few things to avoid that might interfere with your pacemaker. These include very strong magnets (like those used for an MRI), radio transmitting tours, ham radios, certain surgical instruments and cellular phones. When using a cellular phone, hold it on the ear farthest away from your pacemaker. Don't carry it in your breast pocket, even when it's turned off. Also, a running car engine generates an electrical field, so avoid leaning directly over the open hood of a running car.\nIf you have any questions or concerns, please call your physician. It's very important for you to keep your appointments with your physician or pacemaker clinic. Follow your physician's recommendations about caring for your pacemaker, taking medications or doing other things to care for your heart.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cuddling small and premature babies in a style known as “kangaroo mother care” helps them in life decades later, researchers reported Monday.\nThey found that babies held upright and close to bare skin and breastfed, instead of being left in incubators, grew up with fewer social problems. They were far less likely to die young.\nIt’s a reassuring finding for parents who may worry that tiny and premature babies are safer in an incubator than in their arms, the team wrote in their report, published in the journal Pediatrics.\nKangaroo mother care was first described in Colombia, and the team of experts there who first showed it was safe did a 20-year follow-up to see how the babies fared as they grew up. They tracked down 494 of the original 716 children who were born prematurely from 1993 to 1996 and randomly assigned to get either kangaroo mother care or standard handling.\n“The effects of kangaroo mother care at one year on IQ and home environment were still present 20 years later in the most fragile individuals, and kangaroo mother care parents were more protective and nurturing,” Dr. Nathalie Charpak and colleagues at the Kangaroo Foundation in Bogota, Colombia, wrote in their report.\n“At 20 years, the young ex-kangaroo mother care participants, especially in the poorest families, had less aggressive drive and were less impulsive and hyperactive. They exhibited less antisocial behavior, which might be associated with separation from the mother at birth,” they added.\n“Kangaroo mother care may change the behavior of less well-educated mothers by increasing their sensitivity to the needs of their children, thus making them equivalent to mothers in more favorable environments.”\nTwenty million babies are born at a low birth weight every year around the globe, the World Health Organization reports. The U.S. has one of the highest rates of pre-term and low-weight births — about one in 12 births, according to the March of Dimes.\nIt defines low birthweight as being when a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces.\nMost of these small babies are premature and they are at high risk of dying, of developing cerebral palsy, or having learning disabilities, and they can grow up more prone to a range of diseases.\nHigh-tech care can help, but WHO promotes the simpler, low-tech approach alongside modern medical care — or instead of it in some poor settings.\n“Kangaroo mother care is care of preterm infants carried skin-to-skin with the mother. It is a powerful, easy-to-use method to promote the health and well-being of infants born preterm as well as full-term. Its key features are: early, continuous and prolonged skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the baby; exclusive breastfeeding (ideally); it is initiated in hospital and can be continued at home; small babies can be discharged early; mothers at home require adequate support and follow-up,” WHO said.\n“It is a gentle, effective method that avoids the agitation routinely experienced in a busy ward with preterm infants.”\nAnd it’s safe, WHO added. “Almost two decades of implementation and research have made it clear that kangaroo mother care is more than an alternative to incubator care.”\nCharpak’s team found the babies randomly assigned to get this treatment were 39 percent more likely to live into adulthood. They had stayed in school longer and earned more as adults.\nIt didn’t work miracles. Children with cerebral palsy were equally likely to have symptoms whether they had the kangaroo care or not, and more than half the people in the entire group needed glasses. The children given standard care had higher math and language scores in school, while IQ levels were about the same in both groups.\nBut overall, the findings support the benefits of kangaroo mother care, the team concluded.\n“Our long-term findings should support the decision to introduce kangaroo mother care to reduce medical and psychological disorders attributable to prematurity and low birth weight,” they wrote.\n“We suggest that both biology and environment together might modulate a powerful developmental path for these children, impacting until adult age,” they added.\n“We firmly believe that this is a powerful, efficient, scientifically based health intervention that can be used in all settings.”View External Link", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Astronomers are excited over mysterious multiple radio signals emanating from outside of the Milky Way, which are already being heralded as the world’s first verified alien signals from space.\nThe “fast radio bursts”, including a “double signal”, have left astronomers baffled as to their origins as they analyse the data from the Parkes radio telescope in New South Wales, Australia.\nOne of the researchers who discovered the unique signals says that she believes the origin could be more amazing than anything recorded previously.\nEmily Petroff from Swinburne University tweeted: “We have no idea what’s going on, but we know it’s definitely something cool.”\nFast radio bursts (FRBs) were first discovered from records in 2007, and we finally saw one in real-time last year.\nHowever, there has never, until now, been a double blast.\nThey are quick-fire bursts of radio energy, originating from great distances away, and, as a result, must have contained a huge amount of energy.\nThe source remains a total mystery.\nSeemingly similar readings which excited astronomers earlier this year called perytons at the time were later found to be coming from microwave ovens on Earth being prematurely opened in the canteens of observatories where observations were being taken.\nThe announcement in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society of the five new signals has left the research community on tenet hooks.\nThe team said the double burst FRB (called 121002) had a “clear two-component profile”.\nThey say each component is similar to the known population of single component FRBs and are separated by 2.4 milliseconds.\nThey added: “Many of the proposed models to explain FRBs use a single high energy eventinvolving compact objects (such as neutron star mergers) and therefore cannot easily explain a two-component FRB.”\nThe news comes just days after a research paper claimed FRBs were the result of mergers between black holes and neutron stars.\nFRB 121002 has the largest delay yet recorded of any frequency picked up, suggesting it has an origin of an immense distance away – probably several billion light-years beyond our own galaxy the Milky way.\nMore conventional theories for the bursts include them being created by evaporating black holes, supergiant pulsar pulses or the collapse of epically large stars.\nBut the team said it was difficult to match any of these with the double bast, suggesting that intelligent origin was a serious possibility.\nNigel Watson, author of the UFO Investigations Manual, said: “Every unusual signal from outer space encourages us to wonder if it is from an alien civilisation.\n“It would be fantastic if this is an alien signal as the knowledge that we are not alone in this vast universe would have a dramatic impact on our perception of our place in the scheme of things.\n“It would certainly give the opportunity for UFO spotters to say we told you aliens exist and take an interest in our activities, and you didn’t believe us.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Closing the science gender gap: we need to increase the public presence of women in STEM by Dr. Megan Sebben, CDM Smith\nClosing the science gender gap: we need to increase the public presence of women in STEM\nby Dr. Megan Sebben, CDM Smith\nI wasn’t one of those kids who knew what they wanted to do when they grew up. In fact, at 28, I’m still not exactly sure what I want to do. I’ve always had a passion for solving problems; particularly small ones like saving the planet (it’s a work in progress). Fast track a couple of decades and I’ve somehow completed a PhD in Hydrogeology and am working as a hydrogeologist/ groundwater modeller at the water and environmental services firm, CDM Smith. Like many women working in the science,\ntechnology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, I’ve become used to working in a male-dominated environment. I would be lying if I said this didn’t have its challenges. That’s why I’m so encouraged by the work of groups such as Women in Coastal Geosciences and Engineering who support women to be successful in these fields. But how do we encourage our next generation of young women to pursue a career in STEM?\nSpeaking from my own experience, I never even contemplated a career as a scientist, despite being so interested in the world around me. Is this because young women generally aren’t interested in STEM? Well, no. Because there is plenty of evidence to suggest that young women are both interested and highly capable in STEM subjects. The STEM fields appear to be in crisis. The cause being, a lack of female role models in the public space and our own cultural and implicit biases. Add to that a lack of self-confidence amongst young women and we have a major problem.\nThere are some incredible science communicators out there who do an extraordinary job of bringing science to the public (Brian Cox, David Attenborough, Neil de Grasse Tyson, Karl Kruszelnicki and Adam Spencer to name a few). But how does an eight-year-old school girl with an interest in creepy crawlies, or a 16-year-old with an interest in astrophysics, look at these roles models and imagine herself in that position? Why aren’t presenters like the amazing Professor Emma Johnston gaining the same traction? And more importantly, have we stopped to think about the consequences of this? The growth of jobs requiring STEM skills far outweighs the growth in other areas. So, can we really afford to push this issue aside and accept that in the future, male students will have more job opportunities available to them than their female counterparts? If the answer to that question is no, then what can we do about it? Increasing the public presence of women in STEM is part of that solution, but a broad-scale change in culture is required. Perhaps these young women have never encountered a female scientist or engineer in their personal lives? This shouldn’t come as a surprise when you consider that in Australia, only 17% of professors are women (despite having a much higher percentage of junior female academics). Systemic failures, including a lack of work flexibility and clear gender pay gaps, deter and prevent the longevity of women’s scientific careers. They are of course a cause for concern, but that’s a whole other blog topic.\nStudies have demonstrated that between the ages of nine and 11, two thirds of primary school students will draw a man if they are asked to draw a scientist. So, while school-based efforts to address gender bias and stereotyping are critical (the Curious Minds program and CSIRO’s Scientists and Mathematicians in Schools are fantastic examples), we need to step even further back, because by the time children are ready to attend primary school we are already losing the battle. It shouldn’t come as a surprise that implicit and cultural biases in STEM are already firmly cemented when we consider the way that children’s products, such as toys and clothes, are marketed differently for boys and girls. I remember distinctly now, and somewhat disturbingly, my beloved talking Barbie doll who happily uttered the words, “math class is hard,” and “let’s go shopping!”\nThe empowerment of our future women in STEM must start at home and in the community. Our language, actions and expectations of our daughters (and sons) are capable of long-term impacts that will change society for the better. For the women reading this blog, I strongly encourage you to consider your role as a mentor, whether that’s to your graduate students or as a parent volunteer in your child’s school. For many young women in primary or high school, the self-critical voice speaks so loudly and clearly, that it leaves them doubting their abilities to be successful in STEM related subjects. What could be more empowering for a student than engaging with a mentor or role model who tells them, ‘of course you can.’\nWe need to create space in the public domain to recognise the incredible contributions of women in STEM. I am extremely proud to have been involved in the ‘Illuminating the face of STEM’ event co-ordinated by STEM: Women Branching Out at Flinders University. The group ran a week-long event, which profiled some of Australia’s women in STEM in celebration of National Science Week. Most members of the public we encountered during this event admitted that they were unable to think of a single female scientist until witnessing the display. Rather than be disheartened by this, I am encouraged to see that change is occurring, albeit slowly. Collectively, we are moving in the right direction but this isn’t the time to become complacent.\nDr Megan Sebben\nMegan is Melbourne-based hydrogeologist and groundwater modeller at the water and environmental services firm, CDM Smith. She obtained a PhD in Groundwater Hydrology from Flinders University, where she used numerical models to examine contaminant transport in complex geologic environments, focussing primarily on the phenomenon of seawater intrusion. Her international experience includes a research stay at Leibniz University in Germany, and presentations at conferences in Europe and the United States.\nMegan is a passionate science communicator, mentor, and advocate for gender equity in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Megan enjoys anything adventurous, dance, and spending time with her friends and family.\nFind out more about Megan’s research here.\nView images from ‘Illuminating the face of STEM’\nFollow Megan on Twitter.Posted on: 04/05/2017, by : Shari Gallop", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We mixed you up a short glossary of terms relevant to the UK-Ireland-Brexit problem. Enjoy!\nThe Irish terms:\nThe Troubles – a violent thirty-year conflict regarding the status of Northern Ireland. The conflict officially started with a civil rights march in Derry on 5th October 1968 and ended with the Good Friday Agreement on 10th April 1998. The nationalist minority wanted Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic, and the unionist majority wished it to remain part of the UK. The conflict resulted in more than 3,600 fatalities over the years, with over 50,000 severely injured or psychologically damaged.\nThe Good Friday agreement, or the Belfast agreement – a peace deal signed by the British and the Irish Prime Ministers in 1998, putting an end to a several-decade conflict in Northern Ireland. Although it was a breakthrough in the peace process, many more years were needed to leave the conflict in the past.\nThe Northern Ireland peace process – refers to all the efforts to mitigate the conflict started in the 60s, including the Anglo-Irish agreement signed by Margaret Thatcher and the Irish Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald in 1985, The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) ceasefire in 1994, the Good Friday (or the Belfast) agreement in 1998 and the complete disposal of its weapons by the IRA in 2005.\nThe Brexit terms:\nHard Brexit means Britain would regain full control of its borders, would likely have to fall back on World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules to trade with the European countries as it would lose access to the single market.\nSoft Brexit – Britain would still have access to the EU single market and would remain part of the European Economic Area, like Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.\nIn both cases, Britain will lose its MEPs and its European Commissioner and its seat in the European Council.\nThe EU terms:\nEU Task Force – is in charge of planning and conducting the negotiations with the United Kingdom, taking into consideration all the strategic, operational, legal and financial consequences of the Brexit vote.\nGuiding Principles on Ireland – guidelines established by the European Commission and the EU Task force. They request to bear in mind the unique circumstances and geographical situation of the island of Ireland in view of the Brexit negotiations. Whatever the outcome, the existing arrangements and agreements between the UK and Ireland must remain. The Brexit negotiations shall not hinder the Peace Process in any way.\nEU customs Union – all goods travelling within the customs union are free from customs duties. The goods only need to have cleared customs in one country, then their movement in the union is unrestricted.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Math educator Tim Truitt shares how supporting teachers with quality instructional materials is key to addressing student learning gaps in the fall.\nLike most schools across the country, my son’s middle school closed in March with uncertainty about when it will reopen. He spent the next eight weeks at home participating in a variety of remote learning tasks. Having spent a decade as a math teacher, I paid especially close attention to what kind of mathematics learning he was engaging in. Unfortunately, what I saw was not great. His school isn’t using a standards-aligned curriculum which resulted in teachers having few resources to support the transition to remote learning. My son’s math class essentially consisted of completing a handful of review problems a day followed by a few weeks of online math videos. None of the learning he did in the past two months of school consisted of new content.\nI know my son’s experience was not exceptional. I know that across the country, millions of students faced a long pause in their learning—and thousands of students were doubly impacted because their districts lacked instructional materials that could have made a difference.\nSo where does that leave students? In a critical juncture between falling further behind or making up lost ground. The gap between when new instruction ended and when it will begin again is leading a large majority of teachers and students to grapple with unfinished learning come fall. Educators have the unprecedented task of addressing the challenges created by COVID-19 while at the same time focusing efforts on ensuring that all students actually have access to the mathematics education they deserve.\nWhen I think about unfinished mathematics learning due to the pandemic, I think of the instructional impact on one of the most important principles of the standards: mathematical coherence.\nThink of coherence as rungs on a ladder. In mathematics, skills and concepts students learn build on one another, and it is often impossible for students to master more advanced learning without being able to build on all content learned in previous years. In essence, if you remove too many rungs on the ladder, you’ll no longer be able to make it to the top. This means that even if instruction focuses on the major work of the grade, adheres to the mathematical practices, and meets the aspects of rigor, if it’s not coherent or doesn’t fit into the learning progressions, frankly, the instruction is sort of pointless.\nWhat’s more, because of how mathematics standards are structured, there is very little repetition of individual concepts and skills. This means that unfinished learning is particularly dangerous in math where students might not have the opportunity to encounter specific concepts or skills once they pass from one grade level to the next—especially if teachers don’t know they have missed it. It does not take many days of missed learning to disrupt coherence and set students down a difficult path of perpetually playing catch up.\nThis loss already takes place each year, even without the additional burden of COVID-19. Teachers know every fall there will be students in their classrooms with unfinished learning and that these students are likely to struggle the most. Worse, low income and students of color are more likely than their white peers to have to overcome unfinished learning without the resources desperately needed to address the problem: access to grade-level, aligned materials, and high expectations from teachers. Too long have we accepted these realities as hard facts instead of making plans for how we can change the status quo.\nThe path forward to address unfinished learning is accelerated learning of grade-level content, not remediation. Accelerated learning refers to providing all students with rigorous, differentiated content that motivates students to engage with challenging, grade-level mathematics while also addressing diverse learning needs in order to efficiently close gaps in students’ knowledge. Doubling down on current strategies for catching students up will only widen opportunity and achievement gaps.\nDistricts and schools can begin the work by utilizing standards-aligned materials to identify the most critical prerequisite content knowledge students will need to access grade level content when they encounter it throughout the year. Aligned materials offer focused, coherent, rigorous content that adheres to the mathematical practices. While the challenge of unfinished learning will not be solved overnight, or even by Christmas, if you don’t set the goal and build a strategy around it, it won’t happen at all.\nCOVID-19 illuminated and exacerbated existing realities of unfinished learning and large gaps between students, but these are not new issues. Investing in quality materials will not only help solve immediate problems, it’s about advancing student learning and success for the long-term.\nLet’s face it. The status quo will not solve our current challenges—frankly, it wasn’t getting the job done even before the COVID-19 crisis. Now is the time to seize this moment to take a different approach and give teachers the resources and supports to truly implement the standards. This is our opportunity to do better, to commit to not only tackling unfinished learning but to put in place a foundation that can ensure students thrive now and in the future. My son deserves that, and so does every single kid.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Background: Ethics can be predisposed by an individual’s values, education, social activities, professional activities, belief, and individual’s need. Objective: This study was designed to find out the dilemma in handling ethical issues at community pharmacy settings; to find out the frequency of ethical dilemma at community pharmacy settings; to find out the reasons why community pharmacists may compromise ethical values; to find out how frequent the community pharmacists are involved in ethical dilemma situations. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire from March 2016 to December 2017. The participants were selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling. Results: In this study, 1057 community pharmacists were approached to participate in this study. Out of this, 742 community pharmacists responded by completing the questionnaire. The response rate in this study is 70.19%. More than half of the issues given were measured as “difficult” and “very difficult” by the community pharmacists. The most common ethical dilemma was fear of breaking trustworthiness which strongly impacts the pharmacist–physician collaborations. ‘Carry out patient’s request’ ‘physician’s orders’ and ‘employer`s request’ were the reasons of community pharmacists compromising the ethical values. Conclusion: Community pharmacists are confronted with numerous ethical problems in their daily work. Most of the pharmacists face the ethical dilemma situations at least once a week in their pharmacies. Community pharmacists compromise on their values and ethical issues not only because of patient’s or physician’s request but also because of their employers’ intrusion.\nKey words: Community pharmacy, Ethic, Decision-making, India, Pharmacy value.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lyme Disease and what you need to know:\nAs tick season is fast approaching with warmer weather here is what you need to know about Lyme disease.\nWhat is Lyme Disease?\nNamed for Old Lyme, Connecticut, where the first U.S. cases were recorded in 1975, Lyme disease is caused by Borellia spirochete bacteria. Borellia burgdorferi is the common North American agent. Lyme disease also occurs in Europe, Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia.\nHow is Lyme Disease Acquired?\nIn the U.S., the Borellia spirochete is transmitted through the bite of an infected “deer tick,” either Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis, or Western Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes pacificus. The bacterium requires birds, rodents, or insectivores like bats and shrews to complete its life cycle. Deer are incidental hosts, along with people.\nLyme disease presents a baffling array of symptoms, or none at all. Misdiagnosis is frequent, leading to severe illness later. Three stages of symptoms are possible:\n- Three days to three weeks after a tick bite, an expanding “bull’s-eye” rash may ring the bite wound, but this can be absent. Aches, fatigue, chills, fever, headaches, and swollen lymph nodes can manifest.\n- Weeks or months later, the rash may spread to other body parts. Severe headaches, inflammation of the brain or spine, abnormal heartbeat, Bell’s palsy, painful joint swelling, and depression may occur.\n- In the long term, if untreated, Lyme disease results is arthritis of major joints. This may be misdiagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in children. Fatigue, numbness in arms and legs, and loss of memory are rare.\nPrevention and Treatment\nAvoid forest edges, tall grass, and thickets where ticks lurk. Tuck the cuffs of your pants into your socks; and long-sleeved shirts, pale in color so ticks can be seen easily. For repellents the CDC recommends using formulas that contain 20 percent or more DEET or Picaridin on exposed skin and products containing Permethrin on clothing. A great DEET repellent is Ben’s® 100 or 30 products which provide 8 to 10 hours of protection. Natrapel® 20% Picaridin is a good choice if you are looking for repellent you can use on your skin and gear. Natrapel® has the maximum about of Picaridin and provides up to 12 hours of protection from biting mosquitos and bugs. For a Permethrin repellent us Ben’s® Clothing and Gear. Ben’s® Clothing and Gear contains 0.5% Permethrin to kill biting insects on contact. Apply to your clothing and gear before your trip for an extra level of protection against mosquitoes. Don’t forget to inspect yourself and family members for ticks after being outdoors. Ticks often embed where you can’t see them, like behind the ears and knees, and the back of your neck. Remove embedded ticks with tweezers, and see your doctor. Early diagnosis, followed by treatment with appropriate oral antibiotics, usually results in full recovery of infected patients.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The hydrological situation has been extremely mixed of late. June began with the Environment Agency responding to concerns from farmers about drought, but a week later, there was severe flooding in parts of central England where about a month’s worth of rain fell in one day. In this blog post, the latest in a series, we consider what may be in store for the rest of summer 2019 and beyond.\nThe exceptionally wet June\nJuly has, so far, been a very dry month for most of England and Wales, with little appreciable rainfall across southern and eastern England. The summer weather has been particularly welcome given the very wet start to summer, which saw severe localised flooding in June.\nOur recent Hydrological Summary shows that rainfall for June was notably above average across much of England & Wales, with large areas of central England and north Wales recording more than 200% of average. The majority of the rainfall fell between the 10th and 12th (in some places, around 250% of the June average fell over this period), with daily totals exceeding 80mm in several rain gauges in Kent and Lincolnshire on the 10th.\nLeft: June rainfall as percentage of long term average; Right: Rainfall totals (mm) for 10th-12th June\nThis period of intense rainfall led to severe flooding in Lincolnshire where the River Steeping burst its banks at Wainfleet on the 12th. Around 600 homes were evacuated and 130 properties were flooded with some people unable to return to their properties for up to 10 days. The RAF used ballast to repair the banks and the Environment Agency operated high-volume pumps to drain the water away. On the 11th in Kent, rail services were disrupted as tracks flooded, sink holes emerged on the M25 and there were some reports of property flooding. In Bristol, play at the Men’s Cricket World Cup was delayed. Later in June, thunderstorms and heavy rainfall on the 24th in Scotland and 25th in southern England resulted in flash flooding and transport disruption.\nThe wet June meant river flows were generally in the normal range or above, with some across Wales and central England registering more than two to four times the average. In contrast, flows in the slow-responding, groundwater dominated catchments in south-east England remained below normal, while groundwater levels fell and were, in general, below normal to notably low.\nLeft: June 2019 river flows; Right: June 2019 groundwater levels\nComparisons have been made between June 2019 and the summer floods of 2007 and 2012; certainly, in central England, June 2019 was the third wettest on record (from 1910) after those years. However, summer 2007 was a severely extreme episode associated with widespread flooding and 2012 saw numerous flooding episodes throughout the summer, while 2019 has so far seen more localised, albeit severe, flooding.\nFurthermore, when the monthly mean flows are compared, we can see that new June record flows were established across eastern England in June 2007 and northern and western parts of the UK in June 2012. In 2019, although several catchments registered more than twice the June average, and the Weaver in Cheshire more than four times the June average, no new monthly mean flow records were established. However, peak river flows (the highest flow in the month) in June 2019 ranked highest ahead of 2012 on the Whiteadder (on the Scottish Borders), and ahead of 2007 on the Weaver and Severn.\nLeft: June 2007 river flows; Right: June 2012 river flows\nWhat about the drought concerns?\nDespite rain in June, concerns about drought remain as over the long-term, rainfall and river flow deficits can be seen in accumulations extending back to the summer of 2016.\nThe dryness of the last 12 months is shown on the UK Drought Portal. Even though there have been wetter interludes, and the focus of the dryness has varied in location around the country, much of the period since the summer of 2016 has seen below average rainfall.\nUK drought portal showing the SPI-12 (rainfall averaged over the last 12 months) for the period July 2018–June 2019). The graph shows the SPI-12 time series for the highlighted catchment (Great Ouse)\nEntering the summer, there were concerns for water resources pressure following the dry spring (particularly in southern and eastern areas) and low recharge over the winter. For the winter half-year (October–March), most areas received below average rainfall and a number of catchments recorded less than half the average river flow. This in itself came after the exceptionally arid summer of 2018.\nAverage river flows over the period since the early autumn were also very low across many southern and eastern catchments. The lack of rainfall and low river flows have been associated with wildfires, algal blooms and fish deaths.\nThe low groundwater levels, and associated low river flows, reflect not just the recent dry months but a lack of recovery over the winter half-year when aquifers are normally replenished.\nIn much of lowland England, this comes after two relatively dry winters (2016/2017 and 2017/2018) meaning the lack of recovery in one winter half-year was compounded the following year. The overall evolution of groundwater levels and river flows over the last few years show this markedly. In 2018, river flows and groundwater levels recovered to some extent as a result of a very wet spring in south-east England.\nHowever, this year, the spring was dry, so the response of groundwater levels has been muted and we entered the summer from a below normal baseline. Despite flow responses from the heavy June rainfall, flows have since recommenced their seasonal recession in many catchments, and at the start of July flows were again in the normal range or below normal across much of England.\nRiver flow and groundwater hydrographs showing data from January 2016 to June 2019\nSoil Moisture Deficits (SMDs) have been above normal for the UK for much of the past 18 months and although soils in June were wetter than average, the drier, warmer weather that has followed into July is likely to mean that soils will have become drier.\nThe situation can also be tracked with CEH’s COSMOS-UK observatory. In many southern and eastern areas soil moisture levels mostly declined through the spring, and in many areas, soil moisture contents at the end of May were below average. Soil moisture responded to rainfall in June across the Midlands, but as drier conditions were established towards the end of June and start of July, soil moisture has begun to fall again.\nSoil moisture content at the Waddesdon COSMOS-UK site\nAs noted in the National Drought Group statement in June, the dry soils caused some agricultural stress in eastern England where farmers had to start irrigating crops earlier in the growing season than normal. Pressures were also felt in north-east Scotland, where recent rainfall has been very welcome for agriculture.\nDespite the wet June and some replenishment of farm reservoirs, concerns continue for the agricultural sector as crops and silage cuts depend on water over the summer. Although immediate concerns about abstraction restrictions in the spring will have been alleviated by the June rainfall, conditions over the remains of summer will determine whether restrictions are enforced.\nThe June rainfall topped up reservoir levels, which at the end of May were already relatively healthy. Stocks for England and Wales were near average for June, and were around average or above average for the time of year across the country, with the exception of south-west England where stocks at Roadford and Colliford were around 10% below average for June, the latter dropping relative to average.\nWhat is the outlook for the summer of 2019 and beyond?\nThe latest Hydrological Outlook states that, despite the June rainfall, river flows and groundwater levels in eastern, southern and central England are likely to be normal to notably low through to the autumn, while in northern and western parts of the UK river flows are likely to be normal to above normal.\nJuly Hydrological Outlook summary map\nThis is because although the meteorological forecast is very uncertain, summer rainfall does not usually have much influence on river flows and groundwater levels in south-east England (unless it is very exceptional, as in June). In the summer half year, evaporation is much higher so the amount of rainfall entering rivers and aquifers is reduced significantly.\nThe outlook therefore suggests a continuation of below normal river flows in the south-east and groundwater levels, which are unlikely to recover and which could decline further if the rest of summer is warm and dry, as it has been in early July. This implies a continuation of environmental stresses and pressure on abstractors, with potential impacts on agriculture in eastern England.\nHowever, while the impacts on crop yields and the environment are likely to continue, the relatively healthy status of the majority of reservoirs mean major water restrictions, including hosepipe (or temporary use) bans over the summer are unlikely.\nThe longer-term picture is more difficult to assess, even short-term seasonal forecasting is extremely challenging. But what we do know is that the majority of major droughts in southern and eastern England have resulted from a succession of dry winters. Therefore, irrespective of what happens this summer, the autumn and winter will be critical for 2020 drought prospects, particularly in south-east England.\nWith contributions from Katie Muchan, Jamie Hannaford, Cath Sefton, Stephen Turner, Simon Parry, Nikos Mastrantonas and David Boorman", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- 1) Soft and Hard Water\n- 2) Types of Hardness of Water\n- 3) Ways of Removing Hardness of Water\n- 4) Removal of Permanent Hardness\n- 5) Drawbacks of Hard Water\nSoft and Hard Water\nYou have actually most likely heard the terms “hard water” and “soft water” You may wonder what determines the hardness or softness of the water and whether one kind of water is healthier or much safer to drink than the other.\nAlthough water is generally crystal clear, it consists of minerals and chemicals. The concentration of specific minerals is what develops the “hardness” of water.\nFirst of all, for your understanding here are discussed proper definitions of soft and hard water. And then the ways to get rid of hard water.\nThe water which is immaculate by chemicals is called soft water. Soft water produces a good lather with soap.\nThe rainwater while coming down absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere. The water blended with CO2, when passes through the beds of the soil, transforms insoluble carbonates of calcium and magnesium into soluble bicarbonates. It might also liquify chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. These salts make the water hard.\nHard water does not produce lather with soap.\nTherefore, water dissolves many salts of divalent cations like Mg2+, Ca2+, and anions like Cl–, SO42-, HCO3– and CO32- for instance, plaster (CaSO4.2 H2O) and limestone (CaCO3). These salts make the water hard. Gypsum is moderately soluble in water, while limestone is insoluble in water. However, in the presence of CO2 small quantity of limestone is soluble in water according to the above chain reaction.\nTypes of Hardness of Water\nHardness is of 2 types:\n- (i) Temporary hardness is because of the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.\n- (ii) Permanent hardness is because of the existence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.\nWays of Removing Hardness of Water\nThe elimination of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions which are accountable for the hardness of water is called water softening.\nRemoval of temporary hardness\n(a) By boiling\nTemporary hardness of water can be easily eliminated by boiling the water. On boiling, calcium bicarbonate Ca (HCO3) 2 breaks down to produce insoluble calcium carbonate, which precipitates out of the water.\n(b) Clark’s Method\nA chemical technique to eliminate temporary hardness is by the addition of slaked lime Ca(OH)2. A calculated quantity of lime water is added to temporary hard water. Hence, once the magnesium and calcium ions precipitate out of the water, water becomes soft.\nRemoval of Permanent Hardness\nPermanent hardness can just be removed by using chemicals. Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) can be eliminated of water as insoluble salts by adding washing soda (Na2CO3) or sodium zeolite.\nBy utilizing washing soda (Na2CO3)\nThe addition of washing soda can eliminate the calcium and magnesium ions as the insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates, respectively.\nBy using Sodium Zeolite (an ion Exchanger)\nSalt zeolite is a naturally occurring resin of salt aluminium silicate NaAl (SiO3)2, which can also be prepared synthetically. It is utilized for softening of water at domestic along with on industrial scale.\nWhen water is gone through the resin, salt ions of the resin are exchanged with the unwanted\nWhen the resin is fully used up it can be regenerated by flushing it with a concentrated amount of NaCl. The reverse procedure happens because of the high concentration of sodium ions.\nDrawbacks of Hard Water\n- (i) Hard water takes in a large amount of soap in washing functions.\n- (ii) Drinking hard water causes stomach problems.\n- (iii) Hard water is unfit for usage in steam engines, boilers and turbines because insoluble calcium and magnesium salts deposit inside. They are called scales. They are bad conductors of heat and hence more fuel is used. Insoluble calcium and magnesium sulphates not only minimize the efficiency of the engine but likewise cause the boiler to burst.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "According to a study done in 2005 and published electronically in Human Reproduction, exposure to a chemical leeched from plastics may increase the risk of miscarriages, Tamara Mariea of Internal Balance reports. Tamara Mariea also notes that previous research suggests that exposure to various compounds that leech from plastics and penetrate into the food can interfere with the functioning of certain hormones and with reproduction. Tamara Mariea points out that eating utensils and plates frequently expose individuals to plastics that potentially contain dangerous toxins.\nAccording to Tamara Mariea, while most parents are unaware of how damaging unseen chemicals can be to young children. Foods and beverages absorb chemicals known as phthalates from plastic packaging, and researchers have suggested that phthalates are a possible cause of hormonal and reproductive abnormalities. Tamara Mariea points to a study done in Puerto Rico where nearly 1% of girls were found to have premature breast development by the age of two. The study included girls that were drinking from plastic baby bottles. The study further concluded that more than two-thirds of girls with premature breast development had significant levels of this chemical in their blood, compared with only 3% of children with normal development. Tamara Mariea notes that some research indicates that this chemical, phalates, is a hormone-disrupting chemical.\nTamara Mariea feels that these chemicals are destroying lives and suggests that their use and impact had not been a historical trend until the 1960s. While Tamara Mariea acknowledges that her clinic, Internal Balance, may not have been needed fifty years ago, the world today is overwhelmed with countless synthetics that are contributing to illness. Tamara Mariea frequently informs clients about contaminates that do not necessarily come from big plants dumping chemicals into community water system; although, according to Tamara Mariea, this is a crisis as well. According to Tamara Mariea, it appears quite evident through her clinical observation over the last 9 years seen through physiological detoxification done at Internal Balance Inc., that it is more important to focus on your personal use of chemicals by addressing your life-environment and purchase choices, than to point the finger and blame industry for your bliss of ignorance.\nTamara Mariea directs Internal Balance patients to consider the molecules that don’t make good on the old “better living through chemistry” promise, appearing in everyday items like unbreakable baby bottles and big-screen TVs. Tamara Mariea suggests that these chemicals find their way out of these products, into the life-environment, and ultimately into living organisms. Tamara Mariea says that a recent biomonitoring survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found traces of 212 harmful chemicals in Americans—including toxic metals like arsenic and cadmium, pesticides, flame retardants, and even perchlorate (an ingredient in rocket fuel). “It’s not the environment that’s so contaminated,” points out Tamara Mariea, “it’s us.”\nTamara Mariea says that the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the 34-year-old vehicle for federal chemical regulation, has generally failed in protecting citizens. The government is burdened with proving what chemicals are dangerous, while the chemical industry’s confidentiality privileges deny citizens and federal regulators critical information about how substances are made and what their effects on human beings are. Tamara Mariea suggests that consumers must make themselves aware of what they are ingesting and how it is affecting their bodies.\nIn the opinion of Tamara Mariea, the current system for government protection does not work. “We can’t permit this assault on our children’s health and our own health to continue,” states Tamara Mariea. Since 2000 when Tamara Mariea opened Internal Balance Inc., she has been concerned about the holistic health of her clients. Tamara Mariea has branched out into other synergistic disciplines such as environmental wellness, detoxification, physiology, and bioenergetics. Tamara Mariea may be reached at Internal Balance by calling 615-818-0074 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.org.\nThis article is for informational purposes only. Tamara Mariea is not a medical doctor and results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for health problems, supplement use, or any changes in prescribed medications.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The influence of in-stream structures on summer water temperatures via induced hyporheic exchange\nLimnol. Oceanogr., 54(1), 2009, 355-367 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0355\nABSTRACT: Temperature is an important controlling factor for ecological functions. In-stream geomorphic structures affect stream thermal regimes by facilitating hyporheic exchange of water and heat between stream channels and underlying sediments. We varied the height of an experimental weir (representing debris dams, log dams, and boulder weirs) in a small stream during the summer and monitored the hydraulic and thermal response of surface and subsurface water using a three-dimensional sensor array. The presence of the structure altered stream temperature patterns, increasing thermal heterogeneity in surface water and shallow sediments by up to ~1.0ºC. We estimated heat conduction and weir-induced hyporheic heat advection across the streambed, and evaluated their response to key parameters. Conduction and advection were of similar magnitude and oscillated over the streams diel temperature cycle. Weir-induced hyporheic heat advection caused slight cooling of the surface stream (up to ~0.01ºC), and increased with weir height, but was considerably less important to the overall heat budget of the stream than was atmospheric heat exchange. Streambed hydraulic conductivity appears to be the overriding factor determining the magnitude of weir-induced hyporheic influence on surface water temperatures. We conclude that weir-type structures will induce ecologically significant surface and subsurface thermal heterogeneity in many stream settings, but that weir-induced hyporheic heat advection will have ecologically significant thermal effects on surface water only in coarse streambeds. Because these structures are common in natural streams and stream restoration projects, such thermal effects may be important on a landscape level.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When most people think about the causes of high blood pressure, they assume the most obvious culprits are going to be alcohol abuse, excessive stress, and consuming too much salt. While according to the Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute in Chicago, those are legitimate causes, there are other things that are affecting 78 million adults in the United States. The following seven (7) surprising things that cause high blood pressure are not as easily recognized as stress, salt, and alcohol, but they should certainly be getting your attention.\n1. Medications – One of the more surprising things that cause high blood pressure is something you are taking each day to actually heal the body. According to a study that was released by the Archives of Internal Medicine, over-the-counter and prescribed medications could be putting your blood pressure at severe risk. In a study that was conducted at the Mayo Clinic, people who are taking Tylenol each day are more likely to increase the likelihood of getting high blood pressure. The same goes for Advil, Motrin, and Aleve, taken on a daily basis increases your blood pressure and is having an overall negative impact on your health.\n2. Too Much Sugar – Most people are aware of the fact that too much sugar can add inches to their waistline, they don’t realize however that the sugar can be the cause of high blood pressure. Many health professionals now believe that sugar is more dangerous to the body that salt, and they conclude that in order to treat patients suffering with high blood pressure they needed to reduce sugar in their diets. Fructose, the sugar added to processed drinks and foods appears to be the major player when it comes to developing hypertension. According to the American Heart Association, adults should not eat more than six teaspoons of sugar per day. To put that in perspective, one 16-ounce can of soda contains nine teaspoons of added sugar. Reduce consumption of fructose by limiting processed foods from the diet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A study of coastal populations outside the capital cities has found a large number of people were missing from these communities when the 2011 Census data was collected.\nA research team at The University of Adelaide, headed by leading demographer Professor Graeme Hugo, conducted the study for the National Sea Change Taskforce, which represents coastal councils.\nProfessor Hugo said the findings had important ramifications for coastal councils and their communities.\n“Australia has one of the most mobile populations in the world,” he said. “This is a relatively recent trend in many developed countries which makes collecting data for the Census more difficult.”\n“It is one of the reasons why there is such a discernible difference between the number of people in coastal communities in winter, when the Census is conducted, and at other times of the year when many people such as absentee property owners and tourists are present.\n“In some coastal areas there is a big difference between these population peaks and the permanent population figures which are used to calculate the allocation of resources such as financial assistance grants.”\nProfessor Hugo said a survey of more than 2,100 non-resident property owners in coastal areas around Australia found that nearly 70% of their properties were not occupied on the night the 2011 census was conducted.\n“If the Census was conducted in summer rather than winter a much larger percentage of these properties would be occupied and therefore we would get a totally different picture of the population numbers in coastal council areas,” he said.\nThe Mornington Peninsula Shire population, for example, would have increased by almost 26,000, Cairns Regional Council by 15,000, Shoalhaven City Council by nearly 12,000 and the City of Mandurah (WA) by more than 10,000.\nProfessor Hugo said a large percentage of non-resident property owners are baby boomers aged between 45 and 64 at the time of the survey who plan to move permanently to their coastal property.\n“Some 60% of people who plan to move to their coastal property within the next two years are baby boomers”, he said. “The percentage of baby boomers planning to make the move between two and five years from now is even higher – 67%.”\nProfessor Hugo said the study had also analysed use of tourist accommodation, which identified large numbers of tourists staying in coastal areas in addition to the ‘missing’ people linked with properties owned by absentee ratepayers.\nCairns Regional Council, for example, had more than 13,000 tourists staying in the local area, while Shoalhaven City Council had more than 9,000. The local government areas of Busselton, East Gippsland, Eurobodalla and Mornington Peninsula each had more than 3,000 tourists in local accommodation.\n“When you add the people ‘missing’ from the Census to the number of tourists staying in these communities you get some idea of the large number of people using local services and facilities who do not show up in the data on permanent population,” Professor Hugo said.\nThe final study findings will be made available within the next month. The findings will form part of a submission to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, which is currently conducting a major review of the Census content and methodology. The findings will also help coastal councils better plan to meet future infrastructure and service needs of their communities.\nThe research project was commissioned by the National Sea Change Taskforce to develop and assess methodologies for counting temporary populations, other than permanent populations, in non-metro coastal council areas. This has involved investigating the extent to which existing data collections, including Census data, tourism data and information on properties owned by absentee ratepayers could be used to estimate the scale of temporary populations in these areas. The following local government areas participated as case study areas in the survey of non-resident property owners.\n- City of Busselton (WA)\n- Byron Shire Council (NSW)\n- Cairns Regional Council (QLD)\n- East Gippsland Shire Council (VIC)\n- Eurobodalla Shire Council (NSW)\n- City of Mandurah (WA)\n- Mornington Peninsula Shire (VIC)\n- Shoalhaven City Council (NSW)\n- Surf Coast Shire Council (VIC)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Zoos Aren’t Victorian-era Throwbacks: They’re Important in Saving Species\nWhile zoos began as 19th-century menageries, they’ve come a long way since then. They’re responsible for saving 10 iconic species worldwide. Without captive breeding and reintroduction efforts, there might be no Californian Condor or Przewalski’s Horse – the only truly wild horse – left in the wild.\nPost by Alienor Chauvenet\nAlienor Chauvenet is a Friend of The Conversation.\nPostdoctoral Research Fellow, The University of Queensland\nCC BY-ND 4.0\nNoteStreams are readable online but they’re even better in the free App!\nThe NoteStream™ app is for learning about things that interest you: from music to history, to classic literature or cocktails. NoteStreams are truly easy to read on your smartphone—so you can learn more about the world around you and start a fresh conversation.\nFor a list of all authors on NoteStream, click here.\nRead the NoteStream below, or download the app and read it on the go!\nThe National Zoo and Aquarium in Canberra recently announced a new expansion that will double its size, with open range space for large animals like white rhinos and cheetahs.\nAs well as improving visitors’ experience, the expansion is touted as a way to improve the zoo’s breeding program for threatened animals. However, zoos have received plenty of criticism over their capacity to educate, conserve, or even keep animals alive.\nBut while zoos began as 19th-century menageries, they’ve come a long way since then. They’re responsible for saving 10 iconic species worldwide. Without captive breeding and reintroduction efforts, there might be no Californian Condor or Przewalski’s Horse – the only truly wild horse – left in the wild.\nA meerkat at the National Zoo and Aquarium in Canberra. The Zoo has recently announced an expansion that will double its size. AAP Image/Stefan Postles\nAustralian zoos form part of a vital global network that keeps our most vulnerable species alive.\nWhat is the role of zoos for conservation?\nAlthough Canberra Zoo is relatively new compared with others in Australia – Melbourne zoo, for example, was opened in 1862 – it adds to a collection of conservation-orientated establishments.\nIn Australia, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, Adelaide Zoo and Perth Zoo are all members of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). WAZA is an international organisation that aims to guide and support zoos in their conservation missions, including captive breeding, reintroductions into the wild, habitat restoration, and genetic management.\nThe critically endangered Corroboree frog has been reintroduced to the wild thanks to a breeding program shared between multiple Australian zoos. AAP Image/Taronga Zoo\nFrom the perspective of nature conservation, zoos have two major roles: educating the public about the plight of our fauna, and contributing to species recovery in the wild.\nConservation education is deeply embedded in the values of many zoos, especially in Australia. The evidence for the link between zoo education and conservation outcomes is mixed, however zoos are, above anybody else, aimed at children. Evidence shows that after guided experiences in zoos children know more about nature and are more likely to have a positive attitude towards it. Importantly, this attitude is transferable to their parents.\nZoos contribute unique knowledge and research to support field conservation programs, and thus species recovery. In Australia, zoos are directly involved in monitoring of free-ranging native fauna and investigations into emerging diseases.\nWithout zoos many fundamental questions about a species’ biology could not be answered, and we would lack essential knowledge on animal handling, husbandry and care.\nThrough captive breeding, zoos can secure healthy animals that can be introduced to old or new habitats, or bolster existing wild populations. For example, a conservation manager at Taronga Zoo told me they’ve released more than 50,000 animals that were either bred on-site or rehabilitated in their wildlife hospitals (another important function of zoos).\nCriticisms of captive breeding programs\nThe critics of captive breeding as a conservation strategy raise several concerns. Captive bred population can lose essential behavioural and cultural adaptations, as well as genetic diversity. Large predators – cats, bears and wolves – are more likely to be affected.\nSome species, such as frogs, do well in captivity, breed fast, and are able to be released into nature with limited or no training. For others, there is usually a concerted effort to maintain wild behaviour.\nThere’s a higher chance of disease wiping out zoo populations due to animal proximity. In 2004 the largest tiger zoo in Thailand experienced an outbreak of H5N1 bird flu after 16 tigers were fed contaminated raw chicken; ultimately 147 tigers died or were put down.\nHowever, despite these risks, research shows that reintroduction campaigns improve the prospects of endangered species, and zoos can play a crucial role in conservation. Zoos are continually improving their management of the genetics, behaviour and epidemiology of captive populations.\nThey are the last resort for species on the brink of extinction, such as the Orange-bellied Parrot or the Scimitar-horned Oryx, and for those facing a threat that we cannot stop yet, such as amphibians threatened by the deadly Chytrid fungus.\nOrange-bellied parrots are ranked among the most endangered species on the planet – their survival depends on zoos. Chris Tzaros/AAP\nZoos need clear priorities\nA cost-benefit approach can help zoos prioritise their actions. Taronga, for example, uses a prioritisation system to decide which projects to take on, with and without captive breeding. Their aim is to a foresee threats to wildlife and ecosystems and implement strategies that ensure sustainability.\nDeveloping prioritisation systems relies on clearly defined objectives. Is there value in keeping a species in captivity indefinitely, perhaps focusing only on education? Is contributing to a wild population the end goal, requiring both education and active conservation?\nOnce this is defined, zoos can assess the benefit and costs of different actions, by asking sometimes difficult questions. Is a particular species declining in the wild? Can we secure a genetically diverse sample before it is too late? Will capturing animals impact the viability of the wild population? How likely is successful reintroduction? Can we provide enough space and stimulation for the animals, and how expensive are they to keep?\nDecision science can help zoos navigate these many factors to identify the best species to target for active captive conservation. In Australia, some of the rapidly declining northern mammals, which currently do not have viable zoo populations, could be a good place to start.\nPartnerships with governmental agencies, universities and other groups are essential to all of these activities. Zoos in Australia are experts at engaging with these groups to help answer and address wildlife issues.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The word ‘Terrorist’ is thrown around a lot lately and has been since the 1970s when modern military capabilities and intelligence units began to advance rapidly, driving guerrilla and resistance movements largely underground.\nWhile some people take the view that any organization, be it a state military or local militia that impact negatively on civilians are ‘terrorists’, the official explanation of a terrorist goes like this:\n“Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians), and are committed by non-government agencies.” – Wikipedia, Terrorism.\nSo the groups below are the U.S. State Department designated terrorist organizations. They are well-known terrorist groups, which have had huge effects on regions throughout the world including Europe, Asia, Africa and both North and South America. Their goal is to create fear in the public so that civilians of the targeted society will put pressure on their leaders to give in to the demands of the opposing organization.\nIslam Organisations: Al Qaeda\nAlthough there are several splinter groups of Al-qaida operating around the world, mostly in the middle-east and Africa, the all sing roughly from the same hymn sheet.\nA religiously motivated body they aim to attack civilian populations of opposing countries in order to force their governments to withdraw from occupied Muslim lands or simply give into their demands. They rarely attack military or police installations and focus on general population, and are therefore designated terrorists.\nSince 9-11 they are most commonly known for their aggression against NATO members (in particular the US, Britain, Germany and Spain) and also against communities in their home countries which support NATO operations.\nHowever they also have several other campaigns such as in Nigeria where they wish to eradicate the Christan population from their various northern strongholds.\nIRA and Their Various Splinter Groups\nThe Irish Republican Army is a name used by various terrorist groups, which has its roots in a group formed in the 1960s. They used the same name as an earlier guerrilla warfare organization, which fought the Irish War of Independence (1921-22). That war won independence for 80% of the island.\nThis namesake is largely viewed as a move to gain support. Here are a list of IRA splinter groups both past and present since the new 1960s formation.\n–>Provisional IRA (PIRA) – 1965 to 2004. Used largely guerrilla warfare (snipers, direct RPG attacks, ambushes and IEDs). Signed the 1998 Good Friday peace agreement and decommissioned all weaponry by 2004. Ceased campaign in 1998.\n–>Continuity IRA – Rejected Good Friday Agreement and split from PIRA. Membership is estimated at a few hundred. Uses terrorist tactics alone and does not fight in open, nor does it utilize guerrilla warfare.\n–> Real IRA – Rejected Good Friday Agreement and formed in early 2000s after splitting from CIRA. Membership estimated at a few hundred but growing rapidly since economic downturn. Uses terrorist tactics alone and does not fight in open nor does it use guerrilla warfare.\nThe two splinter groups operate cross border (both in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). They are politically motivated and wish to regain the other 20% of the island from Britain.\nTheir goals are extremely unlikely as they have no support from the Irish government and are infiltrated by Irish police and security agencies. Membership has risen rapidly due to discontent among young people because of the economic downturn, however resources are scarce due to constant sting operations and interception of weaponry shipments.\nCar-bombs and shootings are still common in Northern Ireland. They operate largely in the Republic of Ireland (bomb factories and rural training camps) and launch attacks in the North.\nWhile they target British security forces (Mostly police and army) in Northern Ireland and not the civilian population directly, their disregard for potential harm to civilians in their actions designates them as a terrorist organisation.\nPalestinian Liberation Groups\nThere are several Palestinian groups designated as terrorist organizations by the State Department. These include the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and Palestine Liberation Front.\nWhile the groups can often differ on political aspirations and policies, conflict between themselves is minimal. Their main aim is to liberate Palestine from Israel.\nTheir ethos goes back thousands of years and is strongly ingrained in their members. Palestine, which is designated roughly as the area around the Mediterranean sea between Jordan and some of Israel, has been occupied repeatedly by several different invaders for hundreds of years.\nTheir main objection at present is Israel’s claim to their homeland and the expansion of Israeli settlers and construction into the West Bank.\nWhile they operate with a fair amount of autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza due to the fact that Israeli army and police aren’t located there, they are severely oppressed and targeted as soon as they operate over the Israeli border.\nThey have been known to plant bombs in Israel, attack Israeli officials and recruit largely in Lebanese refugee camps. They have links with Hezbollah who are active in Gaza and Lebanon.\nTheir disregard for public safety, and their attacks on public buildings and gatherings designate them as a terrorist organisation.\nFARC are the most widely known terrorist organization in Columbia and most experts estimate their membership at around the 15,000 mark. Their aim is to overthrow the Colombian government and help the poor by breaking down the class division imposed by the country’s wealthy.\nThey also oppose US intervention and forces in the country.\nThey receive funds mostly from the taxation of the country’s illegal international export of cocaine and donations from supporters.\nThey are designated as a terrorist organisation due to reckless attacks on security forces, which endanger the lives of civilians, as well as attacks on journalists and media outlets, kidnappings and bombings.\nAnother Colombian organization is the United Self-Defense Forces of Columbia (UAC). They are an umbrella organization that oppose the actions of FARC. The main similarity between the two is that they both use cocaine exports for funding.\nThe UAC are also known to operate in conjunction (albeit unofficially) with the Colombian military in targeting FARC. They are designated as a terrorist organization by the US and the EU because of their extreme defense methods, which include kidnapping rival supporters, reckless attacks on FARC communities and bombings.\nThese are just some of the U.S. State Department designated terrorist organizations which have influenced recent history the most. For a complete list, check the U.S. State Department website.Originally published on TopSecretWriters.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In our last post, we concluded that when soil is healthy, plants and microbes dwell in symbiosis which produces high concentrations of the nutrients both need to thrive. Well, it’s becoming increasingly clear that the same relationship exists between people and the microbes that live in our digestive tract.\nIronically, however, the human species seems hell-bent on destroying those microbes, or at least reducing their numbers. One fundamental law of nature is that biodiversity is good, but modern culture seems to be at war with biodiversity. Most industrial agriculture functions on the principle of anti-diversity: single crops grown from genetically homogenous seed in soil rendered sterile by industrial grade antibiotics. And industrial medicine seems to work on the cleanliness principle as well: in 2016, the number of antibiotic prescriptions written in America corresponded to five out of ever six people in the country, and nearly a third of those were demonstrably unnecessary. We believe that cleaner is better, even though that may not be true.\nIt’s becoming clear that fighting bacteria is both futile and wrong-headed. It’s futile because within any given person, non-human cells out-number human cells by a factor of 1.3, and the number of non-human species living within a single person is comparable to the number of individual people living in one large city. And it’s wrong-headed for the same reason it would be crazy for a city to attack its own population. Sure: some people in town are deadbeats who pee in the pool and shoplift candy bars, but that doesn’t mean you fumigate the village with mustard gas.\nWe’re learning, for example, that some nutrients that play crucial roles in human health are produced only by the non-human species living in our gut, including three amino acids required to make the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. What’s more, many of those species appear to communicate with our human cells in ways that tell our DNA what kinds of proteins to manufacture. So in a real sense, the bacteria we’re fighting actually makes us who we are.\nAs Dr. Zack Bush says, we should stop thinking of bacteria as invaders and realize that this space is more theirs than ours. We should thank them for letting us stay.\nOne way to encourage that thought shift is to deliberately cultivate the growth of bacteria in our bodies, especially our digestive tracts, which do far more than process food. In our next post we’ll talk about things we’re doing on the farm to help bacteria grow inside us.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "procedure varies to some extent, depending on the valve\nExcept in emergencies, it is advisable to shut the\nengine down when troubles cause safety valve popping.\nClogged or partially obstructed exhaust ports may\nalso cause the cylinder safety valve to lift. This condition\nwill not occur often if proper planned maintenance\nprocedures are followed. If it does occur, the resulting\nincrease in cylinder pressure may be enough to cause\nsafety valve popping. Clogged exhaust ports will also\ncause overheating of the engine, high exhaust\ntemperatures, and sluggish engine operation.\nYou can prevent clogged cylinder ports by removing\ncarbon deposits at prescribed intervals. Some engine\nmanufacturers make special tools for port cleaning.\nRound wire brushes of the proper size are satisfactory\nfor this work You must be careful in cleaning cylinder\nports to prevent carbon from entering the cylinder-bar\nthe engine to such a position that the piston blocks the\nSYMPTOMS OF ENGINE TROUBLE\nIn learning to recognize the symptoms that may help\nlocate the causes of engine trouble, you will find that\nexperience is the best teacher. Even though written\ninstructions are essential for efficient troubleshooting,\nthe information usually given serves only as a guide. It\nis very difficult to describe the sensation that you should\nfeel when checking the temperature of a bearing by\nhand; the specific color of exhaust smoke when pistons\nand rings are worn excessively; and, for some engines,\nthe sound that you will hear if the crankshaft\ncounterweights come loose. You must actually work\nwith the equipment to associate a particular symptom\nwith a particular trouble. Written information, however,\ncan save you a great deal of time and eliminate much\nunnecessary work. Written instructions will make\ndetection of troubles much easier in practical situations.\nA symptom that indicates that trouble exists may be\nin the form of an unusual noise or instrument indication,\nsmoke, or excessive consumption or contamination of\nthe lube oil, fuel, or water. Figure 3-43 is a general listing\nof various trouble symptoms that you may encounter.\nThe unusual noises that may indicate that trouble\nexists or is impending may be classified as pounding,\nknocking, clicking, and rattling. Each type of noise must\nbe associated with certain engine parts or systems that\nmight be the source of trouble.\nPounding or hammering is a mechanical knock (not\nto be confused with a fuel knock). It may be caused by\na loose, excessively worn, or broken engine part. Gen-\nerally, troubles of this nature will require major repairs.\nDetonation (knocking) is caused by the presence of\nfuel or lubricating oil in the air charge of the cylinders\nduring the compression stroke. Excessive pressures\naccompany detonation. If detonation is occurring in one\nor more cylinders, stop the engine immediately to\nprevent possible damage.\nClicking noises are generally associated with an\nimproperly functioning valve mechanism or timing\ngear. If the cylinder or valve mechanism is the source of\nmetallic clicking, the trouble may be due to a loose valve\nstem and guide, insufficient or excessive valve tappet\nclearances, a loose cam follower or guide, broken valve\nsprings, or a valve that is stuck open. A clicking in the\ntiming gear usually indicates that there are some\ndamaged or broken gear teeth.\nRattling noises are generally due to vibration of\nloose engine parts. However, an improperly functioning\nvibration damper, a failed antifriction bearing, or a\ngear-type pump operating without prime are also\npossible sources of rattling noises.\nWhen you hear a noise, first make sure it is a trouble\nsymptom. Each diesel engine has a characteristic noise\nat any specific speed and load. The noise will change\nwith a change in speed or load. As an operator, you must\nbecome familiar with the normal sounds of the engine.\nInvestigate all abnormal sounds promptly. Knocks that\nindicate a trouble may be detected and located by special\ninstruments or by the use of a sounding bar, such as a\nsolid iron screwdriver or bar.\nAs an engine operator, you will probably rely more\non the instruments to warn you of impending troubles\nthan on all the other trouble symptoms combined.\nRegardless of the type of instrument being used, the\nindications are of no value if the instrument is\ninaccurate. Be sure an instrument is accurate and\noperating properly before you accept a low or high\nreading. Test all instruments at specified intervals or\nwhenever you suspect them of being inaccurate.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1833)\nby Joseph L. Story\n§ 143. In the same year, in which Carolina was divided , a project was formed for the settlement of a colony upon the unoccupied territory between the rivers Savannah and Altamaha.1 The object of the projectors was to strengthen the province of Carolina, to provide a maintenance for the suffering poor of the mother country, and to open an asylum for the persecuted protestants in Europe; and in common with all the other colonies to attempt the conversion and civilization of the natives.2 Upon application, George the Second granted a charter to the company, (consisting of Lord Percival and twenty others, among whom was the celebrated Oglethorpe,) and incorporated them by the name of the Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America.3 The charter conferred the usual powers of corporations in England, and authorized the trustees to hold any territories, jurisdictions, etc. in America for the better settling of a colony there. The affairs of the corporation were to be managed by the corporation, and by a common council of fifteen persons in the first place, nominated by the crown, and afterwards, as vacancies occurred, filled by the corporation. The number of common-council-men might, with the increase of the corporation, be increased to twenty-four. The charter further granted to the corporation seven undivided parts of all the territories lying in that part of South Carolina, which lies from the northern stream of a river, there called the Savannah, all along the sea-coast to the southward unto the southernmost stream of a certain other great river, called the Alatamaha, and westward from the heads of the said rivers respectively in direct lines to the South seas, to be held as of the manor of Hampton Court in Middlesex in free and common soccage and not in capite. It then erected all the territory into an independent province by the name of Georgia. It authorized the trustees for the term of twenty-one years to make laws for the province “not repugnant to the laws and statutes of England, subject to the approbation or disallowance of the crown, and after such approbation to be valid. The affairs of the corporation were ordinarily to be managed by the Common Council. It was farther declared, that all persons born in the province should enjoy all the privileges and immunities of natural born subjects in Great Britain. Liberty of conscience was allowed to all inhabitants in the worship of God, and a free exercise of religion to all persons, except Papists. The corporation were also authorized, for the term of twenty-one years, to erect courts of judicature for all civil and criminal causes, and to appoint a governor, judges, and other magistrates. The registration of all conveyances of the corporation was also provided for. . The governor was to take an oath to observe all the acts of parliament relating to trade and navigation, and to obey all royal instructions pursuant thereto. The governor of South Carolina was to have the chief command of the militia of the province; and goods were to be imported and exported without touching at any port in South Carolina. At the end of the twenty-one years the crown was to establish such form of government in the province, and such method of making laws therefor, as in its pleasure should be deemed meet; and all officers should be then appointed by the crown.\n§ 144. Such is the substance of the charter, which was obviously intended for a temporary duration only; and the first measures adopted by the trustees, granting lands in tail male, to be held by a sort of military service, and introducing other restrictions, were not adapted to aid the original design, or foster the growth of the colony.4 It continued to languish, until at length the trustees, wearied with their own labours, and the complaints of the people, in June, 1751, surrendered the charter to the crown.5 Henceforward it was governed as a royal province, enjoying the same liberties and immunities as other royal provinces; and in process of time it began to flourish, and at the period of the American Revolution, it had attained considerable importance among the colonies.6\n§ 145. In respect to its ante-revolutionary jurisprudence, a few remarks may suffice. The British common and statute law lay at the foundation.7 The same general system prevailed as in the Carolinas, from which it sprung. Intestate estates descended according to the course of the English law. The registration of conveyances was provided for, at once to secure titles, and to suppress frauds; and the general interests of religion, the rights of representation, of personal liberty, and of public justice, were protected by ample colonial regulations.\n1. 1 Holmes’s Annals, 552; Marsh.Colonies, ch 9, p. 247; 2 Hewatt’s South Car. 15, 16; Stokes’s Hist. Colonies, 113.\n2. 1 Holmes’s Annals, 552; 2 Hewatt’s South Car. 15, 16, 17.\n3. Charters of N. A. Provinces, 4to. London, 1766.\n4. Marshall’s Colon. ch. 9, p. 248, 249, 250; 2 Holmes’s Annals, 4-45. 2 Hewatt’s South Car. 41, 42, 43.\n5. 2 Holmes’s Annals. 45.\n6. Stokes’s Hist.of Colonies, 115, 119;2 Hewatt’s South Car. 145; 2 Holmes’s Annals, 45,117.\n7. Stokes’s Hist.of Colon. 119, 136.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Posted May 30th, 2013 in Program\nIISG staffers will join hundreds of scientists, environmentalists, and government representatives June 2-6 at the Conference on Great Lakes Research. Spread across each day of the conference, their presentations will cover vital work on Sea Grant education initiatives, new tools that help officials protect aquatic ecosystems in the Great Lakes region, and more.\nRobin Goettel and Terri Hallesy will kick things off Tuesday morning with a close look at education strategies that improve Great Lakes literacy. Later in the session, Caitie McCoy will discuss a program piloted last year at two schools near the Grand Calumet River. The program was designed to teach students living in Areas of Concern about the science behind restoration projects. Attendees will also hear from Terri and others about Undo the Chemical Brew, a project that has collected 2.7 million unwanted pharmaceutical pills for safe disposal since 2010.\nOn Wednesday, members of the AIS outreach team will talk about resources they’ve developed to help water gardeners avoid invasive plants that are likely to spread in the Great Lakes. The resources are part of a larger effort to develop and implement risk assessment tools that can be used by resource managers and policy-makers to determine which commercially-sold aquatic species pose the greatest threat to the region.\nIISG members will also be a part of several presentations on Wednesday and Thursday about environmental indicators communities can use to make sustainable land-use decisions. During the session, Brian Miller, Kristin TePas, and Marty Jaffe will introduce two web-based tools that help officials understand land use impacts on local aquatic environments and take steps towards securing the long-term health of the region’s natural resources.\nThe International Association for Great Lakes Research’s (IAGLR) 56th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research is sponsored by IISG and Purdue University. To view the entire program, visit the conference website.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The idea started with the thought; \"If a tornado can lift a house, it could also lift a heavy disc, making it into a flying disc\". And I wondered if such a flying disc could fly more energy efficient then say a helicopter.\nTo wait for a tornado to pass by in the right direction, is… not very practical, ánd tornadoes tend to be dangerous. A tornado is a natural phenomena, part of a huge storm system. In order \"fly by tornado\", it is necessary to create an artificial tornado.\nThe core of a tornado is a vortex, which has less air pressure than the surrounding air, and with that on top of a disc; the disc will fly.\nCall it \"atmospheric thrust\", because it is the normal air pressure of the surrounding air that is pushing the aircaft up.\nDid you know that the atmospheric pressure is about 1 kgf per square cm? 1 squared meter is 10.000 square cm, thus 10.000 kgf. The core of a vortex that big, above a surface, with 20% less pressure in the core, will produce a force of 2000 kg, enough to lift a small craft.\nMy first step was to create a small vortex, and learn from that. After some time experimenting, we found there to be 3 essential ingredients; a flat surface on the bottom of the vortex, an air sucking hole in the surface above it and two steady flows of air traveling parallel to the center, from opposite directions.\nThere is one major obstacle with a straight vortex. The bottom surface of the vortex has a force which pushes up, and at the same time the top surface has an equal force, which pushes down. So together they counter act each other, producing 0 force.\nA few years ago I thought of a solution to this problem. To curve a vortex 180º, like a rainbow, so that both ends would be come to rest on the same surface! Then both ends would produce a force in the same direction, thus making it possible to fly by tornado.\nThis however, seemed to good to be true. Is it even possible to curve a vortex? Thrust from a curved vortex would in theory work in a box, making it suitable for space propulsion. Time to start experimenting, and see what is possible and what is not.\nThe first success was in august 2010; a curved vortex machine! The vortex was curved, but very weak, and the machine was so big and heavy that we could not weigh the amount of thrust.\nWe almost completely rebuilt the curved vortex machine, and this version produced a result: a curved vortex with a core of about 1 cm in diameter, and 55 grams of thrust. We tested this second version on November 2nd 2010.\n55 grams is a great result, but it doesn't prove the concept yet, because I'm not sure if the acceleration of all that air is in fact the real cause of the force.\nThe next step was to put the vortex machine into a box, making it a closed system. Then we could see if there still is a force to be measured. But because of all the turbulent air inside the box, the vortex did not form properly.\nThis is where I am right now, a beautiful curved vortex, which proved that both ends of a vortex can be on the same surface. But I am still unable to prove that a curved vortex can produce thrust.\nIt still seems to good to be true. Both a ballon and a boat prove that it is possible to fly or float in or on a fluid that is in a gravitational field, without accelerating mass in the opposite direction. But a curved vortex isn't a case of \"lighter that air\".\nI'm pretty sure that I'm the first person to have created a curved vortex, especially with propulsion as the goal. It would be very helpful if you too could repeat this experiment, to prove if it is indeed possible or not. Please let me know if you manage to do so.\nBy the way; my progress is always slow because I'm almost completely paralyzed. I managed to get all the physical work done, step by step, with the help of many friends. So to my friends: thanks!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A brief comparison between the early January 1940 and 2019\nPosting: January 10, 2019\nOur previous posting was about the question: “Is there another ‘Beast from the East’? The Met-Office considered it as possibility on January 03. More than a week later there is none, even though some places in Russia are currently cold but in no way exceptional. At some places the temperature will be about 7°C below average. Small regions in Central Europe (Bavaria and Austria) have been trapped in snow, but although the air temperature conditions across Europe are far off wintry.\nIn the following compare a report on weather in the current week (italic green) and early January 1940, which until now are ignored, although from 11-21 January five all-time records occurred- See Figure 1.\nA current weather report for the second week of 2019 reads as follows (Excerpt from weather.com, Jan.09):\nDeadly winter weather has blasted Europe for another day, trapping hundreds of people in Alpine regions, whipping up high winds that caused flight delays and cancellations and raising the risks of more deadly avalanches.\nTemperatures will fall widely across Europe over the next few days before rising again at the end of the week.\nColder air will be in circulation on Wednesday and Thursday in a northerly to north-easterly airflow due to the position of high pressure in the vicinity of the British Isles and low pressure over the South East Europe,\nThis colder air will move over warmer waters and bring further snow over central and South East Europe this week, the snow will be heavier and more persistent over the Alps as well as the mountains in Bulgaria.\nWhat a difference to the weather conditions Europe experienced eight decades ago already in early in January 1940, as shown by an excerpt from [ http://www.seaclimate.com/c/c7/c7.html ]:\nJanuary 2, 1940; Esbjerg – soft or new ice, navigation not hindered, Danish light buoys were withdrawn over the next 10 days.\nJanuary 8, 1940: A record frost today covered Northern and Central Russia , with the thermometer at 31 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (-35°C), and impeded normal activity. (NYT, Jan. 09, 1940).\nJanuary 13, 1940: Riga/Latvia; The most bitter cold wave of years, which sent temperatures in Baltic countries to as low as 40 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, ended abruptly today. The mercury rose rapidly to a few degrees below zero Fahrenheit. Parts of the Baltic have frozen over, and floating and pack ice are likely to interfere with shipping for some time (NYT, Jan 14, 1940).\nJanuary 14, 1940; Drift ice on river Scheldt reported to have torn buoys from their mooring. Simultaneously it was observed that “in these nine days conditions have deteriorated very rapidly and one sees the first real indication of somewhat abnormal conditions, most particular is the freezing of rivers Scheldt and Maas ” (Frankcom, 1940).\nJanuary 17, 1940; Ice reported in the North Sea off Jutland for the first time in many years, up to 2 miles from the coast. Fjord in Jutland frozen over. Ice three meters thick reported from western end of Limfjord. Minus 23°F reported during the night in Denmark\nJanuary 18, 1940; Helsinki : “Pitiless, deadly cold laid a glacial cover on Russian’s war machinery tonight… near Salla, above the Arctic Circle . Phenomenal 54-degrees-below-zero temperature (-48°C) restrained the Russian air forces… and apparently immobilized Russian ground forces, which have been attacking on the Karelian Isthmus (NYT, Jan 18 1940).\nJanuary 18, 1940: Temperatures of more than 50 degrees below zero Fahrenheit were reported from several points. At Nickby, northeast of Helsinki , a temperature of 58 degrees below zero was recorded – the coldest since 1878. It was 11 degrees below zero in Helsinki (NYT, Jan. 19, 1940).\nJanuary 20, 1940; “Thus they are able… to relieve men exhausted by a week of fighting in temperatures plunging to 60 degrees below zero” (NYT, January 21, 1940, p.23, left 1st column).\nJanuary 21, 1940: “The cold polar air remained stagnant over vast areas of Europe and North America . Result: Some of the coldest weather in half a century. In Moscow the temperature on January 17th dropped to 49 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (-45°C), and in parts of Finland to 58 degrees below zero. Such temperatures can be measured only on alcohol thermometers, because mercury freezes solid at 38 degrees below zero” (NYT, January 21, 1940, Weekend in Review, Title: War in the Cold).\nThe events described and the data clearly indicate that random processes are eliminated there. Why was Northern and Central Europe so badly affected? Southern Europe, including Switzerland , however, was much less affected from the Arctic temperatures simply because they didn’t have naval warfare at their front door, ……\n“The highs (over North Europe), however supported a uniform inflow of cold air from northern Russia and Siberia, but blocked the way for mild air currents from the Atlantic and southern latitudes.”\nThis statement confirms the ‘weather blocking’ situation which was man-made by stirring the regional seas.\nSince 2015 a number of postings have dealt with January 1940, here an example:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Early Mars: Warm Enough to Melt Water?\nFebruary 14, 2003\nDenver While some researchers believe that only asteroid collisions made Mars warm enough to have running rivers, a Penn State researcher believes the planet had to be continuously warmer to form Mars deep valleys, but he does not know how the planet warmed up.\nSome recent research suggests that early Mars was cold most of the time and warmed up only when objects impacted the planet. The impacts would warm the atmosphere and melt water trapped in underground and surface ice, causing rivers to flow and cutting the valleys that rival Arizonas Grand Canyon.\nI do not think this is right, said Dr. James F. Kasting, distinguished professor of geosciences and meteorology. I do not think there was enough time involved to form the types of features that we see on the Martian landscape.\nKasting believes that a greenhouse effect warmed the planet. However, he has calculated that a carbon dioxide and water greenhouse would not have warmed the planet above the freezing point of water. On Mars, before enough carbon dioxide accumulated in the atmosphere to warm things up, the carbon dioxide would condense into dry ice clouds and eventually there would be ice caps.\nIt does not seem possible to get above freezing with gaseous carbon dioxide and water, he told attendees at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science today (Feb. 14) in Denver.\nWhich is why some researchers think the planet was never warm. But, according to Kasting, features like Nanedi Vallis, which is a half-mile to over a mile wide in places and over a half mile deep, could not be made during the short time rivers would run after an impact.\nThe channel at the bottom of Nanedi Vallis is only about 100 feet across, says Kasting. It took millions of years of constant running water to carve the Grand Canyon. It would take a similar time on Mars.\nOne possible solution is that other greenhouse gases were in play in the Martian atmosphere. Methane would be a good candidate, but most sources of methane on Earth are biological. Todays sources of methane are methanogenic bacteria in ruminant animals and rice paddies, but in the pre-oxygen atmosphere of the past, methanobacteria could have lived in many places.\nHillary Justh, a graduate student in geosciences, ran a model of Mars with three atmospheres of carbon dioxide and a tenth of a percent of methane in the atmosphere, adds the Penn State researcher. Because 3.8 billion years ago the solar luminosity was only 75 percent of what it is today, the model returned an average temperature of minus 13 degrees Fahrenheit.\nThis by itself would not have been enough to allow widespread liquid water. However, the Martian surface could have received 20-30 degrees Fahrenheit additional warming from the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide ice clouds. This might have allowed at least the tropics to remain above freezing.\nOne problem with methane-producing bacteria is that the ones we know here on Earth, both from the fossil record and today, prefer warm environments.\nSome geologic processes generate methane, but only in small amounts. These process require water and ultramafic rocks to form serpentine rocks with methane as a by-product. This process occurs at mid-ocean ridges on Earth and can also occur during asteroid collisions that excavate large amounts of mantle material.\nWe do not really know much about how plate tectonics works on Mars, and even if we did, it is doubtful that enough methane could be generated to create the necessary greenhouse, says Kasting. Mars probably did need a biological source of methane to form a planet-warming greenhouse.\nResearchers think that Mars has a supply of water, which is required for all terrestrial life. They also think that volcanic activity on Mars produced a tenth of a percent or so of hydrogen and substantial amounts of carbon dioxide, the two compounds that methanobacteria on Earth need to produce methane. Evidence of these methanobacteria could be found in subsurface fossils or, the bacteria could still be there today.\nWhat we need to do is go and take samples, said Kasting, a member of Penn States NASA-sponsored Astrobiology Research Center.\nNASAs Mars Exploration Rover Mission, scheduled to launch later this year, will almost do that. Scheduled to have two fully capable robotic vehicles like the Sojourner, it will sample soils looking for signs of life. However, while the science objectives of the rover missions are to determine if water was present on Mars and whether there are conditions favorable to the preservation of evidence for ancient life, the mission will not return samples to Earth. The first NASA sample-return mission is scheduled for 2020 or later.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cooking Class: Searing\nPosted: Tuesday, July 1, 2014\nA fair number of meat, poultry and some seafood recipes call for you to sear the protein before further cooking. Searing is a direct-heat technique used most often in grilling, braising, roasting or sautéing in which the surface of food is cooked quickly at a high temperature in order to produce a sort of crust on its exterior. For the most part, the terms browning and blackening refer to this same technique. Typically after searing, food (particularly larger, thicker cuts or pieces) is cooked at a somewhat lower temperature to finish. In the case of grilling, food may be moved from a high/direct-heat portion of the grill to a cooler/indirect one. In braising, the caramelized crust adds flavor, color and generally enriches the liquid in which the food is cooked.\nSome people suggest that searing \"locks in moisture\" or \"seals in juices,\" but such widespread myths, though often repeated, are false. While many famous chemists, food scientists, chefs and authors have actively perpetuated these ideas over the last 160-plus years, searing has been legitimately demonstrated to produce greater loss of moisture versus cooking to the same internal temperature without searing beforehand. Experiments suggest that this initial exposure of protein to high heat destroys the cell walls on its exterior surface, causing the affected cells to lose the moisture trapped within. Regardless of whether food is seared first or not, it will continue to lose moisture throughout the cooking process.\nThough it causes food to lose moisture, searing is still a vital cooking technique; it creates rich caramel flavor, enhances the appearance of food and provides textural dimension, increasing palatability. For many recipes, searing at the end of a cooking process may be just as effective in producing these effects.\n- Let the protein stand at room temperature for a short while before cooking.\n- If necessary, pat protein with paper towels to remove surface moisture.\n- Ensure the pan or grill is very hot.\n- If you're searing a lean cut, add oil to coat the bottom of the pan.\n- Wait for the oil to shimmer and ripple, but do not allow it to smoke. Using vegetable or peanut oil will allow for a higher temperature, as they have a higher smoke point than olive oil or butter.\n- Carefully place the food in the pan fat- or skin-side down.\n- If your food sticks, your pan/oil/grill may not have been hot enough. Let it cook a little longer until it releases easily from the pan or grill.\n- Sear all sides, even the ends of roasts and the sides of thick steaks and chops.\n- If your food won't stay put, try using the side of the pan to stabilize it or hold it in place with long tongs, taking care to avoid splattering oil.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "EmbryoScope® is a state-of-the-art incubation system that uses time-lapse technology to monitor the health and development of embryos, eliminating the need for human handling. By capturing detailed images, at frequent and regular intervals and from multiple vantages, the system provides embryologists with detailed information on the qualities of each embryo.\nIn conventional incubation, developing embryos are daily removed by embryologists for approximately one minute to assess their progress. This produces unavoidable changes in critical cultivation variables and exposes embryos to disruptive stresses that can hinder their development—embryos handled in such a fashion tend to develop about four to five hours slower over the course of cultivation. Moreover, under these practices, there is no visual record of development, and embryos are selected for transfer based only on their current status, without regard to their formative history.\nWith EmbryoScope®, from the moment of fertilisation to the moment of transfer, embryos remain undisturbed inside the incubator. They are allowed to develop, without interruption, in a stable environment, under conditions closely simulating those in the womb. A built-in camera takes detailed photos of each embryo, every 10 minutes, in 10 different focal planes, providing embryologists with illuminating data on each embryo and enabling them to choose the best one for transfer.\nEmbryoScope® is capable of housing up to six patient culture dishes, each containing up to 12 embryos, for a potential total of 72 embryos. It is therefore recommended in cases where there is a larger number of embryos to culture, particularly when there are more than four to a couple.\nLastly, the system’s time-lapse technology benefits not only the lab, but the mother and father as well, gifting them with a visual record of their child’s development, from conception to transfer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why satellite images have different colors\nIn Virtually Hawaii, we show you a large number of images taken from aircraft and spacecraft that have unusual colors compared to the ones we can see with our eyes. Often, we are asked \"why is one part of the image red and the other blue?\". This is because we have chosen to use display three different wavelengths on our computer screen where the surface is highly reflective (bright) at these wavelengths. These colors are the result of using instruments that study different parts of the spectrum to the part that our eyes can see. While we do not want to give you a complete course in physics, we thought that you might like to have a bit of the background to these remote sensing images.\nFirst, we need to know that a spacecraft (Landsat, SPOT, or the SIR-C radar) does not \"see\" in color. Every image is obtained in black and white at a precise wavelength (usually between 0.4 to 12.0 microns). These electronic cameras only collect information in black and white, but they can obtain many images at the same time in different parts of the spectrum.\nIf we look at the diagram below of the spectrum, we see several broad regions that include the ultraviolet (wavelengths between 0.3 - 0.4 microns), visible (0.4 to 0.7 microns), near-infrared (0.7 to 1.2 microns), the solar reflected infrared (1.2 to 3.2 microns), the mid-infrared (3.2 to 15 microns) and the far infrared (longer than 15.0 microns).\nNotice that the vertical axis (called % transmission) shows where our atmosphere allows a lot of the Sun's rays to reach the ground. It is easy to see why our eyes work in the visible part of the spectrum, because it is here that almost 100% of the Sun's energy reaches the surface. In contrast, due to water vapor in the atmosphere, almost no energy (%0 transmission) reaches the ground at 1.4 and 1.9 microns.\nOur images of Honolulu are all obtained in between 0.4 and 12.0 microns as a set of 12 individual black and white images. All 12 images are obtained at exactly the same time, and each is a computer image where we can assign an 8-bit binary number between 0 (black) and 255 (white). In this diagram, we show six of these images (or \"bands\"), along with the wavelength of the band. We show bands 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 just to cover the whole range, and to show that not all bands have the same wavelength range (the width of the color bar beneath the spectrum). See how Band 12 is very wide (about 4 microns) while band 4 is very narrow (about 0.05 microns).\nGo on to Page 2 of this Remote Sensing Tutorial to see how we get the images back to Earth from the spacecraft.\nAuthor: Pete Mouginis-Mark\nCopyright by P. Mouginis-Mark\nCurator: Lori Glaze", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The on board steps are similar to the ones in Low Resolution Mode. Some parts of the hardware are commonly shared between both modes. However the pulses need to be transmitted with a PRF high enough so they remain coherent. The PRF value would depend on the satellite orbit and the transmission pattern.\nAfter a burst of pulses is successfully transmitted and received, some corrections should be applied before packing the data and send it to the ground station for further processing.\nThe Block diagrams of the SIRAL altimeter is shown below.\nIn this case, both LRM, SAR and SARIn data is received and routed to the Processing Unit. There the LRM pulses are transformed into range domain and averaged. The SAR pulses would remain in time domain and the Fourier transformation will be performed by the ground processor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Reliable data is needed to address crucial questions about environmental change, biodiversity loss and its implications for ecosystems and human well-being. The historical legacy of biological recording in the United Kingdom is unique and inspiring, resulting in vast sets of species observations (biological records) built up through the expertise of committed volunteers. But there is a need for a focused approach to the collation, management, dissemination and interpretation of these datasets.\nThe Biological Records Centre (BRC), established in 1964, provides a national focus in the UK for terrestrial and freshwater species recording. BRC works closely with the voluntary recording community, principally through support of national recording schemes and societies. Its scientific research role is central to much of UK conservation practice.\nBRC is supported by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) within the Natural Environment Research Council and its work is a major component of the National Biodiversity Network.\n- Working with more than 80 recording schemes and societies, BRC supports biological recording for a wide range of plant and animal groups.\n- BRC helps the recording community to publish atlases, data and other online resources thus providing information essential for research, policy and conservation.\n- It delivers innovative use of technology to harness the enthusiasm and knowledge of naturalists and to enable them to collate and analyse records.\n- Scientists at BRC identify and analyse distribution trends derived from these large-scale, long-term datasets.\nRecent BRC research includes climate change ecology, the impacts of air pollution, invasion biology, insect-plant interactions, red listing and indicators, and leads to improvements in the use of citizen science and new technology for recording.\nLong-term support from BRC has helped establish more than 80 recording schemes and societies - no other region across the globe has such a wide taxonomic breadth of recording activity. The key outputs of this recording is detailed in the BRC's special anniversary booklet, Celebrating 50 years of the Biological Records Centre (2014).\nPrinted atlases published by BRC cover more than 10,000 species of plants and atlases. These atlases and their associated datasets have revealed major changes in species' ranges over the past 50 years and are being used to address a number of research questions.\nAnalyses of distribution data provided some of the first demonstrations of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Current projects using biological recording data include assessing the risks and opportunities faced by individual species during climatic changes and identifying refugia which may help promote the persistence of species.\nBRC works with recording schemes, government agencies and partner organisations to derive quantitative trend estimates and other metrics for use in Red Listing and the development of biodiversity indicators to assess the 2020 ‘Aichi targets’.\nIn 2013, BRC’s innovative work on trends, modelling and indicator development made a substantial contribution to the State of Nature Report (trends for ~2400 species) and the Priority Species Indicator which tracks changes in the status of ~230 species of conservation concern.\n50 years of BRC science\n- Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Causes of Adult Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD and ADHD)\nDespite intensive research, the exact origins of ADD and ADHD have yet to\nbe determined. There are, however, several theories about the causes of Attention\nDeficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.\nChemical Imbalance of Neurotransmitters\nNeurotransmitters help the human brain to form thoughts, store and recall\ninformation, and translate thoughts into physical actions. One of these neurotransmitters,\ndopamine, is abnormally low in those who diagnosed with ADD and ADHD. Since\nproblems with memory and attentiveness are attributes of those with ADD and\nADHD, researchers believe that low dopamine levels may be responsible. Research\nhad indicated that in 60% of ADD and ADHD sufferers, the genes controlling\ndopamine production are in some way abnormal .\nAnother neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine, has also been linked to Attention\nDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Acetylcholine plays a key role in the\nbody by helping to control cognitive functions such as awareness, perception,\nreasoning, judgment, memory and attention. Learn\nmore about Chemical Imbalance\nAdult ADD / ADHD and Diet\nThroughout the course of the last decade researchers have discovered that\ndiet, which is closely tied to neurotransmitter synthesis and other bodily\nresponses, may be an important factor in many of the symptoms associated\nA growing collective of research shows that even a moderate adjustment to\ndiet, such as removing packaged and processed foods, sugary soft drinks and\nexcessive sweets can significantly decrease symptoms of ADHD, like hyperactivity\nand the 'crash' that may often follow. It is thought that the highs\nand the lows of consuming sugars can affect a the overall attentiveness,\nor lack there of, in both adults and children.\nIn addition to creating a healthy diet of more natural foods, like fruits,\nvegetables and complex carbohydrates, clinical research indicates that\nsupplementation of the adult diet with specific vitamins and minerals,\nlike the B-complex vitamins, zinc, and magnesium can further increase the\nchances of improvement. Learn more about ADD/ADHD and Diet\nNot all of those affected with ADD and/or ADHD have low levels of dopamine,\nand this has lead researchers to theorize that varying brain structures may\nhave some effect on ADD and ADHD. The forebrain is the part of the brain\nthat controls thoughts, behavior, and emotions. It controls the ability to\nreason, make decisions, and solve problems. A part of the forebrain, the\nfrontal lobe, is most involved with judgment, behavior, memory, and motivation.\nPreliminary research into this theory has shown that a small percentage of\npeople with ADD or ADHD have forebrains about 10% smaller than those who\ndo not have ADD or ADHD.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What does it mean to be data literate in the world of “big data”? What should we be teaching students to better prepare them to participate in today’s workforce and society? What steps need to be taken to develop critical data literacy skills in schools? To seek answers to these questions, EDC’s Oceans of Data Institute (ODI) convened an expert panel of both data analysts and educators for a workshop on data literacy.\nThis report captures the takeaways from a 3-day workshop, Building Global Interest in Data Literacy: A Dialogue, held by ODI and IBM in October 2015, which brought big data analysts and education experts together to engage in a structured dialogue that produced new insights into the nature of data literacy in today’s big data society, envisioning what the data-literate person does, and delving into the meaning of analytical thinking and how we might teach this in K–16 classrooms.\nLearn more about the workshop.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Looking at the pictures we then see that the behavior which results is always purely repetitive—though the period of repetition is different in different cases. And the basic reason for the repetitive behavior is that whenever the dot ends up in a particular position, it must always repeat whatever it did when it was last in that position.\nBut since there are only six possible positions in all, it is inevitable that after at most six steps the dot will always get to a position where it has been before. And this means that the behavior must repeat with a period of at most six steps.\nThe pictures below show more examples of the same setup, where now the number of possible positions is 10 and 11. In all cases, the behavior is repetitive, and the maximum repetition period is equal to the number of possible positions.\nMore examples of the type of system shown on the previous page, but now with 10 and 11 possible positions for the dot. The behavior always repeats itself in at most 10 or 11 steps. But the exact number of steps in each case depends on the prime factors of the numbers that define the system.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hines, M. E. University of Alaska Anchorage, firstname.lastname@example.org\nKiene, R. E. University of South Alabama, Rkiene@jaguar1.usouthal.edu\nCONTROLS ON EMISSIONS OF DIMETHYLSULFIDE FROM FRESHWATER WETLANDS\nDimethylsulfide (DMS) is produced and emitted from a variety of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. In general, it is believed that marine environments, which are rich in S, are the primary emitters of gaseous DMS due to the degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). However, DMS formation can be important in anoxic freshwaters. Fluxes of DMS were determined using a dynamic flow-through chamber system in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial environments. Direct measurements of DMS fluxes from wetlands, such as Sphagnum bogs and fens, revealed unusually high rates, especially in the most oligotrophic areas. Fluxes were highest from hummocks, in areas without terrestrial or stream influences, and in areas with low pH. Flooding of a wetland greatly decreased DMS emission despite increased CH4 and CO2 fluxes. Studies using slurries of wetland peats were conducted to investigate controls on DMS production, consumption and emission. Methylation of methane thiol was the primary source of DMS. DMSP was not a source of DMS. Inhibition studies and comparisons of various habitats demonstrated that the high flux of DMS in certain areas is due to the lack of any use of DMS by methanogenic bacteria.\nDay: Friday, Feb. 5\nTime: 10:45 - 11:00am\nLocation: Sweeney Center", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This document is part of a periodical (Journal of Historical Review).\nUse this menu to find more documents that are part of this periodical.\nAn important component of the seemingly perpetual Holocaust media campaign is the promotion of ugly and hateful images of Germans. A good example is the cartoon shown here. It appeared in the April 1, 1994, issue of the Jewish Press, an influential Brooklyn, New York, weekly with a claimed circulation of 160,000.\nSuch hate-mongering is not confined to papers such as the Jewish Week. Jewish writer Elie Wiesel, who has been honored by American presidents, wrote in one widely circulated work, Legends of Our Time: \"Every Jew, somewhere in his being, should set apart a zone of hate – healthy, virile hate – for what the German personifies and for what persists in the German.\" Similarly, Steven Spielberg's widely acclaimed motion picture \"Schindler's List\" depicts Germans as brutal, corrupt, evil and mindless. The only exception is the main character, Oskar Schindler, who is portrayed positively only in so far as he helps Jews.\nEven US government officials contribute to the bigotry. During the March 20, 1994, \"60 Minutes\" broadcast, Michael Berenbaum, an official of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC, blamed \"the Germans\" for killing millions of European Jews during the Second World War.\nSo acceptable is such anti-German defamation in American newspapers, books, motion pictures and television that examples such as these rarely provoke even the slightest murmur of protest, even by groups such as the powerful Anti-Defamation League, which hypocritically claims to be concerned for the dignity of all.\nAdditional information about this document\n|Title:||Holocaust Hate Propaganda Targets Germans|\n|Sources:||The Journal of Historical Review, vol. 14, no. 5 (September/October 1994), p. 36|\n|First posted on CODOH:||Dec. 10, 2012, 6 p.m.|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Creative genius and neurotic thought patterns might have the same root cause, perhaps explaining why many artists are tortured souls. This post from Live Science investigates the truth behind creativity and neuroticism being two sides of the same coin.\nSir Isaac Newton formulated the laws of gravity, built telescopes and delved into mathematical theories. He was also prone to bouts of depression and once suffered a mental breakdown.\nIn this sense, Newton was like many other creative, driven individuals. Charles Darwin, for example, struggled with nausea and gastrointestinal distress in response to stress, so much so that modern psychologists have suggested that he may have had a panic disorder. Winston Churchill referred to his dark moods as his “black dog,” leading to speculation that he might have had episodes of depression.\nWhatever the truth behind these prominent men’s mental health, multiple studies have found a link between creativity and neuroticism — a tendency toward rumination and negative thinking. Now, British researchers have proposed a possible reason for the connection: Creativity and neuroticism could be two sides of the same coin. [Creative Genius: The World’s Greatest Minds]\nNeuroticism is a personality trait that lends itself to worry, anxiety and isolation. Highly neurotic people are more susceptible to mental illness than happy-go-lucky types; they’re also worse at high-risk professions like military aviation or bomb disposal, which require coolness under pressure. On the other hand, neuroticism seems linked to creative pursuits. Studies have found, for example, that artists and other creative people score higher on tests of neuroticism than people who aren’t in creative fields.\n“This is something that bothered me for a long time,” said Adam Perkins, a lecturer in the neurobiology of personality at King’s College London. Perkins is the co-author of a new opinion piece published Aug. 27 in the journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences that lays out the possible links between neuroticism and creativity in the brain.\nPerkins was listening to a lecture by Jonathan Smallwood, a psychologist and expert on daydreaming at the University of York in England, when Smallwood mentioned that people who report high levels of negative thoughts show lots of activation in a brain region called the medial prefrontal cortex, even when they’re just resting in a brain scanner. This area, which sits behind the forehead, is involved in the appraisal of threat.\n“It’s quite a simple leap to think they’ve got a sort of internal threat generator in their heads,” Perkins told Live Science. “They can be lying down in bed or sitting in an armchair in a perfectly neutral environment, and yet they’re feeling as if they’re under threat.”\nThese “self-generated thoughts” can obviously make people miserable, Perkins said. In essence, people are imagining problems that don’t exist. Studies show that neurotic people have sensitive amygdalae, the almond-shaped brain structures involved in processing fear and anxiety. So, neurotic people not only invent problems, but tend to become very stressed by them.\nBut self-generated thoughts are also linked to planning skills and the ability to delay gratification. Perkins realized that the brain’s internal threat generator might have pros as well.\n“Neurotic people feel sort of miserable spontaneously, and they also tend to be better at coming up with creative solutions for things,” he said. Isaac Newton, for example, once wrote that he solved problems by chewing over them incessantly. “I keep the subject constantly before me,” he said, “and wait till the first dawnings open slowly, by little and little, into a full and clear light.”\nThus, the neurotic tendency to dwell on things might be the very root of creativity and problem solving, Perkins said. [Mad Geniuses: 10 Odd Tales of Famous Scientists]\nAnxiety and genius\nAccording to Perkins and his colleagues’ hypothesis, the brains of neurotic people might have a particularly persistent “default mode network,” which is the circuit in the brain that becomes activated when people are doing nothing in particular. The medial prefrontal cortex is part of that system. If neurotic people have trouble turning off this thought-generating network, it might make them more prone to overthinking, dwelling and otherwise mulling over problems — real and imagined.\nThis can be a problem because neurotic people also have oversensitive amygdalae. The tendency to become panicked over imagined problems can make neurotic people quite miserable, Perkins said.\nOn the other hand, neuroticism could have benefits, he said. “If you dwell on problems for a long time, when those problems are not in front of you … it seems quite obvious that you’ll be more likely to come across a solution than one of those happy-go-lucky people who live their life in the moment,” Perkins noted.\nIt’s a tantalizing notion, but no one has yet done the experimental work that would prove that the same processes cause neurotic worrying andcreative genius.\nAnd finding proof will be difficult, Perkins warned. It’s difficult to measure creativity in the lab. Most tests involve giving participants an ordinary object and asking them to come up with as many uses for that object as they can. That’s not really the same thing as laying out the theory of evolution or inventing the jet engine, Perkins said. (Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine, also suffered several nervous breakdowns during his life.)\n“Really creative people are rare,” Perkins said. “It just seems that a lot of them are neurotic.”\nOne concrete step toward proving the link could be to study medial prefrontal cortex activity in people with high levels of neuroticism, Perkins said. However, it might take a neurotic genius to come up with other ways forward.\n“We just hope this will give some impetus to people who are cleverer than us to come up with some good tests,” Perkins said.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Republic of North Macedonia is one of the regions included in the six Balkan countries alongside Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, and Kosovo. North Macedonia is considered one of Europe’s few undiscovered wine countries. The vineyards, mountains, lakes, and rivers are amid grand historic ruins and idyllic small villages that have remained relatively unchanged for centuries.\nMacedonian wine production dates to the 13th century BC. Wine was made from grapes and mixed with honey, because sugar aided in preservation. Wine was stored in clay amphoras and topped with olive oil to prevent the wine from being exposed to oxygen, then it was buried in the ground where it was cool. This slowed down the aging of the wine.\nGrapes are Macedonia’s second largest agricultural export, after tobacco. Vineyards cover about 82,780 acres of which 70% are wine grapes, with the remainder being table grapes. The country produces up to 31.7 million gallons of wine a year and is ranked the 25th country in terms of wine production in the world. Of the wine produced there, 40% is bottled and 60% is sold in bulk. Unlike many other countries, Macedonia sees up to 85% of its wine exported with only 15% sold in the domestic market.\nThe country is divided into three wine growing regions. The Pelagonija-Polog region is in the south and southwest areas of the country, and represents about 13% of the wine produced country-wide. The next region is the Vardar River Valley, which is in the center of the country and produces about 83% of the country’s wine. The last wine growing region is Pčinja-Osogovo which is to the east, on the border with Bulgaria. Here, the vines are grown on mountain slopes at altitudes of 1400 to 2800 feet.\nThe leading grape for white wine production in North Macedonia is Smederevka. Wines from this grape are fruity, aromatic, bright, low in alcohol and ready to drink. Other white wines in Macedonia are made from Welschriesling, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Temjanika (Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains), Zhilavka, and the up and comer Rkatsiteli, having been brought in from the Caucasus.\nThe most common red grape in North Macedonia is Vranec. Wines made from Vranec have aromas and flavors of red berries and fruit jams along with firm tannins. As the wines age, more complex aromas of cinnamon, chocolate, licorice, black fruit, and herbs appear. Red wines from this country are often made of Kratosija, Stanushina, Cabernet Sauvignon, or Merlot.\nThis Saturday, August 3rd 2019, City Vino, will be tasting Jordanov Rkaciteli 2018 from North Macedonia. A fine example of this wine as expressed in North Macedonia is clean, crisp, and bright, with aromas of orchard and stone fruit and a hint of fresh linen. Pair this with some crab or shrimp on a warm, sunny afternoon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Methodology on Our Educational Opportunity Project: About the Data and Our Analysis\nProPublica’s analysis tracks from the most comprehensive data set of access to advanced classes and special programs in U.S. public schools—known as the Civil Rights Data Set released by the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights. As of January 24, 2013, our analysis includes new figures: AP test pass rates and participation in sports programs. You can search the data for yourself in our interactive feature.\nThe office is charged with making sure that all students have access to educational programs. The data track access to several programs, including AP, gifted and talented programs and advanced math and science classes. Those factors are aggregated by race, disability status, gender and English proficiency. The data also track whether teachers at schools are certified and how much experience they have.\nThe data in our analysis were gathered for all schools in districts with at least 3,000 students. The data also track district characteristics such as whether it is under a desegregation plan or whether it has anti-bullying policies.\nThe data were reported by schools and districts to the Office of Civil Rights. ProPublica spent several weeks verifying the accuracy of the data. Where we were able, we corrected extreme outliers and contacted hundreds of schools to verify their data. Because of some of the problems we found in the initial data, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Russlynn Ali said that the office is revamping its process for gathering and verifying their data. We also vetted our analysis with education research experts.\nWe may not have accounted for every problem in the data and welcome feedback from schools and districts.\nUsing a statistical tool called linear regression, ProPublica analyzed the data to see if schools with certain student compositions were more or less likely to have students enrolled in those programs. We did not include alternative, magnet or charter schools in our data because they often offer specialized programs and do not draw from the general population. We also included only schools with at least 20 students, to eliminate problems inherent to small populations.\nWhile we found some relationship between the proportion of minority students at schools and access to programs, we found the strongest relationship with the percent of students getting free- reduced-price lunches—a variable often used in education research to estimate poverty at schools. We found a similar relationship between poverty and AP pass rates. Because the Office of Civil Rights does not regulate access to programs by low-income students, we obtained data on free- or reduced-price lunches from the National Center for Education Statistics.\nIf the programs and courses in this data were available to all students, there would be no relationship between poverty and the proportion of students in those programs. But our analysis found that in some states, more than half of the change in enrollment in certain programs can be explained by an increase in the percentage of poor students. That means that higher- poverty schools do not have the same access to programs.\nFor example, in Oklahoma, for every 10-point increase in the percent of low-income students, the percentage of students enrolled in AP drops by three points, on average.\nIn Massachusetts, for every 1-point increase in the percent of low-income students, the AP pass rate drops by six points.\nIn many states with little relationship between advanced programs and poverty, specific policies had been put in place to require widespread access to those programs.\nFor more information about our analysis, please contact Jennifer LaFleur, the Director of Computer-Assisted Reporting.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yoga provides a number of well-documented physical, mental, and emotional benefits, including reduced blood pressure, enhanced feelings of relaxation, stress reduction, improved digestion, better posture, increased strength and flexibility, and improved balance. Yoga also has been shown to benefit individuals with chronic diseases and disabilities through improved body awareness and orientation, the development of focus and concentration, the encouragement of learning and creativity, and increased awareness of our connectedness to others.\nYoga practice involves breath work (pranayama) to connect the mind and body, as well as to connect our thoughts and feelings with movement. You can choose from a wide variety of yoga classes offering different types of yoga and different teachers and styles. Make sure to select an appropriate class and instructor for your skill level.\nTypes or styles of yoga vary in pace and emphasis from slower-paced practices that include breathing and meditation to faster, flowing movement sequences combined with rhythmic breathing.\nThe ACSM’s flyer provides information on the different types of yoga as well as safety, equipment, clothing, and etiquette.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Key Readings on Children’s Development of Social Inclusion and Respect for Diversity\nPublication Date: July 2010\nThis is an excerpt from the full bibliography\nThis resource includes a sample of research and policy books, articles, reports, and other resources on how children from birth to 10 years of age develop concepts related to social inclusion and respect for diversity (SI & RD). Three separate research traditions directly or indirectly address this question:\n- Research from developmental, cognitive, and social psychology, which explores processes in laboratory settings. Issues examined include: prejudice development; intergroup contact; racial perspective taking ability and racial attitudes; implicit and explicit biases and stereotypes; empathy; attachment; social categorization and social identity; and perceived threat and stereotype threat. Questions remain about how the research findings are circumscribed to the broader context within which research takes place or how they may apply to children’s natural contexts.\n- Research from multicultural education and critical cultural studies of education, schools and peer cultures, which examines children in schools, peer groups, and other contexts where they grow and develop. Based on an analysis and critique of how society, culture, and the economy structure children’s experiences and trajectories, this literature explores such issues as: peer cultures; class, race and gender stratification and socialization; teacher-student interaction; teacher preparation; and school curriculum and school knowledge, among others. Questions remain about how the processes of identity formation, group formation, exclusion, attachment, or solidarity discussed in this literature are grounded on children’s psychological capacities and developmental stages.\n- The literature in early childhood education, describing direct work with young children and their caregivers. Based largely on the anti-bias work of Louise Derman-Sparks* and to a lesser extent on multicultural education, this literature examines issues of teacher perspectives; teacher preparation; curriculum content, specifically with regards to rationales for selecting story books and literacy activities; and the role of media. With a somewhat weak theoretical and empirical basis, this literature proceeds with little discussion of the psychological foundations or the social, political, cultural and economic contexts within which children grow and develop.\nThere is, however, little communication and cross-fertilization across these traditions, resulting in the lack of a consistent, articulated message from the research to the community of program evaluators, practitioners, teachers and trainers, and policymakers in early childhood education.\nThis resource constitutes an effort to facilitate the introduction of researchers new to the field of SI & RD, as well as of professionals and stakeholders in early childhood education, to the key research findings on how young children develop concepts related to SI & RD; the role of schools, preschools, peer groups, families and communities; and promising practices in early education. The list presents each citation followed by a brief description, organized according to broad topical categories within each research tradition:\n- Research from psychology and related disciplines: implicit bias; intergroup contact; prejudice development and reduction; racial attitudes and perspective taking; social categorization and social identity;\n- Research from critical cultural studies and multicultural education: identities and peer cultures; racial segregation; school mechanisms of social exclusion; curricula and educational knowledge; teachers; and\n- Research from early childhood education: identities and peer cultures; education workforce; teacher preparation; curricula and educational knowledge; the role of media.\nFor a more exhaustive list of research publications since 2005 see Romero, Mariajosé. 2010. An Annotated Bibliography on Children’s Development of Social Inclusion and Respect for Diversity. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.\nFor publications prior to 2005, with a greater emphasis on respect for diversity and tolerance see Romero, Mariajosé. 2008. Annotated Bibliography: Promoting Tolerance and Respect for Diversity in Early Childhood. National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.\nFor a definition of the broad topical categories and a summary of key research findings see Romero, Mariajosé. 2010. Promoting Social Inclusion and Respect for Diversity in Early Childhood: What are the Research Findings? Report of a Meeting, Nov. 6, 2008. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.\n* Derman-Sparks, Louise. 1990. Anti-bias Curriculum: Tools for Empowering Young Children. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children; Derman-Sparks, Louise. The ABC Task Force. 1989. The Anti-bias Curriculum: Tools for Empowering Young Children. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children; and Derman-Sparks, Louise; Phillips, Carol B. (1997). Teaching/Learning Anti-racism: A Developmental Approach. New York: Teachers College Press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lakes as sentinels and integrators for the effects of climate change on watersheds, airsheds, and landscapes\nLimnol. Oceanogr., 54(6_part_2), 2009, 2349-2358 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2349\nABSTRACT: Lakes provide unique sentinels and integrators of events in their catchments and airsheds and in the total landscapes in which they are embedded. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological properties of lakes are amenable to simple, precise, and inexpensive long-term monitoring. Changes to watersheds caused by climate warming can in turn affect the properties of lakes to which they drain. Examples include changes to nutrient inputs, the balance between base cations and strong acid anions, carbon cycles, and mercury, in some cases associated with insect outbreaks and forest fires caused by warmer weather. Paleolimnology also allows integration and interpretation of changes in lakes and catchments for millennia. Such studies indicate that much drier conditions occurred in the past in central and western Canada, causing the closing of lake basins, increased salinity, eutrophication, and even the disappearance of some lakes, as forested catchments were invaded by grasslands. Such historical perspectives indicate that large areas of western Canada may be adversely affected by climate warming.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Your Roadmap to Home Education\nWhat is Homeschooling?\nFind foundational information about homeschooling, its legality, and terms used in the homeschool community.\n- What is Homeschooling?\n- Why Do Families Homeschool?\n- How Do Families Homeschool?\n- Is Homeschooling Legal?\nThe Homeschool Decision\nIs homeschooling the best decision for your family? Find answers, tips, and suggestions for walking through the decision-making process.\n- Am I Qualified?\n- Before I Begin Homeschooling...\n- Can I Afford Homeschool?\n- What About Socialization?\n- Will My Child Get Into College?\nHow do you choose the best curriculum for you? Find information about selecting the best options for your family.\n- Evaluating Where to Start\n- What are Learning Styles\n- Overview of Homeschool Curriculum\n- How Do I Choose Curriculum?\nPlanning & Organizing\nExplore tips, suggestions, and more to help you walk easily through the process of daily, monthly, and yearly planning and record-keeping.\n- How Do I Plan for the Year?\n- But I'm Not a Planner!\n- How Do I Create a Daily Schedule?\n- How Do I Keep Records?\n- Do I Need to Keep It All?\nDay to Day Homeschooling\nNo matter how much we love homeschooling, it doesn’t always go as planned. Discover practical ways to navigate the unexpected.\n- Daily Confidence\n- Making Schedules Work\n- My Child Doesn't Understand!\n- What if My Curriculum Doesn't Work?\n- This Subject is Too Tough for Me!\n- Where Can We Homeschool?\n- Independent or Teacher-Directed?\n- Dealing with Interruptions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "View Larger Image\nFine sediment deposition Rio Ramis, Peru (river geomorphology)\nDeposition of fine sediments occurs in the lower reaches of rivers. Here, fine sediments have deposited in the lower reaches of the Rio Ramis (Peru), about 30 km from Lake Titicaca. The stark landscape is due to high altitude (> 12,800 ft; 3900 m) and overgrazing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic around the world, many companies have joined the fight to stop the deadly virus by creating and producing various types of medical supplies and healthcare solutions. Clothing companies began to sew aprons and protective N95 masks, chemical companies produced antibacterial gels, public and private universities and research centers started projects to create solutions that would help in a simple and quick way to study and prevent the disease.\nCopper3D just released new model of its mask. You can dowload it here.\nCompanies from the 3D printing industry have also taken on this challenge by successively presenting projects that are easy and quick to implement, increasing protection and safety of people. Until now, we have described examples of cooperation between The FabLab in Milan and Isinnova, who created the missing valves for an intensive care device for the Italian hospital in Brescia, the Belgian Materialise, which created a simple and fast 3D printing model of a safe door opener or the Czech PRUSA Research, which has created its own antibacterial gel. Now we are presenting another design…\nCopper 3D – A Chilean manufacturer of innovative antibacterial filaments designed the own version of the popular N95 protective mask and prepared it perfectly optimized for 3D printing on desktop 3D printers of the FDM / FFF type. The project is released under an open-source license and has been simultaneously patent pending to prevent other entities from commercializing it.\nSeeing the problem of the global shortage of N95 masks due to the exponential increase in world demand for them due to COVID-19 pandemic, Copper 3D team quickly got to work on developing the patent for a model similar to a standard N95 mask but with some peculiarities (Antiviral, Reusable, Modular, Washable, Recyclable, Low-Cost), which were completely designed in a digital environment so that it could be downloaded anywhere in the world and 3D printed with any FDM/FFF equipment, even a low cost one. The mask was called “NanoHack”.\nDaniel Martínez – Director of Innovation at Copper 3D comments:\nNow the challenge was purely logistical because there was a breakdown of the distribution chains in the world. On the other hand, 3D printing takes time, for example one of these masks takes around 2:00 hrs. to print what forced us to think collaboratively based on the concept of Distributed Manufacturing and networks of 3D printers working 24/7 in order to make a big amount of masks in a short time.\nThat’s when we decided that we should coordinate a worldwide network of startups, makers, universities and partner companies that will help us to print these masks, in order to quickly amplify access to this design and make it really have a global impact. And that’s exactly what we did: Hack this pandemic with Nanotechnology, 3D Printing, Distributed Manufacturing and Networks of Collaboration with many organizations and people around the world.\nAdditionally, we decided to immediately release the patent (which was filed and pending) so that this design would be completely Open Source. This is probably the first case in the history of 3D printing that the same design is downloaded massively worldwide to prevent more deaths in the context of a pandemic.\nCopper 3D launched website dedicated to this project: www.copper3d.com/hackthepandemic\nThere you can find out all the technical details of the N95 mask and download set of STL files for printing on own 3D printer.\nClaudio Soto MD – Medical Director of Copper3D, comments:\nWe feel that we have a great responsibility as a company and we wanted this design to be as similar as possible to a standard N95, which is what is suggested in this type of emergency with viral infections. I think the result is excellent and will be of great use to millions of people.\nIn these difficult times, it is now that united and collaborating each other, we can find solutions to cope with this pandemic, all together. I´m totally convinced that using our minds, ideas, innovation and technology we will find new ways to tackle this virus”.\nCopper 3D is one of the most innovative companies in the 3D Printing industry worldwide. Between mid-2018 and the 1st half of 2019, they managed to raise two NASA funds to study the antimicrobial capabilities of their materials on the International Space Station (ISS).Copper 3D filament production technology is based on a patented and highly effective additive based on copper nanoparticles, transforming PLA thermoplastic into fully antibacterial nanocomposites. Most know material is PLACTIVE AN1 – a high quality PLA polymer with a 1% nanoporous additive, having “active” properties that eliminate a wide range of microorganisms. The manufacturer has also developed a medical material called NANOCLEAN – a high quality PETG anti-bacterial polymer, designed for more specific projects in the production of tools and components used in medical devices, and elastic filament with full antibacterial properties, called MDflexTM.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed in order to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. We propose to use the proton linac of the European Spoliation Source currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, to deliver, in parallel with the spoliation neutron production, a very intense, cost effective and high performance neutrino beam. The baseline program for the European Spoliation Source linac is that it will be fully operational at 5 MW average power by 2022, producing 2 GeV 2.86 ms long proton pulses at a rate of 14 Hz. Our proposal is to upgrade the linac to 10 MW average power and 28 Hz, producing 14 pulses/s for neutron production and 14 pulses/s for neutrino production. Furthermore, because of the high current required in the pulsed neutrino horn, the length of the pulses used for neutrino production needs to be compressed to a few mu s with the aid of an accumulator ring. A long baseline experiment using this Super Beam and a megaton underground Water Cherenkov detector located in existing mines 300-600 km from Lund will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 sigma significance level in up to 50% of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range. This experiment could also determine the neutrino mass hierarchy at a significance level of more than 3 sigma if this issue will not already have been settled by other experiments by then. The mass hierarchy performance could be increased by combining the neutrino beam results with those obtained from atmospheric neutrinos detected by the same large volume detector. This detector will also be used to measure the proton lifetime, detect cosmological neutrinos and neutrinos from supernova explosions. Results on the sensitivity to leptonic CP violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy are presented. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.\nThe information about affiliations in this record was updated in December 2015.\nThe record was previously connected to the following departments: Nuclear Physics (Faculty of Technology) (011013007), Department of Physics (011013000), European Spallation Source ESS AB (911080000)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Question 1: Define \"to\n2. (RIGHT): The New\nOxford English Dictionary, 1993 edition, page 2231, gives three\nthe verb 'to plagiarize' (or 'plagiarise'):\n- To take and use as your own (the thoughts, inventions and\nwritings of someone else)\n- to pass off the work of someone else as your own\n- to copy improperly or without acknowledging sources\n- take and use as one's own (the thoughts, writings, inventions,\netc., of another person)\n- copy (literary work, ideas, etc) improperly or without\n- pass off the thoughts, work, etc., of (another person) as one's\nWhat is wrong with the first answer?\nAnswer: It is clearly taken from the Oxford Dictionary (the small\ndo not succeed in hiding this). But the source (Oxford\nis not acknowledged. So the first\nanswer is plagiarised.\n- Why is plagiarism not allowed?\n- Plagiarism is theft of intellectual property. It is\ndishonest. We cannot condone this. As a future professional,\nneither should you.\n- It may involve breach of copyright, which is illegal.\nCopyright comes into existence by the mere publishing of work; no\nregistration process is needed. So copyrighted works are very\n- Why should we give credit (marks) to you for work done by\n- How would you feel if someone else used your work or ideas\nwithout acknowledgment or permission?\n- The purpose of exercises is to help you learn the material we\nteach. You are not doing this if you use someone else's work\n- It is not fair to the majority of students who did the work\nthemselves if you get credit for work that someone else did.\n- An Imperial degree is a certification to employers and others\nhave competence in the degree subject. It carries a lot of weight\nbecause of the College's reputation. Like any currency, the value\nof the degree is in the end based on trust, and it must continually\nbe defended. Students gaining credit through passing others' work\noff as their own are presenting the certificate under false pretences\n--- they acquired it in part through cheating, and so in their case the\ncertificate does not mean what it says at face value.\nEssentially, it is a forgery. It devalues the Imperial degree and\nhurts the College and all our students, past, present, and future.\n- If I don't just copy but change\nthe work and add my own ideas, how can this be plagiarism?\nIt can be. Read the definition above.\n- Well then, I don't understand\nwhat's allowed and what's not. When is it OK to use work without\nacknowledgment, when should/must I acknowledge, and when can't I use\nwork at all?\nIf in doubt, ask a member of\nstaff --- e.g., the lecturer or the lab coordinator.\n- You can use without\nacknowledgement material in notes issued to you by staff in the\nDepartment, and notes you took in lectures, because we already know you\n- When you use publicly available material\n(like lecture notes on the web, or library books), there are some grey\nIf in doubt,\nIt never does you harm, and it may get\nyou extra credit for showing initiative in researching relevant\nmaterial or for your deep knowledge of the literature.\n- If you simply learn the background material, or part of\nthrough online notes, etc., and then write\nyour own solution to the exercise, the solution not being substantially\nsimilar to material in the notes, then no acknowledgment is needed, though it does you\nno harm to give one.\n- If you use publicly available material as a base, adapt\nit a lot to fit the problem you have been set, and add your own\ncontributions too, but your final submission still contains material\nsubstantially similar to the source, then you must acknowledge the\n- If you are lucky enough (or so you think!) to find work\nthe web that nearly or exactly solves the exercise, then it cannot be used even with an\nPasting large chunks\nof someone else's text into your work is unacceptable and pointless\nwith an acknowledgment, and plagiarism without one.\nYou must produce your own original solutions to\n- It is never allowed\nto use other students' work, even with their permission, and even if\nyou give an acknowledgment. \"Other students\" means students other\nthan yourself; it doesn't matter whether they are or were at Imperial\nCollege or elsewhere.\n- Surely I can use, say, a\ndictionary without acknowledging it? That's what it's there for.\nIf you use it to correct your spelling, yes. If you\nquote material from it, as at the top of this page, then you are using\nintellectual property belonging to another and you should acknowledge\n- But I hate giving\n- Because it takes credit away\nfrom me and I will get a lower mark.\n- This makes my point. By not giving an acknowledgment,\nare trying to claim credit for someone else's work. You will\nprobably not get a lower mark if you acknowledge. You could get a\nmuch lower mark if you don't, and are caught. Don't be selfish:\nacknowledge where it is due.\n- What is the purpose of an\nacknowledgment? Why does it make everything alright?\nIt doesn't always make everything alright: see Q3 above. The\nreasons for giving an acknowledgment are:\n- It is honest and serves natural justice to name and give\nappropriate credit to your sources. It is a matter of your\n- It is standard academic practice to identify sources of work,\nso that your own contribution can be judged, and so that the original\nsources can be examined, if need be, to resolve\n- What form should an\nIt should be sufficiently precise to allow the source to be\nYou can briefly explain how you used the material, if you think this\n- for a book (or journal article): title, author, publisher (or\njournal and volume number), year of publication, page number(s)\n- for a web source: URL(s) of all material used, plus brief\ndetails of what it is --- e.g., \"course notes by Prof XXX, University\nof YYY\", with date of publication if available.\nIt is not adequate just to cite\nthe URL of a large website where the source and many other documents can be found.\nIf the source is long, further details should be included,\nsuch as \"page 23\" or \"section 4.2\" or a section heading, or, failing this, a percent\nestimate of how far down the relevant material is within the document.\n- If you yourself are submitting webpages (as is sometimes the\ncase), it is easy to include links to original sources --- but links\nshould work, and be clearly visible with appropriate text to\nAcknowledgments should be accurate. If we cannot find the\nmaterial, you may be asked to locate it. You may want to save\ncopies of web material you use, in case it disappears between\nsubmission and marking.\n- What if I make my work available\nto others to use? What\nif someone steals my work without permission, or finds it lying around?\nIf your work is used with your permission, you will be punished.\nIf it is used without your permission, you may still be punished if\nyou contributed to the theft by recklessness or not taking proper\n- Do not allow your work to be copied.\n- Do not give or lend your work to other students for any\nreason, even if you tell them not to copy it.\n- Be careful what happens to your printouts.\n- Keep your home directory privileges set so outsiders cannot\nor copy your files. If you need help with this, ask the Lab\nCoordinator or CSG.\n- Be careful transferring files to and from home by placing\nyour public_html directory. This is publicly accessible.\nthere are no links to your files, Google can find them.\n- What happens if I work together\nwith my friend to produce an original solution?\nIf the lecturer/lab coordinator stated that the assignment\nwas to be done jointly, then fine. If not, and you submit as\nindividual solutions work that was produced jointly, then this is\nplagiarism and you will be punished.\n- Am I not allowed to work with other\nstudents at all then?\nWe encourage preliminary discussions of exercises among students.\nWorking effectively with others is an important \"life skill\". But\nthe work students finally submit should always be their own original\n- I am stuck on the\nexercise. Can I ask other students for help?\nBy all means discuss work with other students; but do not copy their\nwork, and never ask them for printouts or files of their work to help\nyou or as a guide. You may always ask lab assistants or the Lab\nCoordinator for help with labwork, and the lecturer or their helpers\nfor help with coursework. This is always safe, and you will get\nbetter help! Please contact the lecturer, lab coordinator,\nthe student reps, or the course/year coordinator,\nif you have difficulties in getting help from these.\n- I have ten other courseworks to\ndo, the schedule is too demanding right now.\nI have personal problems and I've been ill, and I'm\ncompletely stressed out.\nI have to copy someone else's work just to get the assignment done by\nthe deadline. It's the Department's fault for making us work so\nCopying is plagiarism. You will be punished and will\nprobably end up with a low mark as well as a stain on your\nrecord. You would be better off not submitting the exercise at\nall. If you have personal problems/illness,\nthe solution is not to cheat but to contact your personal tutor, the\nsenior tutor, or (for M.Sc.) the course coordinator, who may be able to\narrange for some allowance to be made. Possibly you may be\nallowed to submit late\n--- this is far preferable to plagiarising.\n- I found another student's home\ndirectory open for access and copied her work, with some original\ninputs of my own. Surely I am OK because it's her fault for\nleaving her directory accessible.\nUsing another student's work without permission is a major case of\nplagiarism. Please read the definition of\n- I found another student's work\nlying around, and I copied it. It wasn't very good so I added\nsome improvements of my own. Surely I am OK because it's his\nleaving his work around, and anyway I improved it.\nUsing another student's work without permission is a major case of\nplagiarism. Please read the definition of\n- I have a brother in a university\nin Canada who was set a similar exercise. He has given me\npermission to use his solution. Surely if I just copy parts of it, it's\nOK, and anyway you'll never catch me.\nThis incident happened in a recent year (some details have been\nmodified to protect the guilty). We did catch them. It is\nnever allowed to use work of other students, even with their\n- I found I can buy courseworks\noff the web by credit card. They are being sold by commercial\norganisations. Surely it's OK to use them if I pay for\nthem? They are then my property.\nUsing such work is a major case of plagiarism. Please read the definition of 'plagiarism' above.\n- I don't believe you catch\nanyone. Students are too clever, we can hide our\nWe have more years of experience in catching than you have\nof cheating. We catch cases every year. Dealing with them\nis time-consuming and unpleasant for all parties. Staff are\nhere to teach you a wonderful subject and open up a world of\npossibilities to you. It is saddening and angering for us to find students\ncheating, and be forced to spend time on disciplinary matters. It\nwould be better for everyone if you simply did the exercises as\nintended --- using your own ideas.\n- What will happen when I am\nThe Department is bound by the College's Cheating Offences Policy and Procedures.\n- Will any record kept on my file\naffect references written for me?\nWell, what do you think?\nPlease don't commit plagiarism.\nThis document is for Department of Computing and JMC students only.\nIn the event of a conflict with College policy, College policy takes precedence.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is a psychologist?\nPsychologists have the professional training and clinical skills to help people learn to cope more effectively with life issues and problems.\nWhy do kids see psychologists?\nMany children and teens face problems that affect how they feel, act or learn. When children face problems that they cannot deal with alone or with the help of a parent or supportive adult, they might see a psychologist. Psychologists engage children in therapyto help them to learn strategies to manage their feelings and behaviors. Therapy can also help to teach kids strategies that help with learning. Psychologists can also do assessmentsto clarify what particular areas kids may be struggling with, especially in school with things like reading, writing or math.\nWhat kinds of problems do you help kids with?\nI help kids who may be facing family problems, school problems, health problems and even bullying. I also help kids with feelings like sadness, anger, stress and worry, low self-esteem and grief.\nHow old do I have to be to see a psychologist?\nI work with children and teens from the age of 4 to 18 and sometimes older. When children come to therapy, their parents or guardians are almost always involved as well.\nWhat happens in therapy?\nAt first, the psychologist will meet with you and your parents to ask questions and listen to learn all about you, your family and the problem that you are struggling with. The psychologist will then let you know how they can help. In future sessions, you will talk with the psychologist to express your feelings, you will do activities that will help you to learn skills to manage your problem, you will practice the skills that you are learning and you may even learn problem solving skills that will help you to manage when challenges arise in the future.\nHow long will I need to see a psychologist?\nThe goal of therapy is to teach you ways to manage problems when they arise. Since you will be learning how to better cope with problems, you will not need to see a psychologist forever. Most times, you will have weekly appointments for a few months.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cellphones Pose Greater Risk to Airplanes Than Previously Thought\nPublished on: 1st Mar 2006\nNote -- this news article is more than a year old.\nA study by Carnegie Mellon University researchers in the Department of Engineering and Public Policy (EPP) has found that cell phones and other portable electronic devices like laptops and game playing devices can pose dangers to the normal operation of critical electronics on airplanes. The study will be featured in an article appearing in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. The researchers found that on average one to four cell phone calls are typically made from every commercial flight in the northeast United States. Some of these calls are made during critical flight stages such as climb out or on final approach. This could cause accidents the investigators report.\n\"We found that the risk posed by these portable devices is higher than previously believed,\" said Bill Strauss, who recently completed his Ph.D. in EPP at Carnegie Mellon. \"These devices can disrupt normal operation of key cockpit instruments, especially Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, which are increasingly vital for safe landings.\" Strauss is an expert in aircraft electromagnetic compatibility at the Naval Air Warfare Center in Patuxent River, Md.\nWith support from the Federal Aviation Administration, three major airlines and the Transportation Security Agency, EPP researchers crisscrossed the northeast United States on commercial flights, monitoring radio emissions from passenger use of cell phones and other electronic devices. They tracked these radio emissions via a broadband antenna attached to a compact portable spectrum analyzer that fit into an innocuous carry-on bag.\n\"A laptop computer controlled the system and logged the data,\" said Granger Morgan, head of the EPP Department. \"While we looked primarily at wireless phones, we also discovered that emissions from other portable electronic devices were problematic.\"\nBoth Strauss and Morgan, along with Carnegie Mellon researchers Jay Apt and Dan Stancil, recommend that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the FAA begin to coordinate electronic emission standards. At the moment, there is no formal coordination between the two federal agencies. The researchers also recommend routine monitoring of on-board radio emissions by flight data recorders and deploying specially designed tools for flight crews to monitor passenger use of electronic devices during final approach.\nWhile the FCC recently suggested that it might be appropriate to allow passengers to use cell phones and other electronic devices on airplanes, Morgan disagrees.\n\"We feel that passenger use of portable electronic devices on aircraft should continue to be limited for the safety of all concerned,\" Morgan said.\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is digital badging?\nDigital badges (also known as ebadges, or singularly as ebadge) are a validated indicator of accomplishment, skill, quality or interest that can be earned in various learning environments.\nA digital badge is a recognition for the learning(s) outside the traditional academic records.\nDigital badges validate the accomplishment, skill, or competencies earned in learning environments, where the learning environment is typically online.\nDigital badges have embedded metadata that provide richer validation of qualifications. They contain shareable information about the badge issuer, receiver, criteria for issuing, issue date, expiration date, standards adhered to and evidence of achievement.\nSuccessful completion of all EIT Trades Academy courses and particular EIT micro-credential courses will be acknowledged with digital badging.\nDigital Badges are accessible by future employees and tertiary training establishments.\nSet up my profile\nCredly is the world’s largest network of individuals and organizations using verified achievements to unlock opportunities. Join millions of professionals in sharing your achievements online.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1,001 Physics Practice Problems for Dummies, by Consumer Dummies\n- ISBN: 9781118853153 | 1118853156\n- Cover: Paperback\n- Copyright: 5/4/2015\n1,001 Physics I Practice Problems For Dummies takes readers beyond the instruction and practice provided in Physics I For Dummies, giving them 1,001 opportunities to solve problems from the major concepts introduced in a Physics I course. With the book, readers also get access to practice problems online. This content features 1,001 practice problems presented in multiple choice format; on-the-go access from smart phones, computers, and tablets; customizable practice sets for self-directed study; practice problems categorized as easy, medium, or hard; and a one-year subscription with book purchase.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Improve retention rates by 10% compared to the departmental average between the freshman and sophomore year by establishing purpose for education through mentoring, professional career development, and exposure to the breadth and depth of occupations in food, agriculture and natural resources emphasizing animal related positions like those with USDA, state agencies and private industry.\nCareer development creates a sense of purposefor education, a goal for student involvement in the academic enterprise, inturn supporting student success. Exposure to the array of opportunities in the fields of food, agriculture and natural resources will motivate students to recognize the need for and value of a college degree. Students will be better able to benefit from professional networking opportunities, develop relationships and acquire social capital that can lead to opportunities, such as internships and job placements. Moreover, exposure to production agriculture and associated activities will connect course material with application and utilization.\nThis page was last updated on: September 15, 2011", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A clip from the film, Speaking in Tongues.\nFrom SpeakingInTonguesFilm.info: Sometimes a small idea has big implications. Consider America’s resolute commitment to remaining an “English only” nation. It turns out that our attitudes about language reflect much bigger concerns: that language is a metaphor for the barriers that come between neighbors, be they across the street or around the world.\nOur idea in making Speaking in Tongues was to showcase a world where these communication barriers are being addressed. An African-American boy from public housing learns to read, write, and speak Mandarin. A Mexican-American boy, whose parents are not literate in any language, develops professional-level Spanish while mastering English. A Chinese-American girl regains her grandparents’ mother tongue—a language her parents lost through assimilation. A Caucasian teen travels to Beijing to stay with a Mandarin speaking host family. Their stories reveal the promise of a multilingual America. Each kid’s world opens up when they start learning two languages on the first day of kindergarten; each is developing both bi-cultural and bi-lingual fluency.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Similar in size to a chestnut, the prostate is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive tract. The prostate slowly increases in size from birth to puberty then grows at an increased pace until a man enters his 30s. Its size then becomes stable and remains so until about age 45, when further enlargement may occur. For reasons not yet completely understood, the prostate frequently enlarges in older men.\nThe prostate secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing enzymes that balance the acid levels of interacting fluids and help sperm motility.\nAlthough the focus of intensive, ongoing research, the prostate remains one of the body's least understood structures. It is known that the hormone testosterone stimulates zinc uptake and concentration in the prostate, which parallels its stimulation of citrate accumulation and secretion.\nZINC is a component of semen and it is thought that at least 1 mg of zinc is excreted by one ejaculum.\nZinc plays an important role in the processes of fertility, reproduction and sexual maturation. Prostatic fluids and ocular tissues contain the highest levels of zinc in the body.\nAt a biochemical level, zinc’s primary role is as a component of zinc metalloenzymes. Many enzymes of the cell nucleus involved with genetic information transfer, protein synthesis, and cellular replication are metalloenzymes of zinc. Zinc also participates in RNA metabolism.\nZinc a component of semen, plays an important role in the processes of fertility, reproduction and sexual maturation.\nMagnesium is vital in muscle contractility, which is important to the prostate because the muscular contractility precedes secretion of prostatic fluid.\nVitamin E protects unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.\nPantothenic Acid is an important part of the Krebs Cycle, serving as a constituent of coenzyme A, which is essential for the transfer of pyruvic acid into the cycle. It also serves in the conversion of lipids and amino acids into glucose.\nGlycine is involved in muscle cell metabolism and is important to the Krebs Cycle. It is converted in the body to creatine, which stores high energy phosphate in muscles and serves to maintain adequate amounts of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the source of energy for muscle contraction.\nAlanine is another amino acid which participates in the Krebs energy production cycle. The amine enters the cycle for oxidation with acetyl CoA, where it may be used to produce ATP or to synthesize new proteins for body growth and repair.\n-Eat fresh foods like leafy greens, fruits and fresh juices.\n-Drink plenty of water, spring or distilled water is best.\n-Consume raw pumpkin seeds everyday.\n-Eliminate caffeine, spicy foods and junk food.\n-A low-fat, high fiber diet with whole grains is beneficial.\n-Avoid red meat, fried foods, soda and acidic foods.\n-Do not smoke or drink alcohol.\n-Get regular exercise.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dash and Dot are robots that can sense, act and think! Students use block coding on four different iPad apps to control their robots. The durable and child friendly robots are a safe and easy way to encourage STEAM learning in your classroom.\nMaker materials can be added such as lego, tape, cardboard and more to transform your robots!\nDash and dot also have educational accessories that can be purchased to support art, music and engineering.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is less secret is the decline in Freemason numbers, with the group losing almost 3.8 million members since their peak in the late 1950s.\nIs the reason this male-dominated society is claiming to be more open and contemporary an attempt to drum up support and combat declining membership?\nThe earliest masonic text, The Halliwell Manuscript, dates back to between 1390 and 1425. This ancient fraternity has included some of the world’s most prominent historic figures, including Winston Churchill, George Washington, Mark Twain and Mozart.\nHowever, the once compelling, enigmatic and elaborate secret society, which saw world capitals such as Washington D.C built around Masonic symbolization, no longer holds the magnetism and sway it once did.\nAs older members die, the Freemasons are struggling to recruit new members. Consequently numbers are dwindling.\nAccording to the Masonic publication Freemasonry Today (1), during the last two decades, many Freemason lodges around the world have lost half of their members.\nWhen asked whether the Masons are a secret society, the UCLA history professor Margaret Jacob, a leading expert on Freemasonry, said that the suggestion was absolutely false (2).\nJames Stolhand, who is trying to start a Freemason club at Weber State University, supports Jacob’s claim that the Freemasons are not an especially secret culture.\n“We’re not necessarily a secret society; we are a society with secrets,” said Stolhand (2).\nStolhand has been a Freemason for five years. He is the worshipful master of Gateway Lodge in Clearfield, Utah. The Freemason is striving to raise awareness about the Masons and create a place to share information that helps the fraternity to be perceived as more open and less secretive.\nHe admits that Freemasonry has experienced a sharp decline in membership over recent decades and has continuously declined in the United States since 1959.\nI want to provide a forum for those who are interested in the fraternity to come together and talk about it with well-informed brethren without having to go through the intimidation of actually going to a Masonic temple,” (3) Stolhand told The Signpost, a Weber State University publication.\n29-year-old Lee Ballard is a member of the Lafayette Kiwanis Club. Talking to JC Online (5), Ballard explained what it was like being a younger member of a group that comprised mostly of people of retirement age.\n“It is a little concerning that most of them are older and [retired], but that makes sense,” said Ballard (5).\nLee Ballard said that himself and his fellow young members of the Lafayette Kiwanis Club don’t mind being the youthful minority of the group and that they find the older members’ stories insightful.\nReasons for Dwindling Numbers\nHowever, Ballard is definitely in a minority as given the Freemasons’ dwindling numbers, the majority of youngsters are not especially keen on joining a club comprising predominantly of grandparents.\nIn order to combat the lack of youthful enthusiasm for the antiquated society, suggestions have been made that the organization is undergoing a rebranding exercise.\nEvidence of the Freemason’s rebranding was seen in 2012 when the United Grand Lodge, the largest Masonic group in the UK, published its first independent report.\nAccording to the BBC, the Future of Freemasonry researched by the Social Issues Research Centre aims to begin an “open and transparent” discussion before the group’s tercentenary in 2017.\nIt’s time to banish the reputation for secrecy,” said Nigel Brown, grand secretary of the United Grand Lodge.\n“We’re being proactive now, it’s essential we get people’s minds away from these myths,” Brown told the BBC (4).\nThe Future of Freemasonry report spoke of a “quiet revolution” taking part among Freemasonries. However, Brown believes that certain information about the society should be kept secret from the public.\n“Keeping a bit of mystery is good news. If people joining know absolutely everything, where would the excitement be?” Brown asked.\nFor the last three centuries, Freemasonry has been a dominant force of society. Today, the Freemasons face major membership challenges.\nIn order to overcome such challenges and to appeal to younger members of society, freemasonry, it seems, is having to adapt to 21st century practices, including losing much of the secrecy and mystery that was perhaps the biggest defining Freemason feature for centuries.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "AP Photo/Pat Wellenbach\nHow to Write a Biography\nAt some point in their academic careers, all students will be required to write a biography. In this guide, learn how to write a biography with tips for every phase of the process, from planning to research and writing. And because a biography is only as good as the author’s research, find links below to the best sources of biographical information on the Web, including interviews and obituaries.\nGet advice on how to write a biography from those who have done it before. The following resources ... read more »\nEncyclopedias, newsmagazines and history Web sites are good places to begin your research. Many ... read more »\nInterviews have the potential to offer writers an intimate window into a person’s world, and ... read more »\nObituaries are a useful source of biographical information for deceased persons. Found in all major ... read more »\nMost Recent Guides", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Listing 1 - 10 from 293 for latin names\nN.J. Weed Gallery: N.J. Weed Gallery Latin Names\n... .J. Weed Gallery Latin Names Home | RCRE Research | Program Areas | RCRE Extension | Information | Publications | Counties | Rutgers' Cook College | Calendars | About Us N.J. Weed Gallery N.J. Weed Gallery Latin Names A Abutilon theophrasti ...\nFlook & Brooks: Using Latin Names\n... : Using Latin Names Home Schedule Activities Join Naming History Why Ratings Midst Favorites Sources Naming Genus Navigate . Using Latin Names by Marnie Flook and Dick Brooks Rhododendron dauricum 'Arctic Pearl ... in the middle 1700's. The formation of Latin names is now governed by the universally accepted International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Latin names of plants are precise, and can be ...\n... Latin names Common Names and the Latin names of some popular garden plants Common Names Index - the common names of plants mentioned in these pages, with their Latin ...\nNames of few highland flowers - Name That Plant Forum - GardenWeb\n... be useful: Highland Flowers of Slovakia, Europe Follow-Up Postings: RE: Names of few highland flowers clip this post email this post what ... to say: English or Latin names are fine for me... ;-) Here is a link that might be useful: VVPG RE: Names of few highland flowers ... flower in the eigth row is a species of Cinquefoil (Potentilla) RE: Names of few highland flowers clip this post email this post what ...\n... July 2006 Latin Lovers ORCHID NAMES CAN LITERALLY BE “ALL GREEK MYTHOLOGY” TO SOME. Have you ever wondered how the Latin names of many things ... through the generations, but where doe it come from? The Latin title is obviously derived from the Roman’s own language, ... Paphio” for Aphrodite, or if you wish Venus, and “Pedilum” the Latin word meaning foot, which when translated would roughly mean the ...\nUnderstanding Scientific Names\n... or others. The scientific name is in Latin, which is the international language of science. Some people have difficulty with Latin names. Two small inexpensive dictionaries (Coombes, 1994; Johnson and Smith, 1972), give the pronunciation and a short definition for many Latin terms. Binomial ...\nMaking Sense of Botanical Names\n... Latin words she was using. He said the proper species name, and then they had a lovely time going around the garden conversing in \"botanicalese\"! If we look beyond the intimidating Latin names for plants, a very simple classification system is revealed. All plants are identified according to a binomial system--bi meaning two, nom meaning name. So all plants have two names ...\nLatin name index A - Plants For A Future database report\n... Latin name index A - Plants For A Future database report Full Contact Details Registered Charity No. 1057719 Home page Database Name: Keyword: Search Page Index of Latin Names Index of Common Name ... of Latin Names: A Latin Names: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Common Names: A ... Azorina vidalii Latin Names: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Common Names: A ...\nIndex of Common Names: A - Plants For A Future database report\n... Index of Common Names: A - Plants For A Future database report Full Contact Details Registered Charity No. 1057719 Home page Database Name: Keyword: Search Page Index of Latin Names Index of Common Name ... Common Names: A Latin Names: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Common Names: A ... On Age Latin Names: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Common Names: A ...\nMore from this site\n... Plant Names Most people know that plants have been given botanical names. Why can't we use common names, as they are much easier to learn than those difficult Latin names? For several years I managed to purchase plants getting along with common names. Then ...\nThese listings are filtered View all for latin names", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Spotting Aquarium Fish Diseases Before It’s Too Late\nThe article gives an analysis of Spotting Aquarium Fish Diseases Before It’s Too Late. No matter how great is the fish tank filter that you have set up or how well you you’ve cared for your fish, they will potentially get sick. Fish can get sick for any number of reasons but mainly it is either due to the introduction of new fish into the tank or too frequent changing of the aquarium water or even when a fish has been in a fight and has an open wound.\nAquarium Fish Diseases\nWhatever are the reasons for your fish getting sick, the most urgent thing to do is to isolate them in a quarantine tank so that they would have a chance to recover and also so that the disease does not spread to the other fish. The following are some of the most common aquarium fish diseases:\nAquarium Fish Diseases #1: Ich\nIch is among the most common aquarium fish diseases. When a fish has Ich, their scales break out in little spots all over as if they have been sprinkled with salt. The fish would feel itchy and would usually rub themselves against the aquarium decorations until they bleed. Ich is highly contagious. The infected fish needs to be isolated immediately and the entire tank washed. You would have to treat all the fish, not only the infected fish or else the rest of the fish will soon succumb to Ich as well. You can treat the fish with Fish Pen.\nAquarium Fish Diseases #2: Fungus\nFungus looks like slimy white puffs on the fish’s body. Just like Ich, fungus will cause the fish to scrape itself against any rough surfaces, causing it to bleed. Left on its own, the fungus will eat away at the fishes outer skin and kill it. Fungus too is highly contagious and the entire tank must be treated. You can also use Fish Pen to treat fungus.\nAquarium Fish Diseases #3: Clamped Fins\nClamped fins is actually the first sign that a fish is getting sick. The best way to treat clamped fins is to thoroughly clean and sanitize the tank. You can still use Fish Pen to treat clamped fins. Also add some aquarium salt to the newly changed water. Doing this will help get rid of whatever was affecting your fish.\nAquarium Fish Diseases #4: Open Sores\nMost of time time, open sores happen because the fish had gotten hurt in a fight or for roughly scraping itself against the decor. To treat open sores, isolate the fish from the other fish in new water and treat it with Fish Pen. Only return the fish back into the aquarium once the sores have healed. These are some of the most common aquarium fish diseases that your fish might encounter. For most aquarium fish diseases, Fish Pen is a miracle cure and is one I would highly recommend.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- 1 What does it mean when cats pupils are big?\n- 2 What does the shape of a cat’s eyes mean?\n- 3 What do cats eyes look like when they are happy?\n- 4 Why you should never look into cats eyes?\n- 5 Should you stare at a cat?\n- 6 Do cats understand when you kiss them?\n- 7 What is the rarest eye color in cats?\n- 8 Why do cats squint when they look at you?\n- 9 What does it mean when a cat stares at you?\n- 10 Why does my cat reach his paw out to me?\n- 11 How do you tell if a cat likes you?\n- 12 How do I know if my cat is sad?\n- 13 Can cats see into your soul?\n- 14 Can cats tell humans apart?\n- 15 Can cats sense a good person?\nWhat does it mean when cats pupils are big?\nDilated (large) pupils are another source of understanding the meaning of cats‘ mysterious eyes, and often indicate an excited cat. It can also be a display of surprise or fear, depending on the situation. It is not unusual for a cat’s pupils to fully dilate when they are really excited.\nWhat does the shape of a cat’s eyes mean?\nWhether they are blue, green, or gold, round, oval, or almond-shaped, your cat’s eyes communicate emotions through physiological changes in pupil size and eyelid position. A cat’s pupils can shrink to the narrowest of slits or widen into black pools. Eyelids may be fully open, partially closed, or drawn into a squint.\nWhat do cats eyes look like when they are happy?\nYour cat’s eyes are very expressive. Sudden dilation of the eyes indicates they are extremely happy. A cat is also in a happy-place when their ears are facing forward, but tilted back just slightly.\nWhy you should never look into cats eyes?\nBecause a cat’s eyes have vertical slit pupils, they are unusual and bewitching. I would never go as far as to call them creepy. A cat’s pupils are designed as they are to allow ore light in even when they are not dilated. This helps them to focus and keep a watch for danger at all times.\nShould you stare at a cat?\nCat owners are often encouraged to slowly blink or wink their eyes (e.g. sleepy eyes) when directly looking toward their cats. This sends a message that you are not a threat and they should not be alarmed. However, cats always prefer their owners using their peripheral vision to look at them rather than a direct gaze.\nDo cats understand when you kiss them?\nDo Cats Understand Kisses? While researching this topic, the general consensus was that because cats communicate in different ways than humans do, they don’t really understand what the gesture means.\nWhat is the rarest eye color in cats?\nThe most common cat eyes colors are greenish-yellow to gold. This would mean that their eyes have very low melanin content. The rarest cat eye color leans toward the ones that have more melanin content. Usually, this would be the darker shades of brown, copper, or orange.\nWhy do cats squint when they look at you?\nCats‘ pupils dilate when they are angry or on the attack, and cats smile at us and other cat friends with appreciative eyes by squinting. Your cat will slowly, almost, but usually not quite, close her eyes and reopen them while looking at you. When almost closed, the eyes are held at the lowest point for a second.\nWhat does it mean when a cat stares at you?\nIf your cat’s staring at you whilst also in a crouched position with their tail tucked in, it’s generally a sign that your cat’s frightened. They may also be hiding underneath a coffee table or bed and their staring is because they’re keeping an eye on the potential ‘danger’.\nWhy does my cat reach his paw out to me?\nAccording to experts, cats have scent glands that can be found in the bottom part of their feet. Most of the time, they use it in order to claim their territory. So, if your cat reaches out his paws to you and touches your face or kneads on you, then he might be putting his scent on you because you are his favorite.\nHow do you tell if a cat likes you?\nHere are a few behaviors that show a cat really likes you.\n- Your cat headbutts you out of love.\n- Its tail is always twitching at the tip or curled around your leg.\n- It shows you its tummy.\n- Purring means your cat is happy in your presence.\n- Your cat brings you “gifts.”\n- Your cat nibbles you a lot.\n- It gurgles all the time.\nHow do I know if my cat is sad?\nSigns of Depression in Cats\n- Loss of appetite and disinterest in treats.\n- Sleeping when they would usually be awake.\n- Lack of grooming.\n- Withdrawal from tactile exchanges such as head bumping or lap cuddles.\n- Intermittent tummy upsets.\n- Altered habits such as not coming to greet you.\n- Loss of interest in favorite toys.\nCan cats see into your soul?\nNext time you gaze lovingly into the soul of your beloved cat through those limpid pools of color, you will know not only that they freely and generously return your loving affection but that they can also see deeply into your own soul as well.\nCan cats tell humans apart?\nCats either can‘t tell human faces apart or just don’t care what we look like. Instead of facial recognition, cats may use other cues, like our scent, the way we feel, or the sound of our voices to identify us. Researchers from Tokyo University found that cats do recognize their owners’ voices.\nCan cats sense a good person?\nYour cat’s reflexes are what keep them safe from harm, and are also what protect them strange movements or people. And when it comes to emotions, cats can certainly sense the emotions of humans, as well as other animals.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Traumatic Brain Injury: General Recovery Information\nWhat to Do to Feel Better After a Concussion\nAlthough most people recover fully after a concussion, how quickly they improve depends on many factors. These factors include how severe their concussion was, their age, how healthy they were before the concussion, and how they take care of themselves after the injury.\nSome people who have had a concussion find that at first it is hard to do their daily activities, their job, to get along with everyone at home, or to relax.\nRest is very important after a concussion because it helps the brain to heal.\nIgnoring your symptoms and trying to \"tough it out\" often makes symptoms worse. Be patient because healing takes time. Only when your symptoms have reduced significantly, in consultation with your health care professional, should you slowly and gradually return to your daily activities, such as work or school. If your symptoms come back or you get new symptoms as you become more active, this is a sign that you are pushing yourself too hard. Stop these activities and take more time to rest and recover. As the days go by, you can expect to gradually feel better.\nRecovery - Is a Process\nMedical care and evaluation after brain injury is a process, not an event. Many people, when hospitalized for a brain injury, need ongoing medical care, evaluation and rehabilitation therapies after discharge. A hospital works to stabilize a person's medical condition. Once stabilized, the person is usually then discharged. However, medical problems related to the brain injury often arise after hospital discharge, leaving the responsibility for accessing needed services up to the patient or his/her family.\nA primary care physician (your family physician) will play a key role in making referrals and signing medical documentation in order for you to access brain injury services. It is important for the person with brain injury to stay in communication with his/her primary physician.\nThe Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center provides these Recovery Reminders:\n- There is no \"normal\" time frame for recovery.\n- Recovery depends on how serious the injury is and what areas of the brain are affected. Other injuries to the body also can affect recovery.\n- Most patients will learn useful ways to work around the new challenges from their injury.\nEffects of brain injury vary from person to person.\nMany experience significant changes as they proceed through the recovery process. Brain injury can cause changes in general health, personality, behavior and emotions, prior interests and abilities in hobbies, recreational activities and sports, etc.\nAfter the Hospital, many persons with brain injury need services for their recovery.\nYour primary care physician should work with you and be involved in all aspects of the rehabilitation process. Should your primary care physician not be familiar with brain injury issues, he/she can access helpful information at Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. Patients may access helpful information at the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention website as well.\nRehabilitation specialists work as a team. In addition to a physiatrist and the person with the brain injury, the rehabilitation team may include the person's loved ones, neuropsychologists, psychologists, occupational, speech, recreation and physical therapists (see the Types of Brain Injury Professionals section for descriptions of these professionals).\nPreventing Long-Term Problems\nIf you already had a medical condition at the time of your concussion (such as chronic headaches), it may take longer for you to recover from the concussion. Anxiety and depression may also make it harder to adjust to the symptoms of a concussion. While you are healing, you should be very careful to avoid doing anything that could cause a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body. On rare occasions, receiving another concussion before the brain has healed can result in brain swelling, permanent brain damage, and even death, particularly among children and teens.\nAfter you have recovered from your concussion, you should protect yourself from having another one. People who have had repeated concussions may have serious long-term problems, including chronic difficulty with concentration, memory, headache, and occasionally, physical skills, such as keeping one's balance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "More than 190 countries are meeting in Paris next week to create a durable framework for addressing climate change and to implement a process to reduce greenhouse gases over time. A key part of this agreement would be the pledges made by individual countries to reduce their emissions.\nA study published in Science today shows that if implemented and followed by measures of equal or greater ambition, the Paris pledges have the potential to reduce the probability of the highest levels of warming, and increase the probability of limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius.\nIn the lead up to the Paris meetings, countries have announced the contributions that they are willing to make to combat global climate change, based on their own national circumstances. These Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, or INDCs, take many different forms and extend through 2025 or 2030.\nExamples of these commitments include the United States' vow to reduce emissions in 2025 by 26-28 percent of 2005 levels and China's pledge to peak emissions by 2030 and increase its share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20 percent. In the study, the scientists tallied up these INDCs and simulated the range of temperature outcomes the resulting emissions would bring in 2100 under different assumptions about possible emissions reductions beyond 2030.\n\"We wanted to know how the commitments would play out from a risk management perspective,\" said economist Allen Fawcett of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the lead author of the study. \"We analyzed not only what the commitments would achieve over the next ten to fifteen years, but also how they might lay a foundation for the future.\"\nAlthough many researchers have focused on the importance of the 2 degree limit, Fawcett and colleagues assessed uncertainty in the climate change system from an overall risk management perspective. They analyzed the full range of temperatures the INDCs might attain, and determined the odds for achieving each of those temperatures. To determine odds, they modeled the future climate hundreds of times to find the range of temperatures these various conditions produce.\n\"It's not just about 2 degrees,\" said Gokul Iyer, the study's lead scientist at the Joint Global Change Research Institute, a collaboration between the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maryland. \"It is also important to understand what the INDCs imply for the worst levels of climate change.\"\nIn the study, the scientists compare the Paris commitments to a world in which countries don't act at all or start reducing greenhouse gas emissions only in 2030.\nThe team found that if countries do nothing to reduce emissions, the earth has almost no chance of staying under the 2 degree limit, and it is likely that the temperature increase would exceed 4 degrees. They went on to show that the INDCs and the future abatement enabled by Paris introduce a chance of meeting the 2 degree target, and greatly reduce the chance that warming exceeds 4 degrees. The extent to which the odds are improved depends on how much emissions limits are tightened in future pledges after 2030.\nRead more at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to the Spotlight on Student Learning! This edition of the Spotlight provides an overview of Piedmont Unified’s many initiatives to develop and deliver relevant curriculum through innovative instructional strategies.\nOver the last few years, teachers at all levels have been teaching new curriculum aligned to Common Core State Standards and have been implementing new Common Core instructional strategies. At the elementary level, the District adopted new reading, writing, math, and social emotional curriculum. Middle and high school teachers have been piloting new math curriculum. Science teachers at all levels are learning Next Generation Science Standards and how to instruct on all three dimensions of the science standards, as discussed in the science article by Dan Kessler and Camilla Thayer. A coordinated TK-12 social and emotional health curriculum is being developed as we continue to monitor student stress and well being. To support our staff through these many changes, professional development and mentoring of teachers are being provided.\nThis edition of the Spotlight features articles and updates on these exciting changes. There is an article discussing what it means to be a 21st Century learner, and what it means to be an effective 21st Century teacher. There is an update on the implementation of Common Core Math, the transition to Next Generation Science Standards, arts-centered learning, and World Language.\nIt is important to emphasize that readiness for higher education and future careers requires different types of knowledge, different educational experiences, and a different set of skills than in the past. For example, students must have the opportunity to learn through project-based exploration, collaboration, and shared presentation. Students must have the opportunity to investigate the connections among the sciences and develop and test hypotheses. They must have opportunities to work individually, in small groups, and in large groups, to complete service projects, and to take full advantage of modern educational technologies.\nPiedmont Unified is dedicated to providing an excellent education that prepares and inspires students for whatever educational and career paths they may pursue. We will review and refine curriculum and instructional strategies continually, to meet the needs of students and to keep pace with the changing needs of the world outside the classroom.\nIf you have questions or comments about this, please contact the District’s Director of Curriculum and Instruction, Dr. Cheryl Wozniak, at email@example.com or me at firstname.lastname@example.org\nFinally, there are many opportunities for families to provide input into District policies. Upcoming meetings include:\n- April 26th – 7:00pm: LCAP Community Engagement Night, PHS Student Center\n- April 27th – 7:00pm: PUSD Board of Education Meeting, Piedmont City Hall\n- May 3rd – 7:00pm: GATE Advisory Committee Meeting, Havens Library\n- May 11th – 7:00pm: PUSD Board of Education Meeting, Piedmont City Hall\n- May 19th – 3:30pm: PUSD Budget Advisory Committee Meeting, PUSD District Office\nI strongly encourage families to participate and share their ideas.\nRandall Booker, Superintendent – Piedmont Unified School District", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Global climate change\nThere is already an extensive literature on global climate change, not least that associated with the web site of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (http://188.8.131.52/). Wikipedia also has an extensive collection of articles about the IPCC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC) as well as many contributions (including contentious views) on global warming (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming) and climate change (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change).\nConsideration should be given to looking at the implications more specifically for European coasts and seas. We know for example that the combined effects of land claim and sea level rise have resulted in a loss of salt marsh in southeast England. This has in turn resulted in policy initiatives including managed realignment. To what extent is our European experience matched by other geographical areas?\nPlease note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- What would happen if u shoot a gun in space?\n- Can fire burn underwater?\n- Can fire burn in vacuum of space?\n- Is white fire hotter than blue fire?\n- Can you light a fire on the moon?\n- What would fire look like in space?\n- Can things explode in space?\n- Is Fire affected by gravity?\n- What does space smell like?\n- Why does your head explode in space?\n- Can there be a fire in space?\n- How does fire burn in space without oxygen?\nWhat would happen if u shoot a gun in space?\nOn Earth, gravity eventually pulls the bullet down, even if it doesn’t hit anything — or anyone.\nIn space, where there is no gravity, your bullet could keep moving forever as long as it doesn’t hit something — like an asteroid or a planet..\nCan fire burn underwater?\nCommonly a fifty-fifty mixture of rust and aluminum powder, thermite requires the high temperatures of a burning strip of magnesium to light, but once it gets started it’s almost impossible to extinguish. It can burn through pavement, melt through engine blocks, and even stay on fire underwater.\nCan fire burn in vacuum of space?\nWhen flames burn on Earth, heated gases rise from the fire, drawing oxygen in and pushing combustion products out. In microgravity, hot gases don’t rise. … Space flames can also burn at a lower temperature and with less oxygen than fires on Earth.\nIs white fire hotter than blue fire?\nWhen temperatures approach 2,400º F to 2,700º F, flames appear white. … The color blue indicates a temperature even hotter than white. Blue flames usually appear at a temperature between 2,600º F and 3,000º F. Blue flames have more oxygen and get hotter because gases burn hotter than organic materials, such as wood.\nCan you light a fire on the moon?\nNo. Fire can not be lit on the moon because there is no oxygen there. without one of these elements it is impossible to lit fire.\nWhat would fire look like in space?\nWithout gravity, hot air expands but doesn’t move upward. The flame persists because of the diffusion of oxygen, with random oxygen molecules drifting into the fire. Absent the upward flow of hot air, fires in microgravity are dome-shaped or spherical—and sluggish, thanks to meager oxygen flow.\nCan things explode in space?\nIn space no one can hear you explode… Many astronomical objects such as novae, supernovae and black hole mergers are known to catastrophically ‘explode’. … But as long as the explosion doesn’t require oxygen, then it will work in much the same way in space as on Earth.\nIs Fire affected by gravity?\nFires on earth are anchored by gravity, but the combustion gases are hot and light, so they rise. As the flame goes up, more air is sucked into the base of the fire, feeding more oxygen to the fire and making it burn more strongly.\nWhat does space smell like?\nsweet-smelling welding fumes’, ‘burning metal’, ‘a distinct odour of ozone, an acrid smell’, ‘walnuts and brake pads’, ‘gunpowder’ and even ‘burnt almond cookie’. Some astronauts have likened the smells of space to walnuts.\nWhy does your head explode in space?\nWhy does your head explode in space, disappointingly, the answer is that, it doesn’t. … But their heads didnt explode, the reason for this is because there are too kinds of pressures, normal pressure and vacuum. Vacuum pressure is not strong enough to cause a head to explode, but it can still kill you.\nCan there be a fire in space?\nIn space, of course, you can’t have any fires because there isn’t any oxidizer (i.e. oxygen) to sustain the combustion process. … In space, of course, you can’t have any fires because there isn’t any oxidizer (i.e. oxygen) to sustain the combustion process.\nHow does fire burn in space without oxygen?\nThe fire you mentioned burning in absence of oxygen, will be only in the ‘Sun’, that is by nuclear fusion of hydrogen molecules/Atoms, to Helium molecules/Atoms, by self sustaining atomic level nuclear fusion, which needs only very high temp.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Recovering From Family Trauma: Strategies for Reducing Complications and Supporting Recovery\nTrauma in families is often linked to mental illness. Having a family member with complex mental illness can trigger all kinds of complications, including traumatic experiences and their repercussions. Treatment for the individual, family education and support, protective factors against trauma, and a cultivation of resilience can all help in preventing and minimizing trauma as well as recovery.\nLiving in a family affected by complex mental illness is a challenge for every single member. Often the focus is placed largely on the person with mental health issues, while other family members’ needs are left unaddressed or minimized.\nSiblings, parents, and children of someone with serious mental illness need mental health care too. And not just for minor issues, but sometimes for trauma. It is not unusual for family members to be traumatized by this experience, but it can be prevented or managed.\nTreatment for the family as a whole, education, support groups, and other measures minimize and reverse the trauma and damage caused by mental illness.\nHow Does Complex Mental Illness Impact Families?\nIf you have a family member living with a complex mental illness, don’t assume it isn’t your problem. Not only does that loved one need your support, you need guidance for coping with and managing your own resulting mental health issues.\nMental illness, especially complex situations with severe co-occurring conditions, can have a lot of effects on family members:\n- Increased risk of mental health diagnosis\n- Financial problems\n- Stigma and discrimination\n- Unstable home environment\n- Emotional turmoil\n- Difficult relationships\n- Behavioral challenges, such as acting out at school for children\n- Trauma and trauma disorders\nThe Risk of Trauma in Families\nWhile there are many harmful potential consequences of mental illness in the family, trauma is one of the most serious. The chaos of the home environment, which may include abuse or neglect, is a major risk factor for traumatic experiences.\nChildren may be particularly vulnerable, but studies show adults may struggle with trauma as well. One group of researchers found that parents of patients with schizophrenia, especially those who experienced violent outburst, have an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).\nTrauma is a reaction rather than a specific event, and it causes a range of mental health symptoms. Certain types of events or experiences, such as abuse or a natural disaster, are more likely to cause trauma, but how people react varies. Some people may become traumatized in a home with mental illness, while others do not. Noted risk factors for PTSD include family psychiatric conditions.\nGet the Best Possible Treatment\nIf you have a loved one struggling with mental health issues, the best thing you can do for the whole family is to make sure they get adequate treatment. Even for the most difficult mental illnesses, treatment can be effective, both for the individual and for the family.\nConsider a residential treatment program that will allow your loved one to spend a focused amount of time in a safe, healing environment. Residential centers can provide expert staff, individualized treatment plans, family therapy and support, and aftercare.\nManage Mental Illness as a Family Illness\nThe best way to deal with trauma resulting from a mentally ill family member is to prevent it. While the mental illness cannot necessarily be prevented, how the family copes with it can have powerful repercussions. Poor management can lead to ripple effects, including trauma. Positive support for the family as a whole can prevent trauma.\nMental illness is not restricted to the one person with the diagnosis. It impacts everyone in the family. The individual who is ill needs family support for recovery. In turn, every other family member must have positive support to cope with the complications. When families approach mental illness as a strong unit, openly and with consideration for everyone’s needs, trauma can be minimized or prevented.\nCall For a Confidential Phone Assessment.619-466-0547\nGet Involved in Treatment\nWhat does treating mental illness as a family illness look like? Simply recognizing that it impacts everyone is not enough. You must take active steps to treat and support the entire family. Start with your loved one’s treatment program. The best facilities include families because they know how important it is.\nYou should be able to participate in family and relationship therapy, family psychoeducation programming, and support groups. These will help you learn more about your loved one’s mental illness, how to support them, and how to cope individually and as a family.\nTotal involvement in treatment will strengthen family relationships, improve communication, and provide the foundation for creating a more stable, healthy home environment. It also means that any other family member who needs more dedicated individual help can be identified and supported. For instance, a therapist in a family session may see the signs that you are struggling with depression, which requires diagnosis and treatment.\nProvide Protective Factors for Children\nAny member of the family can be negatively impacted or even traumatized by mental illness, but children are always most vulnerable. Parents and older siblings can be instrumental in minimizing or preventing trauma by providing as many protective factors as possible:\n- Open communication—age-appropriate, of course—about the individual’s mental illness helps children understand difficult situations and know that it is not their fault.\n- Stability is essential and is hard to provide with complex mental illness. Anything that makes the home more stable, such as routine and scheduling, is helpful.\n- Kids need good self-esteem to face potentially traumatic experiences. They can develop more confidence by getting involved in hobbies and activities, sports, community groups, and by having responsibilities in the home.\n- Strong, loving relationships with adults are highly protective. When a parent cannot provide this, having other adults in a child’s life is positive. Aunts and uncles, grandparents, older siblings, and even trusted friends, coaches, or teachers can play this role.\n- Children are not too young to learn positive coping skills. They can benefit from early practices in mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation strategies.\n- Mental health care, including individual or family therapy, can help a child learn how to better cope with their difficult home environment and relationships. Even if they are not diagnosed with mental illness, proactive care provides benefits.\nFamilies cannot change the fact of mental illness. They will have struggles other families do not, including trauma. Once traumatized, the experience cannot be taken back. However, all of these challenges can be met with resilience.\nResilience is the ability to adapt to stressful situations and trauma. It can be learned, and the more resilient you are, the easier it will be to cope with and live with family mental illness. There are many things you can do to become more resilient, individually and as a family, including:\n- Building social connections and relying on the support of others\n- Taking care of physical health, with good sleep, diet, and exercise\n- Practicing mindfulness, such as meditation, journaling, yoga, and other strategies to learn to accept emotions and situations as they occur\n- Avoiding negativity and self-destructive behaviors, such as substance abuse\n- Cultivating purpose, volunteering, finding a hobby you can be passionate about or goals to achieve\n- Practicing acceptance and tolerance with positivity\n- Being grateful every day\n- Getting professional mental health care as needed\nRecovering from the trauma of a family member’s mental illness is easiest when those bad experiences can be minimized. Prevention is the best medicine for mental health too, so any steps you can take to protect your family will help. But, even with your best efforts, trauma may be a result of living with mental illness in the home. Good treatment, full family involvement, protective factors, and resilience will help with providing a more stable, positive environment to both lessen and recover from family trauma.\nIf you’re concerned about a loved one and believe they may need residential care, we can help. BrightQuest offers long-term treatment for people struggling with complex mental illness. Contact us to learn more about our renowned program and how we can help you or your loved one start the journey toward recovery.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "According to a recently published study, the Carolingian Emperor Charlemagne (ca. 747–814) was taller than most of his subjects, but not overweight. The findings were reported in the July 2010 issue of Economics & Human Biology.\nA trio of scholars from Switzerland, Germany and Australia were allowed special access to the left tibia of Charlemagne, whose remains are kept in the Aachen Cathedral. Using x-rays and CT Scans, they found that the bone was about 17 inches long. According to various estimating methods, this meant that Charlemagne’s height was somewhere between 1.79 and 1.92 meters tall (between 5′ 10″ and 6′ 4″). According to other research, a typical male in the Carolingian period stood about 1.69 meters (5′ 6″).\nClick here to read this article on Medievalists.net", "label": "No"}
{"text": "FWC uses teamwork to manage exotic species, improve habitat\nAs I See It\nWednesday, March 09, 2011\nMedia contact: Rodney Barreto\nFlorida is home to many exotic species. The Florida Fish and\nWildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) works with our partners and\nthe public to manage the animals and plants that don't belong\nEducation is one tool. Recently, the FWC participated in\nInvasive Species Awareness Week. The nationwide event promoted a\ngreater awareness of nonnative animals and plants and their impacts\non our environment.\nMaking the right decisions is another tool. On Saturday, March\n12, the FWC will host the fifth annual Nonnative Pet Amnesty Day at\nZoo Miami. Dozens of exotic pet owners will do the responsible,\nethical thing at the event by surrendering their animals. I know it\nwill be a difficult decision to give up their beloved pets, but\nthey will have done the right thing. FWC staff makes every effort\nto place the surrendered animals with qualified adopters. In the\npast, people have turned in all kinds of nonnative critters - the\nmajority being snakes and other reptiles.\nScience plays a big part. Earlier this month, the FWC and its\npartners surveyed a small area in western Miami-Dade County where\nNorthern African pythons have shown up. Surveyors slogged through\nmarsh and trekked through thick, heavy brush to find these\nnonnative snakes or any evidence of them. FWC biologists routinely\nsurvey these areas to stop the species from spreading. Since 2009,\nat least 20 Northern African pythons have been removed from the\nBesides nonnative animals, Florida also needs to manage\nnonnative plants. FWC staff periodically treats Florida's waterways\nto manage invasive, exotic, aquatic plants such as hydrilla, water\nhyacinth and water lettuce. Hydrilla, especially, can spread easily\nthroughout the state's lakes and rivers by hitchhiking rides on\nboats. It clogs waterways, making recreational activities difficult\nor impossible, and it chokes out beneficial native plants.\nOne of the best science-based methods the FWC uses to control\nthe spread of invasive plants is prescribed fire. FWC biologists\nrecently completed a large burn in the Everglades. The fires\neliminated undesirable, overgrown vegetation, and created access\nfor future exotic vegetation removal. The result is improved\nhabitat for our fish and wildlife.\nThe FWC continues to manage Florida's valuable native resources\nin the face of entrenched nonnative species and the threat of other\nplants or animals becoming established. We don't do this alone. We\nAnglers help us deal with illegally introduced fish. While our\ngoal is to prevent new exotic fish from entering Florida's\nwaterways, that's not always possible, so FWC biologists develop\nmanagement practices for these unwanted fish. One management tool\nfor illegally introduced fish is to encourage anglers to fish for\nexotics. The FWC recently certified a blue tilapia caught in the\nSt. Lucie River as the largest ever caught recreationally in\nFlorida. It weighed nearly 10 pounds and broke the world\nHunters in Florida also help the FWC manage natural resources in\nthe presence of exotics. Licensed hunters may harvest wild hogs, a\nnonnative species, year-round on private property with landowner\npermission. Hunters may also harvest wild hogs from wildlife\nmanagement areas during specific seasons.\nAdditionally, licensed hunters may take nonnative reptiles, such\nas the Burmese python and Nile monitor lizard, from areas around\nthe Everglades during specific hunting seasons.\nYou can help protect our natural resources by never releasing an\nexotic critter into the wild.\nNot only is releasing nonnatives into the wild illegal, it can\nbe harmful to our native fish and wildlife. In some cases, exotic\ncritters will actually feed on our native fish and wildlife.\nNonnatives can quickly become a nuisance. Some spread disease. Some\nEach of us can make a difference and help protect natural\nFlorida. Please report fish and wildlife law violators to the FWC's\nWildlife Alert hotline, 888-404-FWCC.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Environmental Ponderings: litter – the scourge of the modern world\nText Arend Hoogervorst Photograph Various\nMention the word “litter” in a conversation with a group of people and it is almost guaranteed that everyone present will have a horror story or example of the scourge of litter. Kloof Conservancy chairman, Paolo Candotti, will tell you about his distress at the quantities of litter seen during a weekend walk through the beautiful Krantzkloof Reserve. Local newspapers were full of appalling photographs of Durban harbour and the beaches, covered in layers and layers of littler flushed down the streams and rivers of KwaZulu-Natal after the recent heavy storms.\nWhat is litter? It consists mostly of debris from the “throw-away society” that has characterised the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is mainly the cast offs of manufactured materials and goods such as plastic bottles and containers, cans, plastic and paper wrappings, newspapers, shopping bags, fast food packaging, cigarette packets and butts, cardboard and rotten or left over food. On a larger scale, urban litter can also include dead animals, old clothing, oil filters, discarded tyres, planks, broken bricks, pieces of concrete, branches and leaves, old mattresses and broken furniture.\nJust give a thought to all of this ending up in stormwater drains. It blocks the drains and results in flooding which causes significant damage and costs for repair and restoration. Seventeen years ago, the cost of keeping stormwater drains and waterways clean of this disgusting detritus was over R2 billion (R2,000 million) per year (at an annual inflation rate of 6%, that converts to R5.37 billion in today’s money).\nLitter near the Aller River.\nPhoto: Hugh McGibbon\nWhat are the main causes of litter? The main cause is the anti-social behaviour of individuals dropping litter indiscriminately and dumping household wastes illegally. (It is a lazy myth to suggest that dropping litter creates jobs for people to pick it all up.) Inadequate disposal facilities, including insufficient litter and public disposal bins, has been cited as another cause, linked to the failure of authorities to enforce effective penalties to act as a deterrent to offenders. It has also been suggested that the failure of street sweeping services to rid pavements and curb sides of litter and rubbish has also reinforced the “acceptability” of litter. Some municipalities have claimed that street sweeping was cut because it was an extravagant and unnecessary “beautification” cost, rather than an important, preventative function for keeping stormwater drains clear.\nLitter: negative social, environmental & economic impacts\nSocial & human health impacts\n- Unsightly, smelly and dirty\n- Can promote transmission of disease\n- Tyres and containers can provide mosquito breeding areas\n- Sharp objects can injure\n- Psychological degradation of areas due to littering\n- Injure, trap, suffocate, strangle or poison pets and wildlife\n- Contamination of soil and water\n- Blockage of stormwater drains\n- High cost of clean-up of illegal dumping\n- High cost of extra litter clean up teams\n- Lowering of property prices in affected areas\n- Reduction of tourism in affected areas\nThere is no simple or straightforward solution to littering. It requires a long term strategy which includes a widespread change in social behaviour regarding the use and discarding of resources. (Let’s start by not using the word “waste”, but instead regarding it as a resource that we haven’t yet found a use for?) The “consumer society” must go back to a more practical and family based focus upon the resource hierarchy model of use, reuse, repair, recycle and return.\nMunicipalities need to revisit their budgets on “waste management” and look at the preventative aspect, as well as the reactive component of waste disposal. In other words, spend money on community education, enhanced street sweeping to protect stormwater drains, strengthen the provision of disposal facilities such as litter bins and public skips, invest in recycling facilities even to the point of cross subsidising costs to make recycling more financially stable and sustainable, and build the brand of “sustainable use and management of resources” instead of the negative reactionary philosophy of “waste disposal”. From a corrective point of view, there needs be a stronger deterrent and penalty for littering and miscreants need to be made to understand their wrong doing. (How about 200 hours of community service picking up litter or cleaning fouled-up rivers?)\nPeople must be proud of their community and environmental space and be committed to keeping it clean and attractive. There needs to be “buy-in” from all sectors of Society and an understanding by all of the financial and non-financial benefits of a clean and healthy environment. Section 24 of the South African Constitution says that, “…everyone has a right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being… “ That won’t just happen, we have to make it happen. So, as a citizen committed to the Constitution, what are you going to do to maintain that right?\nAbout the author\nArend Hoogervorst is an environmental scientist with some 36 years of experience in South Africa in environmental management and sustainable development in local and central government, commerce and industry and private practice.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "POLYCHRONICITY AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR OUTCOMES AMONG\nJAPANESE AND U.S. STUDENTS:\nA STUDY OF RESPONSE TO CULTURE IN A U.S. UNIVERSITY SETTING\nIt has been theorized and anecdotally supported that the Japanese high-context culture is one in which polychronic time use is the norm. However when in settings at home and abroad where people from other cultures, especially those from \"Western\" nations, are involved, the Japanese are thought to engage in more monochronic time use behavior. The study of Japanese and U.S. university students in a U.S. university setting, reported here, is an exploratory project to see if this culture-response shift in behavior does occur. First a modified version of the PAI3 scale is validated and then applied to the two groups. Also a test to see if combining behaviors that polychronic consumers typically carry out are actually happening were done. Finally Japanese are purported to be more \"procedural\" in their time processing so this was tested. Indeed the Japanese students were more monochronic than their U.S. peers, all combining behaviors tested showed the Japanese and the U.S. students on the agreement side of the scales. However, no statistically significant difference was detected between the two groups on two of the three behaviors. The U.S. students were more likely to make store choices to combine errands. Both were on the agreement side of the scale and no statistical difference was found.\n\"Like the tonal scale of Japanese music, Japanese time is out of\nphase with American time, and vice versa (Hall and Hall 1987, p. 24).\"\nPolychronic time use, sometimes called \"p-time\" or \"polychronicity\" was first identified in the cultural anthropology literature by Hall (1959). Polychronic time use occurs when a person does more than one activity at the same time, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each. Monochronic time use occurs when a person does one thing at a time during a specified time period. Subsequently, it was explored in marketing and consumer behavior contexts by Lane and Lindquist (1988) and Lane, Kaufman and Lindquist (1989). Traditionally the types of combined activities examined and studied were household chores, mixing household actions with child care, combining work activities, social activity with work-related actions and travel and communications/work/social activities (Hall 1959; Lane and Lindquist 1989; Robinson 1977; Szalai 1972; Walker and Woods 1976). Though polychronic time use has been discussed and evaluated in a cursory fashion in various disciplines, few attempts had been made prior to the early 1990's to measure the tendency to pursue such behavior and/or the feelings that people have toward it from the standpoint of consumer behavior.\nIn 1991 Kaufman, Lane and Lindquist (1991) developed and tested the \"Polychronic Attitude Index\" (PAI), a measure of people's tendencies to actually carry on two or more activities during the same clock block of time and their level of positive or negative feelings about this behavior. Individuals who scored higher on the scale were more polychronic and those with lower scores were more monochronic. Scores were based on self-reports. The items that ultimately became parts of the PAI were generated from discussions an suggestions found in prior time use studies (Hefferan 1982; Hill 1985; Robinson 1977; Szalai 1972) The original PAI scale consisted of four items and yielded a coefficient alpha (internal consistency reliability measure) value for the test population of 0.68. This value was not strong, but showed potential during this its development stage. The index was revised based on the concerns of the research team relating to one of the items which seemed to have a fixed location (at one's desk) bias and a new three item scale was tested (Kaufman-Scarborough and Lindquist 1999). This \"revised\" PAI was the starting point for the project reported here.\nThe Revised PAI\nThe revised PAI consisted of three items, as noted earlier. They were Likert-type, five position agreement scales (\"strongly agree,\" \"agree,\" \"neither agree nor disagree,\" \"disagree,\" \"strongly disagree,\" scores 5 to 1, respectively). The three statements presented to respondents were: \"I do not like to juggle several activities at the same time,\" \"People should not try to do many things at once\" and \"I am comfortable doing several things at the same time.\" The first and second items were reverse scored and the three scale scores were then summed to determine a person's PAI score. As with the original four-item scale (Kaufman, Lane and Lindquist 1991), the higher the score the stronger was the polychronic tendency. Both the original four-item index and the new three-item scale were tested. The coefficient alpha for the former was 0.79 and for the latter it was 0.82 for the sample of 181 respondents from the communities surrounding a large city in the eastern part of the U.S. The alpha was slightly improved, but more importantly, the three surviving items allowed for unrestricted measure of the tendency.\nWhen scales are developed for use in cross-cultural settings, it is important to test their validity and reliability on multiple samples of respondents (Usunier 1991). Though the revised PAI has been shown to be an improvement over its predecessor, the authors of the current study were interested in testing a further modified version of the scale in a setting where respondents had dramatically contrasting cultural backgrounds and reasonably similar time demand situations. A university in the U.S. is an excellent place to test PAI validity and reliability among persons of different cultural backgrounds. Here students from other lands study along side each other and with American peers.\nIn the present study the authors have decided to compare and contrast Japanese and U.S. university students on their responses to the PAI. Typically, most of the U.S. students are working at least part time, whereas only a small share of the Japanese students do so. In the case of the latter group those working for pay are employed by the university part-time (20 hours a week or less) because of immigration status. Also, lifestyles are quite different likely affecting time demands and the Japanese find themselves in a foreign cultural setting which assuredly impacts time use.\nJapanese Time Culture\nTime use among Japanese is interesting and complex and is characterized by several different types, depending on the cultural common practice and the level of personal interaction likely to occur. Many behaviors can be better understood by considering them in terms of the anthropological distinction between high- and low-context cultures. Hall (1977) classifies cultures on this basis. In low-context cultures, explicit, verbally-communicated messages are emphasized, as is punctuality and adherence to schedules. In direct contrast, in high-context cultures, establishing relationships through a flexible approach to time is the rule.\nPolychronic time use is more dominant in Japanese, Middle Eastern and Latin American cultures. The Japanese language of time is not strictly polychronic. For example, appointments and scheduling are adhered to with great precision (monochronic time characteristics), but polychronic time behaviors are followed once a meeting begins. Japanese high-speed trains, for example, run on very precise schedules, but when decisions in a business setting are to be made it seems to take \"forever.\" Hall and Hall (1987) indicate that the Japanese are monochronic in their time use when dealing with \"foreigners\" and with technology, yet act polychronically in all other situations. Further, in general, the Japanese are highly flexible and comfortable with compromises in order to meet the needs of a variety of people. Hall and Hall (1987) state, \" ... in Japan the tightly scheduled monochronic pattern is applied to foreigners who are not well enough integrated into the Japanese system to be able to do things in a more leisurely manner ... the Japanese are polychronic when looking and working inward, toward themselves. When dealing with the outside world, they have adopted the dominant time system which characterizes the world. That is, they shift to the monochronic world\" (Dance of Life, pp. 53-54).\nA very interesting case occurs when the naturally-polychronic Japanese person encounters a low-context situation, such as a business meeting with people from the U.S. Hall and Hall (1987) tell us that the Japanese system combines both monochronic and polychronic time uses, foreigners (here, U.S. businesspeople) are dealt with monochronically, but when interacting with countrymen, they behave polychronically. One would anticipate a culture-response shift in behaviors when Japanese move into a low-context cultural living environment such as a U.S. university. However, as they become more acculturated, living for longer periods in the U.S., their time use patterns will likely more closely mirror those of the American students. Hall and Hall (1987) point out that cultures such as those in Germany, Switzerland and the U.S. tend to focus on monochronic time use. Here time is viewed \"as money.\" It is tightly scheduled and budgeted. Further it is divided into small units and a high value is placed on punctuality.\nTime Use Among Japanese Students in the U.S.\nIn the present study, we would expect that the Japanese students would actually indicate attitudes and behaviors that reflect monochronicity. In fact, the levels might be higher than U.S. as the Japanese strive hard to \"fit in.\" In an earlier study focusing on Japanese students, others from the \"Far East\" and their U.S. counterparts, two of the findings areas related to their \"views on time,\" in general, and their \"processing of time\" (Lindquist, Tacoma and Lane 1993). The results showed that the U.S. students were not as focused on the measurement aspect of time as much as the Japanese. Further the Japanese expressed stronger feelings about time as an asset or \"as money\" and as being \"very important.\" The Japanese students were also more \"procedural\" in the way they processed time than the Americans. The procedural approach is where when an activity begins the \"clock stops\" and a person stays with the task until it is done. Then the clock \"begins again\" for him or her (Lane and Lindquist 1988). The Japanese also commented on how work was to be done in a certain period of time and that time \"tells you when to start or finish your activities or your task.\" These positions point to a more monochronic (doing one thing at a time) time use style tendency for the Japanese students. The American students reported behaviors and feelings about time that were interpreted as more polychronic than the Japanese. These results reinforce the time use theories put forth by Hall and Hall (1987).\nResearch Objectives and Hypotheses\nThe research objectives of this project are:\n1) compare and contrast the overall polychronic-monochronic tendencies of the Japanese and U.S. university student groups,\n2) determine if the actual \"combining of activities\" behavior of the groups matches polychronic tendency and\n3) determine whether the Japanese feel it is best to complete one task before beginning another as an indication of procedural time processing.\nHypothesis 1: The U.S. students will score below 12 (mid range of three item polychronicity scale) demonstrating monochronic tendency. A new version of the PAI3 will be validated and used to measure this.\nHypothesis 2: The Japanese students will score below 12 (mid range of three item polychronicity scale) demonstrating monochronic tendency.\nHypothesis 3: The Japanese students will be more monochronic in their tendency than the U.S. students.\nHypotheses 4: Japanese and U.S. students will report they do not (disagreement side of the scales) engage in the following three \"combining activities:\" a. choosing activities that are easy to do together, b. choosing products and services that allow them to combine activities, and c. choosing stores that let them combine errands.\nHypothesis 5: a. Japanese students will indicate it is best to complete one task before beginning another, demonstrating \"procedural\" time processing, and b. their agreement level will be statistically significantly higher than US students.\nThe data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. All questions were closed-ended and the vast majority of the items were seven-point Likert agreement scales. This was a departure from previous measures which used five-point Likert scales. Moving to seven positions allows the scales to be treated as equal appearing interval rather than ordinal. The scale positions were \"strongly agree,\" \"moderately agree,\" \"slightly agree,\" \"neither agree nor disagree,\" \"slightly disagree,\" \"moderately disagree\" and \"strongly disagree.\" Scale positions were numbered from 7 to 1, \"strongly agree\" to \"strongly disagree.\" Respondents could also select \"don't know.\" The three items used for the new version of PAI3 were: \"I like to juggle several activities at the same time,\" \"People should try to do many activities at once.\" and \"I am comfortable doing several activities at the same time.\" The first two statements have been changed from negative to positive when compared to the earlier version of PAI3. Further the word \"things\" was changed to \"activities\" in the first two items to provide consistency in wording for the respondents.\nA non-probability sampling method was used. A large Midwestern university was the setting. The U.S. students were surveyed in classrooms not part of the research team teaching schedule. The respondents voluntarily participated with no pressure, penalty or reward used for those who did or did not wish to do so. The Japanese students were primarily recruited through the Japan Club. A small per person incentive to go into the club treasury was offered. Other participating Japanese students were found on campus in student lounge areas. These respondents also voluntarily entered the sample pool. A total of 52 U.S. students (34 males, 18 females) were in the sample and 68 Japanese (23 males, 45 females).\nThe data was analyzed using the SPSS package. Frequencies, cross-tabulations, t-tests and coefficient alpha scale internal consistency reliability analyses were carried out.\nRevised PAI3 Testing\nThe testing of the revised PAI3 was part of methodological actions. Coefficient alpha tests for internal consistency reliability were run on various subsamples of the respondent pool to check reliability across them. The coefficient alpha values for subsamples were as follows: U.S. citizens (0.88), Japanese citizens (0.77), U.S. males (0.91), U.S. females (0.83), Japanese males (0.68) and Japanese females (0.82). The alpha values are greater for the U.S. students pool than the Japanese. Also the values for both the U.S. men and women are greater than the 0.82 value that was achieved with the original PAI3 scale. We can conclude that either the changing of all items to be positive statements or the changing of the word \"things\" to \"activities\" or the nature of the sample itself could have individually or in combination contributed to this increase in alpha value for the U.S. student sample. Further testing would be needed to sort this out. Why the U.S. males had higher alphas than the females and why the Japanese females had higher alphas than the males are questions for future research. The revised scale is considered acceptable for measuring polychronic tendency.\nRESULTS AND DISCUSSION\nHypothesis 1 is rejected. The U.S. students do not on average score below 12 and therefore are not on the monochronic side of the scale. The mean value on the revised PAI3 scale for the U.S. students was 14.6 which is slightly onto the polychronic side of the scale. Of more interest is the fact that the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for the U.S. group were 13, 15 and 18 which are all above the 12 score.\nHypothesis 2 is accepted. The Japanese students do on average score below 12 and therefore are on the monochronic side of the scale. The mean value on the revised PAI3 scale was 10.5 which is slightly on the monochronic side. Examining the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores the results show scores of 2, 10 and 14, respectively. Through the 50th percentile we see these students on the monochronic side of the scale.\nHypothesis 3 is accepted. The t-test run on the means of the two revised PAI3 distributions yielded at t-value of 5.168 for the 113 degrees of freedom (d.f.) with a two-tailed significance of 0.000. This coupled with the previous observations on the percentile distributions of revised PAI3 scores demonstrates that statistically the Japanese students are more monochronic in their tendency than their U.S. peers.\nHypothesis 4 a is rejected for both U.S. and Japanese students. The mean scores were 5.2 (13.7 percent neutral) for the U.S. students and 4.7 (10.8 percent neutral) for the Japanese which are both on the agreement side of the scale. Hence combining activities which are easy to do together is done. The scale statement used for measurement was,\"When doing two or more activities at the same time, I choose activities that are very easy to do together.\" There was no statistically significant difference at the 95 percent confidence level between the Japanese and U.S. students. The t-test on the means yielded a t-value of 1.943 for d.f. of 114 and the two-tailed significance probability value was 0.055.\nHypothesis 4 b is rejected for both U.S. and Japanese students. The evaluation of the statement concerning choosing products and services to allow activity combination resulted in a mean value of 4.82 (24.5 percent were neutral) for the American students and 4.31 (31 percent were neutral) for the Japanese. Both respondent groups indicate that there is some effort to choose such products. The item used was, \"I try to choose products and services that allow me to combine activities.\" The t-value for the t-test on the means was 1.823 for 86 d.f. with a two-tailed significance probability value of 0.72.\nHypothesis 4 c is rejected for both the U.S. and Japanese students. For the store choice to aid in combining errands item the U.S. students average value was 5.53 (10.6 percent neutral) and for the Japanese group it was 4.33 (32.7 percent neutral). The two groups score on the polychronic side of the tendency scale and, therefore, do engage to some extent in such behavior. The scale item used was, \"I try to choose stores that let me combine errands.\" ( No definition of \"errands\" was given to respondents so this could be shopping only for some and shopping and other personal activity stops for others.) The t-test on the mean scale scores yielded a t-value of 4.036 for d.f. of 100 with a two-tailed significance probability of 0.000. This shows that the U.S. students are more prone to engage in this behavior than the Japanese. This difference may not stem solely from polychronic-monochronic tendency differences. People in Japan may not be used to being able to choose stores to combine errands or this may not be \"typical\" consumer behavior within the culture, or both. Further they may be less likely to combine errands because they are new to the area, may not know store locations and/or may not have transportation available. A clue to \"other influences\" is that three times as many Japanese indicated \"neither agree nor disagree\" than Americans in the sample.\nHypothesis 5 a is accepted. A single item used to test this hypothesis to determine if the Japanese students in the sample were more \"procedural\" in their time processing than the American students. The item was, \"I believe it is best to complete one task before beginning another.\" The average agreement scores were 4.96 (16.2 percent were neutral) for the Japanese and 4.77 (15.4 percent were neutral) for the Americans, near the \"slightly agree\" position. The Japanese are showing a tendency to be procedural.\nHypothesis 5 b is rejected. The mean test t-value for this comparison was -0.693 for 118 d.f. with a two-tailed significance probability of 0.49. The Japanese do not show a stronger tendency to be procedural than the U.S. students. The caution here is that this single item might not be capturing the \"procedural\" tendency. Though this was not tested.\nThere were limitations in this exploratory study. Using only one university and a small pool of students not selected by a probability sampling method all contribute to the lack of generalizability of the results. However, the findings on the internal consistency reliability of the revised PAI3 scale and the stronger monochronic tendency of the Japanese students were as expected. Additional tests of the scale should be done to confirm its validity in other settings. Not addressed is the variability in central score bias when selecting answers on scales. Direct comparison in this study of the Japanese and U.S. student scores may not be appropriate. Questions regarding the tie between polychronic or monochronic tendency and actual consumer behavior in various situations beyond those touched on in this study is a next step in this research area. Do people have combining strategies to allow them to \"be polychronic\" or special strategies so they may efficiently \"be monochronic\" as consumers. Do people have an overall tendency and then shift based on the marketplace situation with which they are faced is a question that needs answering. A more comprehensive model of polychronic tendency should be built that would yield higher alpha values. Likely different models using fewer or more items to measure tendency would be needed in different cultural settings and situations. It is also essential to look across cultures to see if certain peoples have a tendency to be more polychronic or monochronic as anecdotally suggested (Hall 1959; Hall and Hall 1987). If so, what affect does this have on the benefits they seek from products and services they choose and other marketplace behaviors. Would an understanding of polychronic - monochronic tendency have impact on trading across cultures? These and other questions likely have arisen in the reader's mind as a result of this exploratory piece.\nBluedorn, Allen D. and Robert B. Denhardt (1988). \"Time and Organizations.\" Journal of Management 14 (2): 299-320.\nHall, Edward T. (1959). The Silent Language. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.\n__________ (1977). Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday.\n__________ and Mildred Reed Hall (1987). Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.\nHefferan, Colien (1982). \"Workload of Married Women.\" Family Economics Review. ed. by School, Kathleen K. and Katherine S. Tippett. Hyattsville, MD: Agricultural Research Service, 10-15.\nHill, Martha S. (1985). \"Patterns of Time Use.\" Time, Goods and Well-Being. ed. by Juster, F. Thomas and Frank P. Stafford. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 133-176.\nKaufman, Carol J., Paul M. Lane and Jay D. Lindquist (1991). \"Exploring More than Twenty- Four Hours a Day: A Preliminary Investigation of Polychronic Time Use.\" Journal of Consumer Research 18 (December): 392-401.\nKaufman-Scarborough, Carol and Jay D. Lindquist (1999). \"The Polychronic Attitude Index: Refinement and Preliminary Consumer Marketplace Behavior Applications.\" Proceedings of the 1999 AMA Winter Marketing Educators' Conference. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 151-157.\nLane, Paul M. and Jay D. Lindquist (1988). \"Definitions for the Fourth Dimension or a Synchronous Business.\" Developments in Marketing Science, Vol. XI, ed. by Bahn, Kenneth A. Blacksburg, VA: Academy of Marketing Science, 93-98.\nLane, Paul M, Carol J. Kaufman and Jay D. Lindquist (1989). \"More Than 24 Hours a Day.\" in Marketing Theory and Practice, Proceedings of the American Marketing Association 1989 Winter Educators' Conference. ed. by Childers, Terry. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 123-130.\nLindquist, Jay D., Sara Tacoma and Paul M. Lane (1993). \"What is Time: An Exploratory Extension toward the Far East.\" Developments in Marketing Science, Vol. XVI, ed. by Levy, Michael and Dhruv Grewal. Coral Gables, FL: Academy of Marketing Science), 186-190.\nRobinson, John (1977). How Americans Use Time: A Social-Psychological Analysis of Everyday Behavior. New York: Praeger Publishing.\nSzalai, Alexander (1972). The Use of Time. The Hague: Mouton.\nUsunier, Jean Claude (1991). \"Business Time Perceptions and National Cultures: A comparative Survey.\" Management International Review, Vol. 31 (No. 3), 197-217.\nWalker, Kathryn and M.E. Woods (1976). Time Use: A Measure of Household Production of Family Goods and Services. Washington, DC: American Home Economics Association.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "February in the Elementary Music Classroom\nFebruary is just about to begin, which means a variety of themes that can be approached in elementary general music. This month consists of Groundhog’s Day on February 2, the Chinese New Year on February 10 (the year of the snake), Valentine’s Day on February 14, the 100th day of school, and it is also Black History Month. There are many opportunities to reinforce musical concepts with these events. Below are activities that I have performed in the elementary music classroom (PreK-3) during this month that involve singing, performing on instruments, moving to music, and music technology:\nGroundhog’s Day: For PreK, I found a very simple tune online that I use in my Music and Movement Classes:\n(Sung To:”I’m A Little Teapot”)\nI’m a little ground hog, short and stout.\nOn ground hog day I pop my head out.\nIf I see my shadow I don’t come out.\nI stay down in my hole and pout.\nWe would sing the song and then use props to act out this song. We would use a blanket to make a cave and choose a few students to be the groundhogs. As the rest of the students and I sing the song, the “groundhogs” would pop out or hide depending on whether they feel the groundhog should see his shadow or not. As a bonus, I play an excerpt from Haydn’s Surprise Symphony and have the “groundhogs” pop out of the cave when the orchestra performs the loud chord.\nChinese New Year: With Grades one and two, we utilize The Lion’s Roar by Han/Campbell. This book involves the Chinese luogo percussion ensemble of gongs and drums. It has simple rhythms and some more complex rhythms to fit your curriculum. The students adore performing in this ensemble. A few years back, I took a workshop with Han and was able to experience this series firsthand. It was a great experience.\nAnother way we celebrate this holiday in music class is we experience the pipa (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pipa-hd/id372312574?mt=8) and the erhu (https://itunes.apple.com/my/app/erhu-standard/id415582488?mt=8) through the iPad apps. After watching a video I have from the workshops of musicians playing these two instruments, I then have the students experience these two instruments through the iPads and these apps.\nValentine’s Day: I have several activities and games that I use for this day. One activity is one I made on the SMART Board. It involves the letters HEART and the lyrics that go to the tune of BINGO. When the lyrics come to spelling the word HEART, the students come up to the SMART Board and tap on the letters to reveal the rhythm pattern of ta ta ti-ti ta. We add instruments and perform the song together. I took this one step further today and had the kindergartners write the rhythm patterns on the iPad as I recorded them working together. The app I used, Explain Everything (https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/explain-everything/id431493086?mt=8), records the students as they are working so you can hear how they come to the end product. This app also allows you to share their work easily.\n100th Day of School: Music K8 (http://www.musick8kids.com/ – this is their alternate sight where you can purchase a recording for .99) has some wonderful songs to celebrate the day. I have my elementary students compile a list of their “100 Favorite Songs.” Once the list is complete, we will sing and move to various songs on the list.\nBlack History Month: There are several effective ways to celebrate this theme in music class. One way is to sing and perform spirituals on acoustic and virtual instruments on Orff instruments, drums, recorders, and virtual iPad instruments. My third graders earn recorder stars for performing certain phrases of the spirituals. At the end of the unit, they can earn a wild star for playing one of the spirituals in its entirety (Good News is an example of this). You can find recorder stars here: http://www.maciepublishing.com/store/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=10&cat=RECORDER+REWARDS+AND+CERTIFICATES\nWhenever I might approach a theme, I always make sure that I am approaching it with the musical concepts intact as opposed to approaching it with the theme being the main focus.\n- Delaware State Music Day (http://delawaremea.org/) – “Integrating Technology into the Elementary Music Classroom” at 1 pm in Rm 147 on Saturday, February 9.\n- Delaware State Music Day (http://delawaremea.org/) – “iPads in the Elementary Music Classroom” at 2 pm in Rm 147 on Saturday, February 9.\n- TI:ME/TMEA (Texas Music Education Association) (http://www.tmea.org/conventions/2013) – “Enhancing the Elementary Music Classroom with Technology” with Catie Dwinal at 2 pm in CC 201 on Wednesday, February 13.\n- TI:ME/TMEA (Texas Music Education Association) (http://www.tmea.org/conventions/2013) – “iPads in the Elementary Music Classroom” at 11 am in CC 202 on Friday, February 15.\n- NJMEA (New Jersey Music Education Association) (http://www.njmea.org) – “Internet Resources for the Elementary Music Classroom” at 10:15 am on Saturday, February 23.\n- NAfME Eastern Division Biennial In-Service Conference (http://www.nafme-eastern.org/) – “Interactive Music: New Resources for Today’s Classrooms” at 3:45 pm on Saturday, April 6. This session features Silver Burdett’s newest online curriculum which I am so proud to be a contributing author.\n- Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) (http://www.ccsu.edu/smi) – Integrating Technology into the Elementary Music Classroom: A Course For Elementary Teachers Taught By An Elementary Teacher from July 8-12, 8 am–12:30 pm & Tues 7-9:30 pm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As home to supermajors, as well as a plethora of smaller, independent energy players, the US boasts one of the largest concentrations of energy personnel in the world. With its insatiable appetite for energy resources, the United States is the world's single largest consumer of oil, using as much as 20.73 million barrels per day as of 2008. Recently, interest has peaked in the vast quantity of untapped natural gas resources in the US, the reserves of which were inventoried in 2008 at 238 Tcf, with producers specifically targeting the nation's promising shale formations for this energy commodity.\nSurveying can mean several different things as it relates to the oil and gas industry. When discussing oilfield surveying, this usually refers to checking and creating the legal boundary for drilling operations. Surveyors will use a variety of techniques including GPS systems, hand tools, and sketches to create such boundaries. Surveyors may also be responsible for checking ownership of properties, and registering any updates with the proper legal authorities. Surveyors typically spend most of their time in the field and will travel extensively for these positions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The clear answer of Roald Bahr, professor in sports medicine, from the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center is no. Mandatory electrocardiographic (ECG) screening of athletes would detect heart problems and save lives, argue Antonio Pelliccia and Domenico Corrado recently in the British Medical Journal, but Roald Bahr claims that the diagnostic accuracy is questionable.\nIn Norway, an eight-year review (1990-7) of sudden deaths from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry found 23 exercise related deaths among 15-34 year olds - that is, an average of three a year. The authors estimate that the population at risk is about 325 ,000, corresponding to 0.9 deaths/100,000 a year, an incidence in the mid-range of rates reported in previous studies.\nThe implication is that 325,000 Norwegians would need to be screened routinely to save three deaths a year, assuming that everyone at risk can be identified and all deaths prevented. However, this is probably an optimistic estimate, argues Bahr, as the main cause of death in Norway was atherosclerosis, which is difficult to detect on a resting ECG.\nBahr agues that ECG screening of athletes fails accepted public health criteria for screening programs on several counts. Although sudden cardiac death is tragic, it is also rare.\nThe diagnostic accuracy is low and depends on which cardiac conditions are the main causes of sudden death in the population being screened. Screening of hundreds of thousands of athletes to save possibly only one life a year, as would be the case in Norway, cannot be justified.\nRead the head-to-head articles of Antonio Pelliccia & Domenico Corrado and Roald Bahr.\nRead André Picard, a public health reporter at the Canadian The Globe and Mail \"Screening young athletes: What’s one life worth?\"", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The name of the realm of the dead and of the goddess presiding over it. Hel is situated beneath one of the three roots of Yggdrasil. It is where those who die of sickness or of old age go, while evil men go to Hel and thence down to Niflhel. The gate to Hel is variously called Helgrind (\"Hel-gate\"), Nágrind (\"Corpse-gate\") and Valgrind \"Corpse-gate\"). The river Gjöll, one of the rivers that spring from Hvergelmir, runs near the gate. At Ragnarök, all the champions of Hel will follow Loki to fight against the gods. They shall be wakened by a soot-red rooster.\nHel, the ruler, is named by Snorri Sturluson as one of the three children of Loki and Angrboða. He says in Gylfaginning, chapter 34, that the gods perceived by prophecy that from Loki's offspring great misfortune would befall them, so Odin had these children brought to him:\nHel he cast into Niflheim, and gave to her power over nine worlds, to apportion all abodes among those that were sent to her: that is, men dead of sickness or of old age. She has great possessions there; her walls are exceeding high and her gates great. Her hall is called Sleet-Cold; her dish, Hunger; Famine is her knife; Idler, her thrall; Sloven, her maidservant; Pit of Stumbling, her threshold, by which one enters; Disease, her bed; Gleaming Bale, her bed-hangings. She is half blue-black and half flesh-color (by which she is easily recognized), and very lowering and fierce.\nIn chapter 49, which details Baldr's death, Hermóðr rides to the underworld to offer Hel a ransom if she will let Baldr return to Ásgarðr. He crosses the Gjallarbrú, guarded by the maiden Móðguðr, who tells him that Baldr too has ridden over the bridge, and that he will find the road to Hel down and to the north. Hermóðr follows the Hel-way until he comes to the Hel-gate. His horse jumps over the gate and they proceed to the hall of Hel, where he finds Baldr sitting in the high-set. He tarries there overnight and in the morning he beseeches Hel that Baldr might ride home with him, telling her how great weeping was among the Æsir. Hel agrees to let Baldr go if all things in the world, alive or dead, will weep for him; if not Baldr would remain in Hel. And all things did, with the exception of a hag named Þökk, and so Baldr was not redeemed out of Hel. Still, both he and his slayer, his brother Höðr, shall come out of Hel after the final battle at Ragnarök to govern a new world. Baldr's wife Nanna, who died of grief after his death, was reunited with him in Hel.\nOther visitors to Hel are Odin and the valkyrie Brynhildr. In the eddic poem Baldrs draumar, Odin rides to Hel to raise a völva from the dead and question her about Baldr's baleful dreams. On his journey he sees a blood-stained hound coming from Hel.\n- Baldrs draumar, 6-7, 8.\n- Grímnismál, 28, 31.\n- Gylfaginning, 3, 4, 34, 49, 51.\n- Skaldsparmál, 6, 13, 16.\n- Vafþrúðnismál 43.\n- Ynglingatal, 32.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gum disease is an infection of the gums that occurs as plaque builds up along the gumline. Bacteria works down under the gums and causes damage to the tissues below the surface. At first, the infection will be undetectable to you. If left unchecked, gum disease will lead to the weakening of your bone structures and the loss of teeth. In fact, gum disease is the number one cause of lost adult teeth.\nFind out how implants can improve your life! Fill out the form below for instant access.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In 1088 Su Song, Minister of Punishments and calendar expert to emperor Chen Tsung, designed and built a clock tower of three levels. It was water driven and consisted of an armillary sphere on the top level, a celestial globe on the middle level and an indication of the time on the lowest level. According to contemporary records it \"measured time as exactly as the sundial.\"\nThe armillary consisted of 12 rings in three layers. Each ring carried a scale. The position of a planet could be determined by looking through a sighting tube. The celestial globe showed the rise, movement and setting of the stars. Time was indicated by human figurines that struck the hours.\nThe clock operated in the capital Bianjing (today's Kaifeng in Henan) of the western Sung dynasty for 39 years, when the Jin army took the city. The Jin dismantled the tower and transported it to their capital Yanjing (today's Beijing) but were unable to put it back together. The new emperor then ordered Su Song's son Su Xie to build a replica.\nSu Song had written a report to emperor Chen Tsung, Xi Yi Xiang Fa Yao (\"New Design for an Armillary Sphere and Celestial Globe\"), which contained a complete description and over 60 detailed drawings of his design. But Su Xie found that to keep the design secret, key sections had been removed from the report, so he was unable to obey to the emperor's request.\nThe original clock tower stood in the open. It was designed to withstand the elements and used bronze castings for all parts that required precision.\nSu Song's water clock was a work of genius. Modern China accepted the challenge to recreate the clock tower twice. A replica in mainland China is of reduced size and did not fully resolve the escapement mechanism. A full-size water-driven replica that keeps accurate time was built in Taichung (Taiwan) in the 1990s and now has pride of place in its National Museum of Natural Science. It uses partly traditional material (bamboo for the water scoops) and partly modern replacement (fibre-reinforced plastic instead of bronze) and an electric pump to carry the water back up to the water reservoir.\nThe most inventive part of Su Song's design was the automatic water drive. 36 tilting scoops were mounted on a large drive wheel. As each scoop filled, at an accurately defined point its weight released a holding lever, allowing the scoop to nod forward. This turned the drive wheel and through a gear system the three levels of the tower. An escapement mechanism of balanced levers prevented the drive wheel from turning past the next scoop. Uniform water flow was achieved through a system of two tanks with overflow, so that the water level (and therefore the water pressure) in the drive tank remained constant as the reservoir emptied.\nIllustrations: National Museum of Natural Science, Taipei; public domain", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is a linear transformer?\nElectrical transformers take many shapes and sizes. For electronic hobbyists, linear transformers, made to deliver quick pulses of electricity, are often part of kit radios and other projects. In televisions and other appliances there are power transformers. In electronic hobby kits, you may have a need to test a linear transformer even though you do not have a failed or defective model, as this kind of testing is part of the learning process. Testing a linear transformer is less complicated than power transformer testing; if AC voltage is present in the primary winding of the linear transformer, there should be power output on the secondary side. If not, you may have a short somewhere.\nPower transformer testing is more advanced. If the description of linear transformer testing left you scratching your head, do not attempt to test a power transformer. If you suspect your television or other appliance has a short, a bad transformer or other problem, let a qualified electrician or repair expert take a look.\nCircuit Breakers Frequently Asked Questions\nWhat is a fusible switch?\nWhat is a circuit breaker?\nWhat are specialty bus plugs?\nHow does an electrical surge work?\nWhat is a whole house surge protector?\nCan I install a whole house surge protector myself?\nWhat should I do with my old circuit breakers?\nCan I padlock my circuit breakers?\nWhat should I know about circuit breaker locking systems?\nWhat is a dual-pole circuit breaker?\nWhy does a dual pole circuit breaker work?\nHow many circuit breakers can I add to my breaker box?\nWhat can I do if I am running out of room in my breaker box?\nWhat is an FPE air circuit breaker?\nWhat are \"mains\"?\nIs there still an electrocution hazard with the mains turned off?\nWhy do my new circuit breakers keep tripping?\nWhat is a low voltage circuit breaker?\nHow do I reset my GE circuit breakers?\nCan I use a different brand for replacement circuit breakers?\nWhy does my circuit breaker keep tripping?\nWhat information do I need to purchase a replacement motor starter?\nWhy is my motor starter noisy?\nWhy does my motor starter click but not turn on?\nWhy does my motor starter turn over slowly?\nHow can I tell if my motor starter is bad?\nCan I use a manual motor starter as a disconnect switch for maintenance purposes?\nWhat is an AFCI circuit breaker?\nWhy do I need AFCI Circuit Breakers?\nWhat is a counterfeit Square D circuit breaker?\nWhat is the National Electrical Code?\nWhat is an electrical code test?\nWhere can I get electrical code training?\nWhat is electrical grounding?\nHow dangerous is electrical wiring?\nMy mains are off. Am I safe from electrocution?\nWhat should I know about high voltage electrical safety?\nDo I really need an upgraded circuit breaker panel?\nCan a damaged appliance cause my Seimens breakers to trip?\nWill installing a circuit breaker other than the type specified in the manual void my warranty?\nCan I recycle my circuit breakers?\nWhat is an electric switchboard?\nWhat is an electronics fuse?\nWhat is a fuse holder?\nWhat is an LED toggle switch?\nWhat are momentary switches?\nWhat is a semiconductor fuse?\nWhat is a snap switch?\nWhat should I do if I have counterfeit electrical supplies?\nWhere can I find more information on counterfeit electrical products?\nShould I buy re-certified power circuit breakers?\nWhat happens to re-certified or re-conditioned circuit breakers?\nWhat is retrofitting?\nWhat happens to my old gear?\nHow do I install a transformer?\nWhat is an industrial transformer?\nWhat should I do when taking delivery of a large transformer?\nWhat issues should I be aware of for large transformers?\nWhat is a linear transformer?\nWhat is a voltage transformer?\nWhat is a continuity tester?\nHow can I test a wall socket to see if it is causing my circuit breaker to trip?\nWhat are used circuit breakers good for?\nShould I buy reconditioned circuit breakers?\nCan I use a flashlight to see my circuit breaker panel during installation of new breakers?\nWhat would happen if my circuit breaker did not trip?\nWhat are \"replacement only\" circuit breakers?\nWhat should I do to protect my electrical system in case of a flood?\nWhat should I do if the area near my breaker panel is flooded?\nI smell something burning and see sparks. Is this my electrical system?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Law and order : Nixon's rhetoric and the Southern strategy\nMetadataShow full item record\nToday's familiar Democratic and Republican party coalitions have not always existed; rather, they began to emerge in the 1960s as demographic and geographic groups shifted party alliances. This paper focuses on one factor in the party realignment: Richard Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign. Nixon's 1968 campaign was characterized by a balance between appeals to conservative, anti-integration Southern white voters and the risk of alienating Northern liberals. To implement this \"Southern strategy,\" Nixon employed ostensibly race-neutral language that actually had coded racial meaning. This color-blind rhetoric was belied by the actions of the administration and Nixon's rhetorical shift to the right after taking office.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "View Larger Image\nLimnological sampling with VanDorn bottle, Lake Titicaca, Peru\nA limnological assistant with a Van Dorn sampling bottle at Lake Titicaca, Peru. Researchers at the University of California Davis, and the University of British Columbia have worked with Peru's Instituto del Mar to understand limnological characteristics of this high-altitude lake (3800 m; 12,500 ft) located in the Peruvian and Bolivian altiplano. The Van Dorn water bottle can be lowered to any depth in the lake, and then triggered to collect a 10-L water sample for chemical and biological analyses.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "WILDLIFE IN FOCUSRed Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)\nNot all birds featured in this segment are native, so it’s good to know which ones aren’t.\n|Red Whiskered Bulbul|\nWe all know the Noisy Miner bird is a native and the introduced Indian Mynah is not, because they’re so aggressive.\nWhat about a little bird, that’s not that aggressive, doesn’t move to far from its territory and doesn’t make a squawking or screeching sound when it sings?\nIt has bright red patches at the side of its face, almost like a small dot.\nThey eat fleshy fruits which is their main food with occasional insects as well.\nSo let’s not linger any longer and find out all about it.\nI'm talking with Dr Holly Parsons, manager of Birds in Backyards www.birdsinbackyards.org.au\nNow you know that the Red Whiskered Bulbul is an introduced species.\nThese birds were deliberately introduced into NSW in the 1880's and later introduced to Coffs Harbour in NSW in 1918.\nThen there was yet another release around Melbourne.\nThey have been known to occasionally pop up around cities like Perth and Canberra also and are probably cage bird escapes.\nThe Red-whiskered Bulbuls are non-migratory bulbuls found in tropical Asia - from Pakistan and India through to southeastern Asia and China. They typically roost in loose groups.\nIn parts of India, these birds were popular cage birds, because of their trusting nature so that they were easily captured.\nVEGETABLE HEROESPEA SPROUTS OR PEA SHOOTS.\nPeas are of course Pisum sativum scientifically speaking.\nYou might think that growing sprouts or shoots which have be re—branded as Microgreens is a relatively modern invention.\nIf you did, then you’d be wrong because medicinally and nutritionally, sprouts have a long history.\nDid you know that Ancient Chinese physicians recognized and prescribed sprouts for curing many disorders over 5,000 years ago?\nIn the 1700's, sailors were riddled by scurvy which is of course caused by a lack of Vitamin C.\nBecause of scurvy sailors suffered heavy casualties during their two to three year voyages.\n|Pea sprouts contain heaps of Vitamin C|\nThese plus other fresh fruits and vegetables and a continuous program of growing and eating sprouts were credited with the breakthrough, thus solving the mariners' greatest casualty problem.\nWe obviously don’t have problems with scurvy now so why should we grow Pea Sprouts or Pea shoots as some people call them?\nPea sprouts/shoots are great for small spaces – they grow fast, taste delicious and are rich in Vitamin C, A and protein.\nThey’re easy to grow, they’re also perfect to try if you’re starting out.\nSeeing (and eating!) the fruits of your labour in just in two or three weeks is rewarding and motivating.\nPlus, pea shoots are a good choice for a shady spaces or to grow inside over winter – just sow a stray or two and keep near a bright window.\nSo How Do You grow pea sprouts?\nFirstly, soak the peas in water for 24 hours (dried peas sold for cooking will normally grow fine and are much cheaper than buying seed packets).\nSoaking the peas in water for 24 hours isn’t essential – but it helps to speed up the process of germination and they should double in size.\n|Soak the dried peas first.|\nAn old tray or Styrofoam box from a market stall will do fine – just make sure it has holes in the bottom to allow water to drain out.\nThe trays sold in gardening stores for seed growing are about the right size, too.\nNext Fill your container with compost or potting mix, about1 cm deep to 1 ½ cm below the top.\nIt’s always a good idea to use the best quality potting mix you can find – but having said that, pea shoots are pretty unfussy – and almost any mix seems to be OK.\nAfter that, water the mix then sow the seeds on top of it.\nIf you want to use worm castings, never put more than 20% or 1/5 casting with the mix because you don’t want to burn your new shoots.\nYou can sow them very closer together – I try to leave a gap the size of a pea between each seed.\nIf you wanted to grow full sized pea plants, you’d sow the seeds further apart.\nBut as we’re only growing shoots, we can get away with close spacing\nCover with seed raising mix or potting mix– about the thickness of a pea.\nThen finally water the surface lightly again.\nTIP: if you’re using cheap potting mix, add some vermiculite to increase the water holding capacity and water your sprouts with a seaweed solution every time you water.\nThat’s it! All you need to do now is keep soil is moist – check it everyday for the next 7 – 10 days using the thumb test.\nUse your thumb to press against the top of the soil.\nIf your thumb comes off clean and dry, water the peas.\nIf your thumb comes off even slightly moist or with a little soil, you’re good until tomorrow.\nAnother test is to lift the tray.\nAs you gain experience with growing sprouts and shoots in the container, you’ll get to know how heavy or light the tray is.\nLight trays means it probably needs water.\nIf you are growing on a windowsill, or where there you have light coming in from just one side, you will want to rotate the trays so that the shoots will get sunlight more evenly.\nIn two to three weeks (a bit longer in cold weather) your crop will have grown 7 – 10 cm tall.\nTHAT WAS QUICK BECAUSE YOUR CROP IS NOW READY TO EAT!\n|Good enough to eat, Pea Sprouts|\nYou don’t have to eat them all at once but instead store harvested pea shoots or sprouts in resealable bags in the fridge until you are ready to eat.\nTIP: don’t wash the pea shoots until ready to cook with them.\nThe extra water from washing will deteriorate the pea shoots faster.\nKeep the shoots dry and the pea shoots should stay fresh for over 2 weeks!\nIf you find that there is moisture in the bag, take a single paper towel, and place it in the bag.\nWhen the crop has finished, put the roots in your worm farm or compost heap if you have one. Worms seem to like them very much!\nWhy are they good for You?\nPacked with vitamins A, C and folic acid, Pea Shoots are a delicious, nutritious modern slant on the classic garden pea.\nPea Shoots are a nutritious leaf with high levels of vitamin C and vitamin A.\nBut wait there’s more, they also contain amino acids and they’re quick to prepare providing a tasty and convenient way to help people achieve their ‘5 serves of veg a day’ – especially as they are ideal partners for other vegetables whether served hot or as part of a mixed salad.\nDESIGN ELEMENTSEvergreen or Deciduous Climbers?\nLast week it was all about how plants climb, whether it’s from grasping a support with thin shoots that curl around like in Passionfruit plants, or with hooks as in Bouganvilleas and roses.\n|Wisteria is a deciduous climber|\nBut now you need to decide if you want a deciduous climber or an evergreen climber.\nWhich works best for you?\nLet’s find out. I'm talking with Glenice Buck, Consulting Arborist and Landscape Designer\n|Stephanotis floribunda is an evergreen climber|\nYes you need to think about do you need leaf coverage throughout the whole year?\nPLANT OF THE WEEKColeus species: Solenostemon scutellarioides\nThese plants (Coleus species) have a huge variation in the leaf patterns that you can buy.\n|New Coleus varieties|\nWhat could this plant be? Let’s find out. I'm talking with the plant panel : Karen Smith, editor of Hort Journal www.hortjournal.com.au and Jeremy Critchley, The Green Gallery wholesale nursery owner. www.thegreengallery.com.au\nColeus have square stems with saw-toothed, scalloped or ruffled leaf edges.\nColeus species are frost tender and need winter protection outside the subtropics.\nIn cool temperate climates grow these plants in the conservatory, as house plants, or outdoors as annual bedding plants.\nLeaf patterns are so bizarre they may have inspired Paisley prints on fabrics.\nBut you may just want to brighten that dull corner of your garden and this is the plant to do it with.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter, Ayn Rand is known for her best-selling novels, The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957). Rand was born and educated in Russia from which she relocated to the States in 1926 which fostered within her, a more liberal way of thinking. Her writing style focused on a developing philosophical system, which she referred to as objectivism. Rand's theory of objectivism focused on the theory that reality exists independent of consciousness. She has been a significant influence among libertarians and American conservatives.\nA faultless first edition, first printinginscribed copy of Rand's prolific, Atlas Shrugged published by Random House, in New York (1957) was selling for as much as $22,500 on abebooks.com. Rarelibrary.com also hosts a number of first edition copies of Atlas Shrugged, later printings, for considerably less.\nThe Ayn Rand Institute, a center for the advancement of objectivism, quotes that The Fountainhead \"introduced the world to architect Howard Roark, an intransigent individualist. A man whose arrogant pride in his work is fully earned, Roark is an innovator who battles against a tradition-worshipping society-refusing to compromise his standards in work and life\" which brought attention and acclaim to this 1940s novel on independence and freedom.\nRand, Ayn. We The Living. Macmillan Company, New York (1936). 3000 copies printed.\nRand, Ayn. Anthem. Cassell and Company, London (1938). 3500 copies printed.\nRand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis (1943). first edition points: page number 9 appears as o; referred mispelled refrred at 5th line of page 321; G. W. at page 381; Dominique mispelled Domininque at page 480; 7500 copies printed.\nRand, Ayn. ANTHEM. Pamphleteers, Los Angeles (1946). 1500 copies printed.\nRand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. Random House, New York (1957). Special Tenth Anniversary Edition contain 2000 copies; first issue jacket by: Salter\nRand, Ayn. For the New Intellectual. Random House, New York (1961). The Philosophy of Ayn Rand.\nRand, Ayn. The Virtue of Selfishness. New American Library, New York (1965). A New Concept of Egoism\nRand, Ayn. Capitalism. New American Library, New York (1966). The Unknown Ideal; With additional articles by Nathaniel Branden, Alan Greenspan, and Robert Hessen; 700 copies printed.\nRand, Ayn. The Romantic Manifesto. World Publishing Company, New York and Cleveland (1969). A philosophy of literature.\nRand, Ayn. The Objectivist. Objectivist, New York (1971). Volumes 1-10; These include: 1)The Intellectual Bankruptcy of Our Age 2)Playboy's Interview with Ayn Rand, 3)Global Balkanization 4)Cultural Update, 5)A Study Guide to the Ethics of Objectivism, 6) The Objectivist Forum; Frequent contributors include Leonard Peikoff and Nathaniel Branden, with other contributors as well, including two articles by Alan Greenspan\nRand, Ayn. Philosophy. Bobbs, Merrill, New York (1982). Who Needs It?; Leonard Peikoff (Introduction)\nRand, Ayn. The Fountainhead. Easton Press (1989). The A Novel ( 2 Volumes in Blue Tooled Leather ); Moire Silk Endpapers, Coloured Frontispiece, illustrated by Victoria Vebell commissioned Exclusively for This Book", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Phew! Jeez this one was stressful!\nDr. Laurie says that, “stress is a poison. We can all handle a little bit of poison everyday, but eventually it’s going to take us out.” With any kind of challenge, the brain activates the sympathetic nervous-system. Anxiety is closely related to stress and anxiety is “an age old process from when we were cavemen that there is a tiger in the woods and we’re either going to fight the tiger, run away from the tiger, or freeze and hope the tiger doesn’t see us. As soon as we are challenged by anything, this fight or flight response kicks in and stress hormones are released, such as cortisol and epinephrine. The body “carbs up” and releases glucose and fat to the cells of the body to get away from whatever we view as our tiger.\nMarathoners “carb up” before a marathon because they know with a huge amount of energy they are going to need to run the race and the impending stress they are going to put on their body, they need a huge amount of sugar and fat as stored energy to slowly burn off during the race. The same thing happened with mental stress however with mental stress the body is actually not burning any energy. The body keeps making cortisol and epinephrine, releasing those stress hormones, the feeling of either needing to fight or run is real, however it’s just all in the mind. So all of that sugar stored has nowhere to go so it just gets converted into fat.\nCortisol is an appetite stimulant and so there is a link between chronic stress and weight gain. The body when stressed feels the need to pack away the sugar and fat for the impending marathon only if there’s no marathon, therefor no movement, and noway to burn off those access calories.\nThe fastest way to increase energy is to go for junk food. The more junk food a person eats the less nutritious are their meals and therefore more weight gain. So the two actually really go hand in hand. Interestingly enough though, in a study where scientists locked mice in a cage and added stress by putting in an aggressive mouse, they gave some mice regular mouse food, and other mice junk food (of the mice variety). What is really interesting is the stressed mice eating the junk food gained a huge amount of weight, much more than the stressed regular food eating mice. And the mice that were not subjected to the stress, yet still eating the junk food, gained weight but nowhere near as much as the stressed mice did. So it’s not just the stress that will do you in it’s the stress in combination with the poor diet that does. And it is also been found the region of the brain that plays a roll in modulating emotion influences appetite and how much energy you extol. So the more tired we are, the more stressed we are. If we have workplace conflict the more stressed we are. If we are dieting and we aren’t seeing any results the more stressed we are. And the more stressed we are the more we will reach for high sugar, high fat food in order to make ourselves feel better, comfort ourselves and fool ourselves into feeling less stressed all the while causing more stress because we are not being healthy and so the cycle starts all over again.\nOn the quest to lose 50 pounds in a year. Can she do it? Only time will tell....with the help of this blog.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The challenge is to obtain high quality in situ observations of the Arctic ice sheets and glaciers\nIn recent years a range of satellite sensors are capturing observations of specific interest for the study of ice sheets and glaciers. These include ice elevation and ice mass changes and ice velocity maps. However in situ observational networks are comparatively sparse but are vital to provide ground-truth for the satellite products. Logistical difficulties often mean that it is not possible to revisit instruments more than once every few years, ensuring that robustness takes precedence over other factors. There are a number of efforts to measure parameters around the Greenland ice sheet, nonetheless there is a need to improve the links and integration between these different activities in order to produce new and enhanced climate services needed for the increasingly accessible Arctic region.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Part I: Movies of Active Lava\nThe Island of Hawaii is home to Kilauea volcano, one of the most active volcanoes on Earth. The lava flows from Kilauea are derived from the Earth's mantle, approximately 60 kilometers below the surface. Lava flowing out of the Earth and into the sea is the process that formed the Hawaiian Islands out of the great depths of the Pacific Ocean, and which continues to enlarge the Big Island today. The latest phase of Kilauea's periodic eruptions started in January of 1983, when fountains of molten lava started to build the cinder cone called Pu'u O'o.\nThe three video segments shown here illustrate some of the activity that characterized the active of a vent called Kupaianaha was active to the east of Pu'u O'o between 1989 and 1992. Although each video is quite short, they provide interesting glimpses of active volcanic processes that are difficult to study from still photography.\nThis video shows a general view of the lava lake, which at this time was ~30 meters wide and 15 meters deep. In this view we get a good view of the start of three active lava tubes on the downslope side of the lake. It is through these tubes that the lava starts its 10 km journey to the ocean.\nHere we can see in this video that the solid lake surface is denser than the molten lava, and so sinks into the lake, causing new molten rock to take its place on the surface.\n[next page] [top of this page] [Beginning of Pele Meets the Sea]\nDiving and video movie: Richard Pyle, Jane Culp, Frank Sansone, Gordon Tribble, Jane Tribble, David Schideler, Kevin Kelly, John Earle, Randall Kosaki;Copyright 1990 LavaVideo Productions, 741 N. Kalaheo Avenue, Kailua, HI 96734.\nDigitization and HTML presentation: Cristina Lumpkin and Pierre Flament\nTo see some related photos and for references to some more information that may be of interest, please check out the link to Frank Sansone's web page on our Project Linkspage.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Awareness of the effect of mould on human health has increased in recent years and I see many patients affected by mould toxicity in my clinic.\nEveryone can become sick from over-exposure to ‘biotoxins’ including mould, however most will recover once the exposure is removed. Some people though, are genetically predisposed to becoming sicker from these toxins, because they have an immune response gene called HLA-DR which prevents biotoxins from being detoxified by the body: this ultimately leads to a systemic condition called ‘chronic inflammatory response syndrome’ (CIRS).\nIn addition, patients with Lyme disease will be more sensitive and be more affected from mould toxicity.\nShould we be concerned?\nThe short answer is “Yes”, because biotoxins are extremely common. Water-damaged buildings are a major concern, as mould can grow within these environments in 24–48 hours. In addition, mould can also grow in environments that aren’t water-damaged\nSymptoms of mould toxicity\nThere is a very wide range of non-specific biotoxin accumulation symptoms, which can make mould toxicity and CIRS difficult to diagnose without Bicom bioresonance. These include:\n- memory problems and brain fog (trouble with focus and word recollection, decreased learning ability and confusion; disorientation\n- fatigue and weakness\n- muscle cramping, aches and pains, joint pain without inflammatory arthritis\n- nerve pain or “ice pick” pain; numbness and tingling\n- hypersensitivity to bright light, blurred vision\n- burning or red eyes, tearing\n- sinus problems, cough, shortness of breath and asthma-like symptoms, chronic congestion\n- tremors, vertigo\n- abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea, appetite changes, metallic taste in the mouth, weight loss resistance\n- night sweats and temperature dysregulation, excessive thirst, increased urination\n- frequent static “shocks”, morning stiffness, and skin sensitivity.\nHow do I know if mould is contributing to my poor health?\nUnless you have positive proof of mould in your environment (you can see and smell it), it can be difficult to know if such mould and biotoxins are contributing to your poor health. However, the good news is experienced practitioners using quantum physics devices can test for mould and biotoxin exposure. What’s more, it is also possible to clear the effect of the mould and biotoxins quickly and effectively.\nNaturopathic treatment for Mould Toxicity\nAdditionally, you may also prescribe:\n- Detoxification support – skin brushing, rebounding, homotoxicology detox kits\n- Toxaprevent – a medicated clay that helps to absorb mould biotoxins\n- Clove essential oil – topical use: to infuse spray, on affected areas etc\n- Australian Bush Flower ‘Green’ essence – helps desensitise from mould exposure\nWhat else can you do?\nIf you do have CIRS and you have a genetic difference that makes you unable to remove biotoxins from your system, it is paramount importance to take additional steps to heal yourself. This is where the help of a knowledgeable practitioner who understands how to treat mould toxicity and CIRS effectively is required. To prevent accumulation of biotoxins in your environment:\n- Use air purifiers and sanitisers\n- Be sure to scrub mould off surfaces and dry completely\n- Always fix leaks or other water problems as soon as they arise\n- If absorbent material, such as tiles or carpet, becomes mouldy, throw them away\n- Never paint over or caulk mouldy surfaces\n- Clean and repair roof gutters regularly\n- Regularly have your boiler and central heating system checked\n- Frequently change air conditioner filters and keep drip pans clean and drain lines unobstructed\n- Ensure the ground around buildings slopes away from the foundation, so water doesn’t collect at the base\n- Measure indoor humidity with a meter and keep it between 30 and 50 percent, no more. Use a de-humidifier if necessary and/or increase ventilation\n- Make sure kitchens, laundry rooms and bathrooms are well ventilated\n- Never carpet an area that is exposed to moisture, such as a bathroom\nMould illness or CIRS is an issue that needs to be taken seriously. If you suspect your home has a mould problem, take the necessary steps to eradicate it and book yourself a consultation today!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This list presents all the reliable recordings of freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria and photosynthetic algae in the British Isles (with the exception of some diatoms). Brackish water and intertidal cyanobacteria are also included as there are recordings of a few species from both freshwater and marine environments. The list is accurate as of November 2014.\nThe list is the fifth update of one prepared for what was then called the Water Data Unit of the (UK) Department of the Environment in 1978. It incorporates the many taxonomic and nomenclatural changes and new species records since the previous version in 2003.*\nThe currently accepted names are sometimes a compromise between taxonomic experts. If there were conflicting views, the name adopted is usually the one proposed by the taxonomic specialist who prepared the chapter on the group for the second edition of the British freshwater algal flora. The rejected name is simply listed as one of the maximum of three synonyms given for each entry (only two in earlier versions). Obscure or long discarded synonyms are not included.\nIn taxonomically problematic groups caution should be used in converting one name to another. The limits for two described taxa may not be identical. In such cases we recommend checking the original sources (a Flora or monograph).\nEven though we have adopted a cautious approach, many names in the present list differ from those in the 2003 version. In some cases we have retained the old names even where revisions have been proposed. This is because it seems likely that further revisions will change the names again within a few years, especially in the Cyanobacteria.\nRecords for the British Isles\nApart from some diatoms, all the organisms listed have been recorded at some time. In the great majority of cases the sources can be found in the Bibliography (PDF).\nThe British freshwater algal flora is probably still much under-recorded, however, especially in the far west of Ireland and Scotland. The present scarcity of phycologists with taxonomic training in Britain and Ireland means that a near complete list is unlikely in the near future.\nEarlier versions of the Coded List were also aided at different times by Christine Sinclair, the late Nigel T H Holmes, Leslie R Johnson, Paul N G Boulton, Martyn G Kelly and Elizabeth Y Haworth. The main diatom list has not been revised from that provided by Kelly and Haworth for the 2003 version of the list. However, the names do correspond to the list used for the Environmental Change Network provided by Laurence Carvalho in 2008.\nThe author(s) cited after a scientific name are given according to the abbreviations of Brummitt and Powell (1992), with the exceptions of Grunow, van Goor and W West (instead of Grunow, Van Goor and West). Authors not in this publication are given in full with initials.\nThe attached gives more information on the 8-digit number used in the checklist.\nBrodie J, Codd G A, Mann D (2008) The decline in the number of algal taxonomists in the UK. The Phycologist 75: 23.\nBrummitt R K, Powell C E (1992) Authors of Plant Names. A List of Authors of Scientific Names of Plants, with Recommended Standard Forms of Their Names, Including Abbreviations. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\nJohn D M, Whitton B A, Brook A J (eds) (2011) The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.\nWhitton B A, John D M, Kelly M G, Haworth E Y (2003) A Coded List of Freshwater Algae of the British Isles. Second Edition. World-wide Web electronic publication.\nThanks to Michael Guiry, who checked all species entries (except diatoms) against those in AlgaeBase, and to those who told us of new additions to the flora, including J H Belcher, C F Carter, J T Krokowski, P Lang, A Pentecost, E M F Swale and D B Williamson.\nBrian A Whitton: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE\nDavid M John: Life Sciences Department, Genomics and Microbiology Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD\nPrepared for publication by:\nC Isabella Tindall: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB\nQueries and comments\nUpdates for the Coded List will be published annually in the newsletter of the British Phycological Society (The Phycologist, edited by J T Krokowski).\n*Some of these changes are mentioned and explained in the second edition of The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles (John et al 2011).\nFreshwater Algal List 2014 (Excel file)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is the difference between reading numbers as they are presented, and interpreting them in a mature, deeper way? One way perhaps to look at the latter is what statisticians call ‘confidence interval’.\nSuppose I look at a sampling of 100 americans who are asked if they approve of the job the supreme court is doing. Let us say for simplicity’s sake that the only two answers possible are yes or no. Out of 100, say 40% say yes. As an ordinary person, you would think 40% of people just approve. But a deeper answer would be – the true proportion of americans who approve of the job the supreme court is doing is between x% and y%.\nHow confident I am that it is? About z%. (the common math used is 95%). That is an answer that is more reflective of the uncertainty related to questioning people and taking the answers to be what is truly reflective of an opinion. The x and y values make up what is called a ‘confidence interval’.\nLet us illustrate this with an example.\nFrom this article – out of a random sampling of 1089 people, 41% approved of the job the supreme court was doing. To construct the confidence interval, the first step is to determine if this sampling satisfies the needs for a normal distribution.\nStep 1: Is the data from a normal distribution?\nWhen we do not have the entire dataset with us, we use the below two rules to determine this:\n1 The sample observations are independent – from the article it seems like random people were selected so this is safe to assume.\n2 We need a minimum of 10 successes and 10 failures in the sample. – ie np >=10 and n(1-p) >= 10. This is called ‘success failure condition‘. Our n here is 1089, and p is 0.41. So successes are 1089*41 = 446.49 and failures are 642.5. Both are larger than 10, so we are good.\nStep 2: Calculate standard error or standard deviation of the confidence interval is calculated as square root of p(1-p)/n. In this case it is square root of 0.41*0.59/1089 which is 0.0149.\nStep 3: Find the right critical value to use – we want a 95% confidence in our estimates, so the critical value recommended for this is 1.96.\nStep 4: Calculate confidence interval – Now we have all we need to calculate confidence interval. The formula to use is point estimate +- (critical value x standard error) which is 0.41 + (1.96*0.0149) = 0.4392, and 0.41 – (1.96*0.0149) = 0.3807.\nSo, we can say with 95% confidence that the true proportion of americans who approve of the supreme court is between 38.07% and 43.92%.\nWe can spare ourselves all this trouble by using a simple function in R as below, and we get the same results. We need to pass to this function what is 41% of 1089, which is 446.49.\nJust typing prop.test(446.49, 1089) gets answers as below:\nSo, with just two figures – the sample count and percentage value, we were able to derive a deeper conclusion of what this data might mean. Thanks for reading!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Eyegaze Edge eye tracking technology http://www.eyegaze.com/ Communicate with the world using the power of your eyes\nThe Eyegaze Edge is an eye-operated communication and control system that empowers people with disabilities to communicate and interact with the world. By looking at control keys or cells displayed on a screen, a user can generate speech either by typing a message or selecting pre-programmed phrases.\nEyegaze Edge Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance the quality of life of people with disabilities all over the world.\nVirtual Multisensory Room http://www.helpkidzlearn.com/stories/sensory-room Virtual Multisensory Room\nLook at the pictures and tell the story in your own words: What can you see in the multisensory room? Do you like the bubble tube or disco lights best? Click a mouse, touch the screen or press a switch to see what happens next.\nA fun cause and effect activity - look at the pictures and talk about the story in your own words: What can you see in the multi-sensory room? Do you like the bubble tube or disco lights best? Touch the screen to see what happens next. Switch access for one or two switches is included for users with motor difficulties who need switch input.\nAssistive Technology: Resource Roundup http://www.edutopia.org/assistive-technology-resources Assistive Technology: Resource Roundup\nEdutopia's guide to assistive technology will help you navigate some of the available websites, resources, and tools related to assistive technology and accessible instructional materials: from getting started, to tips, to finding appropriate technology and need-specific resources.\nFinding Assistive Technology | Tips and Tools\n| Need-Specific Resources | Universal Design for Learning | Additional Resources on the Web |\n5 Powerful Assistive Tech Being Used In Classrooms http://www.edudemic.com/assistive-technologies/ 5 Powerful Assistive Technologies Being Used In Classrooms\nAdaptive Mousing | Closed Captioning & Subtitling | Video Magnifiers | Screen Readers | Word Talk |\nHenry Evans and Chad Jenkins: Meet the robots for humanity http://bit.ly/1iwZFOs Henry Evans and Chad Jenkins: Meet the robots for humanity\nICT for Inclusion project http://bit.ly/1195khn ICT for Inclusion project\nThe European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education ICT for Inclusion project activities will run during 2012 and 2013. The aim is to collect information on the use of ICT for Inclusion – that is using ICT to support the learning of learners with disabilities and special educational needs in inclusive settings within compulsory education.\nAs a framework the project, the focus will be upon five key propositions that can be identified within the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) in relation to the use of ICTs in education. These propositions are ...\nICT and SEN – a case study http://www.sec-ed.co.uk/best-practice/ict-and-sen-a-case-study/ ICT and SEN – a case study\nICT has a powerful role to play in supporting the learning of children with SEN. Richard Harrold looks at the technologies that his school is using.\nIn my school, we use a variety of technological tools, both static and mobile, hardware and software, to engage our SEN students in deeper thinking and increasing engagement within the classroom.\nThe tools themselves, however, do not guarantee greater quality of learning, it is how the pedagogy changes to reflect new technology where the real difference is seen.\nIntroduction to Assistive Technology #webinar #SETSIG #ISTE http://setsig.iste.wikispaces.net/Professional+Development Archived Recording : Introduction to Assistive Technology #webinar #SETSIG #ISTE [March 2013]\nWhat is “Assistive Technology”?\nThis session wass designed for people working in Special Education and new to the field of Assistive Technology.\nIt will provide a cursory fundamental overview of assistive technology (AT) as well as a snapshot of AT supports for people of different abilities, ages and environments.\nTopics to be covered will include: Consideration, Student Assessment, Access Issues, Mobile Learning Devices, Accessible Instructional Materials, Intellectual, Sensory and Physical Impairments and will be highlighted through real-world examples.\nA wonderful opportunity to increase your general awareness about assistive technology and have your questions answered.\nPresenters : Mike Marotta and Kirk Behnke CLICK to go to the recording\nDigital Citizenship for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders #sls13 http://admin20.org/page/summit-recordings Digital Citizenship Education for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders\nA presentation in the 2013 School Leadership Summit #webinar #sls13\nThis free conference was held online, 28 March 2013, and was a unique chance to participate in a collaborative global conversation on school leadership with presentations by your peers.\nWebinar using the Blackboard Collaborate platform.\nOne switch. One head. The world. http://youtu.be/cSSgndQ5mVs An amazing collection of (ICT & SEN) videos made by Christopher Hills (icdhills) who has cerebral palsy, which means he cannot walk or use his hands.\nCamera Mouse http://cameramouse.org/ Camera Mouse is a free program that enables you to control the mouse pointer on your computer screen just by moving your head.\nCamera Mouse was invented at Boston College to help people with disabilities use the computer. We make it available for free download, with no gimmicks or advertisements or registration, because we want to help as many people as possible.\nMaKey MaKey http://www.makeymakey.com/ MaKey MaKey An Invention Kit for Everyone\nWe believe that everyone is creative, inventive, and imaginative. We believe that everyone can create the future and change the world. So we have dedicated our lives to making easy-to-use invention kits.\nBefore we created MaKey MaKey we worked on other creative tools and invention kits such as Drawdio, Singing Fingers, and Scratch.\nWhat Can I Make?\nThat's up to you! First, load up a computer program or any webpage.\nBritish Assistive Technology Association http://bataonline.org/ British Assistive Technology Association\nTo campaign for the rights and interests of those needing Assistive Technology.\nTo provide expert and impartial support and advice to government departments and agencies\nUsing Technology to Rise Above Disabilities http://bit.ly/PtfaHS The Connected Child: Using Technology to Rise Above Disabilities\nThe caregivers of a child with a rare genetic disorder use a range of technologies like tablets and smart phones to help her learn, track her care and provide consistent learning experiences.\n50 Google+ Circles Teachers Should Know About http://bit.ly/GIgVxd 50 Google+ Circles Teachers Should Know About Special Needs\nSpecial Educational Needs Portal Insight http://www.vital.ac.uk/portal-insight/special-educational-needs Special Educational Needs Portal Insight\nThe SEN portal will focus on practical help for classroom practitioners through sharing ideas, looking at what works and exploring affordable, often free, tools for supporting children.\nWe will try and offer something of interest to everyone, and bring ideas and opinions for them to consider and adapt to their needs. News, views, practical ideas!\nTEL.A.VISION http://telavision.tv/ TEL.A.VISION is a proven Web 2.0 online curriculum and website that inspires youth, especially Special Education and At Risk youth, to create and share visions of hope and possibility through personal “vision videos.”\nTEL.A.VISION personal vision videos will decrease the number of Special Education and At Risk dropouts by giving students a tool to create a new way of thinking positively about their futures, giving them more hope and more social and emotional support. As has been said many times, “Whether students believe they can or they believe they can’t, they’re right.”\ninov8 http://www.inov8-ed.com inov8 Educational Consulting works with educators, families and their children with special needs, to integrate highly effective assistive technology tools into their lives at home and school. Assistive technology is software and hardware specifically designed to help bypass the difficulties associated with a disabilit\nVerbally : iPad App helping with Speech Impediments http://bit.ly/hmIdad The iPad has earned itself a new useful function with the launch of the free app, Verbally.\nPlaced in the medical category, Verbally is an assisted speech solution that turns the iPad into a communication aid.\nVerbally is listed as a potential communication aid for people with apraxia, ALS, stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s, cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.\nP scales Index (UK) http://www.theingots.org/community/pscales The P Scales are a set of criteria or performance descriptions \"...for measuring the progress of pupils for whom the early levels of the National Curriculum are not appropriate.\"\n\"The performance descriptions have been written for use with pupils of all ages and with a range of special educational needs. The descriptions are not a full description of all that pupils might achieve. They are intended to provide a framework on to which the progress of pupils, measured using the school's own assessment scheme, can be mapped.\nSEN Teacher http://www.senteacher.org/ SEN Teacher\nSEN Teacher provides cost-free teaching & learning resources for students with special needs and learning disabilities. Many resources here may also be of use to educators of primary and elementary students.\nMobile Apps for the Disabled http://bit.ly/aVVDWI Mobile Apps for the Disabled\nThinkContacts is a new mobile application being developed by Nokia which would allow a disabled person to select a contact from a list and place a phone call to that person using only their mind.\niPhone Apps for (Special) Education http://bit.ly/cfpAMN iPhone, iPad and iPod touch Apps for (Special) Education\nLarge Pointers (free) ... give your eyes a break http://bit.ly/g8NKc Large Pointers 1.0\nOver 80 additional pointers and cursors for those with visual or perceptual difficulties. Icon styles include animated, coloured, large, I-beams and circles.\nThe pointers have been designed here at the ACE Centre, so if you have a need or a suggestion for a particular pointer style, please let us know.\ny-accessibility http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/y-accessibility/ y-accessibility is a group where users of various Yahoo! services, such as Yahoo! Home Page, Mail, Search, News, Sports, Buzz, Finance, Tech, Weather, etc, can exchange their experiences regarding the accessibility features of these and other Yahoo! products.\nThis group will offer:\nUpdates from the Yahoo! Accessibility Team.\nTips and tricks on using various Yahoo! products.\nAccessible Twitter http://accessibletwitter.com/ Accessible Twitter is an alternative to the Twitter.com website.\nIt is designed to be easier to use and is optimized for disabled users.\nGoogle Web Search for the Visually Impaired http://www.google.com/accessibility/ Google Accessible Web Search for the Visually Impaired \"We are committed to finding accessibility solutions that make our services work better for all of our users.\"\nWii Therapy for Special Needs Students http://bit.ly/58Dwai Wii Therapy for Special Needs Students\nThe popular Wii video gaming system has revolutionized how video games are played, but did you know that it also has a valuable place in special needs classrooms?\n100 Useful ICT Tools for Special Needs Students http://bit.ly/V5KLx 100 Useful ICT Tools for Special Needs Students & Educators\nWith all of the new trends and tools in education technology, there’s no reason for special needs students and their teachers and parents to be left behind.\nThis list of 100 useful tools can help anyone with a learning disability like ADHD, dyslexia or test anxiety, as well as students with visual or hearing impairments, use the Internet and other technology systems to help them with reading, math, organization, social skills, and more.\nThe OATS Project Consortium http://www.oatsoft.org/ The OATS Project Consortium\nOpen Source Assistive Technology Software\nOATSoft is dedicated to improving Assistive Technology and computer accessibility through the power of Open Source development techniques. OATSoft makes the best Open Source Assistive Technology Software (OATS) easy to find.\nAssistive Technology Software allows people with disabilities to overcome some of the disabling effects of society and technology, including computer and web accessibility.\nThis iPhone is “Touchier” Than Most http://www.yankodesign.com/2008/12/01/this-iphone-is-touchier-than-most/ This iPhone is “Touchier” Than Most .. for the visually impaired\nThis Silicon Touch iPhone case works in tandem with an app to allow special accessibility functions like text to speech and moon type tactile feedback. The case is engraved with modified bas-relief buttons each corresponding to a modified home screen on the iPhone. None of the phone’s functions are compromised. Multi-touch and finger flick scrolling are all intact. BRILLIANT!\nAssistive Technology Tutorials by Atomic Learning http://movies.atomiclearning.com/uk/assistivetechnology Atomic Learning's Assistive Technology Collection includes short, show-and-tell video tutorials that empower educators to use and apply assistive technology. The foci of these tutorials are:\n| Special education software | Assistive technology devices | Software accessibility training tutorials |\nExamples of tutorials: Boardmaker 6, Overboard, WordQ, SpeakQ, Co:Writer, Inspiration, Kidspiration, as well as accessibility features in Leopard, Windows XP and Vista.\nMy Computer My Way http://www.abilitynet.org.uk/myway/ My Computer My Way\nDo you need help in making your computer easier to use? Let's look at the many ways you can make your keyboard and mouse, Windows, the internet and your favourite applications suit you and your needs...\nComputer Technology in Special Education SEN http://www.closingthegap.com/ Computers are tools that can provide solutions to many problems facing people with disabilities today.\nClosing The Gap, Inc. is an organization that focuses on computer technology for people with special needs through its bi-monthly newspaper, annual international conference and extensive web site.\nTechnologies for K-12 Students With Special Needs USA http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/technlgy/te700.htm Enhancing System Change and Academic Success\nThrough Assistive Technologies for K-12 Students With Special Needs USA\nAssistive technologies are technologies that support students with disabilities, of which a total of 6.5 million were being served through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 1997 in 2002 (Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, 2002). IDEA defines an assistive technology device as \"any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability\" (IDEA, 1997, p. 8).\nOverview | Goals | Action Options | Pitfalls | Different Viewpoints | Cases | References\nThe Oxford ACE Centre http://www.ace-centre.org.uk/acemain.asp The Oxford ACE Centre provides a focus for the use of technology with the communication and educational needs of young people with physical and communication difficulties.\nWe offer a wide variety of services including in-depth individual assessments, information, and specialist training for parents and professionals.\nWeb Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0) http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/ W3C published the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0) as a Recommendation in May 1999. This Working Draft for version 2.0 builds on WCAG 1.0. It has the same aim: to explain how to make Web content accessible to people with disabilities and to define target levels of accessibility.\nIncorporating feedback on WCAG 1.0, this Working Draft of version 2.0 focuses on checkpoints. It attempts to apply checkpoints to a wider range of technologies and to use wording that may be understood by a more varied audience.\nweb | accessibility | SEN | ICT | IT | disability | disabilities | guidelines |\nA Wearable Aid for Special Kids http://www.wired.com/news/school/0,1383,52148,00.html Jeremy Rossiter was not able to speak when he first entered Lisa Zverloff's class for the multiple-handicapped. The third-grader, who is autistic, communicated by hitting and biting.\nBut with the help of a wearable computer, Jeremy learned to mimic, then utter, words and small phrases.\nZverloff says the durable, touch-screen portable computers have made her students more independent and confident. Some kids use it all day; others use it for specific activities. Several students are able to fully participate in mainstream classrooms while using the devices.\nIT | ICT | SEN | special needs |", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Since 1998, the Universal Service Fund’s E-Rate program has funded telecommunications and broadband connections for schools and libraries around the United States. There is bipartisan agreement that the program needs to move towards funding next-generation technologies and focus on giving students access to broadband, but there isn’t a consensus on how to get there. The Senate Commerce Committee held a hearing on E-Rate reform on July 17, 2013. On July 19, the Federal Communications Commission will hold an Open Meeting at which the FCC will introduce a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on E-Rate, the first administrative step towards crafting a new framework for the program.\nThe FCC should:\n- Adjust the E-Rate program so that it no longer funds traditional landline telephone service or other obsolete technologies, and instead focuses on connecting students to the Internet via broadband connections.\n- Simplify E-Rate’s complex application process, which increases costs on schools and libraries and skews the distribution of benefits.\n- Require E-Rate recipients to publicly report exactly how they are using their funding so taxpayers and the Commission can curb waste, fraud and abuse in the program.\n- Ensure that funding goes to the schools and libraries who need it most, instead of those who can afford to game the system.\nWhat is E-Rate?\nThe Schools and Libraries Program, colloquially known as “E-Rate,” is the portion of the Universal Service Program that funds connecting schools and libraries to telecommunications services and the Internet. The program was enacted as part of the 1996 Telecommunications Act and went into effect in 1998.\n- Schools and libraries receive telecommunications and Internet access services, known as Priority One services, at a discounted rate. They also receive discounts for “internal connections,” known as Priority Two services, including the physical wires, modems, firewalls, servers, software and other such components that connect classrooms to the Internet (but not computers themselves).\n- When first implemented, E-Rate had an annual funding cap of $2.25 billion. Since 2010, the cap has been adjusted for inflation, to $2.38 billion — just over $40 per student.\n- Roughly 90% of the funding goes to schools; 10% to libraries.\n- If accepted — after a complicated and expensive process — schools and libraries can receive discounts on communications services of between 20% and 90%, depending on the percentage of students eligible for the National School Lunch Program in the school (or in the school district where the library is located).\n- All accepted requests for Priority One services are fulfilled before any Priority Two (connectivity software and hardware) funds are dispersed. Priority Two services are then funded until the annual cap has been exhausted. Typically only about 20% of requests for Priority Two services have been funded, meaning millions of dollars in requests for “internal connections” are denied every year.\n- Telecommunications and Internet providers are incentivized to participate in the program because the discounts given to schools and libraries are deducted from their required Universal Service Fund contributions — essentially functioning like a tax credit.\nWhat are the problems with the current E-Rate program?\n- Priorities : E-Rate still prioritizes traditional telephone services, even paging, ahead of broadband connectivity for classrooms. The fact that Priority Two services are fulfilled after Priority One funds are dispersed means that 80% of requests for actually bringing broadband into classrooms are denied.\n- Complexity : The E-Rate application process is incredibly complicated and difficult to navigate. School districts routinely hire expensive outside consultants to navigate the process or risk having their applications denied. There is a decade-long backlog of appeals for denied applications.\n- Red tape: It often takes up to three years for schools and libraries to receive E-Rate funding. Each year, $400 million in allocated funds are never actually dispersed due to delays and administrative missteps.\n- Accountability: There is currently no mechanism to monitor how schools and libraries use their funding.\n- Uncertainty : E-Rate funding is disbursed on a year-to-year basis, which makes it difficult for administrators to plan for their own school’s needs.\n- Perverse incentives : Schools that receive larger discounts have little incentive to spend their dollars efficiently. For example, a school receiving a 90% discount only pays $1 for each $9 it receives from the E-Rate program. This disparity has historically led to schools with a 90% discount requesting about twice as much from E-Rate as schools receiving up to a 79% discount. When schools have little skin in the game, they are prone to request much more than they need and spend it carelessly.\n- For example, a service provider in New York billed the program $81,600 for Internet access expansion in a Brooklyn school where students are not even allowed to use the Internet.\nWhat reforms have been proposed?\nRepublicans and Democrats alike have acknowledged that the E-Rate program needs to be reformed, but disagree on what an E-Rate 2.0 should look like. President Obama has outlined his ConnectED program which creates broad new goals for E-Rate, such as:\n- Ensuring 99% of students have broadband access in schools and libraries within five years;\n- Upgrading broadband speeds to ensure that all schools and libraries have 100 Mbps connections;\n- Training teachers how to incorporate new technology into their lessons; and\n- Providing students with next-generation educational devices such as digital textbooks.\nFCC Commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel has proposed reforms consistent with President Obama’s ConnectED program, which would:\n- Increase E-Rate funding to meet increased demand.\n- E-Rate funding will be increased through reallocating other Universal Service Fund spending to E-Rate and eliminating waste, fraud, and abuse in the program. No additional government spending will be necessary.\nProvide every school with access to 100 Megabits per 1000 students by 2015; by 2020, every school should have access to 1 Gigabit per 1000 students. Encourage and institute new and creative public-private partnerships. Simplify the process for applicants: Because the current E-Rate system might be deterring small and rural schools from applying for funding, Commissioner Rosenworcel suggested multi-year applications as a means of reducing paperwork and administrative expenses for applicants.\nCommissioner Ajit Pai has proposed a more substantial restructuring of the program:\n- Simplified application process : Applicants would complete only two short forms — a one-page application and a report on how they used the money. A USF employee will perform all the necessary calculations. Consultants will no longer be necessary.\n- Responsible funding : The E-Rate budget would be divided on a per-student basis, with more funding allocated per-student in rural or low-income areas. Schools would receive funding based on the number of students who attend, meaning that funds will now follow students, instead of the sliding scale used today (based on the percentage of students eligible for the National School Lunch program). To ensure that all schools have an incentive to use their funding efficiently, they must contribute $1 for every $3 they receive, whereas some schools currently pay only $1 for every $9 in E-Rate funding.\n- Next-generation technologies : The distinction between Priority One and Priority Two services would be eliminated. That would allow schools and libraries to use E-Rate funding on communications services and hardware as they see fit, provided they are used for educational purposes. The program would no longer fund stand-alone phone service, because the focus of the E-Rate program should be connecting students to the Internet and not funding phone service for administrators.\n- Transparency and accountability : School administrators would certify that all E-Rate funds are being used to help students learn , not running phone lines to garages, providing Internet access for football field houses, or paying teachers’ cell phone bills. The USF administrator would maintain a website where parents, teachers, and the public can examine exactly how each school is using its E-Rate funding.\n- Fiscal responsibility : The plan would generate $1 billion for broadband connections without increasing the E-Rate budget by eliminating landline telephones and other obsolete technologies from the program’s eligible services and reducing by 75% the amount of funding left unspent each year due to administrative oversights.\nTo browse all the links in this document, please visit:\n- ConnectED: President Obama’s Plan for Connecting All Schools to the Digital Age (June 6, 2013), http:// tch.fm/18l3UXV\n- E-Rate 2.0: Commissioner Rosenworcel’s Plan to Reboot National Education (June 3, 2013), http:// tch.fm/18l45SV\n- Remarks of Commissioner Pai on Connecting the American Classroom: A Student-Centered E-Rate Program (July 16, 2013), http://tch.fm/1aqyrEo", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Every field, industry or area of focus has its own vocabulary. While some words are the same as in other fields, their meanings in the library context may be specific. We don't, however, give new people to the profession a long list of vocabulary words for them to memorize. Yes, we may give them words related to a specific topic/class, and then hope that through reading and professional engagement that they will learn the rest. However, that combination may not teach a new person enough vocabulary.\nI have been in situations where an emerging professional assumes the definition of words/phrases without ever looking them up or trying to discern their correct usage from how others are using the words. Sadly, when someone talks about a topic and uses the wrong vocabulary, it can be a turn-off to those who are listening. If that occurs in a classroom or on an assignment, there is an opportunity to make a correction. When that occurs on a job interview, it will likely lead to an unhappy ending (no job offer). So for no other reason than employment, working to understand a field's vocabulary is important. However, it is also important in the day-to-day work environment because it assures that we're communicating well.\nThe Internet has provided a way for all of us to discern the correct meanings of words through web sites, dictionaries, trade and peer reviewed articles, and eTextbooks. For those resources to be helpful to us, we each need to take a few steps:\n- Keep track of those words you don't understand. Write them somewhere, so you can look them up later. I used to write words I didn't understand in the margin of my notes, so they were easy to find.\n- Look of those words you don't understand. You can start with a dictionary, but you may want to check usage by seeing how the word/phrase has been used in an LIS journal. By the way, your assumption will be that the way the word was used you heard/read it originally was correct; however, you might discovery that it had actually been used incorrectly! (And, yes, faculty do sometimes use vocabulary incorrectly.)\n- Use the word - correctly - so you learn it. That use might be in a conversation, a paper, or elsewhere. As our K-12 teachers reminded us, when you use a word correctly, you are deepening your learning.\n- Understand what the acronyms are in the profession. While it is important to use them, it is also important to use their definitions. For example, not all librarians work with youth and thus recognize the acronym \"YA\". Show you library intelligence to other LIS professionals by both using the phrase \"young adult\" and the acronym \"YA\", when you're talking about this group. You are demonstrating your ability to talk without jargon and your ability to use jargon.By the way, remember to limit your jargon with your library community. They should not have to understand our jargon in order to talk with us.\n- Spell library vendor names correctly, which includes capitalization and spacing. For example, it is \"LexisNexis,\" not \"Lexis Nexis\" or \"Lexis-Nexis.\"\n- Recognize if specific words (jargon) are associated with a specific library vendor. For example, while some seem to use the word \"libguide\" generically, it actually refers to the SpringShare content management system. If you're not using SpringShare, consider what word or phrase you might use instead.\nInterested in having Digitization 101 delivered to your inbox? Use the sign-up box on the right side of the blog or use the box in this post.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With persisting drought and high temperatures, forest and county officials are preparing for beetle infestations at a scale that the county has not seen for a century or more.\n\"These infestations are spreading about as rapidly as is biologically feasible,\" said Andy Cadenhead, forester with the U.S. Forest Service.\n\"Many of these areas are going to see lots and lots of dead trees. All the trees aren't going to die, but the big ones are going to die. It's really going to change the appearance of the forest.\"\nOfficials are encouraging people with uninfected mature pine and spruce trees to do preventative sprayings and are warning the public of increased danger of wildfires because of the dead trees.\nIf people living near forests do not create a defensible space around their homes, \"it probably will be forced on (them) in a fire situation, and we don't want to do that,\" said Routt County Emergency Services Director Chuck Vale.\nSpruce and mountain pine beetles are native to these forests but stay at low populations until the right mix of conditions, such as old trees and hot, dry weather, allows their populations to explode.\nThe spruce beetles infestation began in the Routt National Forest after the 1997 Blow Down, in which trees in 13,000 acres were pushed over by an intense windstorm, and perfect conditions for beetle populations to grow were created.\nThe mountain pine beetle population took off because of the recent hot, dry weather, and they have infested trees mostly on private land in the Stagecoach and North Routt County areas. But officials are expecting the bugs to make their way into public land trees soon.\nThe Forest Service has plans to aggressively combat the bugs in campgrounds and in the Steamboat Ski Area, in hopes of preserving trees that are important for economic and aesthetic reasons, Cadenhead said. They will continue to thin forests in North Routt County and will start to combat mountain pine beetles on the west side of Gore Pass, where populations quickly are growing.\nThe Forest Service also is looking to support businesses or individuals who might be able to help combat the beetles, from a couple who drives around with a chainsaw cutting dead trees, to business owners who want to open a new sawmill.\nMatt Blecha of Steamboat Lake State Park said the park has a plan to treat 150 acres of infested parkland. The focus is on five high-priority areas, including Sunrise Vista and the Tombstone nature trail, which are important for recreation and campgrounds, he said.\nAll efforts to address the infestation involve selectively spraying uninfected trees, thinning forests before the bugs arrive and cutting and destroying infected trees.\nOfficials are not working to stop the epidemic because beetle epidemics are natural to forests and because halting the infestations would be impossible. Rather, the goal is to keep valuable stands of trees alive.\nFor residents who have been spraying their trees, this is not the year to stop, Routt County Commissioner Doug Monger said. If they do stop, they likely will find the trees they had spent money to protect will quickly succumb to the beetles.\n\"You've been making the investment,\" Monger said. \"Don't quit now because we're not over the hump.\"\n-- To reach Susan Bacon, call 871-4203\nor e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This books includes 8 chapters which cover Fundamental concept of Information Communication Technology in Rural Perspective. Chapter 1 includes the concept and importance of Rural development. Chapter 2 Technology in rural Perspective has been discussed. Chapter 3 Basic, Definition and Research based thinks and importance of ICT in development has been discussed. Chapter 4 includes Information communication technology for community and implementation process. Chapter 5 include various project on ICT in india and model frame have been discussed. Digital India Programme are discussed in chapter 6. Chapter 7 various Project and implementation of ICT system in Gujarat state. Chapter 8 includes the Perspective of ICT Model in Rural development based on Research are discussed in details.\nBinding: Paperback (Perfect Binding)\nAvailability: In Stock (Print on Demand)\nIncredible Websites for every indian netizen by Spectacular Concepts\nEARN MONEY ONLINE by LETIZIA\nSiebel Business Analyst ( BA ) Redbook by MD AZIZUDDIN AAMER\nDesign Patterns by Mainak Biswas", "label": "No"}
{"text": "All About Women’s Health\nWelcome to a site that is All About Women’s Health. Men are different than women and viva la difference. However, differences in basic biology become medically important in the pathology and treatment of disease. For instance:\n- Men and women display different symptoms of heart attack. Chest pain is most common in men while women’s symptoms are more subtle, often being generalized fatique, abdominal pain and nausea.\n- Women with irritable bowel syndrome will respond better to a serotonin receptor antagonist than men.\n- Ibuprofen, as a pain reliever, is not as effective in women as in men.\n- Nicotine replacement therapy is more effective in men than women.\n- Women metabolize alcohol more slowly than men because they make less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase. Therefore, less alcohol intake is required in women to reach the same blood alcohol level.\n- Some language functions are active in both sides of a woman’s brain but only in one hemisphere in men.\n- Women experience depression two to three times more often than men, which may be due, in part, to a much lower rate of serotonin synthesis in women.\n- A new herpes virus vaccine is ineffective in men but works in some women.\nWe have assembled information on topics that are of great interest to women and those who love them.\nInformation on Managing Menopause\nMenopause may be part of a number of adjustments that women experience at midlife. At the same time a woman is beginning to experience signs and symptoms of menopause, she is usually approaching her fifties. Managing menopause can take place amidst changing family roles, looking after aging parents, thinking about retirement and wondering what she will do with the rest of her life.\nFor some women however, menopause may occur at an earlier age. Early menopause (also known as premature menopause) affects almost 10 per cent of women under the age of forty – with some being diagnosed in their twenties, or even their late teens. Surgical menopause is when the ovaries are removed at surgery prior to natural menopause, (also known as oophorectomy).\nDefinition of Menopause\n- Menopause is a natural event that is said to have occurred when a woman has not menstruated naturally for 12 consecutive months.\n- Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 48 and 55.\n- Among Australian women, the average age is about 51 to 52 years.\n- A few women experience menopause much earlier and others may still be menstruating in their late fifties.\nWISDOM: HT beyond menopause\nFollowing confirmatory studies, women have again been advised not to start hormone therapy in their older age, many years beyond menopause. Another large study to report on hormone therapy use in older women, the WISDOM study published 12 July, has confirmed that combined oestrogen and progestin results in a small increase in the risk of heart attacks and blood clots.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One of the main components of NASA’s vision for the future of space exploration will actually have a keen eye for the past. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scheduled to launch in 2018, will have spectacular sight—after it reaches orbit, one of its main goals is to observe the first galaxies that formed in the early universe.\n“JWST offers new capabilities in the infrared well beyond what we can see from current telescopes, either on the ground or in space. It will let us explore the early universe, extrasolar planets, and really, all branches of astrophysics,” says Lee Feinberg, optical telescope element manager for the JWST at Goddard Space Flight Center.\nBuilding such a keen space telescope is an astronomic task. Because JWST will gaze over such incredible distances, it requires very large mirrors. In fact, the primary mirror will be more than two stories in diameter and consists of 18 separate segments. Each segment must be perfectly smooth, flat, and scratch-free in order to deliver a view 13 billion light years away.\nConstruction of the 18 mirror segments involved measuring, grinding, polishing, and testing—and more measuring, grinding, polishing, and testing—and more measuring, grinding, polishing, and testing (you get the idea). One of the most time consuming steps of the mirror development process—the grinding phase— can take years.\nTo polish the JWST’s mirror segments, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center contracted with Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems and Ball Aerospace, which contracted with L3 Communications’ Tinsley Facility in Richmond, California. A subcontractor to L3 at the time, WaveFront Sciences of Albuquerque, NM, worked at the facility to assist with polishing by developing a system for metrology (measurement) testing of the large JWST mirrors after grinding. (See Figure 1) Called the infrared Scanning Shack Hartmann System, the technology enabled testing of the mirror’s surface immediately after grinding and completely eliminated one of the polishing steps in the process.\n“It was a key advantage,” says Dan Neal, cofounder of WaveFront Sciences. “They could take the mirror off grinding and in one day, get a test back with a detailed map on how to do the next step of the grinding.”\nNeal explains how the new metrology testing stations measured just a small part of the mirror to create an image of the entire surface. “We didn’t have to build giant reference mirrors. Traditionally, the reference mirror has to be as big as the mirror you are going to test. It was very innovative,” he says.\nFor NASA, the system reduced the time it took to construct the high-quality primary mirror segments and also reduced the cost. “By measuring earlier, in the grinding phase, it allowed us to speed up the process and ensure the performance was what we wanted when we got to the final stages,” Feinberg says.\nNow the innovation is enabling faster, more precise measurements of complex surfaces for researchers and doctors who measure a different kind of lens—the human eye.\n“The testing systems developed for the JWST mirrors have allowed improvements in the machines for testing human eyes for LASIK surgery,” says Neal. “We were trying to solve one problem for JWST, and the tool we developed turned out to have many applications.”\nThe work performed on the JWST spun off into one of WaveFront Science’s products called the Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System, or COAS™. By incorporating the algorithms developed for JWST, COAS performed 21 times faster.\nDesigned for diagnosing eye conditions and providing a detailed map of the eye, COAS supports research in cataracts, keratoconus (an eye condition that causes reduced vision), and eye movement. “There are a number of researchers around the United States and the world using the product for vision research,” says Neal.\nIn 2007, Advanced Medical Optics acquired WaveFront Sciences—and with it, the improved COAS technology. Two years later, Advanced Medical Optics was acquired by Abbott Laboratories and renamed Abbott Medical Optics. Today, Abbott Medical Optics is a leading company of vision correction technology based in Santa Ana, California. The company recently released a new product in Europe, based in part on COAS, called the iDesign Advanced WaveScan Studio. The technology is a main component of Abbott’s iLASIK laser vision correction solution.\nA doctor uses the iDesign Advanced WaveScan Studio to measure a patient’s eye and then create a map of the LASIK treatment that is needed for correction. (See Figure 2) The map is transferred to a laser, which performs the custom treatment. “It’s a stand-alone piece of equipment, but works in conjunction with a laser. The software transfers directly to the laser,” says Neal, who is now a research fellow at Abbott Medical Optics.\nAccording to the company, the technology is quick and accurate. It works within 3 seconds to obtain four different measurements, and provides accuracy in measuring distorted surfaces—for conditions like nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and others. “The techniques for JWST needed to be able to measure a wide variation of shapes, and those are the same techniques we’ve used in designing instruments to measure the eye,” says Neal.\nJWST also prepared Abbott Medical Optics for the large-format cameras that are now available in the industry, says Neal. “We are using them in our new products. When an eye doctor makes a measurement on his machine, he doesn’t want to wait two minutes for it to be complete. He wants to see it instantly. That’s taking advantage of those faster and better algorithms,” he says.\n“Often, the government has the ability to fund big vision things and along the way, some of the technology pieces turn out to be important across the board in many different ways.”\nThis article was written by Lisa Rademakers, Senior Writer, NASA Spinoff. For more information on Abbott Medical Optics Inc., Abbott Park, IL, visit http://info.hotims.com/45607-171 .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Over the past 35 years, researchers have established significant correlations between animal cruelty and other family violence, including child abuse, domestic violence, and elder abuse. This research on “The Link” confirms what professionals in a variety of human services and animal welfare disciplines have witnessed for decades – animal cruelty does not occur in a vacuum.\nThe mistreatment of animals is therefore no longer seen as an isolated incident that can be ignored. Instead, it is often an indicator of family violence (a “red flag” that other family members in the household may not be safe) or a predictor of future violent behavior by the perpetrator (research has shown that many serial killers and school shooters committed their first acts of violence against animals).\nIt is important for all responders and advocates in multiple disciplines to recognize abuse and understand the importance of cross-reporting suspected abuse.\nTHLN, in association with Heath Mobile Veterinary Services, a member of the North Texas LINK Coalition, has compiled cross-reporting information for human services and animal welfare professionals. For information about how to recognize and report abuse, please visit these links:\nIn addition, THLN can provide written resources and speakers for Texas agencies and organizations wanting to know more about the Link. THLN is a Founding Member of the North Texas LINK Coalition, along with the SPCA of Texas, the Dallas County District Attorney's Office, Mazie's Mission, and several local human and social services agencies. The National Link Coalition's mission is to facilitate the North Texas area's recognition and understanding of the dynamic connection between animal abuse and the cycle of family and societal violence. The North Texas LINK Coalition provides online resources, training, and networking events across the DFW area. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.org for more information.\nMore about the Link\nThe National Link Coalition is a multi-disciplinary, collaborative initiative to increase awareness and address public policy, programs and research. The Coalition’s goal is to stop the cycle of violence that often affects multiple family members. To achieve this critical goal, the Coalition provides information and resources through its website and lists upcoming trainings and conferences about The Link. It also collects information about federal, state, and local legislative efforts to address The Link, such as bills aiming to include pets in domestic violence protective orders, increasing penalties for perpetrators of animal cruelty, and allowing or mandating cross-reporting for human services and animal welfare professionals. The monthly National Link Coalition newsletter often reveals the life-saving importance of Cross-Reporting.\nOne example, a Florida woman brought her dog to a veterinary hospital. She quietly slipped a note to a staff member, asking her to call the police because her boyfriend had been beating and threatening her. The boyfriend was arrested and charged with domestic violence based on the report made by the veterinary hospital.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When it comes to nutrition it's important that we consider our portion size.\nHaving a healthy balanced diet requires consideration about consuming the right type of foods and drinks in the right amounts. As individuals we all have different needs, therefore the amount of food we require to function optimally varies from person to person.\nThe British Nutrition Foundation has published 2 booklets that are free to download with information to help you find the right balance that will work for you.\nFULL PORTION SIZE BOOKLET – a list of portion sizes with measures, grams, and calories for a selection of foods from the main food groups.\nPUTTING IT INTO PRACTICE BOOKLET – with examples of how to put the portion sizes together in a balanced diet and use them in recipes.\nFollow this 🔗 to British Nutrition Foundation to download your free booklets.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the systematic rules for managing the transfer of different kinds of files such as text, images, music, videos and other multimedia files used by the world wide web. It explains how files are formatted and transmitted between the server and the browser.\nInternet protocols like HTTP are a collection of protocols which serves as an application layer performing various functions such as fetching the URLs in your browser, which sends an HTTP command to the web server controlling the transmission of the requested web pages. The application layers sits on top of many “other” layers which are abstractions dealing with core network functionality.\nHTTP/1.1: Where It All Started\nHTTP was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Consortium back in 1999 leading in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments ( RFCs ) with its first version as HTTP/1.1 prior to the HTTP/0.9 which is a one-line protocol to bootstrap the web in an informational standard.\nHTTP/1.1 existed for several years, however its age has begun to appear. Loading a webpage is more intensive than ever since HTTP practically enables only one request per TCP connection. Being a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for many tasks, the browsers in the old times have used multiple TCP connections to issue parallel requests. However, TCP congestion control is efficiently refuted, leading to congestion events that hurt performance and the network.\nThe large number of requests sent a lot of duplicated data “on the wire.” This means that HTTP/1.1 requests have a lot of overhead associated with them and can’t function well when fetching large amount of resources to load a modern website that hurts the performance.\nThis had pushed the industry to find ways to hack the web by spiriting, data in-lining and domain sharing which are indications of fundamental problems in the protocol itself, and had cause a plenty of problems in the connection when used.\nPeople “developing a website” don’t much care about HTTP beyond being thankful that it exists but it is important to understand this in a web developer’s perspective.\nSPDY (pronounced speedy ) is an open networking experimental protocol, developed at Google which was announced in mid-2009, whose main goal was to try to reduce web page load latency and improving web security by addressing some of the well-known performance limitations of HTTP/1.1.\nSome of the specific goals of Google’s SPDY is:\n- Reduce deployment complexity by avoiding changes in network arrangement\n- Reduction of page load time (PLT) by 50 percent, making more efficient use of the underlying TCP connection\n- Avoid the need for any changes to content by website authors\n- Keep the protocol in partnership with the open-source community\n- Collect and validate experimental protocol data efficiency\nAfter the initial announcement, Google’s software engineers shared the result on the experiment protocol which had a positive feedback with the improvement in performance—pages loaded up to 55 percent faster.\nIn 2012, the experimental protocol was initiated in Chrome, Firefox and Opera, and a growing number of sites started deploying SPDY within their organization. With this line of technology the HTTP Working Group ( HTTP-WG ) pushed a new trend of technology to take the protocol system from SPDY, develop and enhance them, and deliver an official “HTTP/2” standard. This is the point time when SPDY and HTTP/2 would continue to mature in parallel.\nFast-forward to 2015 when the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG) reviewed and accepted the new HTTP/2 standard for publication. Just right after the approval, the Google Chrome team announced their schedule to deprecate SPDY and NPN extension for TLS.\nFrom there the HTTP/2 standard has been one of the best and most broadly tested standards with tons of tested and production-ready client and server executions made.\nSay Hello to HTTP/2\nHTTP/2is in the spotlight. As the standard and approved “ on the wire ” protocol, all popular browsers have committed to support it, or have already supported it for their users, and many popular sites such as Google, Facebook and Twitter are already taking advantage of HTTP/2 to deliver better performance. In a short amount of time a few the HTTP/2 and HPACK standards were approved in early 2015, their usage on the web has already surpassed that of SPDY.\nHTTP/2 does not alter the application semantics of HTTP in any approach. The core concepts, such as HTTP methods, status codes and header fields, remains identical. However, HTTP/2 will make applications more robust with its unusual combination by letting users to undo some of the HTTP/1.1.\nHTTP/2 is concerned with enhancing the quantity over the older versions of the protocol and they do this by replacing a request-response model with which anticipates what the users are going to need, sending it to them before the request is made in different request-response lanes or also known as multiplexing. As a result it’s a lot faster as it is sending back not just the response to the request, but the responses to requests you haven’t made yet, but will soon need to make.\nHTTP/2 not HTTP/1.2?\nThe specification of the new HTTP describes an optimized expression of the semantics of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol referred to as HTTP version 2 (HTTP/2) and not HTTP/1.2. This is because HTTP/2 offers a new binary framing layer that is not regressively compatible with the version HTTP/1.1 servers and clients. Though there might be some similarities from the older version, you won’t really appreciate the differences until you work with raw TCP sockets.\nSo, what’s new in HTTP/2, and why or how will it help you and your application or website?\nLet’s take a look at the new protocol, its features, and new capabilities it has at its disposal to further enhance applications.\nNew Binary Framing Layer\nHTTP/2 uses new binary framing layer that is not regressively compatible with the version HTTP/1.1 which determines how the HTTP messages are formatted and transferred between the client and server. This is a new updated encrypting mechanism between the socket and the higher HTTP API.\nAs mentioned above, HTTP/1.1 uses multiple TCP connections for multiple parallel requests to improve connection speed. However, HTTP/1.1 requests have a lot of excessive data associated with them and can’t function well when fetching large amount of resources that hurts the performance.\nThe new binary framing layer took off these limitations and allows full request and response multiplexing enabling both client and server to split the HTTP message into different frames. This has improved the speed of connection and the loading of data across the web.\nStream prioritization enables users to have more control over the playback of content by allowing users to prioritize order from multiple streams to be multiplexed. HTTP/2 allows each stream to have an associated weight and dependency. As a result, the server can use this data to prioritize stream processing by managing the allocation of memory and once the response data is available, it will deliver the right bandwidth to guarantee the best delivery of high-priority responses to the client.\nOne Connection Per Origin\nUsing the new binary framing layer, HTTP/2 does not use multiple TCP connections to multiplex bin parallel. This means that each stream is split into many frames that can be ordered at times and only one connection per origin is required. This gives a lot of advantage in the speed of connection and performance.\nHeaders defines the type of resources transferred across the World Wide Web and HTTP/1.1 send this via plain text with a reasonable amount bytes or kilobytes which leads to data overhead. HTTP/2 reduces the request and response header metadata using the HPACK compression format using a single GZIP context in each direction. However, this was removed after some time due to major attacks on the application. Trying to find a better solution HTTP/2 develop a new, header-specific compression scheme which is a safe and much effective compression.\nOne of the best new feature of HTTP/2 is the capabilities to send multiple responses from servers for a single client request. This means that servers can push extra resources to the client without forcing the client to request for each of them. This reduces the extra latency by letting the server push the related resources onward.\nDifference between HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2\nThere are some major significant differences between the two versions of HTTP. This might not obvious for a while but once users work with raw TCP sockets the incredible differences will be obvious especially when it comes to performance.\nBelow are some of the noticeable differences between the two versions.\n- HTTP/2 leaves most of HTTP 1.1’s high level syntax\n- HTTP/2 is binary, instead of textual\n- HTTP/2 is fully multiplexed, instead of ordered and blocking\n- HTTP/2 allows servers to “ push ” responses into client caches\n- HTTP/2 uses header compression to reduce overhead\n- HTTP/2 can use one connection per origin for parallelism\nHTTP/2 is Better\nThe main goal for HTTP/2 is to reduce latency by enabling full request and response multiplexing, it has actually reached the goal as it loads webpages much faster.\nHere’s a real time published demo created by the Akamai team, which displays the impact on your download of many small tiles making up the Akamai Spinning Globe. As you can see for the old version of HTTP, latency is 271ms and the load time is 20.80s. While HTTP/2 has a latency of 0ms and 6.67s load time. How awesome it is!\nTesting the HTTP Upgrade to Switch to HTTP/2\nUsing the HTTP Upgrade, you can establish an HTTP/2 connection with non-encrypted network but may depend on the browser. If the server does not support HTTP/2, then it can switch with HTTP/1.1 response. To enable this the client must use HTTP Upgrade to deal with the protocol. Remember that this might work but the connection may fail and the client will might fall back to a TLS tunnel.\nConsider these standard HTTP request below:\nGET /page HTTP/1.1\nConnection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings\nHTTP2-Settings: (SETTINGS payload)\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\n(… HTTP/1.1 response …)\nHTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\n(… HTTP/2 response …)\nSwitching to HTTP/2\nAlthough HTTP/2 is really promising and many companies might already be using it unknowingly, there is not really an exact start date for it and won’t be possible to do in an instant. This means that HTTP/1.1 will still be in in used for some more years. There are millions of servers that must be taken care off and switching to new binary framing will also include updating each network, libraries and browsers which might take both money and time.\nAccording to Wikipedia’s HTTP/2 development milestone IESG submitted the approval of HTTP/2 to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015, and there is the Publish HTTP/2 as RFC 7540 on May 14, 2015 but no official release regarding the standard switching.\nAll we know now is that HTTP/2 works on all modern browsers and they’ve committed to support it while supporting HTTP/1.1 at the same time with minimal arbitration for a large amount of existing users.\n转载本站任何文章请注明：转载至神刀安全网，谢谢神刀安全网 » Move to HTTP/2: On the Wire for High Speed Connection Performance", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Editor’s Note: This is the first of a three part series: (1) Risks and warning factors of teen suicide; (2) Stories of youth and families affected by suicide; and (3) How to talk to youth about suicide ideation and getting treatment.\nBY DEBBIE PAGE\nAt the Suicide Prevention Town Hall on Tuesday night at South Iredell High School, community members learned about teen depression and suicide risks and how to identify warning signs and risk factors for suicide in teens. They also gained understanding of their role in reducing those risks and learned how to approach youths when they suspect suicidal ideations.\nKeynote speaker Susan Tolle, a former field advocate for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, was thankful for the event’s attention on children in crisis. Though suicides overall have decreased, Tolle said additional progress in reducing stigma is essential to preventing more suicides.\nThough suicide numbers have dropped since 2018, the numbers are still staggering. In 2019, the U.S. reported 47,511 suicide deaths, or 13.93 suicides per 100,000 population (age adjusted).\nAmong youth ages 10 to 24, 6,488 deaths were attributed to suicide, or about 13.66 percent of American suicides. Suicide is the leading cause of death for this age group at 10.22 suicides per 100,000 youths.\nYoung males are much more likely to complete suicide because of their greater access to more lethal means and the cultural expectations for males to suppress emotions to avoid looking weak.\nThe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recently reported that during 2020, the proportion of mental health–related emergency department (ED) visits for suspected suicide attempts among adolescents ages 12 to 17 increased 31 percent compared to 2019.\nIn May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, ED visits for suspected suicide attempts began to increase among adolescents ages 12 to 17, and especially among girls.\nAlso, from February 21 through March 20 of this year, suspected suicide attempt ED visits were 50.6 percent higher among girls ages 12 to 17 than during the same period in 2019; among boys ages 12 to 17 years, suspected suicide attempt ED visits increased 3.7 percent.\nEvening more frightening, for every completed youth suicide, experts estimate that there are 100 to 200 attempts. In 2019, about 2.5 percent of high school aged youth reported making a suicide attempt that required medical treatment.\nRISK FACTORS VS. WARNING SIGNS\nSuicide ideation is life-threatening and must be taken seriously each time it is expressed, warned Tolle, who further explained health (mental and physical), historical, and environmental suicide risk factors. She defined suicide risk factors as influences that endure over a period of time, while suicide warning signs indicate a crisis situation with an imminent suicide risk that must be addressed quickly.\nTeen suicide risk is often clearly linked to mental health conditions, with both often occurring together. These conditions include major depressive disorder, conduct disorders, substance use, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.\nPhysical illnesses such as tinnitus (ringing sound), traumatic brain injury, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pain disorders also increase suicide risk.\nHistorical factors include a family history of completed suicide or suicide attempts, alcoholism or substance use disorder, family trauma, witnessing or being a victim of abuse, or family mental health history, such as multiple relatives with depression or anxiety.\nEnvironmental risk factors include bullying, relationship problems such as a break-up or divorce, witnessing or being a victim of violence, experiencing the loss of a loved one, or being a victim of sexual violence.\nWarning signs require immediate intervention. These indications include conversations about killing themselves (joking or not), having no reason to live, being a burden to others, feeling trapped, or being in unbearable emotional or physical pain.\nCertain behaviors also suggest enhanced suicide ideation signals, especially when relating to a painful event, loss, or change. These behaviors include increasing use of drugs or alcohol, researching methods or means to end their lives, acting recklessly, withdrawing from activities, isolating from family and friends, sleeping too much or too little, visiting or calling people to say goodbye, giving away prized possessions, or displaying increasingly aggressive behavior\nUnusual moods may also portend a threat of suicidal ideation. Depression, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, unusual rage, increased irritability, displaying feelings of humiliation, and exhibiting increasing anxiety can indicate suicidal thoughts.\nOddly, sudden, unexplained happiness after the preceding type of moods or behaviors can also be a sign that a suicide attempt is imminent. Once the decision is made to end their painful mental state, they see the end to the “tunnel” and relief from the swirl of crisis thinking in which they are trapped, according to Tolle.\nThe Suicide Prevention Town Hall was presented by Iredell-Statesville Schools, Partners Health Management, United Way of Iredell, and the Children’s Hope Alliance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "View Larger Image\nLake Titicaca, Bolivia; terraces are visible on the hillside above the shoreline. Lake Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru, is a high altitude lake (3812 m above sea level) that is the largest lake by volume in South America. Photo from old ASLO slide collection taken by M. Brenner; scanned by K.L. Schulz.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Once the renewable energy facility begins commercial operation in May, it will be the first waste-to-energy project at an Estre landfill, one of the largest municipal solid waste operations in Latin America.\nUnder the scope of the project, GE will provide three 1.4 MW J420 Jenbacher gas engines for an estimated total output of 4.2 MW, with the potential to be expanded to 10 MW in the next five years. The current configuration may produce enough energy to support about 13,000 average Brazilian homes.\nGE’s fuel-flexible gas engines are powered by landfill gas, which is created from solid waste decompositiong and then recovered as a valuable renewable fuel.\nGE’s Jenbacher landfill gas engines use the gas — consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen — created during the decomposition of organic substances in a landfill. Methane has a global warming factor 21 times greater than carbon dioxide, the most widely recognized greenhouse gas affecting climate change.\nThe new Estre Ambiental landfill project supports the initiatives of the Brazilian government to increase the production of electricity from renewable sources and may reduce the country’s greenhouse gas emissions by between 36.1 and 38.9 percent from projected amounts in 2020.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Effect of homeopathic medicines during the initial stage and vegetative development of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.)\nThe application of bioactive substances in a minimum dose is an alternative to reduce the application of harmful agrochemicals in agriculture, particularly vegetables. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of four homeopathic medicines during germination, emergence, and vegetative development of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). The experimental design included two centesimal homeopathic dynamizations (7CH and 13CH) of Silicea terra (SiT), Natrum muriaticum (NaM), Magnesia phosphorica (MaP), and Arsenicum album (ArA) and a control (water) treatment. A completely randomized 2 × 4 + 1 block design was used in three repetitions. The variables evaluated were rate and percentages of germination and emergence, stem and radicle length, and fresh and dry weight of the aerial part and radicle. Additionally, during the vegetative development the diameter of the stem and the number of leaves and flowers were evaluated. With ArA-13CH, significant differences in germination were observed (53.33%) and with NaM-13CH longer stem length (107.07 cm) during vegetative development, compared to the control group (78.63 cm). Radicle length showed significant differences with the application of SiT-7CH (49.59 cm) compared to the control group (28.6 cm). During germination the best result in the radicle fresh and dry weight was recorded when applying ArA-13CH. In emergence, the greatest fresh radicle weight was obtained with MaP-13CH, and the largest stem diameter, number of leaves and number of flowers were obtained with NaM. The results obtained confirmed that the evaluated homeopathic medicines positively affected the initial stage and vegetative development of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under controlled conditions. This research represents an advance in agricultural homeopathy for the sustainable management of vegetable cultivation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Atmospheric aerosol particles affect the Earth's radiative balance both directly through the upward scatter of solar radiation and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The natural aerosol derived from biogenic sulfur emissions has been substantially perturbed by anthropogenic aerosols, particularly sulfates from SO2 emissions and organic condensates and soot from biomass and fossil fuel combustion. The global mean radiative forcing due to the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol particles is calculated to be of comparable magnitude (approximately -0.3 to -1.1 watt m-2) but opposite in sign to the forcing due to anthropogenic CO2 and the other greenhouse gases (Charlson et al., 1991, 1992; Kiehl and Briegleb, 1993; Penner et al., 1994). More uncertain is the radiative forcing due to the indirect cloud-mediated effects of aerosol particles (Boucher and Lohmann, 1995). Although aerosol particles have a potential climatic importance over and down wind of industrial regions that is equal to that of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, they are still poorly characterized in global climate models. This is a result of a lack of both globally distributed data and a clear understanding of the processes linking gaseous precursor emissions, atmospheric aerosol properties, and the spectra of aerosol optical depth and cloud reflectivity. At this time, tropospheric aerosols pose one of the largest uncertainties in model calculations of the climate forcing due to anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere. Clearly, considerable attention must be focused on quantifying the processes controlling the natural and anthropogenic aerosol and on defining and minimizing the uncertainties in the calculated climate forcings.\nReducing the uncertainties in estimates of aerosol forcing of climate will require a combination of laboratory experiments, long-term continuous and short-term intensive field studies, satellite observations and modelling analyses (Penner et al., 1994). Although much of this work can be accomplished by single laboratory groups, intensive process studies that seek to obtain closure (internal consistency) between various measured and modeled aerosol properties often require a large number of research platforms and investigators. The IGAC Project provides the international cooperation and leadership needed for these large process studies. The Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE) are envisioned as a series of international field studies aimed at quantifying the role of the chemical and physical processes that control the evolution and properties of the atmospheric aerosol that are relevant to radiative forcing and climate. The ultimate goal of this series of process studies is to provide the necessary data to incorporate aerosols into global climate models and to reduce the overall uncertainty in the calculation of climate forcing by aerosols. The strategy to achieve this goal mandates improved understanding of the multiphase atmospheric chemical system including gas and aerosol exchange at the ocean surface. ACE-1, the first experiment, is aimed at the minimally polluted marine troposphere (Figure 1). ACE-2 will focus on the polluted marine atmosphere.\nFigure 1. ACE-1 Study area. The ACE-1 operations center and aircraft base will be located in Hobart. Ground-based measurements will be made at Cape Grim, Macquarie Island and Baring Head (!). Aircraft and ship operations will take place in the region between 38-58°S and 130-170°E. Upper air soundings will be made from Cape Grim, the R/V Discoverer, the R/V Southern Surveyor and the regional meteorological stations (þ).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Let’s face it, playing around with electrical items can be fun. Finding out how they work, what makes them special and even how to turn them on and off can be a very valuable learning experience. The problem with this is that it may lead to an insatiable curiosity that you just can’t stop, but staying safe really is important and you’d be surprised at how easy it is to take the extra precaution.\nAvoid Water at All Times\nIt’s super important that you avoid water at all times when you are working with electricity. You need to avoid touching anything just after you have washed your hands as well. The main reason for this is because water increases the conductivity of an electrical current by a significant amount and it can also make the tech much more dangerous for you to work with.\nWhen you are taking something apart, it can be very easy for you to lose track of everything and it can also be very easy for you to misplace screws and bolts as well. If you assemble something wrong when you are putting it back together then this can make it even harder for you to keep the device safe and in line with the regulations that are present, so it’s super important that you stay on top of this and that you put everything back in the exact same order it was disassembled in.\nUsing Insulated Tools\nElectrical hazards happen when you have energized tools that are unguarded. Equipment like this will probably come with a warning sign such as “shock risk”. You need to make sure that you are following any safety rules and the electrical codes of the item as well. After all, some items may be wired in a certain way and if you don’t have the appropriate tools to deal with this then you may run into more problems at a later date.\nIf you are designing your own microchip or if you are interested in PCB then you need to make sure that you are wearing insulated gloves and goggles when you are working with branching circuits and even other electrical circuits as well.\nIt’s really important that you test equipment by checking for de-energisation first. When you use an electric tester, you can then touch this onto a hot or live wire. If the wire does have a current then the bulb inside will light up. You’ll need to check all of the wires when you do this and you will also want to check on the metallic covering as well. if you have wires that are hanging out then touch these with the tester as well so you know exactly what you are working with.\nOf course, when dealing with electricity you really do have to make sure that you stay as safe as possible at all times. It’s more than possible for you to do this when you are aware of what you are working with and it is also easy for you to avoid any nasty electric shocks as well.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This column first appeared in The Tablet in April, 2009.\nLast week [April 2009], NASA’s Kepler space telescope sent back its first images of a star field in the constellation Cygnus. Launched in March , Kepler has been slowly positioning itself far from Earth’s bright clouds; unlike most spacecraft, it’s not a man-made moon orbiting the Earth, but a man-mad asteroid following the Earth around the Sun, with a “year” a few weeks longer than Earth’s. Now, from the darkness of its orbit, it has aimed its telescopes at the Milky Way to look for traces of Earth-like planets.\nThe plan is simple. For the next three years (six years, if all goes well) it will be watching the same star-filled region of the Milky Way, carefully measuring the brightness of every star in its field of view – some 100,000 of them – looking to see if any one of them periodically dims by a hundredth of a percent or less. Such a small, regular change would be just what one would expect if a small planet were crossing the face of that star. In this way planets as small as Earth might be detected.\nNotice that we won’t actually be able to see those planets. We will only know they are there by the shadows they cast… a shadow extending hundreds of light years, from the star and planet to our telescope. And, of course, we will only find those systems that by chance are lined up just right so that the planets cross between us and their stars. But by tracing their shadows, we will know that such planets are there; and we’ll learn which of those 100,000 stars will then be worthy of further study.\nWhile the Kepler mission is getting underway, a team of us at the Vatican’s telescope in Arizona this week [again, April 2009!] are looking for a similar sort of shadow: the trace of a tiny moonlet crossing the face of the dwarf planet Haumea. In this case, we already know the moonlet exists. It has been seen in telescopes more powerful than ours. What we are trying to learn is the nature of the dwarf planet it is orbiting.\nHaumea is only slightly smaller than Pluto, one of a half-dozen known dwarf planets, smaller than planets but bigger than asteroids or comets. But unlike Pluto, Haumea appears to have a very odd shape. Its brightness varies strongly and rapidly, as if the light we see were being reflected off a pinwheeling Rugby ball, two thousand kilometers long and a thousand kilometers wide. But even with the largest telescopes we can’t actually see the shape of Haumea directly.\nInstead, we’ll use its moon’s shadow to help us trace out its shape. Observers all over the world are carefully timing the slight dip in Haumea’s brightness seen as the moonlet crosses the dwarf. Each telescope, at slightly different locations on Earth, sees the moonlet from a slightly different angle, and so each observation traces a slightly different path across Haumea. How long the dip lasts, tells us how wide Haumea is along that particular path. Combining all the different timings should allow us to map out the overall shape of Haumea.\nUsing shadows to detect unseeable things hearkens back, in one way, to the “Allegory of the Cave” in Plato’s Republic, which suggested that what we see of reality is a mere shadow of the Truth. But I see a different analogy, to a different cave. It is in the absence of light from the star that we learn of the presence of the planet. It is in the absence of light from the dwarf planet that we learn its true size and shape. And it is in the absence in the Tomb that we learn of the Presence that fills all shapes, and enlightens all shadows.\nOf course, the success of the Kepler mission is well known, with several thousand planets discovered so far. Alas, our attempts to see shadows on Haumea were less successful. It happens...\nAcross the Universe\n- Across the Universe: Genre and Truth\n- Across the Universe: False Economies\n- Across the Universe: Reflections on a Mirror\n- Across the Universe: Japan\n- From the Tablet: Why is Easter So Early This Year?\n- Across the Universe: Oops!\n- Across the Universe: Dramatic Science\n- Across the Universe: Me and My Shadows\n- Across the Universe: Touch the Sky\n- Across the Universe: The Eye of the Lynx\n- Across the Universe: Treasure from Heaven\n- Across the Universe: Gift of Tongues\n- Across the Universe: Maverick Genius\n- Across the Universe: Awareness\n- Across the Universe: Friends in high places", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SDG 11 - UN\nFOR OUR CHILDREN - The UN sustainability development goals are designed to build a better world for next generations to come. Mankind has come a long way in a very short time. We are only just becoming self-aware in relation to the harm we are causing and the lack of safety nets for our future. The SDGs are international aims that are designed to repair planet earth to make it fit for purpose in supporting all life in a way that ensures the continued survival of species. These goals address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, peace and injustice. The Goals interconnect and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that we do our utmost to achieve each Goal and target by 2030.\nUN SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES, COMMUNITIES\nCities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social development and much more. At their best,\ncities have enabled people to advance socially and economically. With the number of people living within\ncities projected to rise to\n5 billion people by 2030, itís important that efficient urban planning and management practices are in place to deal with the challenges brought by urbanization.\nLINKS & REFERENCE\nONE WORLD ONE OCEAN - In the role of guardians of your geographical regions, there is also a responsibility to develop the blue economy for the international circular economies that a sustainable society requires if we are not to burn planet earth out. We are concerned about the state of the ocean and deteriorating trends, and recognise that the ocean economy is a last chance to reconfigure extraction, production and consumption to ensure that social and economic development respects the planetary boundaries, the integrity of ecosystems to maintain their productivity, and the principles of sustainable development as expressed in the UN Sustainable Development Goals, notably SDG14.\nThis website is provided on a free basis as a public information service. Copyright © Cleaner Oceans Foundation Ltd (COFL) (Company No: 4674774) 2018. Solar Studios, BN271RF, United Kingdom. COFL is a charity without share capital.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 16-page Kids' Wings unit for Linda Sue Park's Project Mulberry, will set the stage for cooperation and innovation in your science projects this year. Engaging students in prereading through an anticipation guide and a readers' theater script, the unit is prepares students for reading and interacting with this story.\nActivities in the unit include:\n- predict/confirm chapter questions,\n- map study,\n- the Ballad of Project Mulberry summarizing activity,\n- Creating a Play,\n- crossword puzzle,\n- Choosing the best summary,\n- Matching Science and the Process Skills,\n- Multiple Choice Comprehenson,\n- Mealworm Metamorphosis,\n- The Process Skills Song,\n- Wiggle Math,\n- logic puzzle,\n- Vocabulary Pairs, and\n- writing/discussion prompts.\nYou won't find a better unit for integreating skills necessary to creating excellent cooperative science fair projects, problem solving, and high level thinking! We know you and your students will love the cross-curriculum skills that are essential to science fair!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In this chapter, “Classification of Business” we will cover the following main topics of 0450 Business Studies for IGCSE and 7115 O-Level Business Studies in detail. You can get IGCSE Revision Notes, Activities, Worksheets, Past Papers, Topical, Exam Style Questions from Sir Afzal Shad.\n- 3 Sectors of Business\n- Primary Sector of Business\n- Secondary Sector of Business\n- Tertiary Sector of Business\n- Relative Importance of Sectors\nTopics to be covered for Chapter 2 – Classification of Business\nStep 1: Watch Lecture of Chapter 2 Business Studies\nStep 2: Solve Chapter 2 Business Studies Worksheet\nOnce you have watched the complete video of Chapter 2 Business Studies, have a look at the questions below and try to solve them:\nYou can Download the Worksheet of Chapter 2 – Classification of Business\nStep 3: Classification of Business Revision Notes\nChapter 1 Business Studies Revision Notes for IGCSE & O-Levels are written by Sir Afzal Shad. If you want to buy notes Online, please contact us\nWhy Business Studies Revision Notes by Sir Afzal Shad?\n- 13 Years of Teaching Experience to IGCSE/O-Level Students\n- To the Point and Cambridge Endorsed Definitions & Explanations\n- Sample Questions from the Past Papers\n- Activities / Case Studies included for Practice\nWant to Ask Question about Classification of Business?\nIf you still have any confusion in any part of the lecture, feel free to visit our Questions & Answers Section to find answers. If you are unable to find the exact question, ask your question and we will respond to your question online.\nNeeds, Wants, Difference b/w needs and wants, Economic Problem, 4 Factors of Production, Land, Labor, Capital, Enterprise, Activity of Factors of Production, Scarcity of Resources, Opportunity Cost.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Summary and Keywords\nListening is recognized as a multidimensional construct that consists of complex (a) affective processes, such as being motivated to attend to others; (b) behavioral processes, such as responding with verbal and nonverbal feedback; and (c) cognitive processes, such as attending to, understanding, receiving, and interpreting content and relational messages. Research in the communication studies discipline has focused most heavily on the cognitive processes of listening with the least attention afforded to behavioral components. Although several models of listening have been put forward, scholars still struggle with basic notions of how best to define listening for research purposes and how to incorporate listening into mainstream theoretical frameworks. Contemporary scholarship explores intersections between listening and cultural studies research as communication scholars come to participate in larger discussions of the auditory environment. At the start of the 21st century, listening research is just one of the many sites where communication studies is making a contribution to interdisciplinary research across the humanities and social sciences.\nKeywords: information processing, communication competence, social skills, comprehension, auding, language proficiency, interaction involvement, conversational skills, memory, spoken language abilities\nAccess to the complete content on Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription.\nIf you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Regulated Medical Waste: 5 Things That Are Surprisingly Not Regulated\nThe \"better safe than sorry\" approach shouldn't apply to certain things - like disposing of something as Regulated Medical Waste (RMW) when it may not be RMW. In this blog, explore some common errors that clinicians can make that result in errantly mixed waste streams.\nYou might be surprised to find a number of things that you think are regulated medical waste, but they’re not.\nA number of online resources describe different waste categories, as well as terminology, definitions, and descriptions proposed by federal regulations and state and local guidelines. Different states use different terms that are often confusing, such as the difference (or similarity) between regulated medical waste (RMW), hazardous, biohazard waste, infectious waste, and other waste streams. The same holds true when it comes to regulated and non-regulated waste.\nIt gets confusing when states use different terms to describe the same thing. For example, did you know that regulated medical waste is also known as infectious waste and/or biohazardous waste? Overall, the basic definition of regulated medical waste is “the portion of a waste stream that may be contaminated by blood, body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials, thus posing a significant risk of transmitting infection.”\n- A semi- liquid blood or other potentially infectious material (OPIM);\n- Items that have been contaminated with blood or OPIM that would release these substances in a liquid or semi liquid state if compressed;\n- Items that are caked with dried blood OPIM capable of releasing these materials during handling;\n- Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM\nAdd to that confusion in terminology to the guidelines recommended by state governments including Departments of Health, environmental resources, and local or town ordinances. Most states follow regulations for medical waste based on Environmental Protection Agency and OSHA standards, although the standards for medical waste management differ greatly.\nIn the majority of states, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the entity responsible for the development and enforcement of medical waste management and disposal regulations, although some states are under the control of the Department of Health.\nOkay, now that that’s settled, what commong items are not to be regulated medical waste?\nFive things are surprisingly not regulated medical waste\nHealthcare waste segregation and management relies on the education and knowledge of healthcare professionals. Your employees must be able to identify different waste stream categories and separate all medical waste in an appropriate manner to maintain compliance with federal and state guidelines.\nA number of items that healthcare professionals and facility employees may deem regulated medical waste (based on definitions categorizing such waste) but are not, include:\n01 / Urine or feces\n02 / Vomit\n03 / Nasal discharge or mucus (sputum)\n04 / Saliva – (unless exposed during dental procedures)\n05 / Sweat\nThese are not deemed regulated unless they contain blood or other infectious bodily fluids – and that implies blood that can be ‘squeezed’ or blood that drips or flakes after it’s dried. A number of examples of RMW include but is not limited to bandages and dressings, personal protective equipment, suction canisters, surgical gloves, IV equipment and tubing, and cultures, stocks, and swabs used to inoculate cultures.\nAnother common error are clinicians disposing of urine sample cups in RMW waste - again this is not RMW. This is often done with the good intent to destroy patient information that may be on the cup, but your facility has better processes to do that. When waste is put put in RMW bins that doesn't belong it endangers compliance, efficiency, sustainability, and costs!\nSharps waste, defined as any object that is capable of penetrating or cutting skin, can include anything from scalpels to suture needles, syringes with needles, butterflies, razor blades, and trocars, among others. Yes, there always has been, and likely always will be, some confusion regarding definitions when it comes to regulated medical waste and what is and what isn’t unless healthcare providers are well-versed in the regulations and guidelines.\nImportant note to remember: Not all bodily fluid wastes are regulated medical waste. You may think that anything that has come into contact with blood is regulated medical waste, but it isn’t. Again, it all comes down to wording; for example, the word “saturated”. If it’s not “saturated” ask yourself these questions: Does the object contain liquid or semi-liquid blood? Does the “blood-soaked” item release blood if it’s squeezed? If the answer is no, it’s not ‘saturated’.\nVomit, feces, and urine as well as non-liquid or solidified blood are not typically considered regulated waste based on state or federal waste guidelines. If an item is “caked” with blood, according to OSHA regulations, it can be defined as a regulated medical waste, but only if it’s capable of “releasing” caked, dried blood or OPIM during handling. The same is applicable to items contaminated with blood or OPIM, which would release infectious or biohazardous substances “in a liquid or semi liquid state if compressed”, again based on OSHA standards.\nState regulations define RMW categories\nState regulations differ slightly in wording, but typically used – and general definitions - for regulated medical waste include:\n- Pathological waste\n- Human blood and blood products\n- Cultures and stocks of infectious agents (a.k.a. microbiological waste)\n- Contaminated sharps\n- Isolation waste\nIf in doubt, refer to state and federal guidelines regarding the difference between regulated medical waste and infectious waste, anatomical waste, pathological waste, or surgical waste. Waste segregation and identification of waste stream categories is essential in properly identifying and separating different types of medical waste.\nOf course, it’s always recommended that healthcare professionals take adequate precautions when cleaning up bodily fluids, whether it’s, vomit or items saturated with saliva. Be aware that a number of bodily fluids such as vaginal secretions, semen, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, among others, are not generally considered biohazard waste unless it’s been contaminated with blood.\nSome OPIMs within the medical industry can be potentially infectious, but again, based on terminology and definitions, are not listed under the category of RMW. Be cautious, protect yourself, and dispose of healthcare waste properly.\nDaniel Health knows the difference\nDaniels Health provides resources, education, and products that take the guesswork out of medical waste segregation. Healthcare waste stream identification is essential to maintaining the safety of healthcare providers. Proper healthcare waste management ensures that you and your facility maintain compliance to federal, state and local guidelines when it comes to medical waste disposal. For more information on how Daniels Health can provide support, products, and solutions for your medical waste management challenges, call us today.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Repeatedly, the Tüttensee ejecta layer has served for the Weekly Images, which can be tracked in the Archives of this website. Now, we present several especially beautiful individual components after having released them from the clayey matrix of this polymictic breccia. As for the term “breccia”, we note that according to current\nclassification a breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of angular clasts in a cementing matrix. The rounded clasts encountered in the Bunte breccia seem to contradict this definition, the case, however, is to be comprehended as follows: Upon impact in the area of the today’s Tüttensee, a conglomeratic rock composed of Alpine lithologies was shattered whereby components of the fragmentation could survive as rounded cobbles to become incorporated in the breccia. Correspondingly, well-rounded clasts can be found within the Bunte breccia ejecta of the Nördlinger Ries impact structure (e.g., the so-called Buchberg cobbles).\nImage 1. Chiemgau impact ejecta: Strong corrosion of a limestone boulder.\nThe here presented cobbles and boulders from the Tüttensee Bunte breccia stand out to have still more experienced. We explain the deep-reaching corrosion and rock dissolution right up to skeletal formation by the action of high temperatures or/and the action of strong acid dissolution.\nThe voluminous boulder in Image 1 is a limestone that because of its peculiar sculpture can impossibly have come from the Alps as is (note, e.g., the roughly central fine pin). Obviously, a noticeable part of the rock has been removed, and that did not happen by fracture. Instead, we suggest high temperatures in the impact process being able to melt a limestone or, like in lime works, to decarbonize it. We also consider a dissolution by nitric acid that may be produced in the impact explosion cloud, as previously discussed here on our website. Both processes heat and acid need not be mutually exclusive.\nImage 2. Chiemgau-impact ejecta: strong corrosion of a sandstone cobble.\nImage 2 shows a sandstone component from the Bunte breccia already, joking, called a saurian embryo. For the formation of this “sculpture” we can refer to the same processes of destruction. If the quartz grains of the sandstone are carbonate-cemented then on action of temperature and/or acid a deep-reaching corrosion starts. On decreasing temperature and acidity rock skeletons as shown may remain.\nThe same carbonate disintegration applies to the boulders shown in Images 3 and 4. The pervasively corroded limestone and dolostone, resp., exhibit sharp-edged sculptured ridges representing quartz dikelets that need significantly higher melting temperatures and are by far more acid resistant\nImage 3. Chiemgau impact ejecta – strongly corroded limestone/dolostone from the Tüttensee excavation.\nImage 4. Corroded limestone boulder from the Tüttensee ejecta.\nWe would like to once more point out that the drastic rock modifications shown here are observed with clasts that are constituent part of a rock, namely the Bunte breccia. Recently, geologists of the Bavarian Geological Survey (now Landesamt für Umwelt) have explained the deep-reaching skeletal corrosion of clasts from the impact layer by sour soils, which we don’t want to comment any further.\nThe clast shown in Image 5 also originates from the Tüttensee impact layer. It was encountered at some 1.5 m depth at the base of the Bunte breccia pushed-in in the fossil soil horizon underneath. The boulder is a hard, dense quartzite and exhibits distinct abrasions all around. Not any striations can be observed on the surface of the rock, and the imprints cannot possibly have originated from glacial abrasion – in order to preclude respective objections by deniers of the Chiemgau impact. The directional imprints are smooth suggesting a plastic, if only short, behavior (like a pulp) of the quartzite material. Within the frame of our model that defines the Bunte breccia to be ejecta from the Tüttensee crater, the boulder underwent the excavation of the growing crater initiated by extreme shock pressures following the impact into the target of Alpine material. During this high-pressure phase, the boulder became plastically deformed by neighboring clasts was ejected and landed on the (at present fossil) soil at the base of the developing Bunte breccia ejecta horizon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Stewart & Kantrud Classification System\nThe formerly glaciated prairie region includes parts of the northern prairies in the Central Lowland and Great Plains, which were covered with glacial drift deposits during the past Ice Age. The regions is characterized by numerous undrained depressions throughout southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, extreme southwestern Manitoba, extreme northeastern Montana, northern and east-central North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, and small portions of western Minnesota and northwestern Iowa.\nWetland vegetation in prairie ponds and lakes can be grouped into zones each characterized by a different community structure or life form and a distinct assemblage of plant species. These vegetation zones are designated as follows:\n- Wetland-low-prairie zone;\n- Wet-meadow zone;\n- Shallow-marsh zone;\n- Deep-marsh zone;\n- Permanent-open-water zone;\n- Intermittent-alkali zone; and\n- Fen (alkaline bog) zone.\nIn each zone, characteristic plants may be found as a general mixture or may be represented by one or more distinct associations, each composed of one or more species. These zones are closely related to differences in water permanence, modified by permeability of bottom soils and influence of ground water. Certain wetlands contain only one zone, while others contain two, three, or more zones. In wetlands with two or more zones, one zone usually occupies the central, deeper part of the pond basin, while the others occur as concentric peripheral bands. The presence or absence and the distributional pattern of the zones are the primary factors used in distinguishing the seven major classes of wetlands as detailed below. The wetland class is determined by the vegetation zone occupying the central 5% or more of the total wetland area.\nClass I - Ephemeral Wetlands typically have free surface water for only a short period of time after snowmelt or storm events in early spring. Because of the porous condition of the soils, the rate of water seepage from ephemeral wetlands is very rapid after thawing of the underlying frost seal. They may be periodically covered by standing or slow moving water. Water is retained long enough to establish some wetland or aquatic processes. They are typically dominated by Kentucky bluegrass, goldenrod and other wetland or low prairie species.\nClass II - Temporary Wetlands are periodically covered by standing or slow moving water. They typically have open water for only a few weeks after snowmelt or several days after heavy storm events. Water seepage is fairly rapid, but surface water usually lingers for a few weeks after spring snowmelt and for several days after heavy rainstorms at other times of the year. Water is retained long enough to establish wetland or aquatic processes. They are dominated by wet meadow vegetation such as fine-stemmed grasses, sedges and associated forbs.\nClass III - Seasonal Ponds and Lakes are characterized by shallow marsh vegetation, which generally occurs in the deepest zone (usually dry by midsummer). These wetlands are typically dominated by emergent wetland grasses, sedges and rushes.\nClass IV - Semi-permanent Ponds and Lakes are characterized by marsh vegetation, which dominates the central zone of the wetland, as well as coarse emergent plants or submerged aquatics, including cattails, bulrushes and pondweeds. These wetlands frequently maintain surface water throughout the growing season, i.e., from May to September.\nClass V - Permanent Ponds and Lakes have permanent open water in central zone that is generally devoid of vegetation. Submerged plants may be present in the deepest zone, while emergent plants are found along the edges. Plants commonly present in these wetlands include cattails, red swampfire and spiral ditchgrass.\nClass VI - Alkali Ponds and Lakes are wetlands where deep water is typically not permanently present. Alkali wetlands are characterized by a pH above 7 and a high concentration of salts. The dominant plants are generally salt tolerant and include red swampfire and spiral ditchgrass. These wetlands are especially attractive for shore birds.\nClass VII - Fen Ponds are wetlands in which fen vegetation dominates the deepest portion of the wetland area. This wetland type often has wet meadow and low prairie vegetation present on the periphery. The soils are normally saturated by alkaline groundwater seepage. Fen ponds often have quaking or floating mats of emergent vegetation, which includes sedges, grasses and other herbaceous plants.\nA more detailed description of the seven wetland classes can be found in:\nStewart, R.E. and H.A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of Natural Ponds and Lakes in the Glaciated Prairie Region. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Resource Publication 92. 57 pp.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Atlanta Center for the Visually Impaired serves some 5000 Georgians a year! They believe \"Every person with vision loss should be able to live with independence and dignity.\" CVI is a fully accredited private facility providing rehabilitation services for the blind and visually impaired.\"\nfrom International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness\n- Approximately 285 million people worldwide live with low vision and blindness\n- Of these, 39 million people are blind and 246 million have moderate or severe visual impairment\n- 90% of blind people live in low-income countries\n- Yet 80% of visual impairment is avoidable - i.e. readily treatable and/or preventable\n- Restorations of sight, and blindness prevention strategies are among the most cost-effective interventions in health care\n- The number of people blind from infectious causes has greatly reduced in the past 20 years\n- An estimated 19 million children are visually impaired\n- About 65 % of all people who are visually impaired are aged 50 and older, while this age group comprises only 20% of the world's population\n- Increasing elderly populations in many countries mean that more people will be at risk of age-related visual impairment.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The disease we now call COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is actually made up of two respiratory illnesses, emphysema and chronic bronchitis. They tend to occur together as a result of long-term exposure to irritants. In emphysema, the tiny air sacs in the lungs weaken and stiffen, losing their ability to exhale properly and expel carbon dioxide. With chronic bronchitis, the muscles that line the airways tighten and become inflamed, making it harder for air to get through. The inflammation may lead to overproduction of mucus, which is why one of the first signs of COPD is often a chronic phlegmy cough that won't go away.\nHow to prevent this damage from occurring? Smoking is certainly a primary risk factor for COPD, but nonsmokers need to be on the alert as well. With COPD now the third-leading cause of death in the U.S., it's important to know how to protect yourself. Here are the top seven ways to prevent COPD.\n1. Stop smoking.\nThere's no way around it: The majority of cases of COPD are caused by smoking, and quitting is by far the most effective thing you can do to halt the damage. Inhaling cigarette smoke (and, to some extent, other types of smoke, including pot smoke) damages the elastic fibers that allow the tiny air sacs in the lungs to expand and contract. Somewhere between one in five and one in two smokers will develop COPD; one 2003 study tested older smokers for COPD and found that 50 percent of them had the condition, but many didn't know it yet.\nByron Thomashow, professor at Columbia University Medical School and chairman of the board of the COPD Foundation, says he finds himself wishing he could fast-forward the clock \"just temporarily, like in a sci-fi movie\" and let smokers experience what it's going to feel like once their lungs begin exhibiting symptoms and they have irreversible damage from COPD. \"I believe they'd quit immediately if they knew what was in store.\"\nTake steps to quit and the healing begins almost immediately. Research has shown that quitting smoking halts the progressive lung damage that leads to COPD. And if you quit early enough, studies show that your lung function can stabilize and eventually resemble that of a nonsmoker of the same age.\n2. Don't stop exercising, even if you can't catch your breath.\nAccording to Thomashow, the biggest mistake he sees people make is to cut back on exercise when it's difficult for any reason, when in fact they should do just the opposite. \"It's counterintuitive; you feel like you should rest and not push yourself because it's not comfortable,\" he says. \"But it turns out that exerting yourself and getting the air into the lungs is the best thing you can do.\"\nIf you have any physical issues such as excess weight or asthma, or if you're concerned about your breathing because you're a smoker or former smoker, it's that much more important to exercise to keep your lungs strong and healthy. If you notice that you're having trouble climbing hills or increasing your speed, pay attention to those trouble spots and work up to them gradually. If you suffer from asthma, talk to your doctor about using a \"rescue\" inhaler just prior to or during exercise to make it easier. Over time, continuing to exercise will help you build tolerance and lung strength.\n3. Be proactive about workplace safety.\nWhile smoking gets most of the attention as the cause of COPD, other lung irritants play a significant role as well. One study found that occupational exposure to workplace dust and chemical fumes may be responsible for as many as 20 percent of all COPD cases. Lung irritants known to put someone at risk for COPD include coal dust, fibrous dust from cotton and grain, concrete dust, chemical fumes, and mineral dust associated with mining, such as cadmium and gold. Most states have strict regulations regarding air quality and workplace protection, but they aren't always enforced. Demand protection for yourself, family members, and coworkers in the form of respirators, masks, filters, and other protective equipment.\nMore ways to protect yourself from COPD\n4. Step away from the smokers.\nOne night in a smoky bar probably won't put you at risk, but long-term exposure to secondhand smoke primes your lungs for COPD. In fact, the World Health Organization has estimated that 10 percent of all smoking-related deaths are due to secondhand smoke. Several convincing studies have shown that people who were exposed to secondhand smoke as children are more likely to get emphysema, one of the conditions that makes up COPD. Other studies have shown that people who are exposed to secondhand smoke over a long period of time have a higher risk of all respiratory illnesses.\nAsk smokers to smoke outside the home and don't permit smoking in the car. At work, avoid lunch breaks with smoking coworkers, and if designated smoking areas aren't at an effective distance from your workspace, bring the issue up anonymously with your supervisor.\n5. Spare your lungs on spare-the-air days.\nExposure to air pollution and smog have been linked with COPD. Try not to go outside any more than necessary when air pollution levels are high (designated \"spare-the-air\" days in some areas), and don't exercise outdoors on smoggy days. Also, avoid driving with the windows open; one study of California commuters found that they received almost half of their daily exposure to air pollution just while driving to work in the morning, even though that constituted just 6 percent of their day.\nIndoor air pollution is an issue, too. Beware of smoke from fireplaces (clean flues and chimneys, and avoid burning smoky wood); the World Health Organization has documented a rising incidence in COPD among women who cook over wood-fired or otherwise smoky indoor fires. Avoid, too, breathing the fumes from paint thinner, hair spray, insecticides, and other products labeled with warnings about lung irritation.\n6. Do deep-breathing exercises.\nWhen it comes to the lungs, there's definitely a \"use them or lose them\" component, experts say. Do breathing exercises to help keep the air sacs in your lungs elastic and to keep airways clear. There are two types of breathing exercises recommended for COPD patients, and they can benefit those at risk as well.\nThe first is called pursed-lips breathing. Take a normal breath, preferably through your nose, then puff out your cheeks, purse your lips, and blow the air out slowly. Your exhale should be four times longer than your inhale, so count one while you inhale, four while you exhale.\nThe second type of breathing, diaphragm breathing, is easiest to practice lying on your back with your knees bent. Put one hand on your abdomen, the other on your upper chest. Inhale through your nose, feeling your abdomen move outward, then exhale while feeling it fall inward. The goal is to feel your abdomen move while your upper chest stays still.\n7. Boost your intake of fish and fish oil.\nSeveral recent studies have shown that fish oil, which is high in omega-3 fatty acids, may be valuable in healing the lung damage that leads to COPD. The most conclusive research, conducted in Japan, found that people who ate a diet enriched in omega-3s from fish and fish oil had a significant drop in lung inflammation and were able to walk further than a control group, as measured by a six-minute walking test. On the basis of this study, many pulmonologists now recommend that patients with asthma or a history of frequent respiratory illnesses eat fish several times a week or take a fish oil supplement.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Observe & Record\nWatch your child for 3-5 days. Write a list of all the things he or she wants over the course of each day and how he or she gets access to those items. At the end of the 3-5 days, look at the list and pick the items or actions that are most frequent and most motivating for your child. Also, choose items that he or she does not have an appropriate way to ask for those items or actions yet.\nHere is a data sheet you can use –> Observe & Record Mands\nTarget specific actions and items. Do not target words like yes, no, please, thank you, more, again, break at first. Target words like carrot, ball, iPad, cookie, spinner, jump, bounce, swing, etc. It is ideal to teach your child many specific words at first so that as soon as he or she talks, you can reinforce with an item or action, specific to what they mean. If your child says “more” out of the blue and you do not know what he or she is talking about, you would not be able to reinforce that spontaneous communication! We want to teach our children to say exactly what they mean.\nHere is a link to another resource explaining why not to target “more” initially when a child is first learning to mand.\nVariety of Categories\nPick items from a variety of categories. For example, do not target only food items or only toys you play with in the water. Also, when initially targeting foods, try to target foods that taste very different. For example, target cookie (sweet) and cracker (salty) rather than cracker (salty) and pretzel (salty).\nAppropriate Level of Difficulty\nIf your child does not have at least 50 single items and 25-50 single actions mastered in the mand operant, you should be targeting single words. Do not target more than one word at a time until the pre-requisite skills are met. Also, it is not recommended to target carrier phrases “I want …” when your child does not have a sufficient verbal repertoire of single words.\nHere is a link to a great workshop by Dr. Vincent Carbone, talking about increasing length of utterance in children with autism.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Social perception theories and investigations deal with the nature, causes, and consequences of perceptions of social entities, including one’s self, other individuals, social categories, and aggregates or groups to which one may or may not belong. The content of a perception can be virtually any property. Individual attributes may include personality traits, behavioral dispositions, physical characteristics, and ability evaluations. Group attributes can include properties such as size, cohesiveness, cultural traits, stratification patterns, network patterns, legitimacy, and historical elements. With some notable exceptions, however, the field of social perception traditionally has emphasized the micro side, focusing on individual inferences regarding one individual or a very small number of other individuals.\nSocial perception is best viewed as an umbrella label that covers a range of loosely related and usually loosely formulated theoretical conjectures and associated research. Today ‘‘social cognition’’ may be the more popular label, subsuming theory and research indexed under numerous other headings: person perception, social judgment, social representation, schema theory, reference group theory, impression formation, attribution theory, and more. Little of this work will be discussed here, although most of it is easy to access. Reference lists in books, chapters, and articles under the various headings tend to intersect rather than be isolated. Review articles have appeared with regularity, and so it is relatively easy to locate the seminal, general, or esoteric references one seeks.\nThis article provides an introduction and selective overview of the social perception area, with additional attention to some threads that have been or could be of particular interest within sociology. First there is a brief discussion of perception in general, followed by sections that divide the field into three major realms: self-perception, person perception, and group perception.\nSocial perception is only one manifestation of the general phenomenon of human perception. All perceptions begin with energy-producing events, either inside people or from the environment. Each of the senses operates as a ‘‘transducer,’’ encoding a particular form of energy (e.g., radiant, kinetic, chemical) into neurological signals that are carried to the brain as complex, parallel streams of bioelectrical impulses. In the brain, these streams of information are filtered and transformed through several stages, producing dynamic neural representations almost instantaneously. Depending on anatomic factors, prior experiences, and the nature of the signals, these representations may or may not reach the level of conscious awareness. When sensations survive this elaborate preprocessing and exceed sensory thresholds, however, they break through into a person’s conscious awareness,appearing as coherent and meaningful perceptions: hunger pangs, one’s reflection in the mirror, a smile from a friend. These perceptions seem to capture all the essential properties of the events that instigated them.\nRoughly speaking, then, people acquire energetic impulses from internal and external environments that, in turn, impinge on the sensory apparatuses as sensations and are transformed by the brain into perceptions. This suggests a close relationship between the perceptions that are formed and the subsequent actions taken on their behalf. For instance, on the basis of perceptions of the personal qualities of others (and perceptions of others’ perceptions of those qualities), people make judgments about those qualities (e.g., good or bad); on the basis of those judgments, people formulate intentions about how they will behave toward others (e.g., plan to engage with them or avoid them); on the basis of those intentions, the actions of others, the prevailing context, and so on, people enact their impressions and intentions in social interactions.\nThree qualities of perceptions bear further elaboration: Structure, stability, and meaning are definitive subjective properties (Schneider et al. 1979). A fourth quality—accuracy—is best understood as an objective property of perceptions, at least in principle. Accuracy and bias in social perception are addressed later in this article.\nHumans experience the world as structured. Rather than seeming chaotic and unpredictable, elements and events generally appear to correspond to one another in patterned ways. Things seem to happen for reasons. Much of this patterning is imposed, however, and one person’s perceptions may be very different from those of others, even under identical conditions. This is especially relevant in regard to the interpretations people impose on complex phenomena. For instance, people tend not to be aware of how differences in the expectations they bring to a situation color their perceptions. People cannot take in information on everything around them and those expectations direct a person to attend selectively to the available stimuli in a situation. This biasing of attention can have a tremendous influence on interpretations of the situation. Moreover, each person may impose a unique subjective structure on the same objective reality. Every sports fan has experienced the perception that compared to the opponent, his or her favored team is consistently the victim of ‘‘bad calls’’ by the officials. Supporters of the opponent generally disagree, and rarely does one perceive the opposition to have been treated unfairly by officials. What fans actually ‘‘see’’ are slices of reality unconsciously chosen to conform with their beliefs and expectations.\nDifferent sports fans may see different things, but if pressed, they probably could identify broad areas of the game they agree about and take for granted. They would agree that there were no sudden changes in the sport they were watching; they would profess not to have seen players on the field dematerializing in one place and rematerializing elsewhere; the ball appears to stay the same size and shape even as it moves nearer to and farther from the fans’ points of view. In general, while observers may disagree on some points, most of what is observed has an underlying sense of continuity. Indeed, among the myriad sensations to which one might attend in a given situation, the bias is toward those which engender a sense of stability—a sense of the temporal endurance of these patterned sensations.\nIf structure and stability were the only properties of experience, the world would appear merely as successions of discrete, insignificant objects and events, each with no particular import transcending the moment. In contrast, most perceptions seem meaningful. That is, perceptions are conceived of as threads in a larger fabric. Through their interconnections and the patterns they form, they seem to have significance, purpose, causes, and consequences beyond their own existence. With cognitive development comes the ability to recognize and select impressions and events that are significant in terms of the information they convey. As will be discussed below, meaningfulness and significance do not imply accuracy. Perceptions—especially social perceptions—are imperfect representations that can be highly misleading.\nAmong the variety of ways in which one could organize the social perception literature, one of the simplest and most useful proceeds from the individual perceiver, to perceptions of other individuals, and finally to group perceptions. These categories define the three sections below, which are followed by some remarks about future directions.\nSelf-perception is social perception with the self as the object. Through introspection and information from others, people develop beliefs about their many qualities: personality, physical appearance, behavioral tendencies, moral stature, athletic prowess, and the like. ‘‘Self-concept’’ is the general term for the system of beliefs about the self. Although introspection is a source of selfknowledge (Andersen and Williams 1985), mounting evidence suggests that it is not the predominant source that people used to believe it is and that it is generally biased and inaccurate (Nisbett and Wilson 1977; Wilson et al. 1981).\nOne major branch of self-perception research focuses on inaccuracies in self-knowledge, and a second on how information from others shapes the self-concept. An example of work in the first branch is a review by Greenwald (1980) of evidence of three types of self-conceptual biases:\nBem’s influential self-perception theory (1972) asserts that in conditions of uncertainty, people use their own behavior as a guide to inferences about their inner selves. Later approaches to the self-concept focus on structures such as category systems, conceptual networks, and complex schemas that can represent explicit connections and nonconnections among elements of the self-concept (Greenwald and Pratkanis  provide a review).\nThe early insights of Cooley (1964) and Mead (1934) still guide sociological theory and research on the social origins of the self-concept, the second branch mentioned above. Cooley described the ‘‘looking-glass self’’ as the use of others’ appraisals as mirrors of the ‘‘true’’ self. Mead noted that the images people form of themselves are greatly affected by how they imagine significant others would respond to and evaluate them. Social comparison theory (Festinger 1954; Suls and Miller 1977) deals with, among other issues, the question of whom one refers to when seeking comparative self-knowledge and the effects of the various available social referents on one’s selfconcept and behavior.\nUnder the rubric of self-perception also are found topics such as self-efficacy, self-evaluation, self-esteem, and self-identity. Self-efficacy is the perception of one’s competence with respect to specific tasks (Bandura 1986; Cervone and Peake 1986). Self-esteem is the extent to which one thinks positively about oneself (Rosenberg 1979). The concept of self-evaluation, when distinguished from efficacy and esteem, has been used in theory and research on how the characteristics of evaluators affect self-evaluations in specific, collective task situations (Webster and Sobieszek 1974). There are two major approaches to self-identity: identity theory (Stryker 1980; Burke 1991) and social identity theory (Hogg and Abrams 1988; Hogg et al. 1995). Although there are many shared concepts in these approaches, identity theory is distinguished by a greater emphasis on the performance of social roles as the source of self-definitions; in contrast, social identity theory emphasizes the ways in which self-categorizations hinge on salient properties of the groups with which individuals align themselves.\nThe more strongly a person’s identity is tied to a particular social role or category, the greater is the extent to which that individual empathizes with other occupants of that role or category. It is as if the boundary between self and others became blurred, and the individual empathizes with similar others to whom good things and bad things happen. For instance, an experiment by Markovsky (1985) subtly emphasized self-identification versus group identification and created unjust reward allocations to both individuals and groups. The subjects responded more strongly to the type of injustice that corresponded to their identification.\nThe core of social perception theory and research addresses how people formulate impressions about the inner qualities and outward behaviors of other individuals. The focal points for this work include the properties of the people who are perceived and the characteristics of the situations in which a perception is developed, the logic by which basic sensations are integrated to form complex social perceptions, and the way in which perceptions, once formed, are affected by new information.\nAttribution theories are concerned with how people form inferences about the causes of others’ behaviors. The basic question in these approaches concerns the conditions under which another person’s behavior is attributed to an internal disposition or to aspects of the situation in which it occurred ( Jones et al. 1989). The so-called fundamental attribution error is the pervasive tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of situational factors on others’ behavior (Ross 1977). In fact, people tend to make personal attributions for others’ behavior and situational attributions for their own ( Jones and Nisbett 1972). Gilbert (1989) has modified this question in a fruitful way by asserting that personal attributions occur automatically; situational attributions occur only as the possible result of an effortful search for additional information (Gilbert et al. 1988).\nAlthough schemas could be discussed under the ‘‘self-perception’’ and ‘‘group perception’’ headings, most often they are invoked in theory and research on person perception. Schemas are organized structures of cognitions pertaining to social objects such as the self, other persons, groups, roles, and events (Taylor and Crocker 1981). Thus, one’s schema for ‘‘college professor’’ may include beliefs such as ‘‘intelligent’’ and ‘‘scattered,’’ negative attitudes such as ‘‘inaccessible’’ and ‘‘too political,’’ and expectations for behaviors such as ‘‘lecturing’’ and ‘‘conducting research.’’ Schemas have a variety of effects on social perception. For instance, they induce people to attend to certain social and situational features, influence people’s judgments by inducing particular expectations for the consequences of their actions, and affect how people recollect social events by making some pieces of information more salient than others. Schemas also transcend individuals by becoming cultural elements that can be communicated among group members or from parent to child.\nOther approaches to person perception focus on the integration of bits of information associated with particular others. Information integration theory (Anderson 1981) provides rigorous mathematical models of how an observer employs weighted combinations of another individual’s traits to form an overall impression. Social applications of psychophysics (Stevens 1975; Lodge 1981) apply a magnitude scaling technology first developed for expressing judgments of physical properties (e.g., weight, brightness, numerosity, sound pressure, saltiness) to the quantification and validation of judgments of personal or social properties (e.g., competence, fairness, attractiveness). Status characteristics theory (Berger et al. 1985) explains the emergence of status and influence hierarchies in collective, task-performing groups on the basis of individuals’ relative standings on combinations of salient characteristics that can order interaction whether or not they are explicitly relevant to a task.\nThe accuracy of social perceptions was an early research focus but languished for years because of conceptual and methodological roadblocks (Cronbach 1955; Zebrowitz 1990; Fiske 1993). One problem is that determining accuracy requires the existence of a criterion against which a social perception is judged. Often, however, there is no assurance that the criterion is accurate because it may be arbitrary, subjective, or biased. Research in this area has seen a resurgence in recent years, however, partly as a result of approaches like Kenny and Albright’s (1987) social relations model. That approach measures the accuracy of judgments of a given characteristic by using multiple observers and targets, permitting the researcher to control for observers’ response sets, targets’ attributes, and other aspects of the relationships between observers and targets. A mere recent trend is to attempt to disentangle the combined effects of observers’ expectancies and targets’ characteristics, specifying the conditions under which either set of factors predominates in determining social perceptions.\nIn a related vein, attributional and social perceptual biases constitute a vast field of inquiry. In recent years, a number of universal human perceptual inclinations have been cataloged that are capable of generating perceptual biases. Many perceptions depend on the ability to gauge one’s relevant behaviors and characteristics, yet people often have difficulty assessing their own qualities and properties in an absolute way (Bem 1972). Preconceived notions powerfully influence subsequent perceptions by inducing selective perceptions. Once an idea is accepted, falsifying information is discounted and verifying information is accepted uncritically. People not only are subject to such errors of perception, they also underestimate the degree to which this is so. They are overconfident in their judgments; employ useless, distracting, and unrepresentative information contained in anecdotes; and infer illusory covariations among social characteristics. In recent years, cognitive and social psychologists have begun to identify and systematically examine these and other types of social perceptual biases. (For some examples, see Taylor and Fiske 1978; Taylor et al. 1978; Nisbett and Ross 1980; Kahneman et al. 1982; and Goldstein and Hogarth 1997.)\nTwo sets of approaches to group perception predominate: those concerned with reference group choices and effects, and those addressing social categorization processes. A reference group is a set of individuals whose standing or perspective is taken into account by an actor in selecting a course of action or making a judgment about a specific issue (Farmer 1992).\nResearch on reference group phenomena represents one of the first and longest-lived attempts in sociology and social psychology to understand how individuals orient themselves to groups, which groups they choose, and the consequences of their choices. (See the early work of Newcomb  and Merton and Rossi  and the more recent review by Singer .) Among the functions of reference groups are providing sources for normative information and offering bases for social comparisons (Gecas 1982). Normative information dictates ostensibly correct and incorrect courses of action and positive and negative values. For example, people may adopt as their own the expressed values of respected members of the community or may assert a position opposite to that held by a disrespected group. In a similar way, social comparisons with reference groups provide bases for evaluating one’s beliefs, actions, and accomplishments. For instance, without making reference to the set of people with incomes comparable to one’s own, it is impossible to gauge one’s level of generosity in donating money to charitable organizations. Three hundred dollars donated in a year may seem high until one discovers that the average donation of people in one’s income bracket is ten times that amount.\nAlthough virtually everyone makes use of reference groups, which reference groups one selects for one’s comparisons and what consequences follow from those selections are more complex issues. Reference group choices have been shown in both natural and experimental settings to be influenced by numerous factors, including attitude similarity, structural inducements, and normative prescriptions. The consequences of referential comparisons that have been studied include the treatment of social deviants and the emergence of negative social evaluations, changes in self-esteem, and feelings of relative deprivation, gratification, or inequity. Although a good deal of interesting research and many theoretical conjectures have been associated with this area of inquiry, as Singer (1981) noted, there is no reference group theory per se, and the explanatory promise of this area remains unfulfilled. However, many of the research lines spawned by interest in reference groups remain active.\nThe reference group literature takes as given the existence of groups and the issue of which people are and are not members. Social categorization approaches (Tajfel 1981; Wilder 1986; Abrams and Hogg 1999) are closely related to the social identification literature noted earlier and view the perception of membership versus nonmembership as problematic. In general, people say that they detest being categorized and avoid categorizing others. However, social categorization is a manifestation of a perceptual process that is fundamental to survival. Everyone does it, consciously or not. By learning to recognize and categorize elements of their environments, humans are able to distinguish nutriment from poison and ally from adversary.\nDespite its indispensability, the categorization process has side effects in the social realm. The most important and robust of these effects is the tendency for people to overestimate differences between groups and underestimate differences among group members. ‘‘They’’ appear uniform, but ‘‘we’’ are individuals (Quattrone 1986). This phenomenon lies at the heart of stereotyping: the overgeneralization of perceived group attributes (Stangor and Lange 1994). Once formed, stereotypes are maintained by virtue of the types of perceptual biases previously noted, such as forming illusory correlations and relying on anecdotes. A classic finding in research on social identity (Tajfel 1982; Turner 1987) demonstrated that arbitrary we-they distinctions created by random assignments to groups in a laboratory setting were sufficient to produce in-group favoritism and a variety of negative attributions regarding the out-group.\nDiscrimination—the differential treatment of others solely on the basis of their group memberships— and prejudice—negative attitudes toward certain groups and their members—are common behavioral manifestations of perceptual stereotyping. In American society and in the social and behavioral sciences, gender- and race-based forms of discrimination and prejudice have received the most attention (Eagly 1987; Dovidio and Gaertner 1986, respectively), although the list of bases for discrimination is probably as long as the list of conceivable social characteristics.\nSocial perception theory and research embrace multiple levels of analysis: cognitive processing, individual and interpersonal behavior, perceptions of groups, and group behavior. The social perception theories that may hold the greatest promise for the future are those amenable to integrating explicit formulations developed within these different levels of analysis. Undoubtedly, much social perception research in the near term will be business as usual, identifying new theoretical contingencies and empirical patterns. However, social and behavioral scientists are developing new approaches to modeling social and social psychological phenomena that may prove fruitful in social perception research.\nBurt (1982) integrated a psychophysical model of human perception with explicit models of social network structure. The result is a conceptualization of social groupings at any scale in which network members\nThe models show precisely how structural configurations of social relationships, in combination with individually based social perception and comparison processes, can theoretically account for a far broader class of phenomena than can either individual- level theories that do not consider structures or structural theories that do not consider individuals. Unfortunately, this formulation has not inspired a corresponding program of research, and the potential contributions of this innovative approach have not been tapped.\nSignificant progress has been made, however, using network models of a different sort. Within a broader class of approaches known as complexity theory (Eve et al. 1997), neural network models (Read and Miller 1998) and related alternatives (Carley and Svoboda 1996; Macy and Skvoretz 1998; Gilbert and Conte 1995) are beginning to account for social perception phenomena using parallel distributed processing models. This is a type of computer simulation in which numerous interconnected elements (e.g., neurons or agents) repeatedly receive, process, and respond to information from their environments, which may consist largely of similar elements. For example, using this approach, Smith and DeCoster (1998) devised a unified computational model that accomplishes several feats: It learns the social characteristics it ‘‘perceives’’ in individual cases and recognizes those characteristics from partial cues, learns stereotypes from exposure to multiple cases and recognizes those stereotypes from partial cues, and develops novel concepts from old ones. Although so-called connectionist approaches are relatively new, findings such as these bode well for further investigations.\nThere is no lack of good ideas in the social perception field, and this area may well play a central role in future attempts to integrate micro and macro sociology. Lacking, however, are concerted, programmatic efforts to develop and test explicit and rigorous social perception theories. Some exceptions were noted above. For the most part, however, the absence of explicitness and rigor has resulted in a minimal level of competition among different approaches, virtually no critical testing between formulations, and few timetested conceptual and methodological refinements. However, this area remains attractive to a large number of psychologists and sociologists, in part because of its many unanswered questions and the ubiquity of its phenomena.\nedu.learnsoc.org Copyright 2010 - 2012 © All Rights Reserved\n|Home | About | Contact | Links|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The joint winner of the Nobel Prize for medicine in 2008, Luc Montagnier, is claiming that DNA can send ‘electromagnetic imprints’ of itself into distant cells and fluids which can then be used by enzymes to create copies of the original DNA. You can read the original paper here [PDF]. (Source) Montagnier also filed for a U.S. patent on the technology of detecting phantom replica of DNA in water: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20110027774.pdf\nThe popular press and self-appointed blog experts, without bothering to investigate any further, have decided to misrepresent this important work as “teleportation” or “magic”. For example:\n- Can Our DNA Electromagnetically ‘Teleport’ Itself? One Researcher Thinks So (popsci.com)\n- The Nobel disease meets DNA teleportation and homeopathy [Respectful Insolence] (scienceblogs.com)\n- Nobel Prize Winner Says DNA Performs Quantum Teleportation (science.slashdot.org)\n- Scientists Debate Magical DNA Teleportation (escapistmagazine.com)\n- Teleportation Magic Established By Science, At Last! (randi.org)\nCharacterizing Dr. Montagnier’s work as “teleportation” or “magic” is an obvious misrepresentation and creates ridiculous controversy. It appears to be intended to discredit Dr. Montagnier and his important work.\nRead the rest of this blog post and decide for yourself if it is science or “magic”.\nInquiring minds might ask why recent work by a Nobel Scientist might need to be ridiculed?\nDNA waves and water, Dec. 2010\nL. Montagnier, J. Aissa2, E. Del Giudice, C. Lavallee2, A. Tedeschi, and G. Vitiello\nAbstract. Some bacterial and viral DNA sequences have been found to induce low frequency electromagnetic waves in high aqueous dilutions. This phenomenon appears to be triggered by the ambient electromagnetic background of very low frequency. We discuss this phenomenon in the framework of quantum field theory. A scheme able to account for the observations is proposed. The reported phenomenon could allow to develop highly sensitive detection systems for chronic bacterial and viral infections. (Source)\nThe “water” is NOT “just water”. It is a medium.\nThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique supplies building blocks to copy a DNA fragment. (See the description of the PCR process below.)\nNormally, to replicate a DNA fragment, one prepares a PCR medium, then adds a DNA fragment into the PCR medium, and exact copies of that DNA fragment are thereby created.\nReplication of DNA at a distance is accomplished using the PCR technique–but with one important difference.\nDr. Montagnier’s breakthrough is that he copies DNA fragments, at a distance, without adding the DNA fragment into the PCR medium. What Dr. Montagnier has shown is that the shadow of DNA, where that DNA is located at a short distance away, is enough to create copies of that DNA in a PCR medium.\nDr. Montagnier uses the PCR technique to multiply DNA in a PCR medium, not by adding DNA into the medium, but by using special light to cast a shadow of a DNA fragment onto the PCR medium. He calls it “imprinting” the PCR medium with a “phantom DNA” imprint. (See also Garaiev and Poponin’s “phantom DNA” imprint.)\nThe DNA fragment is not physically in the PCR medium. This is potentially a huge breakthrough.\nAccording to Matti Pitkanen:\nHIV Nobelist L. Montagnier’s group has published two articles challenging the standard views about genetic code and providing strong support for the notion of water memory. Already the results of the first article suggested implicitly the existence of a new kind nano-scale representation of genetic code and the the recent article makes this claim explicitly. . . The article “DNA waves and water” has created quite a furor even before its publication. . . The claim of Montagnier’s team is that the radiation generated by DNA affects water in such a manner that it behaves as if it contained the actual DNA. (Source)\nAs theoretical chemist Jeff Reimers of the University of Sydney, Australia, points out:\n“If the results are correct, these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry.” (Source)\nMontagnier has just taken a new position at Jiaotong University in Shanghai, China (this university is often referred to as “China’s MIT”), where he will work in a new institute bearing his name. This work focuses on a new scientific movement at the crossroads of physics, biology, and medicine: the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves produced by DNA in water. He and his team will study both the theoretical basis and the possible applications in medicine. (Source: French Nobelist Escapes “Intellectual Terror” to Pursue Radical Ideas in China. Science 24 December 2010: Vol. 330 no. 6012 p. 1732. DOI: 10.1126/science.330.6012.1732)\nRemind me, please, why do so many in the US feel a need to ridicule Dr. Montagnier?\nAmerica’s loss is China’s gain.\nSimilar to “DNA Phantom Effect” Research in 1992 by Russian Scientists\nThere has been Russian research, by Garaiev and Poponin, in related areas with similar results (layman’s overview). Garaiev and Poponin’s original work was published in 1992:\nP.P. Gariaev, K.V. Grigor’ev, A.A. Vasil’ev, V.P. Poponin and V.A. Shcheglov. “Investigation of the Fluctuation Dynamics of DNA Solutions by Laser Correlation Spectroscopy.” Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute, n. 11-12, p. 23-30 (1992).\nVladimir Poponin, in his paper, “The DNA Phantom Effect: Direct Measurement of A New Field in the Vacuum Substructure” explains the experimental set up and procedures. (Source1, Source2) Garaiev and Poponin, if I understand correctly, used a laser light beamed through a DNA sample to create what they call a phantom DNA imprint pattern in a secondary medium at a distance. This phantom DNA imprint in the secondary medium was stable for up to a month. The Russian scientists speculated that the DNA phantom effect had something to do with the creation of an energy field. Garaiev and Poponin, provided additional follow-up comments in their 2002 paper, “Update on DNA Phantom Effect.” (Source).\nRelated work and/or commentaries include:\n- Dr. Peter Gariaev: Wave Genetics\n- Gariaev, P. P., Friedman, M. J., & Leonova-Gariaeva, E. A., “Principles of Linguistic-Wave Genetics“, DNA Decipher Journal, January 2011, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 011-024.\n- Gariaev, P. P., Marcer, P. J., Leonova-Gariaeva, K. A., Kaempf, U. & Artjukh, V. D., “DNA as Basis for Quantum Biocomputer“, DNA Decipher Journal, January 2011, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 025-046.\n- Gariaev P. and Pitk¨anen M., “A Model for the Findings about Hologram Generating Properties of DNA“, DNA Decipher Journal, January 2011, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 047-072.\n- Decipherment of the Secrets of DNA, DNA Decipher Journal, January 2011, Vol 1, No 1 (2011)\n- Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf, DNA hyper-communication and group awareness, Nature goes online. (in German)\n- Glen Rein, “EFFECT OF CONSCIOUS INTENTION ON HUMAN DNA,” Proceedings of the Int’l Forum on New Science, 1996.\n- Tszyan Kanchgen: Microwave Transfer of Biological Information; “Tszyan Kanchgen lead a series of experiments, which have shown an opportunity of direct transfer of the information from one biological object to another by radio waves,” Сергей Демкин “Чудеса и приключения”, “ТМ” N4, 1996; Патент России №2044550, 1995 (Source)\n- P. P. Garayev: Wave Genome; Телепортация? Элементарно! http://www.skyzone.al.ru/tech/garjaev07.html (Source)\n- JIANG Kan G, Cheng Qian, Tang Binghuan, “Observation on Biological Effect of Bioelectromagnetic (BEM) Field>”, “Natural Science Research”, Vol.10, No2, April 2007 68-77 (Source)\n- Discussion Forum: Biological journals Bulletin boards > Talk (in Russian)\n- Commentaries and speculation: “DNA BioComputer Reprogramming“; “Groundbreaking Russian DNA Discoveries“; “Russian DNA Research“. One commentator says that that the work of Russian astrophysicist, Dr. Nikolai A. Kozyrev (1908-83) may also be relevant to understanding the phantom DNA effect.\n- Russian DNA Discoveries Explain Human ‘Paranormal’ Events\nPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique\nThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique supplies all the building blocks to multiply a DNA fragment:\nPCR is used to amplify a specific region of a DNA strand (the DNA target). Most PCR methods typically amplify DNA fragments of up to ~10 kilo base pairs (kb), although some techniques allow for amplification of fragments up to 40 kb in size.\nA basic PCR set up requires several components and reagents. These components include:\n* DNA template that contains the DNA region (target) to be amplified.\n* Two primers that are complementary to the 3′ (three prime) ends of each of the sense and anti-sense strand of the DNA target.\n* Taq polymerase or another DNA polymerase with a temperature optimum at around 70 °C.\n* Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), the building blocks from which the DNA polymerases synthesizes a new DNA strand.\n* Buffer solution, providing a suitable chemical environment for optimum activity and stability of the DNA polymerase.\n* Divalent cations, magnesium or manganese ions; generally Mg2+ is used, but Mn2+ can be utilized for PCR-mediated DNA mutagenesis, as higher Mn2+ concentration increases the error rate during DNA synthesis\n* Monovalent cation potassium ions.\nNew Scientist reported the Luc Montagnier DNA Replication story as follows: (Source)\nA Nobel prizewinner is reporting that DNA can be generated from its teleported “quantum imprint”\nA STORM of scepticism has greeted experimental results emerging from the lab of a Nobel laureate which, if confirmed, would shake the foundations of several fields of science. “If the results are correct,” says theoretical chemist Jeff Reimers of the University of Sydney, Australia, “these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry.”\nLuc Montagnier, who shared the Nobel prize for medicine in 2008 for his part in establishing that HIV causes AIDS, says he has evidence that DNA can send spooky electromagnetic imprints of itself into distant cells and fluids. If that wasn’t heretical enough, he also suggests that enzymes can mistake the ghostly imprints for real DNA, and faithfully copy them to produce the real thing. In effect this would amount to a kind of quantum teleportation of the DNA.\nMany researchers contacted for comment by New Scientist reacted with disbelief. Gary Schuster, who studies DNA conductance effects at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, compared it to “pathological science”. Jacqueline Barton, who does similar work at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, was equally sceptical. “There aren’t a lot of data given, and I don’t buy the explanation,” she says. One blogger has suggested Montagnier should be awarded an IgNobel prize.\nYet the results can’t be dismissed out of hand. “The experimental methods used appear comprehensive,” says Reimers. So what have Montagnier and his team actually found?\nFull details of the experiments are not yet available, but the basic set-up is as follows. Two adjacent but physically separate test tubes were placed within a copper coil and subjected to a very weak extremely low frequency electromagnetic field of 7 hertz. The apparatus was isolated from Earth’s natural magnetic field to stop it interfering with the experiment. One tube contained a fragment of DNA around 100 bases long; the second tube contained pure water.\nAfter 16 to 18 hours, both samples were independently subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method routinely used to amplify traces of DNA by using enzymes to make many copies of the original material. The gene fragment was apparently recovered from both tubes, even though one should have contained just water (see diagram).\nDNA was only recovered if the original solution of DNA – whose concentration has not been revealed – had been subjected to several dilution cycles before being placed in the magnetic field. In each cycle it was diluted 10-fold, and “ghost” DNA was only recovered after between seven and 12 dilutions of the original. It was not found at the ultra-high dilutions used in homeopathy.\nPhysicists in Montagnier’s team suggest that DNA emits low-frequency electromagnetic waves which imprint the structure of the molecule onto the water. This structure, they claim, is preserved and amplified through quantum coherence effects, and because it mimics the shape of the original DNA, the enzymes in the PCR process mistake it for DNA itself, and somehow use it as a template to make DNA matching that which “sent” the signal (arxiv.org/abs/1012.5166).\n“The biological experiments do seem intriguing, and I wouldn’t dismiss them,” says Greg Scholes of the University of Toronto in Canada, who last year demonstrated that quantum effects occur in plants. Yet according to Klaus Gerwert, who studies interactions between water and biomolecules at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, “It is hard to understand how the information can be stored within water over a timescale longer than picoseconds.”\n“The structure would be destroyed instantly,” agrees Felix Franks, a retired academic chemist in London who has studied water for many years. Franks was involved as a peer reviewer in the debunking of a controversial study in 1988 which claimed that water had a memory (see “How ‘ghost molecules’ were exorcised”). “Water has no ‘memory’,” he says now. “You can’t make an imprint in it and recover it later.”\nDespite the scepticism over Montagnier’s explanation, the consensus was that the results deserve to be investigated further. Montagnier’s colleague, theoretical physicist Giuseppe Vitiello of the University of Salerno in Italy, is confident that the result is reliable. “I would exclude that it’s contamination,” he says. “It’s very important that other groups repeat it.”\nIn a paper last year (Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences, DOI: 10.1007/s12539-009-0036-7), Montagnier described how he discovered the apparent ability of DNA fragments and entire bacteria both to produce weak electromagnetic fields and to “regenerate” themselves in previously uninfected cells. Montagnier strained a solution of the bacterium Mycoplasma pirum through a filter with pores small enough to prevent the bacteria penetrating. The filtered water emitted the same frequency of electromagnetic signal as the bacteria themselves. He says he has evidence that many species of bacteria and many viruses give out the electromagnetic signals, as do some diseased human cells.\nMontagnier says that the full details of his latest experiments will not be disclosed until the paper is accepted for publication. “Surely you are aware that investigators do not reveal the detailed content of their experimental work before its first appearance in peer-reviewed journals,” he says.\nPopsci.com reported the story as follows:\nDNA Teleportation Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier describes a phenomenon in which DNA emits electromagnetic signals of its own construction, “ghost DNA” that can be mistaken by enzymes as the real deal and replicated in another place. Essentially, it’s DNA teleportation. Montagnier, et al.\nA Nobel prize winning scientist who shared the 2008 prize for medicine for his role in establishing the link between HIV and AIDS has stirred up a good deal of both interest and skepticism with his latest experimental results, which more or less show that DNA can teleport itself to distant cells via electromagnetic signals. If his results prove correct, they would shake up the foundations upon which modern chemistry rests. But plenty of Montagnier’s peers are far from convinced.\nThe full details of Montagnier’s experiments are not yet known, as his paper has not yet been accepted for publication. But he and his research partners have made a summary of his findings available. Essentially, they took two test tubes – one containing a fragment of DNA about 100 bases long, another containing pure water – and isolated them in a chamber that muted the earth’s natural electromagnetic field to keep it from muddying the results. The test tubes were housed within a copper coil emanating a weak electromagnetic field.\nMontagnier and his team say this suggests DNA emits its own electromagnetic signals that imprint the DNA’s structure on other molecules (like water). Ostensibly this means DNA can project itself from one cell to the next, where copies could be made – something like quantum teleportation of genetic material, a notion that is spooky on multiple levels.\n- Russian DNA Discoveries Explain Human Paranormal Events\n- DNA ‘s Mysteries. Does DNA contain our Consciousness\nRussian DNA Discoveries Explain Human Paranormal Events (Source)\nSummarized by Baerbel\nEdited and translated\nEsoteric and spiritual teachers have known for ages that our body is programmable by language, words and thought. This has now been scientifically proven and explained.\n- The human DNA is a biological Internet and superior in many aspects to the artificial one. The latest Russian scientific research directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as clairvoyance, intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing, self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light/auras around people (namely spiritual masters), mind⬔s influence on weather patterns and much more.\n- In addition, there is evidence for a whole new type of medicine in which DNA can be influenced and reprogrammed by words and frequencies WITHOUT cutting out and replacing single genes. Only 10% of our DNA is being used for building proteins. It is this subset of DNA that is of interest to western researchers and is being examined and categorized. The other 90% are considered “junk DNA.”\n- The Russian researchers, however, convinced that nature was not dumb, joined linguists and geneticists in a venture to explore that 90% of “junk DNA.” Their results, findings and conclusions are simply revolutionary!\n- According to there findings, our DNA is not only responsible for the construction of our body but also serves as data storage and communication. The Russian linguists found that the genetic code – especially in the apparent “useless” 90% – follows the same rules as all our human languages.\n- To this end they compared the rules of syntax (the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences), semantics (the study of meaning in language forms) and the basic rules of grammar. They found that the alkalines of our DNA follow a regular grammar and do have set rules just like our languages. Therefore, human languages did not appear coincidentally but are a reflection of our inherent DNA.\n- The Russian biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr Garjajev and his colleagues also explored the vibrational behavior of DNA. In brief the bottom line was: “Living chromosomes function just like a holographic computer using endogenous DNA laser radiation.” This means that they managed, for example, to modulate certain frequency patterns (sound) onto a laser-like ray which influenced DNA frequency and thus the genetic information itself.\n- Since the basic structure of DNA-alkaline pairs and of language (as explained earlier) is of the same structure, no DNA decoding is necessary. One can simply use words and sentences of the human language! This, too, was experimentally proven!\n- Living DNA substance (in living tissue, not in vitro) will always react to language-modulated laser rays and even to radio waves, if the proper frequencies (sound) are being used. This finally and scientifically explains why affirmations, hypnosis and the like can have such strong effects on humans and their bodies. It is entirely normal and natural for our DNA to react to language.\n- While western researchers cut single genes from DNA strands and insert them elsewhere, the Russians enthusiastically created devices that influence cellular metabolism through modulated radio and light frequencies, thus repairing genetic defects.\n- They even captured information patterns of a particular DNA and transmitted it onto another, thus reprogramming cells to another genome. So they successfully transformed, for example, frog embryos to salamander embryos simply by transmitting the DNA information patterns! This way the entire information was transmitted without any of the side effects or disharmonies encountered when cutting out and re-introducing single genes from the DNA.\n- This represents an unbelievable, world-transforming revolution and sensation: by simply applying vibration (sound frequencies) and language instead of the archaic cutting-out procedure!\n- This experiment points to the immense power of wave genetics, which obviously has a greater influence on the formation of organisms than the biochemical processes of alkaline sequences.\n- Esoteric and spiritual teachers have known for ages that our body is programmable by language, words and thought. This has now been scientifically proven and explained.\n- Of course the frequency has to be correct. And this is why not everybody is equally successful or can do it with always the same strength. The individual person must work on the inner processes and development in order to establish a conscious communication with the DNA.\n- The Russian researchers work on a method that is not dependent on these factors but will ALWAYS work, provided one uses the correct frequency. But the higher developed an individual’s consciousness is, the less need is there for any type of device: one can achieve these results by oneself. Science will finally stop laughing at such ideas and will confirm and explain the results. And it doesn’t end there.\n- The Russian scientists also found out that our DNA can cause disturbing patterns in a vacuum, thus producing magnetized wormholes! Wormholes are the microscopic equivalents of the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridges in the vicinity of black holes (left by burned-out stars).\n- These are tunnel connections between entirely different areas in the universe through which information can be transmitted outside of space and time. The DNA attracts these bits of information and passes them on to our consciousness. This process of hyper-communication (telepathy, channeling) is most effective in a state of relaxation.\n- Stress, worry or a hyperactive intellect prevent successful hyper-communication or the information will be totally distorted and useless. In nature, hyper-communication has been successfully applied for millions of years. The organized flow of life in insects proves this dramatically. Modern man knows it only on a much more subtle level as “intuition.” But we, too, can regain full use of it.\n- As an example from nature, when a queen ant is separated from her colony, the remaining worker ants will continue building fervently according to plan. However, if the queen is killed, all work in the colony stops. No ant will know what to do. Apparently, the queen transmits the “building plans” even if far away – via the group consciousness with her subjects. She can be as far away as she wants, as long as she is alive.\n- In humans, hyper-communication is most often encountered when one suddenly gains access to information that is outside one’s knowledge base. Such hyper-communication is then experienced as inspiration or intuition (also in trance channeling). The Italian composer Giuseppe Tartini, for instance, dreamt one night that a devil sat at his bedside playing the violin. The next morning Tartini was able to note down the piece exactly from memory. He called it the Devil’s Trill Sonata.\n- For years, a 42-year old male nurse dreamt of a situation in which he was hooked up to a kind of knowledge CD-ROM. Verifiable knowledge from all imaginable fields was then transmitted to him that he was able to recall in the morning. There was such a flood of information that it seemed a whole encyclopedia was transmitted at night. The majorities of facts were outside his personal knowledge base and reached technical details of which he knew absolutely nothing. When hyper-communication occurs, one can observe in the DNA, as well as in the human, supernatural phenomena.\n- The Russian scientists irradiated DNA samples with laser light. On screen, a typical wave pattern was formed. When they removed the DNA sample, the wave pattern did not disappear, it remained. Many controlled experiments showed that the pattern continued to come from the removed sample, whose energy field apparently remained by itself. This effect is now called phantom DNA effect. It is surmised that energy from outside of space and time still flows through the activated wormholes after the DNA was removed. The side effects encountered most often in hyper-communication in humans are inexplicable electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the persons concerned.\n- Electronic devices like CD players and the like can be irritated and cease to function for hours. When the electromagnetic field slowly dissipates, the devices function normally again. Many healers and psychics know this effect from their work: the better the atmosphere and energy, the more frustrating it can be for recording devices as they stop functioning at that exact moment. Often by next morning all is back to normal.\n- Perhaps this is reassuring to read for many, as it has nothing to do with them being technically inept; it means they are good at hyper-communication.\n- In their book Vernetzte Intelligenz, Grazyna Gosar and Franz Bludorf explain these connections precisely and clearly. The authors also quote sources presuming that in earlier times humanity had been just like the animals: very strongly connected to group consciousness and thereby acted as a group. In order to develop and experience individuality, however, we humans had to forget hyper-communication almost completely.\n- Now that we are fairly stable in our individual consciousness, we can create a new form of group consciousness – namely one in which we attain access to all information via our DNA without being forced or remotely controlled about what to do with that information. We now know that just as we use the internet, our DNA can feed proper data into the network, can retrieve data from the network, and can establish contact with other participants in the network. Remote healing, telepathy or “remote sensing” about the state of another can thus be explained. Some animals know from afar when their owners plan to return home. This can be freshly interpreted and explained via the concepts of group consciousness and hyper-communication.\n- Any collective consciousness cannot be sensibly used over any period of time without a distinctive individuality; otherwise we would revert to a primitive herd instinct that is easily manipulated. Hyper-communication in the new millennium means something quite different.\n- Researchers think that if humans with full individuality would regain group consciousness, they would have a god-like power to create, alter and shape things on Earth! AND humanity is collectively moving toward such a group consciousness of the new kind.\n- Fifty percent of children will become a problem as soon as they go to school, since the system lumps everyone together and demands adjustment. But the individuality of today’s children is so strong that they refuse this adjustment and resist giving up their idiosyncrasies in the most diverse ways.\n- At the same time more and more clairvoyant children are born. Something in those children is striving more towards the group consciousness of the new kind, and it can no longer be suppressed.\n- As a rule, weather for example is rather difficult to influence by a single individual. But it may be influenced by group consciousness (nothing new about this to some indigenous tribes). Weather is strongly influenced by Earth resonance frequencies (Schumann frequencies). But those same frequencies are also produced in our brains, and when many people synchronize their thinking or when individuals (spiritual masters, for instance) focus their thoughts in a laser-like fashion, then it is not at all surprising that they can influence the weather.\n- A modern day civilization which develops group consciousness would have neither environmental problems nor scarcity of energy: for if it were to use such mental powers as a unified civilization, it would have control of the energies of its home planet as a natural consequence.\n- When a great number of people become unified with higher intention as in meditating on peace – potentials of violence also dissolve.\n- Apparently, DNA is also an organic superconductor that can work at normal body temperature, as opposed to artificial superconductors which require extremely low temperatures between 200 and 140°C to function. In addition, all superconductors are able to store light and thus information. This further explains how DNA can store information.\n- There is another phenomenon linked to DNA and wormholes. Normally, these super-small wormholes are highly unstable and are maintained only for the tiniest fractions of a second. Under certain conditions stable wormholes can organize themselves, which then form distinctive vacuum domains in which for example, gravity can transform into electricity. Vacuum domains are self-radiant balls of ionized gas that contain considerable amounts of energy. There are regions in Russia where such radiant balls appear very often.\n- Following the ensuing confusion the Russians started massive research programs leading finally to some of the discoveries mentions above. Many people know vacuum domains as shiny balls in the sky. The attentive look at them in wonder and ask themselves, what they could be.\n- I thought once: “Hello up there. If you happen to be a UFO, fly in a triangle.” And suddenly, the light balls moved in a triangle. Or they shot across the sky like ice hockey pucks: they accelerated from zero to crazy speeds while sliding silently across the sky. One is left gawking and I have, as many others, too, thought them to be UFOs. Friendly ones, apparently, as they flew in triangles just to please me.\n- Now, the Russians found – in the regions where vacuum domains often appear – that sometimes fly as balls of light from the ground upwards into the sky, and that these balls can be guided by thought. Since then it has been found that vacuum domains emit waves of low frequency that are also produced in our brains and because of this similarity of waves they are able to react to our thoughts. To run excitedly into one that is on ground level might not be such a great idea, because those balls of light can contain immense energies and are capable of mutating our genes.\n- Many spiritual teachers also produce such visible balls or columns of light in deep meditation or during energy work, which trigger decidedly pleasant feelings and do not cause any harm. Apparently this is also dependent on some inner order, quality and origin of the vacuum domain. There are some spiritual teachers, like the young Englishman Ananda, for example, with whom nothing is seen at first, but when one tries to take a photograph while they sit and speak or meditate in hyper-communication, one gets only a picture of a white cloud on a chair.\n- In certain Earth healing projects, such light effects also appear on photographs. Simply put, this phenomena has to do with gravity and anti-gravity forces that are ever more stable forms of wormholes and displays of hyper-communication with energies from outside our time and space structure. Earlier generations that experienced such hyper-communication and visible vacuum domains were convinced that an angel had appeared before them: and we cannot be too sure to what forms of consciousness we can get access when using hyper-communication.\n- Not having scientific proof for their actual existence, people having had such experiences do NOT all suffer from hallucinations. We have simply made another giant step towards understanding our reality. Official science also knows of gravity anomalies on Earth that contribute to the formation of vacuum domains. Recently gravity anomalies have been found in Rocca di Papa, south of Rome.\n- The full article can be viewed – in English – on the Kontext website\n- All information is from the book “Vernetzte Intelligenz” von Grazyna Fosar und Franz Bludorf, ISBN 3930243237, summarized and commented by Baerbel. The book is unfortunately only available in German so far. You can reach the authors here:\n- Kontext – Forum for Border Science\n- Scientist Prove DNA Can Be Reprogrammed by Words and Frequencies\n- The Source Field Investigations — Full Video\n- Electromagnetic signals from bacterial DNA? (scienceroll.com)\n- NASA Scientist Finds Extraterrestiral Microbial Life In Meteorite–where did the DNA come from?\n- It almost makes me disbelieve that HIV causes AIDS! [Pharyngula] (scienceblogs.com)\n- Making the Case For Microscopic Life In Meteorites (science.slashdot.org)\n- Rovers spot strange shapes on Mars (MSNBC)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ask an Explainer\nWho was given credit for using the first rocket?\nRockets date as far back as 10th century, first invented by the Chinese. The design was improved over and over again over the next centuries, being used in the military in the 18th century. The modern rockets we know today are based on designs by Robert Goddard, though they were not the first rockets ever made.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Men Who Would Be Kings\nHow Grand Plans for the Lowly Terrapin\n. . . Went Somewhat Awry\nMICHAEL W. FINCHAM\nTalent, ambition, and terrapins brought fortune and fame to two residents of Crisfield, Albert LaVallette Jr. and \"Curley\" Byrd (above, from left). Photos: LaVallette, courtesy of Elsie Bluhm; Byrd, University of Maryland Special Collection.\nTHE MAN WHO FIRST MADE A LOT OF MONEY OFF TERRAPINS in Maryland arrived in Crisfield in 1887. Albert T. LaVallette Jr. moved to town with his new wife and began buying terrapins from local watermen and selling them to high-end restaurants in cities like Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. He set off the first great boom in terrapin fishing in the Chesapeake Bay, emerging as the \"Terrapin King\" of Crisfield and turning Crisfield into the terrapin capital of the east coast.\nThe man who made terrapins even more famous in the state grew up in Crisfield during that boom. Harry Clifton \"Curley\" Byrd, the son of an oysterman, was born in 1889 and left town in 1905, riding a steamboat across the Bay to enroll at College Park as a cadet at the tiny Maryland Agricultural College. He became a star athlete there, then the football coach, then the president of the University of Maryland. In the process he helped transform the College Park school into one of the largest and fastest growing universities in the country.\nThe king and the coach probably never met, but the two men had much in common. Both were ambitious, with big plans, flamboyant personalities, and colorful private lives. And both altered the fame and fate of diamondback terrapins in Maryland.\nALBERT LAVALLETTE JR. was probably born ambitious. His grandfather was a well-known admiral and his father a successful businessman, according to the family history unearthed by Eugene L. Meyer for\nChesapeake Bay Magazine. Grandfather Elie LaVallette VI had commanded the\nU.S.S. Constitution, the warship famous in history as \"Old Ironsides,\" and was eminent enough to have two naval destroyers and a town in New Jersey named after him. LaVallette's father, Albert Sr., worked in land development and was shrewd enough to talk some Philadelphia investors into forming the Manokin River Oyster Company near Crisfield.\nLaVallette Jr. came to Crisfield with a clever plan. The town was already wildly busy with booming oyster businesses and a traditional blue crab fishery, so LaVallette focused his money-making schemes on the diamondback terrapin, an unexploited species that was prolific in the abundant shallows and marshlands of the lower Eastern Shore. Long seen as poor people's food, turtle meat had been eaten by early colonists, by soldiers in the Revolutionary army, by slaves on tidewater plantations — but seldom by the well-off in the high-end restaurants of the Northeast.\nIn an early example of niche marketing, LaVallette traveled to cities like Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York and sold the best-known restaurant in each city on a secret recipe for terrapin soup that he had picked up in the Caribbean. According to Glenn Lawson's account in The Last Waterman, each sales pitch included an entertaining performance with LaVallette as chef whipping up his secret soup with considerable flair in the restaurant's kitchen. Under his original deal, one restaurant in each city would have exclusive license to use his recipe, but it would have to charge a high price for the dish. And he, of course, would be the only supplier. As these elite restaurants advertised their exclusive LaVallette's Diamondback Terrapin, they created a strong brand that LaVallette later capitalized on. When it came time to renew the contracts, he expanded the market, making his now well-known recipe available to other restaurants in each town. He also raised his prices. Back in Crisfield, the terrapin fishing boom was on.\nTerrapins were so popular at the beginning of the 20th century that they were featured on this menu card for a 1902 banquet. The Hotel Rennert (below), located at the corners of Liberty and Saratoga streets in Baltimore, had a restaurant favored by local businessmen and politicians and journalists like H.L. Mencken. Known for fine Southern food and seafood, especially terrapin soup, the hotel kept hundreds of live terrapins penned in the basement. The Rennert shunned Carolina terrapins and served only Chesapeakes, which may have come from Albert LaVallette Jr. No record survives of the exclusive soup recipe that came with the terrapins, but the one listed below contains the basic ingredients included in more recent recipes.\nClassic Terrapin or Mock Terrapin Soup\n|1 quart chicken or veal stock\n2 cups terrapin meat, chopped\n(substitute lean beef or1 cup cream\ndark chicken meat)\n2 hard-boiled egg yolks\n2 tablespoons butter\n1 tablespoon flour\n1/2 teaspoon salt\n1/8 teaspoon paprika\nDash of mace\n1/2 cup sherry\nCredits: menu courtesy of the Maryland Historical Society; hotel photos courtesy of Bygone Baltimore: A Historical Portrait by Jacques Kelly.\nWHILE CRISFIELD WAS BECOMING — however briefly — the terrapin capital of the country, young Curley Byrd was making money for college by dip netting for crabs, according to a local historian, and could often be seen running barefoot on the tidal flats, training for the track team. After graduating from the local high school, he arrived in College Park with plans. At the Maryland Agricultural College he listed his goal — perhaps in jest — as \"becoming a star athlete,\" and he achieved the feat in three sports. In football he was quarterback and captain, in baseball he was the top pitcher, in track he set long-standing sprint records. Byrd was also popular with his classmates, who thought him clever and — with his curly black hair — handsome. Under his photo in the 1908 yearbook, a phrase warned: \"The devil hath power to assume a pleasing shape.\"\nAfter graduating in three years, he left College Park to play yet more football as a ringer at several other colleges and more baseball as a minor league pitcher for a farm team of the Chicago White Sox. By 1912 he was back in College Park as football coach, and under his leadership the Maryland Agricultural College defeated Johns Hopkins University that year for the first time in the school's history, a feat that established his popularity with a new generation of students and administrators.\nBy 1920 the coach had added two jobs — athletic director and special assistant to the president — and he spent a lot of his time in Annapolis successfully lobbying the state legislature to make his old aggie college the home campus for a\nnew University of Maryland. Like Albert LaVallette selling his terrapin soup, Byrd was able to sell the idea of a new university, largely through his immense personal flair. \"What he was great at was his personality,'' says George Callcott, the historian who recounts the Byrd era in his two histories of the University of Maryland. \"He made everybody love him,\" Callcott says. \"He bent everybody to his will.\"\nCurley Byrd now had big plans for his university and big problems to overcome. The university was new, it was small, and it did not yet have the loyalty and financial support of tens of thousands of alumni. To most Marylanders, the new state university was still the little aggie school that ranked well below long-established schools like the Naval Academy, Washington College, St. John's College, Georgetown, and the more recent, but well-funded Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. \"There has indeed been a tradition for the socially proper people in Maryland and especially in Baltimore to go to Johns Hopkins or Princeton or the University of Virginia,\" explains Callcott. \"And this was always derogatorily called the aggie college.\"\nOne of Byrd's strategies for building a new university was building winning teams, especially in football, the college sport that seized the public mind during the Jazz Age. The popularity of his teams helped him in his job as chief lobbyist before a legislature that had no alumni from the new university and few from the old aggie college. \"Byrd believed very sincerely, and maybe he was right, that the way for a university to become a great university was for it to become known, for it to become loved by the people,\" explains Callcott. \"And the best way for it to become known and to be loved by the people was to have winning teams.\"\nAnother way to become loved was to change the name of his winning teams. By 1923 coach Byrd, the son of Crisfield, was calling his team the Terrapins. Most of the newspapers followed Byrd's lead and gradually dropped old names like the Aggies, or the Farmers, or The Old Liners. It probably helped that Byrd — among his many jobs — was also a sportswriter with the\nWashington Evening Star. And sports stories, then as now, put the university before the public more than any other form of journalism.\nAs branding, the new name was as brilliant as one of LaVallette's best tricks. The terrapin name jettisoned the old down-scale label as an ag and engineering school and rebranded the new university by linking it with a charismatic animal familiar to anybody who lived near or visited the many rivers and beaches of the Chesapeake Bay. Terrapins were known and loved, often as pets for children who grew up to be fans. Maybe the scrappy teams called Terrapins and the university they represented could also be loved.\nStudents, at least, clearly loved the terrapin connection. Eight years after Byrd renamed his teams the Terrapins, the student newspaper prodded the University into canonizing the terrapin as the school's official mascot. The Class of 1933 raised money for a large, 300-pound bronze statue and named it \"Testudo.\" The live model for the statue came from Crisfield, of course, and the bronze Testudo stood for years in front of Ritchie Coliseum where it was the target of kidnappings by raiding bands from Hopkins, Loyola, Georgetown, and the University of Virginia.\nCurley Byrd, the coach, began calling his football team the Terrapins back in 1923. When the class of 1933 created Testudo, a 300-lb bronze statue (shown at right at its unveiling), the terrapin became the school’s official mascot. The living terrapin that was the model for the statue crawls on the ground. She's probably headed back to Crisfield where she and the coach both came from. Byrd soon became president of the university and later hired football coach Jim Tatum (above) who brought home a national championship in 1953. Credits: 1934-1978, University of Maryland Special Collections; 1994 and 2003, University of Maryland.\nTHE TERRAPIN FISHING BOOM that Albert LaVallette had unleashed around Crisfield made him briefly rich and socially prominent. He built a new home for his wife and two children, a large bungalow on the fringes of town out on Hammock Point. Behind the house were the pens where he stored all the terrapins he bought from local watermen, feeding the animals scraps of crab waste collected from local crab houses.\nThe boom soon went bust, a classic case of fishing a resource with little or no knowledge of the basic biology of the target species. Terrapins, it turned out, are easy to overfish. The largest and most profitable terrapins are the females who lay only a dozen eggs at a time and don't start doing that until they are eight years old. When watermen quickly fished out most of the females, they drove down population levels in Maryland for decades. In 1891, the new boom had watermen harvesting more than 35,000 terrapins for sale to high-end restaurants. Ten years later, they were harvesting fewer than 70.\nBy then terrapin soup was still the rage and overfishing episodes were common in many states along the east coast, perhaps sparked by LaVallette's early success in marketing his recipe. Declines in supply, of course, kept the price high for what was becoming a rare delicacy, and the high price kept driving fishing pressure and lowering the supply even more. What finally broke the cycle, according to scientists, was Prohibition. It outlawed the sherry that went into diamondback soup.\nAs the harvest declined, LaVallette's economic fortunes began to sink. Competitors cut into his market, and some began importing terrapins from the Carolinas and passing them off as \"Chesapeakes\" (much as crabs are shipped in today for use in \"Maryland-style\" crabcakes).\nHis personal life took an even more dramatic turn when he began an affair with his children's governess, Mary Bussey. It cost him his family and his house and his life in Crisfield. According to Meyer's account in\nChesapeake Bay Magazine, LaVallette moved to Hampton, Virginia where he lived for decades on a houseboat with his new love. The local paper called him a \"picturesque character\" and a vivid story teller, once famous for breeding terrapins. He died a pauper in 1937 and was buried in the Hampton National Military Cemetery.\nTerrapin populations in Maryland and many other states took decades to recover from the fishing frenzy LaVallette had helped unleash. Attempts to breed them in captivity were tried in several states, including North Carolina where scientists at the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Lab in Beaufort were describing the reproductive biology and growth rates that made terrapins so easy to overfish. After the commercial demand for terrapins dropped away, the lab released tens of thousands of hatchlings into the marshes and sounds of Atlantic and Gulf Coast states. More than 500 were released into Maryland waters.\nCURLEY BRYD'S PROFESSIONAL LIFE also took a dramatic turn when the coach of the Maryland Terrapins was appointed president of the University of Maryland in 1935. It was, for the times, a bold decision to pick a football coach with no advanced degrees, a recent divorce, and a reputation for dating attractive women, but Byrd was able to turn both the Depression era and the Post World War II era into boom times for his school. He managed to raise huge amounts of money in these tough times, mostly through his personal charisma and his canny deal-making both in Annapolis and in Washington DC.\nHis best-laid plans for the Maryland Terrapins eventually backfired. To bring his university back into the public eye after World War II, Byrd began hiring coaches who would take his team to the top of the college football world. The best of them, Jim Tatum, took the team to a series of big-time bowl games and won a national championship in 1953 for Curley Byrd's Maryland Terrapins. The result, however, was a reputation, some say undeserved, that Maryland — at the time the third largest state university in the country — was more a football school than a highly ranked academic institution. When Byrd resigned to run for governor in 1954, his opponents brought the football-school charge into the partisan political debate, a tactic that played a big role in Byrd's greatest defeat.\nByrd later lost races for the Senate and the House of Representatives, but his life as a public official continued. In 1958, he was appointed chairman of the Maryland Tidewater Fisheries Commission, the state agency charged with managing all of Maryland's fisheries. It was an appropriate crown for the son of an oysterman. After he died in 1970, his body was buried in a churchyard back in Crisfield.\nThe real terrapins of Maryland, the diamondbacks that swam the state's shallow waters and plodded through its wetlands and woods, may have been the unexpected beneficiaries of Byrd's sports teams. As Maryland became more urbanized and suburbanized, fewer Marylanders actually saw many real terrapins. But nearly everyone knew they were there.\nTheir high profile helped terrapins survive when a new overfishing boom threatened. In the 1990s, China began importing turtles from across the globe, setting off heavy fishing that decimated turtle populations in a number of Asian countries and drove many species close to extinction. When the China trade reached into the Chesapeake Bay, the commercial harvest in Maryland began climbing dramatically: in just four years the estimated harvest jumped from 151 to 11,010 terrapins taken in 2006.\nConservationists had been warning that a new boom was ready to explode. Maryland watermen, another endangered species, were already struggling through declines in their commercial harvests of blue crabs and oysters. With rising prices from the growing China trade, watermen could start flooding into the terrapin fishery again, setting off a harvest frenzy that could rouse LaVallette's ghost from his grave.\nIn 2001, when conservation groups were banding together to campaign for a fishing ban, they found that the terrapin had a lot of fans in Maryland, thanks in part to Curley Byrd's university. By a fluke of timing, the University of Maryland in 2003 began republicizing its historic mascot, the diamondback terrapin, by launching a new, well-funded \"Fear the Turtle\" marketing campaign, complete with T-shirts and posters and television spots.\nThrough the wizardry of digital graphics, the campaign could move beyond cartoon terrapins to create dramatic, yet realistic versions of a handsome, charismatic, full-colored terrapin that could walk, talk, lift its head — and roar. The campaign boosted fundraising and student recruitment, and it probably helped the conservation campaign as well. According to one biologist, it showed millions of Marylanders what real terrapins look like.\nThe conservation campaign took several years of lobbying and a lot of planning by environmentalists, scientists and activists — but it finally won. Last year the legislature enacted a complete ban on the commercial harvesting of terrapins and a new governor signed it into law.\nFor terrapins, some well-laid plans finally worked out. Now the ghost of Albert LaVallette was back in his grave. And somewhere Curley Byrd was smiling.\nOver more than 80 years, the terrapin has worn a few hats and odd clothes and smoked some pipes as the enduring mascot for a rising university. Credits: 1934-1978, University of Maryland Special Collections; 1994 and 2003, University of Maryland.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On this island, life evolved in surprising ways. In Madagascar in 1994, Captain Cousteau and his team discovered a land that had only been conquered by human beings for scarcely 2,000 years, but was already deeply scarred by the invasion.\nHere, lemurs numbered thirty different species; 95 percent of reptile species and 98 percent of amphibian species, i.e. salamanders and frogs, on Madagascar were endemic. From aboard Alcyone, divers discovered the rich waters of the Mozambique Channel, crossing paths with great pelagic sharks. By helicopter, the Cousteau team filmed the progression of humpback whales coming to breed around Sainte-Marie Island.\nMeeting the Malagasy people, who comprised 18 different ethnic groups, the Cousteau crew came to understand the threats that weighed on the country: deforestation, desertification, lack of potable water. People were being punished for their errors, past and present.\nNevertheless Madagascar was rich in natural resources. A future harmony between humans and Nature was still possible in this reservoir of unique living species that absolutely must be protected. In the films Island of Spirits I and JJ, the Cousteau team related with passion the story of this paradoxical place where humans are capable of the worst and the best.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brown trout are powerful predatory fish. When young trout hatch, they live in their natal redds. They hatch with yolk sacs attached to them which supply the young fish with a food supply. When they grow to a few centimetres in length they become known as parr and they can travel further afield. As their name suggests, they are a brown colour but have attractive markings on their backs which tend to be pale ‘rings’ filled with dark spots. They have speckled dorsal fins and a long jaw filled with small teeth. Although similar in appearance to salmon, these fish only usually grow to between 30 and 50 cm’s.\nSimilar to chub, brown trout are opportunist feeders. They are equally as happy feeding on the surface, mid water or near the bottom, hunting out anything that passes within range. They will take both freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates including crustaceans and molluscs. As they grow they will hunt small fish. Anglers are usually successful catching brown trout when fly fishing and using mayfly imitation flies.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One area of great concern for Americans is the Pacific Northwest, and in particular, the Oregon coast.\nThis concern about an Oregon earthquake is not a new one for residents. More than 100 faults can be found running under Oregon and Washington. These faults are responsible for the 1,000 plus earthquakes that occur throughout the area each year.\nScientists have been concerned about the potential for a large earthquake beneath Portland for some time. They believe that it is only a matter of time that an Oregon earthquake similar to the 6.8 Nisqually earthquake that hit the Seattle area in 2001, will strike the Portland area.\nAs if a 6.8 earthquake is not enough, a 2008 study reveals that the region is somewhat overdue for a mega-earthquake as well.\nWhy an Oregon Mega-Earthquake?\nScientifically speaking, the mega-earthquake is actually a Mega-thrust Earthquake. This type of earthquake occurs at subduction zones along destructive plate boundaries. It is at these boundaries where one tectonic plate is forced under, or “subducts,” another. During the subduction process, large sections can get stuck. When these sections finally break free, there is a large release of energy causing some of the world’s largest earthquakes.\nOnly this type of tectonic activity is known to produce earthquakes of a magnitude of 9.0 or more. According to the study, all six earthquakes from the last century with a magnitude of 9.0 or greater have been mega-thrust earthquakes.\nWhen the Nisqually earthquake hit Seattle, it caused more than $2 billion in damage. It is safe to estimate that if an earthquake of comparable size hit Portland, the residents there would see a comparable amount damage to their city. Also, if a 9.0 earthquake would hit the Oregon coast the results would be devastating.\nOregon is Not Prepared\nThough it is nearly impossible to make a city “earthquake proof,” it is possible for precautions to be taken to mitigate the damages of an earthquake; even one with a magnitude of 9.0.\nUnfortunately for Oregon residents, it appears that these types of precautions have not been taken. According to the Senate President, Peter Courtney, of the Oregon State Legislature, “We are not prepared.”\nIt is not like voters are not trying though. In 2002, they authorized the state to use bonds to seismically retrofit key buildings in the state’s infrastructure; such as schools, police stations and hospitals.\nNevertheless, the retrofitting is not happening as quickly as Courtney, and many others, had hoped. Courtney expressed his disappointment in a statement to Oregon Public Broadcasting.\n“I’ve never understood this issue in terms of decision makers. There’s always something more important to them. And you know why, they just think, well they say it’s going to happen. But maybe it’ won’t happen. I know that’s what’s out there. All the evidence by all the scientists, world wide who’ve studied this thing for Oregon say you’re going to get hit. It could be as bad as 9.3. You’re going to get clobbered.”\nOregon’s Governor, John Kitzhaber, stated he liked that idea, “I think we can do seismic upgrades as well [meaning in tandem with already proposed efficiency upgrades], so I think there’s an opportunity to re-employ good trade jobs throughout the state. Make our schools safer and more energy efficient at the same time.”\nHowever, experts say that it is not just the infrastructure that is lacking in earthquake preparedness, but the residents as well. Most of Oregon’s residents do not carry earthquake insurance, nor do they keep enough supplies on hand to be prepared for such a disaster. To be truly prepared, residents should have enough food, first aid, and water to last for at least two weeks.\nIf there is anything to be learned from the tragedy in Japan, it is that Mega-Earthquakes do happen and the only strategy available to survive them is to be prepared.Originally published on TopSecretWriters.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We all strive for happiness. Every human being is very different in so many ways but one thing we all have in common is our pursuit of happiness. But what is happiness? Maybe learning about the properties of happiness will allow us to have a better understanding of how to actually achieve it.\nHappiness is often misunderstood as a temporary emotion that comes and goes. But in reality, happiness is not necessarily dependent on the events of our lives. It can be considered as a state of mind. And you can definitely make choices and some behavioral changes to achieve it.\nIn this article, I will extensively discuss the answer about is happiness a state of mind. I will also talk about how to stay happy for most of the time of your life and how you can train yourself to be happy. Hopefully, you will understand the true meaning of happiness if you read through the whole article.\nIs Happiness a Feeling or State of Mind?\nWe call true happiness the mixture of harmony, tranquility, and fulfillment. Happiness is therefore certainly a state of mind. On the other hand, feelings are responses to different real-life experiences that are produced inside your brain. You may be scared, for example, if you watch a scary movie, but you cannot consider it a state of mind.\nGladness was deemed an emotional consequence in everyday life in earlier days. Psychologists once said that if we do something fun and satisfying, we are happy. However, scientists came to the conclusion after thorough studies that pleasure is not simply an emotional manifestation of a fun experience.\nSteve Maraboli was the first one to suggest that happiness is a state of mind. According to him, happiness in everyday life is not an emotional result. This remarkable author described happiness as a way of life. As a product of any form of success. He said that the way a person lives will decide if he will live a happier life.\nThrough scientific research, it has been found that the degree of satisfaction we enjoy is dictated partially by the genetic code in our DNA. This research also showed that about 50% of our happiness depends on DNA coding, another 10% depends on the circumstances of the individual and the remaining 40% are in our possession.\nSo, we can’t really control our state of mind due to genetic causes. But the other 40% is in our hands. We can actively make changes and adapt behaviors that can make us happy.\nYou may have noticed that some people almost always are in a good mood and some are the opposite. In your life, even though all is going smoothly, you might have observed that you are not happy. And sometimes you feel good for no reason whatsoever. Why does this occur?\nKnowing the true meaning of it is important so that you could understand the roots of happiness. It is a very difficult job to define a proper concept of happiness. Instead, I will try to explain it thoroughly and address how people confuse other feelings with happiness.\nSay, tomorrow you will watch a film and for a long time have been excited about it or your favorite video game has come and been waiting for that game for a long time. You may think it will create happiness in your brain when you watch that movie or play that game. Shockingly, it is wrong.\nThere is a big difference between happiness and excitement. And above-mentioned events of life only generate excitement.\nPlaying games, watching videos, riding on the rollers, kissing your better half, enjoying a delicious meal, etc. would give you massive excitement. But your brain will ask you what’s next right after you’ve completed any of these tasks. And your brain will be looking for a new source of stimulation that generates excitement.\nMost people think this is how life works. We think life has a higher curve and a lower curve in terms of satisfaction and we just have to accept that. But it is a wrong concept. We made this up and down curve for our minds, which in the long run is bad for us.\nThen what does happiness mean? It simply means harmony, calmness, and pleasure. You’re happy if you’re done with what happens now in your life. A happy man doesn’t think of the past, he doesn’t think of the future. He lives only today. Moreover, the most important fact is that he is not related to any unique stimuli. A happy person is able to overcome any kind of hardship.\nHappiness is not an accomplishment, it’s a sensation. People believe that by satisfying our life needs we will achieve happiness. But the fact is after fulfilling one part of our lives, people want more and more. The satisfaction for the achievement of real-life goals is extremely transient. So, people spend all their lives looking for happiness.\nHappiness gives people pleasure. Everyone believes that the other person is happier than him. However, for everyone, happiness is different. You can also not put your life on a par with others, they can just be miserable without showing it.\nHow Our Brain Handles Emotions\nAs the human race evolves, we embrace the nature of holding on to negative aspects over positive aspects of our life. You will be grateful, just for a very short time when your boss informs you that you are doing an outstanding job at work.\nBut you can recall only the derogatory remark of your boss, if he adds, “… but you must make certain improvements on some areas of your work.” This is the way our brain functions. In other words, a positive life experience does not neutralize a negative experience.\nWe once needed this form of physiological effect for survival. It didn’t matter if we survived with a happy mind at the time. Our brain just cared for survival in a very harsh world. There wasn’t even any time for considering happiness in a world of constant peril and dangers.\nHowever, this negative drive is virtually useless in our minds nowadays. As we don’t have to be scared for our lives all day. The absence of stress for survival has left our minds with an emptiness that can only be filled with happiness or sadness.\nA good thing is that we can train our brain so that we are satisfied and can forget the negative aspects of life. This is important for proper mental development and a happy life.\nHow to Be Happier in Life?\nHappiness can be achieved with the right mindset and practices. As mentioned before materialistic gains only give you excitement, not happiness. You being happy only depends on how you perceive and interact with the world around you.\nHow here are some tips on how you can be happier. Following these tips will definitely bring some positivity in your life which is a precursor to being happy.\nSmile as much as you can\nSmiling is one gesture that will put a positive impact on your mind. It can have a good effect even in a difficult situation. It’s been scientifically proven that smiling more often helps reduce stress and automatically make a person happier. So, we are just going to improve our morale by putting a smile on our faces. This is a very simple way to always be happy.\nThe subtle shifts in muscles in our bodies have some drastic effects on our minds. Close your palm, for example. You should know that smiling doesn’t come easily when the palms are clenched tightly because it triggers the rage in your brain. Likewise, the brain would feel content with a persistent smile.\nYou might question if you should always smile. I know it’s not an easy task at all. When you’re going through a tough time, it is very difficult to smile. But this is achievable in reality and a smile can be used as a boost in your life. Smiling is one of the best ways to imitate joy in your brain. So, always try to put on a happy face regardless of the situation.\nWake up early in the Morning\nWaking up early in the morning not only has positive effects on your wellbeing but also on your emotion and mood. Psychologists recommend that you wake up early in the morning because this will give you a good attitude and will relieve you of stress. Some studies say early risers are less likely to be frustrated.\nWaking up in the morning is a must to embrace inner peace. I’ll recommend that you wake up, if possible, before sunrise. Your mental state will improve by the pleasant atmosphere present during sunrise. However, it is crucial to note that breakfast is absolutely essential within 30 minutes of waking up. Otherwise, the main purpose of waking up early might get inverted.\nTry to Change Your Perspective on life\nYou would never experience a genuine sense of happiness if you have a pessimistic outlook on life. I agree, it’s not an easy feat for all of you out there. Some years ago, when I broke up with my girlfriend, I hit a rough patch in my life as well.\nObviously, I was devastated, and I saw the world and life as God’s cage. But with time, through a close relationship with my friends and family, I have repaired the wound in my heart. There is a fair possibility that you feel the same as you are reading this post.\nBelieve me, life has a lot to offer and it is surely no wise decision to hang on to the tragic past. You need to learn to let negative memories go and go on to find real happiness. Maybe it won’t be easy, but if you want a good and stable life it is necessary.\nExpress Your Emotions\nOne of the best ways to achieve real happiness is to show affection to the ones you value. Depressed people are typically someone who can’t show their emotions to the people they care about.\nKatarina Blom is one of today’s most inspiring psychologists. During a talk, she addressed how your life and attitude will have a positive effect by expressing affection and kindness for your mom, dad, sister, wife, and friend. You have to inform people around you what you feel about them to pursue true happiness.\nOn the other hand, you should also take action if you do not like the behavior of someone against you. Because saying nothing to them is going to make you feel wretched. But you shouldn’t use the wrong behavior because doing that will give you some pleasure momentarily, but it is far from what true happiness means. It’s not good for you or anyone else.\nA happy person never has disrespectful behavior with others and appears to maintain a positive friendship with everyone. You will need people around you who will support you in order to experience inner happiness.\nTry to Appreciate the Things You Have\nIn our life, we all have multiple goals. Some tasks can be accomplished and others cannot be achieved. That’s how life operates. You might not reach a certain goal even after putting in a lot of effort. Often this continuous loop of success and failure causes people to feel unhappy, sad, and frustrated.\nAnother excellent way to be consistently happy is to appreciate stuff that you already have. Grinding over the stuff you haven’t done would just rob you. Just know, there’s somebody out there who lives a far more terrible life than yours. But still, if you are less happy than that man, what are your life’s accomplishments?\nAcknowledging stuff you have already done would not only please you but also provide a further boost to your life’s success. To excel, it is important to have great ambition. But it is foolish to equate the emotion with this ambition because it will keep you from achieving a different target in the future if you fail.\nWrite Down the Strengths that You Have\nThere must be certain things in your life that you can do better than someone else. And this has no relation to the education or the area of employment. It could be like gaming, painting, dance, and so on. Whatever talent you seek, write it down on a pad or your screen. It doesn’t matter what field you excel at.\nWriting down your strengths will inspire you to excellence in these areas and ultimately make you very happy. Some of the experts agree that our depression is directly related to our thoughts. Numerous people think they are utterly pointless and have little to offer. So, by recording our skills, we feel happy with ourselves.\nYou have to be content with what you have. When you learn how to count your strengths, you will never be disappointed. You must write it down at a place where you can see it easily. Writing advice will assist a man to better understand his life and fill an optimistic mind. And it will eventually lead you towards constant happiness.\nMeditation is a Great Way to Pursue Happiness\nYou should start your day with sunrise meditation when you wake up in the morning. Mediating every day is not only healthy, it also gives you a sense of fulfillment. Studies have shown that the cure for depression can be meditation. Mediating on the morning wind is sure to improve your mood.\nMeditation may play an important role in sustaining a positive spirit. The first two things that your mind needs to adapt to be calm and quiet if you want always to be happy. And several studies have shown that everyday meditation not only gives you these things but also helps in tough times. A regular mediator would not break down in stressful conditions.\nHappiness is a mental state, and meditation trains a person to understand happiness. For your own betterment, you should wake up and become accustomed to morning meditation. Obviously, it is not an easy job to pursue a happy state of mind, but it is most likely done by meditation.\nKeep a good Relation with Your Loved Ones\nThe research found that a solitary lifestyle is a principal cause of depression. You could be more miserable and failing if you live alone. It’s important for a joyful life to have a family and friends. You have to stay or remain in touch with the ones you love and care about if you want to be happy.\nI previously discussed how we get confused between Happiness and Excitement. An impressive study has shown how family members and friends can allow us to be happy continuously. In that experiment, a mouse was put in a tank with enough food and water. The mouse was given two types of food.\nOne form of food was mixed with opium and the other was just raw grain. The mouse had all but had no companion inside the tank. The mouse almost always chose the food with heroin.\nThe same experiment was performed again but a group of mice was present this time. Scientists were shocked that the group of mice did not touch the food contaminated with heroin. This experiment shows how important family members are to stay happy. Having a good relationship with your loved ones will help you to excel in your life.\nTry to Work on the Field of Your Interest\nMany people in the United States die from heart disease. One magnificent research has found that at around 9 a.m. most cardiac attacks or strokes occur. Do you know why this research was crucial to the time of heart attacks? The reason behind that is, 9 am is the hour of people’s general office. In the USA, 80% of people dislike their work completely.\nHow would you look forward to a happier life if you work in a field that you don’t like? The U.S. faces a major depression crisis around the world. Their place of employment is one of the major factors behind this depression. Many people still commit suicide because every day they choose death to jobs.\nIt is frightening, but really important to leave your career and to try to work in the field you want. You won’t necessarily see immediate success, but just trust me. You will have to be consistent for years, but once you hit the summit, you don’t have to think about your happiness. You will be pure and continually grateful that you work in your preferred sector.\nTry to Spend as Less Time as Possible on Social Media\nWhen a certain amount of dopamine is emitted inside the brain people feel relaxed and excited. And you may have guessed it before but cigarettes, heroines, and other narcotics unleash big dopamine’s into the brain, which is why they are so addictive. While social media scrolling is not as extreme as drugs, it still releases tremendous quantities of dopamine.\nWhen the brain is familiar with this dopamine level, it increases the expectations of dopamine amount. This leads to various issues including headaches, inability to concentrate on work and research, lack of confidence in life, etc. Furthermore, it just adds to the self-created up and down the curve of happiness we described before.\nYou should prevent this kind of dopamine effect as far as possible to be reliably satisfied. Real lives, not social media, are the basis for the perpetual good mood. It’s a terrible thing for social media to devote that much time. An individual may be imposed across social networks in depression. It is a source of unhappiness and uncertainty for many people in society. People are contrasting their lives to others, and that is tragic.\nTry to do One Good Thing Everyday\nI’m very sure you have done something positive in your life, like helping elderly people go down the road or helping a homeless person with some cash. I bet you really felt good about it. Psychologists have agreed that serving victims would certainly boost your morale and purify you.\nHelping people to seek constant pleasure is always beneficial. It makes you improve the situation once a day by being accustomed to supporting others. As I said, calmness and harmony are one of the main elements of real happiness. You would have a rare piece by supporting a less fortunate man that you cannot otherwise feel.\nTry to Cut Ties with Things and People that Depresses You\nThere is something or someone in almost everybody’s life who made them feel less of a person. These individuals just drag people down. To seek true happiness, it is very important to break ties with these people. These people would make no constructive impact on your life and will only depress you.\nFor your personal and work life, any form of negative energy is highly hazardous. For a calm and happy lifestyle, cutting them down is very important. You may find it a little complicated, but you can really see immediate effects. You should quit the workplace rather than face constant embarrassment if that guy is your boss.\nYou must not only cut ties with negative people but also to objects that depress you. If you smoke, drink, or use some sort of drugs, then you need to acknowledge that these are just positive stuff that can drag you away. These toxic items are just made so that you get hooked to these goods.\nThey do not only harm your body; they also cause considerable damage to your brain and emotions. Nothing is greater than the feeling of genuine happiness. So, cutting off access to stuff that makes you sad will greatly improve your life and will help you to pursue true happiness.\nMany people tend to divert towards drugs in search of happiness. It is unfortunately a common occurrence in our society. If ever have the opportunity to dabble in such practices. I highly advise that you don’t.\nThese will only temporarily make you forget about your depression and other troubles. As soon as the kick wears off, you’ll be back where you were. And this will continue like a vicious cycle until you are morally and economically ruined. The same goes for consuming alcohol.\nTry to understand that these things do not bring happiness. They just make you forget about your sadness for a brief period. So, instead of taking the easy and temporary route, try to make actual positive changes to your life.\nIn this article, I briefly talked about happiness and tried to explain your question of is happiness a state of mind. I have also discussed how happiness can be archived by bringing small changes in your behavior, perspective and interactions with others. The fundamental goal of this article is to let you know that within your mind you can create constant peace. But only if you are determined to do so.\nIt is necessary to understand the difference between excitement and happiness. If you want to be happy, then you can practice some of the advice in this article. I’m sure you will notice the differences in a matter of days. I hope this article helps you to live a better and happier life. Wishing you all the best. Thanks for stopping by.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deforestation and Google Earth\n|Posted by David Cliff (david.cliff) on Jun 14 2011|\n|VERTIC Blog >> Environment|\nMikael Shirazi, London\nA recent article, making use of Google Earth imagery, on the environmental website Mongabay, has called attention to the damaged forests of Sarawak (a state in Malaysian Borneo), comparing their poor health with the apparently pristine forests just across the border in Indonesian and Bruneian territory. These publicly available images—as the authors point out—seem to cast into doubt the local authority’s claim that 70 per cent of the territory’s forest cover is intact. But how much does Google Earth contribute to independent civil society actors’ ability to monitor deforestation? Whilst powerfully illustrative of the effects that different industrial and regulatory policies can have on tropical woodland, these images are of limited use in accurately and systemically tracking changes in the forest over time . A new tool developed by Google, however, may open up the field of more sophisticated and precise deforestation monitoring, which has usually been the preserve of well-resourced official or commercial bodies, to much wider participation.\nSarawak’s damaged rainforest\nThe spidery formations of brown logging roads permeating the forest in Sarawak, set against the verdant uniformity of the landscape across the border, is striking. The Mongabay article suggests the images ‘seem to lend support to claims from environmentalists that Sarawak's forests have been heavily logged.’ Indeed, some groups have previously claimed that the area retains only 10 per cent of its primary forest cover. Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown has called it ‘probably the biggest environmental crime of our times.’\nThe article was posted online a week after Sarawak's Chief Minister, Pehin Sri Abdul Taib Mahmud, made the statement claiming the territory has 70 per cent forest cover. In an interview conducted in response to the ‘exaggerated claims’ reported in the article that only 10 per cent the territory’s forest remained, Taib reaffirmed the 70 per cent figure and claimed that his estimates were the most reliable, since they are based on the calculations of ‘Sarawak’s own foresters, who are charged with replanting and managing Sarawak’s renewable resources in an environmentally sustainable way.’ He continued: ‘Part of the problem is that the activists are making these claims from far away, and are not actually on the ground.’ (This contentious issue last week entered a new phase with the opening of an investigation by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission into Taib for corruption, including his and his family’s alleged ties to the logging industry.)\nIn such cases, where interested observers call into question official determinations on forest health, it seems there would be a use for objective ‘measurable, reportable and verifiable’ (MRV) analyses to be more widely available and help make sense of these competing claims.\nUnfortunately, Google Earth images themselves are unable to shed much light on these conflicting forest cover estimates. Although logging roads are rendered in some detail, Mongabay makes no attempt to glean quantitative information from them – claiming only that they ‘lend support’ to the 10 per cent forest cover claim that some environmentalists have put forward. The relationship between the numbers and spread of logging roads visible from space and the level of deforestation is unclear. For example, it is suggested in the comments page of the article that further logging occurs across the border by light trail rather than road – a driver of deforestation which cannot be traced or measured via the Google Earth images.\nThe images are also stitched together from several satellite providers, such as GeoEye, TerraMetrics, Tele Atlas and Europa Technologies, making accurate comparisons difficult as they were taken over different time periods, with shifts in resolution quality and colour variations. They may be more useful as an alarm-bell and a tool for the purposes of advocacy rather than systematic monitoring. Historically, satellite monitoring of deforestation has been limited to states and organisations large enough to develop expensive equipment and technical expertise. And capacity-building in this area forms a key part of developing initiatives such as the UNFCCC’s REDD mechanism (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). As the Sarawak example shows, Google Earth does not, by itself, provide actors with smaller resources a tool that allows for measurable conclusions to be drawn, and so does little to improve independent assessments of official figures - but a new programme from the company could change this.\nGoogle Earth Outreach\nGoogle’s charitable arm has recently launched a product that may be able to provide a more accurate and consistent means of ‘MRV-ing’ forest cover in Sarawak: the ‘Google Earth Engine’. Together with the Carnegie Institution for Science, Imazon (Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the application was developed by Google to enable online users to assess land cover change across the globe. It makes available Google’s extensive computing infrastructure to analyse 25 years of images from the US Landsat archives. Although these images provide as low as a 30-metre resolution (where each pixel represents 30 square metres on the ground), which limits their ability to track logging roads in the detail available from Google Earth’s commercial satellites, they do provide consistent and reliable representations of forest changes over sustained periods of time – essential for MRV purposes. The Earth Engine also makes use of innovative programming, including SAD (Sistema de Alerta de Deforestation), which has been generating deforestation maps and statistics of the entire Brazilian Amazon on a monthly basis since 2008, and CLASlite (Carnegie Landsat Analysis System–Lite), which processes many images and automatically extracts three different land cover classes (live vegetation, non-live vegetation, and bare substrate).\nAccording to Google, ‘unthinkable tasks are now possible for the first time’, and it is dedicating 10 million CPU-hours a year in 2011 and 2012. It has also been working in partnership with the UN-REDD programme to test the application in Tanzania. The accuracy of the system remains to be seen (even established monitoring techniques can vary wildly in their estimates - see Joseph Burke’s contribution to the VERTIC site for more on this), but it may represent a considerable step-up in terms of the tools open to civil society observers that can provide reliable quantitative data on deforestation. In the case of Sarawak, this would be helpful in turning from illustrative but inconclusive images to solid evidence.\nLast changed: Jun 15 2011 at 4:55 PMBack", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why do we get so nervous?\nDoes the thought of going to an interview make you sweat? The very thought of a first date make your stomach flutter? These are natural reactions to stress. When you feel stress, your brain sends a signal from the pituitary gland to the adrenal glands where a release of adrenaline is triggered.\nWhen the adrenaline is released, your body reacts by increasing circulation to your heart and muscles in preparation for “fight or flight.” But, no reaction to stress is universal. Each stress presents a “threat level” ranging from mild to life-threatening. An example of a mild stress might be a date, or the first day at a new job. The stronger the perceived threat, the more intense the reaction to stress may be.\nSo how do you effectively combat these feelings so that you can effectively manage your stress? Olympic athletes use mental imagery to quiet feeling of intense nervousness before a competition. You can take the same principles and apply it to your own stressful situation.\nOne technique termed “cognitive specific imagery,” suggests you imagine yourself competing, interviewing, dating, speaking, presenting, or whatever else may make you nervous beforehand. And science has proven, by imagining yourself doing what makes you nervous neurons in the brain are activated and you become better at your imagined skill.\nHow athletes are actually getting rid of nerves\nAthletes also use motivation specific imagery to recall a time when they succeeded to bring back those same feelings, in order to dissuade the nervousness. And finally, motivational general mastery is commonly used by athletes to feel more confident, but you can tap in to it as well. Simply, imagine yourself focused, prepared, confident, and ready-to-go. This will help you gain confidence and overcome your nerves about upcoming events.\nWhether you are training for an Olympic event, or preparing for an interview, nothing can kill confidence faster than nerves. Relax. Take a deep breath. And imagine yourself succeeding. You may be surprised how quickly these seemingly simple techniques can quiet your “fight or flight” response to stress. And when you are relaxed you are more likely to showcase the best version of yourself and succeed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Chaos, somewhat ironically, has one clear attribute: random-like, apparently unpredictable, behavior. However recent work shows that that unpredictable behavior could provide the key to effective and efficient wireless communications.\nA team of researchers at the Xian University of Technology in China and the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom have demonstrated that chaos can, in fact, be used to transmit information over a wireless physical channel offering wide-ranging advantages from enhanced communications security. The researchers explain their findings this week in Chaos, from AIP Publishing.\nWireless communication is the fastest growing segment of the communication industry. But the physical constraints of wireless physical media, such as multi-path propagation, complex ambient noises and interference, prevent quick transmission of information and at a low error rate.\nChaotic signals are aperiodic, irregular, broadband spectrum, easy to generate and difficult to predict over time, making them desirable for communication, sonar and radar applications. While much of the previous research focused on the use of chaos in conventional wired communications, H.P. Ren at the Xian University of Technology in China and a team of researchers sought to demonstrate numerically and experimentally that chaotic systems can be used to create a reliable and efficient wireless communication system.\n\"We showed that the information transmitted over a wireless channel in a chaotic signal is unaltered even though the received chaotic communication signal is severely distorted by the wireless channel constraints,\" Ren said. \"We also demonstrated that it can be decoded to provide an efficient framework for the modern communication systems.\"\nChaos is very dependent on the initial conditions; therefore, when controlling the circuit to produce an encoding wave signal, even tiny mistakes in the control instrumentation drives the circuit to states where the wave signal does not encode the information for transmission. This research shows how to control the circuit using an optimal set of perturbations that minimally disturb the natural dynamics of the circuit, yet create the desired encoding signal, despite its chaotic and unpredictable nature.\nThe research team ran into a pleasant surprise when they found that the chaotic signal they used as a basis for their communication system (generated by an electronic device) can encode any binary source of information in an energy efficient way.\nThe next step is to utilize these ideas and methods to develop prototypes for real world wireless communication systems, demonstrating that chaos can provide the backbone for future communication systems that offer benefits like enhanced security.\nScienceDaily. Retrieved September 21, 2016 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160823125153.htm", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Children and disasters\nChildren pose an interesting challenge when it comes to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). They are vulnerable, so we instinctively want to protect them and not involve them in DRR. However, children also own valuable knowledge about hazards such as floods or earthquakes in their local area. They are also cognizant of vulnerable members of the community such as the elderly or those with disabilities, and of local capacities like emergency services and resources within their community. These are all key elements of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Children can conduct risk assessments and have the legitimacy to participate in DRR activities, but they tend to be seen as weak and passive. As a result, they are often excluded from DRR initiatives. Furthermore, a challenge lies in making children’s knowledge tangible, usable and communicable to outside stakeholders such as government agencies, scientists and non-government organizations so dialogue can take place. This is important as generating discussion is essential to achieve DRR and build resilience at the local level.\nOne way that we may be able to overcome these obstacles is by taking advantage of recent advances in technology, with portable devices such as GPS, mobile phones, digital cameras, tablets, video games, and drones. Together with play, these technological innovations have the potential to better allow children to participate in DRR initiatives, while posing different challenges.\nResearchers in our Resilience to Nature’s Challenges Cultural Resilience team have been assessing the role and contribution of technology and play in fostering the participation of children in DRR. The work pioneers two initiatives, including participatory mapping using Minecraft and LEGO modelling. The research project links researchers from Auckland University of Technology and The University of Auckland and practitioners from Hawke’s Bay region with CDEM groups and East Coast Lab as well as end users including Maraekakaho school and the wider community.\nThe potential of Minecraft and LEGO for building resilience\nLEGO modeling and Minecraft provide opportunities to conduct participatory mapping, which is the collection, plotting and analysis of georeferenced data such as natural hazards, vulnerability and capacities in facing hazards. Children are very familiar with both LEGO and Minecraft since these games are grounded in their daily life. They potentially provide a platform for dialogue with practitioners and policy makers involved in DRR.\nThe project is done in partnership with the Maraekakaho school in the Hawke’s Bay region. LEGO and Minecraft were included in the school curriculum over one semester, which included two weekly sessions over an eight-week period. LEGO mapping was conducted with 13 children aged 10-12 years.\nChildren used 30,000 pieces of LEGO and came up with a 190cm x 114cm map which represented 3.12km x 1.92km of Maraekakaho. Participatory mapping using Minecraft involved 16 children aged 8-10 years.\nGeographic information system (GIS) data was inserted into Minecraft, so children could map their school and the surrounding area. Check out the Minecraft version of Maraekakaho here.\nFor both Minecraft and LEGO, children identified the legend (i.e. hazards, vulnerability, capacities, land use type etc.) of their map, had to think about what constitutes a community, decided what could and could not be mapped, and reflected upon past events and their own knowledge about disasters and risk reduction.\nThis participatory process involved discussions, critical thinking and consensus building to map relevant information. Some of the positive outcomes and limitations associated with this process are summarized in the table below.\nStrengths and weaknesses of LEGO and Minecraft to foster participation for DRR\n|Strengths / positive outcomes||Weaknesses / challenges|\nBoth LEGO and Minecraft worked very well in fostering participation with children taking ownership of the process. This is because children are very familiar with both tools, and activities were fun rather than tedious. Produced maps are powerful tools for planning and carrying out DRR activities since they enable dialogue between children and external stakeholders. On the other hand, we also faced some difficulties related to the cost of buying and implementing the tools. Minecraft presented different technical challenges such as reliance on the Internet and Microsoft server, which can affect the entire process, while building a map at scale with LEGO is time consuming.\nThe team is currently working with the local stakeholders (schools and practitioners) on the different opportunities that LEGO and Minecraft provide to increase children’s participation in DRR. These include photogrammetry (see an example here), inserting scenarios (i.e. earthquake, tsunami, flood and climate change models) within Minecraft and LEGO modelling, and use of these tools in the long term, as well as scaling up in other schools.\nDisclaimers and Copyright\nWhile every endeavour has been taken by the East Coast Life at the Boundary to ensure that the information on this website is accurate and up to date, East Coast Life at the Boundary shall not be liable for any loss suffered through the use, directly or indirectly, of information on this website. Information contained has been assembled in good faith. Some of the information available in this site is from the New Zealand Public domain and supplied by relevant government agencies. East Coast Life at the Boundary cannot accept any liability for its accuracy or content. Portions of the information and material on this site, including data, pages, documents, online graphics and images are protected by copyright, unless specifically notified to the contrary. Externally sourced information or material is copyright to the respective provider.\n© East Coast Life at the Boundary - www.eastcoastlab.org.nz / 06 835 9200 / email@example.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "About Dizzy Gillespie\nEverything about Dizzy Gillespie was original -- his bullfrog cheeks, his bent trumpet, his music, his soul. Along with Charlie \"Yardbird\" Parker, John Birks \"Dizzy\" Gillespie spearheaded the revolutionary Bop movement of the '40s. Both played with intense sophistication, but while Bird sax soundalikes started coming out of the woodwork, Dizzy trumpet clones were few and far between. Both giants became a Bop University of sorts, teaching others and spreading the word of the new jazz. Gillespie's unique combination of musical ideas, range, curiosity and, best of all, his joy of life could not be duplicated. Indeed, much like his forebear Louis Armstrong, Diz was a showman and an entertainer who captivated a wide audience. Gillespie's big bands and small groups brought Bop, Bossa Nova, and Afro-Cuban rhythms to the world. Gillespie's influence looms long and large over the course of Jazz history.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Emotions such as joy and inspiration can be the effects happiness. On the other hand, emotions such as gratitude and appreciation can be the causes of happiness.\nEmotion is energy in motion and energy is neither created nor destroyed. Learn to channel this power within you by directing the flow of your emotions.\nFor some, it may come as a revelation that we can choose the emotions we experience. As suggested above, emotions are expressions of subtle energies flowing within our body.\nThis is one of the bases of mindfulness. We don't need to act out emotions as we can observe them as physical sensations within our body.\nAs you can see from the image below emotions are correlated with increase or decrease of sensations in specific parts of our body.\nSelf-reported body maps showing areas where subjects felt sensations increased (warm colors) or decreased (cool colors) for a given emotion. (Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences).\nWe can see the radiance of whole-body sensations with great vividness in the head and chest areas that happiness brings. The usual blushing associated with experiencing shame can also be seen as the bright areas around the cheeks.\nThe body is like a circuit board in that, every cell responds to every thought we think or every word we say. Thoughts and words carry their own vibrational frequencies. Through amplification, they manifest into one emotion or another. Positive thoughts create light airy feelings while negative thoughts create heavy, dense vibrations.\nVerbalising or thinking negative statements such as \"I'm so stressed\", \"It's a pain in the neck\", \"It's so bad\" leave measurable imprints on our being. With repetition, these shape into mental and emotional patterns which shape our experience.\nWe must become aware of such tendencies, realise how they harm us, and vow to change them. Here is a simple 3-step process that you can start using today.\nIf in doubt, however, here are some things that can only help:\nMove. Get up and go for a brief walk. Moving our body helps get the energy inside it moving. This can help us transform energies that have stagnated into undesirable emotions.\nSmile. Our brains don’t know the difference between a real smile and a fake smile. Your brain responds in exactly the same way by releasing ‘happy chemicals’. So, even faking positive emotions has a positive impact.\nRe-frame. Find the positive in the situation, person, or event that triggered your negative emotion. The meaning we give to things is one of the most important decisions we make in life. Choose wisely, and you will be the master of your internal world.\nOur emotions are not coincidences. Mastering the flow of our emotions is one of the biggest happiness influencers we have.\nThe value of happiness\nHappiness influencers: Desires\nHappiness influencers: Beliefs\nHappiness influencers: Identity (roles)\nHappiness influencers: Time\nHappiness Influencers: Conditioning (patterns)\nPlease share your thoughts in the comments section.\nMartin S Petkov helps people master their super power - mind, body, and heart in balance and alignment. This naturally brings more happiness, health, and harmony into their lives.\nHe uses the Japanese system for relaxation and gentle transformation Reiki. It facilitates growth and healing by naturally harmonising and strengthening mind and body on a deep level. Martin also offers courses dedicated to happiness or life purpose.\nMartin Stefanov Petkov\nMaster your Super Power", "label": "No"}
{"text": "World War II Victory Day celebrations in Russia and across Europe\nAfter Adolf Hitler’s suicide on April 30, 1945, the occupying German armies began surrendering in Europe and the former Soviet Union. Ultimately, Germany signed an unconditional surrender, signaling the defeat of the Nazi Germany regime. VE Day (Victory in Europe) is commonly celebrated on May 8, while the countries of the former Soviet Union celebrate the day on May 9.\nThe following compilation includes scenes from, and revolving around, Victory Day across the ocean.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Having waited a full year to see the fruits of our labours in a potato breeding project we have finally been rewarded with success today. Our aim was to recreate the Edinburgh potato (Solanum xedinense), which is found naturally occurring in Mexico. The first flower to open has provided the final proof of success in recreating what is in fact a hybrid of two potato species. The parents of this cross are the familiar spud or tattie, Solanum tuberosum, and a wild Mexican potato, Solanum demissum. In Mexico this hybrid is found where fields of potatoes grow alongside the wild potato and interbreeding happens naturally.\nBut why, you might ask, is a Mexican potato associated with Edinburgh? Well, the potato in question was originally described as new to science in 1911. In the scientific paper where the name and description was published the author based the observations on plants he grew that originated from RBGE. Consequently, Berthault, the French botanist behind the name of this plant, decided to choose a name based on Edinburgh – edinense. As a result, we can reasonably claim this potato as Edinburgh’s own, although Mexican’s might have something to say about that. You can read a bit more background to the story in an earlier blog post Recreating Edinburgh’s potato.\nOne curious discovery we have made in the process of conducting controlled crosses between the two parent species is that in many cases the hybrid offspring grow very weakly and fail to thrive. Not all seedlings have done this and we do have a few healthy hybrids. Research by others has shown that sometimes hybrids suffer from genetic incompatibilities between the parents that result in what has been called hybrid necrosis. A syndrome where the plants defense mechanisms may become self-destructive.\nIt will be interesting to see how the few healthy Edinburgh potatoes develop over the summer and to see whether tubers are produced. The Mexican parent produced very small pea-sized tubers in 2018, so it is unlikely that the Edinburgh potato is going to be winning any prizes in the giant vegetable category of a flower show!\nIn the meantime, some of our seedlings are undergoing testing at the James Hutton Institute to see whether or not they have inherited resistance to late blight from their Mexican parent. It was this disease that devastated the potato crop in Ireland over several seasons from 1845 and contributed to the Irish Famine. This disaster was instrumental in initiating Scotland’s research on potatoes and the ongoing breeding and genetic research to overcome such problems led by the James Hutton Institute.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Feel the flow: Water Cooling\nSince we have been discussing the cooling of your computer system quite a bit, I’ll tell you something more about a water cooling. As explained in my post about overclocking, a CPU will generate a tremendous (for a computer at least) amount of heat when you will overclock it.\nIn order to get rid of this heat, specialized cooling was created, one of them is a water cooling system.\nI can just hear you thinking, isn’t this rather dangerous? Water and electricity don’t mix that well. Do they?\nNo that’s true, but the cooling system has, of course, a closed circuit were water can run through, this is really a safe method to get fluids in your system.\nGenerally a computer water cooling system, for CPUs at least, uses a CPU water block, a water pump and a heat exchanger. The most obvious advantage of water cooling is that you can overclock your CPU (and by the way, you can also overclock other components, but let’s just stick to CPUs for now) but not only that. A water cooling is a lot quieter, it can even potentially run without fans. Oh and speaking of other components, yes, you actually CAN cool a power supply with a water cooler. Living on the edge man! ;-)\nWater cooling isn’t new, it has been around since 1982, it was used in the development of Cray-2 (this was a super computer in those days). However in those days, water wasn’t used but a liquid called Fluorinert. Water cooling for home computers started to gain recognition during the 1990s. But this type of cooling really got a boost during the mid 2000 with the release of AMD’s hot running athlon processor.\nFunny thing is, the water cooling systems used during the ’90s where homemade. Since there wasn’t a hardware producer in the world who created such things. These DIY coolings were made from radiators, aquarium pumps and home made water blocks. Sounds like the perfect cocktail for disaster to me. However, this is how it was done.\nBut in this day and age, you can just walk in to every respectable hardware store and ask for it. Since most stores will just have it in stock. Even the installment of this type of cooling is something you can easily do yourself. There is nothing to it really, just follow the manual.\nAnd in case you wondered, yes there were (and still are) computers for sale that come with a water cooling system as standard. The first one was the Apple’s Power Mac G5, followed by the XPS series computers of Dell. The most recent example of this is the Alienware computer, also provided by Dell. They offer water cooling as an option.\nOf course, just telling you what a water cooling looks like and works doesn’t quite help to identify this component. So here are a few very nice examples of desktop water cooling systems.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. xvi + 273 pp. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-691-04357-9.\nReviewed by Nicholas Miller (Boise State University)\nPublished on HABSBURG (January, 1996)\nThe Construction of Macedonian National Identity\nLoring M. Danforth's The Macedonian Conflict examines the formation of the national identity of the people of Macedonia from an anthropological perspective, and it is an absorbing work. For all of the immediacy of the conflict between Greece and Macedonia that the book describes, the work makes its most intriguing contribution by taking the question of the origins of national identity out of the speculative realm and providing the reader with a case in progress.\nDanforth divides his book into eight chapters that reveal the wide range of the study. A brief overview of the various theories of nationalism is followed by a chapter on the background to the conflict between Greek and Macedonian Slav claims to the territory and history of Macedonia. The third chapter delineates the development of a Macedonian national identity, and the fourth concerns the \"transnational\" nature of that process. A chapter on the status of the Macedonian-speaking population of northern Greece is followed by a discussion of the use of symbols in the conflict between Greece and Macedonia. The seventh chapter is a case study of an individual's odyssey from Greek emigrant to Macedonian nationalist in Australia. The final chapter draws conclusions regarding the construction of national identity among emigrants from northern Greece in Australia.\nDanforth believes that Macedonian, Greek, and other national identities are socially constructed and therefore in flux. This is not a radical departure, as he demonstrates in the review of literature that constitutes much of the first chapter. The work of Fredrik Barth provides his framework, although he pays homage to recent contributions by Ernest Gellner, E.J. Hobsbawm, Benedict Anderson, Anthony D. Smith, and others. When Danforth writes, \"Any successful analysis of nationalism must, therefore, balance an emphasis on the obvious modernity of nationalism as a political principle with the equally obvious preexistence of the identities, traditions, and cultures from which it draws\" (p. 16), he is mediating the contributions of Gellner and Smith. Gellner is an advocate of the interpretation of national identity as a necessity of the modern industrial state, whereas Smith urges the examination of the historical depth of ethnic identities. The value of the Macedonian case is precisely that the observer can trace with some precision exactly how the preexisting identities and traditions are reinterpreted and ultimately recast in the modern nation.\nDanforth then examines the history of the construction of Macedonian identity. He is rightly cautious about providing a particular date for the emergence of a Macedonian nation. Few Slavs in the region saw themselves as a separate Macedonian people until after the First World War. Greece came into possession of southern Macedonia (as part of Greece, it is known as Aegean Macedonia) in 1913, and thereafter the Greek government's hostility to the Slavs of the region helped convince those Slavs that they were a unique people. The interwar period \"was the time that many of them finally came to the conclusion that they were Macedonians and not Greeks\" (p. 72). Greek hostility to the Slavic communities of northern Greece produced tensions that eventually found expression in separatism, of which the Greek civil war was an example. That separatism was reinforced by Yugoslavia's support of the Communists in the civil war, since Yugoslavia's new regime encouraged the growth of Macedonian national consciousness. Following the war, the Slavs of Yugoslav (Vardar) Macedonia did begin to feel themselves to be Macedonian, assisted by a government policy that nurtured the separateness of that population. The former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia is now the home of the Macedonian nation.\nIn contrast to Yugoslavia after 1945, in Greece the rigid nationalist identification of the Greek state and the Greek nation has never permitted the existence of citizens who do not \"speak Greek, who are not Orthodox Christians, or who simply do not identify themselves as Greek...\" (p.110). Greek educational policy, judicial behavior, and rights of citizenship all are affected by official refusal to admit the existence of people in Greece who do not consider themselves Greek. In spite of official Greece's attempts to stifle Macedonian identity, \"[t]he existence of a Macedonian human rights movement effectively refutes the Greek government's claims that there are no Macedonians in Greece, only 'Slavophone Hellenes with a Greek national consciousness'\" (p. 108). So the Greek refusal to recognize Macedonians as citizens now faces a Macedonian movement demanding that the government recognize their human rights -- in this case, the right to use one's mother tongue and the right to claim a given nationality.\nThere are parallels elsewhere in southeastern Europe: Kosovo springs to mind, where Albania demands that the Serbian government recognize their rights are lost on a Serbia that will not acknowledge the validity of the Albanian presence in the region --although the Serbian government has never asserted that the Kosovars are \"Albanophone Serbs\". Other examples of government refusal to acknowledge the presence of minorities include the Pomaks and Turks of Bulgaria -- although it should be noted that none of these cases is a direct parallel to the Macedonian situation in Greece.\nGiven the inability of Greeks and Macedonians to communicate successfully or to mediate their differences, Danforth evaluates the state of contemporary Greco-Macedonian relations in their proper context: as the outgrowth of a symbolic discourse, which makes those relations difficult to decipher for the uninitiated. \"The most hotly contested symbol in the global cultural war taking place between Greeks and Macedonians has been without a doubt the name 'Macedonia'\" (p. 153), he writes. The Greek position regarding the name is simple: \"because Alexander the Great and the ancient Macedonians were Greek, and because ancient and modern Greece are linked in an unbroken line of racial and cultural continuity, only Greeks have the right to identify themselves as Macedonians\" (p. 32). The Macedonian position is that \"a Macedonian is defined as 'a person by inheritance who speaks a Slavonic language coming from that area of Europe known as Macedonia whether such is part of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, or Albania'\" (p. 44).\nThe fundamental inability of Greeks and Macedonians to agree on the very status of the name of the land and its people seems to be a product of their use of entirely different criteria in defining basic terms -- for Greeks, the word \"Macedonia\" and all that it symbolizes is the critical issue; the goal of the Macedonians is recognition of their ethnospecificity. Other symbols are contested: they range from Alexander the Great to the star of Vergina (possibly an emblem of Alexander's dynasty), but also include the personal names of the people of Macedonia. Petkov becomes Petropoulos, Markov becomes Markidis: \"We all have two names,\" noted one of Danforth's interviewees (pp. 160-61).\nThe hostility of the Greek government to the development of a Macedonian national identity has driven the Macedonian nationalist movement out of Greece proper. Australia has become one of the focal points of that movement, Canada another. Today there are between 20,000 and 50,000 Macedonian speakers remaining in Greece, of which Danforth estimates 10,000 have a Macedonian national identity (p. 78). There are, according to Danforth's sources, 323,000 Greeks in Australia, of which 55,000 are Greek-Macedonians (Greeks from Macedonia) (p. 86). In 1988, there were about 75,000 Macedonians in Australia, of whom one-third had come from Greece.\nDanforth's treatment of that diaspora community and its role in the development of a Macedonian national identity is one of the major focuses of his book. The diaspora has played a critical role in the formation of Macedonian identity: it has given immigrants from northern Greece \"the freedom to express an identity which they were unable to express freely before\" (p. 200). Danforth believes that more attention should be paid to \"the construction of national identity as a short-term biographical process that takes place over the course of the lifetime of specific individuals\" (p. 197). He pursues that goal in the final chapter of the book, entitled \"Construction of a National Identity,\" which treats case studies of emigrants from northern Greece who live in Australia.\nIn this chapter, it becomes clear that the rigid definitional battles fought between Greeks and Macedonians only serve to give their struggle an imaginary finality: \"No one buys his nationality; no one chooses his mother. I inherited this nationality. It's my inheritance, the milk of my mother\" (p. 224). Such a statement could come from the mouth of either a Greek or a Macedonian. \"Real Greeks\" and \"real Macedonians\" understand each other, even in their often violent struggle. But in the comparative freedom of the diaspora, the most compelling of Danforth's case studies concern those whose identities break down our assumptions and the strictures of official nationalist ideologies.\nDanforth's thesis is that national identity is constructed, not primordial, and the most compelling evidence (to my mind) for the verity of his assertion is that there are individuals today who confound the definitions, break the barriers that seemingly divide Greeks and Macedonians. One, who speaks Macedonian, is \"a Greek first...a Greek from Macedonia\" (p. 233). Others claim varying degrees of Greekness or Macedonianness, usually with certainty. In many of those cases, the subject's identity has shifted within his or her own lifetime. \"From a Macedonian and even a Greek nationalist perspective, such people may seem incongruous, their nationality suspect, but from an anthropological perspective, the claims to Greek national identity of people who were born in Greece but speak Macedonian and not Greek are just as legitimate as the claims to Macedonian national identity of people who earlier in their lives identified themselves as Greeks\" (p. 225). As a historian, I can only wish that such confounding individuals speaking so clearly could be found in my sources.\nPerhaps it is too bad that this wonderful book does nothing to refute the old cliche about the ultimate inscrutability of Macedonia. The converse is actually true: Danforth adds to the complexity of our understanding of Macedonia and Macedonian and Greek identities, but in a rich and ultimately rewarding way. Because it is resolutely not reductionist, The Macedonian Conflict will be of much less use to the concerned policymaker trying to \"solve\" the difficulties in Greco-Macedonian relations than to the scholar of identity formation, who will rejoice at its use of evidence from the field. It is an outstanding book: it ranges widely, treating historical and modern political issues with dexterity.\nNational identity has become the pervasive form of self-identification and political action in the modern world. This book can stand as a warning, both to historians who precipitously attribute firmly developed national identity to peoples in the past and to politicians who assume the validity of simplistic national categories. I must leave to reviewers with anthropological expertise the evaluation of the theoretical contribution that Danforth's study makes, but from a historian's perspective, the book is a rich consideration of a problem that will vex those concerned with southeastern Europe for some time.\nCopyright (c) 1995 by H-Net, all rights reserved. This work may be copied for non-profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. For other permission, please contact email@example.com.\nIf there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/habsburg.\nNicholas Miller. Review of Danforth, Loring M., The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World.\nHABSBURG, H-Net Reviews.\nCopyright © 1996 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Of the $1.1 billion in boxed chocolates that Americans are expected to buy on Valentine’s Day, very little will be untainted by the scourge of child labor. Although some who buy those bonbons will do so without knowing the sinister history of their purchases, others, like the chocolate makers, will have known for at least two years, if not longer, that cocoa beans imported from the Ivory Coast — used to make nearly half the chocolate consumed in this country — are harvested in large part by children, some as young as 9, and many of whom are considered slaves, trafficked from desperately poor countries like Mali and Burkina Faso.\nThe most recent survey of conditions on West African cocoa farms, completed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture for the U.S. Agency for International Development, estimated that nearly 300,000 children work in dangerous conditions on cocoa farms in the four countries surveyed — Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon — the vast majority of them in the Ivory Coast. The report, released in July 2002, says that of the 300,000 children, more than half (64 percent) are under 14 years old. Twelve thousand had no connection to the family on whose cocoa farm they toiled, but only 5,100 of them were paid for their work. Almost 6,000 were described as “unpaid workers with no family ties,” provoking advocates to refer to them as “slaves.” The rest work on their families’ farms, kept home from school to do punishing work during the all-important harvest seasons. The latter category are, in the definition of the International Labor Organization, child laborers.\nThe existence, and the plight, of these children were publicly acknowledged by chocolate companies in 2001 after high-profile stories in the media — most significantly, a documentary by the BBC and a prize-winning series by Knight Ridder reporters — had exposed the horrific details of the children’s lives, and their connection to the chocolate consumed, often by unknowing consumers, in this country.\nAnd yet, despite committing themselves 16 months ago to a highly publicized four-year plan to abolish child slaves and laborers from the cocoa farms with whom they do business, the chocolate industry, worth billions a year in U.S. revenue alone, has managed to continue making and selling products without demonstrating any discernible progress in solving the child labor problem.\nThe chocolate companies say their efforts so far have been defeated by the chaos of civil war and the stubborn traditions of an agriculturally based society. But those who monitor child slavery around the world, and others who scrutinize the labor practices of American companies with factories abroad, insist that chocolate companies have failed to take serious steps to end the abhorrent labor practices.\n“You have potentially conflicting interests here,” says Alec Fyfe, senior advisor for child labor at UNICEF. On the one hand, Fyfe says, there’s “an industry trying to protect itself from adverse publicity and [from] consumers walking away from their product.” On the other, “a group interested in protecting children’s interests. Where’s the overlap?”\n- – - – - – - – - – - -\nHershey’s and M&M/Mars control two-thirds of the U.S. chocolate market, which generated $13 billion from retail sales of 3.1 billion pounds of chocolate in 2001. Both companies, along with other major producers like Nestlé, Archer Daniels Midland, Cadbury, Guittard and Bernard Callebaut, import cocoa beans from the Ivory Coast, which, as the largest cocoa producer in the world, provides almost half the cocoa beans that end up in America. Most of the cocoa from the Ivory Coast comes from 450,000 small farms of 12 acres or less.\nIn September 2000, a BBC documentary entitled “Slavery: A Global Investigation” featured a segment on boys enslaved on Ivory Coast cocoa farms, showing children with heavily scarred backs from beatings with whips and switches.\nAwareness of the problem became more widespread in June 2001, when a four-part Knight Ridder series on the same topic told the stories of boys in the Ivory Coast, most of them 12 to 16 years old, some as young as 9, who had been sold and then tricked into indentured labor on cocoa farms. The boys told reporters that they were underfed, locked in their filthy sleeping quarters, and forced to work more than 12 hours a day, sometimes hauling 50-pound bags of beans that were bigger than they were.\nCaught in the glare of negative publicity, representatives of the chocolate industry admitted the problem existed, but insisted they should not to be held responsible since chocolate companies didn’t actually own the farms. But this argument didn’t deflect continuing criticism, and the issue was taken up by two congressmen, Sen. Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) and Rep. Eliot Engel (D-N.Y.). The Knight Ridder series came out the same week that an agricultural bill was up for a vote in the House of Representatives. After reading the newspaper articles, Engel quickly added a rider to that bill, proposing a federal system to certify — and label — qualified chocolate and cocoa products as “slave free,” much in the way that tuna produced under certain federal guidelines can earn “dolphin safe” labeling. The measure passed the House of Representatives — and created a potentially significant problem for Hershey’s, Nestlé, M&M/Mars and the other major companies that wouldn’t qualify for the “slave free” label.\nBefore the bill could reach the Senate, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, a trade group that represents the major American chocolate makers, hired former senators George Mitchell and Bob Dole to lobby against it. With possible consumer boycotts and punishing federal regulation looming, chocolate companies found a way to deal with the issue — and dodge the labeling bullet. According to a source on Capitol Hill who was involved in the talks between the industry and a handful of congressmen, Mitchell and Dole urged the chocolate companies to make a deal, saying, “Too many reporters are willing to go to Africa and get kids on record that they’re slaves.”\nThe solution — crafted in October 2001 by the biggest chocolate companies in the world, in negotiation with Harkin and Engel — was a document called the Harkin-Engel Protocol. The companies that signed the protocol — Hershey’s and M&M/Mars, among others — promised to follow through on a four-year, six-point plan. The companies’ stated goal was to rid the industry of child slavery by July 2005, at which time their products would be certified as “slave free.” To work toward that goal, the companies committed themselves to instituting programs in West Africa to improve the lives of cocoa farmers and make them aware of the consequences of child labor — not just trafficking in children, but also keeping their own kids home from school to work the farms. The “slave free” tag would be the payoff — a signal to consumers that their candy bars and M&Ms could be consumed without guilt.\nBut halfway to the protocol deadline, little headway has been made. And critics of the chocolate industry say companies are attempting to control implementation of the initiative to make as little impact as possible on their own bottom line. Most importantly, say these critics, the chocolate companies are avoiding the crucial role of cocoa pricing in the perpetuation of child slavery. It is a subject that needs to be addressed, say child labor experts, but it is a threat to industry profits.\nTwo months after the protocol was signed, the Child Labor Coalition, comprising more than 70 advocacy groups focused on domestic and international child labor issues, released a statement acknowledging the industry’s initiative but asking them to go a few steps further. The statement suggested that the industry commit to ending exploitative child labor practices on cocoa farms all over the world, not just in West Africa but also in Indonesia and Brazil, where anecdotal evidence suggests it exists. Susan Smith, a spokesperson for the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, acknowledges that the problem may exist elsewhere, but says, “There are only so many things we can do at a time.”\nThe CLC’s statement also asked the industry to consider ensuring “that family farmers get a fair price for their products and agricultural workers are compensated fairly for their labor.” Smith says that the industry is addressing pricing, but through indirect avenues. “We’re teaching the farmers about marketing their products to get more money,” she says. “To produce more and a higher quality of cocoa and how to sell the cocoa, what buyers are looking for.” Smith cites the Sustainable Tree Crops Program, which has been tested and is ready to be implemented. Among its goals is devising a way to get radio updates about the world market to isolated farmers so that they know how much they should get for their beans. Another goal is to improve the farmers’ quality of life and the quality of the cocoa by introducing environmentally safe pest- and disease-control methods. “This all relates to the prices the farmers are getting,” says Smith.\nThe industry’s reluctance to deal with cocoa pricing directly was evident at a workshop held in early February in Washington, where the chocolate industry presented its findings to representatives from the International Labor Organization, the Department of Labor, USAID and UNICEF on why more than half the children working on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast have never attended school. Their conclusion — that Ivory Coast farmers will always keep their children home to work the fields because it is a practice embedded in their culture — contradicted years of research by child labor experts who identify poverty — in this case, caused in part by low and unpredictable cocoa prices — as the root of child labor and child slavery.\n“There was a very selective use of data which seemed to bolster the view that poverty is not a major cause of the problem and that kids working on those farms are no worse off in terms of education,” says Fyfe, who attended the meeting as a UNICEF representative. “It was very perverse.”\nA more balanced use of data, says Fyfe and others who have studied the causes of child labor, would have led directly to a discussion of cocoa pricing and, ideally, to a plan to regulate pricing. Such a plan would help farmers escape poverty and reduce the need to use children on their farms. Of the millions of dollars that the chocolate industry says it is investing in programs like the Sustainable Tree Crops Program to reeducate farmers in West Africa, very little trickles down to the cocoa farmers, say critics of the chocolate companies’ handling of the child labor problem. Instead, the farmers remain at the mercy of a world market price for cocoa that fluctuates according to supply and demand, as well as weather and political instability.\nAt the time the Harkin-Engel Protocol was signed, cocoa prices were at an all-time low. The Ivory Coast’s government-run board had been protecting the country’s farmers since 1955 by setting a minimum price at which they’d export their product, but it was split and privatized in 1999.\nSuddenly, farmers with no idea of the mechanics of free trade or world market prices or commodities brokers were left to fend for themselves. Working mostly in isolation on their small family farms spread throughout the country, the farmers did not, and still don’t, have the means to confer among themselves about the prices they’re getting for their cocoa. They operate at the mercy of pisteurs, or buyers, who drive out to the farms and give each farmer cash to haul away his cocoa beans. (The farmers are generally too poor to own trucks.) It’s difficult to know how much cash exchanges hands at the farm gates, but Global Exchange, an internationally focused human rights organization based in San Francisco, estimates that the cocoa farmers make between $30 and $100 a year. Transfair USA, the only independent third-party certifier of Fair Trade practices in the United States, estimates that farmers earn about one cent for each 60-cent candy bar that’s sold here.\nThe pisteurs are paid by exporters, multinational companies with offices in Ivory Coast port cities like Abidjan and San Pedro. Three U.S. companies — Illinois-based Archer Daniels Midland, California-based Nestlé USA, and Minnesota-based Cargill — are among the major exporters.\nSince 70 percent of the population of the Ivory Coast is involved in cocoa farming, the fall of cocoa prices in 1999 and 2000 greatly increased rural poverty and led to the cutting of teachers’ salaries, a reduction in government spending for healthcare, and, according to a report by the International Labor Rights Fund, to “the widespread use of cheap child labor.”\nRight now, because of civil unrest in the Ivory Coast, cocoa supply is down and cocoa prices are higher. But farmers have not benefited from the higher prices, since many are not even able to get their product to port. Watchdog groups like Global Exchange, Save the Children and the International Labor Rights Fund insist that without minimum pricing to ensure a steady income, farmers are not likely to make major changes in labor practices — and pay — on their farms.\nThere are some cocoa farmers, outside the Ivory Coast, who are guaranteed a minimum price for their cocoa — they belong to Fair Trade Certified producer groups, or collectives made up of democratically managed farms. There are 20 collectives in eight countries — Ghana, Cameroon, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Belize — that represent more than 42,000 farmers and their families. Importers and chocolate makers who buy Fair Trade cocoa produced by these farmers sign a contract with the Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), based in Bonn, Germany, promising to document that they pay the co-op’s farmers the Fair Trade price: the world market price plus a premium that guarantees a living wage and extra money to go back into the co-op community. The supply chain is designed to be transparent, with the FLO reserving the right to inspect documentation tracking the product from the farm to the manufacturer.\nFair Trade Certified chocolate was introduced to the U.S. last fall. The certified licensees, small companies like Dean’s Beans, Ithaca Fine Chocolates, Day Chocolate and Cocoa Camino, produce only a tiny fraction of the amount of chocolate produced by major outfits like Hershey’s and M&M/Mars. Other companies, such as Scharffen Berger Chocolate in San Francisco, choose not to buy from West Africa at all, since they believe that any cocoa from that part of the world is probably besmirched by the involvement of child labor. Producers of organic chocolate, sold by such U.S. companies as Newman’s Own and Dagoba, is also “slave free,” since organic farms are subject to their own independent monitoring system that checks labor practices.\nThe amount of cocoa purchased by companies signed on to pay the Fair Trade price for Fair Trade Certified cocoa is too small to make a dent in the amount of cocoa produced worldwide — only three of the 89 million pounds of cocoa farmed by Fair Trade Certified collectives in 2000 could be sold at the Fair Trade price.\nGlobal Exchange is trying to pressure M&M/Mars to commit to buying at least 5 percent of its cocoa beans from Fair Trade Certified collectives. (Part of the campaign enlists supporters to send valentines to the company asking them to “have a heart” and sell Fair Trade chocolate.) That would take care of the 85-plus million pounds of Fair Trade cocoa that could not be sold at Fair Trade prices in 2000, and probably more, since M&M/Mars imports hundreds of thousands of tons of cocoa each year. The organization, and other supporters of the Fair Trade strategy, acknowledge that a company that pays the Fair Trade price is likely to increase the price of its products, but they point to the increase in sales of Fair Trade coffee, which is more expensive than coffee without the Fair Trade label, as a sign of the potential success of Fair Trade chocolate. According to a report by the Fair Trade Federation, certified Fair Trade coffee imports in the U.S. grew more than 50 percent, from 4.3 million pounds in 2000 to 6.7 million pounds in 2001.\n- – - – - – - – - – - -\nChocolate makers, government groups like the Department of Labor, and a handful of non-government groups, including Free the Slaves, have held numerous meetings since the Harkin-Engel Protocol was signed. They’ve set up committees and subcommittees. They have the beginnings of a foundation, based in Geneva. But it is still unclear how much has been done to meet the commitments outlined in the protocol. Bill Guyton, executive director of the World Cocoa Foundation, has visited Africa frequently in the past few months to see farmers and government officials. “The farmers know about the issue,” he says. “They want to know how they can work with us to overcome their problems.” An office is being set up in Ghana as headquarters for a program, spearheaded by the ILO, that focuses on improving awareness among farmers of child labor issues. But none of the chocolate industry’s proposed child labor projects have officially begun. Says Guyton, “The activities will be rolled out at different time periods.”\nFor right now, at least, the civil war in the Ivory Coast that has been raging since September overshadows the child labor problem — the issue of child soldiers is pressing as well. (It is believed that some of the child laborers are being “drafted” into military service.) But a plan for accomplishing the goals after the civil unrest is resolved appears elusive.\nFyfe, who attended the February meeting where the chocolate industry gave its briefing on the extent of child labor in West Africa, says there was very little connection between the ILO, the DOL, USAID and the other organizations whose representatives stood up, one after the other, to describe proposals for programs they want to implement. “I couldn’t see what the mechanism was for who would take leadership in bringing all this together in some kind of coherent strategy,” Fyfe says. “That was missing for me.”\nTher Aung of the International Labor Rights Fund agrees. “It’s all very vague,” she says. The only definite objective appears to be the “slave free” labeling, set for July 2005. And that goal is a source of controversy among child labor experts. “Labeling is only as good as the monitoring,” says Fyfe. Of the labeling systems he’s studied — including rugs produced in India and shoes produced in Brazil — he’s found the industries that self-police, as the chocolate companies have proposed, to be markedly less legitimate. (The scenario is at the root of the old joke in labor rights circles about “slave free” labels being stitched on by exploited child laborers.)\nEven if the industry does have the best of intentions in labeling, Fyfe questions if it is a workable goal, considering that the cocoa farms are so small and spread out. “How will you be able to monitor a supply chain so fragmented over such a large scale?” he asks. “Even in traditional monitoring — sending inspectors into factories — they don’t do a good job of that in the U.S., much less in the Ivory Coast, and that’s the easiest kind of monitoring to do.”\nAnti-sweatshop activists have found that opening factories to inspectors as a means of monitoring is ineffective. “It’s impossible because of the sheer number of factories around the world,” says Jason Marks, a spokesperson for Global Exchange. The money is better spent, Marks says, on worker empowerment — giving workers a living wage and allowing them the right to form trade unions. Worker empowerment is what makes Fair Trade collectives easy to monitor — they’re more invested in maintaining the criteria that a FLO inspector comes to check on once a year.\n“Labeling is not the magic bullet,” Fyfe agrees. “It’s got to be seen as part of a much broader strategy. There are much more fundamental things that have to be done to deal with children being exploited at work — poverty, education, good government, child protection laws, good public services.” He and others are hoping that the industry will think about refocusing their efforts — and multimillions — into strategies that incorporate all of those factors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "German loanwords in the English language\nCockroach, lantern, algebra, sabbath – these are only a few of the loanwords that we use in the English language without them striking us as being particularly unusual. Appropriately, ‘loanword’ itself is a loan translation (a so-called calque) of the German Lehnwort (Lehn from leihen = ‘lend’ + Wort = ‘word’).\nThroughout history, English has borrowed words from other languages, through strong cultural links or historical events like the Norman Conquest in 1066, manifested linguistically through the adoption of Norman French vocabulary. It is also often the case that some cultures are more dominant than others in particular fields, and this dominance means that they shape the language in this area beyond their geographical borders.\nPianoforte, synthesis, brainstorming, and email\nOne area where this is particularly apparent is in classical music, with many terms borrowed from Italian, where examples include pianoforte, allegro, and soprano. The word ‘pianoforte’ found its way into the English language in the middle of the 18th century and literally means ‘soft and loud’ (piano e forte). Allegro stems from the Italian for ‘lively, gay’, and soprano is derived from sopra, which is Italian for ‘above’, itself borrowed from the Latin supra.\nSimilarly, many words in the field of science, especially medicine, originate from Greek and Latin. Take for example pancreas, which entered the English language in the late 16th century via modern Latin, with pan meaning ‘all’ and kreas meaning ‘flesh’. Other examples are retina, from Medieval Latin rete = ‘net’, and synthesis, which derives from the Greek suntithenai = ‘place together’ and entered the English vocabulary via Latin in the early 17th century.\nNaturally, this works the other way around as well. The increase of words being borrowed from English reflects the enormous importance of the English language in today’s globalized world. Accordingly, many English business terms are used in other languages. Thus, the French have meetings, and Germans will regularly have brainstorming sessions. Similarly, most languages have – officially or unofficially – adopted English terms like Internet, email, or login.\nHowever, it is always advisable to be careful with some of these words, as they might not mean exactly the same as in the source language. An example of this is the German use of Handy for ‘mobile phone’, which makes it a common false friend for German learners of English. I am sure that everyone who has studied a foreign language has fallen into a trap like this, which can be both embarrassing and amusing at the same time.\nPretzel with noodles?\nLet’s take a look at some of the words borrowed from German; you will see that some of them are more obvious than others. One of my personal favourites is muesli, which derives from the Swiss German Müsli. Other foodie words borrowed from German are pretzel and noodle. Everybody knows that ‘pretzel’ is originally German, but while any German will know what you mean when you ask for a ‘pretzel’, the German standard spelling is actually Brezel. In Bavaria and Austria however, you would call them Brezn, and to make it even more complicated, there are other regional variations like Brezl and Breze. I would claim that the origin of the word ‘noodle’ is less obviously German. It did however enter the English language in the late 18th century via the German Nudel. Unfortunately, the origin of the German word is unknown.\nA more classic example would be wunderkind. It is a term that is fairly easy to translate: Wunder = ‘wonder’ + Kind = child. Still, for some reason we say ‘wunderkind’ and not ‘wonderchild’. Other frequently used words borrowed from German include the very useful schadenfreude, the pleasure derived from another person’s misfortune; weltschmerz, a feeling of melancholy and world-weariness; and zeitgeist, which is the defining spirit or mood of a period in history as reflected by the ideas and beliefs of the time.\nNot to be ignored are more recent borrowings from the 20th century, reflecting the traumatizing experience of the Second World War, with German loanwords like führer, now more generally used to describe a tyrannical leader, or blitzkrieg (literally ‘lightning war’), which is an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift (in other words, as fast as lightning) victory.\nThese are only a few examples and, of course, any language could be looked at in depth. Even if you think that a word is undoubtedly English, a closer look at the etymology may surprise you. Anyone studying a foreign language will have found themselves in a situation where they could think of a word in their mother tongue that exactly describes a situation or concept, but for which there just isn’t an appropriate translation. Therefore, let me end with three German words that are my top contenders for eventually forming part of the rich English vocabulary:\n1. Fernweh – This is basically the same as ‘wanderlust’, but has a less old-fashioned ring to it.\n2. Feierabend – literally ‘party evening’ – the time when you finish work (Feierabend machen) as well as the rest of the evening after you’ve left work. It’s also used colloquially to say I’ve had enough / enough of this: Jetzt ist aber Feierabend!\n3. Fachidiot – A ‘subject idiot’ – someone who knows an awful lot about one subject, but doesn’t really have any capabilities outside of this particular area.\nThe opinions and other information contained in OxfordWords blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Children have the most amazing imagination and simply require a few tools to stimulate their thought process. Take a look around your home and what do you see-this is the most amazing teaching environment any child could ever ask for.\nNature provides many opportunities, such as nature scavenger hunts, offering an insight into the animals and insects in our world. Water is a precious resource but this is also an opportunity for children to be taught to nurture and care for mother nature and help our gardens to thrive and produce some organic vegetation.\nThe kitchen has endless resources that will keep your child entertained for hours on end – a simple pot and spoon, the Tupperware containers, so much learning can occur.\nSo, the moral of the story is to keep it simple and just see what endless opportunities you can provide to your children at home like we do here at Sonas.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- 1 What is the cutoff birthday for kindergarten?\n- 2 Is August a late birthday?\n- 3 What is the cutoff for school birthdays?\n- 4 What year will my kid start kindergarten?\n- 5 Is 7 too old for kindergarten?\n- 6 Is it better to start kindergarten at 5 or 6?\n- 7 Can August babies start school later?\n- 8 What is a late birthday called?\n- 9 How do you say Happy early birthday?\n- 10 What is the best month to be born on?\n- 11 Can you skip kindergarten in first grade?\n- 12 Can 4 year olds start kindergarten?\n- 13 How do you know if your child is ready for kindergarten?\n- 14 Is Pre K and TK the same?\nWhat is the cutoff birthday for kindergarten?\nChildren can start Kindergarten at the beginning of the school year if they turn 5, on or before 31 July that year. By law, all children must be in compulsory schooling by their 6th birthday.\nIs August a late birthday?\nIf you have a birthday between the months of September and December, you qualify as having a “late birthday.” Sometimes people even consider August to be a late birthday month. Having a late birthday is not that uncommon, and yet most people are always so surprised when they find out.\nWhat is the cutoff for school birthdays?\nDistricts must admit children at the beginning of the school year (or whenever they move into a district) if they will be five years of age on or before September 1 (EC Section 48000[a]). Children who are age-eligible for kindergarten may attend any pre-kindergarten summer program maintained by the school district.\nWhat year will my kid start kindergarten?\nChildren in California can commence kindergarten if the child has turned 5 years old by the 1st of September in that year. Kindergarten is not mandatory in California however nearly all students will attend.\nIs 7 too old for kindergarten?\nA new study finds strong evidence that delaying kindergarten by a year provides mental health benefits to children, allowing them to better self-regulate their attention and hyperactivity levels when they do start school.\nIs it better to start kindergarten at 5 or 6?\nMany children have the social, physical, and rudimentary academic skills necessary to start kindergarten by 5 or 6, but for kids who are born just before the cut-off date or who are experiencing a slight delay, it may be better to wait a year. 14\nCan August babies start school later?\nYou can’t be made to put your child into school before their fifth birthday. But some local authorities may tell parents they won’t hold a reception place for them – meaning a child born in August could start school at the age of five, but they would have to start in Year One, missing reception.\nWhat is a late birthday called?\nThe Meaning of Happy Belated Birthday The word belated means that something is late or delayed. If you wrote the phrase happy belated birthday but changed the word belated to its synonym “late,” you’d get happy late birthday.\nHow do you say Happy early birthday?\nYou can say “Happy Birthday in advance”, but some people think it’s unlucky to wish someone a Happy Birthday before the day itself.\nWhat is the best month to be born on?\nAugust is the overall most popular month for birthdays, which makes sense, considering a late August birthday means December conception. Cold weather, snow, romantic fires and holiday parties seems to create just the right equation for the beginning of human mating season.\nCan you skip kindergarten in first grade?\nNo school will permit skipping kindergarten without a full educational assessment. For early entrance or grade skipping, some states require an IQ score of at least 130 or up. By the way, in my home state, kindergarten is required before a child is promoted to the first grade.\nCan 4 year olds start kindergarten?\nMinimum age for kindergarten entrance is 4 years 7 months before the first day of the school year. All children must attend kindergarten before age 7. Kindergarten entrance age is 5 on or before September 1 for 5-year-old kindergarten, or age 4 on or before September 1 for 4-year-old kindergarten.\nHow do you know if your child is ready for kindergarten?\nWhat is school readiness?\n- Demonstrating a curiosity or interest in learning new things.\n- Being able to explore new things through their senses.\n- Taking turns and cooperating with peers.\n- Speaking with and listening to peers and adults.\n- Following instructions.\n- Communicating how they’re feeling.\n- Empathizing with other children.\nIs Pre K and TK the same?\nPre-Kindergarten is much more engaging and focused on similar areas of the standard kindergarten curriculum. When it comes to transitional kindergarten, the TK environment is a mixture of preschool and pre-kindergarten.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why Lake Trout Don’t Need a Calendar\nHave you ever wondered why fish spawn when they do? For that matter, how do insects know when to emerge in the spring, or how do birds know when to migrate? As it turns out, two environmental factors largely control the timing these biological processes: temperature and light. Light is more accurately described as something biologists call photoperiod, or the period of time each day between sunrise and sunset.\nDid you know that given a day of the year and location coordinates, you can calculate the photoperiod for anywhere on earth? Photoperiod is time spent between sunset and sunrise. The picture above shows Follensby Pond in New York State’s Adirondack Park at sunrise during Lake Trout spawning season.\nImagine a day with little sunlight and cold temperatures. Does winter come to mind? As you probably know, day length is longer in the summer and shorter in the winter. Coupling photoperiod and temperature can be used to predict the time of year. Lake Trout and many other species use these environmental cues to determine when to perform certain life history events. The timing of life history events (such as fish spawning, spring budbreak, insect emergence, etc.) is called phenology.\nIf light and temperature control the timing of life history events across many different species, what happens if temperature increases with climate change? I have been using historical Lake Trout spawning records and climate data from New York to answer this very question.\nBefore I delve into the answer, let’s talk a little bit about Lake Trout biology. Lake Trout are coldwater fish; warm water temperatures can cause them great stress, and even warmer water temperatures (< 25ºC or <77ºF), can kill them. Lake Trout are native to Alaska, Canada, and northern regions of the United States. However, climate change is predicted to eradicate Lake Trout from the southern extent of their range and areas of low elevation.\nLake Trout Salvelinus namaycush\nLake Trout generally spawn for two to three weeks from September to November, the timing of which is triggered by cooling water temperatures (8-13ºC) and shortening day length. If the late summer and early fall are particularly warm, it often takes longer for lake temperatures to cool. For this reason, Lake Trout spawn later in years with warm late summer and early fall temperatures, and earlier in years with cool temperatures during the same time period.\nThis means that if the climate continues to warm, Lake Trout are likely to spawn continually later in time, and populations subject to very warm conditions may stop reproducing altogether due to thermal stress and sub-optimal environmental conditions.\nWhile climate and photoperiod determine the general timing of the spawning period, it’s likely that weather events such as wind storms may trigger Lake Trout to spawn on a shorter temporal scale. Storms are common in Montreal due to the region’s hot and humid weather. I took this photo from the balcony of my apartment.\nYou might be wondering, “Why should I care about this research?” A few reasons:\n1. Scientists all over the world are trying to figure out how climate change will affect earth’s biology. Research like this adds to the growing body of literature on the sub-lethal impacts of climate change on fish species and other organisms.\n2. If natural Lake Trout reproduction declines, management agencies will need to compensate by reducing Lake Trout harvest or increasing stocking of hatchery-reared fish.\nRecreational Lake Trout fisheries are substantial economic assets. Reducing harvest could also mean a reduction in the economic benefits associated with these fisheries. An increase in stocking could also increase the negative environmental effects associated with fish farming, such as water pollution.\nHave I piqued your interest? This research currently comprises the second chapter of my Master of Science thesis for McGill University, and is currently being finalized for journal submission. Read again next month (or perhaps a few months after that, realistically speaking) for more information on the publishing process.\nThe books that have collected on my desk over the past month of thesis writing. The blue book on top is “Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment” by Hilborn and Walters, otherwise known as the fishery science bible.\nIt’s been over two years since I temporarily moved to Quebec, Canada to pursue a Master of Science in Renewable Resources at McGill University. Last week I submitted the initial version of my thesis to McGill for review. In one week, I move again, this time to the seat of the American revolutionary war: Boston, Massachusetts. Looking back, my time in Quebec has been a blur of traveling for workshops and conferences, pulling fishing nets in the Adirondacks, and long days glued to my computer.\nWhile I prepare to finish, Sarah has decided to prolong her stay in the Netherlands at the University of Groningen to study science business and policy. Congratulations Sarah!\nSeveral undergraduates have asked me for advice on how to get into a natural resource based graduate school program like Sarah and I have been pursuing. The advice from my two year post-undergraduate wizened self is three fold:\n1) Take a modeling class. No, not that kind of modeling.\nA working knowledge of statistical modeling is one of the most useful skills a new graduate student can possess. Already know how to use programs like R, Matlab, or Python? You are way ahead of the game. Many of these programs, like R, contain user guides for beginners, so you can also learn the basics on your own, without taking a class.\n2) Get some field or lab experience.\nSpend a summer or a semester gaining experience as a field or laboratory research technician. There are a lot of important skills to gain outside of the classroom, and there are a lot of graduate students looking for extra help gathering data. While a paid position is obviously preferable, an unpaid position can also look great on a resume.\n3) Do an independent research project.\nThis could either be an honors thesis or another project carried out with a graduate student or professor. Want to take it even further? Publish your results in a peer reviewed journal and present at a conference.\nSpeaking of modeling, I finally caved and ordered myself a Canada Goose parka as a graduation present to myself. It’s one of the warmest winter jackets on the market. Here’s to hoping it curbs the severity of my Raynaud’s (unpleasant but generally nonthreatening circulation disorder) for the upcoming Boston winter.\nI have submitted my thesis and finished my course requirements; the congratulations from happy friends and relatives have been pouring in. However, my work here is not yet done. My thesis is now in review, and I will need to address reviewer comments before submitting the final thesis in December. Furthermore, the Follensby Lake Trout management manuscript is back from review and requires modifications in line with the reviewer comments. And on top of that, I am preparing the Lake Trout spawning manuscript for journal submission. With a full time internship, and a substantial list of activities to complete on the evenings and weekends, I will also be searching for a full time job.\nIn hindsight, those congratulations may have been a little hasty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hi friends, i have some small doubt regarding in default value of char primitive type. Actually the default value of char primitive type is o, but when i am trying to print that value, its giving nothing. But when i am passing that in array as an index, its giving the value of a, if a is an array. I dont why it is showing like . can anybody tell me this and and clear this idea.\nthe default value of a char is not the character 'o' (lower case letter O), but the numeric value of 0 (zero). when you try and print it, java knows it's a char, so prints the ascii character associated with that number. if you look at an ascii table, you will see that the number 0 is a null character. it's a non-printing character.\nThere are only two hard things in computer science: cache invalidation, naming things, and off-by-one errors", "label": "No"}
{"text": "09 January 2018\nPostal historian and ephemera expert and dealer John Scott provides an introduction to collecting ephemera and explains how it links to stamp and postal history collecting\nWhat is Ephemera, and does it matter?\nExhibits of ephemera will be on display at Spring Stampex 2018 for the first time. Here, postal historian and ephemera exeprt and dealer John Scott provides an introduction to the subject…\nThe classic definition of ephemera is a transient document of everyday life.\nToday a bus ticket, if you can still find one printed on paper, would be a classic example, and two centuries ago it would have been a stage coach or toll road ticket. Such commonplace, small and insignificant pieces of paper were seldom kept and consequently they are now among the scarcer collectables, although still cheap by philatelic standards.\nA postage stamp is also an ephemeral item as it has no useful purpose, other than to a collector, once it has served to evidence payment for a letter in the postal service. Other ephemeral documents such as invoices and dinner menus may have been retained after serving their initial purpose, either to evidence a monetary transaction or to serve as a memory of an event in the life of the recipient.\nIn isolation a postage stamp, or even a piece of postal history, has limited appeal to those who have not been bitten by this particular bug. However, by setting the item in its social and historical context you bring to life the very reason for its purpose and its survival. That is the principal reason why ephemera is so important to the philatelist and why this Stampex sees its inclusion among the competitive exhibits for the first time.\nWhile the vast bulk of ephemera has no connection with our hobby, the very fact of writing a letter created another ephemeral layer. The paper on which a letter was written, or the envelope in which it was enclosed, or the wax or wafer used to seal the missive, are all items of ephemera in their own right.\nWhile philatelists are accustomed to studying watermarks on stamp paper, on writing paper they may tell you where the paper was made, by whom it was manufactured and the year of production. If a letter bears no other year, then that narrows down the possibilities as paper was an expensive and fragile commodity which did not bear lengthy storage.\nIf you are curious about life in days gone by, a growing passion in itself, then both the text and the images on an ephemeral document bring the story to life and, in the days before photography are often the only idea we have as to what a person, a product or a building looked like at the time when the first postmark was used in 1661 or the first postage stamp in 1840.\nThe carriage of a letter from one place to another relied upon the existence of a whole raft of ephemera, from the way bills for the mail bags to the receipt upon delivery. Ship letters are much sought after and those from the smaller ports carry a price to match their scarcity but you try to find the printed document which the ship’s captain had to hand over on arrival and it may be like searching for the end of the rainbow.\nSo, ephemera really does matter to us as collectors and has a vital role to play in completing the jigsaw which enables the whole picture to be seen.\nHowever, finding the object of your desires, and even being aware that it exists, is no easy task. The fact that ephemera has been ignored relative to philately means that all but the most sought after pieces cost a small fraction of their worth and well below the minimum auction threshold.\nThe Ephemera Society was founded in 1975 by the late Maurice Rickards with the aim of bringing like-minded collectors together and their twice yearly ephemera fairs in London are one of the few occasions where the leading dealers and collectors come together for their mutual benefit.\nMaurice was also the author of the bible for ephemerists, The Encylopedia of Ephemera, which includes definitions of Postal History, Postal Labels, Postal Stationery and Postcards. Ironically philately makes its appearance as a sub-set of postal history whereas most philatelists would see the relationship in reverse.\nHopefully the inclusion of ephemera at Stampex will help to bring us all closer together and give us greater understanding of the mutual benefits that can result.\nVisit Stampex International at the Business Design Centre, Islington between 14 and 17 February 2018.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Daniel Swain in SF Gate, High-pressure ridge settled along coast keeping California dry\nDaniel Swain is a UCLA climate scientist, studying the physics, dynamics, and impacts of the Earth’s changing climate system.\nIn this SF Gate article, Swain talks about the high pressure ridge in the Bay Area.\n“Nearly every winter tends to feature at least one weeks-long dry interlude,” says Daniel Swain, “The real question is whether the upcoming dry spell persists for more than a couple of weeks. That’s when we’d start falling behind average once again from a precipitation and water supply perspective.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Children love to make books and lately, my students have been making plenty of them! Here is the newest edition to my collection of little books...\nThese sight word booklets are chock full of fun activities for the children to complete to help them learn and practice their weekly sight words. Although the words come from the kindergarten Journeys reading program, these books can also be used if you don't use this reading program.\nFirst, they trace and color each word.\nThen, they fill in the missing letter.\nThen, they write the words in the correct configuration boxes.\nNext, they write each word using different colored pencils.\nNext up, is counting how many letters are in each word.\nAnd finally, they practice building their sight word fluency.\nThis was the first book my students completed and we did it together. From now on, these books will be a part of my Word Work Station. I am confident that my students can complete these books independently, with great success. These activities will surely help them learn all the kindergarten sight words.\nIf you would like to use these books in your class, just click the image below to find them in my store.\nYou can find all my sight word activities here and all my little books here. I promise you, your students will really enjoy them!\nCurrently, I am working on making these little books for word families. I think my students will really enjoy them. I hope your students do too!\nIn other news, there is still time to purchase this AMAZING educents bundle, brought to you by the Freebielicious girls! Click the image below to check out this wonderful deal!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "George Washington's Mount Vernon\nOver the course of American history, no one person's celebrity has ever garnered the national esteem bestowed to George Washington: America's premier founding father. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, helped outline the U.S. Constitution, and was elected the First President of the United States. His brilliant efforts on the battlefield and in office helped establish the foundation of a nation and fostered the ideals for American advancement. He is the epitome of a national hero whose legacy is still passionately championed to this day.\nTHE LIFE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON\nGeorge Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. His father, Augustine Washington, was a planter, land speculator, and county court justice—positions that earned the Washington family considerable wealth and distinction in the community. Between 1734 and 1738, the Washington family resided at Little Hunting Creek Plantation, Mount Vernon’s predecessor. However, George spent most of his adolescence at Ferry Farm, his family’s second plantation situated along the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia.\nVery little is known about George Washington’s early years other than he received a grade school education. There are, however, several fables tailored around his youth, most notably his encounter with a cherry tree. As the story goes, young George damaged/chopped down one of his father’s cherry trees with a hatchet. When his father confronted him about the incident, George replied, “I cannot tell a lie. I did cut it with my hatchet.” His father, astonished by his son’s truthfulness, embraced him and praised his virtuosity. While the sentiment of the story is indeed touching, it was fabricated by Washington’s first biographer, Mason Locke Weems. His Life of Washington (1800) portrays George as a perfect role model for young Americans, demonstrative of the ideals and merits this country was founded upon. This particular story appears in the fifth edition of his book, published in 1806.\nWhen Augustine Washington died in 1743, George received a small portion of his estate. The majority was passed to his older half-brothers. Lawrence, the oldest, inherited Mount Vernon. Sadly, he died in 1752 following a prolonged battle with tuberculosis; however, Lawrence was a beloved role model to George who helped advance his standing in society and drove his desire to enter military service.\nGeorge had plans to join the British Navy, but following the protests of his mother, Mary Ball Washington, he decided to pursue a career in surveying. He was mentored by long-time family friend George William Fairfax (whose family owned Belvoir Plantation neighboring Mount Vernon) and was appointed as the surveyor for Culpeper County in 1749. Washington left the surveying profession after a couple of years and in 1752, began his military career serving as a major in the Virginia militia.\nIn the autumn of 1753, Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie was growing increasingly wary of French settlers invading the Ohio Territory, land he believed belonged to Virginia and the English Crown. He organized a diplomatic expedition to the area to persuade the French to leave. Washington, despite having no background in the French language and neither any prior military nor diplomatic experience, enthusiastically volunteered to lead this mission in order to display his leadership and loyalty to Governor Dinwiddie and King George II.\nWashington’s diplomatic party left Williamsburg on October 31, 1753, and reached Fort Le Boeuf on December 11. After a series of negotiations with French commander Jacques Le Gardeur, the settlers refused to leave. Disheartened by their failed efforts to dislodge the French, Washington’s party made the perilous journey back home through harsh winter weather and hazardous terrain. Washington kept a journal of his 900-mile, 2.5 month-long expedition and published his accounts with the French and the climate in The Journal of Major George Washington (1754). His Journal gained considerable notoriety in the Americas and Britain and significantly contributed to Washington’s increased celebrity.\nIn May 1754, Washington, now a lieutenant colonel, embarked on another journey to the Ohio. This time he was accompanied by members of his Virginia Regiment, twelve Mingo warriors, and their leader, Tanacharison (Half King). On the evening of May 27, 1754, Washington was informed of a French reconnaissance party near his camp. He decided to conduct a surprise attack and capture the French party the next day. On May 28, Washington’s troops took up positions along the bluffs overlooking the French encampment and waited to advance. Suddenly, gunfire erupted and the French were thrown into disarray. The skirmish lasted fifteen minutes and ended in the deaths of one Virginian and thirteen French, including commander Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville. How the engagement started and the manner of Jumonville’s demise are shrouded in mystery, but it was rumored that Half King axed a wounded Jumonville to death in a ritualistic fashion following the ceasefire. The controversial actions of Washington and his men at the Battle of Jumonville Glen were enough to ignite the beginnings of the French and Indian War.\nKnowing retaliation was inevitable, Washington constructed Fort Necessity in the Great Meadow of the Ohio River Valley and requested the assistance of an additional 240 militiamen to defend its position. The fort was hastily constructed and quite vulnerable to attack, but Washington believed his force of 400 men could withstand a French assault until more British troops arrived.\nWhen word of Jumonville Glen reached Fort Duquesne, French commander Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecoeur ordered Jumonville’s brother, Louis, to assail Fort Necessity with a force of 600 French-Canadians and 100 Native soldiers. French and Indian forces arrived in the Great Meadow on July 1 and attacked Washington’s position on July 3. Surrounded and hopelessly low on supplies, Washington was forced to surrender. The French drafted articles of capitulation that allowed British forces to return to Virginia in peace but placed blame of Jumonville’s “assassination” on Washington’s shoulders. With a poor understanding of French and misinterpretation of the document, Washington signed, unknowingly accepting responsibility for that event.\nWashington’s surrender at Fort Necessity was far from his last military experience in the frontier. In the spring of 1755, Washington served as an aide to General Edward Braddock during his march to Fort Duquesne. On July 9, when Braddock’s army was only ten miles away from Fort Duquesne, his forces were ambushed by French and Indian troops in the disastrous Battle of the Monongahela. Of the 2600 British soldiers engaged in this fight, 977 were listed as casualties. Braddock himself was mortally wounded in the fighting. With the commander incapacitated, Washington took control of the shattered army and managed to organize a retreat, escaping complete annihilation, but not before having four bullets pierce his coat and two horses shot from underneath him. His heroic efforts at Monongahela earned Washington the rank of colonel and commander-in-chief of all Virginia forces by the Virginia General Assembly.\nIn 1758, Washington once again marched to Fort Duquesne, this time under the command of General John Forbes. Six thousand men took part in the Forbes Expedition to expel the French from the confluence of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. A series of minor engagements were fought between Forts Cumberland and Duquesne, each one resulting in British victory. On November 23, 1758, the French abandoned Fort Duquesne and burned it to the ground. The British had secured the Ohio River Valley.\nFollowing the success of the Forbes Expedition, Washington emerged as one of the colonies’ first war heroes. While his public image gleamed, the British regular army failed to recognize his efforts and denied Washington full commission in the King’s Army. In lieu of the snub, Washington resigned from his position in late 1758 and returned to private life at Mount Vernon.\nOn January 6, 1759, he married a wealthy widow named Martha Dandridge Custis and became stepfather to her two children, John Parke and Patsy. The wealth Washington obtained through marriage allowed him to expand his plantation and achieve new standing in Virginia society. He became a Freemason and gained political office in the House of Burgesses.\nThroughout the 1750s and 1760s, Washington studied several innovative farming techniques called “the New Husbandry,” cycling fields with livestock and cash crops. In 1766, Washington transitioned his main cash crop from tobacco to wheat, since it did not deplete the soil like tobacco nor was it taxed as heavily.\nFollowing the French and Indian War, Britain heavily levied the American colonies in order to pay off the conflict’s expenses. Common household goods, such as tobacco, sugar, and tea, rose drastically in price. Many colonists, including Washington, protested vigorously against taxation without representation and boycotted of British goods. However, taxes continued to be imposed.\nThe unjust acts of King George III and Parliament prompted the colonies to go to war. The Second Continental Congress named Washington Commander-in-Chief of the newly-formed Continental Army on June 14, 1775. The Continental Army at this point in time was nothing more than a ragtag assembly of untrained state militias numbering roughly 5,000 men, whereas the British Army was arguably the most elite military force in the world—organized, disciplined, technologically-advanced, and ten times the strength of the Americans.\nWashington’s first action during the War of Independence came in March 1776 when the Continental Army drove the remaining British troops from Boston, Massachusetts. However, later that August, 32,000 British troops under General William Howe landed on Staten Island, New York. Washington organized the New York Campaign to protect New York City from invasion but his army was driven back by superior British forces at the Battles of Long Island and Kip’s Bay. While they managed to claim victory at the Battle of Harlem Heights on September 16, 1776, the Continental Army continued to withdraw northward from its defenses of New York City, encountering a string of defeats along the way. The greatest defeat came on November 16, 1776, when the British army defeated Continental troops at Fort Washington, forcing the surrender of Colonel Robert Magaw and his 2,800 men. The last formidable defenses of New York had fallen and the city was effectively under British control. Washington and his shattered army fled across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.\nThe relentless defeats of the New York Campaign were extremely demoralizing for the patriot cause and Washington knew he had to achieve a sound victory in order to continue the fight for independence. He saw an opportunity for such victory against Colonel Johann Rall’s Hessian troops stationed in Trenton, New Jersey. On Christmas night, 1776, Washington and 2,400 Continentals crossed the Delaware River and launched a daring surprise attack. The Hessians were taken completely by surprise, many of whom were still asleep in their tents after celebrating the Christmas holiday. The Continental Army swiftly invaded Trenton and forced the surrender of 900 enemy soldiers. Rall was mortally wounded in the engagement. Those who surrendered at the Battle of Trenton were taken prisoner and transported across the Delaware later that day.\nWhen word of the Hessian surrender at Trenton reached British forces in New York, General Charles, the Earl Cornwallis, mobilized his 8,000-man army to engage the Continental forces. Washington, anticipating a strong British response, shuttled his army back across the Delaware again on December 30, 1776, and took up defensive positions along Assunpink Creek outside of Trenton.\nOn January 2, 1777, Cornwallis’s army arrived in Trenton and engaged the well-defended American positions in the Second Battle of Trenton. Cornwallis launched three successive assaults against the Continentals along Assunpink Creek, but the narrow bridges and fords congested the offensives and drove the Redcoats back, sustaining heavy loss of life.\nWashington knew that while his men had defended their positions valiantly, they couldn’t hold them through another day of fighting, especially if Cornwallis flanked their lines. That night, Washington ordered campfires to create the illusion of activity while his army silently withdrew north toward Princeton. The Continental Army engaged Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood’s 1,200 troops on January 3 during the Battle of Princeton and proved victorious once again, inflicting 230 casualties and capturing 300 enemy soldiers. Cornwallis was dumbfounded (to say the least) when he discovered the American camps at Trenton deserted the following morning. Washington’s keen maneuvering helped save the Continental Army from sure destruction and his victories at Trenton and Princeton helped revive morale, bolster enthusiasm for independence, and influence eventual French participation in the war.\nAfter several years of guerilla warfare and espionage against British forces in New York, Washington mobilized his forces south in late summer 1781 to besiege Lord Cornwallis’s army at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis was awaiting evacuation at the town’s port after a long and tiresome Southern Campaign. He didn’t realize, however, that the French navy had formed a blockade around the Chesapeake and soundly defeated the British navy earlier that September. While the Redcoats stood idle in Yorktown, French and American infantry forces under Marquis de Lafayette converged on the Virginia Peninsula and blocked Cornwallis’s only avenue of retreat. The British Army was essentially trapped.\nThe Siege of Yorktown began on September 14 and lasted for nearly a month. The combined Franco-American forces under Washington and Comte de Rochambeau slowly dislodged British infantry from Yorktown’s outer defenses and used artillery to bombard the British into submission. Cornwallis and his 7,000-man army surrendered on October 19, 1781. While the American victory at Yorktown didn’t end the war, it opened up a series of peace negotiations that culminated in the Treaty of Paris and American Independence in September 1783.\nIn March 1783, while negotiations were still ongoing, internal dissention between members of Congress and the Continental Army jeopardized everything the United States had achieved during the Revolutionary War. Dissatisfaction with Congress’s poor financial support and lack of regular pay impelled high-ranking officers to threaten a military coup against the governing body and crown Washington king, a plot known as the Newburgh Conspiracy. When Washington heard about this plan he intervened and delivered a powerful speech to his officers. As he read his address, Washington removed some reading glasses from his coat pocket and said, “Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country.” The sentiment of Washington’s sacrifices for independence greatly moved his men and deterred them from pursuing the conspiracy.\nWashington resigned his military commission as Commander-in-Chief on December 23, 1783, and returned to Mount Vernon in pursuit of a private life. His first order of business was to increase commerce and transportation opportunities on the Potomac River that extended into the frontier. On March 28, 1785, Washington hosted the Mount Vernon Conference where representatives from Maryland and Virginia discussed Potomac River navigation and economic rights. Out of the conference came the Mount Vernon Compact, a thirteen-point document that set the precedent for interstate cooperation, toll duties, commerce regulations, and fishing rights. The meeting also established the Patowmack Company—a partnership between Maryland and Virginia to build canals around the treacherous rapids of Great Falls. The commercial principles established during the Mount Vernon Conference influenced the economic tenets of the U.S. Constitution nearly three years later.\nIn the years following the Revolution, a young United States struggled to find its footing. The Articles of Confederation, our country’s first constitution, were incredibly ineffective, voiding national powers from issuing taxes, standardizing laws, and regulating commerce, among other abilities. In 1787, fifty-five delegates from twelve states convened in Philadelphia for a Constitutional Convention and asked Washington (who was in the midst of retirement) to preside over the meetings. He accepted the appointment and helped establish a new structure of government for the United States.\nWhen the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789, state representatives unanimously elected Washington to serve as the nation’s Chief Executive. Although Washington wanted to enjoy a quiet life of retirement, his dedication to the advancement of his country influenced him to accept the nomination. On April 30, 1789, Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States at Federal Hall in New York City. Chancellor Robert Livingston issued the 35-word oath of office while Secretary of State Samuel Otis held the Bible under Washington’s right hand.\nWashington served two terms as President and established a solid foundation of governance for the United States through numerous acts of legislation and policy, more than what one article can adequately describe in a concise manner. Instead, we’ll cover some of the major issues Washington faced during his presidential tenure and how he went about addressing them:\nWar Debt—the young United States faced economic disaster following the Revolution. American businesses were reeling from a post-war economy, infrastructure remained war-torn, and the Articles of Confederation did nothing to produce revenue nor repay debts owed to France and Britain. Washington instructed his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, to develop a plan to rescue the American economy from total collapse. Hamilton presented an idea for a National Bank, which would give more power to federal government, stimulate investment, and regulate a national currency. Washington approved his Secretary’s proposal and signed the Bank Act of 1791, which chartered the First National Bank of the United States.\nSupreme Court—in accordance with the U.S. Constitution, a governing judiciary body was needed to ensure balance of powers, protect constitutional rights, and uphold federal laws. Washington’s Judiciary Act of 1789 created a Supreme Court and named John Jay as its Chief Justice. His act also established the position of Attorney General, which was first held by Edmund Randolph.\nFreedoms and Rights—Washington approved the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments of the Constitution) on December 15, 1791. These amendments guaranteed American citizens personal liberties and unalienable rights, which addressed the concerns of Anti-Federalists who feared a strong central authority would abuse power and take advantage of the populace.\nSlavery—as Washington aged, his view on slavery changed considerably. As a young man, he was indifferent to the institution and saw it necessary to foster economic and agricultural growth. However, as a General and a President, he found it difficult to justify slavery in a country founded on freedom and predicted that the institution would tear the country apart. Regional differences already presented in Congress. Southern delegates (who held considerable political power at the time) influenced Washington to pass the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which made it a federal crime to aid and abed escaped slaves. The following year, Washington signed the Slave Trade Act, which restricted American vessels from participating in the Atlantic Slave Trade.\nWestward Expansion—American settlers flooded the western frontier following independence. In doing so, they infringed upon Indian lands that were protected by British treaties created before their Revolutionary War defeat. Washington saw the volatility of the situation and diplomatically tried to find a middle ground. He issued the Proclamation of 1790, which reinforced the territorial agreements made with the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw Indians, but had little efficacy on the settlers who continued to confiscate Indian lands. Violent struggles soon erupted across the frontier and Washington had no choice but to quell them. In 1794, he sent Major General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to the Northwest Territory to suppress the Indian rebellions and secure room for expansion. Wayne’s Legion of the United States engaged Indian and Canadian forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, and soundly routed the opposition. Wayne’s victory resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which surrendered all Indian claims in the Ohio Territory to the United States.\nWhiskey Rebellion—in January 1791, Congress passed a tax on distilled spirits, which placed great economic hardship on small western distilleries. Protesters in western Pennsylvania organized a revolt in mid-1794 that quickly turned violent. In response, Washington personally led 13,000 militiamen to quell the insurrection and enforce the national law. The rebels quickly disbanded following Washington’s arrival and this display of power reinforced the central authority of the federal government.\nBritain—unsurprisingly, Britain held hostile attitudes towards the United States following the War for Independence. British troops still occupied forts in the western territories and Canada, preventing American expansion, and harassed U.S. vessels in the Atlantic. Not looking to get into another war, Washington sent John Jay to England to discuss diplomatic resolutions to the animosity. The result was Jay’s Treaty: Britain agreed to abandon forts in the Great Lakes region and open lines of trade between the British West Indies and the United States. It did not, however, resolve the issue of impressment (the forced conscription of American sailors into the British Navy) which made the agreement incredibly controversial.\nFrance—in the 1790s, France was in the midst of its own revolution. The monarchy of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had toppled and French diplomats requested the assistance of the United States to aid in their rebellion. The U.S. was unable to offer any support due to the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 and the tenets of Jay’s Treaty in 1794. Needless to say, the French were outraged that the United States didn’t reciprocate their assistance during the Revolutionary War. In response, they sent diplomat Citizen Genet to the States to recruit privateers, exploit political divides, and undermine the Neutrality Act. When Washington found out about Genet’s deceptive undertaking, he denounced them and sent him back to France. The growing bitterness between the U.S. and France would lead to the “Quasi War” (1798 – 1800).\nParty Politics—there was a growing divide in Washington’s Cabinet between Federalists and Anti-Federalists (later the Democratic-Republicans). In fact, Thomas Jefferson resigned from his position as Secretary of State due to embittered political disagreements with his colleague Alexander Hamilton. Differing political ideologies disseminated into the populace and were fostered by the creation of Democratic-Republican Societies. Federalists held the belief that these clubs promoted faction and would undermine political stability. Washington, who was never a proponent of party politics, agreed and publicly disparaged these societies arguing their divisiveness. He received abundant criticism and backlash for his comments and many of his constituents remarked that his outspokenness on political parties was his greatest fault.\nOn September 19, 1796, Washington issued his Farewell Address and declined a third term for the presidency. He outlined his vision for the country’s development and set the precedent for presidents to come. He retired to Mount Vernon later in 1797.\nOn December 12, 1799, Washington caught a cold while inspecting his farms at Mount Vernon. He returned that night in frigid, wet clothes and refused to change out of them before supper. The illness progressed over the next couple days to the point where Washington could barely talk. On December 14, Martha sent for the family physician, Dr. James Craik, who administered bleeding and blister treatments to no avail. Washington succumbed to a bacterial infection of the epiglottis later that evening.\nIn his will, Washington granted freedom to the 123 slaves he owned following his wife’s death (the other 194 slaves at Mount Vernon were either dower slaves belonging to the Custis family or borrowed from neighbors). He also made provisions for financial and educational support and established a permanent fund to provide clothing and food for those too elderly or sick to support themselves upon emancipation. Children who were too young or without parent were placed under guardianship of the state, taught how to read and write, and apprenticed in a “useful occupation.” George Washington hoped that other American slaveholders would follow his example—he was the only founding father to grant freedom to his slaves after death. On January 1, 1801, Martha freed Washington’s slaves. She would pass nearly a year-and-a-half later on May 22, 1802.\nMOUNT VERNON HISTORIC SITE\nMount Vernon was originally called Little Hunting Creek Plantation, a 1.5-story home built by George’s father, Augustine. The estate was inherited by Lawrence Washington in 1743 following his father’s death and renamed Mount Vernon in honor of Lawrence’s naval commander Admiral Edward Vernon. Lawrence died of tuberculosis in 1752 and left to his daughter, Sarah, who died two years later. Anne Fairfax Washington, Lawrence’s widow, obtained rights to the property and leased it out George in 1754. When Anne died in 1761, George Washington formally inherited the estate.\nWashington constantly expanded Mount Vernon over his 45 years of residence. In 1754, Mount Vernon was a 3,500 square-foot house situated on 3,000 acres of land. By 1799, the house had grown into an 11,000 square-foot mansion on 7,600 acres of land.\nMount Vernon remained in the Washington household following George’s death until 1853, when John Augustine Washington III (George’s great-grandnephew) sold the estate to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association (MVLA) for $200,000. The MVLA made great efforts to restore the estate to its colonial glory and save it from the destruction of the Civil War. Both Union and Confederate soldiers visited the property, but were asked to lay down their arms before entering. The MVLA’s dedication to preservation and historical accuracy has helped maintain Mount Vernon’s significance and grandeur for over 165 years, making it one of the most-visited historical landmarks in the nation.\nThe $20 admission to Mount Vernon is well worth the cost. It’s not just a mansion, but an entire complex of farms, outbuildings, museums, trails, restaurants, shops, and so much more! Every admission comes with a timed ticket tour of the Mansion House, so make sure you are in line to tour the house on time. Otherwise, you are free to stroll the grounds and see the sights Mount Vernon has to offer.\nI had a few hours between when I arrived and when my tour was scheduled, so I decided to explore the property as much as I could. I started at the Bowling Green—a well-manicured level lawn—and proceeded left to the Upper Gardens, which reflect the naturalistic styles of English floriculture with strict symmetry and simple geometric lines. The area also contains a greenhouse for tropical vegetation and Washington’s botanical/experimental garden—a testing area for exotic plants where Washington would observe and record sproutings and characteristics of growth.\nAdjacent to the Upper Garden are the Slave Quarters—separated into men’s and women’s wards—the Gardener’s House, Blacksmith Shop, and Shoemaker’s Shop. The female slaves who lived in these quarters performed sewing, cooking, and laundry duties for the household while the men mainly worked as servants, craftsmen, and laborers. In 1799, about 87 of the 318 slaves at Mount Vernon worked as house servants for the Washingtons while more than 200 others were housed in cabins on the property’s outlying farms.\nAcross the Mansion Circle is the Kitchen—built separate from the Mansion to reduce the risk of fire—and the Kitchen (Lower) Gardens, which was overseen by Martha Washington. The Kitchen Gardens have been continuously cultivated since the 1760s and produce a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and herbs from colonial times.\nDown the road from the Kitchen and its garden are the Smokehouse, Wash House, and Clerk’s Quarters. To the left of these buildings are a unique architectural feature called ‘Ha-Ha Walls.’ These brick walls were built on a sloped terrain, even with the top level of the Mansion lawn, and used to keep farm animals away from the Mansion without obstructing the view of the pastoral landscape. Ha-Ha Walls are believed to be named as such because it’s easy to stumble over them without being aware!\nAt the edge of the Ha-Ha Walls are the Ice House and Old Vault—the original interment building for George and Martha Washington and twenty other family members. In 1831, their bodies were reinterred in the New Tomb located a couple hundred yards south. Many visitors take the opportunity to lay down wreaths or roses and pay their respects at this founding father’s final resting place.\nFrom the New Tomb, you can take a short path to the Slave Memorial, which marks the area of a slave graveyard. In 1929, the MVLA dedicated a monument to the memory of the unknown slaves buried there—believed to be the first commemoration to recognize enslaved dead. No records exist that account the exact number of slaves buried in the graveyard, but historians estimate between 100 and 150 are currently interred. The current monument there was dedicated in 1983.\nIt’s a short downhill walk from the gravesites to the Wharf. Washington owned a profitable fishing business on the Potomac River and operated three fisheries along its shore. These operations would sometimes turn more profit than his cash crop cultivation. During peak seasons, the fisheries would catch more than 1 million fish from the river in a matter of weeks. The current wharf was constructed in 1860 by engineer Montgomery C. Meigs, one of the architects for Arlington Cemetery and the U.S. Capitol Dome.\nBordering the wharf is the Pioneer Farm at Dogue Run. This living history area demonstrates life at Mount Vernon’s outlying farms and some of Washington’s experimental agricultural techniques. At the end of the Farm is the Sixteen-Sided Barn, an innovative grain processing and storage building. Originally constructed between 1792 and 1795, this two-story barn contains a top-level circular treading floor that was powered by horses and mules to process the grain. As the wheat was processed, seeds would fall from the stalk through the gaps in the floor and into the granary below, which significantly increased efficiency compared to manual processing.\nAfter finishing my tour of the grounds, it was time to tour the Mansion House. While waiting in line, I had the prolonged opportunity to appreciate the detailed architecture of the house. The outside of the mansion is decorated with wood siding made to look like stone, a stylistic effect called rustication. Wooden panels were cut and beveled to resemble stone blocks and coated with a mixture of paint and sand to create a stone-like texture. A fascinating effect for a magnificent house.\nThe tour group made its way through the Servant’s Hall and into the New Room to begin the tour. The New Room was constructed between 1776 and 1787 as part of Washington’s final expansion project and features two-story-high ceilings, ornate molding, and extremely fine furnishings. We then walked out onto the Piazza—arguably the most distinctive architectural feature of the mansion—overlooking the Potomac.\nFrom the Piazza, we reentered the mansion’s Central Passage and observed the parlor rooms: the Front Parlor, the Little Parlor, and the West Parlor. The Front Parlor is an elaborately-decorated room that served as the primary formal entertaining space and displayed Martha Washington’s portrait collection. The Little Parlor was originally a first-floor bed chamber that was converted into a music and family room while the West Parlor served as public entertaining space. Adjacent to the parlors are the Old Chamber—a ground-floor guest bedroom—and the Dining Room, which is painted in a stunning verdigris green.\nThe tour continued upstairs to the second floor where the majority of the bedchambers are located, each one decorated in a unique style. The Lafayette Room (the chambers where Marquis de Lafayette is believed to have stayed) is furnished in late-18th century French fashion while the neighboring Chintz room is inspired by Eastern cultures. At the end of the second floor is Washington’s Bedchamber, the room where he died in 1799. We finished the tour in Washington’s Study located directly beneath his bedchambers. This was Washington’s escape from the public eye where he could write correspondence and enjoy some leisurely reading in peace. In all, the Mansion tour took about a half-hour to complete.\nAfter touring the Mansion and its grounds, you can take a shuttle to the Distillery and Gristmill located a just few miles away. The gristmill was originally constructed in 1771 and was capable of producing 5,000 – 8,000 pounds of flour per day. It fell into disrepair in the 1840s and was torn down in 1850. The current gristmill was reconstructed in 1932.Washington’s distillery was constructed in 1797 and operated by Scotsman James Anderson. What started as a small operation quickly transformed into one of the nation’s biggest distilleries by 1799, producing nearly 11,000 gallons of whiskey. However, the production didn’t last long as the facility drastically reduced operations following Washington’s death. It was burned down in 1814. The distillery site was excavated by archaeologists between 1999 and 2006 and the current building was constructed in 2007.\nMount Vernon is a fantastic getaway from the hustle and bustle of Washington D.C. and an extraordinary opportunity to learn more about the Father of Our Country! It offers insightful analyses into Washington's public and private lives and accurately portrays the functions and attitudes of his plantation community. Mount Vernon's history, architecture, and agriculture are all incredibly enlightening and entertaining, making it a must-visit destination for anyone in the Washington Metropolitan Area.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Grief is a natural response to loss, particularly the death of a close family member or friend. It encompasses a range of emotions, from deep sadness to anger, and can manifest differently in everyone. On the other hand, guilt is a feeling of remorse or responsibility for a perceived wrongdoing, whether rational or irrational. In the context of losing a loved one, guilt often arises from thoughts like “I should have done more” or “I could have prevented this.”\nThe Interplay of Grief and Guilt\nFor many, grief and guilt are intertwined, creating a complex emotional landscape. You might find positive thoughts overshadowed by negative thoughts, leading to heightened levels of guilt. This guilt when grieving is not uncommon and can manifest as feelings of guilt about things left unsaid or undone.\nCoping with guilt while grieving requires understanding that these feelings, whether rational or irrational, are a normal part of the mourning process. Thought stopping techniques can be helpful in managing obsessive negative thoughts. This involves consciously stopping a negative thought and replacing it with a more positive or rational one.\nMental Health and Grief-Related Guilt\nThe impact of grief and guilt on mental health cannot be overstated. Prolonged feelings of guilt can lead to emotional exhaustion and complicate the grieving process. It’s important to acknowledge these emotions and, if necessary, seek professional help to navigate through them.\nGrief is Not a One-Size-Fits-All Experience\nEveryone’s experience with grief is unique. Some may primarily feel sadness, while others might experience guilt more intensely. Understanding that there is no “right” way to grieve is crucial. Allow yourself to feel without judgment, whether it’s grief, guilt, or a combination of both.\nFinding Support in Community\nJoining a support group can be incredibly beneficial. Sharing your experiences with others who understand can make you feel less isolated and provide perspectives that help you cope with guilt and grief. The Grief Works app, inspired by Julia Samuel’s insights, offers a supportive community for those in mourning. It’s a space where you can share your feelings, learn from others’ experiences, and find solace in knowing you’re not alone.\nAmidst the turmoil of grief and guilt, finding positive thoughts can be a lifeline. Focusing on good memories, honoring the loved one’s life, and engaging in activities that bring joy can help balance the negative thoughts that often accompany grief.\nGuilt: Rational or Irrational?\nIt’s vital to discern between rational and irrational guilt. Rational guilt stems from something you did or didn’t do that realistically could have changed the outcome. Irrational guilt, however, is based on things beyond your control. Recognizing this difference can alleviate unnecessary self-blame.\nTo overcome feelings of guilt, start by acknowledging them. Understand that guilt is a common part of grieving and doesn’t diminish the love you had for the deceased. Practicing self-compassion and engaging in self-care activities are crucial steps in this journey.\nExperience Guilt but Don’t Dwell in It\nWhile it’s normal to experience guilt during grief, dwelling in these feelings can be harmful. Thought stopping, mindfulness, and focusing on positive memories can help shift your focus. Remember, experiencing guilt doesn’t mean you’re at fault; it’s a natural response to loss.\nHealing from grief and guilt is a journey. It involves acknowledging your feelings, seeking support, and finding ways to remember your loved one. The Grief Works app can be a part of this journey, offering resources and a community to help you navigate these challenging emotions.\nIn the end, it’s not about which is worse, grief or guilt, but how we handle these emotions. Both are natural responses to loss and can coexist. By understanding them, seeking support, and finding ways to cope, we can navigate our way through this difficult time. The Grief Works app is a tool that can support you on this journey, helping you find your way back to a place of peace and acceptance.\nRemember, you are not alone in your grief and guilt. With the right tools and support, you can find a path forward, one where memories bring comfort, not pain, and where you can honor your loved one in a way that brings healing to your heart.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Backlighting is the method that deprives the objects being shot the light they need to be clearly seen. And yet, in some instances, it can create a compelling result. Here the backlight rakes the rear and surface, providing a textured backdrop. And enough light is bounced from the arch above and to the right to provide a modest amount of sidelight, defining the teapots that form the subject.\nThe familiarity of these pots mean that less lighting is actually more, modeling them dramatically, and making them an interesting study, instead of the obvious objects they would be with more typical lighting. This is the very type of lighting that artists sometimes use to light subjects for still life studies in charcoal or ink. The result is a photograph echoing a hand-drawn black and white still life. A touch of warmth in the image color, mostly to the upper right, and a cooler “light leak” mostly on the lower left add a color range to the otherwise monochrome image.\nC. David Tobie", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Birdsong learning was admittedly my favorite area of neuroscience as a young scientist, not only because of the auditory aesthetic of chirping canaries, but also because the way juvenile songbirds learn to sing is intriguingly similar to how humans learn to speak. Thus I’m moved to give special notice to a paper in PLoS Biology by Sebastian Haesler, Constance Sharff and colleagues. This new study confirms in genetic detail the parallels between singing birds and human language.\nA genetically determined speech abnormality has been linked to a transcription factor FoxP2, and this gene’s function is believed to be important in the basal ganglia of the brain. FOXP2 is also expressed in the basal ganglia of canaries and zebrafinches at a time when these birds learn their songs, providing an intriguing suggestion of its importance for song learning as well. Now, Haesler et al. accomplished the technical feat of knocking down FoxP2 (using RNAi) in the basal ganglia before zebrafinches start to imitate songs from adult tutors. With FoxP2 experimentally altered, these birds experienced a host of problems imitating their tutors, including high variability in the acoustic structure of the song and duration of the syllables. This is akin to developmental verbal dyspraxia seen in children that have inherited a version of FoxP2 with a chromosomal translocation.\nThe importance of understanding language difficulties is not lost on me, especially now that I have a bubbly, babbly 10-month-old son who already echoes my words (he clearly said “chicken” last night during dinner). Although the translational benefit is yet unclear, this new experimental insight only reinforces what the field has inferred based on behavior: that hopefully what we learn from our feathered friends really will teach us something profound about human language as well.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The role of the artist initially explored techniques to communicate the plume prediction model designed by the UNRESP team to multiple audiences, including the local population of El Panama, a community based at the foot of the Masaya volcano.\nUsing a 3D printed model of the Masaya volcano and surrounding area, we utilised projection mapped videos of the volcanic plume’s location over google earth images. Through experiential storytelling techniques, we connected El Panama’s location, with the date, time to communicate the location of the plume and meaningful impacts on the population and agriculture.\nAs the research develops, the role of the artist has evolved into co-designing cultural strategies; techniques and methodologies for meaningful, mass engagement and dissemination. Working alongside co-investigators and others collaborators from the artistic and creative communities to develop novel funding strategies. The role also reflects and observes the nature of interdisciplinary collaborative practice between the diverse team including the local Nicaraguan community.\nThe featured image is from UNRESP open day in the community of El Panama and shows children interacting with an animation of vumo projected a 3D model of Masaya volcano\nArt work is led by\nDave Lynch, University of Leeds", "label": "No"}
{"text": "New: check out my website for Landscape Astrophotography!\nWhat is Landscape Astrophotography? Here is my take on it!\nLandscape Astrophotography is the discipline of photographing scenes that include both astronomical elements and terrestrial landscape elements. The motivation for landscape astrophotography is a desire to depict the night sky, including stars, planets, comets, meteors, the Milky Way galaxy, space dust and our Moon among other elements, along with some recognizable piece of planet Earth. This approach differs from the classic “deep space” images that, for instance, NASA produces, since those typically show nothing of the Earth and are thus disconnected from the type of scenes we experience when we view the night sky ourselves. In my landscape astrophotography, I choose to use lenses and compositional choices that produce an image similar to what the viewer would experience with his own eyes. A few details that characterize landscape astrophotography, both mine and the way I believe most photographers practice it today. Landscape astrophotographs:\n- are made at night, or at the edge of night (dawn and dusk).\n- use exposures “long enough” to record relatively dim objects in the night sky. Almost all landscape astrophotography involves the use of a tripod.\n- sometimes employ artificial light on foreground elements in a technique known as “light painting”.\n- sometimes will combine, or “stack”, multiple images to produce a final image. Naturally, in this case the resulting image is not what one would have been able to see in person, but the image can serve to illustrate the passage of time (e.g., star trails) or a relatively infrequent phenomenon (e.g., meteor shower).\n- often use relatively high ISO settings. This is made possible by the recent technological improvements in the sensitivity and noise characteristics of digital camera sensor.\n- often will use lenses “wide open”, or at or near their maximum aperture, in order to capture as much light as possible.\n- use focus that is typically near or at infinity so depth of field is not an issue.\n- benefit from maximum corner sharpness and minimal coma distortion, at or near “wide open” aperture — two highly desirable lens characteristics for landscape astrophotography.\n- require considerable post-processing techniques in software such as Photoshop, Lightroom and Starstax to adjust white balance, contrast, exposure and especially noise.\n- often will push a digital camera to the edge of what it is capable of recording. This means that as the technological capabilities of our cameras continue to improve, new possibilities in landscape astrophotography continue to emerge.\nBelow are few of my favorite landscape astrophotographs, made during the last two years with both Canon and Nikon equipment, all in California, Nevada and Utah. If you like these, please see my gallery of landscape astrophotography for others. All of my astrophotography landscape images are available as prints for display in your home or office, up to 30″ x 45″ in size, and have been some of my best sellers recently. Cheers, and thanks for looking!\nThe moon sets over the Fire Wave, a beautiful sandstone formation exhibiting dramatic striations, striped layers in the geologic historical record.\nImage ID: 26511\nLocation: Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, USA", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you've been feeling depressed, and the feelings interfere with your ability to enjoy life, be active, and be productive at work, consider seeing a psychologist. A psychologist has been trained to treat depression using various techniques, and by using what you learn, you might be able to manage your depression and overcome it. Here are times to seek help for your depression and what a psychologist might do.\nTimes To Seek Help With Depression\nDepression can happen at any time in response to life events such as the loss of a loved one or the birth of a baby. Depression can also settle in after a life trauma such as a loss of a job, financial ruin, loss of property in a natural disaster, or after being a victim of a crime.\nSometimes, you can't point to a reason for being depressed. You might just feel sad all the time, be fatigued, and isolate yourself from others. Depression might even be caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in your brain and have a physical cause. Any time you feel overcome with depression that doesn't go away, consider seeing a professional for help.\nTreatments Your Psychologist Might Provide\nYou might try talk therapy because talking about your problems often makes them seem more manageable. Having someone listen to your feelings and not judge you can take a weight off your shoulders. However, your psychologist may do more than just listen. They may also teach you how to manage your thinking with cognitive behavioral therapy.\nWith CBT, you learn to recognize negative thoughts so you can stop them and substitute more pleasant thoughts. Negative thinking can perpetuate feelings of depression, and although it's often difficult to control your thoughts, it's a useful skill to learn.\nYour psychologist can help you pinpoint events in your life that contribute to your depression and then have you consider other ways of responding to the events rather than resort to habitual dark thinking. You may take things personally or always see doom and gloom when more positive thoughts could be more realistic and help improve your depression.\nSince CBT is about learning new coping skills, you may see quicker progress with your depression than just talking alone. However, talk therapy and other types of therapy can also be beneficial, and your psychologist will decide on the right type of treatment for you.\nYou might also be encouraged to exercise more and eat a healthier diet when you're battling depression. Getting started on change is often the hardest part, but once you make the commitment to improve your mental health and learn coping skills in therapy, you may notice a gradual improvement in your thinking and feelings even though your circumstances are still in turmoil or you're dealing with grief.\nContact a local psychologist to learn more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Yes, the heat in our brutal summer months can also drain your vehicle battery. We often think winter is the season when batteries go dead but excessive heat and overcharging shorten the life of a battery. Heat causes battery fluid to evaporate, and that causes internal damage.\nWhat drains a car battery?\nMost of us know accidentally leaving your lights on can cause your vehicle battery to drain quickly. Just like your home chargers and electrical gadgets, cords plugged into walls will pull electricity when they are not plugged into devices. When you’re not charging your cell phone or other devices you should disconnect them from power outlets.\nCan an Alarm System drain a battery?\nWell, it depends. An alarm system may be a culprit in draining your battery because of improper installation or incompatibility with your vehicle electrical system. Aftermarket stereo systems if not properly installed can go into sleep mode and be draining amps while waiting for a wake up signal from your electrical system when you turn it back on.\nHow can I make my battery last longer?\nKeep the top of the battery clean. Grime and dirt from inside your engine can become a conductor, which drains battery power. If corrosion accumulates on battery terminals, it becomes an insulator and inhibits the current flow. Its best to leave this to an automotive professional, because they have the tools and knowledge to safely inspect and test your battery.\nHow do I clean my car battery?\nBe very careful when cleaning your vehicle battery. You can wipe off dirt with damp rags or lightly scrub off corrosion with a wire brush. However, battery fluids can cause chemical burns and only a professional should handle battery fluids and corrosion. If your battery is severely corroded please have your trusted automotive technician inspect, clean and test the battery. Corrosion from battery fluids will destroy wiring, causing safety issues as well as performance problems like hard starts. The test will let you know how much voltage (percentage) is left. Newer batteries which have low voltage can often be recharged. When a battery reaches four to five years old it may be time to replace.\nBefore you get ready for your summer road trips, schedule a pre-trip inspection with one of our locations. We will inspect fluids like coolant, brake, steering, and transmission, as well as your battery, tires, brakes, hoses, belts and other parts for wear or damage. When you get a recommendation for maintenance or repair ask the technician to take you to your vehicle and be shown the damaged part or corroded fluid. We will be happy to show you what we’ve found and thoroughly explain the maintenance or repair service.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Newly released data on income and poverty suggest that the recent economic downturn hit lower-income families disproportionately. The latest Census Bureau report found that poverty began rising and median family income started falling in 2001, confirming what many of us have always known: The key to improved living standards for the bottom half was, and is, full employment.\nAfter tumbling through the latter half of the 1990s, the unemployment rate hit a 30-year low of 4 percent in 2000. With the onset of recession, it reversed course and climbed to 4.8 percent in 2001.\nNow, 4.8 percent doesn't sound that bad. Most economists used to think that you couldn't get below 6 percent unemployment without triggering dangerous inflation. But from the new data we learn that the 0.8 percent increment in unemployment led to higher poverty, less income for the typical middle-class family and a return to the 1980s and early 1990s pattern of highly unequal income growth.\nIn one sense, this reversal of economic fortune isn't entirely unexpected; that's what recessions do. But the new information stands in stark contrast to the impressive progress of the latter 1990s. During that boom, as we stress in our latest edition of The State of Working America, gains were broadly shared for the first time in decades.\nThe lesson is not just that booms are great and recessions are lousy. It's that broadly shared prosperity requires full employment. During the boom years of 1995-2000, everyone gained some but the most affluent gained more. Yet with a mild increase in unemployment in 2001, everyone lost except for the top fifth, much like in the bad old 1980s.\nThose who lack historical context will just blame the temporary downturn. But the fact is that the economy of the latter half of the 1990s was truly unique. From the late 1970s through the mid-1990s, the increasing inequality and stagnant living standards that beset lower-income families seemed inexorable, a trend widely ascribed, by liberals and conservatives alike, to a general lack of skills in a high-tech, globalized economy. The numbers supported this view: The real family income of low-income families was stuck at about $22,000 in 1979, 1989 and 1995.\nBut in the late 1990s, this pattern changed. By 2000 low-income families were up to about $25,000, a 12 percent real increase in five years. Middle-income families likewise added far more real income in 1995-2000 than they did during the whole of the 1980s.\nThe source of this growth was near-full employment, with the increased bargaining power that tight labor markets always provide workers. Casting even further doubt on the notion that skills pure and simple are the key to income, the strong growth of this period provided the biggest boost to the worst off. Minority-family incomes grew by 16 percent for African-American families and a remarkable 25 percent for Hispanic families, about 5 percent per year in real terms from 1995 to 2000. White-family incomes grew at a slower rate -- 11 percent -- meaning that racial income gaps closed significantly during this period.\nBlack and Hispanic poverty fell 7 percentage points and 9 percentage points, respectively, signaling historic lows in both cases, compared with a 1 percentage point drop for whites. For young black children, poverty fell more than 16 percentage points, by far the best performance period since we've been tracking such data, implying that the gains over this period were particularly important to low-income working parents. Conservatives, of course, want to assign these gains to welfare reform, but reams of research show that while the policy pushed people into the labor market, it was growth (and not newly gained skills) that got them jobs.\nHold your fire, New Democrats. Nobody is saying that skills aren't important. One of the most reliable findings in labor economics is that more education equals higher earnings, and the payback has grown over time. But something else was going on: The economy grew more quickly during this period than it had in years, and the Federal Reserve let unemployment fall well below the rate that most economists warned would spur an inflation spiral. It's true that bubbly speculation and rogue accounting drove some of the growth, but that only casts doubt on some of the sources of growth; its impact, which is what matters, is without question.\nFor the first time since the 1960s, we tapped what Dean Baker and I (in our forthcoming book) call the 4/2 solution: 4 percent unemployment and 2 percent productivity growth.\nFor the bottom half of the workforce to get a piece of the action, two factors have to be in place. First, the economy has to expand faster than has been the norm during the past 30 years, and second, the labor market's got to be tight enough to ensure that those whose weak bargaining power had previously prevented them from receiving their fair share of the growth are now in a much better bargaining position. In the latter half of the 1990s, productivity growth (which in turn drives much of economic growth) climbed to about 2.5 percent per year, a change that appears to be sticking. And the labor market finally tightened up to the point where employers had to raise wages to keep or expand their workforce.\nOur research shows that without productivity growth in the 2 percent neighborhood and unemployment around 4 percent, we can't expect much improvement in living standards for the bottom half. The poverty and income results for 2001 bear this out: Unemployment was 4.8 percent, productivity growth was 1.1 percent.\nThere is a real and terribly disconcerting lack of urgency about getting back to the full-employment conditions of the latter half of the 1990s. Remember, from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, productivity growth was just 1.4 percent and unemployment averaged 6.9 percent. And note that the Congressional Budget Office still thinks full employment is 5.2 percent. In other words, unless we take action, we are unlikely to tap the 4/2 solution anytime soon.\nThere are at least two main reasons for the lack of urgency about returning to strong growth. First, national policy makers are focusing on the war with Iraq, which serves as a distraction. But it's the second reason that angers those of us who were so enthralled by the benefits of full employment for that brief patch of good years after so much stagnation. This is the ceaseless and sole emphasis on supply-side economics: the notion that while fast growth and low unemployment are desirable, the only way to get there is by cutting taxes if you're a Republican and promoting skills and training if you're a Democrat.\nIn this view, economic performance reflects supply -- either the supply of capital or the supply of human skills.\nTo go over to the other side -- you can call it the demand side, but it's really more than that -- you've got to be willing to mess with markets. You need to embrace the conviction that there are times when the invisible hand needs a solid nudge in the right direction.\nOne key policy player is the Federal Reserve, and Alan Greenspan and company did show their willingness to redefine low unemployment in the latter half of the 1990s. The Fed should push interest rates down further now, though it probably wouldn't help much. What's holding back the current economy is not the price of capital; our industrial capacity is not constrained, and there are certainly plenty of underutilized workers. Thus, the Fed finds itself in the uncharacteristic position of not being able to do much to stimulate growth.\nWhat's lacking is what John Maynard Keynes called \"animal spirits\" among consumers and particularly investors. The former kept buying despite the recession, but with their confidence low and falling, their jobs less secure and their debts deeper than a few years ago, don't expect much of a bang from consumption. And until investors see more folks coming in the door to buy the products, there won't be many sparks from that sector, either.\nWhen the private sector is failing to generate the growth needed to lower unemployment and tap the benefits therein, the federal government needs to step up to the plate and spend some money to make up the difference. If this means deficits -- as is the case now -- that's fine (in fact, you can't offset this spending by cutting elsewhere; that's not stimulative). This is just the time for it, and for those pikers who can't stomach deficit spending, a temporary jolt may be all that's needed.\nThe Bush administration occasionally pretends to see the need for fiscal stimulus, but its heart's not in it. The first installment of the tax cut did provide some lift, but it was too regressive -- tilted to the wealthy -- to either stave off the downturn or generate much growth thereafter. And in general, tax cuts are too leaky relative to spending programs; they can be saved (especially if they're tilted toward the rich) or spent on imports.\nIn an earlier TAP piece and more recently in Senate testimony, Economic Policy Institute President Larry Mishel made the case for federal spending based on a broad set of unmet needs, including improvements in our national infrastructure (with an emphasis on school renovation), extended unemployment insurance and fiscal relief to strapped states. In each case, the administration of these spending programs is either in place or easily managed. This brand of public spending is simply a better stimulus -- and also better distributed -- than Bush-style tax cuts. We've also stressed the importance of a lower dollar and higher minimum wage (see our Web site at www.epinet.org for the relevant papers).\nWhat these interventions all share is a willingness to intervene in the market system, alter prices and directly boost demand. But they don't have champions on Capitol Hill. Few Democrats are willing to invoke the need for new social spending. The current deficits are driven mainly by tax cuts and by the military buildup, and, as the current slow-growth recovery reminds us, they clearly haven't done the trick. Most Democrats are reluctant to give comfort to this brand of deficit, so they make the mistake of attacking deficit spending per se. The larger problem here is a general failure to acknowledge the limits of unfettered markets and to appreciate the vital importance of truly full employment.\nYou may also like:\nYou need to be logged in to comment.\n(If there's one thing we know about comment trolls, it's that they're lazy)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The utility of EVs may go beyond just serving as a mode of transport however, they may actually serve as a valuable resource for the electrical grid. Is the same true for electric ships?\nBatteries in EVs need to be charged periodically. This is easily done by simply plugging the vehicle into a charging station. Once connected to the charging station, energy flows from the electrical grid to the EV’s battery. This is what is referred to as ‘grid-to-vehicle’.\nRead the full story here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This Week in Petroleum History, March 12 to March 18\nMarch 12, 1912 – Tom Slick makes First of Many Oilfield Discoveries\nOnce known as “Dry Hole Slick,” independent producer Thomas B. Slick discovered a giant oilfield on his way to becoming far better known as Oklahoma’s King of the Wildcatters. His No. 1 Wheeler uncovered the Drumright-Cushing oilfield, which produced for the next 35 years, reaching 330,000 barrels of oil a day at its peak. Slick then began an 18-year streak of discovering some of America’s most prolific fields in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas.\nDuring the Greater Seminole Oil Boom, Slick secured leases and drilled successful wells in oilfields at Tonkawa, Papoose, and Seminole. The gushers often proved spectacular: No. 4 Eakin well – 10,000 barrels of oil per day; No. 1 Laura Endicott well – 4,500 barrels of oil per day; No. 1 Walker well – 5,000 barrels of oil per day; and No. 1 Franks well – 5,000 barrels of oil per day.\nBy 1929, Slick was the largest independent operator in the United States with a net worth up to $100 million. By 1930, in the Oklahoma City field alone, he completed 30 wells with the capacity to produce 200,000 barrels of oil daily. Stories of his business acumen grew with his fortune. His death from a stroke in August 1930 at age 46 ended a remarkable oilfield career.\nMarch 12, 1914 – Last Coal Powered U.S. Battleship Commissioned\nThe U.S.S. Texas, the last American battleship built with coal-fired boilers, was commissioned in 1914. Coal-burning boilers, which produced dense smoke and created tons of ash, required the Navy to maintain coaling stations worldwide. Coaling ship was a major undertaking and early battleships carried about 2,000 tons with a crew of “coal passers.”\nDramatic improvement in efficiency came when the Navy began adopting fuel oil boilers. By 1916, the Navy had commissioned its first two capital ships with oil-fired boilers, the U.S.S. Nevada and the U.S.S. Oklahoma. To resupply them, “oilers” were designed to transfer fuel while at anchor, although underway replenishment was soon possible in fair seas.\nThe U.S.S. Texas was converted to burn fuel oil in 1925. The “Big T” – today the Battleship Texas State Historic Site docked on the Houston Ship Channel – was the first battleship declared to be a U.S. National Historic Landmark. Learn more in Petroleum and Sea Power.\nMarch 12, 1943 – Secret Mission sends Roughnecks to Sherwood Forest\nA top-secret team of 42 American drillers, derrickmen, roustabouts, and motormen boarded the troopship HMS Queen Elizabeth. They were volunteers from two Oklahoma companies, Noble Drilling and Fain-Porter Drilling.\nTheir mission was to drill wells in England’s Sherwood Forest and help relieve the crisis caused by German submarines sinking Allied oil tankers. Four rotary drilling rigs were shipped on separate transport ships. One of the ships was sunk by a U-Boat.\nWith the future of Great Britain depending on petroleum supplies, the Americans used Yankee ingenuity to drill an average of one well per week. Their secret work added vital oil to fuel the British war effort. Read the little-known story of the Roughnecks of Sherwood Forest.\nMarch 12, 1968 – Alaska’s Prudhoe Bay Oilfield Discovered\nTwo hundred and fifty miles north of the Arctic Circle, Alaska’s Prudhoe Bay oilfield was discovered by Richfield Oil (ARCO) and Humble Oil Company (Exxon).\nThe Prudhoe Bay State No. 1 exploratory well arrived more than six decades after the first Alaska oil well. It followed Richfield Oil’s discovery of the Swanson River oilfield on the Kenai Peninsula in 1957. At more than 213,000 acres, the Prudhoe Bay field was the largest oilfield in North America, surpassing the 140,000 acre East Texas oilfield discovery of October 1930.\nPrudhoe Bay’s remote location prevented oil production beginning in earnest until 1977, after completion of the 800-mile Trans-Alaska Pipeline. The field’s production exceeded an average rate of one million barrels of oil a day by March 1978, according to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. It peaked in January 1987 at more than 1.6 million barrels of oil per day.\nMarch 13, 1974 – OPEC ends Oil Embargo\nA five-month oil embargo against the United States was lifted by Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel formed in 1960.\nThe embargo, imposed in response to America supplying the Israeli military during the October 1973 Yom Kippur War, created gasoline shortages, prompting President Richard M. Nixon to propose and Congress approve voluntary rationing and a ban of gas sales on Sundays.\nOPEC ended the embargo after Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai.\nMarch 14, 1909 – Lake View Gusher of California\nThe Lake View well in California’s Midway-Sunset oilfield erupted oil at dawn. The San Joaquin Valley had experienced a lot of gushers, including the Shamrock Gusher in 1896 and the 1909 Midway Gusher.\n“But none of these wells came close to rivaling the Lakeview No. 1 which flowed, uncapped and untamed, at 18,000 barrels a day for 18 months in 1910 and 1911,” notes one San Joaquin Valley geologist.\nThe Lakeview No. 1 discovery, which became America’s most famous gusher after Spindletop Hill in 1901, was brought under control by October 1910. The “ram-type” blowout preventer to seal well pressure was invented in 1922.\nMarch 16, 1914 – “Main Street” Oil Well completed\nA well completed in 1914 produced oil from about 1,770 feet beneath Barnsdall, Oklahoma. Ripley’s Believe It or Not someday will proclaim the well the “World’s Only Main Street Oil Well.”\nThe Osage County town, originally called Bigheart for Osage Chief James Bigheart, was renamed in 1922 for Theodore Barnsdall, owner of the Barnsdall Refining Company, which today is a wax refinery owned by Baker Hughes, a GE Company. The well site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.\nMarch 17, 1890 – Sunoco begins in Ohio\nThe Peoples Natural Gas Company, founded four years earlier by Joseph Pew and Edward Emerson to provide natural gas to Pittsburgh, expanded to become the Sun Oil Company of Ohio.\nAt the turn of the century, the company had acquired promising leases near Findlay and entered the business of “producing petroleum, rock and carbon oil, transporting and storing same, refining, purifying, manufacturing such oil and its various products.”\nIn the 1920s, the company marketed Sunoco Motor Oil and opened service stations in Ohio and Pennsylvania. It got in the oilfield equipment business in 1929, forming Sperry-Sun, a joint venture with Sperry Gyroscope. The Pew family established the Pew Charitable Trusts. Also see Natural Gas is King in Pittsburgh.\nMarch 17, 1923 – Discovery reveals Giant Oklahoma Oilfields\nThe Betsy Foster No. 1 well, a 2,800-barrel-a-day oil gusher near Wewoka, the county seat of Seminole County, Oklahoma, created a major Seminole area boom.\nThe discovery was followed by others in nearby Cromwell, Bethel (1924), Earlsboro and Seminole (1926) and other small towns south of Oklahoma City.\nThirty-nine separate oilfields were ultimately developed within a region centering on Seminole but also including parts of Pottawatomie, Okfuskee, Hughes and Pontotoc counties. Excessive oil production would drive prices to as low as 17 cents per barrel of oil.\nMarch 17, 1949 – First Commercial Application of Hydraulic Fracturing\nExperts from Halliburton and Stanolind companies converged on an oil well about 12 miles east of Duncan, Oklahoma, and performed the first commercial application of hydraulic fracturing.\nA 1947 experimental well had fractured a natural gas field in Hugoton, Kansas, and proven the possibility of increased productivity.\nThe technique was developed and patented by Stanolind (later known as Pan American Oil Company) and an exclusive license was issued to Halliburton Company to perform the process. Four years later, the license was extended to all qualified oilfield service companies.\n“Since that fateful day in 1949, hydraulic fracturing has done more to increase recoverable reserves than any other technique,” proclaimed a Halliburton company spokesman in 2009, adding that more than two million fracturing treatments have been pumped without polluting an aquifer. The earliest attempts to increase a well’s petroleum production began in the 1860s (see Shooters – A ‘Fracking’ History). In 1921, Erle Halliburton patented an efficient well cementing technology that improved oil production while protecting the environment.\nMarch 18, 1937 – New London School Explosion\nWith just minutes left in the school day, a natural gas explosion destroyed the New London High School in Rusk County, Texas.\nOdorless gas (a residual natural gas called casinghead gas) had leaked into the basement and ignited with a force felt four miles away. East Texas oilfield workers – many with children attending the school – rushed to the scene, as did a cub reporter from Dallas, Walter Cronkite.\nDespite desperate rescue efforts, 298 people were killed that day (dozens more later died of injuries).\nThe explosion’s source was later found to be an electric wood-shop sander that sparked odorless gas that had pooled beneath and in the walls of the school. As a result of this disaster, Texas and other states passed laws requiring that natural gas be mixed with a malodorant to give early warning of a gas leak. Learn more about the tragedy in New London School Explosion.\nRecommended Reading: “King of the Wildcatters:” The Life and Times of Tom Slick, 1883-1930 (2004); Historic Battleship Texas: The Last Dreadnought (2007); The Secret of Sherwood Forest: Oil Production in England During World War II (1973); Discovery at Prudhoe Bay Oil (2008); San Joaquin Valley, California, Images of America (1999); A History of the Greater Seminole Oil Field (1981); The Green and the Black: The Complete Story of the Shale Revolution, the Fight over Fracking, and the Future of Energy (2016); A Texas Tragedy: The New London School Explosion (2012).\nListen online to Remember When Wednesdays on the weekday morning radio show Exploring Energy from 9:05 a.m to 10 a.m. (Eastern Time). Executive Director Bruce Wells and Volunteer Contributing Editor Kris Wells call in on the last Wednesday of each month. Support our energy education mission with a donation today. Contact email@example.com for membership information. © 2018 Bruce A. Wells.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ESCANABA - Students at Webster Elementary learned science can be anything but boring during a presentation Tuesday by the Michigan State University Science Theatre.\nMSU Science Theatre groups visited schools in the Escanaba, Gladstone and Rapid River areas Monday and Tuesday. They brought to life for students the concepts of chemistry and physics, along with other applications in engineering and mathematics.\nStephen DeCamp, MSU student and a Gladstone High School graduate, is a member of the MSU Science Theatre team which visited Webster Monday.\nJohnathan Gross, left, Manila Ounsombath and Stephen DeCamp show Glenda Schoff’s fifth-grade class at Webster Elementary in Escanaba the effect of liquid nitrogen when it comes into contact with liquid hand soap mixed with water. Michigan State University Science Theatre groups visited local schools Monday and Tuesday, trying to get students more interested in science. (Daily Press photo by Dionna Harris)\nDeCamp, along with his fellow MSU students Manila Ounsombath and Johnathan Gross, demonstrated various chemical reactions and applications using liquid nitrogen.\nThe MSU Science Theatre, according to Tom Abrahmson of the Delta Schoolcraft Intermediate School District, was brought to the area to allow younger students to interact with college students while promoting an interest in science.\n\"The struggle we see is younger children becoming bored or fearsome of science. This program allows for college students to make connections with students in kindergarten through 12th grade with the shows being formated to show an appreciation for science,\" said Abrahmson.\nAt Webster, DeCamp, Ounsombath and Gross interacted with students while explaining the principle behind experiments. Students learned how liquid nitrogen, an extremely cold substance, is used in science and research.\n\"Liquid nitrogen is used in several research projects, and we are trying to show the students just how cool science can be,\" said DeCamp.\nIn demonstrating how liquid nitrogen reacts with water, DeCamp put a small amount of liquid nitrogen into a stainless steel basin of regular tap water. It resulted in a chemical reaction which generated a small amount of fog.\nStudents in Glenda Schoff's fifth-grade class at Webster also learned how liquid nitrogen can turn an organic compound, such as a banana, into a hammer strong enough to pound a nail into a piece of wood.\n\"By dipping a banana into the liquid nitrogen, it changes the property of the banana, making it strong enough to pound a nail,\" said Ounsombath in one of several demonstrations presented Monday.\nIn another demonstration, Ounsombath showed the students how brittle liquid nitrogen can affect a rose.\nShe dipped a rose into liquid nitrogen. After only a few minutes, she took the rose and shattered it.\nDeCamp, Ounsombath and Gross also showed how a semi-soft, rubber racquetball's properties change when dipped in liquid nitrogen.\nPrior to dipping the racquetball into the liquid, DeCamp showed how in its natural state it expends stored energy (bounces). After being dipped in the liquid nitrogen, the natural property of the ball is changed, causing the stored energy to become altered. In this altered state, the ball becomes somewhat fragile, breaking into several pieces when dropped on the floor.\nDuring a question-and-answer period, students learned liquid nitrogen itself is already extremely cold, boiling at -321 degrees F. Only liquid helium is colder.\n\"When an object is placed into liquid nitrogen, it is already warmer than the liquid,\" said Gross. \"Cold pulls heat toward it, and with so much of the heat being removed from an object, the object itself becomes cold or equal to the temperature of its surroundings.\"\nThe students also gave their older counterparts ideas for other experiments, including placing an egg in the nitrogen to see what would happen.\nBefore concluding their presentation, the students were given a treat of trying marshmallows after they had been placed into the liquid nitrogen.\nThe nitrogen effectively flash froze the water content in the marshmallows, giving them the same texture and properties as those found in the breakfast cereal Lucky Charms.\nOne last experiment which captured the attention of students was when DeCamp placed a small amount of liquid nitrogen on the floor.\n\"The floor is warmer than the liquid nitrogen, so the nitrogen reacts in a manner similar to a drop of water on a hot stove,\" said DeCamp.\nAccording to DeCamp, when a drop of liquid nitrogen is placed on a surface which is warmer, a small amount of gas or steam forms which the drop \"rides\" on so it appears to be skimming across the surface.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How can we communicate to our friend and family who is living far away from us? This was the difficult question in the past but because of amazing innovations in science and technology this question have become so easy to answer. All thanks to the internet that we can communicate and interact with our love ones. Internet is basically the inter-connected network of different computers. Communication on different computers is not possible without internet. Internet have changed the world.\nInternet have turn the world into global village. Every person is connected to the other person. Other than that internet is also use for different purposes which are given below:\nEvery information is available on the internet. We can get information and knowledge on any topic from the internet. Different scholars, authors, teachers, and even students share their information. If you want to read any novel or any book you can simply get that on internet.\nInternet Have Changed the Perception of Communication\nIn the past people use to write letters in order to convey the message to the other person. It used to take much time but internet have changed this mode of communication. Now we can send message to our love one in just a single click. Meanwhile we can also do video call and can see them.\nE-commerce have made our life so much easy. Mow we can order anything from anywhere in the world if we have the internet connection. It also profit the business man to grab the attention of the costumers. It brings more business for the companies. E360 is the business directory which can guide you about different products and services. Internet have changed the world.\nThese were just some of the uses which internet offer. Apart from these internet also offer a wide range of uses. You can share the help you got from the internet in our comment section.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here’s four more amazing ways scientists are showing that cannabis actually helps to keep your brain safe from disease, dementia and even death:\nPromotes new brain cell growth\nGovernment scare campaigns often claim that cannabis kills brain cells…(based on) studies were done in the ’70s by strapping a gas mask onto a monkey and pumping in hundreds of joints worth of smoke. The monkeys suffered from lack of oxygen — that’s why their brain cells died. Modern research is now proving the opposite.\nIn 2005, Dr. Xia Zhang at the University of Saskatchewan showed that cannabinoids cause “neurogenesis” – which means that they help make new brain cells grow…Scientists in Brazil expanded on this research, demonstrating in 2013 that CBD, another chemical in cannabis, also causes new brain cells to sprout. Researchers in Italy then produced the same result with CBC, (also) found in cannabis resin…This helps explain previous research showing that cannabinoids effectively treat mood disorders like depression, anxiety and stress…\nModern research shows that using cannabis helps prevent the incidence of Alzheimer’s and dementia by cleaning away beta-amyloid “brain plaque.” A 2014 study…was led by Dr. Chuanhai Cao, PhD…at the Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute. “THC is known to be a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective properties,” said Dr. Cao…\nThis confirmed earlier studies, such as one from 2008 which found that THC “simultaneously treated both the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer’s disease.” This study concluded that “compared to currently approved drugs prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, THC is considerably superior.” (And) these studies used very low levels of THC to find these results…So where’s the headlines saying “Smoking Cannabis Prevents Alzheimer’s”?\nPrevents brain damage after strokes and trauma\nSeveral recent studies have found that cannabinoids protect the brain from permanent damage after trauma or stroke…(In) a 2014 study…Researchers analyzed blood samples from hundreds of people who had suffered head injuries, and found that people with small amounts of cannabinoids in their bloodstream were 80% less likely to be killed from head trauma…There are 52,000 deaths every year from traumatic head injury in America. This study showed that if every adult American had…cannabis once a week, 80% of those deaths would be avoided – that’s about 41,600 lives that could be saved, every year!\nHelps treat brain cancer\nRepeated laboratory and animal studies show that THC act(s) to kill cancer cells, while it does not affect normal cells, in the brain…A 1998 study found that THC “induces apoptosis [cell death] in C6 glioma cells” – an aggressive form of brain cancer…(A) 2012 study showing that CBD stopped metastasis in aggressive forms of cancer; a 2013 study showing that a blend of six cannabinoids killed leukemia cells, and a 2014 study showing that THC and CBD could be combined with traditional chemotherapy to produce “dramatic reductions” in brain tumour size.\nThe medicinal benefits of cannabis and cannabinoids are immense, and it’s time everyone is allowed full access to this amazing healing herb.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Having a five-year-old “new” reader at my house, I am becoming even more familiar with the ins and outs of early readers than I was as “just” a children’s librarian. My daughter came home from Kindergarten one day and declared she only wanted to read “comics.” I immediately checked out the TOON Books series of graphic novels, thinking the Level 1 would be perfect for her beginning reading level. Little Mouse was a quick favorite, once she got over one little thing. When I first showed them to her she said “Mom! These aren’t comics! They don’t have the little black boxes on each page!” The Level 1 TOON Books only have one box that takes up the whole page, with word bubbles and illustrations. Fear not, Levels 2 and on have that traditional comic look. Luckily, she loved reading about Little Mouse, Chick and Chickie, Silly Lilly, and all of the other characters in the Level 1 TOON books, despite only having one box per page. We have quickly moved on to Level 2 titles now and her favorite characters are Otto (from Otto’s Orange Day and Otto’s Backwards Day) and Benny and Penny (from The Big No-No, Just Pretend, The Toy Breaker, How to Say Goodbye, Lights Out).\nGraphic novels are an excellent alternative, or addition, to standard early readers for little ones just learning how to read. New readers benefit from having as many opportunities as possible to find books that they connect with, which will hopefully turn them into lifelong readers. As adults, we know that books are read from left to right. New readers are still learning this. Because of their left to right layout within a left to right layout, graphic novels help to reinforce this in a fun way. Graphic novels are also a great way to pull in reluctant readers because they can seem less intimidating than traditional readers. They also draw those children who might prefer gaming or watching television.\nThe next few recommendations are actually wordless (or mostly wordless). As a parent, these can sometimes seem pointless in terms of reading practice, however, these are very beneficial to reading comprehension. These types of books help reinforce the idea that the story and the pictures are connected and can be a terrific way to build important literacy skills like vocabulary and comprehension. They also illustrate how stories are built, using a beginning, middle, and end format. A few of our favorites are Little Robot by Ben Hatke. Little Robot is a moving adventure of discovery, friendship, and overcoming fears. And with a robot as a central character, it makes it very popular in this current STEAM climate. Another favorite of this type is Owly by Andy Runton. Owly is a series about a sweet little owl whose stories focus on friendship and helping others.\nMy five-year-old loves anything related to outer space or animals so Binky the Space Cat by Ashley Spires (and all of the other Binky books in the series) and The Great Pet Escape (and others in the Pets on the Loose series) by Victoria Jamieson have been winners for her (and I’ve enjoyed them, too)!\nA few other titles that your new reader might enjoy:\n- Sleepless Knight: Adventures in Cartooning by James Sturn\n- Hildafolk series by Luke Pearson\n- Guinea Pig, Pet Shop Private Eye series by Colleen AF Venable\n- The Flying Beaver Brothers series by Maxwell Eaton III\n- Pants series by Scott McCormick\n- Beep and Bah by James Burks\n- Bean Dog and Nugget series Cherise Mericle Harper\n- Kung Pow Chicken series by Cyndi Marko\nKara Walker is the Head of Youth Services at the Middlefield Branch of the Geauga County Public Library. She is currently reading The Boxcar Children with her five-almost six-year old daughter.\nAvailable in the following formats:\neBook (Hoopla Overdrive)\nAudiobooks, series (Hoopla Overdrive)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In 1895, he went to Cuba as a military observer with the Spanish army in its fight against the independentists. He also reported for the Saturday Review.\nThe first notable appearance of Winston Churchill was as a war correspondent in the second Anglo-Boer war between Britain and self-proclaimed Afrikaaners in South Africa. He was captured in a Boer ambush of a British Army train convoy, but managed a high profile escape and eventually crossed the South African border to Lourenço Marques (now Maputo in Mozambique).\nChurchill used the status achieved to begin a political career which would last a total of sixty-one years, serving as an MP in the House of Commons from 1901 to 1922 and from 1924 to 1964. At first a member of the Conservative Party, he soon 'crossed the floor' to the Liberals and entered the Cabinet in his early thirties. He was one of the political and military engineers of the disastrous Gallipoli landings on the Dardanelles during World War I, which led to his description as \"the butcher of Gallipoli\". He was a signatory of the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 which established the Irish Free State. The Liberal Party was now beset by internal division. After losing his seat in the 1922 General Election to Edwin Scrymgeour he rejoined the Conservative Party. Two years later in the General Election of 1924 he\nwas elected to represent Epping (where there is now a statue of him) as a Conservative. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1924 under Stanley Baldwin and was responsible for returning Britain to the Gold Standard. During the General Strike of 1926, Churchill was reported to have suggested that machine guns should be used on the striking miners. Churchill edited the Government's newspaper, the British Gazette, and during the dispute he argued that \"either the country will break the General Strike, or the General Strike will break the country.\".\nA young Churchill\nThe Conservative government was defeated in the 1929 General Election. When Ramsay MacDonald formed the National Government in 1931 Churchill was not invited to join the Cabinet. He was now at the lowest point in his career in a period known as 'the wilderness years'. He spent much of next few years concentrating on his writing, including the History of the English Speaking Peoples (which was not published until well after WWII). He became most notable for his outspoken opposition towards the granting of independence to India. Soon though, his attention was drawn to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Germany's rearmament. For a time he was a lone voice calling on Britain to re-arm itself and counter the belligerence of Germany. Churchill was a fierce critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. He was also an outspoken supporter of Edward VIII during the Abdication Crisis leading to some speculation that he might be appointed Prime Minister if the King refused to take Baldwin's advice and consequently the government resigned. However this did not happen and Churchill found himself isolated and in a bruised position for some time after this.\nAt the outbreak of the Second World War Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty On Chamberlain's resignation in May, 1940, Churchill was appointed Prime Minister and formed an all-party government. He immediately made his friend and confidant, industrialist and newspaper baron, Max Aitken, (Lord Beaverbrook) in charge of aircraft production. It was Aitken's astounding business acumen that allowed Britain to quickly gear up aircraft production and engineering that eventually made the difference in the war.\nHis speeches at that time were a great inspiration to the embattled United Kingdom. His famous \"I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat\" speech was his first as Prime Minister. He followed that closely, before the Battle of Britain, with \"We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.\"\n(It has been suggested that some of Churchill's radio speeches, including \"We shall fight on the beaches\", were actually spoken by soundalike actors because Churchill was too busy to make them himself, but this has not been conclusively proven.)\nHis good relationship with U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt secured the United Kingdom vital supplies via the North Atlantic Ocean shipping routes. Churchill initiated the Special Operations Executive (SOE), under Hugh Dalton's Ministry of Economic Warfare, which established, conducted and fostered covert, subversive and partisan operations in occupied territories with notable success; and also the Commandos which establish the pattern for most of the world's current Special Forces. The Russians referred to him as the \"British Bulldog\".\nChurchill was one of the driving forces behind the treaties that would re-draw post-WWII European and Asian boundaries. The boundary between North Korea and South Korea were proposed at the Yalta Conference, as well as the expulsion of Japanese from those countries. Proposals for European boundaries and settlements were discussed as early as 1943 by Roosevelt and Churchill; the settlement was officially agreed to by Truman, Churchill, and Stalin at Potsdam (Article XIII of the Potsdam protocol).\nOne of these settlements was the boundary between the future East Germany and Poland at the Oder-Neisse line, which was rationalized as compensation for Soviet gains in Ukraine. As part of the settlement was an agreement to continue the expulsion of ethnic Germans from the area. The exact numbers and movement of ethnic populations over the Polish-German and Polish-USSR borders in the period at the end of World War II is vastly difficult to determine. This is not least because, under the Nazi regime, many Poles were replaced in their homes by the conquering Germans in an attempt to consolidate Nazi power. In the case of the post-WWII settlement, Churchill was convinced that the only way to alleviate tensions between the two populations was the expulsion of the Germans, despite the fact that many of these Germans had lived in these areas since the middle ages and had absorbed the native population, which lived there before. As Churchill expounded in the House of Commons in 1944, \"Expulsion is the method which, in so far as we have been able to see, will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble...A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed by these transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions...\" Even though made in \"modern conditions\" some 500,000 to 1,500.000 people died in these \"transferences\". Today these transferences would be named \"ethnic cleansing\".\nAlthough the importance of Churchill's role in World War II was undeniable, he produced many enemies in his own country. His expressed contempt for ideas such as public health care and for better education for the majority of the population in particular produced much dissatisfaction amongst the population, particularly those who had fought in the war. Immediately following the close of the war in Europe Churchill was heavily defeated at election by Clement Attlee and the Labour Party.\nWinston Churchill was an early supporter of the pan-Europism that eventually lead to the formation of the European Common market and later the European Union (for which one of the three main buildings of the European Parliament is named in his honor). Churchill was also instrumental in giving France a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (which he supported in order to have another European power to counter-balance the Soviet Union's permanent seat).\nOn September 2, 1908, at the socially desirable church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, Churchill married Clementine Ogilvy Hozier (1885-1977), a dazzling but largely penniless beauty. They had five children: Sarah Millicent Hermione Churchill (who became a movie actress of some renown, costarring with Fred Astaire in the film \"Royal Wedding\"), Randolph Frederick Edward Churchill, Marigold Frances Churchill (who died as a child), Diana Churchill, and Mary Churchill.\nClementine Churchill's mother was Lady (Henrietta) Blanche Ogilvy (1852-1925), the second wife of Sir Henry Montague Hozier and a daughter of the 7th Earl of Airlie. The identity of her father, however, is open to healthy debate. Lady Blanche was well known for sharing her sexual favors and was eventually divorced as a result. She maintained that Clementine's father was Capt. William George \"Bay\" Middleton, a noted horseman. But Clementine Churchill's biographer Joan Hardwick has surmised that all Lady Blanche's \"Hozier\" children were actually fathered by her sister Clementine's husband, Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford (1837-1916, better known as a grandfather of the infamous Mitford sisters of the 1920s).\nChurchill is believed by several writers to have suffered from bipolar disorder and in his last years, Alzheimer's disease; certainly he suffered from fits of depression that he called his \"black dogs\", Some researchers also believe that Churchill was dyslexic, based on the difficulties he described himself having at school.\nNovember 1942: Oliver Stanley succeeds Lord Cranborne as Colonial Secretary. Sir Stafford Cripps retires as Lord Privy Seal. His successor is not in the Cabinet.\nSeptember 1943: Sir John Anderson succeeds Sir Kingsley Wood as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Clement Attlee succeeds Anderson as Lord President, remaining also Deputy Prime Minister. Attlee's successor as Dominions Secretary is not in the Cabinet.\nNovember 1943: Lord Woolton enters the Cabinet as Minister of Reconstruction.\nJanuary 1944: Lord Moyne succeeds Richard Casey as Minister Resident in the Middle East.\nNovember 1944: Edward Grigg succeeds Lord Moyne as Minister Resident in the Middle East\nMay 1952: Henry Crookshank succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord Privy Seal. Salisbury remains Commonwealth Relations Secretary. Crookshank's successor as Minister of Health is not in the Cabinet.\nNovember 1952: Lord Woolton becomes Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Lord Salisbury succeeds Lord Woolton as Lord President. Lord Swinton succeeds Lord Salisbury as Commonwealth Relations Secretary.\nSeptember 1953: Florence Horsbrugh, the Minister of Education, Sir Thomas Dugdale, the Minister of Agriculture, and Gwilym Lloyd George, the Minister of Food, enter the cabinet. The Ministry for the Co-ordination of Transport, Fuel, and Power, is abolished, and Lord Leathers leaves the Cabinet.\nOctober 1953: Lord Cherwell resigns as Paymaster General. His successor is not in the Cabinet.\nJuly 1954: Alan Lennox-Boyd succeeds Oliver Lyttelton as Colonial Secretary. Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Sir Thomas Dugdale as Minister of Agriculture.\nOctober 1954: Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, now Lord Kilmuir, succeeds Lord Simonds as Lord Chancellor. Gwilym Lloyd George succeeds him as Home Secretary. The Food Ministry is merged into the Ministry of Agriculture. Sir David Eccles succeeds Florence Horsbrugh as Minister of Education. Harold Macmillan succeeds Lord Alexander as Minister of Defense. Duncan Sandys succeeds Macmillan as Minister of Housing and Local Government. Osbert Peake, the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance, enters the Cabinet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|BLK Cancer Centre|\n|BLK Centre for Bone Marrow Transplant|\n|BLK Heart Centre|\n|BLK Centre for Neurosciences|\n|BLK Centre for Digestive & Liver Diseases|\n|BLK Centre for Renal Sciences & Kidney Transplant|\n|BLK Centre for Orthopaedics, Joint Reconstruction|\n|BLK Centre for Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery|\n|BLK Children Heart Institute|\n|BLK Centre for Critical Care|\nBreast screening is a method of identifying breast cancer at an early stage. It is done by performing x-rays of the breast known as mammograms. A mammogram can detect small changes in breast tissue, which may indicate cancers which are too small to be felt either by the woman herself or by a doctor. By the time a lump can be felt, it is likely to have been there for quite some time, and the longer it has been there undetected, the more the chance it has had to grow and spread.\nIt is an x-ray of the breast which is performed by exposing the breast to a low dose of radiation. During the procedure, the breasts are compressed between two plates for a few seconds. This is not painful but some women may find it slightly uncomfortable. The mammogram is reported by a specialist breast radiologist.\nIf the mammogram is reported as normal, you need not go for any further tests. However, further tests will be required if the radiologist detects an abnormality. These include a breast ultrasound and in a few cases, a breast MRI. A needle biopsy of the lump may be recommended and this can be done as an outpatient procedure.\nApart from saving vital time, which is crucial in fighting cancer, screening also gives the patient the following advantages:\nThough the advantages of screening outweighs the disadvantages, you should still be aware of them:\nIf you have never had any breast problems and do not have a family history of breast cancer, then your first contact with a breast specialist should be at the age of 40. At BLK, we recommend this should be repeated once in every two years. If you have a family history of breast cancer, you must see a breast specialist as soon as possible. The specialist will then customise your screening tests and its frequency based on the extent of your risk\nThere are some general precautions you can take to reduce the risk of breast cancer:\nEvery Indian woman should be aware of the following facts and figures about breast cancer:\nRemember, breast screening cannot prevent cancer. It only detects cancer.\nDr. Kapil Kumar answers queries about cancer and its treatment...Read more\nDele Olowu from Nigeria got treated at BLK Hospital by Dr. Kapil Kumar/ Dr. Ashish Goel/ Dr Pankaj Pandey from BLK Cancer CentreRead more View all Testimonials...\nTechnology facilitates correct diagnosis of various ailments for best and shortest road to recovery. Get a closer glimpse of our cutting-edge-technology in the gallery below.\nWe have world class specialists from around the globe and facilitates correct diagnosis of various ailments for best and shortest road to recovery. Get a closer glimpse of our cutting-edge-technology in the gallery below.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Foraging & Reproductive Ecology\n- Predator-Prey Dynamics\n- Renewable Energy\n- Spatial Ecology\n- In The News\nShort-tailed albatrosses (Phoebastria albatrus) once numbered in the millions before commercial hunting in the early 20th century nearly drove the species to extinction. During the past 60 years the population has steadily increased, but is still less than 1% of its estimated pre-exploitation population size. Of the two major current breeding colonies, one is within an island group, the Senkaku Islands, of disputed ownership between Japan and China. A de-facto refuge, biologists have not been allowed access to conduct population surveys since 2002, however, the Senkakus may contain 20% of the total breeding population of short-tailed albatross.\nIn 2015, we aim to test whether breeding populations of short-tailed albatross can be estimated using satellite data from DigitalGlobe’s WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 Satellite with ENVI image processing software. Using several albatross species at multiple colonies in Hawaii and Japan will allow us to test species identification accuracy and determine the correction factor(s) needed to ground truth satellite counts of unknown populations on the Senkakus. Based on preliminary imagery work, this method may be helpful scientists and resource managers looking to estimate remote and/or inaccessible areas, or areas at more frequent intervals, especially where human presence impacts ground-based counts or disturbs other species.\nBureau of Land Management\nPacific Rim Conservation\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)-Alaska Region\nUSFWS-Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge\nYamashina Institute for Ornithology", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NIOS Video Featured in Textbook\nOur video, “New Immigrants Share their Stories,” will be used for the upcoming Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Literature program for grades 6-12. This is a multi-modal program including digital and print content for instruction and application in classrooms. We are proud our materials will be used in this release and will be seen by many more young people. This video depicts an annual NIOS effort in New York City led by Julie Mann, a teacher at Newcomers High School. This year the project expanded into an even larger project that was filmed and shown and Ellis Island.\nNIOS received a donation of “Eracism” erasers from Eracism Erasers in Valencia, CA. Eracism Erasers is a company committed to ending racism through raising racial awareness. They came up with the idea to create and sell erasers with the word “Eracism” as a unique and fun way to educate both adults and children about ending racism. The erasers are a simple idea yet send a powerful message about uniting against racism. The erasers can be used to cultivate a culture of acceptance and tolerance in multiple settings such as classrooms and offices. To win an “Eracism” eraser, enter our Put Yourself on the Map Contest raffle. You can also purchase an eraser here.\n6 Reasons to Make Kindness Your Highest Priority\nIn this blog for Huffington Post, Margaret Paul, Ph.D, lists the reasons why kindness should be a personal priority. This is important advice for adults, especially in regards to bullying. Kindness is sometimes perceived as weakness, so many people believe they must be mean to be powerful and successful. Dr. Paul argues that in order to achieve respect, one must be personally empowered through loving oneself and others. This can especially be valuable information in the workplace, an environment where there is an imbalance of power, success is highly valued, and bullying is prevalent.\nEnd Gun Violence\nIn response to the Newtown, CT tragedy, California teens have come together to demand a plan for improved gun control in the United States. The participants are leaders in The California Endowment’s Building Healthy Communities initiative, which focuses on improving neighborhood and school environments. In this 60-second video, 33 teens unanimously call for a real plan of action beyond political debates that lead to a gridlock. “Don’t lock down our schools,” one teen pleads. The message is clear: Keep our schools safe without militarizing them.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This week on EMU’s Debuts, we’re celebrating the release of STEP RIGHT UP: HOW DOC AND JIM KEY TAUGHT THE WORLD ABOUT KINDNESS, written by fellow EMU, Donna Janell Bowman. In today’s world, there seems to be a need for more kindness, towards fellow humans and animals. Donna’s amazing picture book biography shows how one man and one horse began an entire movement, the humane movement to treat animals with kindness. Please join us in celebrating Donna’s debut picture book!\nWhat inspired you to write about Doc Key and Jim?\nOh, gosh, there was so much to be inspired by! Initially, I was drawn to the story because of the remarkable things the horse Beautiful Jim Key was purportedly able to do: spelling, writing, calculating math problems, filing letters, making change from a cash register, and more. That was all so fascinating! As I researched, I became even more enamored with William “Doc” Key, a formerly-enslaved man—the trainer behind Jim’s remarkable kindness-based “education.” Ultimately, I realized that the deeper significance to the story was the duo’s relationship and how, together, they made a profound difference in the humane movement. In a word, this was a story about kindness—a subject that we need more of these days.\nDaniel Minter’s artwork is stunning and a perfect match for your story. What did you think when you first saw the artwork for the book?\nIt is stunning, isn’t it? When I first saw the art, I oohed, and aahed. I might have gotten a bit misty-eyed, too. It felt a bit like meeting Doc and Jim for the first time. What’s interesting is that I’d had a vision of the characters and setting (mostly photo realistic,) in my head for many years before art was done. But, when I saw Daniel’s lino-cut and acrylic illustrations, with a color palette and style that reflect the period, I couldn’t imagine anyone else in the world bringing Doc and Jim to life. Just as my heart is woven into the text, Daniel’s is etched and painted into the images.\nYou did a fabulous job of showing Doc Key’s core belief of kindness throughout the story. Can you talk a little bit about that? Was it evident in your research? How did you keep the focus tight as you wrote the story? (I ask because this can be challenging when writing nonfiction picture books)\nThis is a great, multi-layered question. One of the challenges with writing about a historical subject is finding common threads in documentation that help the writer determine the focus. Kindness was a common thread that appeared in promotional pamphlets, quotes by Doc, and newspaper accounts about Beautiful Jim Key performances—all emphasizing that Jim had only ever been treated with kindness. That was in stark contrast to the way most animals were treated in the 19th century. The theme was solidified when I learned of the sponsorship of humane societies, the creation of new humane societies, donated proceeds, the Jim Key Pledge of Kindness, Doc’s Service to Humanity Award, and Jim’s Living Example Award. I even found a photo of a Jim Key horse ambulance, funded by Jim’s performances. This is simplifying it, of course, but you can see how evidence supported the kindness theme.\nThe other part of your question about focus…well, that’s the biggest challenge of all when writing a picture book biography. Without a tight angle, writing about a notable man’s entire seventy-three years, in the limited space of a picture book, would require the broadest strokes of exposition. For Step Right Up, I chose to focus tightly on the relationship between Doc and Jim, primarily during their training and performance years.\nThe Author Sources included at the back of the book is extensive. How long did you research before you actually began writing the first draft?\nOh, if only you could see my full list of sources, which is about three times as long as the select list that landed in the back matter. I researched quite a bit before I wrote my first draft back in 2006, and I never stopped researching, right up til the week the book went to print. It’s been so long since my first draft, but I want to say that I put first crappy words on the page about six months into research. The meatiest research came after that first draft. I donned white gloves to peruse crumbling scrapbooks in state library archives, I squinted through microfilm (I even bought my own microfilm copy,) I read hundreds of 1876-1912 newspaper articles, and I travelled to Tennessee for onsite research. And that doesn’t count the books I read about the humane movement, slavery and reconstruction in Tennessee, and animal behavior. In a way, Doc and Jim prepared me for all other books to come.\nYou were inspired to launch a fundraising effort in conjunction with your book. Tell us about that.\nYes, I did. What I didn’t mention earlier is that I grew up on a ranch and spent all my free time training for horse shows. I have a deep and abiding love of horses and all animals. They have enriched my life in countless ways. So, with Step Right Up, I saw a way to give back through two efforts. With Lee and Low’s support, I am reviving the original Jim Key Pledge of Kindness, which will be featured later in the week. The second effort is to raise money for an equine humane society. When law enforcement seizes starved, abused, neglected, and stray horses (I’m lumping mules, ponies, donkeys here, too.), they can’t simply take them to the local animal shelter. Large animals are a unique challenge. It can cost from hundreds to thousands of dollars to rehabilitate a horse nutritionally, medically, and with training. My hope is to use Step Right Up as a way to shine a light on the problem of abuse while helping a worthy organization. I’ve set up a Crowdrise account, benefiting Bluebonnet Equine Humane Society. I think Doc would be pleased. Here’s the link: Step Right Up and Help the Rescued Horses of Bluebonnet Equine Humane Society.\nI’m going to steal Jason’s final question in Megan Weber Lloyd’s interview, which he stole from Elaine Vickers interview with Pat Zietlow Miller. Finish this sentence: The perfect reader for this book would be…\nThe perfect reader for this book would be myself at age nine or ten. Seriously, I would have loved learning about Doc and Jim when I was a kid, which is why I don’t think it’s a coincidence that this is my debut picture book. But, your question is about other readers, so I think the perfect reader for this book is any kid or adult who loves animals, inspiring stories about perseverance and overcoming obstacles, and stories about the power of kindness.\nTerry writes picture books, easy readers and board books and is whittling away at a middle-grade adventure novel. She lives in the California desert but avoids the summer heat by retreating to Mammoth Lakes every summer to hike, bike, write and dip her head in high mountain sky. She’s a Vermont College of Fine Arts graduate and teaches online children’s writing courses for UCLA Extension (go Bruins!).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "According to pediatric anthropologist Meredith Small, author of Our Babies, Ourselves, the US is the only country in the world in which babies routinely sleep in their own beds in their own rooms. Small reports on one study that showed that in 67% of the world’s cultures children sleep in the company of others.\nAs breastfeeding has increased in recent years, so has room sharing and bed sharing. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) reveals that 67.7% of new US moms sleep with their baby at least some of the time.\nROOM SHARING AND BED SHARING\nMost new moms, especially if they breastfeed, learn early on that having the baby nearby means that nights are easier, and experts agree that room sharing is beneficial to infants.\nThe Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths advises parents that their babies should never sleep, day or night, in a room without an adult present. And, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends room sharing without bed sharing for all babies.\nHowever, research by SIDS expert, Peter Fleming, shows that—in the absence of hazardous sleeping environments, alcohol, drugs or tobacco—bed sharing is not significantly risky. In fact, according to research at both the US Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory and the UK Parent-Infant Sleep Lab, breastfeeding mothers share a bed with their infants in a characteristic manner that provides several safety benefits.\nThere are a number of different ways to facilitate room sharing. Some families move a crib next to the parent’s bed, while others use a specific “co-sleeper” that attaches to one side of the parents’ bed and is open on that side.\nSAFE INFANT SLEEP\nWhichever method you use, here are some important safety considerations to keep in mind:\n- Babies should be put to sleep on their backs until they are at least six months old. However they can, and should, be placed on their stomachs sometimes while playing.\n- Don’t put baby to sleep or sleep with baby on a free-floating waterbed, extremely soft or pliable mattress, or couch.\n- Remove all extra bedding, pillows, and stuffed animals from any bed the baby is sleeping in.\n- Allow baby’s limbs to be free. Do not swaddle her tightly in blankets while she is sleeping. Do not put a hat on baby’s head during indoor sleep times. Babies should not be overheated while sleeping.\n- Do not let baby sleep unsupervised in a carriage or stroller.\n- Do not sleep with your baby if you have been drinking alcohol or are under the influence of any drugs or tranquilizing medications.\n- Do not encourage other people, such as babysitters, grandparents, or siblings to sleep with a baby younger than nine months.\n- Do not sleep with your baby if you smoke and do not allow anyone to smoke in any room where baby sleeps.\nFollowing these basic guidelines will insure that you and your baby can sleep safely, just as millions of parents and babies do, all over the world.\nPeggy O’Mara is the editor and publisher of peggyomara.com. She was the editor and publisher of Mothering magazine from 1980 to 2011 and the editor-in-chief of Mothering.com from 1995 to 2012.. The author of Having a Baby Naturally; Natural Family Living; The Way Back Home; and A Quiet Place, Peggy has conducted workshops at Omega Institute, Esalen, La Leche League, and Bioneers. She is the mother of four and grandmother of three.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This Year, Wisconsin Apple Growers Are Feeling the Squeeze\nLike so many of us, apple trees are stressed this year too. In July, apple producers warned of a “Honeycrisp crisis” as trees bore little to no fruit during the growing season. Honeycrisp apples are notoriously difficult to grow (which is why they tend to cost more), but these early warnings foretold the widespread challenges across varietals that apple growers would face this season. Early this fall, many orchards limited or cancelled their U-pick options, and apple prices climbed as growers across the state reported crop levels anywhere from 50 percent of normal yield to zero apples. With one of Wisconsin’s quintessential autumn activities put on hold this year, consumers are left wondering: what happened to the apples?\nApple growers around the state are facing one of Wisconsin’s worst harvests in years. The most immediate culprit is the volatile temperatures this past spring, when several late hard frosts during bloom time killed the blossoms that were supposed to become this year’s apple crop. But because apples are perennial crops, they are vulnerable to year-round weather conditions. There’s a much longer line of culpability here, from last summer’s drought, which affected the development of fruiting buds, to the extreme cold snaps this past winter that damaged or destroyed root stalks. A single stressful climatic event can have long term impacts on a tree’s productivity—and in the past few years, we’ve had quite a few.\nWhile Wisconsin is not a major national producer of apples, the state has a rich history of apple cultivation, with orchards in almost every county.1 Most Wisconsin orchards are small—about 75 percent have fewer than five acres—and often these orchards do not rely on apple crop as a major source of income. Still, many commercial orchards in the state are relatively small by agricultural standards and were hit just as hard by these weather events. Considering that orchards of all sizes and markets experienced a bad year, what does climate change mean for the future of Wisconsin’s apples? What does it mean for our local agricultural and food landscapes?\nI do not ask this question hypothetically. As a Ph.D. student, I work directly with a local apple cidery and farm-to-table restaurant, the Mount Horeb–based Brix Cider (Brix), in a community-based research project to support local farmers and identify pathways toward resilience in our food system. Through this research we ask what resilience looks like in the context of South Central Wisconsin’s foodscape and what kinds of partnerships and processes drive that change. Brix is well-positioned to help drive these conversations. Matt and Marie Raboin, co-owners of Brix, established their cidery with the underlying mission to source their ingredients as locally as possible. Local sourcing not only bolsters vibrant rural economies, it celebrates the uniqueness of the apples found here in South Central Wisconsin. Because all the ingredients can be sourced directly from small-scale Wisconsin farms, cider offers an opportunity for strengthening connections between farmer, community, and land.\nThis fall, apples are a stark reminder that climate change is shifting the possibilities of production for local farmers. Although apple growers have always had to adapt to unpredictable weather, the increasing rate of extreme events is creating long-term effects on the trees’ productivity. For example, a drought one year will aggravate a tree and make it more susceptible to stress the following year. But it’s the early frost events that are the biggest single threat to a season’s harvest. As Brix owner Matt Raboin explained to me, “The big picture is that the average bloom time creeps earlier and earlier every year with climate change. But we still get a lot of volatility during the spring, like nighttime temperature crashes. Depending on what stage the apple blossom is at, those crashes can kill the blossoms.”\nApple Shortage of 2012\nThese extreme weather conditions and subsequent apple shortages are becoming more common for growers. This year’s apple harvest was historically low—second only to 2012, which was the worst year for apple growers on record since 1945. Michelle Miller, an economic anthropologist I chatted with recently, recalled similar weather turbulence in 2012. “We had a weird spring that got super warm and then really cold. The harvest that fall was overall really poor, but not everywhere. In the Driftless [Region], there were some pockets where the harvest was okay.”\nThankfully for apple growers, these temperature fluctuations are not homogeneously devastating across a region or even an orchard. Apple trees planted on northern slopes will likely have a later bloom time, so early spring cold snaps are less likely to inflict crop damage. Trees planted on higher ridgetops, which elevates them from the frost settling in valleys, can also help.\nMichelle works with the Eco-Fruit Program, a partnership between University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Apple Growers Association that encourages apple growers to adopt integrated pest management (IPM) practices and move away from overreliance on potentially harmful synthetic pesticides. Apples are highly susceptible to diseases, and insect pests love apples. Rising average temperatures during the growing season may decrease generation time for some insects, and warmer temperatures combined with increased precipitation can also lead to more fungal disease outbreaks. The Eco-Fruit Program works through farmer-to-farmer networks to share information and best practices related to pest management. As Michelle recalled to me, the impacts of the low 2012 harvest led to growing awareness of the interconnectivity of the entire agroecosystem in which apples grow. “That year, the discussion [within the farmer networks] became, We need to understand the physiology of these plants and how they respond to these weather changes in the context of the whole system,” including the impacts that weather has on pollinators and soil systems.\nSolutions for Small Growers\nUnderstanding the situated, interconnected systems in which apples grow is integral to addressing climate impacts. As I learned from Matt, even the location of the tree can impact apple growth because slight variations in microclimates can affect blossom development. Trees growing on northern slopes produced more apples this year because the buds on those slopes blossomed later. But since most apple orchards are just a few acres, and many orchards are generationally passed down, most growers don’t have the luxury of location choice.\nAs a more immediate step, some orchards turn to technological solutions. For example, trellising systems help control the growth of the apple trees by training them to grow along short trellises. Dwarf apple tree varieties are often used, and the result is a more intensive growing system that improves the costs of labor. The upfront cost of trellising is high, says Matt, but with reduced labor costs and improved harvest, the infrastructure investments typically pay off. Trellising can support other technical solutions as well. Irrigation systems are easier and more cost-effective to set up along trellises, which can dramatically reduce drought risk. Hail nets are also easier to set up along trellises, which can protect not only against hail damage but also sunburn and heat stress.\nFor small-scale apple orchards, though, these technologies may be out of reach. Technical solutions like trellising and irrigation require bigger upfront investments, which often only commercial-scale orchards can cover. Commercial orchards also design their production around surplus, anticipating that they’ll have more than enough apples in a given season. As a result, it was the commercial orchards that Brix relied on for apples this season. Brix typically purchases most of their supply from small-scale orchards within 50 miles of Mount Horeb, often apples from wild and noncommercial orchards that the Raboins pick themselves. This intentional sourcing underpins their mission of building closer connections to their community and to the land. This year, instead of handpicking most of their apples, “we had to hedge our bets by sourcing from more commercial orchards,” which ultimately changed that personal connection from the supply chain. One of those commercial orchards is Munchkey Apples, for which investments in trellising, irrigation, and frost fans paid off this year with good harvest returns. Another is Seaquist Orchards in Door County, where regional differences in weather have made a big difference.\nBuilding Orchard-to-Orchard Relationships\nTo be clear, these orchards are still Wisconsin-based, family-owned businesses. Rather than suggesting disconnections for Brix, relying on these orchards represents readjusting what those connections mean. This year, Brix depended on different kinds of relationships in the supply chain.\nMichelle also spoke of the importance of producer connections during the 2012 season. “Overall, the harvests were really poor, but it wasn’t poor everywhere. There were some pockets in the Driftless Area where the harvest was okay. And in previous years there were parts of the Great Lakes region that had been hit really hard, and Wisconsin growers sent apples to those regions.” So, in 2012, when Wisconsin orchards needed assistance, it was those long-term relationships between orchards in different areas and regions that facilitated orchard-to-orchard support. “It was a really interesting use of trust and relationships in the supply chain,” Michelle reflected. “You were kind to me in the past so I’ll help you out by giving you apples this year.”\nIn my research, I ask farmers, business owners, and community members to define resilience. Over and over again, I hear different versions of the sentiment that resilience is about relationships—between farmers; between farmers, businesses, and consumers; and between eaters and food. “In some ways, resilience is about seeing people as humans and having relationships with farmers that are not just transactional,” one respondent reflected.\nIn light of these conversations, I’m reminded of the “yeoman myth” that persists throughout U.S. agriculture. As Adam Calo recently wrote, this myth paints a portrait of the individualistic, independent (and white/male) farmer who, through grit and determination, achieves a moralistic self-sufficiency. Yet this idealized farmer, who is typically associated with romantic pastoralism and historically rooted in settler colonial agrarianism and state-sponsored legacies of land exclusion and dispossession, has never truly existed. Related is the widespread veneration of the small family farm. Rather than offering a realistic portrayal of agrarianism in the U.S., these ideals subvert alternative farming structures, such as collective ownership or cooperative farming, and the myriad benefits of farmer connectedness.\nWhich brings me back to my original question: what does climate change mean for small-scale apple growers in Wisconsin as they face intensified climate impacts and some of the lowest harvests in decades? Some researchers speculate that orchards will need to intensify production through technological advancements to contend with climate change. The reflections above, though, lead me to believe that climate change solutions are not single-orchard issues. Technological fixes may mitigate the impacts from extreme weather events on a seasonal basis, but these events are unpredictable and the best practices that growers live by are changing year by year. As Matt noted, “It’s hard to make a new rule of thumb when there’s so much uncertainty.” There’s only so much a grower can do to reduce climate risk within a single orchard, or even within a single region.\nInstead, the future for orchards, and businesses like Brix who source from them, might lie in creating a new ideal of a connected farmer who is resilient through their relationships. It might look like a web of connections across orchards and even regions, with supply chains that move through trust and respect. Perhaps Brix reevaluates its list of connections that cider creates: to land, to community, and to the networks of apple growers who work together to face the uncertainties of the future. Maybe these connections extend to consumers too—and not just through the Honeycrisp, but through growing awareness of how the agricultural landscape is changing every year, and how our expectations of what apples in fall mean might change with it.\nFeatured image: Beth Raboin handpicks apples from a “hidden” orchard near Blanchardville, Wisconsin. Well-maintained but no longer in commercial production, orchards like these have long supported Brix’s local cider production. Photo by Matt Raboin.\nJules Reynolds is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Geogrphy and the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Her research focuses on community-engaged resilience and transformation of community food systems in South-Central Wisconsin. Her last contribution to Edge Effects was “There’s More than One World. There’s a Pluriverse” (August 2019). Twitter. Contact.\nMichelle Miller, Regina Hirsch, Carol Barford, Tom Green, Brent McCown, and Michael Bell, “Climate change and risk in perennial farming systems: Resiliency planning for perennial fruity production in the Upper Midwest,” grant proposal submitted to USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, 2013. ↩", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Part I of this series, we examined breaking up the too-big-to-fail-or- jail banks, regulating them - especially their massive and risky derivatives trading - and more aggressively enforcing laws and regulations against security fraud.\nIn Part II, we examine how to remake the Federal Reserve into a transparent, democratic institution that serves the necessities of the people and the economy, not just the bankers; how to develop public banks in every state and many cities throughout the nation; and how people can opt out of Wall Street right now.\nIn other articles and on our web site, we examine the broader economy and how to remake it by putting in place economic democracy so that people have greater control over their economic lives and more influence over the direction of the economy.\nIt is worth restating that we do not see the proposals here as final, but more as an opportunity to continue the discussion so Americans can develop a finance system that serves and protects them.\nTransform the Federal Reserve\nA fundamental question for the new finance system is the role of the Federal Reserve and whether it should remain in private hands. The Federal Reserve is a privately owned US central bank that acts behind closed doors to create money and set interest rates, and it presently puts the interests of the big banks first. The Federal Reserve was originally created by Congress in 1913 and can be altered, nationalized or even dismantled by Congress.\nThe Fed is a private entity that is controlled by the banks. The 12 Regional Reserve Banks issue shares of stock to its member banks. The Fed is not operated for profit, and the stock may not be sold, traded or pledged as security for a loan. It does pay dividends that are, by law, 6 percent per year. But more importantly, the stock provides banks with votes to elect six of the nine members of the board of governors of the regional banks.\nAs Leo Panitch told The Real News Network, it is \"not just that the banks are too powerful outside the Treasury and Fed. The Treasury and Fed are part of the Wall Street nexus, and they are organized in such a way, and the people who work in them are trained in such a way, as to be reproducing the current system.\"\nThere is widespread agreement among economists that there is a need for a central bank to regulate the money supply by setting interest rates and to be a lender of last resort in a financial crisis. However, Bill Black argues that the Fed can be made very small and mechanical in its setting of interest rates, rather than maintaining the current approach, which depends on what members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors decide.\nFurther, the Fed needs to be made utterly transparent. \"There is no reason for anything the Fed does to be opaque\" says Black. In 2010, an \"audit the Fed\" bill passed in Congress despite aggressive opposition by the Fed. It was not the broad, open audit originally proposed by former Texas Republican Congressman Ron Paul and Rep. Alan Grayson (D-Florida), but it did provide a snapshot audit of a limited time of Fed activity.\nAs a result of the Government Accountability Office (GAO) audit of the Fed, Senate sponsor Bernie Sanders of Vermont said, \"We now know that the Federal Reserve provided more than $16 trillion in total financial assistance to some of the largest financial institutions and corporations in the United States and throughout the world.\" Among the investigation's key findings was that the Fed unilaterally provided trillions of dollars in financial assistance to foreign banks and corporations from South Korea to Scotland. These decisions were all made without the public, media or elected officials' knowledge, and they would have remained secret without an audit.\nIn addition, the audit found conflicts of interest. For example, the CEO of JPMorgan Chase served on the New York Fed's board of directors at the same time that his bank received more than $390 billion in financial assistance from the Fed. Sanders urged that \"No one who works for a firm receiving direct financial assistance from the Fed should be allowed to sit on the Fed's board of directors or be employed by the Fed.\"\nBut the fundamental question is: who should control the money supply? The control of the money supply may be one of the most important functions of government, but currently it is controlled by the Federal Reserve. The Fed creates funds digitally and makes them available to private banks at a low interest rate, which the banks can then use as they like to invest, add to their personal reserves and/or make loans of up to ten times the amount of their holdings.\nAt present, the government can only issue bonds that are sold to the Fed, banks or investors with the funds raised by those bond issues used for federal spending. These bonds are loans that must be repaid with interest by the government. So in effect, the government places itself in a position of debt by borrowing money from the banks, and then taxpayer dollars are used to pay the debt with interest. If the government created its own (debt-free) money instead, taxpayers would get more value for their dollars and the system could be more democratic and transparent, and could function for the public good.\nHenry Ford said, \"It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a revolution before tomorrow morning.\" Why? Because, as Thomas Edison pointed out, \"If our nation can issue a dollar bond, it can issue a dollar bill. The element that makes the bond good, makes the bill good ... It is absurd to say our country can issue $30 million in bonds and not $30 million in currency. Both are promises to pay, but one promise fattens the usurers and the other helps the people.\"\nAs part of the economic track of the 2011 Democracy Convention, Greg Coleridge argued that the US Constitution gives the government the power to create money; Article I, Section 8 says: \"The Congress shall have power ... to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin.\" The creation of money is a public function, perhaps more important than any other part of the commons. As Coleridge points out, public money means we create our own money debt-free rather than borrowing from banks and building up debt.\nThe American Monetary Institute has put forward a thorough model of remaking the finance system to take power from the banks and give it to the people through the government. The institute point to a bill introduced by former Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio), HR 2990, which dismantles the Federal Reserve and puts the necessary functions in the Department of Treasury, where a monetary authority is created to prevent inflationary and deflationary impacts. It would prevent banks from creating money through fractional reserve lending. Instead, money would be created by the government, which spends it into circulation for necessary programs - for example, infrastructure, education, health care.\nEconomist Jack Rasmus also urges that we \"democratize\" the Fed and require it to function as a national, Bank of North Dakota-like \"public banking institution that would provide cost-only loans to the consumer sector (mortgage, auto, student, installment, etcetera), finance public investment corps for alternative energy, lend to community infrastructure projects, and totally remove the private banks from its board of governors and open market committee decision-making process.\"\nMoving the money creation function into the federal government would place it within the US constitutional system of checks and balances to work for the whole society, not only for the bankers and the privileged.Rather than the banker's corporation, the Federal Reserve, creating money, the Fed would be replaced by a US Central Bank operating within the Department of the Treasury (as one option) which would create money.\nFurther, Coleridge argues, that there is good reason for governments to control the money supply because there are times when more money is needed in the economy and times when the money supply needs be slowed. When money is created by government, it is an asset and not debt to banks. We should be funding necessary projects and paying our debts with debt-free money. Money should be made for the benefit of the entire economy, not for the benefit of bankers.\nUnder such a system, the creation of money would be used to serve the interests of society. The money would be created and spent into circulation by the federal government for infrastructure, including the human infrastructure of education and health care. For example, the American Society of Civil Engineers grades US infrastructure D+ and sees an urgent need for over $3.6 trillion in spending to bring existing infrastructure to safe levels by 2020. As the federal government spends money on infrastructure and other urgent needs and funds local and state governments, this money is paid out to contractors, who pay their suppliers and laborers, who pay for their living expenses, and, ultimately, that money gets deposited into banks, which are then in a position to make loans.\nSome creative thinking is needed to develop a new central banking system. We should open our minds to a wide range of options. For example, in addition to the approach described here, the finance system could be a fourth branch of government, elected directly by the people; or with a combination of elected and appointed governors to represent different parts of society, for example: energy, housing, health care, workers, transportation. The current system is not working and needs rethinking so that it serves the needs of the people and the society, not only the desires of financiers.\nPublic Banking: A Public Bank in Every State\nEllen Brown, the president of the Public Banking Institute, argues that we need a public bank in every state and major city. The United States has one model for public banking: the bank of North Dakota. When North Dakota farmers were losing farms to Wall Street, they organized a populist movement, and in 1919, set up the bank of North Dakota. The publicly owned bank recycles state revenues into credit for the state. Thus, North Dakotans keep their money in their community.\nThe result has been an ongoing success. Even during the current economic collapse, North Dakota escaped the credit crisis and has maintained a budget surplus since 2008, low unemployment and no public debt.\nImagine how different California could be if it had public banks. Brown summarizes: \"At the end of 2010, it had general obligation and revenue bond debt of $158 billion. Of this, $70 billion, or 44 percent, was owed for interest. If the state had incurred that debt to its own bank - which then returned the profits to the state - California could be $70 billion richer today. Instead of slashing services, selling off public assets, and laying off employees, it could be adding services and repairing its decaying infrastructure.\"\nHow does public banking work? All of the revenues of the state go into the state's public bank, which, like other banks, leverages those deposits into credit. The state bank partners with local banks to fund local projects. For example, when there is a flood or other disaster, the bank quickly helps provide funds to rebuild homes and infrastructure. It is a bank focused on serving the public interest and which returns the profits to the public.\nAccording to Brown, there have been two recent studies that show public banks are less corrupt than private banks and that they are more efficient and more profitable. The North Dakota public bank has complete transparency and accountability - including routine audits by several agencies. It does not pay executives exorbitant salaries and bonuses. It does not reward people for churning out risky loans. And it does not engage in casino investing in risky derivatives. It has lower costs because no advertising is necessary; instead, the government guarantees the bank easy access to liquidity.\nThe most obvious reason for a public bank is to allow a state to use its resources to build the economy of the state by keeping resources in-state and not sending them to Wall Street, but there are other reasons. The events in Cyprus, where depositors were forced to bail out the banks through seizure of their savings, show there needs to be a banking system that protects people. Cyprus-like seizures of accounts can happen in the United States.\nIn fact, Ellen Brown reports that as part of the \"living wills\" banks are required to prepare under Dodd-Frank - which describe how they will survive an economic crisis - the banks include \"bail-in\" provisions. These plans require depositors (who are unsecured creditors, with fewer rights than derivative investors) to bail out the banks by turning their savings into bank stock, which could be worth only pennies on the dollar in a crash.\nMarc Armstrong, executive director of the Public Banking Institute, asks of the states: \"What is their plan to prevent city, county and state governments from becoming creditors for the too-big-to-fail banks, the next time these banks lose a multi-billion dollar bet? Because of their fiduciary responsibility to the public, we request that our public finance officials answer the question: what is the risk we have in doing business with too-big-to-fail banks that are apparently now able to seize deposits and convert them to capital?\"\nThe living wills of the big banks make them too risky for city, county and state government money, as well as pension funds' money.\nAnother concern is that at least 1,350 school districts and government agencies across the nation have turned to a controversial form of borrowing called capital appreciation bonds to finance major projects. These bonds allow the government to avoid paying anything now and pass the debt on to future generations, but at a much greater cost. For example, $22 million borrowed now with no payments due for 21 years would cost the taxpayers $154 million, seven times the amount borrowed, when it is repaid in 2049.\nThis practice raises questions. Armstrong summarizes: \"Why are state and local governments, school districts and public hospitals paying Wall Street banks billions of dollars of interest on municipal bond and capital appreciation bond debt, when we could be paying that same interest to ourselves by issuing credit with a public bank?\"\nMichael Hudson, a former Wall Street economist, sees the private banking system as cannibalizing the economy and supports public banks to fund the needs of the nation. When the banks failed, the FDIC should have taken them over, essentially made them into public banks, says Hudson:\nIf the government would have taken over Citibank it would not have done the kind of things that Citibank did. The government would not have used depositors' money and borrowed money to gamble. It wouldn't have gone down the casino capitalism route. It wouldn't have played the derivatives market. It wouldn't have made corporate takeover loans. None of these are productive from the vantage point of economic growth and raising productive powers and living standards. They would not be the proper behavior of a public bank.\nHudson points to the differences between public and private banking. Private \"[b]anks are supposed to make money. And unfortunately, they can make money most easily ... by being parasitic, not by being productive.\" On the other hand, a public bank \"would make loans for long-term purposes to serve the economy and help the economy grow.\"\nWith the risks of Wall Street banks increasing and dislike of their banking practices mounting, the public banking movement is growing. It is also being spurred by the US Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve's refusal to assist states with their budget problems. Brown reports that 20 states are considering public banks, as are a growing number of cities. Brown says, \"We need to get more information out there and develop a groundswell of popular support. Populist movements start with a lot of study, learning about the monetary system.\" One place to do that is at the June 2-4 public banking conference in California.\nBrown would like to see states remove the middleman, the private banks that profit from their deposits, by creating a public bank in every state so states could \"bring their money back home and leverage it for their own purposes.\" There is no good reason for states and cities not to develop public banks and many good reasons to do so.\nChange Is Already Happening as People Opt Out of Wall Street\nThere are a variety of vehicles being developed to help people move their money out of Wall Street banks and the current finance system.\nThe Move Your Money Project encouraged people to move their money from the big banks to community banks and credit unions. The Occupy movement held a Bank Transfer Day on November 5, 2011, as part of this campaign. The campaign was assisted by banks whose corrupt practices became notorious and who had started adding fees, like ATM card fees. Three months after Bank Transfer Day, more than 5.6 million customers had moved their money. The campaign continues at Switch Your Banks, which has a consistently excellent blog on banking. Credit unions, a form of cooperative finance, now have assets of over $1 trillion and are becoming major financial players.\nPeople have also been creating time dollars and time banks. This concept, originated by Edgar S. Cahn, allows people to give time to get time; that is, if someone takes an hour to teach someone to read, they can get an hour for a massage from someone else participating in the time bank, and the masseuse can get an hour from a local participating plumber. This work is conducted outside of the tax system and allows people who have skills, but perhaps are unemployed or underemployed, to use their skills in a dignified way to purchase the skills of other people. TimeBanks.org provides a directory of Time Banks in the United States. If you cannot find one in your community, you can create a time bank.\nAnother opt-out is local currency. Across the world, 1,900 local communities, including over a hundred in the United States, are now issuing their own currency. Some communities, such as Ithaca, New York, issue paper currency; others in Canada, Australia, the UK or France issue complementary electronic money.\nThe new Internet currency, Bitcoin, has become popular very quickly. Bitcoin is already bigger than many sovereign currencies and this month broke the $1 billion value mark. Bitcoin is not tied to any particular financial institution and is independent from world governments. Some view Bitcoin as a safe haven for people trying to protect their money from corrupt Wall Street banking, but large investors have begun buying up Bitcoin to avoid taxes. The outcome is uncertain at this time.\nMore and more questioning has arisen regarding the current debt-based finance system. Occupy Wall Street offshoot Strike Debt isbuilding popular resistance to all forms of debt imposed on us by the banks. They produced the Debt Resistor's Operations Manual, which provides specific information and tactics for understanding and fighting against the debt system. It provides information on how to deal with personal debt, as well as how to work collectively to challenge the way debt undermines communities. Strike Debt also organized a Rolling Jubilee where participants buy debt at pennies on the dollar, as debt collectors do, but rather than collecting the debt, they forgive it. So far, they have raised over $578,000 to abolish over $11.5 million in debt.\nPeople are also examining ways to invest locally rather than on Wall Street. Michael Shuman, in Local Dollars, Local Sense points out that Americans have $30 trillion invested in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, pension funds and life insurance funds, but not even 1 percent of these savings touch local small business. He shows how people can profit by putting money into building their local businesses and creating resilient local and regional economies. Shuman describes many ways to opt out of Wall Street and opt in to local investment, among them investment clubs and networks, local investment funds, community ownership, direct public offerings, local stock exchanges and crowd funding.\nTying It All Together\nIn his current book, What Then Must We Do?, political economist Gar Alperovitz argues that banking is one of two major areas where game-changing, systemic change might develop (the other is health care). As the Wall Street finance system fails us and places us at great financial risk, people are looking for alternatives and thinking about ways to create a finance system that will serve the people. A lot has been done in this area, and a cohesive set of principles is beginning to be developed. These include:\nInvestigation and enforcement of the finance system.\nBreaking up the big banks and limiting their size so they are not a systemic risk.\nRemaking the Fed into a small, transparent, mechanical controller of interest rates.\nTransferring the power to create money to the government in a new central bank.\nCreating public banks in cities and states throughout the country.\nCreating systems outside of the finance system that allow for barter, time banks and other alternatives.\nEncouraging community banks and credit unions.\nEncouraging local investment in communities instead of Wall Street investment.\nThis article does not attempt to cover all aspects of finance. For example, the international systems dominated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund require major transformation, but that topic would require an article of equal length. We also do not deal with the economy beyond finance, where we see worker-self-directed enterprises or worker cooperatives as the foundation of a new democratic economy that spreads wealth and power more equitably among the people and where a progressive tax system would fund the government.\nFinance is the center of the US economy. The current system does not function for most people - or for small- and medium-sized businesses. It is a system that is addicted to casino-like investment, is corrupted by unprosecuted security fraud and funnels money to the wealthiest.\nThe 2008 collapse had devastating consequences, and since the system remains quite opaque, we do not know whether another collapse is near. It is time to develop an alternative system of finance designed to support the needs of the people and the country, not the needs of bankers. We hope this article adds to an ongoing conversation, and we look forward to your comments so the conversation can be advanced further.\nYou can listen to Big Finance Fraud and Public Banks with Bill Black and Ellen Brown on Clearing the FOG Radio.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "cl-19-022-1.pdf (4 MB)\nStrong health information systems (HIS) can collect, analyze, and use high-quality, timely data to strengthen health service delivery. A functioning HIS gets the right information into the right hands at the right time, enabling policymakers, managers, and individual service providers to make informed choices about everything from patient care to national budgets. Despite a growing emphasis on strengthening HIS and measuring how information systems contribute to improved health outcomes, understanding is limited on what interventions will work to improve HIS in various stages of development.\nThe HIS Stages of Continuous Improvement (SOCI) Toolkit was collaboratively designed to help countries or organizations holistically assess, plan, and prioritize interventions and investments to strengthen an HIS. The assessment measures current and desired HIS status across five core domains of an HIS, and 39 subcomponents, and maps a path toward improvementthus assisting countries in ensuring the right information is available to the right people at the right time. HIS are essential not only to monitor and improve national and subnational programs, but also to demonstrate country progress on a global level. This tool aligns with World Health Organization efforts to strengthen country HIS and capacities to monitor universal health coverage and health Sustainable Development Goals.\nThe HIS SOCI Toolkit was jointly developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Health Data Collaborative digital health and interoperability working group, and the USAID-funded MEASURE Evaluation project. The toolkit also responds to one of MEASURE EvaluationsLearning Agendaquestions.\nThe full collection is also available online athttps://www.measureevaluation.org/his-strengthening-resource-center/his-stages-of-continuous-improvement-toolkit", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Have you ever been asked to give your pain rating on a scale of 0 – 10 (where 0 = no pain at all and 10 = most extreme pain you can imagine)? Have you ever tried to work out whether today’s pain is worse than yesterdays? What does a pain rating tell us?\nI’ve struggled to work out how “bad” my pain is many times, is it the pain intensity that makes it troublesome? Or, in the case of a migraine, is it the quality of the pain that makes it bad (or the nausea?). Health professionals often ask people to summarise their pain experience into a form that (hopefully) we can all understand – but just what does a pain that’s around 4/10 on a VAS actually mean?\nWhy do we use rating scales?\nWe know that pain is subjective, just like taste and colour. While we might be able to agree that both of us are tasting something we call “banana”, we don’t know whether the banana taste I experience is the same as the banana taste you experience. We can see that both of us are eating the same fruit, but we don’t know how our body/brain processes that experience. Instead we assume, or infer, that we’re experiencing it in a similar way because of the similarities in context.\nWith pain, the situation is even more complex: we can’t determine whether the pain I feel is similar to the pain another person feels, and we don’t even have the benefit of similar “tissue damage” in the case of a migraine headache.\nSo, we have to infer something about the experience through some sort of common mechanism. Mostly that’s language. We hope that someone can understand that a higher number means greater pain. We hope the person can recognise what “no pain” feels like and where it might be represented on a scale. We ask the person to remember their current pain intensity, translate it into a number that in turn represents to us some kind of common understanding of what pain given that number might feel like.\nOf course, there are problems with numbers on a scale. For a child who doesn’t understand the association between numbers on a scale and intensity, we use the “Faces” scale. For a person with cognitive problems (brain injury, stroke, dementia), we observe their behaviour (and hope we can translate well enough). For a person who doesn’t speak the same language as us, we might try a sliding scale with green at the bottom and red at the top, to represent increasing intensity – appealing, perhaps, to a common understanding that green = OK and red = not OK.\nWorse than the difficulty translating from experience to a number is the common misunderstanding that pain severity alone represents the “what it is like” to experience pain. We know personally that it doesn’t – after all, who has had a toothache that represents “Oh no, I need a root canal and that’s going to cost a bomb!”, or “Ouch! That lemon juice in the paper cut on my finger is really annoying”, or “I feel so sick, this migraine is horrible”.\nHopefully most health professionals are taught that to use just one measure of pain is not enough. It’s important to also include other aspects of pain such as quality, how it affects function (interference), how confident we are to deal with life despite the pain (self efficacy).\nSo we use rating scales as a shorthand way to get to understand a tiny bit of what it is like to have pain. But the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is used many times to estimate whether “this person’s pain is so bad they need medication”, or “this person’s pain means we can’t expect her to help move herself from the ambulance trolley to the wheelchair”. The VAS can be used in many ways it shouldn’t be.\nStudying the relationship between VAS pain intensity and disability (SF36)\nThe study by Boonstra, Schiphorst Preuper, Balk & Stewart (in press) aimed to identify cut-off points on the VAS to establish “mild”, “moderate” and “severe” using three different statistical approaches. They measured pain using a Verbal Rating Scale (mild, moderate and severe), the VAS, and used several scales from the SF36 (a measure of general health quality) to establish interference from pain.\nWhat they found was that while “mild” pain was fairly equally determined (less than or equal to 3.5), and correlated with both severity and function, when it came to “moderate” and “severe” pain, there was far less agreement. In fact, this group found that individuals could verbally rate their pain as “moderate” but at the same time report severe levels of interference. This means verbal descriptors under-represent the impact of pain on performance.\nThey also found that the cut-off point between “mild” and “moderate” pain in terms of interference with activity ranged between 2.5 – 4.5, and for moderate to severe pain between 4.5 – 7.4. The associations between pain intensity and disability or interference were low to moderate and as a result these authors argue that it is “questionable” to translate VAS scores into verbal descriptors, because the different instruments measure different things.\nWhat does this tell us?\nIt should be easy by now to tell that although we use numbers as a shorthand for “how bad is your pain?” in reality, they don’t directly translate the “what it is like” to have pain. Neither does the VAS correlate well with measures of disability or interference from pain. While people with mild pain might be also experiencing only a little disability, when the numbers go up the relationship between intensity and function disappear.\nI think we might be trying to quantify an experience as a quick way to make clinical decisions. Really, when we ask “how bad is your pain”, depending on the context, we may be asking “do you need pain relief?”, “do you need help to move?”, “did my treatment help?” or any myriad other questions. The trouble is in research, we can’t do statistics nearly as easily on a “yes” or “really bad” or “it didn’t change much” answer. But how many of us work routinely in research settings?\nI wonder whether it’s worth asking ourselves: do I need to ask for a pain rating, or should I ask a more useful question? And take the time to listen to the answer.\nAnne M. Boonstra, Henrica R. Schiphorst Preuper, Gerlof A. Balk, & Roy E.Stewart (2014). Cut-off points for mild, moderate and severe pain on the VAS for pain for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain Pain DOI: http://dx..org/10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.014", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Most newbies want to go full throttle when they first begin investing. Surprisingly, most of these people are not very successful in the long run. They should have done more research before they began to make investments. The art of investing involves a great amount of finesse. You must be knowledgeable about investing. For beginners, sometimes this is not the easiest thing to accomplish.\nYou aren't expected to know everything about investing in the very beginning. But on the other hand, you should have enough discipline to not make rushed decisions. After all, you are handling money and nothing is guaranteed. Remember, there is a huge possibility that you might lose a lot of money. Wouldn't it make sense to know what you are doing before you make investment mistakes?\nDetermine Your Goals\nBefore you decide to go full throttle, maybe you should do some research before you begin investing. Devise a plan about how and what you will invest. In addition, create a few sound investment goals. Are you thinking about retiring and want to make sure that you will have enough money to retire on? Will these future investments be your main plan for funding your child's college education? Or, do you just want to have extra money in the bank? Before you invest large sums of money, know exactly what you wish to achieve. This will help you to make smarter choices when it comes to your investments.\nDon't Expect Overnight Success\nWhen they first begin investing, a lot of people think that investing money will make them immediate millionaires. This might happen to some, but the chances of it happening to the average Joe Blow is not a sure thing. Start investing with the goal of making money gradually. If you have this mindset, chances are your investment goals will be more manageable. Don't expect to get rich overnight. This is not a realistic goal.\nTalk to a Professional\nBefore you begin investing, you should also talk to a financial planner. You know what your financial goals are, but maybe you need professional help to reach them. Instead of investing blindly, talk to a pro. He can show you how to reach your goals realistically. However, don't rely totally on someone else to help you reach your financial goals.\nResearch and learn everything thing that you can before you begin investing your money. Take responsibility for your own future. This should be the most important part of your investment plan. Before you begin investing, think things through, make wise investment decisions and most importantly, slow down and create realistic investment goals. You'll find that this will make you a much more successful investor.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ocean pools have for several centuries served to attract visitors to particular stretches of recreational surf coasts.\nIn the nineteenth century, some surfside communities in Britain, Ireland, the Cape Colony and the Australian colonies viewed ocean pools as desirable, if not always affordable, developments offering safe bathing, beauty spots, visitor attractions and sometimes serving as sporting venues. In the Australian colony of New South Wales, tourist literature and promotions often made reference to ocean pools.\nOn the coast of early twentieth-century New South Wales, ocean pools became desirable and affordable developments offering safe bathing, beauty spots, a visitor attractions and valued sporting venues. Twentieth century tourist literature and promotions often made reference to ocean pools. Ocean pools were, however, no longer automatically considered affordable, beautiful or visitor attractions even on the New South Wales coast by the 1960s. Twenty-first century tourist literature and promotions continues nevertheless, to feature ocean pools. Heritage listing has further enhanced the visitor appeal of some ocean pools.\nIn present-day South Africa, where most of the population still lacks swimming skills and remains concerned about the risk of shark attacks, ocean pools add to the appeal of surf beaches.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This self inflicted disease riddling planet Earth lies in the household of nearly all Australians .Globally 160,000 plastic bags are used a second and put one after another they would go around the world 7 covering an area twice the size of France!. (Jaw drop)\nSo given that less than 1% are recycled and have a usage life of about 12 minutes that equals 1000 years of environmental impact what are we doing to curb the problem in Australia?\nIn Australia, plastic bag bans exist in South Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the ACT, while NSW, Queensland and Victoria remain in a deadlock over the issue, committed to the cause, but not yet ready to act.\nWe should be embarrassed. It’s a disgrace, that third-world countries moved to ban plastic bags before Australia it is a sad reflection on our society. However, last week there was a flicker of hope when television show The Project ganged up on state ministers to #BanTheBag which resulted in hundreds of thousands of people signing the Change.org petition.\nBut is it this very attitude of online social proof that stands in the way of real action? How many of those people who signed the petition vowed to give up plastic bags or marched down to city hall to make a point? Have we become disillusioned that clicking likes and shares equates to real action.\nStop using plastic straws, even in restaurants. If a straw is a must, purchase a reusable stainless steel or glass straw\nUse a reusable produce bag. A single plastic bag can take 1,000 years to degrade. Purchase or make your own reusable produce bag and be sure to wash them often!\nStop buying plastic bottles!\nPurchase food, like cereal, pasta, and rice from bulk bins and fill a reusable bag or container. You save money and unnecessary packaging.\nUse a reusable bottle or mug for your beverages, even when ordering from a to-go shop\nThe EPA estimates that 7.6 billion pounds of disposable diapers are discarded in the US each year. Use cloth diapers to reduce your baby’s carbon footprint and save money.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deposition of air pollutants around the North Sea and the North-East Atlantic in 2016\nThis report presents the results of monitoring undertaken by OSPAR Contracting Parties for the Comprehensive Atmospheric Monitoring Programme (CAMP) during 2016. Under the CAMP, OSPAR Contracting Parties are committed to monitoring, on a mandatory basis, the concentrations of a range of metals, organic compounds and nutrients in precipitation and air. The CAMP also encourages OSPAR Contracting Parties to monitor, on a voluntary basis, additional compounds (such as certain persistent organic pollutants). The report gives detailed information on observed atmospheric inputs of selected contaminants to the OSPAR maritime area and its regions during 2016.\nRegion II, the Greater North Sea, remains the most intensely observed sub-region. Sub-regional coasts that are most under-represented are the Irish Sea (Region III), the Bay of Biscay (Region IV), and the far north-east (Region I).\nAll Contracting Parties reported data for 2016. For most Parties some elements are missing to comply completely with the monitoring obligation defined by CAMP.\nThe regional distribution of the various pollutants show in general elevated levels closest to main source areas, though there is some variability with a few sites, which may be more influenced by local or nearby sources.\nTime trends show decrease in nitrogen, heavy metals and g-HCH in accordance to the general emission reductions done in Europe the last decades.\nTable 2.1 and Figure 2.1: Monitoring sites reporting, reduced and oxidised nitrogen compounds, heavy metals (HM), mercury and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to CAMP in 2016.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- What was the most serious mistake of reconstruction?\n- What was the greatest success of reconstruction?\n- How did the 15th Amendment impact life in the United States?\n- What is the16th Amendment?\n- Was the 15th Amendment successful?\n- Why do we need the 15th Amendment?\n- Why did the South won reconstruction?\n- Who opposed the 15th Amendment?\n- What were the successes and failures of reconstruction?\n- Why was reconstruction a failure Yahoo?\n- How did the 14th and 15th Amendment change society?\n- Why was reconstruction a failure essay?\n- Was reconstruction a success or failure Dbq?\n- What was the real result of the 15th Amendment?\n- What problems did reconstruction resolve?\n- Why did the 14th amendment fail?\n- What changes were created after the 15th Amendment was passed?\n- What did the 15th amendment fail accomplish?\nWhat was the most serious mistake of reconstruction?\nThe chief mistake of Reconstruction was conferring the right to vote on African-Americans, who, it was said, were incapable of exercising it intelligently..\nWhat was the greatest success of reconstruction?\nReconstruction was a success in that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and pledged their loyalty to the U.S. government.\nHow did the 15th Amendment impact life in the United States?\nThe 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the “right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Although ratified on …\nWhat is the16th Amendment?\n16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Federal Income Tax (1913) … Passed by Congress on July 2, 1909, and ratified February 3, 1913, the 16th amendment established Congress’s right to impose a Federal income tax.\nWas the 15th Amendment successful?\nAfter the Civil War, during the period known as Reconstruction (1865–77), the amendment was successful in encouraging African Americans to vote. Many African Americans were even elected to public office during the 1880s in the states that formerly had constituted the Confederate States of America.\nWhy do we need the 15th Amendment?\nThe Fifteenth Amendment granted voting rights to African American men, providing the most important key to participation in the American democratic process to millions of formerly enslaved, and politically excluded, people.\nWhy did the South won reconstruction?\nThe Reconstruction came to an end when President Haya signed the Compromise of 1877 and pulled troops out of South. … It was said that the South won the Reconstruction because after several years of trying to rebuild the system of South, the North failed to change it.\nWho opposed the 15th Amendment?\nAnthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who opposed the amendment, and the American Woman Suffrage Association of Lucy Stone and Henry Browne Blackwell, who supported it. The two groups remained divided until the 1890s.\nWhat were the successes and failures of reconstruction?\nThe Successes of Reconstruction President Lincoln’s original goal in the Civil War was to hold the nation together. And in this, the war and Reconstruction were a success. The Confederacy was destroyed for good, and every state that had seceded was readmitted to the Union.\nWhy was reconstruction a failure Yahoo?\nReconstruction was a failure because it didn’t rebuild the Southern economy or create lasting improvements in the social, political, and economic opportunities available to former slaves. Reconstruction was forcibly imposed on the Southern states by the government, a fact which many white Southerners deeply resented.\nHow did the 14th and 15th Amendment change society?\nThe 14th Amendment (1868) guaranteed African Americans citizenship rights and promised that the federal government would enforce “equal protection of the laws.” The 15th Amendment (1870) stated that no one could be denied the right to vote based on “race, color or previous condition of servitude.” These amendments …\nWhy was reconstruction a failure essay?\nThere was lack of vision in the north concern the state of south after the civil war, there were intense disputes that existed among the Congress and Presidency with respect to the lines of authority and the fact the southern whites were not willing to offer blacks a significant power position are major indicators of …\nWas reconstruction a success or failure Dbq?\nReconstruction was a success. power of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Amendments, which helped African Americans to attain full civil rights in the 20th century. Despite the loss of ground that followed Reconstruction, African Americans succeeded in carving out a measure of independence within Southern society.\nWhat was the real result of the 15th Amendment?\nPassed by Congress February 26, 1869, and ratified February 3, 1870, the 15th amendment granted African American men the right to vote. … For more than 50 years, the overwhelming majority of African American citizens were reduced to second-class citizenship under the “Jim Crow” segregation system.\nWhat problems did reconstruction resolve?\nReconstruction solved problems like job oppertunities for newly freed slaves, provided an education and a role in the government. The Fifteenth Amendment changed the U.S. Constitution by… Prohibiting racial qualifications for voting.\nWhy did the 14th amendment fail?\nNot only did the 14th amendment fail to extend the Bill of Rights to the states; it also failed to protect the rights of black citizens. One legacy of Reconstruction was the determined struggle of black and white citizens to make the promise of the 14th amendment a reality.\nWhat changes were created after the 15th Amendment was passed?\nFollowing its ratification by the requisite three-fourths of the states, the 15th Amendment, granting African American men the right to vote, is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution.\nWhat did the 15th amendment fail accomplish?\nLess than a year later, when Congress proposed the 15th Amendment, its text banned discrimination in voting, but only based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Despite some valiant efforts by activists, “sex” was left out, reaffirming the fact that women lacked a constitutional right to vote.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This Article Discuss Guerrilla Marketing. Guerrilla marketing is a promotional technique in which a company uses surprise and/or unorthodox methods to advertise a service or product. It is a type of commercial. Guerrilla marketing appears to be cheaper than traditional marketing. The concept of Guerrilla Marketing was proposed by Jay Conrad Levinson was popularized in the year 1984.\nGuerrilla marketing makes use of various strategies and activities to create direct consumer contact. One of the aims of this interaction is to trigger a client’s emotional response. The main aim of marketing is to get people to perceive goods or brands differently than what they are used to.\nYou call in the guerrillas when the traditional tactics aren’t delivering. They are the extra-special forces-the ones adopting killer tactics to turn the tide and defeat the enemy.\nA perfect alternative to conventional marketing is guerrilla marketing. It thrives on innovative thought and ingenuity, where innovation and naivety beat out massive budgets.\nWhen conventional media of advertisement – such as print, television, radio, and mail – lose influence, marketers, and advertisers need to find new ways to bring their marketing messages to the customer. Guerrilla marketing gives emphasis on attracting the customer by surprise to give the product or company a significant impact. This in effect gives rise to hype about the product being advertised. Guerrilla marketing is a variant of advertisement that increases the commitment of customers to the service or product and is formulated to create a memorable and experience. This also increases the probability that a customer who interacted with the advertisement, will recommend products to their friends, by creating a positive experience. The service or product being marketed reaches more people than originally planned via word of mouth.\nGuerrilla marketing is fairly inexpensive and focuses more on scope rather than frequency. Companies don’t need to invest huge money for guerrilla marketing campaigns to be successful; they only need creativity, energy, and time. It, therefore, has the capability for small businesses to succeed, especially if they compete against bigger businesses.\nThe message is also intended to be transparent and succinct to the consumers. That kind of messaging often acts on the unconscious mind, since the unconscious mind also makes buying decisions. It takes repetition to keep the product or service in the unconscious mind because if a buzz is generated around a product, and it is shared by friends, it allows repetition.\nThe word “guerrilla marketing” is linked to guerrilla warfare, which uses atypical methods to attain a target. In 1984 the term guerrilla marketing was coined by Jay Conrad Levinson and Leo Burnett in his book Guerrilla Marketing. The concept itself originated from guerrilla warfare influence, which was unconventional tactics using various methods from the normal and minor military approaches used by armed civilians. Implementing a publicity campaign for the guerrillas requires high levels of imagination and energy. This type of marketing is based solely on shocking the customer, making a bigger impression and ultimately contributing to word-of-mouth or social media channels buzzing.\nGuerrilla marketing is ideal for a small or medium-sized company to promote its services or goods to its customers without spending more resources on the advertisement. Large corporations have used this to demonstrate the difference from their rivals and to use social media strategies. Individuals have increasingly been using unorthodox forms of searching for employment or to work more. As a result, the street marketing idea was born. It developed from being merely the implementation of street events, to being the creation of creative promotional practices. For example, the distribution of flyers is one approach that many businesses use to advertise their goods or services on the streets. This practice is not about imagination but about street ads. Over time, however, businesses have developed more innovative strategies to attract customers’ attention.\n1. Ambient marketing:\nAmbient marketing is advertising displayed on environmental items, on almost any physical surface available. It is a collection of atmospheric knowledge, versatility, and productive use. From hand dryers in public toilets and gas stations through to bus hand ties and golf-hole cups, these kinds of advertisements can be found anywhere and anywhere.\n2. Ambush marketing:\nAmbush marketing is a form of associative marketing that an organization uses to focus on the visibility, advertising, goodwill, and other benefits of having an affiliation with an event or property without having an official or direct connection to that event or property. It is typically seen at major events where official sponsor rivals try to build an association with the event, and sometimes covertly raise awareness for their brands. For example, At the 2012 London Olympics, Nike had spots where they featured athletes from several cities named London (but without revealing the actual London or linking to the Olympic Games) intended to create a good association between London Olympics and Nike.\n3. Stealth Marketing:\nStealth marketing is a deliberate act of, or attempt to, reach, operate, or exit a market in a furtive, clandestine, or imperceptible manner.\n4. Viral / Buzz Marketing:\nViral marketing describes any technique that allows individuals to communicate a brand message to others, creating opportunities for rapid growth in the visibility and effect of the product. These techniques, such as viruses, leverage accelerated replication to blast the message to millions, or thousands. Viral marketing is referred to as “word-of-mouth” off the Internet, “creating a wave,” “network promotion,” “leveraging advertising,” but on the Internet, for better or worse, it’s simply “viral marketing.” Similarly, wave marketing employs high profile media to promote consumer interest in the brand or product. Buzz marketing performs best because consumer responses to a product or service are genuine and the company does not pay for the resulting endorsements. The noise created by marketing efforts for noise is called “amplified WOM” (word-of-mouth), and “Only Word of Mount” happens when consumer random buzz happens.\n5. Grassroots Marketing:\nGrassroots marketing seeks to win individual consumers over. An effective grassroots campaign is not about spreading the marketing message in the hope of paying attention to potential customers, but instead emphasizes a personal bond between the customer and the brand and creates a lifelong relationship with the brand.\nAstroturfing is the practice of hiding the sponsors (e.g. political, advertising, religious or public relations) of a message or group to make it look as though it comes from an individual in and is sponsored by a grassroots participant. It is a technique intended to provide authenticity to the claims or entities by hiding information on the monetary relation of the source.\n7. Street Marketing:\nStreet marketing uses unorthodox ways to promote or advertise goods and brands in public spaces. The key purpose is to enable customers to identify and recall the label or product that has been advertised. As a branch of the guerrilla marketing, street marketing is synonymous with all marketing operations carried out in streets and public places such as parks, sidewalks, festivals, etc. Street marketing also includes outdoor advertising such as on shopping trolleys (shopping carts, in the USA), public toilets, car or public transportation sides, manhole coverings, footpaths, rubbish bins, etc. Street marketing is not just about commercial organizations. Companies use brand ambassadors to give product samples or coupon coupons, and address product questions while marketing the brand, is standard practice. A kiosk containing samples of the product or demonstration content may accompany the brand ambassadors, or they may wear a “rolling billboard.” Active customer contact has greater control power than conventional passive advertising. Street marketing is known not only to uses the public space but also the urban imagination: that of popular street art and culture. Because of its connections with the street culture, the Y-generation, which is largely made up of young urbanites (15 – 30 years old), is also placed forward as the most vulnerable group for the campaigns. According to Marcel Saucet and Bernard Cova, street marketing can be used as a general concept that involves six key forms of activity:\n- Flyer or product distribution: this activity is more conventional and is the most common form of street marketing used by brands.\n- Product animations: This involves customizing a high-traffic space using brand imagery. The idea is to build a micro-universe for a new product or service to promote.\n- Human animations: These acts seek to create an environment where the meaning of the brand is conveyed through human interaction.\n- Roadshows: This type of mobile display is focused on the creation of means of transportation: cab, bike, Segway, etc.\n- Exposed actions: these operations include the customization of street features.\n- Event actions: Spectacles such as flash mobs or tournaments take the shape of certain events. The aim is to encourage the importance of a good, service, or brand by planning a public event.\nGuerrilla Marketing Principles\n- Measuring success through profit, not sales.\n- Instead of prioritizing new clients, increasing the amount and scale of current customers’ purchases and obtaining referrals are given priority.\n- Target communications at small communities, rather than large markets.\n- Focus on obtaining the consumer’s permission to give them more details.\n- Commit to advertising, seeking a successful pace, instead of any time producing a new post.\nGuerrilla Marketing Pros & Cons\nPros in Guerrilla Marketing\n- Inexpensive to execute: By using a plain stencil or a giant sticker, the promotion of guerrillas appears to be much cheaper than traditional ads.\n- Gives imaginative thinking: Imagination is more critical than budget with guerrilla marketing.\n- Grows with Mouth-of-Word: Guerrilla marketing is heavily dependent on word-of-mouth marketing, considered one of the most powerful weapons in a marketer’s arsenal by many. There’s nothing better than getting people to talk their own way about your campaign.\n- Publicity will ball of snow: Any especially interesting or special publicity campaigns for the guerrillas would be picked up by local (and even national) news outlets, resulting in an advertisement force that advertisers drooling over.\nCons in Guerrilla Marketing\n- Hidden signals may be confused.\n- Guerrilla marketing campaigns also have an air of ambiguity and whilst this sense of mystery can also propel the interest and awareness of a campaign, the lack of clarification can often distort the perception of the viewer.\n- The confusion associated with marketing campaigns for guerrillas may have serious consequences, such as when blinking LED circuit boards advertising a new animation film, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, were secretly placed across Boston City in 2007. The items were mistaken for explosive devices, creating chaos across the city when bomb squads were called in to investigate the suspected devices and destroy them.\n- The hired installers had even been arrested for mounting “hoax devices,” but released later. While the naming of this campaign as a failure would be straightforward, the news has been picked up by major television networks around the world, and others will actually call it a victory gave the entire debacle.\n- Intervention by the authority: Certain forms of guerrilla marketing, such as unpermitted street graffiti, can contribute to conflict with authorities.\n- Unpredicted obstacles: Certain techniques in guerrilla marketing are vulnerable to poor weather, scheduling thrown, and other minor incidents that could quickly threaten to sabotage a whole operation.\n- Potential backlash: Sophisticated viewers can call out companies who do not approve of guerrilla marketing campaigns. This is true for covert ad activities – expect to face the wrath if you’re caught.\n- There is no question that guerrilla marketing will produce incredible results by encouraging marketers to exercise their imagination in a creative way, but it can only succeed with businesses who are not afraid of taking risks.\nWhat kind of Guerrilla marketing is Effective?\nGuerrilla marketing was structured specifically to reach current consumers, rather than new ones, with the goal of increasing their loyalty to a product and/or brand. A demographic that already identifies with the commodity at any stage is the ideal choice when targeting consumers for a tactical message; it would be easier to understand and adapt to innovative strategies, and more likely to share the experience with their peers.\nSocial media is now a significant part of the consumer environment, online guerrilla marketing has proven especially successful. Consumers who use social media on a daily basis are more likely to post their experiences with guerrilla marketing, and innovative advertisements will go viral quickly.\nStep by Step Process of Creating Guerrilla Marketing Strategy?\nA guerrilla strategy starts with an innovative and entertaining concept, usually including not just the message material but its shape. Surprises and creative marketing approaches are the main ingredients for attracting customer curiosity.\nA variety of creative methods may be employed — and indeed, using a combination of methods is one of the principles of guerrilla marketing. Graffiti (or reverse graffiti, where a filthy wall is randomly cleaned), immersive exhibits, public area capture experiences, flash mobs, or other Publicity tricks are often used. The ultimate marketing strategy will be coherent when using a range of approaches. Repeated sightings of the surprise message create curiosity and shifting messaging after each trick appears to confuse or diminish a consumer’s curiosity in the brand. The shocking message will encourage customers to share their discovery with friends. There, mobile phones’ omnipresence works for covert marketing. The strategy must be something fresh and unique to attract customers. Those delighted with the unique message will share it this way. Each “oh, check this out” photo a customer sends to a friend is more advertisement. And because this commercial comes from a relative rather than from the vendor, it holds more interest. A positive occurrence causes a buzz — or even more so, it goes viral. It is much better to get people thinking about your product than to complain to others about your company. It takes with it an amount of difficulty to create a special experience. Specifically, an unnecessarily imaginative conversation may be misinterpreted.\nIf you Like this Article Please Hit the Like Button and Follow Us on our Facebook Page: PROJECTS4MBA", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Class 5 is considered to be middle school where students are well aware of their abilities. They must be treated as grown-ups now, and should be exposed to extra-curricular competitions. This exposure in the form of Olympiad exams help them to prepare for their school academics as well. The syllabus for these exams is the same as prescribed by school. Teachers recommend the use of workbooks by Indian Talent Olympiad, as it has variety of practice questions. Olympiad exams for class 5 are conducted in the following subjects:\nThe content designed in the workbooks and other study material offered by Indian Talent is prepared by experts. The team of professionals ensure that content is student-friendly. Each chapter has enough practice questions for students to solve at leisure. Such additional practice makes them perfect in various topics. They are able to score well not only in school exams but also in other competitions. Following is the link to purchase Olympiad workbooks for class 5.Buy Olympiad Books\nStudents of class 5 develop analytical thinking skills when they are exposed to national competitions. Olympiad exams allow students to understand the question well, before arriving at the right answer. To achieve good results, students must be willing to put a lot of hard work and effort. It is required to maintain one’s cool and patience. Olympiad exams may not promise success at the beginning. It is only after students attempt multiple test series, they are able to see desired results. Online test series are scheduled every 2 nd and 4 th Saturday, which can be attempted from any smart phone. The final exam is conducted in December 2020 and February 2021. Students who practice beforehand, stand a good chance of scoring well in the final exam. The syllabus for Olympiads are listed below.Olympiad Syllabus\nQuestions asked in Olympiads are tricky. It is important for students to attempt these exams with a relaxed mind. Whether it is an Olympiad exam in Science, Mathematics or English, the concept of the topic has to be clear. Olympiads do exactly what is required to enable them to attempt mastery over fundamentals.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Space is big. The Voyager probe, launched in 1977 to explore Jupiter and Saturn, took 36 years to leave the Solar System. It is the furthest human object from us, and it is still in our neighbourhood.\nEven the radio waves we sent into space have barely reached a few hundred star systems, and they are but a drop in the ocean compared to the size of our galaxy (as you can see in the cover photo from this chapter). Light in a vacuum has a velocity of almost 300.000 km/s. That’s how fast information can travel through spacetime in our Universe.\nMass is not information. To accelerate anything with a specific mass you need to provide it with energy. The energy you’re providing is equivalent to a mass: it is like you’re getting more massive as you accelerate towards the speed of light, but you can’t reach it. You’d need to provide infinite energy and reach an infinite mass to travel that fast.\nThe Universe is big and the speed of light is small. Sci-fi writers had to come up with ways to get around it.\nFTL engine and Warp Drive\nPeople might of think this as being exclusively the stuff of science fiction, but it’s being seriously considered by NASA. This type of engine pits special relativity, which talks about the speed of light and space-time dilation, against general relativity, whose subjects are space-time curvature, acceleration, and gravity.\nThe idea behind the warp drive is remarkably simple. Since gravity shapes space-time, could we simply shape it in a way that shortens our distances? It’s the sweater string approach: when you are putting a string back into the sweater hood you push together the material in front and pull it at the back. In the same way, warp drive engines will compress space-time ahead of a ship and dilate it at the back.\nWarp Engines could be dangerous, not for the passengers, but for who’s waiting for them on arrival. Space is empty, but not completely empty. As space is compressed, particles will start accumulating, and, over a short time, they will start fusing together, generating a hot plasma and gamma radiation, which will grow larger as more particles come in. When the spaceship stops, the plasma wave will continue at almost the speed of light, and, depending on the size, it might significantly affect a planet or even a star.\nA wormhole is another shortcut through space-time. Or more accurately, outside space-time.\nIf you want to move between two points on the surface of an apple, the worm has the right strategy of going through rather than along.\nIn the same way, a wormhole is a way through, moving on a special route between two space-time points. The space-time nomenclature is important: wormholes allow you to travel in space and in time.\nThe good news is that wormholes are allowed to form in general relativity. The not so good news is that they’re not stable, as soon as they form they disappear again. The only way to make it stable is through exotic matter, matter whose squared energy is negative. Its energy is ‘imaginary’, in a mathematical sense. (Please ask if this is unclear!) So far, no such matter has been observed, but you never know.\nSpecial relativity, fuel, and patience.\nGiven current technology, and imagining that we can have unlimited fuel on a spaceship, how long do you think it would take us to reach the edge of the visible Universe, which is about 14 billion light-years away? The answer is quite low. 46 years. I know. 46 years. That’s thanks to special relativity!\nSo, how does that work? In 2013 Physicist Dave Goldberg wrote a very interesting paper on the basics of traveling across an expanding Universe like ours. His solutions are very intelligible and quite straightforward.\nThe assumption is to have a rocket that would be propelled with an Earth-normal gravity acceleration (9.81 m s-2) in a de Sitter Universe, which is empty so not exactly like ours. The constant acceleration will make the spaceship faster and faster, eventually approaching the speed of light. But that acceleration doesn’t come cheap, we would need to burn a mass equivalent to about half the moon for the journey.\nSo, we are not there yet. But it’s interesting to know that if we can find the right fuel, galaxies are definitely within our reach.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wednesday, November 04, 2009\nChildren's Book Press\nAll children’s books are created equal…right?\nAn overwhelming number of studies point to the importance of the early reading experience, which can greatly increase a child’s future success in school and provides significant intellectual, economic, and social advantages. It fosters cultural literacy, passing on community values, history, and traditions, while encouraging fortitude and diversity, teamwork and independence.\nThe dilemma is this: how do you inspire a child to read when that child’s world simply does not exist in the books she or he reads? Of the 5,000 children’s books published in the United States in 2006, less than 10% featured children from communities of color. And this percentage is for all communities of color combined. Even worse, only 4% of these 5,000 books were written from a first voice perspective, one in which the author is from the community about which they are writing.\nHappily, there is a nonprofit organization—Children’s Book Press—working to change things.\nChildren’s Book Press publishes award-winning, bilingual, first voice children’s books from the Latino, African American, Native American, Asian/Pacific Islander, and multiracial communities. These books are written and illustrated by writers and artists from the communities featured in our books. This ensures not only that these communities are authentically represented in children’s literature, but also that they are not misrepresented. These unique books provide a vehicle through which diverse communities can speak directly—and creatively—to young readers.\nWe cannot do this work without your support. It has been a difficult time for publishers, in particular for smaller nonprofit independent presses like Children’s Book Press. Your tax-deductible gift of $25, $50, $100, $250 or more will ensure that children will continue to see themselves reflected in their first reading experiences. We are counting on you. Click on this link and give to what matters!\nPublisher & Executive Director", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Walking is one of the safest ways to get more physical activity. Minimize your injury risk with these tips:\nGet a smart start\nStart low and go slow with supportive, well-fitting, cushioned athletic shoes. Increase your walking time or distance by 10 to 20 percent each week. Replace your shoes every 300-500 miles to avoid the wear and tear that can contribute to injuries. See “Sneaker Savvy” handout. You can find a list of walking shoes recommended by the American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine at http://www.aapsm.org/walkingshoes.html.\nStudies have shown that synthetic fiber socks decrease blisters compared to cotton socks. (Cotton tends to absorb moisture and increase friction.) Look for socks that are made with synthetic fibers such as Coolmax®, acrylic or polypropylene. If you buy new shoes, start with a short walk so that new pressure points don’t irritate your skin.\nSkip the shin splints\nShin splints (pain on the front of your lower leg) can occur if you increase your walking distance and speed too quickly or add too many hills too soon. Prevent them by wearing athletic shoes with adequate support and cushioning and gradually increasing your walking mileage and pace. Be sure and stretch your calves (both straight and bent knee) after walking.\nNix the knee pain\nThere are many causes of knee pain, including osteoarthritis and other problems. If you experience knee pain when you exercise, talk to your doctor. You may need a new pair of walking shoes with better support or cushioning. You may also benefit from strengthening and/or stretching exercises targeting the muscles that support the knee and hip.\nDon’t forget to look both ways when you cross the street — especially with many quiet hybrid cars on the road! If you’re listening to your iPod, make sure the sound doesn’t drown out street noise. Wear light-colored clothing with reflective strips if you’re walking at dawn or dusk.\nWalking on sidewalks is safest. If you walk on the road, walk against traffic so you can see approaching cars. There is a slight grade from the middle of the street to the curb to allow for water drainage. Walking on the edge of the street forces the downhill leg to bend slightly inward, stretching your iliotibial band (a ligament that runs along the outside of your thigh). This could cause some irritation and pain. Alternate walking on different sides of the street so you don’t have the same leg consistently on the downhill slope.\nConcrete sidewalks are less forgiving than asphalt. Cinder tracks and dirt trails are even softer and gentler on your joints.\nWalking paths and hiking trails can be scenic and refreshing. Just watch out for uneven terrain, rocks, tree roots or hidden holes, which could cause ankle injuries. You may want to invest in lightweight trail running or hiking shoes, which provide additional support for walking in the great outdoors.\nListen to your body. If you feel pain, particularly if it increases or comes on earlier in your walk, limit your activity and contact your doctor.\nIf you experience an injury while walking, follow the RICE prescription and call your healthcare provider:\n- Rest. Rest the injured area. Get off your feet!\n- Ice. Apply a bag of ice to the injured area for about 20 minutes. Ice is nature’s anti-inflammatory and can reduce tissue damage. Use a bag of frozen peas if you don’t have an ice bag handy. Place a wet cloth between the ice pack and your skin. Repeat morning, after work and evening as long as you experience pain and/or swelling.\n- Compression. Use an ace bandage/wrap to secure your ice bag to the injury with some pressure. This can help control swelling.\n- Elevation. If your foot or knee is injured, sit or lie down with your leg elevated at/above heart level. This reduces swelling and can help promote faster healing.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Experiment Eleven eBook PDF Free Download\nDark Secrets Behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug\nEdited by Peter Pringle\nAbout the Book\nThis Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug is edited by Peter Pringle. In 1943, Albert Schatz, a young Rutgers College Ph.D. student, worked on a wartime project in microbiology professor Selman Waksman’s lab, searching for an antibiotic to fight infections on the front lines and at home. In his eleventh experiment on a common bacterium found in farmyard soil, Schatz discovered streptomycin, the first effective cure for tuberculosis, one of the world’s deadliest diseases.\nWhat You will Learn\nDiscovery of another Major Antibiotic, Streptomycin\nFor Whom is this Book For\nThis Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets behind the Discovery of a Wonder Drug provides general information of research work carried out on Streptomycin Discovery. It follows the discovery and development of another major antibiotic, streptomycin, which was the first true cure for tuberculosis.\nFormat of the eBook: EPUB Size: 2.8MB\nNote: Download Button below Works only for Premium Members\nIf the Download Links of eBook / PDF are Not Working or Broken, then Contact Us Immediately via Broken Links Form.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Forest fires occur naturally, so arson can't be real? Featured\nVariation: Arson and camper carelessness can't cause fires, because forest fires often occurred naturally before people even existed!\nNotes: Just because something occurred naturally in the past, doesn't mean people can't cause it now.\nAccording to the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), in 2010 90% of fires in national forests were human-caused, vs. 10% caused by lightning strikes. However, the lightning fires burned far more acres, because they started in remote areas. See NIFC table in file link to right.\nBite Source: inspired by Haydn Washington & John Cook, Climate Change Denial (2011), p 50. Also, Richard Alley, CLEAN workshop, June 7, 2011.\nImage Source: Tammy Bruce", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A story that has been making the rounds on blogs and news websites this week is the Digital Iron Age Environment, a project by Swedish game developer Daniel Westergren. I came across Daniel’s interview with Digital Digging, where he describes his investment in accurately recreating the landscape of Iron Age Uppsala, in eastern Sweden. He uses the CryEngine 3 technology to power this visualization, displaying his attention to detail, while at the same time adding subjective touches on top of the real archaeological data behind his interpretation of Uppsala’s past. People with a passing knowledge of modern videogames will recognize the engine and its predecessors as being behind some of the most realistic gaming graphics in recent years.\nWestergren’s project piqued my interest for a variety of reasons. Firstly, the project comes across as a labour of love by an artist seeking to faithfully depict his country’s heritage, albeit through his own interpretative process. Although he makes extensive use of information generated by archaeological research, at the same time he acknowledges the limitations of our fragmentary data. This makes him free to use it as a source of inspiration to create his vision of what the Iron Age landscape was like. At present, there appears to be very little room for interaction between the user and the world. This gives the environment the quality of being a hyper-realistic digital theme park. The flora, fauna and landscape can be seen and traversed, respectively, but not directly handled or used. Water flows, wind blows and the sun shines, all in glorious high-definition graphics that the average desktop PC would struggle to display in full detail. The user is, however, an observer rather than an actor in the world. In light of this, I find it worthwhile to compare the Digital Iron Age Environment with a conceptually similar, but considerably more low-fi project.\nFrom across the Gulf of Bothnia, UnReal World is a free videogame (first release 1992) about survival in the late Iron Age of northern Finland. First, one must note that it is undoubtedly meant to be a gaming experience. There are a variety of systems in place to simulate the experience of being a person in this time and place (including Fennoscandian folklore) that introduce a thick layer of abstraction. Numbers represent everything from factors such as the user’s level of health, to the nutrition one gets from eating wheat, to the sudden appearance of bad weather. Rather than being sculpted by the artist based on archaeological data, as in the Uppsala project, this world is randomly generated given certain parameters. The overall focus of the experience is one of survival against the odds, which is typical of the ‘roguelike’ genre it is part of.\nThe player who enters this world, however, is free to do almost anything. Hunting, skinning, trapping, farming, smelting, trade and much more are all present and accounted for. This lends the world a depth and level of authenticity that gives the incredible visual detail of the Uppsala project a real run for its money. UnReal World’s creator, Sami Maaranen, at one point distributed it to public libraries as a teaching tool, in an obvious Fennoscandian parallel to the famous Oregon Trail educational game series in North America. Taking into account some very important caveats, for example the level of abstraction, the randomized 2D representation of the world, the subjectivity of the creator and the presence of anachronistic elements (e.g. allowing the player to acquire crossbows), UnReal World is probably the most accurate interactive simulation of life in the European Iron Age that exists.\nAlthough not situated in the exact same time and place, the contrasts and similarities between these two digital experiences are interesting because of the different ways in which they represent the past. One is a reconstruction of a specific landscape in a specific era, drawing on some very concrete archaeological evidence from across Scandinavia. The other is not tied to a geographic location more precise than the vast north of Finland, but presents itself as a reasonably accurate simulator of living in the Iron Age, given its assumptions and idiosyncrasies. I would argue that both worlds can function as narrative tools for presenting certain perspectives on the past, and it is very encouraging that both authors of these digital worlds claim to be inspired by, and attempt to be faithful to, real historical and archaeological data. As an aside, the Gamla Uppsala project, which Westergren mentions as a source, also creates 3D visualizations of their excavations.\nCheck out the links throughout this post for more media and downloads related to these ongoing projects!\nAurora Borealis in the Digital Iron Age Environment (Copyright Daniel Westergren)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the United Nations agency for the world of work. The only tripartite U.N. agency, since 1919 the ILO brings together governments, employers and workers representatives of 187 member States, to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men.\n- The ILO’s Secretariat has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and a global network of technical experts and field offices in more than 40 countries, including its Decent Work Team and Office for the Caribbean located in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.\n- The International Labour Conference (ILC) meets once a year to adopt new international labour standards and approve the ILO’s work plan and budget.\n- The Governing Body is the executive council of the ILO and meets three times a year in Geneva.\nHow We Work\nThe unique tripartite structure of the ILO gives an equal voice to workers, employers and governments to ensure that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in labour standards and in shaping policies and programmes.\nMission And Impact\nThe main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.\nOrigins And History\nThe ILO was founded in 1919, in the wake of a destructive war, to pursue a vision based on the premise that universal, lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946.\nPromoting Decent Work for all\n- Creating jobs – promoting economies that generate opportunities for investment, entrepreneurship, skills development, job creation and sustainable livelihoods.\n- Guaranteeing rights at work – obtaining recognition and respect for the rights of workers. All workers, and in particular disadvantaged or poor workers, need representation, participation and laws that protect their rights.\n- Extending social protection – ensuring that women and men enjoy working conditions that are safe, allow adequate free time and rest, take into account family and social values, provide for adequate compensation in case of lost or reduced income and permit access to adequate healthcare.\n- Promoting social dialogue – strong and independent workers’ and employers’ organizations are central to increasing productivity, avoiding disputes at work and building cohesive societies.\nMore information on the ILO can be found here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By: Sarju Patel\nCase File: 54766/328\nImmigrant: George Vik\nOn February 19, 1920, a Finnish sailor named George Vik arrived in New York from Shanghai on a British cargo ship called the Slavik Prince. Since the ship would depart the country with a Chinese crew, Vik planned to remain in America, substituting his legal status as a sailor with that of an immigrant — an action that was not uncommon for European sailors during this time. As his ship entered the New York Harbor, the imposing main building of Ellis Island foreshadowed the complicated immigration process he was about to face.\nSince he was born in a Northern European country, he was led through a rather cursory and primarily visual medical inspection, and medical inspectors quickly deemed him to be in good health. What turned out to be a more thorough ordeal, however, was the next inspection in which he had to undergo a meeting with a three-person team formed by higher-ranking “keepers of the gate” — the Board of Special Inquiry. After a lengthy interrogation, the Board deemed him “Likely to become a Public Charge” (LPC). This charge was first introduced in the Immigration Act of 1882, which, owing to a subsequent 1891 revision, formally gave officials the right to adjudicate the charge and, thus, debar those deemed LPC. The Board unanimously agreed that Vik displayed the “symptoms” of an LPC: he arrived destitute, had no immediate relatives in the U.S. or anyone legally obliged to assist him, and would have great difficulty in maintaining himself if permitted to live in the United States.\nImportantly, those “symptoms” were defined as such by the immigration officials and not by any legislation. As such, the vague LPC charge was, during Vik’s time, continually wielded by nativist officials to justify their own ulterior criteria. What suggested this “alternative” criteria in Vik’s case was the Board’s response to an appeal made by his sister-in-law Eleonora Strom. Strom testified that she would provide Vik with a home, an adequate job, and, if necessary, access to about $1,000. However, the Board swiftly concluded that the LPC charge still stood, suggesting that the officials had some ulterior criteria.\nIn Vik’s case, this was strongly undergirded by the fear and mistrust symptomatic of the Red Scare. The officials, having meticulously scrutinized his file, were suspicious of his political convictions due to the fact that he had been in Petrograd, Russia, around the time of the Bolshevik Revolution. In any case, Vik was excluded and forced to remain in Ellis Island while the officials tried to find adequate means for deportation.\nAs months drifted by with no response from the officials, he grew increasingly disenchanted about the idea of entering the United States.\nAnd thus, he sent several letters, first beseeching the Assistant Commissioner General of Immigration and, after approximately one month of further wait, the Assistant Secretary of Labor, to help find him a ship. Despite these efforts, he did not get a concrete answer until he contacted an experienced lawyer named Henry Weinberger. Through Weinberger’s efforts, an adequate ship was finally found for him. He boarded the Gothic Prince and left the United States on September 5, 1920 — thus, spending a total of approximately seven months in Ellis Island.\nGeorge Vik most probably left Ellis Island frustrated, attributing the officials’ decision to bad fortune. After all, he was only privy to a vague legal basis for his debarment: an LPC charge. As an experienced sailor, who was adept in four languages and had expertise in wire telegraphing, Vik likely thought the charge to be a strange and unreasonable cause for his debarment. His worry was not unfounded, as the reality of his case was much more complicated.\nThe Insightful Letter\nThe above letter evinces the complicated nature of Vik’s case. His case, at first glance, perhaps seemed like an easy decision to the immigration officials. As the Acting Commissioner of Immigration at Ellis Island noted, Vik was a bona-fide sailor employed by the “Prince Line.” Moreover, he was a native of Finland — which, being a European country, would typically entail relaxed regulations compared to those arriving from other countries. Thus, as with most Europeans at the time, the officials would have waived “passport regulations” and allowed entry. However, his file presented the officials with what, in the early 1920s, was unquestionable grounds for exclusion: any association with radicalism.\nBecause Vik’s file placed him in Petrograd “during the revolution,” a place and time strongly linked with radicalism, the officials swiftly deemed him a potential radical.\nThus, what Vik probably considered an innocent trip to Russia, as the letter demonstrates, served as an important basis for his debarment.\nThe Significance of George Vik’s Case: Indefinite Detention and Travel Bans\nGeorge Vik spent approximately seven months in Ellis Island—the bulk of which was spent waiting—bringing to light an enduring issue in immigration proceedings of indefinite detention. A symptom of bureaucratic inefficiency and inadequacy, indefinite detention remains a major issue because immigration law is considered a civil, rather than a criminal, matter. This results in, among other things, comparably fewer resources and, thus, lengthier detentions for deportable immigrants.\nGeorge Vik’s case further evinces another enduring trend in immigration policy of excluding immigrants by virtue of their association with countries linked with ideological threats to America. As Vik’s case demonstrates, the officials’ assumption of Vik as a potential radical and, consequently, an undesirable, was only on account of his being in Petrograd during the October Revolution, which helped instate a Communist regime in Russia.\nA contemporary manifestation of this sentiment is President Donald Trump’s travel bans: Executive Order 13769 and the slightly “watered down” Executive Order 13780. The countries whose immigration is severely restricted by these orders, President Trump claims, have “significant terrorist presence within their territory.” Thus, all immigrants, he believes, from those countries need be excluded to “protect the security…of the United States”—a position that has, now, been subject to several Supreme Court decisions. Nevertheless, just as Vik was excluded by virtue of his being in a country associated with radicalism, so too immigrants from the excluded countries are, today, deemed undesirable on account of their being in countries associated with terrorism.\nQuestions for Future Consideration\n1) How would the nature of immigration proceedings and their results change if they were deemed criminal, instead of civil, matters?\n2) How has engaging issues of national security substantiated President Trump’s immigration policy and, moreover, caused the President (that is, the executive branch) to gain further control over immigration policy, which is typically under congressional authority?\n3) How do the experiences of refugees and immigrants who are coming from ideologically undesirable regions compare to those from different parts of the world?\nOther Works Cited\nGreenway, Ambrose. Cargo Liners: An Illustrated History. Barnsley, Seaforth Publishing, 2011.\nTrump, Donald J. “Presidential Proclamation Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats.” The White House, Sept. 24, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-enhancing-vetting-capabilities-processes-detecting-attempted-entry-united-states-terrorists-public-safety-threats/.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Nutrition is actually the division of the field of biology that manages the materials our experts consume that are necessary for our body systems to function correctly. It is actually likewise necessary for the health and wellness of vegetations, creatures as well as various other microorganisms in the world. Dr. Berg Scientologist Served as an Associate professor\nNutrients can be found in two forms: micronutrients and also macronutrients. Macronutrients are actually the much bigger nutrients our company need in large amounts (like fats, proteins and also carbs). Dr. Eric Berg Scientologist\nPreventing Excessive weight\nWhether you are over weight or even overweight, you go to danger for a lot of constant ailments. Eating well-balanced foods items and being literally energetic can easily assist keep you at a well-balanced body weight as well as reduced your danger of building these conditions.\nAvoiding excessive weight demands a diverse strategy that can include modifications in food environments, diets and exercise at a nationwide, regional or household degree. This includes transforming plans and also producing an atmosphere where the healthy and balanced selection is actually the default alternative.\nA detailed school-based system is being actually built in the Los Angeles Unified Institution Area, named SNaX. It is based on significant analysis in to what leads to and might assist protect against being overweight, yet the course itself is actually not likely to become enough to impact change.\nWeight problems is triggered by an assortment of factors, featuring genetics and way of life behaviors. You can take steps to modify undesirable routines, such as eating too much processed foods items as well as not exercising. Moreover, limiting television as well as screen media time is additionally suggested.\nPreventing Heart Disease\nProtecting against heart problem starts along with a well-balanced way of living. That includes diet, workout, and residing a tobacco-free lifestyle.\nA healthy eating plan can help you control your cholesterol, high blood pressure as well as body weight. It can easily also keep you really feeling properly and decrease your threat of building an amount of other health ailments.\nDeciding on foods wealthy in heart-healthy nutrients as well as low in body fat is very important to shield your heart. This means consisting of considerable amounts of veggies and fruits, whole grains, healthy chickens, fish and also seafood in your diet.\nRestricting trans and saturated body fats, along with salt in your diet regimen, can easily additionally decrease your threat of establishing heart disease. Look for foods that possess less than 6% of your day-to-day calories coming from saturated fat, and use low-fat alternatives to butter, marg. as well as lessening when feasible.\nStaying away from tobacco use is the singular crucial measure you can require to stop a heart attack or even shock. Cigarette smoking raises your risk of heart problem and shock through much more than twice compared with non-smokers.\nProtecting against Cancer cells\nNutrition is a crucial element of stopping cancer cells. It plays a notable task in preserving bodily health and wellness, decreasing stress and anxiety and anxiousness, and assisting immune feature.\nSome investigation advises that diet regimen can easily play a defensive job in stopping and remedying particular sorts of cancer, including boob cancer cells. It is necessary to understand that a lot of other variables might determine the growth of cancer, consisting of genetics and environmental exposures.\nDiet variables that can lessen your danger of cancer cells include eating a wide array of veggies and also fruits, confining alcohol consumption, as well as keeping a well-balanced physical body weight.\nA high-fibre diet (less than twenty% of fats originated from body fat) is actually related to a lower risk of some cancers cells, consisting of boob and also colon. It likewise is thought to assist manage blood cholesterol levels, which can easily decrease your danger of heart problem.\nCruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, broccoli, cauliflower as well as cabbage) are actually likewise good sources of cancer-fighting nutrients. They have actually been actually linked to a lower risk of lung cancer in people that smoke, in addition to non-smokers.\nStopping Diabetic issues\nHealth and nutrition is just one of the most significant think about stopping diabetic issues. It is actually also a reliable technique to manage the health condition.\nEating a healthy and balanced diet that consists of vegetables as well as fruits, entire surfaces, almonds, beans, and also low-fat milk items is actually crucial. This form of diet may help protect against diabetic issues through boosting your physical body’s capability to utilize insulin, which helps always keep blood sugar level levels in inspection.\nApart from consuming the right foods, you can additionally take actions to lower your danger of building diabetes mellitus by making changes to your way of life. These include limiting the amount of time you invest resting or being non-active and acquiring routine physical activity.\nA balanced diet regimen is actually one of the most vital technique to stop diabetes. It needs to be wealthy in fruits, veggies, grains, entire grains, as well as lean healthy protein. It must be reduced in fats as well as consist of little bit of to no additional sugar.\nObesity is actually created through a wide array of elements, including genetic makeups and also way of life routines. You can easily take actions to change undesirable practices, such as consuming very a lot processed foods items as well as certainly not exercising. In addition, confining Television and display media opportunity is actually additionally advised.\nA well balanced diet regimen is actually the very most vital technique to avoid diabetic issues. It must be actually wealthy in fruit products, veggies, beans, entire grains, as well as slim protein.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Metamorphism means to change form. In the geologist's sense it refers to changes in rocks (protoliths) in the solid state (i.e. not by melting the rock wholesale). One can view metamorphism as similar to cooking. Ingredients are mixed and placed at a different temperature (and/or pressure) and changes occur. What was a batch of goo, turns into a lovely cake!\nChange occurs in order to maintain equilibrium conditions with new states of heat, pressure, or fluids. Thus, major changes in any of these three environmental variables can result in metamorphism. Because of the great conveyor belt of plate tectonics, rocks can encounter a variety of environmental conditions riding around in pressure, temperature, fluid space. As they go, they may metamorphose and may have a tale to tell of where they've been.\nThe fingerprints of metamorphism are growth of new minerals stable at the new PTF conditions and changes in texture reflecting the state of stress.\nThere are several sources of the thermal energy that drives metamorphism. Obviously, when and igneous body (some 1200 degrees C) intrudes into unsuspecting host rock, the contact zone heats up considerably. This causes a baking of the neighboring rock called contact metamorphism.\nThe temperature in the Earth goes up with depth. Near the surface in ordinary crust, the temperature rises some 30 degrees per kilometer. This is partly due to radioactive decay within the crust, but also comes from the fact that the Earth is still very hot from its initial formation (recall that the core is largely molten iron!). So if rocks are taken from the surface \"down the tubes\" either by burial or on a lithospheric nose dive, they will heat up and metamorphose.\nPressure changes with depth in the Earth as a result of the increased weight of the overlying rock. Increased pressure drives minerals to form more compact phases, driving for example coal to change into diamonds, and clay to rubies. Pressure also changes the state of stress. Crystals will grow or deform by cracking or flowing in response to the change in stress and show either preferential alignment, or evidence of squashing that reflects in some way the stress regime of the new environment. Deformation near fault zones, for example, results in cracking and grinding of rocks and is referred to as cataclastic metamorphism, while deformation deep in the crust occurs more plastically over a wide area producing regional metamorphism.\nChanges in the chemistry of the fluids in the pore spaces of rocks also induces change. In its lowest temperature/pressure form, this change is called diagenesis, including weathering discussed in the last lecture. Diagenesis is not usually considered part of metamorphism although the distinction is a pretty subtle one if you ask me.\nOne common cause of changes in the fluid chemistry is the proximity of something hot - take volcanic activity for example. The heat induces convection currents in the surrounding fluids. The heated water reacts locally with the hot rock and carries a load of dissolved matter (rich in metals and sulfer) from the region of high heat into a region of cooler rock (or water). Here, the fluids tend to \"dump their load\". This form of metamorphism is known as hydrothermal alteration and is the way most metallic ore bodies formed. When the super-charged fluids come out of brand-new ocean crust and hit 2C water, they drop their load and form what is known as a black smoker. Lots of animals (if you can call them that) live off the stuff. Check these out:\nStudy Table 8.1 in text\nIncreasing pressure causes a reduction in volume of the rock by first compaction and then recrystallization of minerals to denser forms. Compaction produces a more closely packed arrangement of grains. This is exmplified by the transformation of clay to slate. Recrystallization involves growth of new minerals. The bulk chemistry need not change (unlessfluids are involved).\nIf the pressure is higher in one direction than the others, minerals will tend to align themselves such that the fabric formsperpendicular to this axis. A planar fabric is known as a foliation while alignment of crystals causes a lineation.\nMicas (which are platey) will grow with their plates along the foliation. Increasing metamorphism resultsin different types of foliation.\nIn its journey around the tectonic merri-go-round, clay will turn firstto shale during diagenesis, then procede to slate. Growth of micas then will contribute a peach fuzz sheen characteristic of phyllite. As metamorphism becomes more intense, schist forms. Schists have large mica flakes in them.\nschist (thin section)\nUnder the most intense metamorphism, minerals segregrate into bands of light and dark minerals, characteristic of gneiss.\nIf the rock easily splits along smooth parallel surfaces, it has what is known as fracture cleavage.\nNot all rocks are foliated. For example, contact metamorphism does not generally produce foliated rocks. Also, parent rocks (protoliths) that tend to grow minerals that are not platey or elongated, will produce metamorphic rocks that have no foliation or lineation. These include quartz, and calcite. So sandstones make massive quartzites and limestones make marble, neither of which are strongly foliated. Here is an example of what marble looks like.\nPorphyroblasts are larger crystals in a finer-grained matrix. The metamorphic rock will bear the name of the dominant porphyroblasts, e.g. garnite schist.\nChanging conditions results in phase transformation from one mineral to another. Minerals coalesce or change crystal structure. The particular minerals that form are characteristic of thepressure/temperature conditions. Particularly useful for determining PT conditions are the following metamorphic index minerals\nLow metamorphic grade (low temperatures and pressures) - about 200\nSlates and phyllites are characterized by:\nIntermediate metamorphic grade rocks such as schist often have:\nHigh metamorphic grade - 800 degrees C (verging on melting), such as gneiss and migmatite have the high temperature high pressure phase sillimanite.\nStaurolite, kyanite and sillimanite all have the same composition but are stable at different PT conditions (like graphite and diamond). Therefore the presence of one particular form documents the PT conditions. A more accurate idea of PT conditions can be gotten by considering a whole suite of minerals. Determining the PT history of a sequence of rocks describes the journey of that particular crustal package up and down the tectonic elevator.\nObviously, the composition of the protolith plays a strong role in which minerals will grow. Thus basalts, granites and carbonate rocks each develope into the different metamorphic mineral assemblages leading ultimately to amphibolite, gneiss or marble respectively.\nConsider Figure 8.2 in the book. Hydrothermal metamorphism occurs near mid-ocean ridges driven by the heat of the volcanic activity there. Intrusion of igneous rocks drives contact metamorphism anywhere it occurs. Both of these sorts are metamorphism with high temperatures and low pressures.\nFaults associated with plate boundaries create cataclastic metamorphismin the shallow crust.\nHere is an example of: cataclastic metamorphism\nCataclasis grades into totally pulverized minerals that are streaked out in bands characteristic of mylonites.\nFinally, burial of sediments in a sedimentary basin takes the rocks down the PT road characteristic of the crust, the so-called geotherm . They respond to this by developing the characteristic mineral phases of burial metamorphism. The minerals are a guide to just how deep and hot sediments got.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A whole bunch of helpful math puzzles that you can print out is available for you to print! Our printable Fun Math Worksheets for Middle School help kids develop math skills in a simple and fun way. Have some fun reviewing your kids’ math skill with this math worksheets collection.\nPracticing math won’t be the same with our fun math worksheets! Working on fun math worksheets take the boredom out of your study and make it fun. We have printable Fun Math Worksheets for Middle School to help reviewing the basics curriculum for middle school students. Covering topics from exponents to math puzzles, we have plenty of middle school math worksheets available to help your kid get a handle on middle school math concepts.\nAdd fun to the learning in your middle school math class with our free printable math worksheets. These worksheets are designed for middle school students and teachers to fit in their lesson plan.\nAll the more reason to find fun ways to practice! Provided above are high school math worksheets for math teachers and math students. With these worksheets, you can have fun while learning high school math!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Common to the eastern forests of the United States, the Barred Owl is well known for its distinctive multi-syllabic song and striking plumage, which consists of mottled brown on the upper parts of the body and vertical stripes along the chest and belly. The owl has a stocky build with a rounded head and tail. No ear tufts are visible. The eyes are very large and almost completely black.\nA nocturnal bird, the Barred Owl will remain quiet through the day but become more active at sundown. It will generally perch in high tree branches and survey the surrounding landscape for prey and threats. A very territorial species, the Barred Owl will aggressively challenge interloping birds, possibly even killing them.\nLike most owls, this bird hunts primarily rodents and other small mammals. It is a generalist species however, meaning its diet can also include reptiles, amphibians, other birds and even fish. Its ability to feed on diverse prey and effective hunting skills have made it a very successful species and its population has increased dramatically in recent years. The Great Horned Owl is its most common predator.\nHistorically, the bird has occupied older forests dominated by deciduous species such as Hemlock, Maple, Hickory, Aspen and Larch trees in the eastern United States. The bird does not migrate, but its range has greatly expanded in recent years to include parts of Oregon and other areas in the Pacific Northwest. It prefers mature forests, swamps and woodlands where there is a greater diversity of prey animals. Because of its adaptability, the Barred Owl now occupies old growth evergreen forests in Oregon, putting it in direct competition with the threatened Northern Spotted Owl.\nCommon. In Oregon, the Barred Owl is an invasive species which moved west from the deciduous forests of the eastern United States. It has gained some notoriety in recent years as being one of the chief threats to the threatened Northern Spotted Owl, with whom it interbreeds, competes for habitat and may occasionally kills over territorial disputes. To help curb the Barred Owl’s impact on the Northern Spotted Owl, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began culling the invasive bird in 2013, but it is unknown if this will have any long-term beneficial impact.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Wrasse?\nWrasse (the Writing for Assignments E-Library) is a resource to help people learn about writing at university. It includes examples of student essays and other assignments; comments from lecturers about why the writing is good, or how it could be improved; comments from students on their own work; and other writing resources.\nHow do I use Wrasse?\nUse the search boxes to find examples of student writing by subject, level or keyword. Use the contribute button to contribute a new example of student writing, whether your own or produced by one of your students.\nHow can Wrasse help?\nWriting in an 'academic' way is one of the biggest challenges for students at university. Wrasse shows you what good academic writing looks like across a range of subject areas. You can read genuine student work with comments explaining why academics have judged it to be successful.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Your Best Face Forward?\nBut it's not just VO5 that could make you sick. Try Secret Sheer Dry deodorant, or the suitably named Poison, a perfume by Christian Dior. In fact, 52 popular cosmetics are now proven to have toxic components in varying concentrations-and they're all over the place.\nA report released jointly July 10 by Coming Clean, the Environmental Working Group and Health Care Without Harm details the extent to which a toxic family of chemicals known as phthalates (THAY-lates) are used in everyday household products, especially beauty products like nail polish, lipstick, and perfumes.\nThe report, titled \"Not Too Pretty: Pthalates, Beauty Products and the FDA,\" has its basis in a 1999 FDA study of toxins in the general population of the U.S. From a sample of 1,029 people, every one of them tested positive for phthalates in their blood or urine. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control singled out a subgroup of 289 people with a particularly high incidence of phthalates: women of childbearing age. These women were found to have daily exposures of phthalates ranging from 2.5 to 22 times the normal for the rest of the general population, with 5 percent showing levels of 75 percent or higher of the acceptable daily amounts.\nJudging from the five percent of women with dangerously high test results, it can be assumed that every day, as many as two million women of childbearing age are exposed to toxic levels of phthalates.\nPhthalates have been shown to cause a wide array of health problems, from liver and kidney failure to heart, lung, and blood pressure problems. The most worrisome aspect by far is the phthalates' effect on the reproductive development of fetuses and infants, particularly the reproductive tracts of males.\nPhthalates are metabolized in humans once ingested or absorbed through the skin. In pregnant women, phthalates pass through the placenta to be absorbed by the fetus. In nursing women, phthalates are found in breast milk, which means infants are ingesting these chemicals as they develop. In male fetuses-and infants especially-the phthalates have been shown to cause testicular atrophy and a reduced sperm count, among other serious health problems.\nDr. Stephen Safe of Texas A&M University notes that some in the medical community have expressed concerns about phthalate exposure and human health. \"It's hard to be specific until more medical data is available,\" Dr. Safe says, \"but if people have concerns, they should limit their use of these products.\"\nThe HCWH report is the first to document and link the deleterious effects of phthalates to male reproductive development. Women of childbearing age were shown to be the most at-risk demographic, and it is reasonable to attribute this in large part to one fact: the beauty industry. According to Charlotte Brody, executive director of HCWH, \"With all the variables involved, the only one that doesn't apply on a large scale to both men and women is the use of cosmetics.\"\nPhthalates are plasticizers. In cosmetics, they are used to add texture and luster to the product. Ninety percent of the world's plasticizers are used to soften PVC (vinyl) and make it pliable. The other 10 percent have been used in many kinds of manufacturing for 30 years, beginning with medical products like IV bags, gloves, and blood bags, but also paints, lubricants, adhesives, toys, food containers, and, of course, cosmetics.\nThe use of phthalates in manufacturing is widespread, and has such a long history that phthalates have wormed their way into every corner of the globe. Traces are present in virtually every person on the planet. The phthalate DEHP has been found in Antarctica and in deep-sea jellyfish 3,000 feet below the ocean's surface.\nDifferent phthalates can be found in consumer products like shower curtains, umbrellas, adhesives, children's toys, and countless other manufactured goods. PVC, being incredibly cheap to produce, is the preferred product for the world's manufacturers. With phthalates, you can easily turn PVC into any number of products.\nTurning the Tide\nSince the FDA does not regulate the use of pthalates in cosmetics and beauty aids, manufacturers are not required to disclose them as ingredients.\nSays the report: \"Taken as a whole, the lab results indicate that a substantial fraction of cosmetics companies may be hiding phthalates on store shelves within the containers of their products, with no warning for pregnant women who might want to avoid purchasing products that contain chemicals linked to birth defects.\"\nDEHP, the primary phthalate found in medical supplies, has been found toxic in studies of patients who spend considerable amounts of time in hospitals, mainly newborns and the elderly. But other phthalates, including DEP, DBP, BBP, DCP, DOP and DINP, were last studied nearly 20 years ago.\nAccording to FDA spokesperson Kimberly Rawlings, \"Phthalates were shown to be safe for topical use in 1984, and there have been no further studies by the FDA on this subject since then.\"\nIn a recent Dallas Morning News story on phthalates and the cosmetics industry, Rod Irvin, a spokesman for the American Chemistry Council's Phthalate Esters Panel, said that \"[p]hthalates are among the most-studied products out there. They have a long record of safe use, with no reports or evidence of harm to human health.\" Additionally, the industry group has spent \"millions\" studying the compounds and has found no reason for concern.\nIn November 2000, the Environmental Working Group released a report that stated, \"Phthalates are recognized as toxic substances under environmental law, but companies are free to use unlimited amounts in cosmetics.\"\nThe FDA in the past has considered each of these phthalates separately when studying their toxicity. If you're a dialysis patient, then you're at risk for poisoning because you're getting twice the amount of DEHP recommended with each visit. That's bad. But if you're a dialysis patient and you wear a lot of makeup and spend a lot of time playing with your grandchildren and their toys, your exposure could be deadly.\nNot in the many-faceted eyes of the FDA, though. Its consideration of disparate exposure to phthalates is the main loophole manufacturers use to claim that phthalates are safe. Without recognizing that all members of the phthalate family accumulate to cause the same health problems, phthalate manufacturers are able to claim that each individual chemical is not harmful at the documented levels.\nHCWH tested 72 of the following kinds of cosmetics: Nail polish, fragrances (perfumes, body oils, etc.), hairsprays, deodorants and lotions. Fifty-two of these contained phthalates as ingredients, though none were listed on the labels. Most of the pthalate-containing products are household names: Aqua Net Professional Hair Spray; Degree Original Solid Deodorant; Nivea Créme lotion; Elizabeth Arden's Red Door fragrance; Calvin Klein's Eternity perfume.\nAs Brody of HCWH points out, this is just the beginning: \"It's impossible to know without testing which products contain phthalates. Just because some of the lotions we tried tested negative doesn't mean [all lotions are] clean.\" Until the manufacturers are required to label phthalates, there's no way to know for sure.\nThis is only the latest in a long series of warnings about the dangers of phthalates, which have been used extensively since the early 1970s. The biggest commotion over phthalates came in 1998, when the Danish government issued a well-publicized ban on toys containing phthalates because of concern that children were being exposed to toxic chemicals when they put toys in their mouths. Lego, the Danish toymaker, quickly responded by reformulating its toy factories to phase out the use of phthalates in production of its toys.\nSince then, there has been steadily growing awareness of the dangers of phthalates. Network news programs have discussed the dangers in toys, cosmetics and beauty products, and even in fish that live in polluted waters. Despite all this, the battle against phthalates has been a stalemate: The EU continues to extend its temporary ban on toys for children aged 3 and under, but European manufacturers are lobbying to institute a voluntary reporting system for all other products similar to what is in place in the U.S.\nStacy Malkan of HCWH is urging people to distribute the lists of phthalate-containing products far and wide, to discuss the topic of phthalates in cosmetics and medical supplies with their health care provider, and to contact the FDA to demand an industry-wide ban on phthalates in cosmetic products. In addition, the groups releasing the report are preparing to launch a national ad campaign.\nAs the report makes clear, non-toxic alternatives are readily available: \"The limited testing done for Not Too Pretty reveals that the same big companies that produce phthalate-laced beauty products, also make similar products without phthalates...L'Oreal markets Jet Set nail polish without DBP but puts the phthalate in its Maybelline brand.\"\nWithout public pressure, however, there will be no incentive for the $20 billion-a-year cosmetics industry to phase out all phthalates. And women who continue to douse themselves in Christian Dior's Poison may be helping the perfume live up to its name.\nFor more information and the complete list of tested products, go to NotTooPretty.org.\nHOME | THIS ISSUE | ACE ARCHIVES", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 10th century Arabic author al-Masudi writes about the volcanic activity and burning fires in his history, \"Fields Of Gold and Mines Of Precious Stones\". He describes the history and geography of many countries, including Azerbaijan. It is not known if he had visited Azerbaijan or whether he had gathered the information from other sources.\nHe describes both the eruption of a mud volcano and a fountain of the burning oil, the source of which originated from beneath the surface of the earth. This information might be correct as eruptions of oil fountains and mud volcanoes are still visible on the Absheron Peninsula and some of the islands of the Caspian Sea.\nAl-Masudi observes: \"There is a volcano in the oil-producing area of Shirvan. This volcano is a fire-breathing source, and it never ceases to expell long jets of flame.\"\nThen he describes how, not far distant from the Caspian shores, there are several islands which emit vigorous fountains of fire, which are visible at night from a great distance. In this description, Masudi uses the term \"atma\" which is the Old Azeri term for \"volcano. One of them lies at a distance of three days' journey from the coast and has a great volcano, which at certain periods of the year makes a hissing noise. Great flames erupt from it like an enormous mountain. It lights up a considerable part of the sea. This phenomenon may be observed from the coast\".\nAbdurrashid of Baku wrote a book in the 14th-15th century entitled: \"The Description Of Monuments and Miracles of the Mighty Lord.\" He also provides a description of a burning gas source.\n\"During certain years, people in Baku observe a flame coming from the sea and erupting upward. It can be observed from a distance of two days' journey or more. After burning for a considerable time, the flame disappears\".\nToday, on the outskirts of Baku is a place called \"Atashgah\" where there is a walled complex called \"Atashgah\" that was used by Fireworshippers and which now has been converted to a museum. It is located on the Absheron Peninsula in a region that is known as \"Surakhani\". This word is derived from the Persian words \"Surakh\" (hole) and \"khani\" (source or fountain). According to historical sources, before the construction of the Indian Temple Of Fire (Atashgah) in Surakhani at the end of the 17th A.D., the local people also worshipped at this site because of the \"seven holes with burning flame\". And thus the name \"Surakhani\" - holes with burning fountains.\nEngelbert Kaempher, a British traveler, who visited Atashgah in 1683 writes: \"Previously, at about 500 paces distance from the temple, there could be seen seven holes situated in a single line. In early times, flames used to erupt from these holes. Then, the fire disappeared and burst forth at another locale where later the Atashgah was built\".\nFrom Azerbaijan International (11.2) Summer 2003.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Taxation In Indian\nThe government of every country need a revenue to meet expenditure like development and maintenance of Infrastructure, Security of country, Society welfare works and etc., So the Government have the only limited type of resources of revenue. Taxation is the major resource of the revenue of our country India.\nThe portion of the income of the individual or company collected by the government is called the tax.\nIn the Indian Taxation, the system has two type of taxes as given below: –\n1. Direct Tax(Income Tax): –\nIt is the Tax which is collected by the government directly from the individual or a company on their total income of the single financial year (F/Y start from 01/04/Every year to 31/03/every year).\nIt is the Tax which is collected by the government from the manufacturer, wholesalers/dealers, and retails on their total sale of the months. this process of collection of tax is explained as below: –\n- 1st step, Manufacturer collect tax on the sale to the wholesalers/dealers and paid this amount to the government.\n- 2nd step, Wholesalers/dealers collect tax on the sale to the retailer and paid the difference of the amount of tax paid and tax collect to the government.\n- 3rd step, Retailer collect tax on the sale to the consumer(end user) and paid the difference of the amount of tax paid and tax collected to the government.\nSo, in all three steps government collect the tax from the consumer(end user) indirectly.\nHere is an example is given below:-\nA is the manufacturer of Electric Bulbs.\nA sold goods to B for Rs. 1,000/- Plus Tax Rs. 100/-\nB sold goods to C retailer for Rs. 1,200/- Plus Tax Rs 120/-\nC sold goods to D(Consumer/Actual Taxpayer) for Rs 1,500/- Plus Tax Rs 150/-\nall these transactions are explained below table\n|Transactions||Sale Amount||Tax Collected||Tax Paid||Balance Tax Paid to Govt.|\n|A sold goods to B (Wholesaler)||\n|B sold goods to C (Retailer)||\n|C sold goods to D (Consumer/Actual Taxpayer)||\n|Total Amount of Tax indirectly collected from taxpayer||", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Working on this picture, Titian worked not only with his hands, but also with his fingers, trying to show the image that struck him in a fit of inspiration. He seemed to be trying to fashion the image of the archangels, the Virgin Mary herself and Jesus, his apostles. He worked on this picture for five years, preparing it for the church. She didn’t come out bright, rather the opposite, rather scandalous and having “dirty colors” work. Because of her contemporaries criticized Titian. Now this work is considered one of the most daring in his work, and in that era.\nThe painting depicts a plot in which the archangel Gabriel informs Mary that she is to face the Immaculate Conception of Jesus. The Virgin Mary is scared and squeezed, it was a very brave move, because most often she was portrayed as humbly accepting the good news or even joyful. The archangel only slightly touches the feet of the earth, and one wing lifted. He crossed his arms in front of him, showing meekness and humility to God. White clothes on him flutter freely, while on the Virgin Mary clothes are dark blue and lie close to the body.\nOn this canvas you can see the drama of Christian plots, which amazes the imagination and makes you look into small details and minor characters. The Archangel Gabriel is the central character of the painting, with the apostles looking down from above with clearly traced low skies. A lot of small winged nude images, each of which has its own facial expression and its own characteristics. Somewhere in the clouds there is a gap, which in itself attracts attention.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "So how does a state successfully commit war crimes, and get away with it? Simple, by ensuring silence. Like a parent guilty of abusing their child, the best way to escape prosecution is to ensure that the child keeps their mouth shut, keeping school teachers and peers utterly oblivious to the daily atrocities which the child is subject to.\nWhile it is wholly questionable that the international community were oblivious to the humanitarian crisis in Sri Lanka that reached a peak in 2009, it is clear that the Sri Lankan government has taken a similar approach of silencing the voices of the Tamil population. Intimidation, the use of sexual torture, and complete state control of the country’s press have ensured that the silence has been maintained since.\nPogroms, destruction of homes and attacks against places of worship all culminated in a bloody civil war which began in 1983 and only ended in Sri Lanka as the government ordered the ruthless massacre of Tamil rebels and civilians alike with over 75,000 murdered in 2009 alone. A country whose history is marred with a lengthy record of genocide and ethnic discrimination, Sri Lanka has flown under the international radar for years, using their famed tourist landscapes as a beautiful veil.\nHowever, in recent times, this void in information surrounding the crimes taking place daily in Sri Lanka has been decreasing due to the hard work of a number of people and organisations. The pressure on the Sri Lankan state to be prosecuted for these human rights violations has been growing and one of the most vital and often underplayed components behind this growing pressure is the voice of the international student body.\nStudents in Sri Lanka and across the world have all done their part to expose these crimes, through campaigns and protests, and students at the LSE have followed suit. LSESU Tamil Society are for a second year running both an exhibition and student-led discussion to raise awareness of the 2009 genocide and detail the ongoing human rights crisis in the country.\nFollowing this, at the upcoming UGM, a motion will be brought to condemn the Sri Lankan state for their mistreatment of civilians in the North East along with supporting sanctions against the state for their lack of cooperation with the ongoing UNHRC investigation. We hope that through this we can encourage other university unions to pass similar motions and come together to show that students across the UK want change. The UGM will take place this Thursday 4th of December and we at LSESU Tamil Society encourage all students to vote online to get this motion passed.\nWhile an exhibition and discussion may seem somewhat insignificant in the fight against human rights violations, the power of awareness should never be underestimated. Silence strengthens all criminals, from petty robbers to genocidal states. Thus, the aptly named ‘Breaking the Silence’ campaign which we are taking part in fights to prevent that. We must ensure that the hard work of students across the world to reveal human rights violations does not go in vain and that we continue to use our positions to benefit those who are forcibly prevented from speaking for themselves.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“We felt like we were part of something bigger, sharing what we were doing, and the idea of being leaders was very inspiring.”\n— Becki Cohn Vargas, Ed.D.\nDr. Becki Cohn-Vargas is a veteran educator and longtime ally of Not In Our Town. In this piece, penned in 2008, Dr. Cohn-Vargas lays out the lessons from the Palo Alto Unified School District, which embraced Not In Our School activities in 2007. Although Dr. Cohn-Vargas is no longer with the district, she has been instrumental in developing Not In Our School programs and the Palo Alto district’s Not In Our Schools month continues to thrive.\nSince 2007, the Palo Alto Unified School District has sponsored Not In Our School Palo Alto, a districtwide annual month-long event where students, teachers, administrators and parents engage in activities and discussions about how to address hate, bullying, and harassment at school.\nThe program began with a joint school-community film screening. We partnered with Not In Our Town to present Not in Our Town Northern California: When Hate Happens Here. More than 300 people, including students, parents and teachers, attended the session. Along with the screening, we trained teachers to use Not In Our Town curriculum. As a result of the powerful response, we decided to continue with follow-up activities.\nBut before we had time to organize more events, one of our Palo Alto High School students was harassed, her backpack marked with anti-gay hate graffiti, and her iPod stolen. In response, we began working together with the students at Palo Alto High School and decided to do a month of activities called Not in Our Schools Month.\nIt quickly spread to Gunn, the other high school in the district. Students told us, “We should not only do this one time, it needs to happen every year.”\nMiddle School: Students Take on Bullying\nIn the first year, the high schools readily embraced the idea of doing Not in Our School activities. The following year, we expanded Not In Our Schools month to our middle school campuses with a focus on ways to address bullying. Our slogan was \"Be REAL, Respect, Educate, Accept, and Listen.” In one of the most powerful activities, one middle school piped the film Not In Our Town into every classroom, followed by another school-made video of a small panel of their students discussing the film and their experiences with discrimination and prejudice. Then each classroom held their own discussion of these important issues. The middle schools have continued to participate in NIOS month and the elementary schools joined as well.\nA Film and a Play Draw New Interest in Not In Our School\nDuring the 2007-08 school year, a film crew from The Working Group captured Not In Our Schools events, which was highly motivational. We felt like we were part of something bigger, sharing what we were doing, and the idea of being leaders was very inspiring. In the spring of 2009, we kicked off Not In Our Schools month with a community event and premiere of the documentary that The Working Group captured the year before, which was very exciting.\nThat year, we also reached just about every elementary school, with a play we commissioned, called Oskar and Big Bully Battle, about students learning to stand up for what’s right and to stop bullying. We had companion curriculum and also held a series of presentations about bullying for parents. This play, which presents the issues of bullying and effectively promotes the idea of being an upstander, has continued to be presented at schools around Northern California.\nNot In Our Schools: A Month to Raise Awareness about Hate\nOver the years, more and more schools in the district embraced the month-long annual event. Posters and buttons were distributed across the five secondary schools in the district saying no to hate, bullying, and harassment for any reason, particularly religious and anti-gay intolerance, sexism and racism.\nThe month features a series of activities at the five secondary campuses, sponsored by a coalition of student clubs, staff teams, school counselors, and administrators that include classroom activities, assemblies, speakers, informational booths and cultural events at lunchtime, and screenings of Not in Our Town films. Some schools have also set up \"stereotype pools,\" in which people write an ugly stereotype they want to see eliminated on a piece of rice paper. When they put it into the pool, it dissolves. We also have sponsored panel discussions for parents from across the district, featuring students sharing their experiences and discussing ways to make our schools safe. Several art teachers have made student art contests and exhibitions based on the Not in Our Town curriculum.\nKey Lessons: Encouraging Upstander Action Among Students\nEach year, as our Not in Our Schools Month grows, we reach more students, parents, and teachers. We’ve really worked at building a network of teachers, staff and students, all taking leadership in organizing the month of activities, and encourage the champions of this work to institutionalize it in their own school. We’ve also learned that each school has to make it their own, so we don’t dictate that every school should have a certain committee or a certain format. We discovered that it’s also really good to have a broader community event to pull everyone together to give the month the feeling of a district-wide effort.\nSchool administrators and teachers report that they think Not in Our School is influencing the schools in a very positive way; it brings out student leadership and gives voice to students who are not usually at the center of things. And it teaches students to be upstanders, not bystanders, when they see hate or discrimination. I believe that if you have talked about what it means to be an upstander, and why it is important to speak up or stand up, you’re more likely to find the courage to do it yourself.\nThe idea of having an annual event has set a precedent that, at least once a year, we’re going to tackle these issues and build awareness with our students. All year long, it serves to remind people this is what we stand for. But we also recognize this work has to be linked to the challenge of continually addressing tolerance and creating environments where all students feel safe and included.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|An adult female blacklegged tick, engorged after a blood meal. (Photo: Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.)|\nThe United States has been facing a growing tick epidemic in recent years. Lyme disease is transforming from an endemic issue to a pandemic issue, with the Northeast reporting the greatest number of cases nationally.\nDuring an informative educational presentation at PestWorld 2012, George Williams, general manager and staff entomologist for the Boston-based firm Environmental Health Services (EHS), shared some of the ways his team helps to treat the ever-increasing tick population in Rhode Island and Massachusetts.\nIn 2012, the Rhode Island Lyme Disease Resource Center indicated a 148 percent increase in tick-related complaints; the Massachusetts Department of Health has had between 12,000 and 14,000 lab reports of Lyme disease every year since 2010. Michigan, Indiana and Ohio have shown a dramatic Lyme disease increase over the past five years. Even more troubling, Babesia microti, another vector-borne disease spread by ticks, can result in death in extreme cases, although the vast majority of cases are asymptomatic or produce only mild, flu-like symptoms in humans.\nAs a result, proper tick management is becoming increasingly important, particularly in those regions of the country where Lyme disease is a growing problem. During the past 20 years, Lyme disease has spread throughout the Northeast and into the Midwest, reaching as far as the West Coast. Not only are humans at risk but pets, especially dogs, are susceptible to contracting the disease. In mid-summer, cases spike, making spring and summer the optimal time for treatment.\nTicks 101. There are about 200 species of ticks in the United States and about 850 species globally. Soft ticks infest birds and mammals other than humans, while hard ticks are the most important species with regard to human attacks. One thing potential clients may not know is that ticks are not limited to outdoor environments — brown dog ticks, for example, can live their whole lives indoors. These ticks can be harder to treat than bed bugs, as they get into vents, requiring challenging structural treatments.\nThere are several species of hard ticks, including dog ticks, wood ticks, deer ticks and black-legged ticks. Their salivary glands secrete a glue that keeps the tick in place while feeding. Feeding on a host can last from days to weeks, with the tick taking up to 600 times its body weight in blood. Females die after producing between 3,000 and 6,000 eggs in a mass, meaning that thousands of ticks can be found on a single property. A tick’s life cycle lasts anywhere from three months to two years.\nPreparation. Before beginning any treatment, Williams stresses the importance of letting clients know that you will be providing a suppression service, not an elimination service. While it’s possible to reduce the amount of ticks on a property through habitat modification, deer control and exclusion services, even the most thorough technician implementing the most comprehensive pest control program won’t be able to eradicate them. Depending on the property and clients, such options may also end up being the most cost prohibitive.\n|A tick feeding on a human host. Ticks are an important public health pest because they can transmit Lyme disease and other illness.|\nThe key to tick prevention and suppression is to create a tick-free zone on your customer’s property. Therefore, recommend that they clear tall grass and brush around their home, mow their lawn frequently, stack firewood in a dry location and place a 3-foot wide barrier of wood chips or gravel between lawns and wooded areas and around patios and play equipment.\nIn addition, all clients should be aware of certain areas on their property that are breeding grounds for ticks. Stone walls between property lines and decorative retaining walls are good places for chipmunks and deer mice, and as a result, a good place for ticks as well. Ticks are not attracted to the sunny, dry or well-manicured areas of a property — they search for foliage to quest, looking for a host to brush into them, where they will move on to small animals in the spring, and larger animals by the summer and fall months.\nBefore beginning any treatments, Williams suggests that all technicians familiarize themselves with the property they are servicing. For example, technicians should know what is on the other side of a fence when treating. If a client’s neighbors are raising honeybees, you must be careful when and how you make pesticide applications to minimize drift, so as not to endanger bees in a neighboring yard. Technicians also should avoid treating blooming flowers, as treatments performed while flowers are in bloom could endanger honeybees. Be aware that treatment droplets on foliage can potentially act like magnifying glasses in high heat, thus “burning” the flowers. Technicians also should refrain from treating with pyrethroids around koi ponds, as they are toxic to fish.\nTreatment Options. There are many treatment product options to consider. A popular conventional treatment often uses synthetic pyrethroids; Williams says you also can use adjuvant, a spreader sticker additive that limits drift. You can offer a conventional treatment program as a monthly service, stretching from spring until the first frost. A more modest service could be performed two times per season, in March or April, and then again in September. If the area has a great deal of wildlife pressure, technicians should suggest a third visit in mid-summer.\nAn effective organic treatment option, which EHS offers as part of its EcoHealth tick protection program, uses Essentria IC3, a 25(b) exempt product. Organic treatments are most effective if performed monthly, according to Williams. If a client does not opt for the monthly program, however, technicians should always perform treatment three times per year, in spring, mid-summer and fall. In addition, organic treatments are a good option if there is a koi pond on the property, as IC3 has no aquatic toxicity.\nAn insect growth regulator (IGR) also can be used as part of the mosquito/tick program, but not for ticks alone. If honeybees are in the area, Williams recommends using a lower-impact product. Mavrik Aquaflow is a product EHS has used with success in such situations.\nA slightly more expensive option your company can offer is a Select TCS (Tick Control System), a tick reduction tool that can result in up to 95 percent reduction in a tick population after two years. This treatment involves placing tamper-resistant stations at 30-foot intervals throughout the property as decided by the pest management professional. By offering this service, there is also increased revenue and customer retention because it is ideally a two-year program. The target market for this type of treatment would be more affluent homeowners due to the additional expense — the program can increase the cost of service by $1,200 or more per year.\nWhen it comes to applying treatments, Williams’ technicians prefer to use backpack misters, as the majority of their tick services are for residential properties. Solo and Stihl misters are convenient because they allow for a faster service set-up time; a technician can come to a client’s home and be ready to go. These misters also provide adequate application coverage both high and low, and don’t require technicians to drive around in trucks full of insecticide. In addition, clients prefer the look of the backpack mister because it appears as a less-invasive treatment.\nHousekeeping. Williams suggests having customers set up their treatments via credit card if they are on a monthly program, because individuals are more likely to stay with the program if they’ll have to make a physical effort to cancel it. As for the other programs, Williams advises requiring payment up front. This ensures the client will keep up with subsequent appointments because they’ve already been paid for.\nWilliams said PestPac users should set up a service schedules to have on- and off-months. They should create two service codes for conventional and organic treatments so that technicians can easily distinguish between the two service orders. These customers should be added to a list so you can accurately track all of the clients that are in the program. This will make marketing, communication and management easier.\n|Blacklegged ticks on a scale, with a needle shown for scale. While feeding, ticks can take up to 600 times their body weight in blood. (Photo: Jim Occi, BugPics, Bugwood.org.)|\nIt is also essential that you train your service team. Your technical team, service manager and supervisors should take part in classroom training. The product manager also should be included and asked to discuss the company’s product choices.\nFor field training, Williams recommends that technicians perform an actual start-to-finish treatment. They should learn mixing and application techniques, as well as treatment issues and obstacles they might face so that they can understand how to go through each step while on the job. Make sure your team is trained to understand the intricacies of doing specific services and what may go wrong.\nTechnicians also should be trained in keeping paperwork organized and up-to-date. You should use a pest vulnerability report to highlight conducive conditions and issues that exist on the property. The paperwork should be neat and organized with accurate treatment details.\nMarketing. When it comes to marketing, advertising and communication, you should create a program name and brand it. Trademarked examples from Williams’ company include “EcoHealth” and “Take Back My Yard.” Make sure your office staff has “canned” email overviews of the program so they can share them with their customers and inform them of the services and the products that will be used. This will save phone time and increase sales success. It also offers a clear description of the program with details, and allows various members of the household to share information with one another.\nEmail blasts also can be sent seasonally to determine which of your customers might be interested in tick services. These emails will save time and will give people the opportunity to contact your company if they’re interested. If your company is going to offer tick services, Williams also suggests having a tick removal tip sheet on your company website — it is important to supply customers with information on how to effectively and properly remove ticks.\nAlso be sure your website provides support information about ticks, as well as the services being offered. Make sure your field team is on board with the program logistics and prices so that they can sell as needed, based on what they learn about the property. It is also helpful to have downloadable flyers that customers can access and share with others.\nIn the end, technicians may not be able to eliminate the presence of ticks entirely, but they can help clients regain the comfort ticks take away by providing education and valuable treatment options.\nThe author is a Cleveland, Ohio-based writer and can be reached at email@example.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lessons from Billings, Montana\nBy Margaret MacDonald\nEditor’s Note: In the early 1990s, white supremacists groups were growing bolder in their activities in Billings, MT. Hate literature began appearing around town and then members of the Native American and Jewish communities became the targets of a rash of hate crimes. Rather than resigning themselves to the growing climate of hate, a group of community members decided to organize and send a different message to their neighbors. Margaret MacDonald, a leader in the original Not In Our Town Movement in Billings, Montana, reflects on some of the guiding principles that helped shape the community’s creative and powerful responses, later captured by The Working Group in the documentary “Not In Our Town.”\nThe first principle was that we decided hate speech – graffiti, vandalism and flyers around town – should not be ignored simply because it came from “kids.” Of course, we did not know exactly where it came from, but many community leaders presumed it was, and also thought the best course would be to pretend it wasn’t happening. Fortunately, we had three things going in our favor – (1) a sophisticated statewide human rights organization that was on the cutting edge of countering this burgeoning movement, (2) strong faith community leaders who were willing to step up and play a leadership role in the community and articulate thoughtful, strong arguments for addressing these ideas proactively, and (3) a police chief who watched a similar situation unfold in his previous posting and learned the hard way that when communities tried to ignore this movement, they paid a price in escalating violence and ultimately tragedy.\nThe second principle we realized was that the targeted communities of hate groups were going to be watching very closely to see how the rest of the town was responding. If the town is saying, “It’s not a big deal, it’s just kids acting out, don’t pay attention to them, that’s all they are seeking,” the message to the families who are being bullied and intimidated is that, “Your safety is unimportant.” If the town, on the other hand, says that what happens to the smallest minority, happens to us all; and we will not stand by and permit that to continue, the whole community is strengthened and relationships are built up. All kinds of wonderful and surprising fruits will come from stepping up to this issue.\nThe third principle we worked by was to focus the energy of the community not so much on the perpetrators, but rather on their targets and find significant ways to publicly stand with them. So at every step of harassment and intimidation, more support is manifest for those who are being targeted. That is not to say that if the perpetrators can be identified and brought to justice, they certainly should be. But the creative nonviolent “jujitsu” of making every action elicit even stronger support for the targets of hate undermines the impetus and the energy of the hate groups and their insidious message. It also creates inestimably valuable teaching moments in thousands of homes, classrooms, work places, churches, and other venues across the community.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "March 1 2006\nJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology\nImproved estimation of\nthe degree of temperature rise due to global warming\n- An improved estimate of climate sensitivity -\nJames Annan and Julia Hargreaves, and colleagues in the Global Warming\nResearch Program of Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC),\nJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) have\nmade an improved estimate of climate sensitivity (Note\n1), showing for the first time that this value is less than\n4.5C at the 95% confidence level (Note 2)\n| Two recent papers have contributed to this work. The\nfirst, using the MIROC3.2 GCM and the Earth Simulator, demonstrated\nthe use of past climate data in estimating climate sensitivity, and\nlimited climate sensitivity to less than 7C. Other recent research\nby other researchers had proposed that climate sensitivity could be\nas high as 10C.\nIn the second paper, the researchers used climate data from a number\nof historical periods and showed that, by correctly combining information\nfrom multiple sources using Bayesian methods (Note\n3), climate sensitivity can be even more tightly constrained\nto be very likely (95% confidence) less than 4.5C, with a lower limit\nof 1.8C. A likely range of 2.2-3.9C was also established at the 70%\nconfidence level. In the future, increasingly confident and useful\nclimate forecasts are expected.\nThe first paper was published in Scientific Online Letters on the\nAtmosphere in December 2005 and the second paper is shortly to be\npublished in Geophysical Research Letters.\nIn 1979 it was first stated that climate sensitivity was likely to\nlie in the range 1.5-4.5C. This range was a very subjective estimate\nbased on the limited climate modelling performed at that time. Subsequent\nIPCC Assessment Reports have supported this estimate without being\nable to narrow its range, and the Third Assessment Report (TAR) quantified\n\"likely\" to mean a confidence in those bounds only at the\n66-90% level. Furthermore, recent research based on observational\ndata had indicated that much higher values for climate sensitivities\ncould not be reasonably ruled out, suggesting that this subjective\nrange might be too optimistic. Values for climate sensitivity of up\nto 10C have been proposed, which would have disastrous consequences\nfor the future of the planet.\nThis failure to decrease the uncertainty on the estimate of climate\nsensitivity, as well as the possibility of the true value being very\nhigh, has caused considerable alarm in the global warming debate at\nboth the scientific and political level.\nIn this new research, it has been shown that by combining observational\nevidence from a wide range of sources, a greatly improved observationally-based\nestimate can be formed. For the first time, an upper bound of 4.5C\n(at the 95% confidence level) has been established from an analysis\nof observational data.\nThe greatest achievement of the experiment is to rule out the extremely\nhigh estimates of climate sensitivity that have previously been proposed.\nThe work also describes the methods that can be used to combine information\nso that the full benefit can be gained from available data and models.\nThe Earth Simulator enabled ensembles of models to be run, greatly\nopening up the possibility for exploration of the problem using state\nof the art climate models. The value of climate sensitivity has now\nbeen demonstrated to lie within a reasonably narrow range, and this\nrange is highly consistent with the results achieved from the state\nof the art climate models run at climate research centres throughout\nthe world. This results should increase confidence in the model results\nand enable researchers to move forward in forecasting the impacts\nof climate change in greater detail.\nThe result increases the confidence that we can have in climate models\nand it is now hoped that researchers can use this information to start\nmaking accurate prediction of climate change on regional scales and\nover the time scales of interest to policy makers. It is also likely\nthat the methods described will lead to a more precise estimate of\nclimate sensitivity in the near future.\nJ. D. Annan, J. C. Hargreaves, R. Ohgaito, A. Abe-Ouchi, S. Emori.\nEfficiently constraining climate sensitivity with paleoclimate simulations.\nSOLA Vol 1 pages 181-184.\nJ. D. Annan and J. C. Hargreaves. Using multiple observationally-based\nconstraints to estimate climate sensitivity. In press, GRL\n|Notes 1: Climate sensitivity\nis defined as the globally-averaged surface temperature change that\nwould result in the long-term from a doubling of the atmospheric CO2\nconcentration. It describes the most fundamental response of the climate\nsystem to anthropogenic forcing, and so determining its value is of\ngreat importance in predicting future climate change.\nNote 2: Confidence level is the probability\nvalue associated with a confidence interval.\nNote 3: Bayes' Theorem is a fundamental\nresult in probability theory which explains how multiple sources\nof information can be combined to generate an improved estimate.\nObservations of recent global warming, short-term cooling after\nmajor volcanic eruptions, cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum and\nother periods in the historical record, and the seasonal variation\nin climate, all provide some information which helps to determine\nthe value of climate sensitivity.\nJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology\nMr. Katsuhiko Masuda, Director\nFrontier Research Promotion Department,\nFrontier Research Center for Global Change\nMr. Kenichi Takahashi, Manager\nPublic Relations Division, Administration Department\nTel:046-867-9050 Fax: 046-867-9055", "label": "No"}
{"text": "for the Baba Yaga fairy tale are below. Sources have been cited in parenthetical\nreferences, but I have not linked them directly to their full citations\nwhich appear on the Baba Yaga Bibliography page. I have provided links back to the Annotated\nBaba Yaga to facilitate referencing between the notes and the tale.\nThese annotations are not completed yet, but will hopefully be finished in the near future.\n1. Vasilissa the Beautiful: Vasilissa, also\nknown as Vasilisa, is a common and often generic name of heroines in Russian\nfairy tales, similar to Gretel in German tales. Return to place in story.\n2. Tsardom: From the American Heritage Dictionary\n(available on TheFreeDictionary.com):\nczardomn.Usage Note: The word\nczar can also be spelled tsar. Czar is the most common form in American\nusage and the one nearly always employed in the extended senses \"any\ntyrant\" or informally, \"one in authority.\" But tsar is preferred by\nmost scholars of Slavic studies as a more accurate transliteration of\nthe Russian and is often found in scholarly writing with reference to\none of the Russian emperors.\nczar 1. also tsar or tzar (zär, tsär) A male\nmonarch or emperor, especially one of the emperors who ruled Russia\nuntil the revolution of 1917.\n3.A merchant: Note that Vasilissa is not a\npeasant, but is of the middle to upper class as the daughter of a merchant.\nThis tale, like many Cinderella stories, is a riches to rags to riches\nstory. Beauty in Beauty and the Beast is the daughter of a merchant also. Return to place in story.\nWhereas Cinderella and her folkloric cousins usually\nreceive assistance from nature (trees, fish, brooks) or from a fairy\ngodmother, Vasilisa is given a cultural artifact, a figure that can\nbe seen as a miniaturized version of herself or as a symbolic form of\nher mother. While the doll protects and helps Vasilisa, it is also something\nto be nurtured and cared for, thus strengthening the fact of her own\nagency in escaping from villainy at home (Tatar 173).\n6. Give it something to eat and\ndrink. It will eat and drink a little, and then thou mayest tell it thy\ntrouble and ask its advice, and it will tell thee how to act in thy time\nof need: Return to place in story.\ncup of kvass: Kvass is:\n... a fermented mildly alcoholic beverage popular in\nRussia, Ukraine and other Eastern European countries. Kvass has been\na common drink in Russia since ancient times. It has been both a commercial\nproduct and homemade. It is consumed widely in Ukraine, and in almost\nevery city there are kvass vendors on the street.\nIt is made by the natural fermentation of bread made\nfrom wheat, rye, or barley, and sometimes flavoured with fruit, berries,\nraisins or birch sap, collected in the early spring. For modern homemade\nkvass, most often black or rye bread is used, usually dried or fried\nbeforehand, with the addition of sugar or fruit (e.g. apples or raisins),\nand with a yeast culture, zakvasskova (\"essence of kvass\"), added for\nfermentation. In strength kvass can be almost non-alcoholic and at its\nstrongest is only around 2.2%. It is often flavoured with fruits or\nherbs such as strawberries or mint (\"Kvass\" Wikipedia 2006).\nThen the doll's eyes began to shine like fireflies, and\nsuddenly it became alive. It ate a morsel of the bread and took a sip\nof the kvass, and when it had eaten and drunk, it said:\n\"Don't weep, little Vasilissa. Grief is worst at\nnight. Lie down, shut thine eyes, comfort thyself and go to sleep. The\nmorning is wiser than the evening.\"\nNow after the death of his wife, the merchant sorrowed\nfor many days as was right, but at the end of that time he began to desire\nto marry again and to look about him for a suitable wife. This was not\ndifficult to find, for he had a fine house, with a stable of swift horses,\nA good man who gave much to the poor\n. Of all the women he saw, however, the one who, to his\nmind, suited him best of all, was a widow of about his own age with two\ndaughters of her own, and she, he thought, besides being a good housekeeper,\nwould be a kind foster mother to his little Vasilissa.\nShe was a cold, cruel woman, who had desired the merchant\nfor the sake of his wealth, and had no love for his daughter. Vasilissa\nwas the greatest beauty in the whole village, while her own daughters\nwere as spare and homely as two crows, and because of this all three envied\nand hated her. They gave her all sorts of errands to run and difficult\ntasks to perform, in order that the toil might make her thin and worn\nand that her face might grow brown from sun and wind, and they treated\nher so cruelly as to leave few joys in life for her. But all this the\nlittle Vasilissa endured without complaint, and while the stepmother's\ntwo daughters grew always thinner and uglier, in spite of the fact that\nthey had no hard tasks to do, never went out in cold or rain, and sat\nalways with their arms folded like ladies of a Court, she herself had\ncheeks like blood and milk and grew every day more and more beautiful.\nNow the reason for this was the tiny doll, without whose\nhelp little Vasilissa could never have managed to do all the work that\nwas laid upon her. Each night, when everyone else was sound asleep, she\nwould get up from her bed, take the doll into a closet, and locking the\ndoor, give it something to eat and drink, and say: \"There, my little\ndoll, take it. Eat a little, drink a little, and listen to my grief. I\nlive in my father's house, but my spiteful stepmother wishes to drive\nme out of the white world. Tell me! How shall I act, and what shall I\nThen the little doll's eyes would begin to shine like\nglow- worms, and it would become alive. It would eat a little food, and\nsip a little drink, and then it would comfort her and tell her how to\nact. While Vasilissa slept, it would get ready all her work for the next\nday, so that she had only to rest in the shade and gather flowers, for\nthe doll would have the kitchen garden weeded, and the beds of cabbage\nwatered, and plenty of fresh water brought from the well, and the stoves\nheated exactly right.\nHow to make, from a certain herb, an ointment which\nprevented her from ever being sunburnt: Maria Tatar writes:\nVasilisa's chief attribute is her \"fairness,\"\nand the sun represents the greatest threat to her beauty. For this reason\nthe stepsisters try to force her to work outdoors, where the wind and\nsun can spoil her perfect complexion\" (Tatar 175).\nNever shall the younger be wed before the older ones!: Historically, Vasilissa's stepmother is well within her rights and tradition\nto expect the older daughters to marry before the younger one. Many cultures\nJane Austen's Pride and Prejudice\nBeating her stepdaughter:\nIt became necessary for the merchant to leave his\nhome and to travel to a distant Tsardom: Note that while the father\nhas been living with the family during the abuse already described, his\ndeparture will allow even more to occur at a greater intensity to the\nthreat of death. Absent fathers--both emotionally and physically--are\ncommon in tales of wicked stepmothers and their victimized stepdaughters,\nsuch as Cinderella and Snow\nHis wife sold his house, packed all his goods and moved\nwith them to another dwelling:\nEdge of a wild forest: \"Baba Yaga's domain\nis the forest, widely acknowledged as a traditional symbol of change and\na place of peril, where she acts as either a challenger or a helper to\nthose innocents who venture into her realm\" (Pilinovsky, Baba\nYaga's Domain, 2004).\n\"The forest of Baba Yaga symbolizes more than the\nforest; it is also the otherworld, the 'land of the living dead,' also\nknown as 'the thrice-nine kingdom'\" (Pilinovsky, Baba\nYaga's Domain, 2004).\nGreen lawn: A green lawn is not as common deep\nin a forest where little sunlight reaches the ground to nourish the grass.\nThe green lawn implies a magical clearing where Baba Yaga's hut is found.\nA miserable little hut on hens' legs:\nMy favorite usage of Baba Yaga's hut in modern literature\nappears in Orson Scott Card's Enchantment, a retelling of Sleeping\nBeauty using Russian folklore, especially Baba Yaga. Baba Yaga travels\nto the future, hijacks a 747, and returns to the past where the plane\nis seen as a hut on chicken legs.\nBaba Yaga, an old witch grandmother: Helen Pilinovsky\nwrites: \"One of the most well known figures from Russian folklore,\nBaba Yaga's name can be roughly translated as 'Granny Yaga.' In Russian\nMyths, Elizabeth Warner notes that Baba Yaga brings many of the dominant\nthemes of Russian fairy tales together: she travels on the wind, occupies\nthe domain of the leshii, the forest spirits, is associated with death,\nand is an acceptable surrogate for the generic ved'ma, or witch\"\nYaga's Domain, 2004).\n\"...she acts as either a challenger or a helper to\nthose innocents who venture into her realm. In Western tales, these two\nroles are typically polarized, split into different characters stereotyped\nas either \"witch\" or \"fairy godmother.\" Baba Yaga, however, is a complex\nindividual: depending on the circumstances of the specific story, she\nmay choose to use her powers for good or ill\" (Baba\nYaga's Domain, 2004).\nShe ate people as one eats chickens: In this tale,\nBaba Yaga is a cannibal, like the witch in Hansel\nShe might meet the old witch and be devoured: The\nstepmother is a passive murderer, trying to bring about Vasilissa's death\nwithout committing the physical act of murder herself.\nA basket of flax to be spun: Spinning appears\nin many folktales across Europe as a chore that causes deformities and\nugliness, most notably in the Grimms' The\nThree Spinning Women. In that tale, the lazy heroine's husband forbids\nher to ever spin again after their marriage when he sees the flat foot,\nfallen lips and broad thumb of three spinners. Perhaps the stepmother\nassigns the task to Vasilissa with the hopes of damaging her beauty before\nsending her to Baba Yaga. It also requires neither the steel pins nor\nsteel needles used by the stepsisters for their tasks, hence setting up\nthe scenario in which Vasilissa will be sent out in search of fire.\n\"Thou, Vasilissa,\" they both said, \"shalt\ngo and fetch the fire, for thou hast neither steel pins nor silver needles\nand cannot see to spin thy flax!\" They both rose up, pushed Vasilissa\nout of the house and locked the door, crying:\n\"Thou shalt not come in till thou hast fetched the\nThen the doll's eyes began to shine like two stars and\nit became alive. It ate a little and said: \"Do not fear, little Vasilissa.\nGo where thou hast been sent. While I am with thee no harm shall come\nto thee from the old witch.\" So Vasilissa put the doll back into\nher pocket, crossed herself and started out into the dark, wild forest.\nWhether she walked a short way or a long way the telling\nis easy, but the journey was hard. The wood was very dark, and she could\nnot help trembling from fear. Suddenly she heard the sound of a horse's\nhoofs and a man on horseback galloped past her.\nHe was dressed all in white, the horse under him was\nmilk-white and the harness was white, and just as he passed her it became\ntwilight: The second horseman in red represents day time. Later in\nthe tale, Baba Yaga explains: \"\"That was my white, bright day.\"\nHe was dressed all in red, and the horse under him\nwas blood-red and its harness was red, and just as he passed her the sun\nrose: The second horseman in red represents the sun. Later in the\ntale, Baba Yaga explains: \"That was my servant, the round, red sun.\"\nThe wall around the hut was made of human bones and on\nits top were skulls. There was a gate in the wall, whose hinges were the\nbones of human feet and whose locks were jaw- bones set with sharp teeth.\nA third man on horseback came galloping up. His face\nwas black, he was dressed all in black, and the horse he rode was coal-black: The third horseman in black represents night. Later in the tale,\nBaba Yaga explains: \"That was my servant, the black, dark night.\"\nShe was riding in a great iron mortar and driving it\nwith the pestle, and as she came she swept away her trail behind her with\na kitchen broom: \"Like the witches of other cultures, her [Baba\nYaga's] preferred method of transportation is an implement commonly used\nfor household labor, though unlike the witches of the West, rather than\ntraveling upon a broom, she chooses to ride in a mortar, rowing with a\npestle, and using a broom to sweep away the tracks that she leaves\"\nYaga's Domain, 2004).\nLittle House, little House, Stand the way thy mother\nplaced thee, Turn thy back to the forest and thy face to me!: This\nrefrain is not unique to the tale. Different characters in other tales\nwith Baba Yaga use a similar device to enter her hut or she uses it herself\nas she does in this instance.\n\"Izboushka, Izboushka! turn thy back to the forest\nand thy front to us!\" (Izba, a hut. Izboushka, a tiny\nhut.) is an example from: Blumenthal, Verra Xenophontovna Kalamatiano\nde. \"Baba Yaga.\" Folk\nTales from the Russian. New York: Rand McNally & Co., 1903.:\n\"Foo! Foo! I smell a smell that is Russian. Who\nis here?\": Reminiscent of the giant's smelling of Jack in Jack\nand the Beanstalk.\nVasilissa, in great fright, came nearer to the old woman\nand bowing very low, said: \"It is only Vasilissa, grand mother. My\nstepmother's daughters sent me to thee to borrow some fire.\"\n\"Well,\" said the old witch, \"I know them.\nBut if I give thee the fire thou shalt stay with me some time and do some\nwork to pay for it.\nEaten for my supper:\n.\" Then she turned to the gate and shouted: \"Ho!\nYe, my solid locks, unlock! Thou, my stout gate, open!\" Instantly\nthe locks unlocked, the gate opened of itself, and the Baba Yaga rode\nin whistling. Vasilissa entered behind her and immediately the gate shut\nagain and the locks snapped tight.\nWhen they had entered the hut the old witch threw her\nself down on the stove, stretched out her bony legs and said:\n\"Come, fetch and put on the table at once everything\nthat is in the oven. I am hungry.\" So Vasilissa ran and lighted a\nsplinter of wood from one of the skulls on the wall and took the food\nfrom the oven and set it before her. There was enough cooked meat for\nthree strong men. She brought also from the cellar kvass, honey, and red\nwine, and the Baba Yaga\nAte and drank the whole: A healthy appetite implies\n, leaving the girl only a little cabbage soup, a crust\nof bread and a morsel of suckling pig.\nWhen her hunger was satisfied, the old witch, growing\ndrowsy, lay down on the stove and said: \"Listen to me well, and do\nwhat I bid thee. Tomorrow when I drive away, do thou clean the yard, sweep\nthe floors and cook my supper. Then\nTake a quarter of a measure of wheat from my store\nhouse and pick out of it all the black grains and the wild peas: Marie-Louise\nvon Franz writes:\nThis is a theme to be found in many Cinderella fairy\ntales and also comes in Amor and Psyche. It is a typical task\nin mythology for the heroine. Separating the good from the bad grains\nis a work of patience, which can neither be rushed into nor speeded\n. Mind thou dost all that I have bade; if not, thou shalt\nbe eaten for my supper.\"\nThen she went into the corner, took the tiny doll from\nher pocket, put before it a bit of bread and a little cabbage soup that\nshe had saved, burst into tears and said:\nA difficult task\nand if I do not do all she has bade, she will eat me\ntomorrow. Tell me: What shall I do?\"\nThen the eyes of the little doll began to shine like two\ncandles. It ate a little of the bread and drank a little of the soup and\nsaid: \"Do not be afraid, Vasilissa the Beautiful. Be comforted. Say\nthy prayers, and go to sleep. The morning is wiser than the evening.\"\nSo Vasilissa trusted the little doll and was comforted. She said her prayers,\nlay down on the floor and went fast asleep.\nThen the Baba Yaga shouted: \"Ho! Ye, my solid locks,\nunlock! Thou, my stout gate, open!\" And the locks unlocked and the\ngate opened and she rode away in the mortar, driving with the pestle and\nsweeping away her path behind her with the broom.\nWhen Vasilissa found herself left alone, she examined\nthe hut, wondering to find it filled with such an abundance of everything.\nThen she stood still, remembering all the work that she had been bidden\nto do and wondering what to begin first. But as she looked she rubbed\nher eyes, for the yard was already neatly cleaned and the floors were\nnicely swept, and the little doll was sitting in the storehouse picking\nthe last black grains and wild peas out of the quarter- measure of wheat.\nVasilissa ran and took the little doll in her arms. \"My\ndearest little doll!\" she cried. \"Thou hast saved me from my\ntrouble! Now I have only to cook the Baba Yaga's sup per, since all the\nrest of the tasks are done!\"\n\"Cook it, with God's help,\" said the doll, \"and\nthen rest, and may the cooking of it make thee healthy!\" And so saying\nit crept into her pocket and became again only a little wooden doll.\nSo Vasilissa rested all day and was refreshed; and when\nit grew toward evening she laid the table for the old witch's supper,\nand sat looking out of the window, waiting for her coming. After awhile\nshe heard the sound of a horse's hoofs and the man in black, on the coal-black\nhorse, galloped up to the wall gate and disappeared like a great dark\nshadow, and instantly it became quite dark and the eyes of all the skulls\nbegan to glitter and shine.\nThen all at once the trees of the forest began to creak and groan and\nthe leaves and the bushes to moan and sigh, and the Baba Yaga came riding\nout of the dark wood in the huge iron mortar, driving with the pestle\nand sweeping out the trail behind her with the kitchen broom. Vasilissa\nlet her in; and the witch, smelling all around her, asked:\n\"Well, hast thou done perfectly all the tasks I gave\nthee to do, or am I to eat thee for my supper?\"\n\"Be so good as to look for thyself, grandmother,\"\nThe Baba Yaga went all about the place, tapping with her\niron pestle, and carefully examining everything. But so well had the little\ndoll done its work that, try as hard as she might, she could not find\nanything to complain of. There was not a weed left in the yard, nor a\nspeck of dust on the floors, nor a single black grain or wild pea in the\nThe old witch was greatly angered, but was obliged to\npretend to be pleased. \"Well,\" she said, \"thou hast done\nall well.\" Then, clapping her hands, she shouted: \"Ho! my faithful\nservants! Friends of my heart! Haste and grind my wheat!\" Immediately\nthree pairs of hands appeared\nThe Baba Yaga sat down to supper, and Vasilissa put before\nher all the food from the oven, with kvass, honey, and red wine. The old\nwitch ate it, bones and all, almost to the last morsel, enough for four\nstrong men, and then, growing drowsy, stretched her bony legs on the stove\nand said: \"Tomorrow do as thou hast done today, and besides these\ntasks take from my storehouse a half-measure of poppy seeds and clean\nthem one by one. Someone has mixed earth with them to do me a mischief\nand to anger me, and I will have them made perfectly clean.\" So saying\nshe turned to the wall and soon began to snore.\nWhen she was fast asleep Vasilissa went into the corner,\ntook the little doll from her pocket, set before it a part of the food\nthat was left and asked its advice. And the doll, when it had become alive,\nand eaten a little food and sipped a little drink, said: \"Don't worry,\nbeautiful Vasilissa! Be comforted. Do as thou didst last night: say thy\nprayers and go to sleep.\" So Vasilissa was comforted. She said her\nprayers and went to sleep and did not wake till next morning when she\nheard the old witch in the yard whistling. She ran to the window just\nin time to see her take her place in the big iron mortar, and as she did\nso the man dressed all in red, riding on the blood red horse, leaped over\nthe wall and was gone, just as the sun rose over the wild forest.\nAs it had happened on the first morning, so it happened\nnow. When Vasilissa looked she found that the little doll had finished\nall the tasks excepting the cooking of the sup per. The yard was swept\nand in order, the floors were as clean as new wood, and there was not\na grain of earth left in the half-measure of poppy seeds. She rested and\nrefreshed herself till the afternoon, when she cooked the supper, and\nwhen evening came she laid the table and sat down to wait for the old\nSoon the man in black, on the coal-black horse, galloped\nup to the gate, and the dark fell and the eyes of the skulls began to\nshine like day; then the ground began to quake, and the trees of the forest\nbegan to creak and the dry leaves to rustle, and the Baba Yaga came riding\nin her iron mortar, driving with her pestle and sweeping away her path\nwith her broom.\nWhen she came in she smelled around her and went all about\nthe hut, tapping with the pestle; but pry and examine as she might, again\nshe could see no reason to find fault and was angrier than ever. She clapped\nher hands and shouted:\n\"Ho! my trusty servants! Friends of my soul! Haste\nand press the oil out of my poppy seeds!\" And instantly the three\npairs of hands appeared, seized the measure of poppy seeds and carried\nPresently the old witch sat down to supper and Vasilissa\nbrought all she had cooked, enough for five grown men, and set it before\nher, and brought beer and honey, and then she herself stood silently waiting.\nThe Baba Yaga ate and drank it all, every morsel, leaving not so much\nas a crumb of bread; then she said snappishly: \"Well, why dost thou\nsay nothing, but stand there as if thou wast dumb?\"\n\"Well,\" said the old witch, \"only remember\nthat every question does not lead to good. If thou knowest overmuch, thou\nwilt grow old too soon. What wilt thou ask?\": From Wikipedia:\nAccording to some versions of the myths, Baba Yaga ages\na year every time someone asks her a question. This is why she is often\nportrayed as a cranky old hag — she is frustrated and angry about having\nbeen asked so many questions. The only way for her to de-age herself\nis by drinking a special tea she brews from blue roses. Heroes who bring\nher a gift of blue roses are often granted wishes as reward for their\naid (\"Baba Yaga\" Wikipedia 2006).\n\"That was my servant, the black, dark night,\"\nanswered the old witch furiously; \"but he also cannot harm thee.\nAsk me more.\": Marie-Louise von Franz writes:\nThe divine rank of this figure [Baba Yaga] is clearly\nproved by the fact that she has three riders at her disposition--\"My\nDay,\" \"My Night,\" and \"My Sun.\" She is a cosmic\nBut Vasilissa, remembering what the Baba Yaga had said,\nthat not every question led to good, was silent.\n\"Ask me more!\" cried the old witch. \"Why\ndost thou not ask me more? Ask me of the three pairs of hands that serve\n\"It is well for thee,\" said the Baba Yaga, \"that\nthou didst not ask of them, but only of what thou didst see outside of\nthis hut. Hadst thou asked of them, my servants, the three pairs of hands\nwould have seized thee also\n\"The blessing of my dead mother helps me.\"\n\"I want no one who bears a blessing to cross my\nthreshold!\": Marie-Louise von Franz writes:\n...Baba Yaga, who here is almost completely evil, though\nwhen she hears that the girl is a \"blessed daughter\" she tells\nher she does not want her in her house. So, in a hidden way, she [Baba\nYaga] is not thoroughly evil, and sometimes even helpful; she wonderfully\nportrays the Great Mother in her double aspect.\nVasilissa ran to the yard, and behind her she heard the\nold witch shouting to the locks and the gate. The locks opened, the gate\nswung wide, and she ran out on to the lawn. The Baba Yaga seized from\nthe wall one of the skulls with burning eyes and flung it after her. \"There,\"\nshe howled, \"is the fire for thy stepmother's daughters. Take it.\nThat is what they sent thee here for, and may they have joy of it!\"\nVasilissa put the skull on the end of a stick and darted\naway through the forest: Ivan Bilibin created a well-known illustration\nof Vasilissa with the skull on the stick. You can see it here.\nWhether she ran a long way or a short way, and whether\nthe road was smooth or rough, towards evening of the next day, when the\neyes in the skull were beginning to glimmer, she came out of the dark,\nwild forest to her stepmother's house.\nNow since Vasilissa had gone, the stepmother and her two\ndaughters had had neither fire nor light in all the house. When they struck\nflint and steel the tinder would not catch. and the fire they brought\nfrom the neighbors would go out immediately as soon as they carried it\nover the threshold, so that they had been unable to light or warm themselves\nor to cook food to eat. Therefore now, for the first time in her life,\nVasilissa found herself welcomed. They opened the door to her and the\nmerchant's wife was greatly rejoiced to find that the light in the skull\ndid not go out as soon as it was brought in. \"Maybe the witch's fire\nwill stay,\" she said, and took the skull into the best room, set\nit on a candlestick and called her two daughters to admire it.\nThe merchant's wife and her two wicked daughters took\nfire and were burned to ashes:\ndug a deep hole in the ground and buried the skull\nOld woman who was poor and childless: Maria Tatar\nThe crone in this final episode represents another surrogate\nmother, one who brings Vasilisa's skills as a spinner and seamstress\nto the attention of the tsar. The host of maternal figures and maternal\nsubstitutes strengthens the argument that 'Vasilisa the Fair' is about\nthe empowerment of the daughter through the mother\" (Tatar 183).\nMy hands want work to do:\nFlax: From Wikipedia:\nFlax is grown both for seed and for fibre. Various parts\nof the plant have been used to make fabric, dye, paper, medicines, fishing\nnets and soap. In addition to the plant itself, flax may refer to the\nunspun fibres of the flax plant.\nFlax fibre is extracted from the bast or skin of the\nstem of flax plant. Flax fibre is soft, lustrous and flexible. It is\nstronger than cotton fibre but less elastic. The best grades are used\nfor linen fabrics such as damasks, lace and sheeting. Coarser grades\nare used for the manufacturing of twine and rope. Flax fibre is also\na raw material for the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed\nbanknotes and rolling paper for cigarettes (\"Flax\" Wikipedia 2006).\nVasilissa sat down to work: Note that while the\ndoll performed most of the tasks for her in the earlier part of the story,\nVasilissa performs her own work in making the linen and subsequent clothing\nfor the tsar. The doll provides aid in building the frame upon which to\nweave the linen, but Vasilissa does the rest of the work herself. Her\nimpeccable work, suited only for a tsar, demonstrates her domestic qualities\nand worthiness to be a wife.\n. So well did she spin that the thread came out as even\nand fine as a hair, and presently there was enough to begin to weave.\nBut so fine was the thread that no frame could be found to weave it upon,\nnor would any weaver undertake to make one.\nThen Vasilissa went into her closet, took the little doll\nfrom her pocket, set food and drink before it and asked its help. And\nafter it had eaten a little and drunk a little, the doll became alive\nand said: \"Bring me an old frame and an old basket and some hairs\nfrom a horse's mane, and I will arrange everything for thee.\" Vasilissa\nhastened to fetch all the doll had asked for and when evening came, said\nher prayers, went to sleep, and in the morning she found ready a frame,\nperfectly made, to weave her fine thread upon.\nLinen: From Wikipedia:\nLinen fabrics have a high natural luster and their natural\ncolor ranges between shades of ivory, tan, or grey. Pure white linen\nis created by heavy bleaching which is not good for the fabric. Linen\ntypically has a thick and thin character with a crisp and textured feel\nto it, but can range from stiff and rough to soft and smooth. When adequately\nprepared, linen has the ability to absorb and lose water rapidly. It\ncan gain up to 20% moisture without feeling damp. When freed from impurities\nit is highly absorbent and will quickly remove perspiration from the\nskin. Linen is a stiff fabric and is less likely to cling to the skin\nand when it billows away it tends to dry out and become cool so that\nthe skin is being continually touched by a cool surface. It is a very\ndurable, strong fabric and one of the few ones that are stronger wet\nthan dry. It does not stretch and is resistant to damage from abrasion.\nHowever, because it has very low elasticity it can break if it is folded\nat the same place repeatedly. Mildew, perspiration, and bleach can also\ndamage the fabric, but it is resistant to moths and carpet beetles.\nLinen is relatively easy to take care of since it resists dirt and stains,\nhas no lint or pilling tendencies and can be dry cleaned, machine washed\nor steamed. It can withstand high temperatures and only has some moderate\ninitial shrinkage. A characteristic often associated with linen yarn\nis the presence of \"slubs\", or small knots that occur randomly\nalong its length. However, these are actually defects associated with\nlow quality. The finest linen has a very consistent diameter with no\nslubs (\"Linen\" Wikipedia 2006).\nof a texture so fine that it could be passed, like thread,\nthrough the eye of a needle. When the spring came she bleached it, so\nwhite that no snow could be compared with it. Then she said to the old\nwoman: \"Take thou the linen to the market, grandmothers and sell\nit, and the money shall suffice to pay for my food and lodging.\"\nWhen the old woman examined the linen, however, she said:\n\"Never will I sell such cloth in the market place;\nno one should wear it except it be the Tsar himself, and tomorrow I shall\ncarry it to the Palace.\"\nNext day, accordingly, the old woman went to the Tsar's\nsplendid Palace and fell to walking up and down before the windows. The\nservants came to ask her her errand but she answered them nothing, and\nkept walking up and down. At length the Tsar opened his window, and asked:\n\"What dost thou want, old woman, that thou walkest here?\"\n\"O Tsar's Majesty\" the old woman answered, \"I\nhave with me a marvelous piece of linen stuff, so wondrously woven that\nI will show it to none but thee.\"\nThe Tsar bade them bring her before him and when he saw\nthe linen he was struck with astonishment at its fineness and beauty.\n\"What wilt thou take for it, old woman?\" he asked.\nSeamstresses were called to make shirts for him out of\nthe cloth; but when it had been cut up, so fine was it that no one of\nthem was deft and skillful enough to sew it. The best seamstresses in\nall the Tsardom were summoned but none dared undertake it. So at last\nthe Tsar sent for the old woman and said: \"If thou didst know how\nto spin such thread and weave such linen, thou must also know how to sew\nme shirts from it.\"\nAnd the old woman answered: \"O Tsar's Majesty, it\nwas not I who wove the linen; it is the work of my adopted daughter.\"\n\"Take it, then,\" the Tsar said, \"and bid\nher do it for me.\" The old woman brought the linen home and told\nVasilissa the Tsar's command: \"Well I knew that the work would needs\nbe done by my own hands,\" said Vasilissa, and, locking herself in\nher own room, began to make the shirts. So fast and well did she work\nthat soon a dozen were ready. Then the old woman carried them to the Tsar,\nwhile Vasilissa washed her face, dressed her hair, put on her best gown\nand sat down at the window to see what would happen. And presently a servant\nin the livery of the Palace came to the house and entering, said: \"The\nTsar, our lord, desires himself to see the clever needlewoman who has\nmade his shirts and to reward her with his own hands.\"\nVasilissa rose and went at once to the Palace, and as\nsoon as the Tsar saw her, he fell in love with her with all his soul.\nHe took her by her white hand and made her sit beside him. \"Beautiful\nmaiden,\" he said, \"never will I part from thee and thou shalt\nbe my wife.\"\nSo the Tsar and Vasilissa the Beautiful were married,\nand her father returned from the far-distant Tsardom, and he and the old\nwoman lived always with her in the splendid Palace, in all joy and contentment.\nAnd as for the little wooden doll, she carried it about with her in her\npocket all her life long.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Of or relating to an activity performed in space outside a spacecraft.More example sentences\n- Besides logging more than 259 hours in space, he has more than 14 hours of extravehicular activity, or spacewalking.\n- That's where astronauts practice extravehicular activities, more commonly known as spacewalks.\n- Two projects focus on advanced technologies for extravehicular activity.\nMore definitions of extravehicularDefinition of extravehicular in:\n- The British & World English dictionary", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As the nation responds to the devastating effects of bullying, it is important to highlight the crucial role of an upstander. An upstander is a person who speaks up or stands up to bullying and intolerance, either to prevent or intervene when someone is being harmed. By Becki Cohn-Vargas, Not In Our School Director I, for one, would not be here if it were not for an upstander. My father’s family barely escaped the Holocaust after Kristallnacht, the “Night of Broken Glass” in Berlin on Nov. 9, 1938. He and his family found refuge in Shanghai, China.\nnational bullying prevention month\nWhat's happening across the country for Bullying Prevention Month—and this is just the first week! StopBullying.gov is sponsoring the Stop Bullying Challenge, a PSA campaign for youth to make videos to show how they’re more than a bystanderThis contest gives young people another way to create a more positive and healthy environment in their schools and communities. Youth between 13 and 18 years old are invited to submit original PSAs, 30-60 seconds long by Oct. 14 at 11 p.m. EST. Watch this invitation from Arne Duncan, Secretary of Education Pacer, the national organization that initiated Bullying Prevention Month is promoting Unite Against Bullying Wednesday, Oct. 10 is Unity Day, a special event during National Bullying Prevention Month. The key message is, “Make it Orange, Make it End!”\n“It’s not just, oh, you get bullied and the next year it gradually tapers off and you’re a normal person. It sticks with you your entire life. I still get these occasional feelings, like I’m not good enough. I never felt anything like that before the ninth grade.” Mike Nelson, now a successful ad agency producer, knows how devastating bullying can be. He brought his own experience to a video PSA, \"Break Bullying,\" that shows how shockingly degrading and harmful bullying can look if seen it from the perspective of an adult. (See Nelson’s bullying story below.) “Kids aren’t going to accept something that’s watered down,” said Nelson, head of production at MAKE. “Let’s get real about this.” MAKE is based in Minneapolis, Minn. and does commercial work for companies such as McDonalds, Target, Burger King and Blue Cross Blue Shield. Two years ago, the team began creating PSAs pro bono around issues they were passionate about and donating the PSAs to organizations they supported, including the Salvation Army, Animal Humane Society, Second Harvest Food Bank and the National Fatherhood Initiative.\nOctober is National Bullying Prevention Month. NIOS is joining organizations across the country that are taking a stand against bullying. Not In Our School is kicking off National Bullying Prevention Month with a powerful anti-bullying public service announcement, “Break Bullying” (above) donated to Not In Our Town by MAKE, a professional ad agency. The PSA depicts adults in an office environment re-enacting the director’s personal bullying experience from middle school. His point: If we would not stand for this in the office, why do we stand for it happening to kids in schools? It is a call to action for everyone to take bullying seriously. Students and teachers alike are reporting visceral responses to the PSA. You will hear a few bleeps—but those bleeps, unedited, are what kids experience daily in their schools. Join the thousands who are taking action during bullying prevention month. Post this video on your Facebook page, share the link with your friends, speak up and stand up to bullying in your community.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This new video from UNICEF starts with the story of an Indian woman who safely delivered a healthy baby in a clinic, under medical supervision, thanks to a partnership between UNICEF and her local government. Prior to their intervention, the majority of women in her district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh were delivering babies at home because health facilities were few and far away, and there was no transportation available.\nOver five years, UNICEF worked with the Madhya Pradesh government to make major changes, including:\n- Upgrading health centers\n- Providing new equipment\n- Hiring new nurses\n- Improving hospitals with a newborn care units\n- Funding an ambulance service\n- Creating a call center to coordinate ambulance trips\nNow, five years after UNICEF began their work, the woman’s district reports the lowest maternal mortality rate in the entire state. Every year, half a million women use the ambulance service to ensure safer deliveries, and 50,000 newborns are saved in the newborn care units. UNICEF’s work has been so successful that the Madhya Pradesh government is scaling up and replicating it elsewhere in the state and other Indian states are also interested in implementing the programs.\nOne of the newborns in the video had a lung problem and was also underweight because his mother had not been eating properly. The narrator mentioned that many babies in the unit were underweight. While the video focused on the help the new care unit was able to provide to these newborns, my thoughts went elsewhere. UNICEF’s work has made a big difference, but the small fact about the prevalence of underweight newborns reinforced the fact that there are many larger underlying factors and social determinants at play that will continue to challenge progress and positive changes in developing countries. UNICEF’s innovative programs were definitely successful in tackling the delivery and newborn care issues in the region, but the video also (unintentionally) illustrated the general complexity of global health and development challenges.\n“Don’t let complexity stop you. Be activists. Take on the big inequities. It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.”\n– Bill Gates", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- 1Shield-shaped.More example sentences\n- Druses were common throughout the mesophyll tissues, and peltate, glandular trichomes were present on both epidermises.\n- Reports indicate that, within the family, different species can have both peltate and capitate trichomes, peltate or capitate only or, more rarely, neither.\n- The density of peltate glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface of a fully developed leaf is typically about 1600 per cm.\n- 1.1(Of a leaf) more or less circular, with the stalk attached at a point on the underside.More example sentences\n- The glandular trichomes of birch leaves belong to the peltate type and consisted of cortical and medullar cells, tightly covered by cuticle, which had no ruptures in young trichomes.\nMore definitions of peltateDefinition of peltate in:\n- The US English dictionary", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Assessment for Azerbaijanis in Iran\nAzerbaijanis have two risk factors for rebellion: they are geographically concentrated and have suffered recent government repression. However, they do no suffer explicit economic or political discrimination and are well integrated into Iranian society. By most accounts, it appears that Azeris in Iran are content to be a part of the Iranian state.\nNevertheless cultural restrictions on Azeri language use places the group at risk for further protest. There is sentiment for greater Azeri-language rights and limited sentiment for autonomy or independence. Although Azeris are generally well integrated with the Persian majority, discrimination against their language remains a looming risk factor.\nA potential pitfall to the relatively stable condition of Azeris in Iran may indeed come from the ideological support they receive from non-governmental organizations and the government of Azerbaijan. Thus, the direction that Iranian-Azerbajaini relations take at the state level will likely have a great impact on the future condition of Iran’s Azeris.\nThe Azerbaijanis (also known as Azeris) compose about a quarter of Iran’s population, and are the largest minority in Iran. They are Shi’i Muslims by faith (RELIGS1 = 6), and in many respects are similar to the rest of the Iranian population (CUSTOM = 0, BELIEF = 0). Many prominent Iranian Shi’i clerics have been and are Azeris (the Supreme Ayatollah is of Azeri decent). The main factors that differentiate them from the rest of the Iranian population are their Azerbaijani ethnicity, and their native language of Azeri Turkish (LANG = 1). The Azeris live principally in the northwestern Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Ardebil, as well as in urban centers such as Tehran (GROUPCON = 2).\nThe Azeris of Iran have not been historically autonomous, although in 1945-1946, the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan declared the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which only lasted for a year and collapsed following a withdrawal of Soviet support. Following a brief revival of Azeri nationalism after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the central authorities severely restricted the publishing of Azeri material, the instruction of Azeri Turkish, and the open organization of Azeri cultural groups—these restrictions remain in place to date (CULPO204-06 = 3). The Azeris participate in the Iranian government at the highest national levels as much as any other group, including ethnic Iranians (LEGISREP=1, EXECREP=1).\nAzeri grievances primarily revolve around a desire for greater cultural freedoms, such as teaching and publishing in their own language (CULGR04-06= 1). While the dominant political grievance seems to be a wish for some decentralization of decision-making or limited autonomy, there are demands for independence or incorporation into Azerbaijan (POLGR04-06 = 4). .\nPolitical parties demanding the advancement of Azeri cultural or political claims are banned in Iran, and it is therefore difficult to assess Azeri organizational activities and strength. However, two new organizations were founded in 2002 and 2003, both by the aforementioned dissident Mahmoud Ali Chehregani, who now resides in the U.S. The first organization is the Azerbaijani United Islamic Front, which demands “autonomous zone for Azerbaijanis in Iran”; the other is the Supreme Council of People’s of Iran, which claims to represent all minorities in Iran.\nThere have been reports of increased protests demanding greater cultural rights for Azeris (PROT00 = 3; PROT01, PROT02 = 1; PROT03 = 2; PROT04 = 5; PROT06 = 3; REB03-05 = 0, REB06 = 1). During summer 2004, hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis reportedly protested in Tabriz the continued marginalization of Azeri culture and language. In May 2006, thousands reportedly protested the publication in a state-run newspaper a cartoon depicting Azerbaijanis as cockroaches. Multiple protesters were arrested in both incidents, and several protesters were killed by security forces in 2006 (REPNVIOL04 = 4; REPNVIOL06 = 5).\nAmnesty International. 6/29/2006. “Iran: Authorities should exercise restraint in policing Babek Castle gathering and address human rights violations against Iranian Azeri Turks..” MDE 13/074/2006.\nAtabaki, Touraj. 1993. Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and Autonomy in Twentieth Century Iran, London: British Academic Press.\nCornell,Svante. 11/22/2004. “Iranian Azerbaijan: A Brewing Hotspot.” Presentation to Symposium on “Human Rights and Ethnicity in Iran.”\nEurasianet.org, various articles 2001-2003.\nHelfgott, Leonard M. “The Structural Foundations of the National Minority Problem in Revolutionary Iran” Middle East Studies, XIII (1-4), pp.195-213.\nBBC Monitoring Reports. 2/10/2005. “Iran’s ethnic Azeri leader urges USA to take ‘specific actions.’”\nBBC Monitoring Reports. 9/15/2005. “Iranian authorities close down Azeri magazine ‘for promoting separatism.’”\nMeron, Theodor . 1989. “Iran’s Challenge to the International Law of Human Rights.” Human Rights Internet Reporter 13:1. 8-13.\nMetz, Helen Chapin. 1987. Iran: a Country Study (4th ed.), Federal Research Duvision, Library of Congress.\nNissman, David B. 1987. The Soviet Union and Iranian Azerbaijan, Boulder: Westview.\nRichard, Yann. 1989. “The Relevance of ‘Nationalism’ in Contemporary Iran.” Middle East Review. Summer. 27-36.\nThe Christian Science Monitor, 1990-1994.\nTohidi, Nayereh. 6/28/2006. Open Democracy, Iran: regionalism, ethnicity and democracy.\nKeesing’s Contemporary Archive, Keesing’s Record of World Events, 1990-1994.\nLexisNexis. Various news reports. 1990-2006.\nUN Commission on Human Rights. 2/12/1990. Report on the Islamic Republic of Iran\nUS Department of State. Annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Iran. 1991, 1993, 2001-2006.\nThe Washington Post, 1990-1994.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cataracts are caused to due change in lens microstructure due to age.As you grow older there is coagulation of protein crystallin or vacuole formation on the lens which makes it opaque. Also sometimes lens color changes to yellowish brown. This leads to blurred vision.\nNon- age related cataracts are caused due to various factors.\nIt leads to development of secondary cataract. Person with diabetes are at higher risk of cataract.\nCertain drugs are associated with cataract development.Corticosteroids, Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazine related medications.\nThis increases the chance of cataract 2-3 folds higher, if compared with non-smoker.\nDamage to lens may be caused due to some internal injury. This can lead to formation of clumps in eyes and decrease the vision.\nHarmful UVB rays coming from sun may lead to cataract formation. Excessive heat may affect the heat sensitive enzymes which protect lens proteins.\nLow level of anti-oxidants in body due to improper diet may lead to cataract. Including vitamin C and E in your diet will reduce the risk.\nCataract from childhood is due to chromosomal abnormalities. It is inherited.", "label": "No"}