{"text": "A Quality Product from\nRINCH INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD [View Profile]\nshanghai - China\nHLD-200 Halogen leak detector\nis a newly high performance intelligent halogen leak detector. The new shell designed with LED displaying is elegant, easily-carried, easy operation, visual and clear display, etc.\nVisual display and single light diode displays the leak degree in large range in the form of \"gradually lights the light\".\nProviding 6 levels of sensitivity to set the real-time cycle adjustment\nEasy operation with pushbutton\nBattery checked function with tricolor display\nDetect all kinds of halogenated refrigerants.\nThe high effective true mechanical pumping provides positive airflow through sensing tip, which can improve the sensitivity and response speed.\n1 The leak-detect in vocation of freeze, refrigeration, and air-conditioner\n2 The leak-detect for air-conditioner in the car\n3 It will respond to all halogen gases (including Chlorine and Fluorine). Including CFCS e.g. R12, R11, R500, R503 etc.\nHCFCS e.g. R22, R123, R124, R502 etc\nHFCS e.g. R134a, R404a. R125 etc.\nAnd other mixtures, e.g. AZ-50, HP62, MP-39, etc.\n4 Detect Ethylene Oxide gas leaks in hospital sterilizing equipment (it will detect the homogenate carrier gas.\n5 Detect SF-6 in high voltage circuit breaks\n6 Detect most gases including Chlorine,\nFluorine and Bromine (halogen gas)\n7 Detect cleaning agents used in dry\ncleaning applications such as\n8 Detect halogen gases in\nSpecification and parameters:\nPower supply: 3VDC (2XAA battery)\nMax. Sensitivity: R12, R22, R134a\nare certified to 7g/yr\nProbe life: about 30h\nView Complete Catalog\nAir quality monitor, Anemometer, Bearings Vibration Meter, CO monitor, CO2 monitor, Anemometer, Coating thickness meter, Conductivity Controller, Data logger, Dew point meter, Diameter measuring instrument, Dynamic Balance system, Gauss meter, Gas detector, Grain moisture meter, Gloss meter , Halogen leak detector, Hardness tester, HCHO monitor, Humidity meter, Infrared cameras, Infrared thermometer, Level controller, Lux meter, Moisture meter, Motor's Fault Diagnose Instrument, NO2 monitor, O2 Monitor, O3 Monitor, O3 generator, PH /ORP controller, Reflection meter, Refractometer, Sound level meter, Surface roughness meter, Surface speed meter, Steam Disinfection machine, Stroboscope, Spectrophotometer, Tachometer, TDS meter, Temperature Recorder, Temperature Controller , Thermometer, TVOC monitor air quality monitor, Ultrasonic thickness meter, Vibration tester, Vibration monitor, Window tint meter ,\nSurface roughness tester ( or SURFTEST ) & Comparison charts, Hardness tester for rubber, Plastics & metals, Coating thickness gauges, Ultrasonic digital thickness gauges, Tachomet ....\nWith technical-cum-financial collaboration of M/s. ENSAVE LTD., UK and M/s. Pneumech Engineers, Bombay(India), this has become a reality. 25 years of collective expertise of person ....\nTARGET MICRO SCAN Metal Detection Systems are designed to meet the strict demands of the bulk food and packaged food industries monitoring for metal impurities. Our metal detect ....\nFunction: MagneW 3000 Detectors send voltage signals which are linear with the liquid flow rate through them to any one of Honeywell's converters. The converter in-turn converts ....\nTARGET MICRO SCAN Metal Detection Systems are designed to meet the strict demands of the bulk food and packaged food industries monitoring for metal impurities. Our metal detec ....\nWe at SYSCON strive to give the best possible support / solution to our customers. Air Leak Testing is a highly specialized field and Air Leak Testing Systems involve customization ....\n1] LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM FOR TANKS . LEAK TESTING EQUIPMENTS 1] LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM FOR TANKS The system is used to check the leak on tank ....\nLeak Detector(MFY-01) is applicable in airproof test of foodstuff, pharmaceuticals, daily chemistry and other industries. Besides, it can also do airproof test of packages those ha ....\nFunction: The C7076 Ultraviolet Flame Detector is a solid-state, adjustable sensitivity device for sensing the ultraviolet radiation emanating from gas, oil. and pulverized coal ....\nOur Innovative CNG Vigilant is a must for every CNG vehicle manufacturer for end of line testing. It is a complete solution for your entire Leak testing needs and features like Tem ....", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "OMEGA Introduces Process Controller CN243\nStamford CT, USA — The CN243 series is a 1/16 DIN temperature / process controller with J, K, R, S thermocouple inputs.\nThis CE compliant CN243 series product can monitor and control temperature or process applications with precision using PID or On/Off control.\nThe CN243 series’ dual LED displays local indication of process value and set point value.\nThe CN243 also features:\n- process inputs,\n- RTD and thermistor inputs,\n- alarm functions,\n- 3 step ramp and soak,\n- digital input,\n- password protection and\nIt is deal for factory automation, refrigeration, semiconductor line heating and plastics processing.\nPrice Starts at $145.\nAn optional software package CN-SW-HW-KIT includes cable and configuration module for quick configuration of units, as well as copying configuration parameters from one unit to another.\nThe configuration module can also be purchased separately and with a built-in battery feature, configuration settings can be downloaded and copied to the module without power applied to controller.\nLink to the complete spec sheet online: http://www.omega.com/pptst/CN243.html.\nOmega Engineering, Inc.\nOne Omega Drive\nStamford CT 06907 USA\nPhone: 1-800-TC-OMEGA or 203-359-1660", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Evaluating Water Package Unit Chiller effeciency\nI have to evaluate the efficiency of water package unit chiller to determine the real needs of cooling capacity for replacing the old chiller. It still uses R -22 as refrigrant. My question is about how to calculate thermal side to determine the efficiency. I think there are two way to calculate it :\n1. Calculating the heat rate (J/s) of refrigerant in evaporative coil by measuring the temperature and pressure at the refrigeration cycle so I get the enthalpy difference in before and after coil by looking the R-22 graph. OR\n2. Calculating the heat rate (J/s) of water in evaporative coil by measure the temperature and velocity of air to get mass flow rate.\nAm I right? and if I am right, Which way is better in accuracy and easiness to do?\nThank you for your help.\ncould you just do kw per ton?\ntrue knowledge exists in knowing that you know nothing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Brazed plate heat exchangers are cutting-edge devices designed to optimize heat transfer in various industrial, commercial, and residential applications. These compact and efficient units play a pivotal role in exchanging thermal energy between two fluids without direct contact, ensuring enhanced performance and energy efficiency. In this comprehensive 1000-word article, we will delve into the world of brazed plate heat exchangers, exploring their design, benefits, applications, and how they revolutionize the heat transfer process.\nUnderstanding Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers\nBrazed plate heat exchangers consist of multiple thin plates stacked together and brazed using a copper or nickel alloy. The unique design creates alternating channels for the hot and cold fluids, allowing them to flow in separate passages. As the fluids pass through these channels, heat is efficiently transferred from one fluid to another, achieving the desired temperature exchange.\nThe Advantages of Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers\nBrazed plate heat exchangers offer several significant advantages over traditional heat exchange solutions, making them a popular choice across various industries.\n1. High Heat Transfer Efficiency\nDue to their compact design and close plate proximity, brazed plate heat exchangers provide excellent heat transfer efficiency. The direct contact between the plates ensures minimal thermal resistance, resulting in rapid and efficient heat exchange.\n2. Compact and Space-Saving\nCompared to conventional shell-and-tube heat exchangers, brazed plate heat exchangers are significantly smaller and more lightweight. This compactness allows for easy installation in tight spaces, saving valuable floor area and reducing overall system footprint.\n3. Enhanced Thermal Performance\nThe corrugated pattern on the heat exchanger plates promotes turbulent flow, enhancing heat transfer rates. As a result, brazed plate heat exchangers achieve more efficient temperature control and maintain precise temperature differentials between the hot and cold fluids.\n4. Durable and Resilient Construction\nBrazed plate heat exchangers are built with robust materials like stainless steel and copper or nickel brazing, ensuring high durability and resistance to corrosion. This makes them suitable for demanding industrial applications and environments.\n5. Lower Maintenance Requirements\nThe simple and sturdy design of brazed plate heat exchangers translates to reduced maintenance needs. Their smooth, easy-to-clean surfaces minimize fouling and scaling issues, making them easier and more cost-effective to maintain over their operational lifespan.\nApplications of Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers\nThe versatility and efficiency of brazed plate heat exchangers make them ideal for various applications across diverse industries.\n1. Heating and Cooling Systems\nBrazed plate heat exchangers are widely used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. They efficiently transfer heat between hot and cold water circuits, contributing to energy savings and precise temperature control.\nIn refrigeration systems, brazed plate heat exchangers play a vital role in heat recovery and subcooling. They ensure optimal refrigerant performance, reducing energy consumption and enhancing overall system efficiency.\n3. Industrial Processes\nIndustries such as chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical rely on brazed plate heat exchangers for process heating and cooling applications. They facilitate efficient heat transfer between different process fluids, improving productivity and reducing operational costs.\n4. Renewable Energy Systems\nBrazed plate heat exchangers are utilized in solar thermal systems and geothermal heat pump installations. They help transfer thermal energy from renewable sources to the desired applications, promoting sustainable energy solutions.\n5. Domestic Hot Water\nIn residential and commercial buildings, brazed plate heat exchangers are integrated into domestic hot water systems. They ensure rapid heating of water and prevent cross-contamination between the hot water supply and the potable water.\nBrazed plate heat exchangers have revolutionized the heat transfer industry with their efficient design and numerous advantages. From compactness and high heat transfer efficiency to durability and versatility, these heat exchangers excel in various applications, contributing to energy savings and sustainable practices.\nAs industries and individuals continue to prioritize energy efficiency and environmental consciousness, brazed plate heat exchanger offer a reliable and effective solution for optimizing heat transfer processes. Embracing these innovative devices can lead to substantial cost savings, enhanced system performance, and a greener future for generations to come.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "French company developing an innovative technology allowing easy transfer of immunoassays onto portable systems.\nThe company wanted to evaluate the point-of-care application for infectious disease diagnosis, prioritize applications, select the tests of interest and define the Go-To-Market strategy.\nNovoptim introduced the technology to KOLs, NGOs and Government agencies worldwide. Novoptim collected secondary data on competition and ran SWOT analysis for each market.\nTests of interest were identified and prioritized. The competitive landscape was assessed, and a Go-To-Market strategy was developed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "To save this undefined to your undefined account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your undefined account.\nFind out more about saving content to .\nTo save this article to your Kindle, first ensure email@example.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below.\nFind out more about saving to your Kindle.\nNote you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.\nThis paper provides a review of active control strategies used to isolate high-precisionmachines (e.g. telescopes, particle colliders, interferometers, lithography machines or atomic force microscopes) from external disturbances. The objective of this review is to provide tools to develop the best strategy for a given application. Firstly, the main strategies are presented and compared, using single degree of freedom models. Secondly, the case of huge structures constituted of a large number of elements, like particle colliders or segmented telescopes, is considered.\nThis work includes the creation of a computer model of the superconducting radio frequency cryostat located at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) in Saskatoon, Canada. This cryostat requires careful pressure and level modulation to ensure proper radio frequency control. A detailed mathematical model of the cryostat is generated based on gas and liquid mass balances for a boiling vessel, along with pressure–volume–temperature relations. Model results are compared with experimental data taken from the actual cryostat at the CLS to determine the accuracy of the simulation. Finally, cryostat performance is explored using the model, and it is demonstrated that there are no significant advantages in pressure modulation when reducing the level operating point, and in fact a reduction in operating level slightly increases the maximum value of pressure spikes due to heat loading.\nGround vibration is a key issue for the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), which is a third-generation light source under commissioning. However, the ground vibration of the SSRF is much larger than other light sources for relatively softer soil and deeper bedrock. More than 1000 piles with 0.6 m diameter down to 48 m underground, and slabs of 1450 mm thickness for the storage ring tunnel and the experiment hall, have been used to attenuate the ground vibration. Measurement results show that these piles and slab have obvious attenuation effect for the vibration induced by nearby vehicles and air conditioners. The coherences with respect to different distances are also carried out.\nBeam stability is always a concern in synchrotron light source facilities, and accurate and stable X-ray beam position monitors (XBPM) are key elements in obtaining desired user beam stability. Currently, Advanced Photon Source is preparing to upgrade its facility to increase productivity and to provide better beam stability. For better beam stability, a grazing-incidence insertion device X-ray beam position monitor (GRID-XBPM) is proposed for the insertion device beamline front ends instead of the current photoemission-based XBPM. The design and development of the GRID-XBPM are summarized in this paper including the thermal simulation results of the GRID-XBPM. Thermal and stress analyses show that it withstands the 21 kW total beam power and the peak heat flux of 1684 W mm−2 at a grazing incidence angle of 0.80° using a heat transfer coefficient of 0.010 Wmm−2 °C−1.\nFlexures are enjoying a new boom in numerous high-precision and extreme-environment applications. This paper presents some general aspects of flexure design, showing simple principles, and also some subtler issues concerning kinematic design, stiffness compensation, large reduction ratios and rectilinear as well as circular movements.\nThe storage ring tune measurement system at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) consists of signal pickup and beam excitation drive striplines. Striplines currently installed in the APS storage ring are of a four-blade (inner conductor) design that serves as a beam diagnostic tool and for transverse and longitudinal tune measurements. A new two-blade stripline was designed for the transverse feedback system and to be used for horizontal beam excitation. In this paper, we discuss its mechanical design, assembly procedure, and construction.\nUsers at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) requested a special purpose undulator that required 456 electromagnetic coils. This paper discusses the design and fabrication techniques used at the APS to build these room-temperature coils. The coils are made from insulated square copper conductor and are vacuum impregnated with epoxy.\nX-ray absorbers in the front ends and beamlines of synchrotron light sources are exposed to very high thermal loads. Many facilities, such as the Advanced Photon Source, are investigating upgrades that will further increase the thermal load. The likelihood of exceeding the limit of subcooled critical heat flux (CHF) in these components was examined. The assessment was performed for both currently possible off-normal operational conditions, such as might occur in the event of a failure of multiple safety interlocks, and the anticipated operating conditions that may result from future upgrades. The subcooled CHF values were calculated using empirical equations frequently cited in the literature and then compared with the computed values of the heat flux at the walls of the component cooling channels in cases where the cooling wall temperature exceeded the water saturation temperature at local hydraulic conditions. Having in mind that the great majority of the available empirical correlations were developed for the conditions characteristic for the operation of heat exchangers in the nuclear power industry, the limitations of this approach are discussed and an experimental study of the subcooled CHF values in the conditions similar to those expected in the front-end and beamline components is proposed.\nWe report the design and construction of an ultrahigh vacuum compatible cryogenic manipulator for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. This design allows six-axis motions in order to measure the band dispersion and Fermi surface of novel electronic materials. Three translational and polar angular motions are implemented by commercial stages. The azimuthal angle of the crystal can be rotated by up to ±90°, and the range of tilt motion varies from 95° to –10°. The sample position is designed at the centre of the above rotation goniometers. The sample holder is cooled using a continuous-flow cryostat. With liquid helium and nitrogen used for the cryostat, the temperature performance of the sample holder is tested and discussed.\nAt the Diamond Light Source, adaptive bimorph mirrors are extensively used to focus synchrotron light. Piezo crystals embedded in each bimorph mirror expand or contract in response to applied voltages, enabling the curvature of the reflecting surface to adapt to the required form. However, high-grade metrology tools are needed to determine the optimal voltages. The Diamond Optics & Metrology group have implemented in situ (on the beamlines) and ex situ (in a metrology lab) methods of characterizing optical surfaces. For ex situ tests, a slope-measuring profiler (the Diamond-NOM (Nanometre Optical Metrology)) is employed. In situ, X-ray pencil beam scans, performed using an X-ray sensitive camera and software designed in-house, are used to correct optical slope errors. Ex situ and in situ data are shown to be in good agreement. Examples of in situ improvements in the focusing quality and deliberate defocusing are shown. The methods developed are also applicable to many other forms of adaptive optics.\nA novel mirror bender system utilizing cam-shaft mover (CSM) with 100 µm eccentricity was designed and successfully tested. The system was initially tested and characterized in the laboratory, and then later the performance was verified using the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron radiation source. The force from the two separate CSMs is translated to both ends of a mirror through a small-diameter bellows feed-through. The system uses an internal spring assembly to compensate for atmospheric pressure. A compact gear box with 10:1 ratio between the stepper motor and cam shaft is used to increase the precision of the bender system. This bender system is equipped with a precise rotary potentiometer and load cell for feedback. A system resolution better than 0.2 µm per step was achieved. This bender system was designed as a separate unit, is very compact and can be used to bend a mirror in both the vertical and horizontal planes. Details of the system design, changes made from the prototype system to the production unit and test results are presented here.\nA superconducting planar undulator with 9.5 mm pole gap, 16 mm period and required peak field 0.64 T is at present under development at the Advanced Photon Source. Magnet structure precision is a key component of the project. The current design of the magnet structure is based on the assembled jaws with individual poles, while previous designs utilized solid cores with machined coil grooves. Each jaw has a core with pole grooves and separate precise poles inserted in these grooves and fixed with small screws. This approach allows achieving a uniformity of the poles thickness to within 15 µm, improving the surface finish, as well as using magnetic poles with non-magnetic cores. Several 42-pole jaws have already been produced, wound and tested. Magnetic measurements of the first structure have confirmed the mechanical precision of the assemblies. Details of the magnet structure design and jaw assembly, and changes made from the first prototype system to the production unit, are presented here.\nAs part of phase 1 of the European synchrotron radiation facility (ESRF) upgrade programme, a new beamline (UPBL6) for the study of electronic excitations using inelastic scattering and emission spectroscopy will be designed and constructed. The new beamline will provide an intense stable X-ray beam at two different spectrometers to be used on a time-shared basis. One of the spectrometers will be dedicated to resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS); the other to X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS). This beamline is currently (June 2010) in the design phase and may be fully operational by early 2013.\nThe in-vacuum undulator (IVU) controller has been developed and applied in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), China. The controller based on programmable logic controller (PLC) mainly controls two stepper motors for regulating the gap and taper of magnet array, implement automatic control of the correction coil power supplies, etc. In addition, the controller is also provided with a local and remote working mode. This paper mainly introduces related hardware and software design for the IVU controller.\nPolychromators, or elliptically bent diffracting crystals that focus a broad-bandwidth X-ray beam onto a sample, have become a common device at synchrotron beamlines specializing in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) because they allow a full absorption spectrum to be collected in one shot. Such a device is being planned for the XAS beamline I20 of the Diamond Light Source. A bent silicon crystal diffracting 7 keV X-rays with the (1 1 1) reflection is taken as a model for the simulations of this report. Instrumental resolution is determined by the demagnification of the source, the spread of the diffracted beam during propagation and the pixel size of the position-sensitive detector placed behind the sample. The first is calculated by geometrical optics. The second is calculated by a full wave-optical treatment, which includes Takagi–Taupin integration to find the diffracted amplitude at the crystal's surface and Huygens–Fresnel propagation of the diffracted wave to the sample or detector. This sets the polychromator's intrinsic energy resolution. The pixel size of the detector is then added to find the total instrumental resolution at various sample–detector distances.\nThe 3 GeV Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is designed to produce an electron beam with small emittance and to be maintained with top-up operation. The vacuum systems of the TPS-pulsed magnets in the storage ring include four kicker ceramic chambers for the stored beam and an injection chamber for the injected beam. The prototypical design, manufacturing process and some test results for these chambers are described.\nThe National Synchrotron Light Source II currently under construction at the Brookhaven National Laboratory is expected to provide unprecedented orbit stability in the storage ring in order to fully utilize the very small emittance of the electron beam. The desire to measure the position of such small beams to high resolution imposes stringent requirements on the thermal and structural stability of the supports for the beam postion monitor (BPM) pick-up electrodes located on multi-pole vacuum chambers and more so on those located upstream and downstream of insertion device sources where the beam size is the smallest. Even with tunnel air temperature expected to be controlled to ±0.1°C, low coefficient of thermal expansion materials is required to meet this level of thermal stability. Here, we present the application of these materials to the design of stable supports for radio frequency (RF)-BPMs as well as the methods of testing their performance.\nNational Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), a new state-of-the-art third-generation light source under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory is expected to have extremely small emittance and extraordinary beam stability. The mechanical requirements for beam diagnostics and instrumentation are exceptionally challenging. Here we present an overview of the mechanical aspects of some NSLS-II diagnostics as well as the performance levels of some systems currently under development.\nThe FERMI@ELETTRA Free-Electron-Laser (FEL) project at the ELETTRA Laboratory of Sincrotrone Trieste, currently under construction and commissioning, will comprise a linear accelerator and two FEL beamlines. Two identical magnetic chicanes for bunch length compression will be installed in the linear accelerator (LINAC) tunnel. The first bunch compressor, at 300 MeV, has been recently installed and commissioned while the production and installation plan of the second one (at 600 MeV) is being defined. The chicane mechanical design has been achieved in collaboration with the supplier, Rial Vacuum srl. In this paper, the chicane mechanical design and the movable vacuum chambers are presented.\nTwo in-vacuum undulators (IVU25) have been used since March 2009 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Another small-gap in-vacuum undulator with a smaller period length of 20 mm was completed in July 2010. The mechanical system of IVU25 consists of support frame, driving and guiding system, taper mechanism, compensation spring system, suspending rods assembly, etc. We have attempted to manufacture IVU25 with high mechanical stability, rigidity and reproducible gap motion. A mechanical design study of IVU25 is carried out which includes finite-element calculations on the mechanical deformation of the girder. Some modifications have been made to the design of IVU20.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2400i Indicator and Alarm\nAccurate temperature or process measurement\nAvailable in four standard DIN formats and complementing our range of world class PID controllers the Eurotherm range of indicators and alarm units provide accurate temperature or process measurement, clear indication with alphanumeric messaging and versatile alarming strategies.\nThe 2408i provides you with accurate indication and alarming of temperature and process measurements.\nProcess interlocks, including over temperature furnace limits, are implemented using relay outputs.\nOnly logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "World smart metering projects (2011), data can be found from Google map search.\nNatural gas as a city energy supply is well established in the developed countries while in the developing countries the usage of natural gas in city utility industry has significantly increased in recent years. The “town gas” or the “water-coal gas” generated from the process manufacturing of coal is vastly being replaced by natural gas. According to the worldwide energy consumption outlook released in 2011 by US Energy Information Administration, the worldwide annual natural gas consumption is at an average growth rate of 1.6% and will reach to 186.7 trillion cubic feet in 2035. The amount is almost doubled compared to that in 2003. This is not only from the requirements of environmental pollution control but for a better life style as natural gas is normally directly delivered to the residence providing much cleaner energy with higher efficiency. Metering the usage of natural gas is therefore a basic requirement for gas companies so that tariff can be fairly applied to customers and in return the revenue can further support gas company operation. This is particularly important today as current energy costs have skyrocketed. Some governments of Eastern European countries that were used to subsidizing or even providing free natural gas for residents are now starting to install gas meters under their new tariff system.\nThe first metering system for gas companies in history could be traced back to the very beginning of the 19th century when the gas was made for street and home lighting. The charges were initially based on contract and the usage was calculated on an hourly basis regardless of the actual consumption. Later gas charges were billed by the approximate numbers of gas burners counted by gas company workers touring streets every night. The first real dry gas meter that provides quantitative measurement was invented in 1843 in UK by William Richards and improved by Thomas Glover who established the first gas meter company in 1944. The meter was constructed with sheepskin diaphragms and a sliding valve enclosed with steel. Gas that enters into and fills up the first diaphragm chamber is pushed out for delivery while gas is filling the second chamber. The meter is hence named “diaphragm meter“. This great invention provides excellent measurement range and is operated by pure mechanical structure without additional power. The invention virtually saved the gas companies and made them profitable for their services and continued growth. The dramatic increase of the gas meter business however started ironically after the invention of electricity bulbs in 1879 that took away the lighting business of the gas companies who were forced to develop new business for home cooking and heating in order to survive. Ever since almost all gas meters made for city residential gas metering are based on the same volumetric principle, although several attempts have been made but none proved good for mass deployment. Gas meters installed at residential place often experience many unexpected conditions including privacy constrains that make it very difficult for repair and maintenance. In addition, the pure mechanical character of the meter makes it almost impossible for in situ adjustment of measurement with respect to the change of environmental factors, i.e., temperature and pressure that in fact have great impact to the volumetric capacity of gas. The mechanical gas meters also require the direct human intervention for the data collection, which is often inconvenient as most of the meters are installed inside residential private area. To develop an alternative gas meter, it must have the capability of long life time, sustained accuracy, no service requirement during its life time and operation without external power. Despite the challenges, the advancement of the electronics and infrastructure as well as the ever increasing energy cost has undisputedly led gas companies into the urgency of a better gas management system.\nIn addition to the diaphragm meters for residential gas metering, commercial and industrial users are the other two types that most of the gas companies have to deal with. For commercial applications, rotary meters are commonly used as the diaphragm meters cannot withstand high gas pressure and handle the required high gas flow rate. Most of the diaphragm meters currently available are designed for measurement of a flow below 100 cubic meters per hour and a pressure below 100kPa. In addition, the size of the diaphragm meters for higher flow rate becomes very bulky creating many logistical difficulties. Rotary meters are also used as positive displacement (volumetric) gas meters and are built based on the lobed impeller principle proposed by Roots Brothers in 1846. The rotary meters are sometimes also called Roots meters. The first rotary meter for gas appeared in 1920s and became popular for commercial gas metering about 60 years ago. The rotary meters have better accuracy, higher pressure rating and smaller in size. In particular they can be equipped with a flow computer for temperature and pressure compensation for better performance. For industrial users with even higher pressure and larger flow rate that rotary meters cannot handle, turbine gas meters are often used. Unlike the rotary meters, the turbine gas meters are “inferential meters” as gas flow rates (volume) are calculated from the measurement of gas flow speed. The word “turbine” was derived from Latin word meaning spinning. The first turbine meter was invented by Reinhard Woltman in 1790, but the applications in utility industry only happened in late 1950s, it is likely because that turbine gas meters cannot handle the earlier manufactured gases with high humidity and impurity, only perform well in clean and dry natural gas. Turbine gas meters can be applied to high pressure and are acknowledged as primary standard with temperature and pressure compensation for custody transfer. However, they have a small dynamic measurement range and are not suitable for commercial or residential gas metering.\nSince 1980s, many efforts toward the above mentioned objectives have been made for the development of all-electronic gas meters that can provide solutions to the drawbacks of the mechanical metering scheme for the city gas applications (Kang, 1992; Otakane, 2003; Matter, 2004; Kono 2006; Huang, 2010). The development and deployment of ultrasonic gas meter starting in late 1980s has yet to overcome the cost barrier and the progress has been slow. MEMS (micro electro mechanical system) mass flow meters for city utility industry have been developed in several countries since late 1990s. With the dramatic advancement of the electronic technology in this century, the all-electronic gas meters become more and more close to reality and commercialization of such meters is already evident. In this chapter, we will review the existing technology, current market demand and focus on the current city utility gas meter technology with MEMS mass flow sensing as well as the future outlook of the technology.\n2. Market demand and smart gas meters\nCurrent utility gas markets are driven by multiple factors. The global energy shortage makes the energy cost constantly increasing; global warming calls for usage of clean energy and reduction of carbon dioxide emission that city coal energy is one of the major contributors; success in electricity smart meter system (replacing the mechanical meter by electronic meter with networking) adds the pressure for the current man power based management system in utility gas industry; privatization and ever reduction of government subsidization forcing a more accurate tariff system. As such, better natural gas management is critical for gas companies. In the past few years, particularly after the world economic crisis starting in 2008, governments worldwide have made many initiatives to promote a better city energy system including those for natural gas management.\nOne of the initiatives related to the utility meters is the “smart metering infrastructure” that provides instant data access and management of the actual usage of electricity, water and gas. As of today, the electricity smart metering projects have proven to be effective, and wide replacement of the mechanical electricity meters with all electronic electricity meters has been executed worldwide. The “smart gas meters” are however still the diaphragm meters with an electronic data process device that converts the mechanical index into digital value and transmits to the data centre. According to the “smart meter project map” compiled by the UK Energy Retail Association, there are approximately 311 smart metering projects or initiatives worldwide as of 2011, among which only 37 or 11.9% are smart gas metering projects or initiatives. Table 1 and 2 summarizes the data from the above mentioned resources. The data indicate that the smart meters are still in their infancy and opportunities are huge as the market is now ready for taking new technologies. From the data one can notice that most of the projects or initiatives are in North America and Europe. Data summarized from the same database further indicated that the gas and water smart meter installation are less that 12% of the total smart meters in the fields. From the annual market data reported by the ABS Energy Research in 2008, there are 396 million gas meters installed in the world while the demand for new installation and replacement in 2012 was estimated over 35 million units with an annual growth of 4.0%. The fast growth of the new installation market is in Russia and China where the natural gas usage was previously subsidized by government or limited by resources. The growth rate in China is expected to be 8.7% as the country is converting the “town gas” into a much cleaner natural gas energy. Another high growth market with approximately a 15% growth rate would be in India where the construction of the natural gas delivery system is in progress. In North America and Europe the market is dominated by the replacement demand, where the US market is expected to have a 5.5% growth rate as promoted by the demand of AMR (automatic meter reading) or the AMI (automatic metering infrastructure). Because of the high replacement cost, difficulties in maintenance and long meter life time, gas companies waiting for replacement are aggressively searching for new technologies for the best cost structure and future management considerations. This could also be part of the reasons that the current smart gas meter installations are less than 2% of the total meters in the field. With the current existing technologies, the smart metering projects are also limited by the actual values that can be added.\n|% of smart meters||1.9||3.8||0.2|\nAs discussed above, current smart gas meter is simply the addition of an electronic device to the existing diaphragm meters in most cases. There are no changes in the actual metering technology itself. By nature, it facilitates elimination of the meter reading labour cost. However, the current electronic convertor and transmitter is very costly, even much higher than that of the meter itself, which is also a serious drawback for the deployment of the smart gas meters. The overall cost would not result in any savings while the labour elimination fosters unemployment as a side effect. Unlike the electricity smart meters that can provide hourly data, the transmitted gas data are an average of a few days of usage that greatly reduced the viability for analysis of customer consumption pattern. It also cannot compensate the undesired gas volumetric changes due to environmental condition variations. Reports of high installation errors for the smart gas meters in some earlier US deployments, as well as, some erroneous meter performance even initiated local referendum against the smart gas meter installations. Some experts also expressed concerns about the security readiness for data transmission with the current smart meter system and call for the current government initiatives as “money trumps technology”.\nThe market demand for a better utility gas meter to meet the current challenges opens the golden doors for new technologies in this very traditional industry segment.\n3. All-electronic gas meters for city natural gas metering\nWith the advancement of the electronics in late 1980s, development of all-electronic gas meters for utility industry was initiated. For obvious competition reasons for gas meters, the new technology must excel the old ones before it can be massively deployed. The diaphragm meters have their well acknowledged performance in large measurement range, long term reliability, reasonable accuracy, applicability for various gas compositions, low cost to manufacture, as well as, operation without external power. It is nontrivial to outperform these features for any of the existing gas measurement technologies.\nThe first prototype of an all-electronic gas meter for residential applications was reported by Kang et al. in 1992. The thermal time-of-flight measurement technology was used to build the prototype. A thermal pulse was sent from the transmitter while the pulse carried by the gas flowing through the transmitter was received by the receiver that was placed precisely at a pre-set distance from the transmitter downstream. A venturi structure was used for enhancing flow stability and boosting sensitivity at low flow range. The measurement of the travel time of the pulse can then determine the flow speed of the gas. The time-of-flight measurement scheme is by theory a pure flow speed detection that shall be independent of the gas composition as it is one of the variables that must be considered for the influence on measurements. The reported data indeed showed that the prototype calibrated in air can be readily applied to measure argon as well as natural gases with variable compositions. This prototype was however limited by the electronic technology in late 1980s, and the complicated construction of the transmitter and receiver with very thin hotwires which made it impossible for demonstration of reliability in field and capability in mass production regardless of its cost considerations. Nonetheless, this prototype successfully demonstrated the feasibility of an electronic gas meter for natural gas applications.\nIn addition to the above mentioned features of the mechanical meters that need to be matched by new technology, the all-electronic gas meters are expected to provide the capability of data safety, remote data transmission and management, and elimination of environmental conditions such as temperature induced metrology variations. In recent years, the efforts are made with ultrasonic and MEMS thermal mass technologies.\n3.1. Ultrasonic gas meters\nUltrasonic flow meters were first introduced in 1963 by Tokyo Keiki and were used for industrial natural gas measurement in late 1970s by Panametrics (Yoder, 2002). There are two fundamental measurement principles in the ultrasonic gas meter technology, transit time or time-of-flight and Doppler shift. Either one is classified as the inferential measurement similar to that for the turbine meters. In the time-of-flight measurement configuration, a pair of transmitter/detector was placed at a distance apart inside the flow channel and close to the channel wall in most cases. The time difference between the signal transmitted from upstream to downstream and the one from downstream to upstream is proportional to the gas flow rate. For the meters employed with the Doppler shift principle, the ultrasonic signal sent via the ultrasonic transmitter across the flow channel is deflected by the particles inside the flow stream. The measured Doppler frequency shift is proportional to the flow speed of the particles that are traveling at the same speed along with the flow stream. Most of the ultrasonic gas meters are made with the time-of-flight technology as “particles” in many gases may not even be present to reflect the ultrasound for measurement.\nWith more technical understandings of the ultrasonic gas meters in natural gas industry, and particularly after the development of the multipath ultrasonic sensing measurement technology that two, four or even six pairs of the ultrasonic transducers are installed inside the same pipeline and the averaged data significantly enhanced the measurement accuracy. These advancements helped substantial increase of the ultrasonic meter deployment in utility gas industry. In the second half of 1990s, both Europe and USA have started to establish the standards for the technology, and subsequently published regulations for use of the technology in natural gas custody transfer applications. Both the Technical Monograph 8 by European Association of Natural Gas (GERG) and AGA-9 by American Gas Association are the milestones for ultrasonic meters for natural gas applications. However, due to the high cost and difficulties for the transducers configured in small gas pipelines, the ultrasonic gas meters were largely limited to the usage in large pipelines replacing turbine meters or orifice flow meters for custody transfer.\nThe first attempt to use ultrasonic meter for residential applications started in 1991 in UK. About 200 meters manufactured by Siemens and Gill Electric R&D were installed together with newly calibrated diaphragm meters in serial connection throughout the country. These meters were about half the size of that for the diaphragm meters with same flow range. The meters were powered by a battery with the anticipated life of 10 years and equipped with a safety shut-off valve. The measurement range of these ultrasonic meters was comparable to that of diaphragm meters and the accuracy was slightly better. In addition, these meters were also readily applicable for AMR and pre-payment schedule. The new technology hence showed good improvements for their performance as compared to those of the diaphragm meters. Japanese major gas companies including Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas and Toho Gas led the way for the development of ultrasonic gas meters for residential applications in 2001, and field tests of 100 meters similar to that in UK started in 2003 and concluded in 2005 without showing any inferior performance as compared to those diaphragm meters in series. US meter manufacturer Sensus introduced the ultrasonic meter for residential applications in the same period of time. Both UK and US models only covered G4/G6 in equivalence to diaphragm meters while Japanese models do include the very low flow range models of G1.6/G2.5. In 2007, European Committee for Standardization (CEN) published the EN14236-2007 for ultrasonic meters for residential applications that significantly boosted the usage of the technology. However, due to substantially higher cost compared to those for diaphragm meters, residential ultrasonic meters are very limited in field installation and are mostly in the developed countries (approximately 1.3M in UK; 0.03M in Japan and 1.2M in USA). For more than 15 years after the first deployment, only less than 0.7% of the total existing meters worldwide are now ultrasonic meters in the regime of residential applications.\nUltrasonic gas meters for city residential or commercial gas metering by principle measure directly gas speed. With the current electronic technology, it has the advantage of readiness for data transmission, data safety, remote access and management. In addition, the measurement is independent of gas composition. On the other hand, the ultrasonic meters also have the same disadvantages of temperature and pressure dependence and thus bear the similarity of the volumetric measurement character that are currently adopted by city gas industry. Therefore it would have less public sensitivity when even partial replacement of the existing meters in a specific area takes place. Customers would not notify any differences in principle if both the diaphragm meters and ultrasonic meters are installed in the same neighbourhood. Although the advantages of the ultrasonic meters seem very compelling and attractive to gas companies, their high cost is nonetheless a huge barrier for the market penetration. Moreover, the desired compensation for the environmental variations could only be achieved with the addition of temperature and pressure sensors which not only add to the cost that is already higher acceptance but also it will introduce additional metrology errors.\n3.2. Differential pressure gas meters\nDifferential pressure gas meters are the oldest technology for gas flow measurement. They utilize the differential pressure sensor to measure the pressure drop across the designated gas pipeline and calculate the corresponding flow rate. It is therefore also an inferential type of flow meter. The performance of this type of meter depends on the accuracy of the differential pressure sensor incorporated, as well as the design of the pressure dropper inside the flow channel that shall serve as the source of the accuracy for the measurement. The higher pressure drop will be easier for the pressure sensor to resolve the differences. Pressure sensors with high accuracy and large measurement range are often costly and not readily available on market. Consequently, the differential pressure gas meters usually could not have a wide measurement range, in most cases with a turn-down ratio (maximum detectable flow rate over minimum measurable flow rate) smaller than 5:1. With additional temperature compensation, these meters can provide fairly accurate measurement and hence they are traditionally used in gas stations for custody transfer together with a large pump since the flow rate is relatively stable at the gas stations. This type of meter is therefore not suitable for city gas distribution purpose. The mandatory presence of the pressure dropper or orifice within the flow channel creates additional pressure loss other than the normal ones due to pipeline transportation, which is very much undesirable for the city gas distribution where the commercial pipeline gas pressures are often within a few kilopascal. High pressure loss is detrimental to the gas delivery capability for the end user applications.\nIn recent years, gas meters for residential applications based on the differential pressure sensing principle have been developed. One of the products currently available on market was manufactured by Betar Meters of Russia. As of today, there is only one model available that is equivalent to the model of the smallest diaphragm meter G1.0 with a maximum flow rate of 1.6m3/hr. The meter body was made of casted metal while the flow channel was constituent of several stamped aluminium plates that make the meter very compact and very low cost. It is the smallest available gas meter on market. Because the silicon based differential pressure sensors consume very low power, the battery powered differential pressure gas meters are expected to have life of over 10 years. The silicon pressure sensors can be mass produced with excellent consistency that can be an advantage in meter manufacture cost reduction. However, because of the sensitivity of the pressure sensor, this meter has a small turn-down ratio of 40:1 that is far inferior to the 160:1 of the current diaphragm meter technology. In addition, the market share for such a small flow ranged gas meter model is small, and such model has actually already been phased out in many countries. Furthermore, compensation of environmental variations such as temperature for this type of meter adds significantly to cost as well as metrology errors.\nAs discussed above, meters with the differential pressure sensing technology are not the best solution for the city gas distribution applications for its small measurement range and sensitivity to the environmental conditions. Differential pressure measurement in a larger pipeline may not be useful due to the presence of large undesirable pressure loss.\n3.3. MEMS gas meters\nIt is generally recognized that MEMS technology was born after Christmas in 1959 when Richard Feynman delivered his speech, “There is plenty of room at the bottom”, at the American Physical Society Meeting, which inspired and promoted the technology worldwide. However, the terminology of “MEMS” only appeared in 1987 when a series of workshops on microdynamics was held in California. The European society is used to name the technology as “microsystems” while the Japanese scientists call it “micromachines”. But today MEMS is widely accepted by the international community. MEMS utilizes the device process technologies similar to those used in integrated circuitry to build a comprehensive microsystem that can execute designated electronic, mechanical, optical, magnetic and/or thermal functionality. They can perform multitasks in a small form factor with minimal requirements of energy consumption at a nominal cost. As of today, devices made by MEMS technology have penetrated into our everyday life - TV sets, automotive, computer and peripherals, cell phones, projectors, medical devices, scientific instruments, just to name a few. These devices have significantly changed the way we live, saved thousands of lives and enhanced our understandings to the world surrounding us.\nMEMS gas meters utilize the MEMS mass flow sensing technology to measure gas flow rate. With the state-of-the-art electronics for the signal process, MEMS gas meters have extended dynamic range, enhanced data safety and are easy for network and remote data transmission. The measured flow rate has automatic temperature and pressure compensation and it\n|Ultrasonic||Differential pressure||MEMS Mass flow|\n(as of 2011)\n|20+ years||3 years||18+ years|\n|Models||Residential and commercial||Small residential||Commercial and industrial|\n|Markets||UK, US, Japan||Russia||China, Japan, Italy|\n|Cost||Medium to high||Low||Low|\nis also possible for direct calorific value measurement. These meters also have a substantially smaller form factor for better logistics. These features are ideal for the current demand of better gas energy management. In Table 3, the current all-electronic gas meter technologies are compared with respect to their characteristics.\nThe actual deployment of MEMS mass flow meters in utility industry started in mid 2000, and limited shipment of the commercial models to UK has started since 2011 that aims to replace the small turbine meter currently installed. Residential models of the MEMS mass flow meters made by MEMS AG had been extensively sampled in many European countries since 2003 while actual installations are few. One model of this meter for measurement of flow rate up to 6m3/hr, equivalent to G4 of diaphragm meter is available from Diehl Gas Metering.\nIn the following sections, we will discuss in detail the all-electronic gas meters made of MEMS mass flow sensing technology.\n3.3.1. MEMS mass flow sensing technology\nUsing the silicon planar technology to make mass flow sensing devices was first proposed by Hutton in 1971 and the first device made on a 50 μm thick silicon substrate was reported in 1974 by Putten et al. The sensing principle of this sensor was energy dissipation (anemometer) and the sensing elements were made of diffused p-type resistors close to the four edges of a 1.5x1.5 mm silicon surface. Using the Wheatstone bridge circuitry it conceptually demonstrated that the sensor can be used to measure the gas flow. This novel device would be the proximity of the MEMS mass flow sensor commercialized some 15 years later. Current commercial MEMS flow sensing products are made based on the principles of calorimetry, energy dissipation and thermal time-of-flight measurement. Others are most in the stage of research. A review of these research activities can be found in the published book chapters (Haasl 2008, Bonne 2008).\nThe calorimetric flow sensors (Gehman 1985, Bonne 2008) have a microheater at the middle and two temperature sensors are placed symmetrically with respect to the microheater. The temperature difference, ΔT, is a measure of mass flow rate, qm, thermal capacitance, Cp, and thermal conductivity, ξ, of the fluid: ∆T∝P(ξ)/qm ×Cp. The thermal conductivity can be measured from consumed power, P, of the microheater. The calorimetric flow sensors are best for low flow rate as the sensing is also limited by the boundary conditions.\nThe construction of the anemometric sensor (Bruun 1995; van der Wiel 1993) is relatively simple as it only needs to measure the energy dissipation of the microheater when the flow fluid passing through the microheater. Therefore, the measured ΔT between the microheater and that of the gas temperature is proportional to the dissipated energy P and the mass flow rate of the fluid: ∆T∝P(ξ)/(qm )k, where k is the factor that related to the meter design. The heat dissipation is usually insensitive at low flow rate and therefore it is best for applications for high flow rate measurement.\nThe time-of-flight (TOF) flow sensors (Ashauer, 1999; Shin 2006) have the similar configurations to those of anemometric sensors, but the operation mode is not to measure the power of the microheater. The upstream thermistor sends out continuous pulses while the downstream thermistor measures the time of the heat that the pulse carried from the upstream to downstream. As the distance can be precisely made or can be further precisely calibrated, the flow speed of the fluid can then be precisely determined. Obviously this technical is best for very small flow rate. In practice, the frequency phase shifts between the two thermistors are measured for enhanced accuracy and easy data process.\nA typical structure of a commercially available MEMS flow sensor is shown in Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the sensing elements and the microheater are built on the membrane that is normally made of silicon nitride or silicon oxide and silicon nitride combination. The underneath cavity provides excellent thermal isolation that shall boost the sensitivity at a low operational power. This cavity is made by front wet chemical etch in some of the earlier products, but later with the invention of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology, backside opening of the cavity was applied for better yield and efficiency. The slots on the membrane shall provide the pressure balance to minimize the deformation due to internal gas pressure. Many materials that have a high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) can be used to make the sensing elements and the microheater, but for long term reliability, the most commonly used materials are platinum or doped polycrystalline silicon. The thermistor placed on the silicon substrate is used for measurement of environmental temperature that can provide feedback to microheater such that a constant temperature or constant power operation mode can be maintained for the performance. The elongated design of the sensor is to place the interface connection pads away from the sensing elements and the connections via wire bonding can be subsequently sealed with package materials to ensure no shortage or damages from possible deposits of conductive materials or impact of particles carried in flow fluid. The space between the sensing element and the interface is also designed to be large enough so as to ensure that the flow profile disturbance due to the package is minimized.\nThe design shown in Figure 1 can be used for either calorimetric, or anemometric or time-of-flight flow sensors, but most of the current commercially available sensors are using\ncalorimetric measurement principle. Among the current commercial product suppliers, the first MEMS flow sensor was manufactured by Honeywell (Higashi 1985) in the late 1980s. Honeywell’s MEMS chip utilizes the calorimetric principle having a footprint of approximately 2x2 mm. Its suspended membrane with openings was made by front wet chemical etch. The sensing elements were made by FeNi alloy or platinum. Because of the sensor size, the wire bonded at the interface is exposed to the fluid. This has limited the applications of its AWM series of flow sensors to clean and dry gases only. In mid-1990s, Bosch (Hecht 1997) released the MEMS air flow sensor for automotive applications. This sensor has also utilized the calorimetric sensing but with independent thermistor to measure the temperature of microheater. This sensor has no openings on the membrane which would however not a problem for the designated applications in automotive electronic control unit. In late 1990s, Sensirion (Mayer 2004) released a MEMS flow sensor that integrated the mass flow sensing elements with the control electronics on a single chip. This design uses doped polycrystalline silicon thermal piles as the up- and downstream thermistors featuring very low power consumption and good sensitivity. The sensor’s membrane was similar to that of Bosch’s made by back side DRIE process without open slots which results in a limitation for higher pressure applications. In additional, since it is undesirable to place the exposed integrated circuitry to the fluid, the sensor has to be packaged to a tiny channel that in return limits its applications in high flow rate. Yamatake (Azbil) shared the patents with Honeywell (Nishimoto 1991) and thus the sensor structure is very much the same. Omron (Fujiwara 2005) introduced its mass flow sensor products in earlier 2000s, the sensor chip has a similar footprint as that of Honeywell but its sensing elements were provided by polycrystalline silicon thermal piles. The MEMS mass flow sensors by Siargo (Wang 2009; Huang 2011) were designed for use in utility gas flow meters with a wide dynamic range to cover requirements from residential to industrial applications in city gas distribution. The sensor integrated calorimetric and anemometric sensing technology, and further enabled the self-cleaning capability. The openings on the membrane ensure the buffer to withstand medium gas pressure in industrial applications. There are a few other MEMS flow sensor manufacturers, but none of them are directly applicable to natural gas metrology.\n3.3.2. Current MEMS gas meters\nThe first MEMS gas meter for city gas applications was developed by MEMS AG using Sensirion’s MEMS flow sensor in 2000 (Matter 2004). This meter was designed to replace diaphragm meter G4 for residential applications. The compact all-electronic gas meter was a sensation for the industry and field tests were conducted extensively. However, as previously discussed, the bypass design would always be a concern for reliability although the manufacturer had data to show the otherwise. There may be additional concerns about the gas composition dependence as well as lack of industrial standards that shall be a barrier for the custody transfer applications. Further the one model product shall be difficult for the customers to manage their tariff system. In 2007, the product was transferred to Swiss Metering for sales and marketing but today it is available under its parent company, Diehl Gas Metering. This one model meter had a different appearance but at least the gas composition dependence as indicated by the user guide would have the same limitation. (www.diehl-gas-metering.com) As some critical hazardous protection ratings are still pending, this product at current remains a prototype. Yamatake released its “μF” series of MEMS gas meters for industrial applications in 2004 that was powered by external supply. A battery operated correspondence with the same performance was released in 2007. (www.azbil.com) The design of the meter utilized due chip package that enhanced the dynamic range. Due to its MEMS chip design as discussed earlier in this chapter, the meters have to have excessive protections at the inlet of the flow resulting in huge pressure loss which is very much undesirable in the city gas distribution. For a higher pressure, however, its maximum flow capability is rather disappointing. Further, missing of the hazardous protecting would add additional concerns for city gas metering. In 2011, Metersit announced its four models of MEMS gas meters matching to the equivalents of diaphragm G4, G6, G16 and G25, these models are particularly in response to Italian government’s smart gas meter initiatives and regulations. They however have the same gas composition limitation as the same MEMS sensor by Sensirion was used. (www.metersit.com) Siargo since 2007 introduced its series of MEMS gas meters for both industrial (4 series, 10 models) and commercial (4 series, 7 models) gas metering applications. The products have been shipped to four countries as of 2011. (www.siargo.com) The MEMS gas meters manufactured by Siargo have the excellent dynamic measurement range by integration of the calorimetric and energy dissipation sensing elements onto a single MEMS chip. These battery powered models have an Ex ia IIC T4 rating that satisfies the city gas metering requirements. Table 4 compares the key performance parameters of the current available MEMS gas meters designed for city natural gas distribution by different manufacturers.\nIn this table, C means calorimetric and E is for energy dissipation. LF stands for “low flow model” while HF stands for “high flow model”. Siargo’s LF models include residential and commercial applications. Detailed ranges will be discussed later. Gas group H is based on European standard EN437; 12A/13A are two gas types in Japanese supply system. Siargo’s meters can be used for most of the natural gases with optional automatic composition variation compensation. The pressure loss listed in the table is for low flow models. For higher flow, the pressure drops are in line with the counterparts of corresponding diaphragm meters or rotary meters. In the following sections, we will discuss the detailed design, performance and reliability of Siargo’s gas meters.\n|MEMS sensor provider||Sensirion||Yamatake||Sensirion||Siargo|\n|Max. flow (LF) (m3/hr)||-||160||6||4/160|\n|Max. flow (HF) (m3/hr)||6||1600||40||3600|\n|Min. pressure (mbar)||-||100||-||-|\n|Max. pressure (mbar)||100||9800||150||3000/7000|\n|Pressure loss (mbar)||200||\"/>1200||200||200*|\n|Gas Group||Group H||12A/13A||Group H||Any|\n|Hazard rating||tbd||n/a||tbd||Ex iaIICT4|\n3.3.3. MEMS gas meter design\nTo accommodate the current requirements in city gas metering, the meters are designed into three series that cover the industrial, commercial and residential applications. Ideally the design shall have all current features of their mechanical counterparts while the new functions shall add significant values. In particular, the followings are among the design considerations:\nSimilar or better dynamic flow range\nTo achieve this, calorimetric and energy dissipation sensing elements are integrated onto a single MEMS chip. The detection limit was then extended down to 0.008 m/sec and up to 75 m/sec. The theoretical dynamic range for this MEMS sensor shall have a turn-down ratio over 2000:1, which in principle is far better than the 160:1 turn-down for the diaphragm meters. And this single MEMS sensor chip can then be used to cover all dynamic ranges in city gas metering. The meter algorithm shall automatically determine the transitional point where the measurement scheme shall be switched from calorimetric to energy dissipation. The larger dynamic range shall require a longer manufacture (calibration) cost, therefore the actual dynamic range shall be a balance of performance and cost.\nTemperature and pressure compensation\nThis is certainly the advantages for the mass flow sensing principle as it does not require additional sensing elements to separately measure temperature and pressure. The additional measurement elements shall also incur additional metrology errors. This however requires the design for pressure balance on both MEMS sensor chip and the package.\nLeakage detection for enhanced gas safety\nAs the chip can measure very low flow rate, the algorithm can determine whether a leakage could be present if a predetermined constant low flow rate is to be measured continuously for a certain period of time, and an alarm can then be displayed or transmitted via the communication port to the data center.\nStand-alone operation without external power\nThe beauty of mechanical metering technology is that it is operated by mechanical movement without external power. The all-electronic gas meter has to be powered by electric sources. Therefore the key would be that the power required must be low enough that a single battery can be used for sustained operation through its whole product lifetime.\nWith today’s stat-of-the-art electronics, three individual data storage units are designed and placed on the electronic control board. Programmable data record is provided as an option for desired data safety regulations. And the data record will automatically trigger when the unexpected interrupt of the control sequence takes place such as battery failure or sensor fault.\nBuild-in communication and network capability\nThe standard build-in communication protocol is Modbus (RS485) that is ready for external network and/or wireless modules such as GPRS. Optical port shall be an option, as well as other internal communication ports such as I2C or SPI.\nCalorific value assessment and compensation\nThe integrated elements can measure the relative value of thermal conductivity and thermal capacitance from which the calorific value can be assessed. Detailed discussions can be found later in this chapter.\nCompact design for cost reduction\nAs the MEMS sensor chip is miniature, the sensor assembly including the electronic control board can be designed into a compact form that is substantially smaller than the mechanical counterpart. This will provide additional benefits for the reduction of the cost not only in manufacture but for overall gas distribution management.\nAs the applications demand, the design must meet minimal requirements for hazardous protection to ensure safety.\nThe series of the current products are shown in Figure 2. The flanged meter series (a) are designed for applications in the gas pipeline with medium pressure up to 1.5MPa with a pipe diameter from 25 to 150mm and maximum measurable flow rate from 125 to 3600 m3/hr. The meters for commercial applications have a pipe diameter of 20 to 80mm covering maximum flow rate from 6 to 160 m3/hr and maximum working pressure of 1.0MPa. The residential gas meter series have a pipe diameter of 15 to 20 mm for a maximum flow rate of 2.5 to 4 m3/hr. The residential series have a maximum working pressure rating of 0.3MPa. The flow rates for all these meters are calibrated at the standard conditions of 101.325kPa and a customized temperature of 0, 15, or 20°C.\nThe meters are powered by a lithium ion battery of 19Ahr for a life time of four (industrial), six (commercial) and twelve (residential) years. For all models, both the instant mass flow rate and accumulated flow rate at the standard conditions (101.325kPa, 0/15/20°C) are displayed simultaneously. The battery indicator on the LCD will flash approximately three months before the end of the battery life. The battery pack was placed in a separate chamber that enables the integrity of the metrology during change of the battery. For data safety purpose, the meters have three separate nonvolatile memories to record the operation status of time, instant flow rate and accumulated flow rate as well as the alarm status. The clock is maintained by a crystal and can be remotely synchronized as well as adjusted if daylight-saving time should be accounted. Each memory can store up to 3000 items that are programmable by users for their specific application requirements. For remote data transmission, RS485 with Modbus protocol provides connections to the local concentrator and further transmission could be via wired or wireless network. Optical communication port is an option.\n220.127.116.11. MEMS gas meter mechanical design\nFor all models, the sensors are inserted at the center of the flow channel that is manufactured with a venturi structure for flow stability. Figure 3 shows the assembly structure of a commercial gas meter. The lithium ion battery pack provides the power for the meter at the separate chamber for the purpose of safety while the electronics itself is designed to be intrinsic safe. The meter body is either made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy. The flow conditioner assembly is placed at the inlet of the flow which adds to a maximum pressure loss of less than 200Pa for the smallest pipe diameter at the ambient working conditions. The optional connectors usually shipped with the meter provide easy connection to the existing pipelines. For the medium pressure flanged series and the residential series, the components that formed the meters are basically the same except for a different dimensions and package.\n18.104.22.168. MEMS sensor assembly\nThe sensor probe assembly is shown in Figure 4. The sensor probe is made of stainless steel. For large flow applications and meters with diameters more than 50mm, dual or tri-sensors are packaged on the same probe so that the mass flow value can be averaged from multipoint measurements resulting in an enhanced accuracy. The probe is shaped into a plate with a thickness about 1 mm that shall form a boundary layer in the flow channel. The sensor/plate surface is parallel to the gas flow directions such that a redistribution of the gas forces the flow into a laminar formality across the sensor probe. This laminar flow shall be helpful for maintenance of gas conversion and flow stability for the sensing signals. When the dual or tri-sensors are on the same probe, the installation of the probe will ensure that the sensor at the tip is placed at the center of the flow channel (master sensor) and the other ones (slave sensors) will be placed at one fourth (dual sensors) and one third (tri-sensors) of the flow channel diameter, respectively. As the sensor surface direction is in parallel to the flow direction, the edge of the probe is made with a sharp slope so that any particle impact onto the sensor assembly will have a good chance to be impelled away from the sensor surface reducing the head-on collision induced sensor reliability.\n3.3.4. MEMS gas meter performance\n22.214.171.124. Permissible errors\nThe meters were calibrated by a sonic nozzle system that has an uncertainty of ±0.2%. The uncertainty of the sonic nozzle was custody transferred via a Bell Prover with an uncertainty of ±0.05% and traceable to a national standard. The measured permissible errors for the meters were obtained by another independent sonic nozzle system that has the same uncertainty of the one used for the meter calibration. Figure 5 shows the measured data that indicated the maximum permissible errors of the meters are well within the general requirements for city gas distribution, benchmarking to those by the traditional mechanical meters with temperature and pressure compensator.\nWhile the MEMS meters by principle are automatically compensated for variations of temperature and pressure, the design of the sensor assembly may however introduce additional effects from the pressure changes in the pipeline. This is due to that the sensor chip has a free standing membrane with a cavity underneath. If the sensor design and its assembly cannot provide the pressure balancing configuration, pressure variations in the flow channel may lead to minor membrane deformation that would be sufficient for altering the sensor accuracy. Therefore in the sensor chip (Figure 1) and the assembly design, pressure balance via the openings on sensor chip as well as via the openings on the support and below the sensor cavity is made to eliminate the pressure change induced by sensor membrane deformation. In addition, high pressure could also introduce measurement errors as the thermal properties of the gas under high pressure may be substantially different from those at ambient calibration conditions. Another factor that would impact the meter performance is the temperature compensation of the electronic circuitry as it could produce additional errors due to the component temperature performance deviations. However, this could be removed by additional temperature calibration, and normally a temperature coefficient of 0.015%/ºC could be achieved that shall be in line with the city gas distribution requirements.\n126.96.36.199. Pressure loss\nPressure loss is one of the major undesirable factors for the city gas metering as the pipeline pressure is often low when reaching to end users. A higher pressure loss will not only introduce additional energy consumption for the distribution system but may lead to customer issues, e.g., the gas may not be sufficient for burner operation or even may fail to fire residential ranges.\nIn the current design, the sensor probe is directly inserted at the center of the flow channel instead of a bypass configuration that requires a pressure dropper between the inlet and outlet of the flow channel. Additional flow stability provided by the venturi structure of the meter body in the design also would not introduce additional pressure drop as it has been well demonstrated in literature. Figure 6 shows the measured pressure loss in air at 20ºC and 101.325kPa for the commercial models. These values are compatible with those by the diaphragm meters. For the actual usage in natural gases, the pressure loss shall be even smaller for about 40% as for the differences in the densities of air and natural gases.\n188.8.131.52. Installation conditions\nFor mechanical meters particularly for turbine meters, it is necessary to have enough long straight pipe lines before and after the meter installed so that the flow stability can be ensured and the measurement permissible errors can be within the requirements for city gas distribution. This limitation makes the installation costly and sometimes it simply cannot be met due to field space restrictions. In the current MEMS meters, a pair of flow conditioners (a combination of a flow straightener and a flow profiler) is designed to create a controllable flow profile regardless of the flow conditions. The plate design of the sensor assembly and its position in the flow channel result in the boundary conditions making a laminar redistribution, which again help the stability and reproducibility of the flow measurement. Therefore the straight pipeline requirement in these meters would not be a crucial factor for flow measurement uncertainties. Figure 7 shows the test and verification results by placing different bended pipes before the inlet of the flow meter. The meter was connected to a sonic nozzle system as the reference as shown in the figure. At each condition, permissible errors were taken against the original calibration, and Figure 7 is the summary of all data in this experiment. It can be observed that a straight pipeline with a length of 5 times of the pipe diameter would be sufficient for the specified permissible error (±1.5%) at all different pipe connection/conditions before the inlet of the meter. This length is much shorter than that required by turbine meters.\n184.108.40.206. Calorific value assessment and compensation\nIn USA, natural gas sold to residential customers is billed by “therms” that is based on the volumetric metering from the installed diaphragm meters and the monitoring of the gas properties at the central gas station. Each month a different factor shall be applied to gas bill to match the gas company’s totalized data. In this case, it is almost impossible for customer to challenge the bill by looking at the record of the installed diaphragm meter as the monthly factor is set by the gas companies and varies. Although it is the fact that customers are consuming the thermal value of the natural gases not the volumetric value, it would be more reasonable if the installed residential meters can actually measure the thermal value of the natural gas instead of the volumetric value. In the previous report (Otakane 2003), it was found that the measurement of natural gases with different compositions by calorimetric MEMS gas meters shall have deviations but if the data were plotted against the calorific value, the permissible errors can be controlled irrespective of the gas compositions except for inclusion of high concentration of non-calorific gases such as nitrogen. However, the report neither specifies which calorific values were used to correlate output nor provide solutions to compensate the composition variation induced deviations so that the current acceptable tariff standards can be met as the volumetric value is still the base in most of the countries’ tariff system. This could also be the reason for the limited applications for the existing products in Europe, for which a particular gas group has to be specified as discussed earlier in this chapter. For a wider spectrum of applications, a compensation scheme has to be provided for the purpose of fairness unless all meters with the same metrology capability can be changed overnight. The calorific value measurement at present shall only serve as an added-value for reference or for future tariff system development.\nThe current capability of the calorimetric MEMS meters for calorific value comes from its measurement principle. Therefore the measured flow rate shall depend on both the mass flow rate and the calorific values or the compositions of the gases. In order to decouple the calorific values from the flow rate measurement, additional sensing elements or schemes are then necessary for acquiring the relevant parameters while the mass flow rate is measured. Since the flow rate is proportional to the gas thermal conductivity and thermal capacitance, and both of them are related to the thermal values. Therefore, if the thermal conductivity and the thermal capacitance can be measured independently, it would be possible to differentiate the gas calorific value or gas composition induced mass flow rate variation. The compensation scheme can then be applied to the measured mass flow rate. Consequently, the measurement could be adjusted in situ to be in consistent with the current tariff system. For this purpose, additional two thermistors were integrated onto the previously discussed MEMS sensor chip, both located on the membrane for better thermal isolation. These two thermistors can measure the thermal conductivity and thermal capacitance of the gases. To demonstrate the capability of the MEMS mass flow meters incorporated with the integrated sensors, natural gases with five different compositions or thermal values were selected for tests by the meters that are pre-set with the gas calorific value compensation scheme and calibrated with air. Table 5 lists the selected gas compositions, thermal values and other data to be discussed.\nIn this table, only the concentrations for major constituent components of the gases are listed. Other minor constituents make up to the remaining concentrations of each gas. The HHV stands for high heating value with a unit of MJ/m3. The HHV values were obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GCMS) and hence are not in situ values. The relative gravity (R. Gravity) values were referenced to that of air and are also measured ex situ. GCF is the gas conversion factor that was obtained by referencing to the volumetric values in air. The meters calibrated in air were connected to a high precision standard volumetric rotary meter with the maximum permissible error of ±0.5%. The correlation between the readings of the two types of meters, if it is linear, shall establish the gas conversion factor. Figure 8 shows the measured data for gas A from MEMS gas meter with a maximum flow rate of 4m3/hr (G2.5). The excellent linearity further established that the real gas calibration would not be required in this type of meter. This allows a substantially reduction in manufacture. In other words, the GCF varies with the gas composition confirms that the meters could not be simply applied to the existing tariff system without knowing the gas compositions, but if the specific GCF is preset in MEMS mass flow meters, it can be used to measure the corresponding natural gas with the mass flow value that is equivalent to the temperature and pressure compensated volumetric value. Compared to the traditional thermal mass flow technology, the MEMS gas meters have the advantage that a unique gas conversion factor can be established for each gas with respect to air. Specifically, after applying the gas conversion factor to the meter, it will retain the accuracy in the full measurement dynamic range. The data shown in Figure 8 and the verifications justified the proposed applications in the existing tariff system. It is expected that the GCF is not a universal factor but meter design dependent. Different manufacture may have slightly different value for each gas conversion factor.\nThe values P/Cp are obtained from the in situ measurements of the thermal values via the additional thermistors integrated into the calorimetric MEMS flow sensor. These values can be measured either dynamically or statically which makes it possible for an instant compensation scheme. In the previous report (Otakane 2003), the actual calorific value was not reported, and the data show strong dependence on nitrogen inclusion. From the data in Table 5, it can be observed that the GCF can be correlated to the gas thermal value (Figure 9) and the nitrogen inclusion seems less important compared to that in the previous report if the current thermal values are used for correlation since one of the gases (Gas B) has 5% nitrogen inclusion. The linear correlations of the in situ measured data, P/Cp, with the GCF (Figure 9) suggested that these values can be used for dynamic compensation of the gas thermal value (composition) variation. To verify this assumption, a MEMS gas meter incorporated with the compensation algorithm that is calibrated based on Gas D (which was pre-calibrated in air and applied GCF) was used for the measurement in Gas A. One can observe from Figure 10 that a large error was found without implementing the compensation scheme, while the compensation could be successfully eliminating the thermal value or composition induced errors based on current volumetric tariff system. On the contrary, one would suggest that the meter has the capability for thermal value measurement and the positive deviation shown in Figure 10 was due to that Gas A has a higher thermal value, but in order to compliance with the current tariff system such compensation scheme must be implemented.\n3.3.5. MEMS gas meter field tests\n220.127.116.11. Long term stability\nOne of the key concerns for the electronic meters is the reliability for long term operation. Figure 11 shows the comparison of the 41 day’s daily accumulated flow data recorded one year apart. The meter was installed at a ceramic manufacturer where natural gas was used by the kiln for making ceramics. The process for the kiln required small fire initially for a preheat process and then heat-up with medium fire followed by large fire for shaping and then slowly reduced the heat for cooling down. This gas usage pattern was a typical application that requires a meter with large dynamic range in order to accurately record the gas consumption. With the existing mechanical meters, the metering during the preheat process can be completely missed, costing revenue for the gas suppliers. It is however an excellent application for the present MEMS meters. In this particular case, a DN50 flanged medium pressure meter with the flow range of 0~400Nm3/hr was installed. From the data shown in Figure 11, no performance degradation or accuracy deviation could be observed, since one can reasonably assume that the process of the ceramic making would consume pretty much the same amount for each run. For further validation, the meter was re-verified after the one-year installation by measuring its maximum permissible errors and the results confirmed the above observation.\n18.104.22.168. Project for distribution accuracy enhancement\nTo avoid inaccurate metering for small flow, a gas supplier had installed seven diaphragm meters (G25) at a public school where the gas consumption was much less in the morning as only breakfast was served. In the evening the gas consumption substantially increases due to gas burner operation for supply of hot water and other heating requirements. The seven diaphragm meters could meter a maximum flow of 280 m3/hr that was well covered by a DN50 flanged MEMS gas meter for industrial applications for current design (0~400Nm3/hr). Since the local standards required the meter set at 20°C and 101.325kPa at calibration, the data collected within one year indicated that the MEMS meter matched closely with the total gas consumption of the seven diaphragm meter cluster during summer time but when temperature dropped, the MEMS meter recorded the gas consumption more accurately since the diaphragm meter could not be compensated with environmental temperature change.\n4. Future development\nAmong the current all-electronic gas meter technologies for city gas metering, MEMS mass flow sensing technology would be the best candidate for future development and enhancement. It provides much better gas data acquisition and management. The MEMS mass flow meters feature a large dynamic range with automatic temperature and pressure compensation. Its capability in gas safety with leakage detection, readiness in data safety and remote data management adds significant values to current energy management. The small form factor provides significantly reduction in manufacture cost and logistic cost. The technology is also promising for direct calorific value measurement without any additional cost.\nFor the existing issues, one of the key improvements in near future would be further power consumption reduction. Although the current designed lifetime for residential meters was claimed for as long as 15 years with battery by Metersit, few battery manufacturers would provide such a warranty. Battery life itself shall be dependent on many environmental factors which might significantly reduce the specified lifetime. Once the power fails, the all-electronic meter will stop working although such failure will not create detrimental results for end users but for gas companies it is a concern. Remote data logging shall help to monitor each meter’s status, a remedy to power failure is however still very much desired. One of the promising directions could be the current energy harvesting activities utilizing the flow energy inside the pipeline to generate electricity to power electronics. MEMS harvesters for vibrational energy have been emerging for commercialization. Similar approaches for flow measurement (Schmidt 1997; Kim 2000) would suggest the clues in this aspect. Another issue for gas metering is the unexpected gas composition variations or in situ gas composition information. MEMS flow sensing chip definitely has rooms for integration of gas sensors that would very likely provide such value. Additional desired functions shall include in situ calibration or verification, self-cleaning of possible additives on sensor surface and onsite exchange of the metrology components during maintenance.\nThe MEMS TOF technology can be integrated with the calorimetric MEMS flow sensors. This would help to simplify the leakage detection electronics as it has the advantage in ultralow flow sensing. The TOF technology shall also further simplify the gas composition compensation scheme since it could provide pure gas flow speed measurement without the process of decoupling gas calorimetric value from gas speed. The frequency measurement might provide better contamination resistance as signal attenuation would be easier to take place for the amplitude measurement by calorimetric sensing. Therefore it is expected that TOF sensing scheme might have better reliability in case of presence of contaminants.\nThe future development and massive deployment of the MEMS gas meters for city gas metering also require establishment of internationally acceptable standards. Current guideline could come from gas meter recommendation by International Organization of Legal Metrology, OIML R137-2011. European standards for residential ultrasonic meters EN14236-2007 also provide valuable references to the MEMS gas meters especially for the electronics of the meters. However, the MEMS gas meters have many features/functions that are missing in the above mentioned standards for the measurement schemes and principle, particularly for the calorific value related measurement. For a gas meter used for city gas metering or gas distribution, a well-defined standard is necessary.\nMEMS gas meter for city gas metering is at its very earlier stage. The history of this industry asks for patience and persistence. With more and more manufacturers to participate in the development and commercialization process, and with today’s state-of-the art electronics and advancement of the MEMS technology, a comprehensive gas energy management system based on the MEMS flow sensing technology shall eventually emerge and assist us for better natural gas resource management and conservation that ultimately benefits not only gas suppliers but all gas consumers.\nThe author would like to thank his colleagues Chih-Chang Chen, Gaofeng Wang, Yahong Yao, Sugang Jiang, Jack Xuan, Yong Feng, Wenhong Deng, Xiaozhong Wu, Jianwei Fang, Xiang Lan, Changming Jiang, Xiangyou Yang, Jiliang Ruan, Rui Liu, Min Ao, Hong Luo, Rongzhong Yang, Min Du, Pei Zhou, Yaling Tao, Xueming Huang, and many others for their dedication to the very challenge process of MEMS gas meter commercialization. Financial supports from Entrepreneur Investment and Acorn Campus are also greatly appreciated. Special thanks to Mr. Richard Qu, David Tsang, Ga-Lane Chen and Chester Wang for their continued supports and inspiration. Mass production of the current products and future residential meters will be provided by Meter Technologies Limited.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US7693494 B2|\n|Application number||US 11/296,148|\n|Publication date||Apr 6, 2010|\n|Filing date||Dec 6, 2005|\n|Priority date||Dec 6, 2005|\n|Also published as||US20070129030|\n|Publication number||11296148, 296148, US 7693494 B2, US 7693494B2, US-B2-7693494, US7693494 B2, US7693494B2|\n|Inventors||Petteri M. Litmanen, Heng-Chih Lin|\n|Original Assignee||Texas Instruments Incorporated|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (9), Classifications (25), Legal Events (2)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThe present invention relates to the field of data communications and more particularly relates to a high dynamic range pre-power amplifier incorporating a digital attenuator for use in the transmitter portion of a Digital RF Processor or Digital Radio Processor (DRP).\nIt is well known in the communication arts that a transmit (Tx) buffer is required for both wired and wireless communications systems to interface the transmit path signal to the outside environment. In many cases, the transmit buffer is required to apply a variable gain to the transmit signal in order to increase or reduce the amplitude of the output signal. One such case occurs when the transmitted signal is part of an amplitude modulated communication system and the transmit buffer itself is used to implement the amplitude modulation function. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) requirements of such Tx buffers in most systems are extremely strict, meaning that any amplitude control circuitry should contribute no more than negligible noise to the buffer output. The reverse isolation (which can also be considered gain accuracy at low gain levels) of such transmit buffers is also an important concern. In addition, the current consumption requirements for these transmit buffers are limited such that any gain control scheme cannot ‘burn’ or waste current in order to meet the power consumption budget and the strict signal to noise requirements stated above.\nA prior art digitally controlled near class E power amplifier designed for the Bluetooth wireless communication standard provides a limited number of bits for amplitude control (e.g., only 3.5 bits of amplitude control) and is used for power regulation of the transmitted constant envelope RF output. The previous lowest reported power consumption for a prior art GSM transmit chain, having no power control, is 17 mW with −7 dBm output power. The design for such a system has a transmitted power efficiency of 2.7% for an output power of 0 dBm.\nThere exist in the prior art multiple transmit chain architectures for transforming a digitally encoded bit stream into an RF modulated waveform at a power level suitable for transmission. The transmit power level for a cellular transceiver integrated circuit (IC) is typically around 3 dBm for interfacing with external power amplifiers (PAs). This output power level, however, is not constant in amplitude-modulated standards, such as EDGE, and must be controlled with appropriate variable-gain circuitry. Typical prior art architectures, such as single-sideband upconversion, perform digital-to-analog conversion on-chip and employ a variable gain pre-power amplifier (PPA) to transmit the required signal at the desired power level. In these architectures, the overall power consumption of the transmit chain, including all the DAC and variable gain buffer components, is at least 50 mW which is a relatively high amount of power. It is desirable to be able to reduce the power consumption of the transmit chain significantly.\nAll digital CMOS pre-power amplifiers exist in the art. A pre-power amplifier is designed to generate an output signal having desired waveform characteristics that is fed into the final power output stage before being transmission over the wireless channel. Previous CMOS pre-power amplifiers have typically been designed for relatively low dynamic range wireless standards such as Bluetooth and GSM/GPRS. High dynamic range wireless standards such as WCDMA or CDMA2000 require approximately 100 dB of dynamic range which represents an additional 30-40 dB over the Bluetooth and GSM/GPRS wireless standard dynamic range requirements.\nThere is thus a long felt need for a pre-power amplifier having high dynamic range that is able to meet the more demanding dynamic range requirements of high dynamic range wireless standards such as WCDMA and CDMA2000, for example. In addition, the pre-power amplifier should be able to be implemented using digital CMOS processes.\nThe present invention provides a solution to the problems of the prior art by providing a pre-power amplifier incorporating a digital attenuator circuit. The digital attenuator and associated pre-power amplifier are presented in the context of an all digital direct digital-to-RF amplitude converter (DRAC), which efficiently combines the traditional transmit chain functions of upconversion, I and Q combining, D/A conversion, filtering, buffering and RF output amplitude control into a single circuit.\nThe attenuator circuit functions to extend the dynamic range of the pre-power amplifier sufficient to enable implementation of more demanding wireless standards, such as WCDMA and CDMA2000, using digital CMOS processes. Use of the attenuator circuit enables the pre-power amplifier to exhibit over 100 dBm of dynamic range.\nIncreased dynamic range is achieved by the present invention by placing a digital current attenuator circuit at the output of the pre-power amplifier (PPA). The attenuator is placed at the output so that the minimum possible current output of the transistor switch array of the PPA can be further attenuated. The attenuator functions to split the current between the load and the power Supply VDD (i.e. AC ground) based on device ratio that is controlled digitally via an input power control word.\nThe digital attenuator is constructed as a segmented digitally controlled matrix or cell array comprising at least a pass and bypass matrix or array. Segmentation is dictated by the desire for small power control steps. The pass matrix controls the amount of current output from the PPA while the bypass matrix controls the amount of current shorted to the AC ground (i.e. power supply). By varying the number of transistors on or off in each matrix, the power output of the PPA can be easily and accurately controlled.\nSeveral advantages of the attenuator include (1) guaranteed monotonicity, (2) power control is achieved without the need for a DAC, (3) minimum noise degradation, and (4) parasitic capacitance will not dominate the output assuming moderate attenuation of approximately 20 dB.\nNote that many aspects of the invention described herein may be constructed as software objects that are executed in embedded devices as firmware, software objects that are executed as part of a software application on either an embedded or non-embedded computer system such as a digital signal processor (DSP), microcomputer, minicomputer, microprocessor, etc. running a real-time operating system such as WinCE, Symbian, OSE, Embedded LINUX, etc. or non-real time operating system such as Windows, UNIX, LINUX, etc., or as soft core realized HDL circuits embodied in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), or as functionally equivalent discrete hardware components.\nThere is thus provided in accordance with the invention, a current attenuator for increasing the dynamic range of a signal generated by a circuit, comprising pass means for controlling the amount of current generated by the circuit that is passed through to the output of the circuit and bypass means for shorting a portion of current generated by the circuit to AC ground thereby reducing the signal output from the circuit.\nThere is also provided in accordance with the invention, a pre-power amplifier, comprising a load coupled to a power source, a switch array comprising a plurality of switches, the switch array for generating a current proportional to the number of switches active therein and an attenuator coupled to the load and the switch array and adapted to further attenuate the minimum current generated by the switch array.\nThere is further provided in accordance with the invention, a pre-power amplifier, comprising a load coupled to a power source, a switch array comprising a plurality of switches, the switch array for generating a current proportional to the number of switches active therein, an attenuator coupled to the load and the switch array comprising pass means for controlling the amount of current generated by the switch array that is passed through to the output of the pre-power amplifier and bypass means for shorting a portion of current generated by the switch array to AC ground thereby reducing signal to the output of the pre-power amplifier.\nThere is also provided in accordance with the invention, a pre-power amplifier, comprising a load coupled to a power source, a switch array comprising a plurality of switches, the switch array for generating a current proportional to the number of switches active therein and an attenuator for increasing the dynamic range of the switch array, the attenuator comprising a pass transistor cell array coupled in series to the load and the switch array and operative to control the amount of current generated by the switch array that is passed through to the output of the pre-power amplifier, a bypass transistor cell array coupled to the switch array and AC ground and operative to short a portion of current generated by the switch array to AC ground thereby reducing signal to the output of the pre-power amplifier.\nThe invention is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:\nThe following notation is used throughout this document.\nApplication Specific Integrated Circuit\nCode Division Multiple Access\nComplementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor\nDigital to Analog Converter\nDigital Controlled Oscillator\nDynamic Element Matching\nDigital Power Amplifier\nDigital Phase Locked Loop\nDigital to RF Amplitude Converter\nDigital RF Processor or Digital Radio Processor\nDigital Signal Processor\nEnhanced Data rates for Global Evolution\nField Programmable Gate Array\nGeneral Packet Radio Service\nGlobal System for Mobile Communication\nLeast Significant Bit\nLook Up Table\nMost Significant Bit\nn-channell Field Effect Transistor\nn-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor\np-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor\nProcess Voltage Temperature\nSurface Acoustic Wave\nSignal to Noise Ratio\nVariable Gain Amplifier\nWideband Code Division Multiple Access\nThe present invention is a pre-power amplifier having high dynamic range. The pre-power amplifier is suitable for use with wireless standards such as WCDMA and CDMA2000 that demand high dynamic range transmitters. The invention is intended for use in a digital radio transmitter and receiver but can be used in other applications as well, such as a general communication channel. The present invention provides a solution to the problems of the prior art by providing an apparatus for a high dynamic range pre-power amplifier scheme for a transmitter. The dynamic range improvement circuitry is presented in the context of an all digital direct digital-to-RF amplitude converter (DRAC) or pre-power amplifier (PPA), which efficiently combines the traditional transmit chain functions of upconversion, I and Q combining, D/A conversion, filtering, buffering and RF output amplitude control into a single circuit.\nTo aid in understanding the principles of the present invention, the description is provided in the context of a digital to RF amplitude converter (DRAC) that serves as the final stage of an all-digital polar transmitter IC for WCDMA/CDMA2000. It is appreciated by one skilled in the art that the dynamic range improvement circuitry and pre-power amplifier of the present invention can be adapted to comply with numerous wireless communications standard such as GSM, extended data rate Bluetooth, WCDMA, CDMA2000, etc. It is appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited for use with any particular communication standard (wireless or otherwise) and may be used in optical, wired and wireless applications. Further, the invention is not limited for use with a specific modulation scheme but is applicable to other modulation schemes as well.\nThe term pre-power amplifier (PPA) is intended to include a transmit buffer as well as various amplifier circuits such as digital to RF amplitude converter (DRAC), digital power amplifier (DPA), transmit buffer, low power amplifier, high power amplifier, etc. and it not intended to be limited by the amount of power produced.\nNote that throughout this document, the term communications device is defined as any apparatus or mechanism adapted to transmit, receive or transmit and receive data through a medium. The communications device may be adapted to communicate over any suitable medium such as RF, wireless, infrared, optical, wired, microwave, etc. In the case of wireless communications, the communications device may comprise an RF transmitter, RF receiver, RF transceiver or any combination thereof.\nA block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of a polar transmitter and DRAC incorporating the high dynamic range pre-power amplifier of the present invention is shown in\nIn digital polar transmission, the I and Q data signals are converted by the cordic into amplitude and phase signals in the polar domain. The amplitude signal undergoes further digital processing in the digital portion (not shown) of the polar transmitter. The phase signal is input to the DPLL which incorporates a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) for upconversion of the input phase signal. The processed amplitude signal and the phase signal output from the DPLL are both input to the DPA. The DPA functions to combine the digital amplitude and upconverted phase information into an analog transmit signal. The DPA also incorporates ΣΔ (sigma-delta) modulation to enhance the amplitude resolution and to achieve noise spectral shaping. The DRAC also performs dynamic element matching (DEM) to enhance time-averaged linearity. The SAW or other type of filter functions to suppress out of band PPA thermal and quantization noise before final amplification by the power amplifier.\nA circuit diagram illustrating a pre-power amplifier utilizing a switch array but without dynamic range improvement is shown in\nA circuit diagram illustrating an example embodiment of the switch array of\nA graph illustrating the output power of the digital power amplifier without the dynamic range improvement circuitry of the present invention is shown in\nPre-power amplifiers such as shown in\nThe present invention provides a solution to this problem by providing a dynamic range improvement circuit comprising an attenuator to extend the dynamic range of the PPA. Use of the attenuator circuit of the present invention in the PPA provides sufficient improvement in dynamic range to meet the demanding requirements of high dynamic range wireless standards such as WCDMA and CDMA20000.\nA block diagram of a pre-power amplifier incorporating the dynamic range improvement circuit of the present invention is shown in\nThe switch array is made up of transistor cells having a certain minimum size. The minimum amount of current generated by the switch array on its own is too high which results in insufficient dynamic range at the PPA output. The attenuator functions to reduce this current further in accordance with the input power control word. Note that the switch matrix may comprise any suitable circuit that is capable of generating a current or voltage in proportion to an input amplitude control word.\nA circuit diagram illustrating an example embodiment of the pre-power amplifier incorporating the dynamic range improvement circuitry of the present invention in more detail is shown in\nAs described above, the limiting factor for high dynamic range PPAs is the size of the minimum controllable power. A single minimum size NFET can provide approximately −40 dBm of output power which can be decreased further to −70 dBm by the use of sigma-delta dithering. High dynamic range systems, however, require a lower minimum output power of close to −90 dBm. The present invention utilizes a current attenuator at the output of the PPA such that the minimum current possible from the NFET switch matrix can be further attenuated. In operation, the attenuator splits the output current between the load and VDD (i.e. AC ground) based on a digitally controlled device ratio which is dictated by an input power control word and reflected in the number of transistors turned on or off in the pass and bypass matrices. This attenuation scheme enables PPAs constructed in CMOS processes to achieve a very high and well controlled dynamic range.\nIn the example embodiment presented herein, the digital attenuator is constructed as a segmented digitally controlled matrix or cell array comprising at least a pass and bypass array. Segmentation is dictated by the desire for small power control steps. Advantages of the attenuator include (1) guaranteed monotonicity, (2) power control is achieved without the need for a DAC, (3) minimum noise degradation, and (4) parasitic capacitance will not dominate the output assuming moderate attenuation of approximately 20 dB.\nA circuit diagram illustrating an example embodiment of the attenuator and switch array portions of the pre-power amplifier in more detail is shown in\nThe attenuator 102 comprises a pass matrix 114 and bypass matrix 116. In this embodiment, a third base matrix 112 is used as well. The base matrix is connected in parallel with the pass matrix. During normal operation, all the cell or transistor elements of the base matrix are on. Use of the base matrix creates a sufficient signal path thus making reasonable power steps possible. By reducing the number of active base transistor elements, the attenuator step size can be increased. At the same time, however, the total dynamic range increases until physical limits are ultimately reached. If the dynamic range becomes too high, parasitic capacitance begins to limit the output and further improvements in dynamic range are ineffective.\nAs described supra, the pass matrix controls the amount of current passing through to the output and the bypass matrix controls how much current is shorted to the power supply (i.e. AC ground). Both matrices function in combination provide power control of the PPA output. Minimum power output is achieved with maximum attenuation which is realized when all pass matrix transistors are off (minimum current to the output) and all bypass matrix transistors are on (maximum shorting current). Maximum power output is achieved with minimum attenuation which is realized when all pass matrix transistors are on (maximum current to the output) and all bypass matrix transistors are off (minimum shorting current). Output power is controlled between the minimum and maximum by turning on the transistors in the pass and bypass matrices in different ratios in accordance with the desired output power.\nTo aid in understanding the operation of the invention, the attenuator circuit is divided into two phases of operation. Phase 1 is operative from minimum output power to half power and phase 2 is operative from half power to maximum output power. Phase 1 operation is described below followed by a description of phase 2 operation.\nA diagram illustrating the transistor turn on path of the pass and bypass matrices in phase 1 operation of the attenuator is shown in\nThe uniqueness of each row requires the rows to be turned on in a particular order. At the lowest possible output power the entire pass matrix is turned off and the bypass matrix is turned on. As the output power is increased, the smallest transistors are turned on in accordance with their size starting with the smallest cell. When the entire matrix is turned on, the attenuator is at half (i.e. middle) attenuation of about 10 dB.\nSeveral techniques can be used to improve dynamic element matching (DEM) from one attenuator step to the next. Dynamic element matching functions to reduce device mismatch between adjacent codes whereby switching between adjacent transistors is performed in the actual implementation. By way of example only, considering the matrix, increasing output power values translate to additional transistors being turned on. To compensate for mismatches between transistors due to process, voltage and temperature (PVT), as the end of a row is reached, the path continues with the next row but in the opposite direction. Rather than returning to the beginning of the next row when the end of a row is reached, the next row below is traversed in the opposite direction. This results in the snake like path shown in\nFurther, dummy cells are placed before the beginning and after the end of each row resulting in two extra columns of transistors. Each row has its own dummy unit cell terminations which aid in reducing mismatches between devices.\nThe bypass matrix is constructed and operates similarly as the pass matrix. One difference is that as power is increased up to the middle point (i.e. phase 1 operation), the bypass matrix elements are all on. At mid attenuation, both pass and bypass matrices are fully on. As the power is increased further, the pass matrix remains fully on but the bypass matrix elements are turned off beginning with the largest elements. In operation, the operation of the bypass matrix is in reverse order to that of the pass matrix.\nThe total power control range of the attenuator is shown in\nA diagram illustrating the transistor turn off path of the pass and bypass matrices in phase 2 operation of the attenuator is shown in\nA block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of a polar transmitter and DRAC incorporating the high dynamic range digital pre-power amplifier with power control lookup table of the present invention is shown in\nFor polar transmission, the I and Q data signals are converted by the cordic into amplitude and phase signals in the polar domain. The amplitude signal undergoes scaling and is split into an integer portion and a fractional portion. The integer portion is input to the DPA and the fractional portion is input to the ΣΔ (sigma-delta) modulator. Sigma-delta modulation is used to enhance the amplitude resolution and to achieve noise spectral shaping. The phase signal is input to the DPLL which incorporates a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) for upconversion of the input phase signal. The processed amplitude signal and the phase signal output from the DPLL are both input to the DPA. The DPA, incorporating the attenuation circuit of the present invention, functions to combine the integer portion of the digital amplitude, upconverted phase information and output of the sigma-delta modulator into an analog transmit signal.\nThe power control uses a look up table (LUT) to provide control over the output power generated by the DPA. A power control code determines the amount of output power to be generated. Based on the power control code, the pass and bypass matrices are configured to achieve the desired output power dynamic range. The power control unit 142 provides a scaling adjustment signal that is used by the scaler, a phase adjustment signal used by the DPLL and the pass and bypass matrix control bits that determine the number of elements on or off in each matrix.\nA graph illustrating the digital pre-power amplifier output at different attenuations is shown in\nA graph illustrating the dynamic range of the digital pre-power amplifier output at minimum and maximum attenuation is shown in\nA graph illustrating the pre-power amplifier output power as a function of the power control code is shown in\nIt is intended that the appended claims cover all such features and advantages of the invention that fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention. As numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the limited number of embodiments described herein. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that all suitable variations, modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US5834975 *||Mar 12, 1997||Nov 10, 1998||Rockwell Science Center, Llc||Integrated variable gain power amplifier and method|\n|US5872475 *||Mar 28, 1997||Feb 16, 1999||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Variable attenuator|\n|US6049252 *||Jun 29, 1998||Apr 11, 2000||Nec Corporation||Programmable-gain amplifier|\n|US6529716 *||Jan 11, 2000||Mar 4, 2003||Skyworks Solutions, Inc.||RF transmitter with extended efficient power control range|\n|US7257382 *||Jul 23, 2004||Aug 14, 2007||Fujitsu Limited||High frequency amplifier circuit permitting variable gain control|\n|US7502422 *||Jun 4, 2003||Mar 10, 2009||M/A—COM, Inc.||Electromagnetic wave transmitter systems, methods and articles of manufacture|\n|US7586376 *||Dec 1, 2005||Sep 8, 2009||Texas Instruments Incorporated||Pre-power amplifier of load, switch array, and impedance compensation|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US7889751 *||Mar 6, 2007||Feb 15, 2011||Sudhir Aggarwal||Low power wireless communication system|\n|US8750414 *||Oct 30, 2007||Jun 10, 2014||Broadcom Corporation||Method and system for polar modulation with discontinuous phase|\n|US8755456||Mar 8, 2012||Jun 17, 2014||Qualcomm Incorporated||Waveform scaling in wireless transmitters|\n|US9118288 *||May 13, 2014||Aug 25, 2015||Mediatek Inc.||Digitally-controlled power amplifier with bandpass filtering/transient waveform control and related digitally-controlled power amplifier cell|\n|US9306504||Jun 28, 2012||Apr 5, 2016||Qualcomm Incorporated||Waveform shaping for audio amplifiers|\n|US20080219378 *||Mar 6, 2007||Sep 11, 2008||Sudhir Aggarwal||Low power wireless communication system|\n|US20090034653 *||Oct 30, 2007||Feb 5, 2009||Ahmadreza Rofougaran||Method and system for polar modulation with discontinuous phase|\n|US20110177789 *||Jan 20, 2010||Jul 21, 2011||Wang Chi Cheng||Low noise amplifier and the uses thereof|\n|US20140240047 *||May 13, 2014||Aug 28, 2014||Mediatek Inc.||Digitally-controlled power amplifier with bandpass filtering/transient waveform control and related digitally-controlled power amplifier cell|\n|U.S. Classification||455/91, 330/284, 455/114.3, 375/295, 375/297, 455/127.1|\n|International Classification||H04B1/04, H01Q11/12|\n|Cooperative Classification||H03F2200/331, H03G3/001, H03F3/211, H03F1/0277, H03F3/72, H03F2203/21145, H03F2200/366, H04B1/0483, H03F1/0205, H03G1/0088|\n|European Classification||H03G3/00D, H04B1/04P, H03G1/00B8, H03F1/02T, H03F3/72, H03F1/02T3, H03F3/21C|\n|Dec 6, 2005||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED, TEXAS\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LITMANEN, PETTERI M.;LIN, HENG-CHIH;REEL/FRAME:017319/0815;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051201 TO 20051202\nOwner name: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED,TEXAS\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LITMANEN, PETTERI M.;LIN, HENG-CHIH;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051201 TO 20051202;REEL/FRAME:017319/0815\n|Sep 25, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lichee Tang 64Mbit SDRAM Onboard FPGA Downloader Dual Flash Core Board RISC-V Development Board Mini PC\nLichee Tang uses Anlogic Technologies' EG4S20 as the core unit, 20K logic unit (LUT4/LUT5 hybrid architecture), approximately 130KB SRAM, built-in 32bit bit width 64MBit SDRAM, rich LVDS pin, built-in 12-bit 1MSPS ADC.\n– FPC40P, can be connected to RGB LCD, VGA adapter board, high speed DAC module\n– FPC24P, can be connected to DVP camera, high speed ADC module\n– Support resistive touch screen controller for I2C interface, used with RGB LCD\n– 3-channel DCDC power supply chip, stable and efficient power supply, independent adjustment of Bank0 IO level\n– FPGA configuration Flash, 8Mbit\n– User Flash, nor/nand optional\n– Onboard FPGA JTAG Download Debugger\n– RGB LED\n– Dual row pin spacing 900mil, compatible with breadboard development.\n1x Lichee Tang board", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Digital fringe projection technique is widely used in industrial applications with high accuracy and measurement speed. In this study, a fully automatic high-speed digital fringe projection technique is presented to profile 3D facial characteristics. The structured light with fringe pattern is used to be the light source in the measurement system and is projected by a digital light processing projector. The distorted fringe patterns from facial surface are captured by the digital camera. The absolute phase maps are calculated by using phase-shifting and quality guided path unwrapping algorithm. A complete, 3D facial feature is obtained by our measurement. We achieved simultaneous phase acquisition, reconstruction and three-dimensional (3D) exhibition at a speed of 0.5s. This technique may provide a high accuracy and real-time 3D facial measurement for biometric verification.\n|期刊||Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology|\n|出版狀態||Published - 1 3月 2019|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Biointegrated intracellular microlasers have emerged as an attractive and versatile tool in biophotonics. Different inorganic semiconductor materials have been used for the fabrication of such biocompatible microlasers but often operate at visible wavelengths ill-suited for imaging through tissue. Here, we report on whispering gallery mode microdisk lasers made from a range of GaInP/AlGaInP multi-quantum well structures with compositions tailored to red-shifted excitation and emission. The selected semiconductor alloys show minimal toxicity and allow the fabrication of lasers with stable single-mode emission in the NIR (675-720 nm) and sub-pJ thresholds. The microlasers operate in the first therapeutic window under direct excitation by a conventional diode laser and can also be pumped in the second therapeutic window using two-photon excitation at pulse energies compatible with standard multiphoton microscopy. Stable performance is observed under cell culturing conditions for 5 days without any device encapsulation. With their bio-optimized spectral characteristics, low lasing threshold, and compatibility with two-photon pumping, AlGaInP-based microlasers are ideally suited for novel cell tagging and in vivo sensing applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Determination of Optimal Microminiature Powder Injection Molding Parameters by Taguchi Approach\nThe global manufacturing trend is now focusing towards miniaturization. Microminiature Powder Injection Molding (μPIM) is a viable technology to fabricate complex and high performance miniaturized components. The μPIM technique was used to produce the near-net shape micro components in this study. Fine stainless steel powder with particle size of 5μm was mixed with a ternary water-based binder system. Micro dumbbells with the largest dimension of 9mm were replicated. In order to obtain successful and well molded micro dumbbells, the Design of Experiments (DOE) technique was applied to investigate the optimal parameters in injection molding process. Injection parameters such as injection pressure (A), injection temperature (B), powder loading (C), mold temperature (D), injection time (E) and holding time (F) were optimized by using stainless steel feedstocks. Taguchi approach is chosen and the results were evaluated with signal-to-noise (SN) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the feedstocks could be replicated by using μPIM method with the application of Taguchi approach.\nZhengyi Jiang, Shanqing Li, Jianmin Zeng, Xiaoping Liao and Daoguo Yang\nH. P. Li and N. Muhamad, \"Determination of Optimal Microminiature Powder Injection Molding Parameters by Taguchi Approach\", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 189-193, pp. 2997-3000, 2011", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US5820948 A|\n|Application number||US 08/609,242|\n|Publication date||Oct 13, 1998|\n|Filing date||Mar 1, 1996|\n|Priority date||Mar 7, 1995|\n|Also published as||CA2171126A1, DE69609880D1, DE69609880T2, EP0731188A2, EP0731188A3, EP0731188B1|\n|Publication number||08609242, 609242, US 5820948 A, US 5820948A, US-A-5820948, US5820948 A, US5820948A|\n|Inventors||Hideo Itozaki, Tatsuoki Nagaishi|\n|Original Assignee||Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (11), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\n1. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a deposition process via laser ablation. More particularly, the present invention is suitable for forming electronic and microwave devices comprising oxide compounds.\n2. Related Background Art\nLaser ablation is one of the most suitable deposition process for producing excellent quality of thin films on substrate or workpiece. Laser ablation process has advantages, such as excellent stoichiometric stability of deposited film, when the process is used for depositing films of complex metal oxide compounds such as Y1 Ba2 Cu3 O7-X. There is another advantage in Laser ablation processing that it requires no electromagnetic fields which may possibly affect the charged particle contained in the deposited film. Therefore, laser ablation is expected to be employed as deposition process for the most promising nearterm devices.\nHigaki et al (Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, advanced conference paper, Apr. 26, 1991, hereinafter called \"Reference 1\") describes that a planar-type disk resonator formed when a thin layer of Y1 Ba2 Cu3 O7-X (referred to as \"YBCO\") is deposited by sputtering has excellent characteristics for the use in the microwave/millimeter-wave fields, such as temperature dependence of the surface resistance.\nAs described in the Reference 1, qualities of a thin film of oxides, such as crystallinity, are particularly important for microwave devices.\nFIG. 5 shows an exploded perspective view of a resonator disclosed in the Reference 1. As shown in FIG. 5, a resonator 100 in accordance with Reference 1 has a configuration, in which a center dielectric layer 108 having a circular thin film 106 and rectangular thin films 107a and 107b thereon is sandwitched between an underlying lower dielectric layer 104 having a lower ground plane 102 of a gold thin film on its surface and an overlying upper dielectric layer 112 having an upper ground plane 110 of a gold thin film, by adhesion of these dielectric layers.\nHowever, since the center dielectric layer is adhered to both the upper and the lower dielectric layer to form the device, high-frequency characteristics of the device may be affected with the adhesion condition.\nHolzapfel et.al. describes that c-axis oriented epitaxial thin films of YBa2 Cu3 O7-X had been formed on both the front and the back surfaces of a substrate having (100) plane of LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 by the laser ablation of off-axis arrangement Holzapfel, B, et al., Applied Physics Letters, 61(26), pp. 3178-3180, 28 Dec. 1992, hereinafter called \"Reference 2\"!. The disclosure of the Holzapfel et.al. is hereby incorporated by reference.\nThe Reference 2 suggests a possibility of forming thin films of oxides on both upper and lower surfaces of a dielectric substrate, thereby forming ground planes onto the dielectric substrate to produce resonator. However, Reference 2 does not describe any useful method for forming acceptable films on both upper and lower surfaces in one process for superior electronic or microwave devices.\nTherefore, it is desirable to provide a method for forming more reliable member used for microwave devices by employing laser ablation.\nThe apparatus for depositing thin films on both a first surface and a second surface of the substrate according to present invention comprises (1) a vacuum chamber which is thermally resistant at a temperature of 200° C., the vacuum chamber having (a) a first target of a first deposition material supported by a first target holder, (b) a second target of a second deposition material supported by a second target holder so as to positioned to be substantially coplanar with the first target, (c) a substrate holder for holding a substrate above a space between the first and second targets, the substrate being oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the targets, (d) a heating means for heating the first and second surfaces of the substrate, (e) a first entrance window through which a first laser beam passes to impinge onto the first target with a predetermined angle, and (f) a second entrance window through which a second laser beam passes to impinge onto the second target with a predetermined angle and (2) a laser optical system comprising at least one laser beam source and an optical path system from said laser beam source to said targets, the optical path system including mirrors for reflecting the laser beams toward the targets through the first and second entrance windows of the chamber.\nThe method for depositing thin films according to the present invention comprises the steps of, (a) disposing a first target and a second target within the vacuum chamber, the first target being positioned to be substantially coplanar with the second target; (b) disposing a substrate above a space between the first and second targets, the substrate is oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the targets; (c) heating the substrate with a heating means; and (d) directing the first and second laser beams to the first and second targets, respectively, to form a first plume over the first target and a second plume over the second target, the axis of the first plume being substantially parallel to the first surface,of the substrate and the axis of the second plume being substantially parallel to the second surface of the substrate, wherein said first plume contacts the first surface and the second plume contacts the second surface, thereby depositing the first deposition material on the first surface and thereby depositing the second deposition material on the second surface.\nAccording to the present invention, one target is disposed near the front surface (first surface or upper surface) of the substrate and another target is disposed near the back surface (second surface or lower surface) of a substrate, with off-axis geometry. Each of these targets has their own laser beam path to the target. In this arrangement, different laser beam strikes each of the targets, and different \"plume\" is created over each of the targets, thereby each of these surfaces of the substrate is deposited with different plume. Therefore, thin films with an excellent quality and an uniform thickness distribution can be simultaneously formed on both sides of the substrate. Further, since respective targets and laser beams are used for these surfaces, the deposition rates on the front and the back surfaces can be separately controlled, while it is also possible for the thin films to be formed on both surfaces with the same deposition rate.\nConsequently, layers of conductor or high-temperature superconductor can be formed on both upper and lower surfaces of a single substrate, thereby high-frequency devices can be produced with the favorable high-frequency characteristics and the improved reliability.\nThe present invention will be more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration only and are not to be considered as limiting the present invention.\nFurther scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.\nThese and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where;\nFIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing a microwave resonator manufactured in accordance with the present invention;\nFIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F are cross-sectional views schematically showing a microwave resonator formed in accordance with the present invention, respectively representing states thereof in successive steps of a manufacturing method in accordance with the present invention;\nFIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a laser ablation apparatus which is preferably used for performing a manufacturing method in accordance with the present invention;\nFIG. 4 is a system diagram showing an apparatus for measuring a high-frequency characteristic of a device; and\nFIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view showing a microwave resonator in accordance with the prior art.\nFIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the laser ablation apparatus according to the present invention. In the following, the laser ablation apparatus used in the preferable embodiment according to the present invention will be explained with reference to FIG. 3.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, a laser ablation apparatus 200 of the illustrated embodiment according to the present invention comprises a cylindrical processing chamber 202. The evacuable chamber 202 is externally defined by a body 204 made of stainless (SUS304) and a lid 206 made of SUS304. The chamber 202 includes a substrate holder 210 for holding a substrate 208 and target holders 214a and 214b for holding targets 212a and 212b. Both targets are made of a target material such as metal oxide. The target material of the first target 212a may be different from the target material of the second target 212b, if desired.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, the two target holders 214a and 214b are provided with respect to the single substrate holder 210 in the laser ablation processing chamber 202 according to the present invention. The target 212a is positioned in one side (front surface side) of the substrate 208, and the target 212b is positioned in another side (back surface side).\nThe second target 212b is positioned to be substantially coplanar with the first target 212a, as shown in FIG. 3. The substrate 208 is positioned above a space between the first and second targets, and the substrate 208 is oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the targets. The distance between the substrate 208 and each of the targets 212a and 212b is about 5 to about 10 cm.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, the chamber 202 includes within the chamber 202 a cylindrical heater 216 which efficiently heats the substrate 208 such that the substrate can have a uniform temperature distribution.\nThe heater 216 is capable of being controlled so as to adjust the output power to the desired level for the increasing substrate temperature during the deposition due to the change of the optical absorption index of the substrate.\nNext, the laser optical system of the laser ablation apparatus 200 will be explained. In this apparatus 200, a laser beam source is disposed outside of the chamber. As shown in FIG. 3, the chamber 202 has entrance windows 220a and 220b through which laser beams pass and enter the chamber 202. The laser beam optical system comprises a laser beam source 222, a half mirror 224, a total reflection mirror 228, and condenser lenses 229a and 229b. Both of the entrance windows 220a and 220b are made of synthetic quartz having a thickness of 10 mm. The laser beam source 222 is equipped with a KrF excimer laser source for emitting a laser having a wavelength of 248 nm. Alternatively, this laser source may be of ArF excimer laser having a wavelength of 193 nm or of XeCl excimer laser having a wavelength of 308 nm.\nThe laser beam emitted from the laser beam source 222 (indicated by dotted line 230) enters the half mirror 224. The half mirror 224 reflects a part of the laser beam(50% of the total intensity), while transmitting the other part of the laser beam(another 50% of the total intensity). Therefore, the single laser beam 230 entering the half mirror 224 splits into two beams (indicated by dotted lines 232a and 232b), and the two laser beams respectively pass through condenser lenses 229a and 229b and enter the entrance windows 220a and 220b, respectively.\nThe type of the laser beam system available to the present invention is not limited to the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 3. For example, two laser sources may be provided for the two targets. In this manner, deposition rates at the front and the back surfaces of the substrate can separately be controlled, by adjusting each of the laser beam energies of the two laser beam source, respectively.\nDuring striking of the laser beam onto the target surfaces, atoms of metal oxide on the surfaces of targets 212a and 212b are activated and sublimed to form plumes (schematically depicted with dotted curves 234a and 234b), whereby the atoms of the target material are released and reach the substrate 208, thereby being deposited on the substrate surfaces. The plumes 234a and 234b are respectively formed with axes 234c and 234d.\nHere, the arrangement of the substrate and the targets is the off-axis oriented arrangement. More specifically, the substrate 208 is disposed so as to substantially parallel to the axes 234c and 234d of plumes, or in other words, the surface of the substrate is oriented so as to form an angle of about -30° (deg.) to +30° (deg.) with respect to the axes 234c and 234d of the plumes. Since a plume is formed with an axis perpendicular to a target surface, the deposition surface of substrate is disposed so as to have an angle ranging from about 60° to about 120° with respect to the target surface.\nSince the mirrors 228a and 228b for reflecting laser beams are fixed, the laser beam path are also affixed to reach onto predetermined locations of the targets 212a and 212b, thereby cause non-uniform consumption of the targets. In order to avoid the non-uniform consumption of the targets, the targets are rotated such that the laser can be incident on a certain range of area.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, the mechanism for rotating targets in the laser ablation apparatus 200 comprises motors 236a and 236b, shafts 238a and 238b, tubes 240a and 240b for holding the shafts, and coupling portions 242a and 242b are provided. An end portion of each of the shafts 238a and 238b on the chamber side and an end portion of each of the target holders 214a and 214b on the chamber wall side are respectively equipped with magnets (not depicted), whereby rotational movements of the shafts 238a and 238b provided by the motors 236a and 236b are transmitted to the target holders 214a and 214b by magnetic connection, respectively. By means of such terminals for introducing magnetic coupling rotation, the targets 212a and 212b are rotated.\nAlso, in order to uniformly deposit the target material such as metal oxide complex onto the substrate, the laser ablation apparatus includes a mechanism for rotating the substrate.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, a motor 256 for rotating the substrate holder 210 and a terminal 252 for introducing magnetic coupling are provided.\n(Manufacture of Microwave Resonator by Laser Ablation Apparatus Shown in FIGS. 3) In the following Examples 1 to 6, members for a microwave resonator were manufactured while using various metal oxides as target materials and an single crystalline MgO plate as a substrate for depositing target materials. All the Examples 1 through 6 were carried out by using substantially same procedure and materials , except the metal oxides to be deposited.\nFIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a member for the microwave resonator manufactured in this example. Here, in order to facilitate representation, FIG. 1 is depicted with exaggeration and, accordingly, does not always correspond to the numerical values in the following explanation. As shown in FIG. 1, a microwave resonator member 10 comprises, on an MgO single crystal plate 12, a circular film 14 and substantially rectangular films 16a and 16b which are made of metal oxide complex, and also comprises, under the MgO 12, a ground plane film 18 which is similarly made of metal oxide. The MgO plate 12, which is a dielectric, has a dimension of: a length of 20 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 mm. The circular film 14 has a dimension of: a diameter of 5 mm and a thickness of 0.5 μm. Each of the substantially rectangular films 16a and 16b has a dimension of: a length of 7 mm, a width of 1 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 μm, while being separated from the circular film 14 by a distance (indicated by arrow 17a or 17b) of 0.5 mm. The ground plane film 18 is formed on the whole lower surface of the MgO single crystal plate 12 with a uniform thickness of 0.5 μm.\nFIGS. 2A to 2F are cross-sectional views sequentially showing the steps for manufacturing the microwave resonator in this example. With reference to these drawings, the outline of the method for making the microwave resonator in this example will be explained. First, on the upper and lower surfaces of the dielectric 12 shown in FIG. 2A, oxide films 141 and 181 are simultaneously formed, respectively (FIG. 2B). Then, a photoresist is coated on the whole upper surface of the oxide film 141 so as to form a photoresist layer 20 (FIG. 2C). After being exposed to light by using a mask, the whole laminate is immersed in a developing liquid, whereby a photoresist pattern 201 is formed on the surface of the oxide film (FIG. 2D). Then, the oxide is removed by etching such that only a part of the oxide film that is protected by the pattern 201 is left (FIG. 2E; FIGS. 2E and 2F showing only the cross section of the circular film 14 shown in FIG. 1 without showing that of the rectangular films). Finally, the photoresist pattern 201 is removed so as to accomplish a desired microwave resonator.\nIn Example 1, the laser ablation apparatus shown in FIG. 3 was used to form thin films of a metal oxide on both front and the back surfaces of the MgO single crystal plate, i.e., dielectric, and then these layers were etched into predetermined patterns so as to manufacture a microwave resonator such as that shown in FIG. 1.\nIn Example 1, Y1 Ba2 Cu3 O7-X (hereinbelow referred \"YBCO\") was used as the metal oxide. As the dielectric substrate, a MgO single crystal plate which had a (100) plane and whose both surfaces had been subjected to mirror polishing was used. The single crystal MgO substrate had a dimension of 40 mm×40 mm×0.5 mm. The targets were made of Y1 Ba2 Cu3 O7-X.\n(1: Forming of YBCO Thin Film on Both Sides of MgO Single Crystal Substrate (FIG. 2B))\nIn Examples 1 to 6, while using various metal oxides as target materials and an MgO single crystal plate as a substrate for members, films of the metal oxides were formed on the MgO single crystal plate in the off-axis oriented laser ablation apparatus shown in FIG. 3. Then, in the steps similar to those of Example 1, members for a microwave resonator such as that shown in FIG. 1 were manufactured. Examples 1 to 6 were identical to each other except for their kinds of metal oxides to be deposited.\nIn Example 1, YBa2 Cu3 O7-X was used as the metal oxide. As the dielectric substrate, a MgO single crystal plate which had a (100) plane and whose both surfaces had been subjected to mirror polishing was used. This MgO single crystal substrate had a size of 40 mm×40 mm×0.5 mm.\nConditions for laser ablation in this example were as follows. First, after the atmosphere within the chamber was reduced to 10-5 Torr, a flow of O2 gas was supplied into the chamber such that the pressure within the chamber was maintained at 400 mTorr. Then, electric power was supplied to the heater and this condition was maintained until the substrate temperature was stabilized at 650° to 700° C. In cases where a thermocouple has been placed near the substrate within the chamber beforehand to measure its temperature under various conditions of internal pressure and electric power, for example, thereby determining calibration curves concerning the electric power to the substrate temperature under the respective conditions, the temperature can be controlled, with a favorable reproducibility, solely based on manipulation of electric power. Then, the targets were rotated at 20 rpm, while the substrate was rotated. Electric power was supplied to the laser source (KrF laser having a wavelength of 248 nm) so as to make it generate a laser with a laser output of about 5 W. At this time, the frequency of the laser pulse was 5 Hz, while each pulse had a laser energy of 0.5 J/pulse.\nThus emitted laser impinged on the half mirror. The two lasers split within the half mirror impinged on the targets disposed within the chamber respectively through the entrance windows whose surfaces had been coated with non-reflective coatings. In this example, each target was formed as a disk having a diameter of 20 mm, while the laser irradiation area on the target surface was 10 mm2 (irradiation area of 2 mm×5 mm). The laser energy density of the split single laser was 1.5 to 2.0 J/cm2 after having been partially lost as the laser passed through the half mirror or the total reflection mirror. Accordingly, the laser energy was 150 to 200 mJ.\nIn this example, the respective targets were placed at off-axis positions, while separate lasers were incident thereon. In this example, the angle at which the respective lasers (depicted with dotted lines 232a and 232b) were incident on the surfaces of the targets 212a and 212b was 90° (deg). Also, in order to prevent the targets from being locally consumed due to the fact that the laser impinged on a single point of the target surface, the targets were rotated while the laser was made incident on a position dislocated from the rotational axis. As a result, the laser was incident on a wide area on the target surface.\nAlso, the substrate was rotated in order to uniformly form the YBCO film on the whole surface thereof. As shown in FIG. 3, on the surfaces of the targets 212a and 212b irradiated with the laser beams, YBCO constituting the target surface is sublimed so as to form plumes such as those depicted by dotted curves 234a and 234b. The amount of vapor deposition is the largest in the proximity of the axis or center of the plume and gradually decreases as the distance from the axis increases. Accordingly, if the substrate is fixed, there will be a certain distribution in the thickness of the thin film deposited on the surface. In order to avoid such problem, the substrate was rotated in this example so as to form thin layers without varying film thickness across the entire surface.\nMore specifically, the substrate in this example is arranged such that the substrate surface has an angle of about -30° (deg.) to about +30° (deg.) with respect to the axes 234c and 234d of the plumes.\nThe two lasers 232a and 232b shown in FIG. 3 in this example are derived from the single laser 230 which splits by the half mirror 224. Accordingly, these two laser beams can have the same laser energy. Accordingly, energies formed by the respective lasers input to the targets can be made identical to each other. When both front and the back surfaces of the substrate are equally heated by a heater and the distances between the substrate and the respective targets are set equally, an oxide high-temperature superconductor can be easily formed on both front and the back surfaces of the substrate with the same film quality and the same deposition rate. The distance between the surface of each of the target and the center of the substrate was 100 mm, respectively.\nAt the target surface on which the laser is incident, each atom of Y, Ba, Cu, and O is sublimed and, as an atom, reaches the substrate so as to be deposited thereon. In this manner, the depositing operation was performed about 17 minutes so as to deposit a thin layer of YBCO having a thickness of about 0.5 μm. In this example, based on the thickness of thus obtained YBCO film and the operation time, the average deposition rate was about 1 angstrom/pulse.\nThe conductivity of the thin film formed on the MgO substrate in this manner was measured as explained in the following. One of the substrates on which the thin films had been formed was taken out for measuring the conductivity of the thin film and then a bridge of 20 μm×20 μm was formed on the thin film on one surface thereof by photolithography and etching. Then, under various temperature conditions, a general four point probe method was used to measure the voltage generated at both sides of the bridge, thereby yielding a resistance value. Thus, the temperature at which the generated voltage becomes not higher than 1 μV was defined as critical temperature for superconductivity (Tc). In the thin film of this embodiment, Tc was 90 K. Then, at 77 K, the current supplied to the bridge was gradually increased. The current at which a resistance was generated was defined as critical current (Ic). This Ic was divided by the current-passing cross-sectional area of the bridge so as to yield critical current density (Jc). The critical current density of the YBCO thin film manufactured in this example was 3,000,000 A/cm2.\nAlso, a part of thus obtained YBCO thin film was removed and the resulting step formed at the boundary of the film and substrate was measured by a contact-type surface roughness tester. Similar measurement was performed on the whole surface of the film to determine the thickness distribution of the film. The fluctuation in thickness of the thin film formed in this example was within the range of +/-5% for each of the front and the back surfaces.\n(2: Forming of Photoresist Pattern (FIGS. 2C and 2D))\nOn one surface of the YBCO film formed as mentioned above, a photoresist pattern was formed by a well-known photoresist.\nAs a photoresist material, without being restricted in particular, commercially available resist materials for silicon semiconductor can be used. For example, as a positive resist material, general positive resist materials such as OFPR-2 (manufactured by Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co.) and AZ111 (manufactured by Hoechst AG) can be used. Also, as a negative resist material, JSR CIR-712 (manufactured by Japan Synthetic Rubber Co.) or the like can be used.\nBy a method widely used for the mass production step in the semiconductor manufacturing process, a positive photoresist material was coated and then exposed to light by using a mask, whereby the resist material having a pattern of the circular thin film 14 and substantially rectangular thin films 16a and 16b shown in FIG. 1 was formed on the YBCO thin film.\n(3: Etching of YBCO (FIG. 2E))\nThe YBCO film was etched out leaving the portion protected by the photoresist formed as mentioned above. For the etching, ion milling widely used for the mass production step in the semiconductor manufacturing process was used.\n(4: Removal of Resist Material (FIG. 2F))\nFinally, the remaining resist material was removed by acetone, thereby accomplishing a microwave resonator member such as that shown in FIG. 1.\n(5: Measurement of High-Frequency Characteristic of Microwave Resonator Member)\nThe high-frequency characteristic of thus formed microwave resonator member was evaluated. This microwave resonator member had a configuration in which an oxide high-temperature superconductor was formed on both front surface (where the circular thin film is formed) and the back surface of the dielectric. Accordingly, a microwave input into this resonator is guided in the horizontal direction, which is directed from one rectangular thin film to the other rectangular thin film through the circular thin film, while being resonated.\nThe high-frequency characteristic was evaluated as follows. Namely, after the resonator was equilibrated at a temperature of 77 K within a cryostat, a microwave of 5 GHz was input thereto and the resulting Q value was determined. For measuring the Q value, a network analyzer was used.\nFIG. 4 is a system diagram of an apparatus used for evaluating the high-frequency characteristic of the microwave resonator manufactured in this example. As shown in FIG. 4, a high-frequency characteristic measuring apparatus 300 comprises a cryostat 304, which contains a sample (microwave resonator) 302 so as to equilibrate it at a predetermined temperature, and a network analyzer 306. The cryostat 304 is equipped with a cooler 308 and a temperature controller 310. The range of temperature which can be controlled by the temperature controller 310 is 30 to 300 K. The network analyzer 306 is connected to a signal source 312 so as to control the latter. The network analyzer 306 and the temperature controller 310 are collectively controlled by a system controller 314. The network analyzer 306 used in this example was the HP8515B (manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Co).\nAs shown in FIG. 4, the resonator 302 manufactured in this example was set within the cryostat 304 and cooled to a temperature of 77 K. Then, a high-frequency signal of 5 GHz was generated at the signal source 312 and introduced into the network analyzer 306. This 5-GHz high-frequency signal was input into the sample 302 within the cryostat 304 by the network analyzer 306, while the response therefrom was fed back to the network analyzer 306.\nThe Q value of the microwave resonator manufactured in this example was 50,000 at 77 K. Accordingly, it was confirmed that the microwave resonator using the oxide high-temperature superconductor manufactured in this example had a favorable frequency characteristic.\nIn a manner similar to Example 1, TlBa2 CaCu2 OX was used as a deposition material for a target so as to deposit TlBa2 CaCu2 OX on an MgO substrate, thereby forming a microwave resonator, whose high-frequency characteristic was then evaluated.\nThus obtained TlBa2 CaCu2 OX thin film exhibited a Tc of 95 K and a Jc of 1,000,000 A/cm2 at 77 K. Also, the Q value of thus manufactured resonator was 45,000.\nTl2 Ba2 CaCu2 OX was used as a deposition material for a target so as to deposit Tl2 Ba2 CaCu2 OX on an MgO substrate, thereby forming a microwave resonator, whose high-frequency characteristic was then evaluated.\nThus obtained Tl2 Ba2 CaCu2 OX thin film exhibited a Tc of 100 K and a Jc of 1,200,000 A/cm2 at 77 K. Also, the Q value of thus manufactured resonator was 55,000.\nTl2 Ba2 CaCu2 OX was used as a deposition material for a target so as to deposit Tl2 Ba2 Ca2 Cu3 OX on an MgO substrate, thereby forming a microwave resonator, whose high-frequency characteristic was then evaluated.\nThus obtained Tl2 Ba2 Ca2 Cu3 OX thin film exhibited a Tc of 115 K and a Jc of 3,000,000 A/cm2 at 77 K. Also, the Q value of thus manufactured resonator was 58,000.\nBi2 Sr2 CaCu2 OX was used as a deposition material for a target so as to deposit Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 OX on an MgO substrate, thereby forming a microwave resonator, whose high-frequency characteristic was then evaluated.\nThus obtained Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 OX thin film exhibited a Tc of 85 K and a Jc of 800,000 A/cm2 at 77 K. Also, the Q value of thus manufactured resonator was 37,000.\nBi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 OX was used as a deposition material for a target so as to deposit Bi2 Sr2 Ca2 Cu3 OX on a MgO substrate, thereby forming a microwave resonator, whose high-frequency characteristic was then evaluated.\nThus obtained Bi2 Sr,Ca2 Cu3 OX thin film exhibited a Tc of 90 K and a Jc of 900,000 A/cm2 at 77 K. Also, the Q value of the thus manufactured resonator was 42,000.\nIt should be understood that the preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only. From the invention thus described, it will be obvious that the invention may be varied in many ways. For example, as the dielectric substrate, other than MgO, such materials as LaAlO3 having (100) plane, sapphire having R plane (Al2 O3), and SrTiO3 may be used. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended for inclusion within the scope of the following claims.\nThe basic Japanese Application No. 074422/1995 (75-074422) filed on Mar. 7, 1995 is hereby incorporated by reference.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4537791 *||Mar 27, 1984||Aug 27, 1985||Cordis Corporation||Carbon coating of grafts or catheters|\n|US5096739 *||Nov 27, 1989||Mar 17, 1992||The University Of Connecticut||Ultrafine fiber composites and method of making the same|\n|US5304281 *||Oct 23, 1992||Apr 19, 1994||Alfred University||Laser deposition of cubic cadmium sulfide films|\n|US5322817 *||Dec 16, 1991||Jun 21, 1994||Superconductor Technologies, Inc.||In situ growth of TL-containing oxide superconducting films|\n|US5405659 *||Mar 5, 1993||Apr 11, 1995||University Of Puerto Rico||Method and apparatus for removing material from a target by use of a ring-shaped elliptical laser beam and depositing the material onto a substrate|\n|US5406906 *||Jan 18, 1994||Apr 18, 1995||Ford Motor Company||Preparation of crystallographically aligned films of silicon carbide by laser deposition of carbon onto silicon|\n|US5411772 *||Jan 25, 1994||May 2, 1995||Rockwell International Corporation||Method of laser ablation for uniform thin film deposition|\n|US5624722 *||Mar 1, 1996||Apr 29, 1997||Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.||Apparatus and method for depositing films on substrate via on-axis laser ablation|\n|EP0702416A1 *||Sep 15, 1995||Mar 20, 1996||Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd||Method and apparatus for depositing superconducting layer onto the substrate surface via off-axis laser ablation|\n|GB2231587A *||Title not available|\n|JPH048266A *||Title not available|\n|WO1991019827A1 *||Jun 8, 1991||Dec 26, 1991||Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.||Process and device for coating substrate material|\n|WO1992013113A1 *||Jan 20, 1992||Aug 6, 1992||Communaute Economique Europeenne (Cee)||Method for depositing a multi-component thin film by photo-ablation|\n|WO1994001595A1 *||Jul 10, 1992||Jan 20, 1994||General Electric Company||Method and apparatus for low temperature deposition of dielectric films on polymers|\n|1||*||Chrisey et al, ed. Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994 (no month), excerpts p. 18, 167 168, 192 193, 294 296 and 1318.|\n|2||Chrisey et al, ed. Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994 (no month), excerpts p. 18, 167-168, 192-193, 294-296 and 1318.|\n|3||*||Holzapfel et al, Off axis laser deposition of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 61, no. 26, Dec. 28, 1992 pp. 3178 3180. Dec.|\n|4||Holzapfel et al, Off-axis laser deposition of YBa2 Cu3 O7-δ thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 61, no. 26, Dec. 28, 1992 pp. 3178-3180. Dec.|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US6024851 *||Jun 2, 1998||Feb 15, 2000||The Aerospace Corporation||Apparatus for magnetic field pulsed laser deposition of thin films|\n|US6297138 *||Jan 12, 1998||Oct 2, 2001||Ford Global Technologies, Inc.||Method of depositing a metal film onto MOS sensors|\n|US6388230 *||Oct 13, 1999||May 14, 2002||Morton International, Inc.||Laser imaging of thin layer electronic circuitry material|\n|US6534134 *||Nov 18, 1999||Mar 18, 2003||University Of Puerto Rico||Apparatus and method for pulsed laser deposition of materials on wires and pipes|\n|US6660343 *||Oct 1, 2001||Dec 9, 2003||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy||Fabrication of conductive/non-conductive nanocomposites by laser evaporation|\n|US7713588 *||Jul 13, 2005||May 11, 2010||Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Method and device of forming a piezo-electric film|\n|US8323807||Mar 12, 2009||Dec 4, 2012||Kobe Steel, Ltd.||Process for producing alumina coating composed mainly of α-type crystal structure|\n|US20040096580 *||Feb 5, 2002||May 20, 2004||Shuji Hahakura||Film forming method and film forming device|\n|US20060010687 *||Jul 13, 2005||Jan 19, 2006||Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Method and device of forming a piezo-electric film|\n|US20090173625 *||Mar 12, 2009||Jul 9, 2009||Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd)||Process for producing an alumina coating comprised mainly of alpha crystal structure|\n|US20090214894 *||Mar 12, 2009||Aug 27, 2009||Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd)||PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AN ALUMINA COATING COMPOSED MAINLY OF a-TYPE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE|\n|U.S. Classification||427/596, 427/597, 427/561, 219/121.76, 505/474, 219/121.85|\n|International Classification||C01G3/00, H01P11/00, C30B25/10, H01P7/08, C01G1/00, C23C14/28, H01L39/24|\n|Cooperative Classification||H01L39/2448, C23C14/28|\n|European Classification||C23C14/28, H01L39/24J2H|\n|Mar 1, 1996||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD., JAPAN\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ITOZAKI, HIDEO;NAGAISHI, TATSUOKI;REEL/FRAME:007890/0523\nEffective date: 19960221\n|Apr 30, 2002||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|Oct 15, 2002||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|\n|Dec 10, 2002||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|\nEffective date: 20021013", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Department of Biology is equipped with several state-of-the-art imaging microscopes including the Carl Zeiss LSM 710 NLO Laser Scanning Confocal/Multiphoton Microscope. The confocal microscope was obtained through a CFI-LOF\n(Canadian Foundation for Innovation –Leader’s Opportunity Fund) award to Drs. Craig Hawryshyn, Ian Chin-Sang and Paul Young. The LSM710 NLO confocal microscope is ideal for the most demanding microscopy applications and allows the simultaneous use of multiple fluorophores. Users can capture high-resolution images of fluorescent structures in living animals and thick tissue specimens. The high signal-to-noise ratio provided by the system ensures brilliant imaging of cellular and sub-cellular structures. The system includes a full suite of software to drive experiments in imaging, 3D reconstruction, timelapse, FRET and FRAP and will support a wide range of applications. Confocal/multi-photon microscopy is the gold standard for fluorescent imaging and the microscopy facility is available for departmental use.\nFor services offered, pricing and calendar please see this link.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Independent assessment of Microwave Radiometer measurements in coastal zones using tropospheric delays from GNSS\nEvent: 2017 Ocean Surface Topography Science Team Meeting\nSession: Advances in coastal altimetry: measurement techniques, science applications and synergy with in situ and models\nPresentation type: Type Poster\nContribution: PDF file\nZenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations are used in order to assess the MWR measurements in coastal zones, where some of these observations become invalid due to land contamination. This coastal assessment is performed for eight altimetry missions: the so-called reference missions (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2), the three ESA missions (ERS-1, ERS-2 and ENVISAT), Geosat Follow-On and SARAL/AltiKa.\nFirstly, ZTD are computed for a set of 60 GNSS stations with a good spatial and temporal distribution (ZTD UPorto) using the GAMIT software and state-of-the-art methodologies. These ZTD are further converted into zenith wet delays (WTC equivalent) by subtracting the zenith hydrostatic delay estimated from sea level pressure from the ERA Interim model. ZTD provided by international networks, such as the International GNSS Service (IGS) and EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) are compared with ZTD UPorto, showing that ZTD can be determined with an accuracy of a few millimeters, at the station location. However, jumps are detected in ZTD from a few IGS stations. The influence of network geometry on tropospheric parameters estimation is demonstrated.\nSecondly, the analysis of the root mean square of the differences between MWR measurements and ZWD UPorto, function of distance from coast, shows the effect of land contamination and the distance from coast where this contamination is minimum. This distance from coast is different for the several altimetric missions, due to their different footprint size and algorithms used to retrieve the WTC from MWR measurements.\nThe coastal assessment shows also the ability of the GNSS-derived Path Delay Plus (GPD+) algorithm from University of Porto to remove this contamination and to improve the WTC retrieval all over and in particular in the coastal zones.\nAiming at inspecting the stability of the MWR measurements, the time evolution of the same WTC differences is analyzed. In spite of the fact that GNSS-derived and MWR-derived WTC are not collocated measurements, these results show that the former are a useful independent source to inspect the land effects on MWR observations and to monitor the stability of these instruments, thus contributing to the retrieval of precise water surface heights from satellite altimetry.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "By using High-Voltage Ion Implantation, PREMA can offer several types of photodiodes with different spectral sensitivities. Unless stated otherwise, photodiodes are type I.\nBecause all in semiconductor industry common fabrication techniques are available, photodiodes can be closely packed next to each other. (Arrays of photodiodes)\nFor applications using higher frequencies, a special type of photodiodes with reduced capacitances (< 25 pF/mm²) is available. Very low dark current with less than 100 pA at reverse voltages of 10 V can be achieved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Monitoring Volcano Ground Deformation with Electronic Distance Meters\nMeasuring the distance between benchmarks placed on a volcano tens to thousands of meters apart can sometimes pinpoint where and when magma is rising toward the surface. Rising magma will sometimes push overlying rocks upward or shove them aside. In either case, one part of the volcano may actually move horizontally relative to another part from as little as a few millimeters to as much as several tens of meters. The challenge in measuring such changes with an electronic distance meter is putting benchmarks in the right places and making frequent measurements between pairs of benchmarks.\nWhat is an electronic distance meter?\nAn electronic distance meter is an instrument that both sends and receives an electromagnetic signal. Depending on the distance between the EDM and reflector, the wavelength of the returned signal will be out of phase with the transmitted signal. The instrument compares the phase of the transmitted and received signals and measures the phase difference electronically. There is a wide range of EDM capabilities in range and precision, but for volcano monitoring purposes, short-range (less than 10 km) to medium-range (less than 50 km) EDM's are typically used. Short-range EDM's transmit and receive the near visible infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum for measuring distances with an accuracy of about 5 mm.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Participants: Esteban Maestre, Hossein Mansour, Vincent Fréour and Gary Scavone\nPeriod: 2011 - ongoing\nDespite having existed in their present form (for the most part) for over 400 years, bowed-string instruments remain the subject of active research in the musical acoustics community. While their general behaviour is reasonably well understood, measurable properties that can be used to distinguish instruments of very different perceived qualities have remained illusive. The goal of this research is to build numerical models of increasing refinement, parameterized by measurements when possible, to explore and test which physical characteristics play a significant role in defining an instrument’s “playability” and sound.\nIn collaboration with Dr. James Woodhouse at Cambridge University, Ph.D. student Hossein Mansour developed a variety of new model features, including the frequency-dependent behavior of the strings, modal properties of an actual body as determined from measurements, dual-polarization of the strings, longitudinal vibrations of the bow-hair, bow-stick properties, and sympathetic vibrations of the freely vibrating strings. He also derived a more robust version of a famous predictive equation for violin playability. The model was then used as a quasi-experimental tool to systematically investigate the effect of each detail on the timbre and playability of the instrument. This research represents important contributions to our understanding of bowed-string instruments, with potential applications for luthiers, string manufacturers, players, and researchers working to synthesize the sound of bowed strings.\nSince 2012, we have engaged in a research collaboration with Dr. Esteban Maestre and Dr. Julius Smith (Stanford University) to investigate the design of violin and guitar body filters, parameterized from measurements, for sound synthesis models. This research has included: modal decomposition of measured driving-point admittances obtained by means of a novel frequency-domain algorithm for optimization of digital filters in parallel form; passive modeling of radiativity and admittance by projection of measurements over a common modal basis, and an efficient implementation of bridge reflectance and sound radiativity filters from a single bank of shared resonant filters. The results make it possible to synthesize in real time the sound of a specific violin or guitar, with many possible commercial applications. For example, this technology could be used to virtually audition, via an online interface, a set of instruments for sale in a shop.\nA recent collaboration with several researchers at Stanford and the Politecnico di Milano is focusing on the virtual restoration and resynthesis of a historically important violin, the 1716 “Messiah” by Stradivarius, which has never been played because of a crack in its top plate.\nWe began a six-month research project in 2013 with Godin Guitars, a Quebec company that manufactures approximately 50,000 acoustic and 20,000 electric guitars each year. The project, funded by an NSERC Engage grant, investigated the use of measurements to allow the manufacturer to better categorize subsets of instruments according to sounding characteristics. The study benefitted from the availability of a large set (over 30) of nominally identical steel-string guitars, a truly unique asset among studies of this kind. One goal of the work was to find features of guitar admittances that could be used to automatically distinguish them according to three classifications (bassy, mid-even and treble) suggested by the manufacturer. A second goal was to investigate whether experienced guitarists agree with those classifications.\nResults of this work, which was conducted by a team of three Ph.D. candidates (Hossein Mansour, Vincent Fréour and Charalampos Saitis), showed very low agreement across guitarists with the manufacturer-provided classifications. However, analysis of the measurements indicated that the guitars categorized as bassy had a lower breathing mode frequency (which can be related to the stiffness-to-weight ratio of the bodies). We also found that averaged mobilities in the 600–2000 Hz range could distinguish the mid-even and treble instruments, though results with new instruments outside the original analysis pool did not confirm this finding. The results are significant because they represent one of the few examples in string instrument research of a clear correspondence between a physical property derived from a measured body response and a perceptual characteristic (bassy-ness) of the resulting sound.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|SNR||SNR or S/N (Signal-to-Noise Ratio)\nIn communications, signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of signal strength relative to background noise (measured as signal level divided by noise). The ratio is usually measured in decibels (dB).\nHigher SNR numbers repesent cleaner signals, with less noise. Decreasing noise, and/or increasing signal increases/improves the SNR value.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The video is recorded from an actual AF ablation procedure using the CARTO-3 mapping system. We use the 3D mapping system to move our catheters without the use of X-rays. We can see exactly how much force is generated with at the tip of our ablation catheter and which direction we are moving (arrow).\n1) An ablation catheter is used to cauterise the tissue around the pulmonary veins (PV). Ablation lesions (red dots) are delivered to electrically isolate the PVs from the rest of the LA.\n2) A circular mapping catheter is used to map the electrical activity inside the pulmonary veins.\nSlide 6 of 6", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PCTE Industrial offers eddy current testing equipment for non-destructive testing. Eddy current equipment includes systems, standard probes, specialit\nPCTE Industrial offers paint thickness gauge and ultrasonic thickness gauge to measure coating thickness measurements on metal substrates. Visit websi\nPurchasing a new outfit is such a regular thing nowadays. With online shopping sites and discount offers, we are buying dresses throughout the year. H\nSEO Delhi, Alliance Softech - SEO Company in Delhi offers Best SEO Services in Delhi, India at affordable price. call +91-9312406920 Now for SEO Servi\nPCTE Industrial offers videoscopes, which includes IdealBorescope B, IdealBorescope G, IdealBorescope O. Visit website, for more details.\nSt Teresa School is an English medium co-educational and CBSE Best Private School Education. And the aim of St. Teresa School is to develop every chil\nPCTE Industrial offers UV lamp and UV light torch. Their range includes C4 Nomad and C4 Nomad Go and C4 Magnum and C4 Magnum Pro. Contact them today!\nPCTE Industrial offers hardness testing equipment for Rockwell hardness test, portable hardness test. Their range includes Equotip 550 Leeb, Equotip 5", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Self-adaptive dual-metal-site pairs in metal-organic frameworks for selective CO2 photoreduction to CH4\nRelease time：2021-09-09 Views：101\nJian Li1,3, Hongliang Huang 1,3, Wenjuan Xue1,3, Kang Sun2,3, Xiaohui Song1 , Chunrui Wu1 , Lei Nie 1 , Yang Li1 , Chengyuan Liu2 , Yang Pan2 , Hai-Long Jiang 2 ✉, Donghai Mei 1 ✉ and Chongli Zhong 1 ✉\nSolar-light-driven reduction of CO2-to-CH4 is a complex process involving multiple elementary reactions and various by-products. Achieving high CH4 activity and selectivity therefore remain a significant challenge. Here we show a bioinspired photocatalyst with flexible dual-metal-site pairs (DMSPs), which exhibit dynamic self-adaptive behaviour to fit mutative C1 intermediates, achieving CO2-to-CH4 photoreduction. The Cu and Ni DMSPs in their respective single-site forms under flexible microenvironment are incorporated into a metal-organic framework (MOF) to afford MOF-808-CuNi. This dramatically boosts CH4 selectivity up to 99.4% (electron basis) and 97.5% (product basis), and results in a high production rate of 158.7 μmol g−1 h−1 with a sacrificial reagent. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the flexible self-adaptive DMSPs can stabilize various C1 intermediates in multistep elementary reactions, leading to highly selective CO2-to-CH4 process. This work demonstrates that efficient and selective heterogeneous catalytic processes can be achieved by stabilizing reaction intermediates via the self-adaptive DMSP mechanism.\nPhotocatalytic CO2 reduction measurements. Here, 25mg of photocatalyst powder and 50mg (molar concentration 1.3mM) of [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2•6H2O were mixed in a 50-ml solution containing 30ml of acetonitrile, 10ml of TEOA and 10ml of H2O in a 250-ml quartz reaction cell. The CO2 (purity >99.999%) was purged into this reaction cell for 0.5h to eliminate the dissolved oxygen. Before illumination, the reactor was installed to CEL-SPH2N system (Beijing China Education Au-light Co., Ltd) equipped with a 300-W Xe lamp with the 420-nm cutoff filter (420nm<λ<760nm). On degassing,the system was filled with CO2 (purity >99.999%) to 1 atm. For photocatalytic CO and HCOOH reduction measurements, 10ml of CO (99.999%) or 1ml of liquid HCOOH was injected into photocatalytic system. Subsequently, the Ar as the packed gas was purged into the system to reach atmospheric pressure. Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890B) was applied to analysed gaseous products by the detectors of a thermal conductivity detector and a flame ionization detector using Ar as the carrier gas. The HCOOH in the liquid phase was analysed using ion chromatography (Thermo ICS-5000). The possible alcohol products were detected by a liquid chromatogram (Waterse 2695), and no related signals could be observed. The catalytic results were repeated three times with three batches of catalysts to give more reliable data. Gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (Bruker solanX 70 FT-MS) was applied to analyse the isotope labelled products using 13CO2 as the feed gas. The light intensity data were measured using a PM100D optical power meter (Thorlabs) equipped with a S425C detector (Supplementary Table 9). The heterogeneity test was performed by removing the catalyst from the reaction medium at 6h by centrifugation49.\nDownload:Nature Catalysis 2021, 4, 719–729 MOF-808-CuNi CO2RR.pdf", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PAH, BTEX, Mineral oil\nLocation: Ghent, Belgium\nThe Interreg’s RESANAT project promotes nature-based remediation techniques for residual soil contamination. The project concerns a full scale field test of a reactive mat (natural catch) in an urban canal threatened by groundwater contamination. The contamination originates from former industrial activities on the bank. The contamination migrates with the groundwater into the surface water, posing spreading and ecological risks. Measurement of groundwater and mass flux allows to identify flow patterns and determine mass discharge to the surface water. Based on the results the most appropriate remediation technique and materials are selected. The results helped our partner to dimension a barrier, both the needed hydraulic conductivity and its capacity to filter contaminant influx.\nIn 2019, restoration of the drainage capacity of the canal was needed, and the sediment was dredged. By dredging the canal the drainage capacity increased and adsorption of contamination decreased. It led to an increase of contamination in the surface water. The horizontal flux of groundwater and contamination was measured before and after dredging. Horizontal flux samplers were installed on 2 depths, in existing wells in the bank of the canal. Additional vertical flux, upwards and downwards were measured after dredging in the sediment of the canal. In a first stage digital flux measurements of groundwater were performed in 30 locations. The results are available in real time. Based on these measurements 10 locations were selected to install samplers to measure vertical flux over a longer period. The flux measurements provided useful information about the distribution of the inflow over the length of the canal and the effect of dilution and degradation downstream and allowed to refine the conceptual site model.\n\"Flux measurements created new insights of the distribution inflow of the contamination to the canal, the presence of hot spots, the degradation and dilution occuring downstream.\" - Tobias Praamstra (TAUW)\nHow to measure the inflow of contamination to the canal and nearby urban area:\nGroundwater flow increased due to dredging of the canal. By traditional sampling only concentration in the groundwater is measured.\nThe groundwater and mass flux before dredging was rather low. Flux measurements showed an significant increase of the groundwater flux after dredging. The BTEXN flux measured in the wells in the banks increased till 15 times in comparison with the flux before dredging. The PAH flux increased till 3times. After dredging an additional flux of mineral oil is measured. The mineral oil compounds were mobilised after the dredging.\nIn the sediment of the canal the flux was dominantly upward, from groundwater to surface water. The flux varied strongly because of the heterogeneity of the sediment and characteristics of the canal. The use of passive mass flux sampling in combination with real time continuous flow velocity and direction measurement with digital sensors allowed to characterize exchanges at the interface between groundwater and surface water and to create illuminating insights in the dynamics influencing the water quality. The data led to an effective remediation concept.\nBased on the groundwater and mass flux data it became clear where targeted action was needed. With the data it was possible to divide the trajectory into three segments, with each its own dimensions for developing a remediation concept based on the natural characteristics, i.e. drainage capacity, a green adsorbent and biological activity to cope with the inflow of contamination and improve water quality.\nIn addition, a monitoring plan has been developed including assessments of the effectiveness and progress with flux measurements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermal power plants\nTurbo-charged with sCO2 turbines\nIn the Carbosola research project, teams of scientists develop turbines that run on supercritical carbon dioxide.\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) is known as a harmful greenhouse gas. Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2), on the other hand, can actually do the environment good - by being used as a heat transfer medium in power plant processes instead of steam. There, it could produce more power in a closed circuit under certain conditions in much smaller turbines than before. This saves costs and space, as the researchers in the Carbosola project were able to demonstrate. In concrete terms, the technology could be used on site at industrial companies such as steelworks or glass foundries, for example. The companies could channel their exhaust heat with high process-related temperatures from manufacturing directly on their factory premises into a small power plant with sCO2 turbines and produce electricity there.\nProducing electricity 25 per cent cheaper with sCO2 turbines than with conventional turbines\nThis technology is still a vision of the future. However, the Carbosola research project and the resulting findings should enable the entry into this innovative technology in Germany. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is therefore funding the research project with 2.2 million euros. Initial results from the Carbosola research project show the huge potential for financial savings: \"Our numerical investigations have shown that power generation costs with supercritical CO2 can be up to 25 per cent cheaper compared to production from a steam-driven power plant process\", reports Carbosola project manager Dr Stefan Glos from Siemens Energy Global. Together with scientists from the Technical University of Dresden, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Helmholz Center Dresden Rossendorf, Siemens is currently working on further optimising the turbine components and operating processes in digital models and laboratory experiments.\nSupercritical CO2: not critical, but super\nWhat makes supercritical CO2 so attractive for a power plant process? At 31 degrees Celsius and 74 bar, the carbon dioxide enters a state in which its weight corresponds to that of a liquid, but it can flow as easily as a gas. In this supercritical state, CO2 is extremely powerful: Its physical density is higher than steam while having good flow properties, similar to those of steam. This means that more power can be generated in turbines that are up to five times smaller. As this method is a closed cycle process, no carbon dioxide is released into the environment. In addition, exhaust heat from industrial processes is put to good use.\nFurther research is needed to ensure that the advantages shown can also be realised in practice. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide behaves differently in the turbine than steam. The special physical properties of the fluid mean that the turbines are sometimes subjected to greater stress than conventional turbines operated with steam. The components therefore have to be further developed and their materials adapted.\nThe technology is being tested in a test system that is unique in Europe\nIn addition to the design of a potential large-scale application, in recent months the individual components of a test system were configured and their interaction optimised by means of simulation. This test system will now be built over the next few weeks on the premises of the Helmholz Centre Dresden-Rossendorf, where the components and processes will be tested on a larger scale for their practicability. This will create an infrastructure that achieves process parameters that are unparalleled in Europe and enables investigations, for example on flow behaviour and heat exchange, but also on open material questions and effective operating strategies.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Appsfactory and Kuntze Instruments GmbH implement an Internet of Things App for more efficient control and measurement of water values\nKuntze Instruments GmbH has been producing high-quality water analysis technologies for 75 years. The company is mainly specialized in the measurement of disinfectants, pH values, redox potentials and other parameters and, in addition to sensors, also produces measuring instruments and complete measuring systems. In recent months, the frontend of the Kuntze Sensor Monitoring App for iOS and Android has been created in collaboration with Appsfactory. Using the application, logging and analysis of water are largely automated.\nThe app is connected to CloudConnect, Kuntze’s software-as-a-service platform. A highlight of the Internet of Things (IoT) solution is the control of the workflow with the possibility to automatically send a notification to the operator of, for example, swimming pools when certain measured values are exceeded.It is also possible to receive operational optimization recommendations directly from Kuntze Instruments GmbH. Special measured values such as chlorine, the pH value and the temperature can be read live in the “My Facilities” function area. This keeps the relevant employees and users of the app informed in real time so they can exert corrections if necessary. With a comprehensive and clear presentation of all relevant values and their permanent availability to those in charge, the Kuntze IoT app makes a crucial contribution to improving the environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pot Top Sensor (NTC) Sensor Probe\n|FOB Price:||US $0.65 / Piece|\n|Min. Order:||5,000 Pieces|\n|Min. Order||FOB Price|\n|5,000 Pieces||US $0.65/ Piece|\n- Model NO.: NTC sensor: 14000040\n- Transport Package: Carton\n- Trademark: CDM\n- Origin: China\n|Conventional resistance value||R25=100KΩR100=6.7KΩB25/50=3950K||The resistance value could be changed as required by customer.|\n|Applicable temperature scope;||-30ºC-105ºC/-30ºC-125ºC/-30ºC-250ºC|\n|Insulation and voltage resistance||AC1500V/5mA/60Sec/AC2000V/5mA/3Sec|\nAC1500V/5mA/60Sec or AC2000V/5mA/3Sec\n|Thermal response time||τ(63.2%)≤25SecMIN≤15Sec||Conventional structure: 25Sec; special structure: 8Sec|\n|Reliability requirements||See product specification|\nA. Stable performance and long-term operation.\nB. High accuracy of resistance and B values, good consistency and interchangeability\nC. High sensitivity and fast response speed.\nD Able to be packed as per installation conditions so as to easy for users to install.\nE High accuracy of temperature measurement.\nBe applied to temperature measurement and control for electric cooker, pressure cooker and others.\nProducts RoHS compliant materials meet REACH regulations", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In hard waters, high cycle operation risks mineral scale formation. Operating a cooling system at lower cycles reduces the risk of scale formation, but increases operating costs. Basing the concentration ratio set-point on average or bulk water conditions risks missing localized high stress conditions. The result: scaling and loss of heat exchange capacity in critical processes. Recent advances in quartz crystal microbalance technology provide valuable insight into the effects of temperature, water chemistry and operational changes. By measuring the formation of scale, in situ, at various, pre-selected temperatures, the actual scale forming tendencies of a water can be quantified in terms of deposit weight. This paper discusses quartz crystal microbalance technology and its use. Data from field evaluations will be presented.\n10-20: A Novel Deposit Monitoring Technique for Industrial Cooling Water And\nDaniel M. Cicero, Nalco Company", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "arXiv:nucl-ex/0612020v1 18 Dec 2006\nAbsolute Polarization Measurements at RHIC in\nthe Coulomb Nuclear Interference Region\nK.O. Eyser∗, I. Alekseev†, A. Bravar∗∗, G. Bunce‡,§, S. Dhawan¶, R. Gill‡,\nW. Haeberli?, H. Huang‡, O. Jinnouchi††, Y. Makdisi‡, I. Nakagawa‡‡,§,\nA. Nass§§, H. Okada‡‡,¶¶, E. Stephenson∗∗∗, D. Svirida†, T. Wise?, J. Wood‡\nand A. Zelenski‡\n∗University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA\n†Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), 117259 Moscow, Russia\n∗∗University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland\n‡Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA\n§RIKEN BNL Research Center, Upton, NY 11973, USA\n¶Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA\n?University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA\n††KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan\n‡‡RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan\n§§University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany\n¶¶Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan\n∗∗∗Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA\nAbstract. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory provides polar-\nized protonbeams forthe investigationof the nucleonspin structure.Forpolarimetry,carbon-proton\nand proton-proton scattering is used in the Coulomb nuclear interference region at small momen-\ntum transfer (−t). Fast polarization measurements of each beam are carried out with carbon fiber\ntargets at several times during an accelerator store. A polarized hydrogengas jet target is needed for\nabsolute normalization over multiple stores, while the target polarization is constantly monitored\nin a Breit-Rabi polarimeter. In 2005, the jet polarimeter has been used with both RHIC beams. We\npresent results from the jet polarimeter including a detailed analysis of backgroundcontributions to\nasymmetries and to the beam polarization.\nKeywords: Elastic Scattering, Polarimeter, Polarized Protons\nPACS: 24.70.+s, 29.25.Lj, 29.27.Hj\ntivistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Measurements of beam polarizations utilize scatter-\ning processes. Fast measurements are based on proton-carbon scattering off carbon fiber\ntargets , for which the necessary normalization is provided from elastic proton-proton\nscattering with a polarized hydrogen gas jet target. At high energies, the asymmetries\nare driven by the electromagnetic spin-flip amplitude at small four-momentum trans-\nfer (10−3< |−t| < 10−2). Asymmetries are small (few percent) and contain unknown\ncontributions from hadronic amplitudes in this so-called Coulomb nuclear interference\nregion. The existing data, therefore, not only serve as a necessary input to other RHIC\nexperiments, but on the other hand can also be used to further confine the helicity am-\n~ 80 cm\nto the interaction point. In routine operation only one RHIC beam hits the target, while the other beam is\nDetector setup of the jet polarimeter at RHIC. The six detectors are centered with respect\nplitudes φ1−φ5and the hadronic spin-flip contribution in particular .\nSETUP AND ANALYSIS\nThe jet polarimeter is located at one of the collision points in the RHIC accelerator and\nreflects the kinematics of elastic proton-proton scattering at small |−t|. It consists of\na polarized hydrogen atomic jet target with a Breit-Rabi polarimeter  and a set of\nsix separate detectors each of 16 silicon strips, see figure 1. The target polarization is\nprepared in an inhomogeneous magnetic field in combination with a radio-frequency\ntransition unit and constantly monitored (not shown in the figure). The hydrogen molec-\nularcontenthas been determinedand is corrected for.Theeffectivepolarizationamounts\nto Ptarget= (92.4±1.8)%.\nThe detectors are centered with respect to the interaction point of the proton beam\nwith the target. In this geometry, eight downstream strips on each detector can detect\nelastically scattered recoil protons when one RHIC beam hits the target. In routine\noperation, one of the two RHIC beams is displaced, so the respective eight non-signal\nstrips can be used to estimate the background fraction below the elastic signal peak.\nThe silicon detectors are read out with waveform digitizers (running at 420 MHz\nand synchronized with the RHIC clock) that send the pre-processed ADC spectra to\nthe DAQ-PC. Two different α-sources (Am and Gd) are used for energy calibration\nand estimation of the entrance window thickness of the detectors. Additional time of\nflight offsets are individually adjusted for each strip using the pronounced proton signal.\nParticle identification is based on time of flight and energy. Elastic scattering further\ncorrelates the detector geometry, i.e. the scattering angle, and the small recoil energy of\ntheproton. A time-of-flightcut ofafew ns removesthemajorpart ofpromptbackground\nevents below 5 MeV.\nIn 2005, one of the two RHIC beams was centered on the jet target for several days to\nare expected asymmetries from formal descriptions in terms of helicity amplitudes  in the Coulomb\nnuclear interference region scaled with the polarization values.\nTarget and beam asymmetries as functions of recoil energy TR. The solid and dashed lines\naccumulate enough statistics for a precise measurement of the beam polarization. Both\nbeams have been measured repeatedly over the course of a few weeks.\nFor the determination of the RHIC beam polarization, a set of four different vertical\npolarization combinations of target and beam is used. The yields are then combined to\nseparate asymmetries resulting from the beam and target polarizations. While a certain\npolarization direction would result in a specific left-right asymmetry in the detectors,\nrespective yields can be coupled with their opposite polarization directions in order\nto remove detector acceptances and efficiencies and luminosity effects, . The beam\npolarization Pbeamis then derived from the ratio of the measured asymmetries εbeamand\nεtargetand the known target polarization Ptarget:\nThe analyzing power AN= ε/P is not flat in the considered t-region and, therefore,\nthe beam polarization was determined in separate steps of the recoil energy TRbefore\ncalculating the weighted mean. Also, the kinematic correlation of the detector strip\nposition and the recoil energy suppresses the background outside of the considered\nenergy range, where no elastic signal is seen.\nThe ratio of asymmetries is very robust with regards to background contributions\nto the yields, as long as the background has no pronounced polarization dependence.\nBackground fractions can be as large as 7% in certain energy ranges, which affect the\nbeam polarization only in second order.\nRESULTS Download full-text\nTarget and beam asymmetries have been measured as functions of energy of the recoil\nproton. Figure 2 shows the typical peak of the asymmetries (and the analyzing power) at\nTR≈1.5 MeV in the CNI region from a subset of the data. The asymmetry ratio between\n1.0 and 4.0 MeV is used to determine the beam polarization. Lower and higher recoil\nenergies are discarded due to increased acceptance asymmetries and highly increased\nbackground. Also, the asymmetries in figure 2 are compared to the expected shape of the\nanalyzing power ANfrom a formal description in terms of helicity amplitudes  that\nhas been scaled with the target and beam polarizations. The shown curves are neither\nfitted to the analyzed data, nor do they include contributions from hadronic spin-flip\nIn 2005, beam polarizations of nearly 50% have been measured in RHIC with good\nstatistical accuracy. Systematic errors were estimated from the background yields from\nempty target measurements and subdivision with respect to separate proton bunches in\nto the polarization directions of bunches and calculating the resulting asymmetries.\nBackground contributions have been identified from molecular content in the jet tar-\nget, from beam gas, and from the displaced beam that is threaded around the target. No\nsignificantbeam or target polarizationdependence has been observedin thebackground,\nwhich is uniformly distributed over the detector halves within the statistical uncertain-\nties. The effect on the determination of the beam polarization has been estimated by\npurposefully widening the signal region on the detectors, this way increasing the back-\nground by factors of up to four and consecutivelylowering the beam and target asymme-\ntries. The ratio of asymmetries, on the other hand, is largely unaffected by the growing\nbackground and an upper limit of ∆P/P = 1.1% has been assigned to the beam related\nbackground below the signal. The hydrogen molecular content of the target causes an\nadditional uncertainty that is already taken into account in the target polarization error.\nFastbeam polarizationmeasurementsat RHIC are carried outwithtwo carbon polarime-\nters . Absolute polarization normalization is done alternatingly with a polarized hy-\ndrogen jet target. Beam polarizationsofnearly 50% havebeen measured in thelatter half\nof the 2005 run. Total uncertainties have reached the accuracy that experiments in the\nRHIC spin programm have called for. The existing data, also, have been used to further\nconstrain the knowledge of hadronic spin-flip amplitudes at√s =13.7 and 6.9 GeV .\n1. I. Nakagawa, these proceedings (2006).\n2. H. Okada et al., Phys. Lett. B638, 450 (2006) and H. Okada, these proceedings (2006).\n3. H.G. Gaul and E. Steffens, NIM A316, 297 (1992).\n4. G.G. Ohlsen, P.W. Keaton, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 109, 41 (1973).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Automatic online device that integrates sample preparation, measurement and sampling without human intervention.\n- The same analyzer can control up to 3 sampling points for carbon and sulfur analysis\n- The same analyzer can control up to two sampling points\n- Measurements are used to control cement mill batching to stabilize cement composition\n- Can be used for SO3 analysis in hot raw meal, clinker and cement", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "quality MRM methods to obtain the best sensitivity and dynamic range for peptides from a panel of putative protein biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. For candidate proteins previously detected in proteomics experiments, MRMs were designed based on peptide MS/MS spectra. For the remaining candidates, MRMs were developed either by in silico design, based on gene or protein sequences, or by targeted, direct detection in plasma using the MIDAS workflow.\nThe MIDAS workflow provides a straight-forward link between the genomics/proteomics biomarker discovery experiments and high throughput, quantitative MS validation, because no previous experimental data on the individual proteins of interest is required to develop an assay. This quantitative LC-MRM method profiles 53 high and medium abundant proteins in human plasma (Figure 1). Proteins down to ~1 μg/mL concentration in plasma can be reliably detected in both digested and depleted/digested human plasma, producing a dynamic range of ~5 orders of magnitude in this single method (Figure 1, inset). Peptide MRM measurements in plasma digests thus provide a robust platform for quantitative protein biomarker early stage validation.\nMIDAS Workflow for Method Development:\nDuring an MRM experiment, the triple quadrupole capability of the mass spectrometer transmits the parent ion and subsequent fragment ion with high sensitivity and selectivity. The first mass analyzer is set to transmit only the mass of the peptide parent ion (Q1 at unit resolution) into the collision cell. Only one of the sequence ions of the peptide, generated by fragmentation in the collision cell, is passed through the second mass analyzer (Q3 at unit resolution) to the detector (Figure 2).\nThis MRM experiment can be used as a survey scan in a MIDAS workflow to selectively detect low level peptides in complex mixtures. The detection of the pePage: All 1 2 3 4 5 Related biology technology :1\n. Promegas Multiplexed Cell Viability and Apoptosis Assays performed on the PHERAstar2\n. Promegas Multiplexed Luciferase Reporter and Cell Viability Assays performed on the PHERAstar3\n. Mx4000 Multiplex Quantitative PCR System*,PPP4\n. Improved Quantitative Selectivity of Clenbuterol in Human Urine using\nHigh Resolution on the TSQ Quantum Mass Spectrometer5\n. The LightCycler is the only System for Quantitative PCR that is as Flexible\n. Quantitative Measurement of Cell Proliferation\nUsing the BrdU ELISA: A Comparison\nBetween Colorimetric and Chemiluminescent Detection7\n. Quantitative end-point RT-PCR gene\nexpression measurement using the\nAgilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and\n. Detection of Genetically Modified Soybean in Processed Foods Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR with SYBR Green I Dye on the DNA Engine Opticon 2 System9\n. Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Plasmid DNA Isolation, Rev A10\n. Quantitative Analysis of Protein-DNA Associations in Vivo Using Real-Time PCR, Rev A11\n. Rapid, Reproducible Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Using the iCycler iQ Real-Time PCR Detection System and iQ Supermix, Rev A", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Infrared 850 nm LED\n- Emission peak at 850 nm matched to silicon detectors and opto ICs\n- Narrow irradiance pattern\n- High temperature range of -40 to 125 °C\nYou need Support?\nDo you have any questions, need support or are you missing something? Please fill out the form below and we will take care of your request.\n\"*\" indicates required fields", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Transmissometer and optical elements therefor\n||Transmissometer and optical elements therefor\n||February 3, 1987\n||June 17, 1983\n||Rose; Thomas H. (County of Wake, NC)\n||Eastern Technical Associates, Inc. (Raleigh, NC)|\n||Lusignan; Michael R.\n|Attorney Or Agent:\n||Bell, Seltzer, Park & Gibson\n||356/243.2; 356/434; 356/438\n|Field Of Search:\n||356/433; 356/434; 356/437; 356/438; 356/439; 356/243\n|U.S Patent Documents:\n||3850529; 3994601; 3997271; 4017193; 4050814; 4126396; 4222641; 4247205; 4294524; 4333724; 4364639; 4422729; 4432649\n|Foreign Patent Documents:\n||A transmissometer includes electronic shutters for interrupting the transmitted and reference light beams at selected locations and at selected time intervals for establishing the various modes of operation of the transmissometer. The electronic shutters take the form of liquid crystal displays that are selectively energizable to either a clear or an opaque condition. The transmissometer also includes an electronic stepwise light attenuator located in the path of the light beams. The attenuator includes a body and multiple liquid crystal display segments uniformly distributed throughout the body, with the segments being independently energizable to provide stepwise opacity.\n||What is claimed is:\n1. An optical device comprising means for establishing a transmitted beam and a reference beam, means for subjecting the transmitted beam to a sample condition for attenuationthereby, detector means positioned for receiving each of said beams and generating a signal representative of a condition of the beams, and an electronic stepwise light attenuator located in the path of the reference beam, said attentutor having anoptical field and comprising multiple liquid crystal display elements, each element being substantially uniformly distributed throughout the optical field and being independently energizable to place it in either a clear or an opaque condition, saidelements being so positioned as to cooperate in their respective clear/opaque conditions to produce stepwise attenuation of the reference beam at predetermined and repeatable opacity steps, including multiple intermediate values between 0% and 100%opacity.\n2. An optical device as set forth in claim l including a zero shutter located in the path of said reference beam.\n3. An optical device as set forth in claim 1 wherein the liquid crystal display elements are formed as alternating strips.\n4. An optical device as set forth in claim 1 wherein the liquid crystal display elements are formed as concentric circles.\n5. An optical device as set forth in claim 1 wherein the liquid crystal display elements are formed as radiating strips.\n6. An optical device as set forth in claim 1 wherein the liquid crystal display elements are formed as spirals.\n7. A transmissometer for continuously monitoring the opacity of gases passing through a duct, e.g. flue gases passing through a smokestack, and being characterized by non-mechanical electronic light interruption and attenuation for measurementand calibration purposes, said transmissometer comprising:\na primary unit for delivering a collimated light beam across the duct and receiving a reflected beam from the opposite side of the duct, said primary unit being adapted for mounting on one side of the duct;\na retroreflecting unit adapted for mounting on the opposite side of the duct from said primary unit and including retroreflecting means for reflecting the light beam emanating from the primary unit back to the primary unit by reflectionsubstantially along the direction of incidence;\nsaid primary unit including:\na light source;\noptical means associated with said light source for establishing a collimated light beam;\na beam splitter located in the path of said light beam and inclined with respect to the light beam to split the beam of light into (i) a transmitted beam that traverses the duct to said retroreflecting means and is reflected back to the primaryunit and (ii) a reference beam;\na photodetector located in the path of both the reference beam and the reflected transmitted beam for generating a signal representative of the light incident thereon;\nan electronic zero shutter comprising a liquid crystal display selectively energizable to produce either a clear or an opaque condition, said zero shutter being located in the path of the reference beam between said beam splitter and saidphotodetector;\na stepwise light attenuator located in the path of the light that constitutes the reference beam, said stepwise light attenuator comprising multiple electronic display elements each of which is selectively and independently energizable incooperation with the other elements to produce stepwise attenuation of the reference beam at predetermined and repeatable opacity steps;\nan electronic system shutter comprising a liquid crystal display selectively energizable to provide either a clear or an opaque condition, said system shutter being located in the path of the transmitted light beam between said beam splitter andsaid retroreflector means;\nan electronic chopper shutter comprising a liquid crystal display selectively energizable to provide either a clear or an opaque condition, said chopper shutter being located between the light source and the beam splitter;\ncontrols means for selectively energizing the electronic shutters and stepwise light attenuator to establish various multiple modes of light interruption and attenuation for measurement and calibration purposes; and\nmeans for processing the signals generated by the photodetector in the various modes.\n8. A transmissometer as set forth in claim 7 wherein the electronic display elements are formed as alternating strips.\n9. A transmissometer as set forth in claim 7 wherein said beam splitter comprises a partial mirror inclined at approximately 45.degree. to the collimated light beam emanating from said optical means to establish the transmitted beam in adirection substantially normal to such collimated light beam, and to establish the reference beam as a colinear continuation of the non-reflected portion of such collimated light beam.\n10. A transmissometer as set forth in claim 9 wherein said primary unit includes branch means that is oriented substantially normal to the transmitted beam for receiving the reference beam after it passes through the beam splitter, said branchmeans including said zero shutter and a front surface mirror oriented normal to the reference beam for reflecting the reference beam back to the beam splitter partial mirror where a portion thereof is reflected to said photodetector along a pathsubstantially colinear with that of the transmitted beam.\n11. A transmissometer as set forth in claim 7 including an electronic span shutter comprising a liquid crystal display selectively energizable to produce either a clear or an opaque condition, said span shutter being located directly ahead ofsaid photodetector.\n12. A transmissometer of the type used for measuring the opacity of a sample and having a beam splitter establishing a transmitted beam and a reference beam, means for receiving the transmitted and reference beams and generating signalsrepresentative of the intensity of the light incident thereon, and beam shutters located at selected points in the optical paths of said beams for interrupting the beams to establish various transmissometer modes of operation, said shutters comprisingelectronic liquid crystal displays selectively energizable to produce either a clear or an opaque condition at each display at selected time intervals.\n13. A transmissometer as set forth in claim 12 including an electronic stepwise light attenuator located at a selected location in the path of at least one of said beams, said attenuator comprising a body and multiple liquid crystal displaysegments distributed throughout the body, said segments defining segment sets that are independently energizable to place each segment set in either a clear or an opaque condition, thereby providing a light attenuator having stepwise opacity determinedby the conditions of said segment sets.\n14. An optical device comprising means for establishing a light beam, means for subjecting the light beam, or some divided portion thereof, to a sample condition for attenuation thereby, detector means for generating a signal representative of acondition of the beam, or portion thereof, and at least one beam shutter for interrupting the light beam, or portion thereof, to establish multiple modes of operation for said optical device, for example, measurement and calibration modes, saidelectronic shutter comprising an electronic liquid crystal display selectively energizable to produce either a clear or an opaque condition at selected time intervals.\n15. A method of calibrating a transmissometer of the type that establishes a reference beam incident upon a photodetector thereof, said method comprising the steps of:\ndirecting the reference beam of the transmissometer so that prior to reaching the photodetector it is incident upon an electronic stepwise light attenuator having multiple electronic display elements, wherein each element is substantiallyuniformly distributed throughout the optical field of the attenuator and each element is independently energizable to place it in either a clear or an opaque condition;\nselectively energizing certain ones of said display elements at predetermined intervals so as to produce stepwise attenuation of the reference beam at predetermined and repeatable opacity steps, including multiple intermediate values between 0%and 100% opacity; and\ntransmitting the signals generated by the photodetector to a location remote from the transmissometer and processing said signals to provide calibration for said transmissometer.\n||BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION\n1. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to transmissometers for measuring the opacity of fluid samples. In particular embodiments the invention relates to a transmissometer incorporating electronic shutters and an electronic stepwise light attenuatorwhich are selectively actuated to place the transmissometer in the several light transmission modes necessary for opacity measurement, calibration and correction for drift.\n2. Description of the Prior Art\nEnvironmental considerations have given rise to regulatory requirements for the continuous monitoring of the opacity of smokestack effluents. The most reliable systems for providing this continuous monitoring are know as double-passtransmissometers. These devices include a light source on one side of the smokestack and an aligned retroreflector on the other side. A collimated light beam passes through the smokestack, is reflected by the retroreflector so that it passes throughthe smokestack again and then is picked up at selected time intervals by a photodetector whose output signals are representative of the opacity of the effluent through application of Beer's Law.\nIt is well known that transmissometers must be calibrated, preferably by calibration to a zero attenuation reference and upscale attenuation references. These conditions are achieved by directing a reference light beam from the source to thephotodetector without allowing the beam to enter the smokestack.\nA further consideration is that the transmissometer must be provided with means for compensating for \"drift\" caused by variations in the intensity of the light source, changes in the sensitivity of the photodetector, temperature changes, etc.\nIn order to deal with the calibration and drift problems, devices of the prior art have incorporated mechanical means for diverting optical paths and attenuating light in the optical path. These mechanical aspects of prior devices have provenquite complicated, and provide an aspect of unreliability that is undesirable in transmissometers which are usually placed at remote locations.\nSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION\nIn accordance with the present invention, there is provided a transmissometer that overcomes the disadvantages associated with transmissometers incorporating the above-mentioned mechanical components.\nIn one aspect, the invention may be defined as an optical device that establishes a transmitted beam and a reference beam and directs the transmitted beam into a sample where it is attenuated. The device also includes a detector for generating asignal representative of a condition of the beams when they are incident on the detector, and an electronic stepwise light attenuator located in the path of the light constituting the reference beam. The attentuator comprises a body and multiple liquidcrystal display segment sets distributed throughout the body, with the segment sets being independently energizable to place each segment set in either a clear or an opaque condition.\nThe display segment sets preferably comprise a grid of relatively long, thin segments that are substantially uniformly distributed throughout the body so as to provide uniform dispersion of the radiation incident thereon. Other geometricpatterns such as concentric circles, radiating lines and spirals may be used.\nIn another aspect the invention comprises a transmissometer for continuously monitoring the opacity of gases passing through a duct. The transmissometer includes a primary unit adapted for mounting on one side of the duct to deliver atransmitted light beam across the duct and to establish a reference beam, and a retroreflecting unit adapted for mounting on the opposite side of the duct to reflect the transmitted beam back to the primary unit. The transmissometer includes a pluralityof beam shutters located at selected points in the optical paths of the transmitted and reference beams for interrupting the beams to establish various transmissometer modes of operation necessary to measure the gas opacity, calibrate and account fordrift. The shutters comprise electronic liquid crystal displays selectively energizable by on-off pulses to produce either a clear or an opaque condition at each display at selected time intervals. The transmissometer may also include an electronicstepwise light attenuator, as defined above, located at a selected location in the path of the light beams.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS\nThe invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description thereof taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which\nFIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exploded transmissometer of the invention in operative position with respect to a smokestack for continuously monitoring the opacity of the smokestack effluents.\nFIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a transmissometer of the invention with all of the electronic shutters and the electronic stepwise attenuator in the clear condition.\nFIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 showing the transmissometer in the zero mode.\nFIG. 4 is a view similar to FIGS. 2 and 3 showing the transmissometer in a calibration mode for an upscale check.\nFIG. 5 is a view similar to FIGS. 2-4 showing the transmissometer in the span mode.\nFIG. 6 is a view similar to FIGS. 2-5 showing the transmissomter in a measurement mode.\nFIG. 7 is a plan view of a most preferred embodiment of the variable opacity stepwise attenuator of the invention.\nFIG. 8 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 8--8 of FIG. 7.\nFIG. 9 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 9--9 of FIG. 7.\nFIGS. 10-12 are plan views of first, second and third alternative embodiments of the variable opacity stepwise attenuator of the invention.\nFIG. 13 is a block diagram of the signal flow chart for the transmissometer illustrated in FIGS. 1-6.\nDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION\nWhile the present invention will be described hereinafter with particular reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood at the outset of the description which follows that it is contemplated that the present invention may bevaried in specific detail while still achieving the desirable characteristics and features of the present invention. Accordingly, the description is to be understood as a broad enabling teaching directed to persons skilled in the applicable arts, and isnot be be understood as restrictive.\nReferring to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a double-pass transmissometer 10 constructed in accordance with the present invention. Transmissometer 10 includes a primary unit 12 adapted for mounting on one side of asmokestack 14 and a retroreflecting unit 18 adapted for mounting on the opposite side of the smokestack.\nReferring to the schematic illustration of FIG. 2, the transmissometer will now be described initially without reference to the electronic shutters and stepwise attenuator so as to first set forth the paths of the light beams. Primary unit 12includes a light source 20 that emits light that is collimated into a light beam 22 by means of optical means 24 of any suitable type known in the art, for example, a condensing lens and aperture arrangement.\nLight beam 22 next falls on a beam splitter in the form of a partially reflective mirror 32 that is inclined to beam 22. In the illustrated embodiment, mirror 32 is inclined at 45.degree. with respect to beam 22 and is half silvered so as toreflect approximately one half of beam 22 in a direction normal to beam 22 to establish a transmitted beam 36. The remaining half of beam 22 passes directly through mirror 32, remaining colinear with beam 22, and establishes a reference beam 40.\nThe transmitted beam 36 is projected across smokestack 14 through first and second windows 42, 44 and is incident upon a retroreflector 48, for example, a corner cubed mirror that reflects light incident thereon back along its direction ofincidence. The reflected transmitted beam travels back through smokestack 14 to the beam splitter where approximately one half of the beam passes through the splitter in the direction of a photodetector 50 and associated photopic filter 51 of a typewell known in the art.\nThe reference beam 40, after being split from beam 22, enters a branch 52 that is oriented substantially normal to the path of the transmitted beam. Branch 52 includes a front surface mirror 56 that is postioned substantially normal to thereflected beam for reflecting the reference beam back to the beam splitter where a portion thereof is reflected to photodetector 50 along a path substantially colinear with that of the transmitted beam.\nThe foregoing description of the beam paths is solely for the purpose of setting forth some of the elements of the transmissometer 10 and to establish the uninterrupted light paths that would occur in a situation where all of the electronicshutters and the stepwise attenuator are clear as represented in the schematic illustration of FIG. 2. However, in the various modes of operation discussed below, the electronic shutters and stepwise attenuator are actuated in various fashions toprovide opaque conditions at selected points in the light paths.\nTransmissometer 10 includes four electronic shutters as follows: (a) a chopper shutter 60 located between the light source 20 and the beam splitter; (b) a system shutter 62 located in the path of the transmitted beam between the beam splitter andthe retroreflector; (c) a zero shutter 64 located in the path of the reference beam between the beam splitter and the photodetector; and (d) a span shutter 66 located in the paths of the reference beam and the reflected transmitted beam just prior totheir incidence upon the photodetector.\nEach of the electronic shutters comprises a liquid crystal display that is selectively energized or non-energized to place the display in either a clear or an opaque condition. The shutters may take a form similar to that of Model No. 39992606displays manufactured by Hamlin Company of Lake Mills, Wis. which incorporate a pair of parallel polarized plates separated by a liquid crystal. In the non-energized state the crystal rotates the incident light 90.degree. to establish an opaquecondition for the display. In the energized state the light is not rotated by the crystal, thus establishing a clear condition.\nTransmissometer 10 also includes an electronic stepwise light attenuator 70 located proximate to photodetector 50 in the path of both the reference beam and the reflected transmitted beam. As best shown in FIG. 7, attenuator 70 comprises aplanar body incorporating multiple liquid crystal display segment sets A,B,C that are distributed throughout the body. The segment sets are independently energizable to place each segment set in either a clear or an opaque condition, thereby providing alight attenuator having stepwise opacity determined by the conditions of the segment sets. In the illustrated embodiment, attenuator 70 is substantially rectangular and is divided into four substantially equal portions of surface area. The firstportion comprises the clear strip areas 74 residing between the respective liquid crystal display segments. The remaining three areas are formed by the three sets of alternating rows of display segments.\nWhen all three segment sets A,B,C are in a clear condition, attenuator 70 is substantially clear, i.e., 0% opaque. By energizing the segment sets so that one is opaque, the attenuator becomes 25% opaque; two opaque segment sets render theattenuator 50% opaque; and three opaque segment sets render the attenuator 75% opaque.\nThe display segment sets A,B,C may be formed from parallel polarized plates 80, 82 (FIG. 8) separated by a liquid crystal 84 as explained above in connection with shutters 60, 62, 64, 66. The display segments are mounted on a clear plate 88 thatserves as the carrier plate for the displays and establishes the clear one-fourth area of attenuator 70 (FIGS. 7 and 9). In the illustrated embodiment, segments A,B,C are relatively long, thin segments uniformly distributed in alternating fashionthroughout the body of attenuator 70 so as to provide uniform dispersion of the light incident thereon.\nFIGS. 10-12 illustrate three alternative embodiments of stepwise light attenuators constructed in accordance with the present invention.\nFIG. 10 shows an attenuator 90 comprising a planar body incorporating liquid crystal display segments in the form concentric circles. The segments define three segment sets A',B',C' that are independently energizable.\nFIG. 11 shows an attenuator 100 having multiple liquid crystal display segments in the form of radiating strips. The segments define segment sets A\", B\", C\" that are independently energizable.\nFIG. 12 illustrates yet another attenuator 110 incorporating spirals formed from liquid crystal displays. Each spiral defines segments and independently energizable segment sets A\"', B\"', C\"', each of said sets being a complete spiral.\nEach of the attenuators of FIGS. 10-12 is illustrated as having three independently energizable portions comprising one fourth of the surface area of the attenuator with remaining portions 94, 104, 114 comprising the remaining one-fourth surfacearea, such that stepwise attenuation of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% opacity is achieved. It will be appreciated that the attenuators illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 10-12 have been shown as divided into one fourth areas; however, other equal divisions of the area orunequal divisions may be desirable and are within the spirit and scope of the invention.\nWhile attenuator 70 has been illustrated as positioned immediately ahead of photodetector 50, it may be positioned anywhere in the path of the light that constitutes reference beam 40. For example, attenuator 70 may be placed in the branchcontaining light source 20 in a position adjacent chopper shutter 60 in which case it may serve to block light beam 22 (which is the basis for and therefore constitutes reference beam 40.) Attenuator 70 may also be placed in branch 52 that containsmirror 56 and zero shutter 64. It will be appreciated that when attenuator 70 is so placed in branch 52 the reference beam 40 will make a double pass through the attenuator.\nThe various operating modes of transmissometer 10 are illustrated in FIGS. 3-6. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the zero mode wherein the transmitted light beam is blocked by means of the opaque condition of system shutter 62. In the zeromode, as well known to those skilled in the art, the reference beam is allowed to impinge unattenuated upon the photodetector to provide a reference for zeroing the system.\nFIG. 4 illustrates a calibration mode for performing an upscale check on the system. In the calibration mode system shutter 62 blocks the transmitted beam. The calibration mode differs from the previously discussed zero mode in that stepwiseattenuator 70 is selectively actuated to one of the stepwise opacity conditions, for example 25%, 50% or 75% opaque, so as to permit an upscale check of the system.\nFIG. 5 illustrates the span mode that presents a \"dark current\" to the detector. Each of the electronic shutters 60, 62, 64, 66 is placed in its opaque condition and the stepwise attenuator 70 is put at its maximum opacity of 75% opaque. Itwill be appreciated that the light to photodetector 50 will be essentially blocked by the opaque condition of shutters 60, 62 and 64; however, span shutter 66, an optional but preferred element, helps assure that the photodetector indeed sees a darkcurrent.\nFIG. 6 illustrates the measurement mode wherein the reference beam is blocked by the opaque zero shutter 64 while allowing the transmitted beam to make a double pass through the smokestack and impinge upon photodetector 50. In the measurementmode, chopper shutter 60 is provided with an on-off pulse so that it alternates between clear and opaque, thus providing a comparison of the intensity of the reflected transmitted beam to the ambient light conditions at the photodetector.\nThe signal conditioning circuit 120 of transmissometer 10 will now be described with reference to FIG. 13. Circuit 120 includes a system controller in the form of a solid state timer 122 that controls the states of shutters 60, 62, 64, 66 andattenuator 70 to place the transmissometer in the various modes discussed above, thereby determining the incident light on photodetector 50. The output of photodetector 50, in the form of an analog chopped signal, is directed to an analog/digitalconverter 126 that converts the signal to a digital chopped signal. This signal is conditioned to an unchopped signal by means of a buffer 130 and is fed to a multiplexer 136. Zero, span, measurement and upscale signals are received by a centralprocessing unit 140 and a span standard 144, which together control the output of a data log 150.\nThe signals that are produced by photodetector 50 include: a simulated source zero signal (FIG. 3), upscale linearity check signals (FIG. 4), simulated source span signals (FIG. 5), measurement signals (FIG. 6) and ambient light interferencesignals (FIG. 6, with shutter 60 opaque and/or light 20 turned off). As noted above, these signals are generated at predetermined intervals controlled by system controller 122.\nThe purpose of the ambient light interference signal is to determine the light incident on photodetector 50 when no light is being received from the light source. The interference signal is, therefore, generated by light scattered into thetransmissometer from the stack, and may be sunlight or other ambient light in the system. The ambient light would make the apparent transmission higher than the actual transmission of light through the smokestack. Therefore, the \"off\" portion of thechopped signal is subtracted from the \"on\" or \"light\" portion of the signal to give true system transmittance.\nThe purpose of the simulated source zero and simulated source span signals are to establish an electronic zero intersect and slope to convert the photodetector output signal to a transmission of light measurement, as well known in the art.\nThe three upscale linearity check signals that are produced by operation of stepwise light attenuator 70 serve to verify that the transmissometer is operating correctly and is linear. These values must fall within established limits or a flagwill be placed on the data.\nConversion of data to opacity readings is performed according to the following formula, 100-% transmission=% opacity and is accomplished by a simple subtraction of the value of the transmissometer from 100 in digital systems, or by signalinversion in analog systems.\nWhile the present invention has been described in connection with illustrated embodiments it will be appreciated that modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.\n* * * * *\n||Randomly Featured Patents", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nanoscale spatially resolved infrared spectra from single microdroplets†\nDroplet microfluidics has emerged as a powerful platform allowing a large number of individual reactions to be carried out in spatially distinct microcompartments. Due to their small size, however, the spectroscopic characterisation of species encapsulated in such systems remains challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the acquisition of infrared spectra from single microdroplets containing aggregation-prone proteins. To this effect, droplets are generated in a microfluidic flow-focussing device and subsequently deposited in a square array onto a ZnSe prism using a micro stamp. After drying, the solutes present in the droplets are illuminated locally by an infrared laser through the prism, and their thermal expansion upon absorption of infrared radiation is measured with an atomic force microscopy tip, granting nanoscale resolution. Using this approach, we resolve structural differences in the amide bands of the spectra of monomeric and aggregated lysozyme from single microdroplets with picolitre volume.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Optical strain gauge extremely stable in thin plate\nTaking measurements using an optical fibre (fibre optic sensing) offers unprecedented possibilities when compared to conventional electronic measuring. This is mainly due to the wave characteristic of light: think of aspects such as resolution and multiplexing, with a good example being the ‘optical strain gauge’. TNO Science and Industry has developed the principle for a high-frequency multi-channel measuring system based on Fibre Bragg Grating. This system can measure any quantity that can be translated into thermal or mechanical strain on the fibre. Technobis has now developed it into a product that is ready for the market, the Fibre Bragg Grating Interrogator. The greatest challenge, however, was to make the system extremely stable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RADAN® is GSSI’s state-of-the-art post-processing software. With its modular design, this program allows users to select the processing functions that best suit their professional needs. RADAN is Windows™ based, providing a familiar and easy-to-use environment for all levels of experience.\nThe 3D module provides enhanced 3D viewing options ins a single dialog box. Users can stretch, shrink or zoom in on files as desired for customised presentations results. the 3D module also allows the entire data cube to be ” sliced and diced” along various x, y and z planes. This allows the user to easily interpret complex areas and to make sense of the data. With this module’s simple, intuitive click-and-drag interface, viewing multiple slices and rotating the data for better view has never been easier.\nThe 3D module also shows multiple interactive views of 2D and 3D data simultaneously and to create shapes (pipes, drums, lines etc) in the GPR data, which can then be exported for integration with CAD drawings. This way, the data can be presented to the Client in familiar, easy to understand format. These 3D options provide users with unparalleled data interpretation and presentation capabilities.\nBridgeScan Module: Map Bridge Deck Deterioration\nThe BridgeScan Module for RADAN 7 allows users to;\nIdentify rebar, calculate concrete cover over rebar on new deck structures, and perform deterioration mapping. This module incorporates GSSI’s patented data analysis method designed for post-processing and analysis that is streamlined specifically for bridge deck data. The BridgeScan Module is ideal fro large bridge deck structures with typical two-layer orthogonal grid reinforcement patterns.\nRoadScan Module: Conduct Pavement Layer Analysis\nThe RoadScan Module for RADAN 7 is designed for use with horn (air-launched) antennas. This module uses a signal calibration technique that measures significant layer interpretation amplitudes from the pavement data and calculates the propagation velocity of he GPR signal through the pavement layer. This allows pavement thickness, base thickness and other pavement structure properties to be calculated without the need for ground-truth (core) data.\nThis Software module includes automatic and interactive layer interpretation, automatic and interactive pavement thickness and provides output of signal and position information to an ASCII database for roadway condition and assessment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Milling, boring, drilling and tapping All of these processes can be done in one setup, increasing productivity and processing quality. Centralized control by numerical control system, 5-axis linkage, AC servo drive system, rack and pinion drive system and roller linear guide.\n|Distance of Spindle to worktable||Max||mm||780|\n|Rotary Table (C)||nX360°|\n|Spindle Rotation Speeds||r/min||10-4000|\n|In Feeding Speeds||Longitude (X)||mm/min||10-8000|\n|Rotatry Table (C)||r/min||0-5|\n|Fast In Feeding||Longitude (X)||mm/min||12000|\n|Rotary Table (C)||r/min||0-8|\n|Spindle Servo Power||Kw||30|\n|In Feeding Servo Power||Longitude (X)||Nm||35|\n|Rotary Table (C)||Nm||35|\n|Max Worktable Load Weight||T||6|\n1. Keep the components cleaned\nMinimize the opening of the numerical control cabinet and the door of the power cabinet. During processing, a large amount of oil mist, dust or even metal powder will be generated to prevent it from falling on the circuit board or electronic device in the numerical control system, resulting in a decrease in insulation resistance between components, or even Damage to components and boards.\n2. The ventilation system is smooth\nThe fan is indispensable for any processing equipment that integrates oil, electricity and gas. The ventilation of the core processing part is inseparable from the participation of the fan. Regularly check that each cooling fan on the CNC cabinet is working properly and that the duct filter is clogged. If too much dust accumulates on the filter net and is not cleaned up in time, the temperature inside the CNC cabinet will be too high, which is very large damage to the machining center.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Transcript of \"Micro-nanosystems for electrical metrology and precision instrumentation\"\nMicro-nanosystems for electrical metrology and precision instrumentation A. Bounouh1, F. Blard1,2, H. Camon2, D. Bélières1, F. Ziadé1 1 LNE – 29 avenue Roger Hennequin, 78197 Trappes, France, email@example.com 2 LAAS/CNRS – Université de Toulouse - av du colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, FranceAbstract: This paper present results of work undertaken for sinusoidal current of amplitude IRMS and frequency ω, theexploring MEMS capabilities to fabricate AC voltage AC voltage presents, according to the current IRMS, areferences for electrical metrology and high precision maximum:instrumentation through the mechanical-electrical coupling max VAC = V pi = 8kd 2 / 27C 0 (1)in MEMS devices. Several first devices have been designedand fabricated using a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) Surface where C0 is the capacitance at x = 0 and k the springMicromachining process. The measured MEMS AC voltage constant (Fig.2).reference values have been found to be from 5 V to 100 V ina good agreement with the calculated values performed with 1.0Coventor and Comsol finite elements software. These tests 0.8structures have been used to develop the read-out electronicsto drive the MEMS and to design new devices with 0.6 VRMS/Vpiimproved characteristics. 0.4Keywords: MEMS, AC voltage, Pull-in effect, SOI. 0.2 1. INTRODUCTION 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 I RMS /I max From MEMS devices made up of membranes, beams or seesaw structures, several applications in electrical Fig. 2. MEMS Voltage versus IRMS biasing current metrology are possible as AC and DC voltage references, RF-DC converters, current reference, low frequency This point can be used as a stable AC voltage reference voltage divider and RF and microwaves power sensors [1- since its relative variation in this point depends only on the 3]. Such devices are made of micro-machined electrodes square of that of the current: of which one at least is movable thanks to the application ∆VRMS/Vpi~ -3/2 (∆I/Imax)2 (2) of an electrostatic force between the two electrodes, inversely proportional to the square of the gap. For In order to have the required stability for primary and voltage references, one uses the pull-in effect of a electro- secondary metrology fields and precision instrumentation mechanical microsystem having a movable electrode (some parts in 107 per year), special designs and (Fig.1) architectures featuring low sensitivity with respect to strain and geometrical dispersion have to be investigated, as well kx Movable as technological processes featuring low residual stress and Electrode high repeatability. x 2. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF TEST DEVICES Fixed d-x electrode The first set of MEMS structures were based on a silicon Fig. 1. MEMS with variable capacitor disk plate featuring different configuration of the suspending springs to ensure a controlled piston modeThe stable displacement x of the movable electrode is motion. The structures have been designed using alimited to the third of the gap named d. In the characteristic Coventor and Comsol softwares. Fig.3 shows the layoutsvoltage-displacement, the pull-in voltage Vpi corresponds to of the movable part of the structures that have beenthe maximum voltage applied to the capacitive MEMS designed and used for the tests. The first device (1) is abeyond which the two electrodes are put in contact. 500 µm-radius disk plate with three curved 1300 µm-longHowever, if the previous structure is now biased with an AC springs of 10 µm width. Device (2) is very similar to (1)VIII Semetro. João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, June 17 – 19, 2009\ndesign and has the same dimensions, only the curved part coefficient of the MEMS based AC voltage. First C-V of the springs in (2) are attached together forming a ring curves have been carried out on the MEMS of structure (1) of 10 µm width, which slightly increases the stiffness of by using a RLC-meter. An external DC bias voltage was the structure and then Vpi. The aim of this design is to applied to the MEMS and the capacitance was measured improve the vertical guidance of the movable plate. The with an AC voltage of 0.1 V at a frequency of 100 kHz. same disk plate as previously (r =500 µm) is used for As shown in Fig.5, the MEMS exhibits a pull-in effect at Vpi forming the last design (3) having four straight springs = 1.9 V. However, another mechanical state corresponding (360 µm × 10 µm). to Vpi=4.5 V can also be observed. This last point is to be compared to the calculated value of 5.26 V. (1) (2) (3) 70 100 kHz Hold on 60 Capacitance (pF) 50 Fig. 3. MEMS test structures. 40 Vpi- Vpi+The MEMS have been fabricated with TRONIC’s process 30available as a process foundry through the Multi ProjectWafer. It consists of a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) surface 20 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5micromachining process. The SOI top layer is a 60 µm thick Bias Voltage (V)monocrystalline silicon layer used for the mechanicallyactive layer, exhibiting excellent mechanical characteristics Fig. 5. C-V characteristic of the MEMS of structure (1) at 100 kHz signal frequency(it can tolerate up to 1010 cycles without any crack or fatigue). The silicon dioxide layer acting as insulator and spacerdefines the gap of 2 µm height and the silicon substrate To drive the MEMS to the pull-in voltage for defining thefeatures 450 µm thick acting as the fixed electrode. Silicon ac voltage reference, we have developed the read-outwafers resistivity is in the range of 0.02 Ω.cm obtained by a electronics of Fig.6. As the MEMS have to be biased withhigh boron p-type doping of 2.1018 cm-3. an AC current, it is used in the feedback loop of the A1To ensure the stability of the MEMS, a vacuum hermetic amplifier consisting in a voltage-to-current converter. Thesilicon wafer level packaging protects the die. The final amplifier A1 should have a great product gain-bandwidthstructure is composed by the assembly of the SOI wafer to work up to some hundreds kHz. However, this kind ofwhere the MEMS is realized and a silicon wafer acting as a components has not small voltage offset and polarisationcap for protecting the MEMS. The non-sealed areas are current, this is why we use a low frequency precisiondefined by partial etch of a silicon dioxide initially realized amplifier A2 to fix the DC out-put voltage at zero. Figureand the metallization define the sealing areas for assembly. 6 shows the frequency response of both amplifiers A1 andAfter assembly, via holes are realized to allow electrical A2, which make this electronics usable in the range 10contact to pads. kHz –1 MHz.The previous layouts have been used for elaborating theMEMS structures. Fig.4 shows photos of the three MEM=15pF 0fabricated MEMS. Let us note that on the same die there are Rp=22MΩ -10 C 1=15pF3 MEMS hermetically packaged and 3 other MEMS in a no A1 -20hermetic packaging. This configuration makes it possible to R5=10MΩ R2=10kΩ -30 -40assess the packaging effect on the stability of the AC A2 C2=150nF -50voltage references. C3=150nF R3=10kΩ -60 10 100 1kHz 10 100 1 MHz 10 (1) (2) (3) Fig. 6. Voltage-to-current read-out electronics Measurements of the MEMS out-put RMS voltage in function of the current IRMS flowing in the MEMS (U-I curve) have been carried out at frequencies ranging from 10 kHz to 200 kHz. Fig.7 displays the characteristics Fig. 4. MPW MEMS structures fabrication MEMS out-put voltage of structure (1) versus the current . IRMS at 100 kHz. All curves show the same maximum of the out-put voltage corresponding exactly to the pull-in voltage Vpi = 1.9 V observed in the C-V curves. 3. MEASUREMENT RESULTSThe multi-physics characterization platform has been set upin order to verify the model parameters and to perform theappropriate characterization to determine the stabilityVIII Semetro. João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, June 17 – 19, 2009\ni) definition of deposit type, etching and thickness of the 1.970 layers; ii) drawing of the masks; iii) Mesh of the different 100 kHz Vpi 1.960 regions. The calculations have been performed with the electromechanical formulation of Coventor software. For MEMS Out-put Voltage (V) 1.950 each structure, the displacement x of the movable electrode 1.940 is calculated by varying the DC voltage applied between the movable electrode and the silicon substrate. Fig.9 shows for 1.930 the 10 V structure the simulations and the calculated 1.920 displacement according to the DC voltage, which gives a simulated pull-in voltage at x=0.66 µm corresponding to 1/3 1.910 of the gap of 2 µm defined by the thickness of the SOI 1.900 silicon dioxide. 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 Current I RMS (µA) 12 V pi = 10 V Fig. 7. U-I curve of MEMS (1) at 100 kHz 10 DC applied voltage (V) 8 4. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ENHANCED 6 DEVICES 4 New MEMS structures have been designed with the aim to get samples showing lower pull-in voltages for the best performance of the read-out electronics. Indeed, as the 2 MEMS capacitor is used in the feedback loop of the A1 amplifier consisting in a voltage-to-current converter, this 0 amplifier should have a great product gain-bandwidth to 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Displacement (µm) work up to some hundreds kHz. In this case, the most powerful amplifiers have voltage supply about ±15 V at most. Two structures were targeted to have pull-in Fig. 9. Coventor modelling of 10 V structure and pull-in voltage voltages of 5 V and 10 V. The layout of the design is calculation. depicted in Fig.8 and it is the same for both MEMS. It is based on a silicon disk plate with straight suspending The calculated parameters of the two structures are springs. The 5 V device is a 1105 µm-radius disk plate summarized in table 1 where the capacitance C0 at x=0, the with three 1072 µm-long springs of 10 µm width. 10 V spring constant k, the resonance frequency and the pull-in device has the same diameter of the movable plate with voltage are given. 884 µm length of the springs. Both structures are guarded by a 65 µm width silicon ring to avoid the effect of any Table 1. Calculated characteristics of the new structures leakage currents. The improvement carried out in these new structures concern the effective capacitance of the movable part, which becomes much higher than the Structures C0 (pF) k (N/m) f0 (kHz) Vpi (V) parasitic capacitance. Indeed, the value of the movable capacitance is now of 22 pF. 5V 22.8 1437 10 5.5 10 V 22.8 437 18 10 The MEMS have been fabricated with TRONIC’s process with the Silicon On Insulator (SOI) surface micromachining process previously used for the test structures. Each fabricated die contains the two types of MEMS (5 V and 10 V) and a vacuum hermetic silicon wafer level packaging has been used to protect the die. However, we have also fabricated structures where the packaging is not hermetic to compare both systems and to evaluate the effect of the environmental conditions. Fig.10 shows a photo of the two fabricated MEMS, which are on the same die there. For each MEMS, we have contact pads corresponding to the movable electrode, the guard, the silicon cap protecting the die and the silicon substrate. Let us note that for the hermetic die, the pads are larger and Fig. 8. Layout of the enhanced MEMS contribute more in the effective capacitance of the MEMS.The design of the structures is carried out following 3 steps:VIII Semetro. João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, June 17 – 19, 2009\n300 250 Capacitance (pF) 200 150 100 50 0 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 Fig. 10. Photo of the 5V and 10V MEMS structures Bias voltage (V)Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements Fig. 12. C-V curve of the 5V MEMS (HK11) at 100 kHz signal frequencyhave been carried out on these MEMS to analyze thedynamic behaviour of the movable plate by measuring the The U-I curves corresponding to the MEMS out-put RMScapacitance change in time. voltage in function of the current IRMS flowing in the MEMS have been carried out at a frequency of 100 kHz. Fig.13 42.5 displays this characteristic for the 5V MEMS of the HK11 42.0 die. The maximum of the out-put voltage corresponds at 41.5 approximately 4.1 V, which is exactly the value of the pull- Capacitance (pF) 41.0 in voltage Vpi observed in the C-V curves. 40.5 0V 40.0 39.5 4.11 39.0 V pi 38.5 4.09 MEMS out-put voltage (V) 38.0 3 V step 4.07 37.5 0 5 10 15 20 4.05 Time (ms) 4.03 Fig. 11. 5V MEMS capacitance versus time showing the response of the structure to a voltage step of 3 V. 4.01 3.99Fig.13 represents the response of the 5V MEMS of the die 3.97named HP11 to a DC voltage step of 3 V during 10 ms. Themembrane oscillations represented by the oscillations of the 3.95MEMS capacitance are clearly observed over a time period 25 27 29 31 33 I RMS (µA)lower than 5 ms beyond which the movable electrodebecomes stable. Moreover, the membrane behaves in thesame way when establishing and stopping the voltage step. Fig. 13. U-I curve of the 5 V MEMS (HK11) at 100 kHzThis indicates that the system is not very damped since theMEMS in HP11 die are hermetically sealed in a vacuum. 4. CONCLUSIONThe resonance frequency of the MEMS determined from theDLTS measurements is of 2.8 kHz to be compared to theexpected value of 10 kHz for this structure. The stability of the AC reference voltage corresponding to the maximum of these curves is under test by using aTwo other hermetic samples named HK6, HK11and one no specific read-out electronics based on the amplitudehermetic named NH15 have been used for the first C-V and modulation of the main biasing ac signal. The results will beU-I measurements. Fig.12 presents a C-V curve for the presented at the time of the conference as well as theHK11 sample where the 5 V MEMS has been tested. assessment of the whole MEMS fabrication. The results ofIt exhibits a pull-in voltage around 4 V, which is lower than this assessment will be used to validate the models, tothe calculated value of 5.5 V. The same value is obtained for understand the dispersions and to propose consolidatedall the other dies (hermetic and no hermetic). For the 10 V architectures more robust with respect to the dispersion inMEMS, the pull-in effect occurs at 7 V, which is once again the MEMS fabrication.lower than the expected value of 10 V. The slight differencebetween the measured and calculated values indicates thatthere is a more important buckling of the movablemembrane than expected.VIII Semetro. João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, June 17 – 19, 2009\nREFERENCES  B.P. van Drieënhuizen, “Integrated Electrostatic RMS to Converter”, Thesis, 1996.  M. Suhonen et al, “AC and DC Voltage Standards Based on Silicon Micromechanics, CPEM98, pp. 23-24, 1998.  EMMA project report, Information Societies Technology, IST200028261EMMA, 2005.  H. Camon, C. Ganibal, “Advantages of alternative actuating signal for MEMS actuators”, Sensors & Actuators A136 N°1, pp.299-303, 2007.R. Abraham, J. E. Marsden, T. Ratiu, Manifolds, Tensor Analysis, and Applications. 2 ed. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1988.VIII Semetro. João Pessoa, PB, Brazil, June 17 – 19, 2009", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We’re still covering basic prerequisites to building a robot, such as safety and where to buy parts. In this chapter, you’re going to learn about a vital piece of measurement equipment that every robot builder has by their side, the digital multimeter. Multimeter features are broken into groups: must-have, nice-to-have, and optional. The chapter concludes with an analysis of three multimeters.\nA multimeter is a required tool for robot building. You will need a multimeter to perform the experiments and build the projects in the chapters that follow. (See Figure 4-1 for an example of a multimeter).\nWith a multimeter, ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Quality Academy is an international accredited service company based in Alexandria/Egypt with core business devoted to quality and safety consulting, training, supplier audits, supply chain management, industrial manufacturing compliance (inspection) and automation, includes ISO Standards Certification\nbased in Alexandria, EGYPT.\nCirrus Research plc is a world leading manufacturer and supplier of sound level meters, noise meters, noise dosimeters, environmental noise monitoring systems and acoustic transducers. Our products are used across and wide and diverse range of applications including Occupational Noise, Industrial Hygiene, Environmental Noise Measurement, Vehicle Noise Testing and Airport ...\nDistributor in EGYPT.\nNeed help finding the right suppliers? Try XPRT Sourcing. Let the XPRTs do the work for you", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Innovo FR201 non-contact digital Infrared Forehead Thermometer\nThe Innovo INV-FR201 non-contact digital infrared forehead thermometer has been specifically designed to measure body temperature from the forehead. It can also be use to provide an estimation of room temperature and surface temperature of an object, such as a milk bottle. The thermometer is safe, accure and simple to use.\nQuick and convenient\nElegant one-button operation\nFever alert and memory recall\nPortable and convenient", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Desiccant-based Air Handling Units (AHU) canguarantee significant technical andenergy/environmental advantages with respectto conventional systems, especially when theregeneration of the desiccant material isobtained by means of a renewable energysource, such as solar energy.An emerging technology exploiting solar energyis represented by PVT (PhotoVoltaic/Thermal)collectors, which simultaneously provideelectricity and heat.In PVT collectors electrical efficiency may beimproved, with respect to conventional PV cells,when the outlet temperature of the cooling fluidis sufficiently low. Therefore PVT systems areoften used for low-temperature heat demand.However, PVT collectors may also show highvalues of both thermal and electrical efficiency.This occurs in case of Concentrating PVT(CPVT) collectors equipped with triple junctionPV cell, capable to achieve ultra-high electricalefficiencies (> 20 %) even when the fluid outlettemperature is around 100 °C. An interestingapplication of such CPVT collectors is thedesiccant cooling, as the regenerationtemperature of silica-gel desiccant wheelsranges between 40 °C and 70 °C.A test facility has been located in Benevento(Southern Italy), in which a silica-gel desiccantwheel is inserted in a hybrid AHU, in which thedehumidified process air is cooled by an electricchiller. The AHU has been simulated by meansof TRNSYS software.In this paper, the desiccant-based AHU hasbeen coupled with a novel CPVT, consisting of aparabolic trough concentrator and a lineartriangular receiver. For this component a modelin TRNSYS has been developed too. Electricenergy produced by the CPVT collector is usedto power the auxiliaries of the AHU and thechiller, while thermal energy is used to heat theregeneration air flow. Energy and environmentalperformance of the overall system areevaluated, in terms of primary energy savingand emission reduction with respect to areference case.\n|Titolo:||SIMULATION OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF A DESICCANT-BASED AHU INTERACTING WITH A CPVT COLLECTOR|\nTARIELLO, Francesco (Corresponding)\n|Data di pubblicazione:||2013|\n|Appare nelle tipologie:||4.1 Contributo in Atti di convegno|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Halogen amperometric total residual oxidants sensor is accepted by IMO’s GESAMP subcommittee as equivalent to the traditional DPD test\nThe acceptance by IMO’s Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection (GESAMP) that Halogen’s amperometric total residual oxidants sensor is equivalent to the traditional test N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) reagent test for residual reagent in treated ballast water discharge, is a big step forward for the US manufacturer, says an article published in Riviera.\nWithout repeating final approval test\nThe acceptance opens the way for ballast water management system manufacturers to switch from DPD instruments to the reagentless halogen amperometric sensor without repeating the final approval testing.\nThe US Coast Guard (USCG) took a similar position in 2021. In 2022, USCG issued the first TRO substitution of Halogen’s amperometric sensor for a DPD instrument used in type-approval testing.\nOnline monitoring of TRO\nAccording to Halogen Systems president Michael Silveri, “This makes the change from a DPD instrument to Halogen’s amperometric sensor straightforward.\nWhile a case by case is required by the approval authority, repeating the initial type-approval testing is not required. With our new side stream system, a DPD Instrument can easily be retrofitted to use a Halogen amperometric sensor.”\nAccording to IMO GESAMP STW report, “… the Group’s conclusion that it would recognise amperometric TRO sensors as practical alternatives to DPD colorimetric sensors for use in the online monitoring of TRO in future BWMS applications…”\nDid you subscribe to our daily Newsletter?\nIt’s Free! Click here to Subscribe", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Starrett Outside Micrometer Set, 0-12\"\nThe Starrett S436 Outside Micrometer Set includes 12 micrometers, 11 standards, adjusting wrench, in case. The most popular precision micrometers used by skilled workmen worldwide. Anvils sized at 6.35mm (.250\") diameter for ease of use on larger work. This model features 0-12\" measuring range. Combination ratchet and speeder for uniform pressure and quicker adjustment. Recommended for mechanics, automotive service and machine shops, toolrooms, inspection departments and wherever gaging involves a wide range of measurements. SET, 0-12”, .001” Grad, Carbide Faces, Ratchet Stop, Lock Nut involves a wide range of measurements.\n- The most popular precision micrometers used by skilled workmen worldwide\n- Accurate, rugged, and easy to use\n- All sets come with attractive, protective case, which keep micrometers and standards together, readily accessible\n- Hard and stable one-piece friction thimble permits one-hand operation of micrometer and uniform contact pressure\n- Balanced frame and thimble design ensure easy handling\n- Gracefully designed tapered frame for use in narrow slots and tight places\n- Micro-lapped measuring faces\n- Starrett No-glare satin chrome finish on thimble and sleeve minimizes annoying surface glare under bright lights and resists rust\n- Anvils sized at .250\" (6.35mm) diameter.\n|Micrometer Type||Outside Micrometer Set|\n|Set Range||0 - 12\"|\n|Micrometer Sizes||1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 in|\n|Lock Nut Type||Knurled Ring Type|\n|Standards Included||1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 in|\n|Case Type||Wood Case|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Comparison Microscope\nA Mainstay of Forensics\nThe comparison microscope is the mainstay of forensic science allowing two objects or samples to be compared side by side.\nWhile the primary use of this type of instrument is criminology as in ballistics, other scientific fields including paleontology and archaeology utilize these special compound microscopes.\nWhat is a Comparison Microscope?\nmicroscope from Leica-\nComparison scopes are two compound light microscopes that sit side by side and allow the user to view both specimens through a center eyepiece that displays both images.\nCompound microscopes are microscopes that use multiple lenses to magnify an image for study.\nThe images from the comparison instrument can also be transferred to a computer monitor, television screen or sent via the Internet to a remote computer.\nThe ability to view two samples simultaneously allows them to be meticulously compared to see if they are identical or different.\nThe primary use of these types of dual microscopes is in forensics, a discipline that uses science and technology to help solve crimes by providing factual evidence and linking crime scene evidence to a suspect or location.\nTools create specific marks, bullets have signature marks, hair can be human or animal and using two compound microscopes to study a known sample against a collected piece of evidence can confirm an objects origin.\nHaving multiple eyepieces, image magnifications ranging from 6x to 400x depending on the microscope model and image viewing options including left or right views only, side by side views of both samples and superimposed viewing places one image on top of the other for comparison.\nA number of forensic microscope companies use components from the primary microscope providers, including Leica, Zeiss and Olympus. Leeds Forensic Systems offers a number of systems that use Olympus and Zeiss optical components.\n- Leica - \"motorized comparison macroscope is used for a wide range of forensic investigations including ballistics, toolmark, and document comparison. Intelligent Automation combines with outstanding ergonomic design.The five apochromatically-corrected macro objectives feature a high numerical aperture and built-in, adjustable iris diaphragms for top optical performance.Different imaging modes (split image, superimposed image and combined image) are set at the press of a button. This convenient platform provides increased reproducibility, accuracy, and efficiency.\"\n- FX C is a motorized macroscope that provides detailed study of a small section of a larger object. Intelligent Automation software provides a wide range of computerized options including virtual microscopy.\n- Leeds Forensic Systems - Provides a wide range of forensic microscopes many utilize Olympus BX microscopic components that provide ergonomic eyepieces, uniform illumination and a variety of observation tubes.\n- Leeds Firearms and Toolmarks - Microscope systems provide built in aperture diaphragms, large viewing area and ergonomic design with single knob focus.\nWith image magnification of 5.5x to 55x as well as 6x to 102x and 16:1 zoom ratio and built-in aperture diaphragms, the Trace Evidence Comparison Microscope is a modular unit that allows it to be utilized by all forensic aspects of comparison microscopy.\nSome units provide a 22mm view and are capable of many contrasting options including bright and dark fields, phase contrast, polarized light and fluorescence. Dual view components allow systems to be used as a training microscope or for multiple-person viewing.\n- Ken-a-Vision - (see below) Provides a cordless teaching comparison instrument that can be used for macro and micro samples.\nView options include independent and dual side viewing with illumination from the top or bottom.\nA full charge allows this teaching forensic instrument to be in use without power for forty hours.\n- Forensic Comparison Microscopes - Offers three comparison instruments specifically designed for use in the field of criminal investigation.\nTheir 10x by 144x magnification unit is portable and includes a USB digital camera system with ports for still photo or videotaping.\nThe 40x by 600x forensic unit offers multiple illumination options including light direction allowing this unit to be used for metallurgical and epi-illumination applications.\nThe 40x by 1000x compound unit includes both CCD video and USB still photo camera, unique screen options permit image reversal plus left and right side image views at 100%.\nThis unit has a clean thin-line screen division allowing better comparison of samples without compromising clarity.\n- GX Microscopes: Units feature integrated micro and macro systems that includes two tilt-able stages, vernier controls and comes with multiple eyepieces and objective lenses.\nAccessories for units may include digital camera systems, and holding brackets for all types of items including bullets and cartridges that can be mounted to the microscope.\nAmazon.com offers comparison microscopes that are well priced and are solidly built by good manufacturers.\nUsing a comparison microscope provides factual evidence that can help solve crimes, pinpoint historic dates and confirm signatures.\nBefore this instrument was designed, people used their eyes for sample comparison studies, these types of compound light microscopes provide the tool to accurately confirm if two samples are identical.\nInteresting read: Forensic Pathology.\nReturn from Comparison Microscope to Compound Light Microscope\nReturn to Best Microscope Home\nFind out how to advertise on MicroscopeMaster!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We present results of 32-month project using absolute gravity measurements to monitor groundwater in an arid to semi-arid region in northern New Mexico. Over 100 permanent gravity stations have been established in the groundwater basin. A-10 absolute gravity meters, manufactured by Micro-g LaCoste, Inc., have been used to monitor long-term gravity changes in the groundwater basin. Over fifty A-10 sites have been established; other gravity sites have been established by reference to the primary A-10 sites using Scintrex CG-3M and CG-5 relative gravimeters. Geodetic-quality GPS surveys were used to directly measure any possible elevation changes at the gravity sites. At good sites, away from regions where we expect changes due to groundwater removal, reproducibility of the A-10 measurements is ±4 μGal. Gravity stations were observed approximately every six months over the course of the project. Systematic changes in both gravity and station elevation have been observed at a number of sites. On the basis of our observations, we can delineate three areas which appear to have systematic changes in storage. We conclude that the use of high-precision absolute gravity measurements, in conjunction with precise observations of station elevation, can provide useful information for evaluating groundwater storage changes over time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CHENGDU JING XIN MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD\nModel No.: JX-PD\nCertification: RoHS, ISO\nSupport Network: GSM\nInformation content: Data\nBrand: Jing Xin\nPlace of Origin: Chengdu, China\nSupply Ability: 80000PCS/Year\nCertificate: ISO 9001 / EN 9100\nHS Code: 851770900\nJINGXIN's 3 way cavity power divider 698-2700 MHz:,it can be customized according to customers`s needs.SM/FM/UHF/UMTS Passive Microwave Wireless 3 way cavity power divider/power splitter n-female connector.Power dividers (also power splitters and, when used in reverse, power combiners).Power dividers and splitters are used in a wide range of applications, such as: transmission line fault testing, power combining, source leveling, ratio measurements, power splitting, and critical signal processing applications that require minimal insertion loss and high port isolation.\nModel NO.: JX-PD\nWe are manufacturer and OEM\n1.Low Insertion Loss\n3.Short Lead Time and Fast Delievery\nOUR F: DC to 40GHz, up to 2000W power.\nHigh Isolation, Hign power handing.\nQuality and quantity guaranteed.\nCopyright © 2020 CHENGDU JING XIN MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Part Number: TA8220H\nFunction: 30W, BTL x 2CH AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER\nPackage: HZIP17 Pin type\nThe thermal resistance of TA8220H package designed for low thermal resistance, has high efficiency of heat radiation.\nThe temperature rise of chip can be reduced, and the influence from the degradation of the features due to the temperature rise at the high output can also be reduced.\nBlock Diagram :\n1. Low Thermal Resistance\n2. High Power\n3. Low Distortion Ratio\n4. Low Noise\nTA8220H Datasheet PDF Download\nOther data sheets are available within the file: TA8220", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Air change rates in a cross-ventilation model were measured from the decay curves of video image signals obtained by the step down method assuming perfect mixing of tracer mists inside the spaces. Wind tunnel test results led to the following conclusions. 1) Ray extinction due to lighting scattering did not affect the measurement accuracy of the air change rates in the two-dimensional model. 2) Tracer mists in a diameter between 0.25 μ m and 2.0 μ m produced the same measurement accuracy. 3) With oil mists as a tracer, laser powers of more than 0.5 watts were enough to visualize the flow patterns in the model. 4) The air change rates were proportional to the reference velocities. 5) The proposed method measured the air change rates with an error of less than 9 %. This was the same accurate measurement as the tracer gas procedure using a high-speed hydrocarbon analyzer\nA new technique for measuring air change rates in a cross-ventilation model using the step down method of video image signals.\nSweden, Stockholm, KTH Building Services Engineering, 1998, proceedings of Roomvent 98: 6th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, held June 14-17 1998 in Stockholm, Sweden, edited by Elisabeth Mundt and Tor-Goran Malmstrom, Volume 2", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Triaxial accelerometers for high precision, high durability applications\n06 October 2011\nKistler Type 8688A series instrument grade triaxial accelerometers are suitable for applications requiring high-precision, low-frequency measurements and high-durability packaging. The low mass, hermetically sealed (IP68) titanium cube measures just 12.5mm and combines Kistler’s PiezoBeam technology with an integrated PiezoTron charge converter to produce a triaxial accelerometer that has an exceptional sensitivity-to-size ratio.\nAvailable in 5, 10 and 50g versions, the 8688A series accelerometers combine an 0.5 to 5,000Hz frequency range with excellent phase accuracy and shock survivability, a specification suited to a wide variety of applications ranging from aerospace ground vibration testing; flight test; structural dynamics and vibration assessments to automotive laboratory testing and vehicle ride assessments.\nThe ground isolated mounting clip can be used in three sensor orientations for mounting flexibility. The primary mounting surface has a 10-32 UNF threaded hole for use with a ground isolated screw-on adhesive or magnetic mounting base.\nAs an option, the accelerometers can be supplied with TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheets) IEEE1451.4 capability.\nContact Details and Archive...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This Simple switching power supply for 15 Watt can be used to power any load up to 15 … 20 watts and has smaller dimensions than a similar, but with the step-down transformer, operating at a frequency of 50 Hz.\nThe power supply to terminal single-cycle pulsed RF transmitter. Transistor oscillator assembled, clocked at 20 … 40 kHz (depending on settings). Frequency adjustable capacitance C5. Elements VD5, VD6 and C6 form a chain running oscillator.\nIn the secondary circuit after the rectifier bridge is an ordinary linear regulator on the chip, which allows the output voltage is fixed, regardless of changes in the input network (187 … 242 V).\nIn the Simple switching power supply for 15 Watt scheme used capacitors C1 and C2 type K73-16 for 630 V, W – K50-29 440; C4 – K73-17V, 400; C5 – K10-17, C6 – K53-4A at 16; C7 and C8-type K53-18 to 20 V. The resistors can be arbitrary. Zener diode can be replaced by VD6 KS147A.\nPulse transformer T1 is performed on the ferrite core M2500NMS-2 or M2000NM9 Sh5h5 size (cross-section of the magnetic coils at the location of 5×5 mm with a gap in the center). Winding wire is made brand PEL-2. Winding 1.2 turns of wire contains 600 0.1 mm in diameter, 3-4 – 44 turns of 0.25 mm diameter, 5-6 – 10 turns in the same wire as the primary winding.\nIf necessary, the secondary windings may be several (in the diagram shows only one), and for the oscillator to observe the polarity phase windings 5-6 in accordance with the scheme.\nSetting the converter is to obtain a steady excitation oscillator when the input voltage from 187 to 242 B. Elements requiring the selection, followed by an asterisk “*”. Resistor R2 can be par 150 … 300 ohms, and capacitor C5 – 6800 pF … 15000. To reduce the size converter for less withdrawn in the secondary circuit of power ratings electrolytic filter capacitors (NW, C7 and C8) can be reduced. Their value is related to load capacity ratio:\nP : power to the load circuit, W;\nUm -: the amplitude of the rectified voltage (acting for the incident on the input line voltage amplitude is 242 342);\nFc : frequency, to calculate the SP it takes 50 Hz;\nΔU : maximum ripple of rectified voltage range allowed by the applicable type of capacitor (taken from the handbook: the case for C50-29 he is 10 … 14% [L16], ie 34 V).\nThe design of the Simple switching power supply for 15 Watt device should include the installation of the transistor D1 and stabilizer on the radiators, as well as shielding the entire circuit to reduce the radiated noise.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Hospital vs. Single-use\nThe traditional practice of negative pressure wound therapy is commonly found in the in-hospital use NPWT devices. Under these conditions, the devices are managed according to continuous or intermittent modes for various pressure levels. Patients need to stay in the hospital during treatment where they can rent or purchase traditional powered-NPWT devices.\nSingle-use NPWT Devices\nNPWT has made tremendous advances with the introduction of single-use devices. With mobility inherent in design, patients can conduct NPWT at home. New upgraded versions without power supply and canisters offer many advantages, including:\nNew NPWT devices can create a negative pressure environment over wound sites through suction and manual compression without battery power. These devices are also less noisy and vibration levels experienced by patients are reduced.\nWith multi-layered dressings capable of absorbing exudate without additional canisters, new NPWT devices have the advantage of being lightweight.\nSimplicity in operation and dressing change:\nSet-up and operations are easy and intuitive for patients. Visual, audio and tactile alarms allow patients to monitor the negative pressure level over wounds and notify them of dressing changes. Moreover, the dressings have good absorption capability and can be directly used on wound beds without further trimming, decreasing the discomfort caused by dressing changes.\nFor patients who are mobile, new NPWT devices unleash the freedom of treatment at a time and location of their choosing. What’s more, patients can enjoy the convenience of taking light showers and participate in everyday activities for a better quality of life.\nHospital vs. Single-use NPWT Devices\nSome have different modes to select from continuous to intermittent Range from -20 to -200mmHgSingle-use\nBattery or non-powered\nDepending on model, some are free of canisters\nDressing needs to be trimmed to fit the wound bedSingle-use\nNew dressing can be directly used on wound site", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "holdpeak.com,thermal imaging camera manufacturers,thermal imaging camera manufacturers is one of the best quality products manufactured in Zhuhai JiDa Huapu Instrument Co.,Ltd. By adopting internationally recognized standards, it meets the strictest quality criteria. Customers can be assured of its quality and integrity. In our company, we believe in reliable and consistent quality, and our accreditation to these standards reinforces that commitment.\nView More >>\nHoldPeak provides thermal imaging camera manufacturers products that are selling well in United States, Arabic,Turkey,Japan,German,Portuguese,polish,Korean,Spanish,India,French,Italian,Russian,etc.\nHoldPeak,Our company main produces smps ac dc power supply,outdoor ac dc power supply,ac to dc power supply manufacturer.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "laser has the advantages of being high in power and having many laser lines in the 9–11 µm infrared region. Thus, a CO2\nlaser photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) can have a multi-component measurement capability for many gas compounds that have non-zero absorption coefficients at the laser lines, and therefore can be applied for measuring several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the human breath. We have developed a CO2\nlaser PAS system for detecting acetone in the human breath. Although acetone has small absorption coefficients at the CO2\nlaser lines, our PAS system was able to obtain strong photoacoustic (PA) signals at several CO2\nlaser lines, with the strongest one being at the 10P20 line. Since at the 10P20 line, ethylene and ammonia also have significant absorption coefficients, these two gases have to be included in a multi-component measurement with acetone. We obtained the lowest detection limit of our system for the ethylene, acetone, and ammonia are 6 ppbv, 11 ppbv, and 31 ppbv, respectively. We applied our PAS system to measure these three VOCs in the breath of three groups of subjects, i.e., patients with lung cancer disease, patients with other lung diseases, and healthy volunteers.\nThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License\nwhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Tuesday, 11 January 2005\nCharacterization of AIRS temperature and water vapor measurement capability using correlative observations\nThe Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) system on NASA’s Aqua spacecraft is an important new source of information about weather and climate processes. We use correlative observations to show that AIRS total water vapor estimates have no cloud-dependent biases. We also demonstrate that AIRS is meeting its fundamental measurement requirements of 20% absolute humidity uncertainty in 2 km layers, and 1 K temperature uncertainty in 1 km layers for infrared cloud fraction up to 70%. AIRS has provided over 300,000 globally distributed retrievals per day since September 2002, and has a five-year planned lifetime. Each retrieval includes profiles of temperature and water vapor, plus characteristics of clouds, the surface and minor gases. Higher information content retrievals –at infrared cloud fractions up to about 70%-- result from a combination of infrared and microwave measurements; lower information content retrievals are obtained from the microwave for higher cloud fractions. In this presentation we address several fundamental issues in the measurement of temperature and water vapor by AIRS: accuracy, precision, vertical resolution and biases as a function of cloud amount. We use two correlative data sources. First we compare AIRS total water vapor with that from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) instrument, also onboard the Aqua spacecraft. AMSR-E uses a mature methodology with a heritage including the operational Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) instruments. AIRS and AMSR-E observations are collocated and simultaneous, providing a very large data set for comparison: about 200,000 over-ocean matches daily. We show small cloud-dependent biases between AIRS and AMSR-E total water vapor for several oceanic regions. Our second correlative data source is several hundred dedicated radiosondes launched during AIRS overpasses. Closely matched in space and time with AIRS retrievals, these sondes provide information about the vertical structure of temperature and water vapor. We present height-dependent AIRS-sonde differences at several locations around the globe, and show that AIRS is meeting its fundamental measurement requirements for temperature and water vapor profiles. We also show where AIRS exceeds it vertical resolution requirements. These results demonstrate that AIRS temperature and water vapor retrievals are suitable for the study of a wide variety of weather and climate phenomena.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DURING the past 25 years, Lawrence Livermore has become a world-renowned research center for designing, building, and utilizing high-peak-power and high-energy lasers. Starting with the 100-million-watt, two-beam Janus laser in 1974, we designed and built a series of laser systems, each providing five to ten times more irradiance (power per unit area) than its predecessor.|\nOur series of increasingly more capable facilities now culminates in a revolutionary one-aperture laser, the Petawatt, with output power exceeding a quadrillion watts. Using the technique of chirped-pulse amplification, which enables us to produce very short (less than a trillionth of a second) energetic pulses on one arm of the ten-arm Nova laser, the Petawatt is able to exceed the total power of Nova by a factor of 10.\nEven more impressive than its output power is the Petawatt's extraordinary brightness. Coupled with innovative focusing schemes, this brightness will enable the Petawatt to be focused to irradiances that produce an electric field exceeding by a factor of 100 the force that binds an electron to a proton in the hydrogen atom.\n\"Crossing the Petawatt Threshold,\" beginning on p. 4, describes the major technical and scientific advances that were required to make a petawatt laser a reality at Livermore. These advances in laser science and optical component fabrication have enabled revolutionary new concepts in laser science and machining as well as information display production technologies.\nWhat's more, the enormous energy density of the Petawatt will push back the frontiers of knowledge about laser-matter interaction and expand our knowledge of matter under extreme conditions. For the first time in a laboratory setting, we will be exploring relativistic plasma physics and new sources of coherent and incoherent radiation at high photon energy.\nFinally, the Petawatt will allow us to test a new pathway to laser fusion, called \"fast ignition,\" that was developed at Lawrence Livermore early in this decade. As described in the article, the fast-ignition concept cleverly sidesteps the most difficult aspects of achieving fusion ignition with conventional inertial confinement fusion design.\nThe enormous opportunities created by the Petawatt will keep Lawrence Livermore in the forefront of high-power laser physics and high-energy-density physics for the foreseeable future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When gas moves from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area through a hole , it expands very rapidly and produces a turbulent flow, resulting in an audible \"hissing\" sound. The \"hissing\" sound is broadband acoustic sound, which ranges from the audible frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz) into the ultrasonic frequency range (16 kHz to 10 MHz).\nThe level of ultrasound produced by a gas leak is determined by three main factors (mainly 1 and 2):\n- The pressure drop across the leak\n- The physical size of the leak\n- Gas specific properties such as: molecule weight and the specific heat ratio of the gas\nFor the turbulent flow to take place and produce ultrasound the pressure on one side of the leak has to be at least twice the pressure of the other side of the leak. Besides, if the hole is too big, the pressure drop across the hole will be too little, and no ultrasound will be produced.\nThe three factors above - mainly the pressure and the leak size - will decide whether enough ultrasound is generated to trigger an ultrasonic (acoustic) gas leak detector. The standard for these parameters is referred to as the leak rate - and this standard can be calculated by means of a mass flow formula.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Calibration Laboratory RAMS MALTA\nThis achievement places CALAB as the FIRST and ONLY Maltese Calibration Laboratory that offers Accredited calibration in Temperature,Humidity, Electrical and Pressure measurement. CALAB Accredited Calibration are for measurement ranges of 95°C to 550°C , 5% to 95% RH, 1 to 1000bar More detail can be found in the Scope of Accreditation issued by NAB MALTA, please click here\nINTERNAL STANDARD CALIBRATION\nof the internal standard in the sample or sample extract is compared to a similar . ratio derived for each calibration standard. Ref: SW846, 8000C, Section 11.4.3, Revision 3, March 2003\nCalibration Standards For Sale\nSale price $4, Regular price $10, Sale About These Items For Sale QualiCal, LLC was an ISO 17025 accredited calibration facility, with many standards and equipment used for this process.\nMicroCal™ Pressure Calibrator Setra Systems\nThe MicroCal automated pressure transducer calibrator is used as a stand alone calibration standard for differential and gauge pressure sensors found in critical environments. Setra partnered with NASA to develop the industry's quickest and most stable pressure control for low pressure range applications.\nReference Standards: Search Standards Restek\nOur high quality air monitoring gas calibration standards are provided by Spectra/Linde and Airgas (formerly Scott/Air Liquide gas) — meeting lab requirements for two separate sources of calibration standards. Note: Actual cylinder pressure may vary due to loss from quality testing procedure.\nMicrometer Calibration Standard Sets\nStarrett 1 to 5 Inch Long, 5 Piece Micrometer Calibration Standard Set For Use with Outside Micrometer, Includes Case, 5 Inch Long Your Price: $ ea.\nVALIDATE® ready to use kits are designed to assist in the documentation of linearity, calibration verification and verification of linear range required by many inspection agencies. VALIDATE® will also provide assistance when troubleshooting instrument systems, reagent problems and calibration anomalies. LGC Maine Standards is the brand\nThe Checking and Calibration of Torque Wrenches\n1. The calibration must be carried out in controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Records must be kept of the temperature during the calibration. 2. The torque measuring instrument is called a calibration device in the standard. This device must have an uncertainty of measurement no greater than +/ 1% of reading.\nThe calibration services of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are designed to help the makers and users of precision instruments achieve the highest possible levels of measurement quality and productivity.\nLaboratory Pressure Calibration Standards For Sale Transcat\nLaboratory Pressure Calibration Standards For Sale at Transcat. Best Price Guaranteed. Thousands of Items In Stock. Call, Order, or Get a Quote!\nTesting & Calibration laboratories\nTesting and calibration laboratory accreditation requires conformance to the international standard EN ISO/IEC 17025 which defines general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. This standards establish both management and technical requirements.\nSTAREX calibration Micro Precision\nSTAREX Calibration Micro Precision provides calibration for all types of STAREX instruments, calibration test equipment sale and repair.\nElectrical Calibration Equipment Fluke Calibration\nElectrical calibration refers to the process of verifying the performance of, or adjusting, any instrument that measures or tests electrical parameters. This discipline is usually referred to as dc and low frequency electrical metrology. Principal parameters include voltage, current, resistance, inductance, capacitance, time and frequency.\nInternational Standards Used In Calibration\nInternational Standards Used In Calibration. ISO 9001 or ISO 17025: How to choose a calibration company As a calibration company we are sometimes asked which is better ISO 9001 or ISO 17025 certification. That really is the wrong question. Both of these International standards are excellent.\nLoad Cell calibration LCM Systems Ltd\nCalibration . Calibration can be defined as a set of operations that compares the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type (such as a load cell) against a recognised standard. The process of calibration may also include adjusting the measuring instrument to bring it in alignment with the standard.\nCalibration Weights Scales and Scale Accessories\nHook Calibration Weights are suitable for testing light industrial weighing devices, and for routine calibration of scales or verification checks. They can be used with slotted weights.\nProfessional Calibration Services Team UsCalibration\nYour calibration is done correctly, your equipment is handled properly and safely returned to you. Calibrations comply with many quality standards including ISO 9001, AS9100, NADCAP, ISO 13485, ISO/IEC 17025, ANSI/NCSL Z540, AMS2750, FDA, & Boeing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermocouples are one of the most important tools that determines the accuracy of temperature measurement. The thermocouple metals used to create the sensing junction have a major impact on the accuracy, temperature sensitivity, and stability of the temperature sensing device. In this blog post, we’ll take a look at the importance of thermocouple metals in determining the accuracy of temperature measurement.\nConsiderations for Choosing The Right Type of Thermocouple For Your Industry!\nThermocouples are made up of two dissimilar metals which typically meet at a particular junction. This meeting point or the junction between the two metals creates a voltage that is proportional to the temperature difference between the two junctions. The most common thermocouple metals are copper and nickel that are widely used in various industries. Copper has a high thermal conductivity and a low melting point, making it ideal for use in thermocouples. Nickel has a lower thermal conductivity than copper, but a higher melting point. This property of nickel makes it ideal for use in high temperature applications.\n- The accuracy of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. Different metals have different coefficients of expansion. This means that they will expand at different rates when exposed to heat. The amount of expansion is directly proportional to the temperature change. The most accurate thermocouples are made with pure metals, such as copper and nickel. Thermocouples made with impure metals, such as stainless steel, are less accurate.\n- The temperature sensitivity of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. The most sensitive thermocouples are made with metals that have a high thermal conductivity, such as copper. Thermocouples made with metals that have a low thermal conductivity, such as nickel, are less sensitive.\n- Thermocouples made with different metals can be more stable and less sensitive to temperature changes. For example, thermocouples made with constantan and chromel are often used in high-temperature applications. These metals have a lower thermal conductivity, which means they are less accurate at measuring temperature changes. However, they are much more stable and less sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment.\n- The stability of a thermocouple is determined by the material of the two metals used. The most stable thermocouples are made with metals that have a high melting point.\nNoble Metal Thermocouples & Their Types!\nIndustries working at extreme temperatures prefer using noble metal thermocouples because of their stability at higher temperatures and extreme environments, even though these are least sensitive. There are three main types of thermocouples: type B, type R, and type S.\n- Type B thermocouples are made of boron and iron. They have a low thermal conductivity, which makes them ideal for use in high-temperature applications. They are also very resistant to oxidation and corrosion.\n- Type R thermocouples are made of platinum and rhodium. They have a higher accuracy than type B thermocouples and are often used in precision temperature measurement applications.\n- Type S thermocouples are made of silicon and silicon-germanium. They have the highest accuracy of all the thermocouple types and are often used in critical temperature measurement applications.\nMost Commonly Used Base Metal Thermocouples!\nThermocouples are also classified according to the base metals used in their construction. These base metal thermocouples are most widely used in industries because of their high sensitivity to temperature changes. The most common types are Type E, Type J, Type K, and Type T.\n- Type E thermocouples are made with chromel and constantan. They are the most accurate type of thermocouple and are used in many industrial applications.\n- Type J thermocouples are made with iron and constantan. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but are still widely used.\n- Type K thermocouples are made with chromel and alumel. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but have a wider temperature range.\n- Type T thermocouples are made with copper and constantan. They are less accurate than Type E thermocouples but have a very wide temperature range.\nHeatcon Sensors – The Manufacturer of All Types of High-Quality Thermocouples For Every Industry!\nThermocouples made with different metals can be used for different purposes. It is important to choose the right type of thermocouple for your application. If you are unsure which type will work best for your process, you can contact the experts at Heatcon Sensors who can certainly help you make the best selection based on your process requirements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Search in product descriptions\nThe Panorama BAT range is designed for Telematics applications requiring high-speed data with M..\nThe Panorama BAT range is ideal for use with the Vodafone® MachineLink 4G supporting high-spee..\nThe Panorama DPD-GPS allows you to run 2 GPS, GLONASS, Beidou, Compass or Galileo receivers from onl..\nThe GPSK antenna base provides a dual function antenna solution incorporates an active GNSS antenna ..", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dräger RZ 7000\nAfter the test device is switched on, an automatic sensor zero reset is conducted - the device is then ready to use. Through the new self-locking adaptor, the Dräger PSS BG 4 is connected to the test device securely and without additional fittings during the entire test procedure.\nThrough the built-in pump with aluminium handle and stainless steel shaft you can immediately produce positve pressure. After one turn of the switch the pump produces negative pressure making further switching unnecessary.\nWith the switch you set the pump direction and can also use the device for the leak test. By selecting flow measurement the display is automatically switched to the flow sensor and the measurement is started without additional intervention. The quick venting position allows removal of air from the device without disconnecting the Dräger PSS BG 4.\nThe illuminated display shows the current pressure and the pressure saved at the start and end of the test. During the leak test the timer shows the remaining test time and automatically calculates the difference between the start and end pressures. Alternatively, you can set the display up to show only current pressure and timer.\nThe Dräger RZ 7000 mobile test device is integrated in a compact case. The robust housing is IP54 certified against dust and splash water and is ready to use anywhere for at least 24 hours without an external power source thanks to the lithium ion battery. In addition, the configurable auto-shutoff extends the usage time. Of course, the device can also be used while being charged.\nOptionally the test device can be operated in combination with the Dräger Protector Software (version 5.0 and higher), so that the test results are documented and automatic progress control of the test intervals takes place. The test records can be printed immediately or can be requested at a later time.\nThe testing capabilities can be extended to respiratory face masks with RP connection with the optional test head. In addition, the table mounting fixture offers secure mounting of the RZ 7000 in the workshop. To keep the device ready to use when on the road, a car charger offers power supply on the way.\nThe 24 month* calibration minimizes maintenance effort of the Dräger RZ 7000.\n*Subject to local regulations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rotary evaporator’s working principle is to rotate the glass flask filled with materials under constant temperature heating, and the system connect to the negative pressure to low the boiling point, then liquid forms a film and evaporates At last it recovers the menstruum by the glass coil condenser and receiving flask. It is specially applicable for the concentration, crystallization, separation and menstruum recovery of heat sensitive materials.\nCustomizable -- Explosion-proof rotary evaporator uses a explosion-proof motor, that will keep reaction to be safe in the whole process. -- Adopt advanced frequency converter and electronic speed regulator to ensure the stable working of motor and improve the evaporation and recovery speed. -- Receiving flask use ball-milling port for connection to ensure the high sealing, it also can be removed easily. Using high temperature resistant, ---- corrosion resistant and long-acting precision seals to ensure the gas tightness under high temperature, high negative pressure and strong corroding conditions when it is under dynamic sealing. -- Intelligent temperature control can work with both water and oil bath, more widely used. Temperature fluctuation is only ±0.02 ℃, Evaporation is more stable and material can not be washed easily.\nShipping and Package\n-- The glass parts will be wrapped with foam material,then put into the carton, all parts will be packed into wooden case finally; Customized packaging can be available. -- The damage caused by the transportation problem shall be born by the seller. -- Strict packing process to ensure the safety and completeness of the goods\nCustomizable We are a professional manufacturer which is specialized in designing, producing and selling. Be able to do ODM. We could do OEM business mode with customers and the packaging could be customized according to per customer’s requirement. With advanced technology and high-end equipment.we do quality control before shipping to our customers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ECE News Story\nDagenais Speaks on Bio-Sensor Research at IPRA Conference\nECE Professor Mario Dagenais was invited to speak at the international Integrated Photonics Research and Applications (IPRA) Conference in San Diego, California, on April 12, 2005.\nDagenais spoke about his research on fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors that are used to detect DNA hybridization. The sensors detect the hybridization of DNA by measuring the change of index on the surface of the fiber. Dr. Dagenais’ research team includes Maryland Agriculture Professor William Bentley, graduate student Athanasios Chryssis, postdocs Simarjeet Singh Saini and Sang-Mae Lee, and Dr. Hyunmin Yi.\nThe IPRA Conference is sponsored annually by the Optical Society of America.\nFor more information on the IPRA conference, visit:\nMay 18, 2005", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vessel owners should invest in an anti-drone defence system for their ships to prevent attacks from unmanned aerial vehicles. These systems have been developed to detect when a drone is close to a vessel and where it is being controlled from.\nOvit Innovation Security demonstrated its drone early warning system at the Posidonia exhibition in Athens, Greece, last week. Ovit chief operations officer Konstantinos Drivas explained how this security system can detect incoming drones up to 7 km away.\nIt can track the flight path of a drone and reveal the location of the pilot within this range. “Our system can find the human factor behind the drone,” Mr Drivas said.\n“A drone detection umbrella goes over the vessel and will alert if one is close to the vessel, then an owner can activate countermeasures,” he explained to Marine Electronics & Communications.\nThese countermeasures can include GPS jamming to disrupt the pilotage of the drone. All alerts and video capture of drone threats are automatically recorded and catalogued. These can then be exported to share with law enforcement authorities if required.\nMr Drivas explained that megayacht owners are already investing in these anti-drone systems, with each one costing around €12,000 (US$14,000).\nHe thinks commercial shipping should also consider drone detection systems. “Imagine that a drone could land on a tanker and the owner gets a call from the pilot who says there is explosive on the drone,” Mr Drivas asked.\n“Our system can prevent that from happening and the culprit can be found.” This uses radio frequency up to 6,000 kHz to detect flying objects around a vessel.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AIMCO Pulse Tools U-Series The original U-Series pioneered the assembly market as the first commercially available pulse tool. Designed for different fastener sizes, the U-Series range consists of U-models, UX-models, and UXR-models.\nThe UX-T and UXR-T models provide the automatic shut-off function.\n126 models from 4 - 850 Nm\nAvailable in air and cordless models\nAvailable in standard, tightening monitored, and controlled models", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "2 products found\nSercom has developed a compact measurement box for application in greenhouses and storage spaces. The temperature and humidity sensor are placed next to each other in one casing. Humidity deficit, dewpoint and energy content can be determined precisely. Measurements are done electronically, and thus little maintenance is required.\nProcess computer to regulate various processes for 4 departments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A radiometer system having four channels: 5 GHz, l7 GHz, 34 GHz, all vertical polarization, and a 34 GHz sky horn, will be described. The system which is designed for collecting glaciological and oceanographic data is intended for airborne use and imaging is achieved by means of a multifrequency conically scanning antenna. Implementation of the noise-injection technique ensures the high absolute accuracy needed for oceanographic purposes. The collected data can be preprocessed in a microcomputer system and displayed in real time. Simultaneously, the data are recorded digitally on tape for more elaborate processing later, using ground facilities. In conjunction with a side looking radar which is under development at present, the radiometers are intended as the remote sensing basis for an all-weather ice reconnaissance service in the Greenland seas.\n|Title of host publication||Microwave Conference, 1977. 7th European|\n|Publication status||Published - 1977|\n|Event||7th European Microwave Conference - Copenhagen, Denmark|\nDuration: 4 Sep 1977 → 7 Sep 1977\nConference number: 7\n|Conference||7th European Microwave Conference|\n|Period||04/09/1977 → 07/09/1977|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A method for determining cardiac output by use of thermodilution principles and by utilizing a catheter assembly with a passageway therethrough. The catheter assembly is introduced at least into close proximity to the right heart. A small balloon tipped catheter is inserted through the passageway of the catheter assembly and is guided thereby with the balloon uninflated and with a thermistor attached thereto to the desired location. The balloon tipped end of the small catheter is passed out of the passageway through the catheter assembly into the bloodstream and the balloon is inflated so that it is flow directed away from the catheter assembly into the desired position in the heart and spaced a substantial distance from the catheter assembly. The small balloon tip catheter has a central lumen therethrough to effect the inflation and deflation of the balloon. A fluid different in temperature from the bloodstream is injected into the annular space between the passageway of the catheter assembly and the outer surface of the smaller balloon tipped catheter with the passageway through the catheter assembly forming a guideway for the fluid to direct it to the desired location and the spacing between the inflated small balloon catheter and the catheter assembly preventing interference of the flow of the fluid from the catheter assembly so that the thermistor on the balloon catheter can detect the temperature changes in the bloodstream. The thermistor output is then detected to determine the cardiac output.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new encoding scheme was preliminary evaluated on which is applicable to bismuth germanate(BGO) detector for a high resolution positron emission tomograph(PET). The detector is composed of eight equal size, 3 mm wide BGO crystals coupled to a dual moduled square photomultiplier tube(PMT) through a pair of light guides. The light guides divide the scintillation light into either module of the dual PMT, proportional to the position of scintillation. A prototype detector was assembled and tested. The positional signal distribution was better than 5.5 mm fwhm, the energy resolution was 24% fwhm, and the timing resolution with the plastic scintillation detector was 4.9 ns fwhm.\nASJC Scopus subject areas", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the present study, the effective removal of nitrates from the water was investigated using the Nano alumina adsorbent and then the electrochemical method for the removal of nitrates using Pt anode and brass cathode were studied. Nano alumina has been used as an adsorbent to remove nitrates from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial nitrate concentrations on the adsorption process have been investigated. The effects of pH and temperature on adsorption have been studied inorder to optimize the range. Furthermore, the electrochemical method for the removal of nitrates using a pt anode and a brass cathode has been observed to produce excellent results. The nitrate removal efficiency increases with electrolysis time in the current density range from 1 to 2 A dm-2. Maximum nitrate (NO3-) ions removal was achieved for nitrate (NO3-) ions concentrations of 200 mg/L after 90 minutes of electrolysis at a current density of 2 A dm-2. Direct nitrate reduction is possible at all nitrate concentrations and begins at a potential below 300mV vs. SCE in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. From the CV and DPSV studies, we have known that electrocatalytic reduction has a direct relationship between current and electrode potential. In CV, the electrode potential was found to be below 300mV and DPSV showed that an electro-catalytic reduction occurred at a potential of 300mV. From these studies, we infer that NO3- ions are adsorbed on platinum electrode surfaces and desorbed from the surface. The adsorbed NO3- ion is converted into NO2- (Nitrite) ions on the electrode surface (this is the rate-determining step) and the NO2- ion is converted into NO, N2O, and finally into N2 gas.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "All Sources -\nUpdated Media sources (1) About encyclopedia.com content Print Topic\nX-ray fluorescence spectrometry\nX-ray fluorescence spectrometry An analytical method which can be used to determine the concentration of a wide range of chemical elements, using the intensity of their fluorescent X-rays. An X-ray beam is used to excite atoms in a sample; electrons near the nucleus emit secondary or fluorescent X-rays on reversion to their original states. Short-wavelength X-rays are sorted by diffraction in a pure analysing crystal of known d-spacing (see COVALENT RADIUS). Since nλ = 2d sinθ (see BRAGG EQUATION), θ can be set to a value and radiation detected for a unique wavelength characteristic of the element being analysed. The intensity of the radiation measured, relative to a standard, is proportional to the concentration of the element. It is an important technique in the geochemical analysis of rocks.\nMore From encyclopedia.com\nX-ray Crystallography , X-Ray Crystallography X-ray crystallography is a laboratory technique used for the study of the internal structure of crystalline materials. More spe… Sir William Henry Bragg , Sir William Henry Bragg The English physicist Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942) was the founder of the science of crystal-structure determination b… Gamma Rays , gamma rays Radiology , Radiology is a branch of medical science in which various forms of radiant energy are used to diagnose and treat disorders and diseases. For nearly 8… Arthur Holly Compton , Compton, Arthur Holly Compton, Arthur Holly physics. Arthur Holly Compton, who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927 for his discovery of the eff… Sir William Lawrence Bragg , Bragg, Sir William Lawrence BRAGG, SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE Bragg was the eldest son of the physicist Sir William Henry Bragg and Lady Gwendoline Bragg,…\nYou Might Also Like", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Source - Ray Dak Lam\nTime Difference of Arrival (TDoA) belongs to methods of localization based on applying the principle of multilateration. TDoA algorithm is based on defining the difference in the time spent on transmitting a signal between the tracking tag and the base station. The TDoA angle is calculated by mathematical processing. The method is characterized by high accuracy of localization and allows searching for objects within a long effective range.\nPrinciples of TDoA technology\nTDoA is applied in Real-Time Locating System (RTLS) for exact object positioning in real-time. Using this technology, employees can easily search for assets equipped with special tracking tags which can be mounted on equipment, clothes, badges, hard hats, and other objects. At specific intervals, they emit radio signals that are detected by readers (receivers) within the zone of coverage. Then these signals are directed to the server that calculates the tag location.\nAt least three base stations are required for effective TDoA localization functioning. One of them is considered the main one, while the others are used for getting the time difference while transmitting the signal. All sensors have to be strictly synchronized for the system to work efficiently. Synchronization is carried out via a wireless network.\nSince all base stations are at different distances from a tracking tag, data reaches them at different times. Then this difference is multiplied by the speed of light in space. The obtained values form the base for multilateration that presupposes the tag coordinate detection by the X, Y, and Z-axis. The received data is used for tag location visualization on the map or for other purposes depending on the features of the mobile application.\nTDoA method: pros and cons\nTDoA finds wide application in developing programs for indoor navigation and positioning. The popularity of this technology among developers is due to the following advantages:\n- High accuracy – TDoA is applied for calculating the location based on the UWB technology that exceeds the accuracy of other traditional methods. For instance, if Bluetooth® LE defines the location with an accuracy of up to 1 m, Ultra-Wideband detects objects with an accuracy of up to 10-30 sm. Scalability – by means of this method one can easily scale the RTLS deployment, which allows satisfying the needs of navigation in any company.\n- Low signal latency – this method can simultaneously process thousands of messages, which ensures high system reliability.\nTDoA method has its shortcomings as well. Thus, one of its disadvantages is the necessity to synchronize all base stations. If it isn’t done, calculations will be incorrect. Another minus is the very complicated algorithms used by the system for defining the location of objects.\nTDoA and TWR: Differences\nTwo-Way Ranging (TWR) is one of the localization methods that, together with TDoA, is used for exact positioning. Both ways allow positioning with an accuracy of up to 30 sm. However, they have some significant differences:\n- TWR refers to more exact technologies since the dependency of the velocity of light from temperature leads to some discrepancies in TDoA calculations.\n- While using UWB, the server interacts with each locator. Two-way measurement of ranging needs all anchors in the system to be connected to the main anchor.\n- TWR delivers notifications between devices, which leads to restricting the number of tags suitable for transmitting signals within the refresh rate range.\n- TWR doesn’t require the synchronization of base stations, which makes the technology more reliable.\n- The UWB tag localization requires two-way ranging the necessity to exchange nine messages, which reduces the battery life.\nEvery method of localization has its pluses and minuses. TWR is more reliable but the TDoA geolocation method of local positioning has a longer time of autonomous operation and is better for large premises. The choice of technology depends on the requirements of a particular client. TDoA is mainly used when a user needs a small volume of servicing work.\nIf you are interested in TDoA technology, please fill out the feedback form on our website or book a free online meeting.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pulp production datacollection\n- Industrial Plant\n- Monitoring of the production line for cellulose fibre. The operating data for the conveyor belt drive motors must be collected and sent to the higher-level process control system.\n- The current drawn by the motors is monitored with a G2II1 5A or G2II1 10A. Four to six devices are connected to a G2WDGW2 PD-DPV1 field bus module. The measured data is forwarded to the central control unit through this field bus module.\n- - High fault tolerance in connection with motors controlled by frequency converters\n- Flexible measurement structure\n- Decentralised measurement data collection\n- Central data processing\nMay I help you?\nCan't find what you're looking for? Please don't hesitate to contact me.\nThis might be of interest for you\nNo entries found.\nBandsaw splitting machine\nA bandsaw splitting machine is used where blocks and panels of rubber and PE foam are to be cut in half or into thin layers.\nMobile communications transmitter station\nSystem faults and failures in mobile communications transmitter stations as a result of poor power supply quality (undervoltage, phase failure) should be…\nShort-circuit protectionfor the manufacture ofglass laboratory flasks\nThe short-circuit proof Gefran thyristor controller from TELE increases the availability of plant furnaces, such as those used for the manufacture of glass…\nIndustrial vacuum filter cleaning\nThe filters in industrial vacuums become clogged after a time. The vacuum is run in alternating suction and pressure mode to clean the filter.\nAutomatic fan control of drying chamber\nThe monitoring relais E3IF500mAAC20 controls automatic start/stop of auxiliary drives.\nChip conveyor blockage\nA blockage of a chip conveyor should be recognised quickly.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Product Compare (0)\nBiological incubator developed to perform the incubation of self-contained biological indicators use..\nBiological indicator developed for monitoring and evaluation of sterilization cycles in steam autocl..\nChemical indicator (class 4) developed for monitoring and evaluation of sterilization cycles in stea..\nEmulator / Integrator Class 6 Self-adhesive. To monitor steam sterilization cycles.Indicator / chemi..\nSteamPlus Sterilization Integrator (class 5 chemical indicator) developed for monitoring and evaluat..\nSelf-sealing envelopes for sterilization processes by saturated steam on pressure and ethylene oxide..\nPackaging in rolls for steam sterilization autoclaves (paper / plastic).Produced with surgical grade..\nShowing 1 to 8 of 8 (1 Pages)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "INVENTIONS (none patented):\n- 1980 - Electronic toy: 5-second voice recorder with backwards-speech\nand varied pitch (based on 2102 RAM chips.)\n- 1982 - 3D display dot-matrix printer, printout of vertical-slit\naperature plate and left/right stereo image stripes\n- 1984 - Method for mechanically transmitting music & voice messages to\nmoving vehicles via road surface encoded patterns\n- 1985 - Physics toy, \"Rattle tube\", based on cavitation.\n- 1986 - Educational device for producing visible\nelectric current for physics classroom\nteaching and science exhibitry use. Currently sold through Arbor Scientific\n- 1988 - Active display panel\nfor making electric fields visible around charged objects.\n- 1988 - Active electronic display panel for visualizing 2D\ndistributions of acoustic,\nmagnetic, electrostatic, optical, microwave, or ionizing radiation fields.\n- 1991 - \"Square\nWheels\", distorted cubes and tetrahedra which have\ncylindrical cross-sections and can be used as smoothly-rolling wheels.\n- 1994 - Children's toy and method for inscribing arbitrary holograms\nupon a plastic surface with a simple hand tool.\n- 1994 - Method for reducing the data and bandwidth requirements of\ncomputer generated holograms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "URBANA, Ohio, April 28, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Hughey & Phillips (H&P), a global leader in the obstruction lighting industry, is introducing the new HORIZON™ HALO™ IR Modification system. The HALO system comprises of a medium intensity mounting bracket, junction box and IR Light Source. Incandescent and Xenon-Strobe technologies produced a light source that allowed the fixture be to seen with the naked eye and NVG. With the emergence of LED based lighting systems over the past 15 years, the visible spectrum of lighting for Night Vision Goggles (NVG) has been diminished.\nThe HALO system is designed to operate alongside any current medium intensity LED fixture on the market. The HALO will automatically flash in sync and with the same flash duration of the LED fixture during night operation. This is achieved with a patent pending optical interface that senses the light source and mimics it flash. The HALO output is engineered to also match the brightness level of the visible LED source, so the pilot sees the same light whether operating under VFR (Visual Flight Rules) or NVG.\nThe HALO can be installed without the removal of the existing LED fixture. Simply loosen the four beacon bolts securing the LED fixture to its mounting plate, slide the HALO bracket between the fixture and plate, secure the beacon bolts. Once secured, wire the system with the supplied cable and connect to a 120-240VAC 50/60Hz power source. The HALO can also be remote monitored with the dry-contact alarm provided, allowing the tower owner verification that the HALO is operating normally since the IR light is not visible to the naked eye.\nAn added benefit of the HALO design is the capability for future upgrades if the next generation IR specifications are changed. Current LED/IR fixtures are limited to only current IR technology and provide no option to modify the fixture to the next generation of IR emitters without a complete fixture change.\n\"Our customers have come to rely on Hughey & Phillips to provide the next generation of cutting-edge LED obstruction lighting solutions. The new H&P HORIZON™ HALO IR System fills the need for providing pilots the most advanced IR solution for installed LED fixtures. H&P is committed to providing lighting solutions that not only meet the FAA guidelines, but also to ensure that the pilots can recognize aviation hazards visually, with the naked eye or using goggles. We're proud to add another offering to our HORIZON™ line with features and benefits customers have come to expect from H&P,\" said Jeff Jacobs, Director – Technical Sales for Hughey & Phillips.\nAbout Hughey & Phillips\nHughey & Phillips is a global leader in the design and manufacturing of obstruction lighting technology. The company engineers and designs a complete line of low, medium and high intensity lighting technology solutions that provide illumination for radio, television, and communication towers; wind turbines; buildings; smokestacks; bridges; and other obstructions to aerial navigation.\nTo learn more, visit www.hugheyandphillips.com\nSOURCE Hughey & Phillips", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Satellite Imagery Technology\nWhat is Satellite Imagery Technology?\nToday’s technology provides people with many opportunities in many areas. One of these areas is satellite technologies that are increasingly developing today. Especially in recent years, satellite technologies provide fast, economical and high accuracy information on the earth. Earth can be imaged in different time intervals, different spatial and spectral resolutions with remote sensing technologies, and the satellite images obtained can be used in many studies. Thanks to geographic information systems, integration of satellite images and different location data can be made. In this way, analysis, interpretation and solution suggestions of many location-based problems can be provided.\nSatellites are objects orbiting larger objects than themselves. It is divided into two as natural satellite and artificial satellite.\nSatellites developed by humans and placed in orbits of planets are called artificial satellites. Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite in history, was launched by the USSR from Earth in 1957. This initiative, initiated by the USSR, has created space wars over time, and launching satellites into space has become a show of force.\nToday, there are satellites from many countries, especially the USA, China and Russia. Turkey has got 4 (TÜRKSAT 3A TÜRKSAT 4A, 4B TÜRKSAT, TÜRKSAT 5) communication and 3 (GÖKTÜRK- 1, 2 and RASAT GÖKTÜRK-) observation, total of 7 active satellites.\nObservation satellites are a type of artificial satellite designed for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map preparation, designed to observe from Earth orbit. Many spatial analyzes can be made thanks to the images taken from observation satellites. The images obtained from satellite observations with the first national satellite image portals, which are provided for the sharing of Geoportal project in Turkey. Images obtained from RASAT are used in cartography, disaster monitoring, agriculture, environment, urbanism and planning studies.\nEach satellite offers images in different resolutions. These resolutions are divided into four groups:\n- Spatial Resolution\n- Spectral Resolution\n- Radiometric Resolution\n- Temporal Resolution\nThe satellite images to be used are determined according to the study purposes and the desired resolution level.\nAdvantages of Using Satellite Images\n- Fast and cost-effective results are obtained in short time intervals\n- Allows the earth to be monitored regularly\n- Provides the opportunity to work in difficult-to-reach geographical areas\n- Allows different studies to be carried out at the same time in the same area.\n- Provides users with the opportunity to make timely decisions\n- Faster solutions can be offered with artificial intelligence applications\n© Copyright 2021 Ankageo. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Topcon X Family of multi-touch consoles brings innovative, industry-leading performance and ease-of-use to virtually any size or type of production farming operation.\nCloud connectivity device for connectivity with the Topcon Agriculture Platform (TAP) offering automatic data transfer and NTRIP for correction services plus much more.\nTopcon offer a wide range of ECU’s to suit any operation allowing flexibility and precise application where needed.\nA range of easy to use instruments that monitor various implement and/or tractor functions.\nHighly accurate sensing technology provided by Topcon in an easy-to-use format to collect the most import data for your enterprise.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Purchase this article with an account.\nG. Zamora, J. Morales, S. Echegaray, W. Luo, P. Soliz; A Content-Based Image Retrieval Approach for Image Quality and Alignment Evaluation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2010;51(13):1802.\nDownload citation file:\n© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)\nTo create an automated system for evaluating image quality, including alignment according to ETDRS protocol.\nOne hundred images were selected from a database of 500 patients (1000 eyes). A reference image was selected based on a visual interpretation of acceptable alignment of ETDRS field 2. Each of the remaining 99 images was compared to the reference image using two metrics: cross-correlation and mutual information. These two metrics were compared to a calculated difference in optic disc location for each image to the reference image. A function that estimates disc alignment from either metric was calculated using polynomial curve fitting. This analysis was done in two different ways. First, it was applied to images that were not manipulated. Second, it was applied to images for which the histogram was matched to that of the standard image.\nThe normalized cross-correlation between images showed an inverse relationship with optic disc distance (R2=0.7) in the red channel. The mutual information metric also showed an inverse relationship with optic disc distance (R2=0.65) in the green channel with histogram equalization. Higher errors were produced by images with uneven illumination.\nFinding reliable metrics to match images is essential in being able to index a set of standard images by objective measures of content. Our results show that it is feasible to build a catalog of image alignment that can be mined automatically using metrics of information content. Uses include stand alone, real time, assessment of image quality and automatic building of reference datasets.\nThis PDF is available to Subscribers Only", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Satellite Workshop: \"New & Notable in Biophysics\"\nDr. Borja Ibarra\nUnderstanding how biological molecular motors work: identification of the translocation step of a replicative DNA polymerase.\nBorja Ibarra received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from Universidad Autónoma Madrid. He made the ‘leap’ to molecular biophysics as a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley, where he used optical tweezers to study at single-molecule level the dynamics of molecular motors involved in DNA replication. Back in Spain, he applied the optical tweezers technology at IMDEA Nanoscience to study the physical-chemical and mechanistic principles that govern the operation of biological molecular motors at the nanoscale.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AC current sensor adopts electromagnetic isolation principle, small size, light weight, low price, fast response, high accuracy, good stability, and DIN rail installation. AC current sensor is widely used for AC current measurement of various occasions, especially for sine-wave ac current with power frequency 50Hz.\nDiaphragm pressure sensor can prevent blocking of viscous liquid. The internal ASICs convert the mV signal into a standard current (4-20mA/0-20mA), voltage (0-5V/1-5V/0-10V) or RS485 signal. Pressure sensor with stainless steel sealing structure has small size, light weight, high anti-vibration and anti-shock performance, measuring range 0~35MPa/ 0~350bar/ 0~5076psi, medium temperature -40~+60℃ (-40~+140℉), for water/viscous liquid pressure measurement.\nHigh temperature limit switch adopts one roller lever with a radius of 38mm and fully enclosed 1NO + 1NC contact switches casting from high temperature resistant material, can be used in the environment temperature 350℃ (622℉) and without being damaged by oxidation or pollution. The default rated current and voltage is 5A/220VAC. Customizable voltage is DC 0-220V and AC 0-480V. Roller lever limit switch has automatic reset function. It is usually used for the machinery operating at a low speed.\nLow cost 400 ppr rotary encoder adopts stainless steel shaft, high quality, several output modes to choose, manufacturer direct sale. Incremental rotary encoder has 6mm shaft diameter and 38mm shell diameter.\nM12 laser sensor for displacement/rpm measurement adopts diffuse reflection or through beam detection mode. The through beam laser sensor has the detection range of 100m, and the diffuse reflection laser sensor has 300mm detection range. High accuracy laser sensor has power supply 10-30VDC, protection class IP67, laser spot size 4mm and stainless steel detection head with thread size M12*1mm.\nMicro torque sensor is a reaction torque sensor for static torque measurement. Torque sensor is made of aluminium alloy, 150%FS safety overload, -20℃~+80℃ operating temperature, low price. Reaction torque sensors have a capacity range from 0.5 Nm ~ 150 Nm and can measure both forward and reverse torque.\nM8 proximity sensor can detect a variety of metals, small size, long life, cheap price, unshielded type installation, anti-interference ability, 2mm detection distance, supply voltage AC 120V, manufacturer direct sale.\nAluminum alloy rail type magnetostrictive linear displacement sensor for measuring mechanical displacement, external installation, compact structure, easy to use, good security, suitable for CNC machinery worked in large vibration.\nSafety interlock switches are mainly used for locking/detecting the guard door of mechanical equipment. They have 2/3/6 groups of contacts, a magnet coil with rated voltage DC 24V and a key with optional shapes. Safety door switch has contact capacity AC-15 10A/500VAC and DC-13 4A/24VDC. Safety interlock switch with protection class IP67 has waterproof connector or circular connector to choose. Some model has a guard door lock. The cable length can be also customizable.\nAnalog signal isolator is composed of pluggable PCB power board and separable isolating circuit module. It can be input the loop powered sensor signal or the external powered sensor signal by the selector switch. Signal isolator is suitable for industrial field with severe signal interference. Signal isolator adopts digital calibration, automatic zero calibration, DIN rail installation way and no potentiometer, with strong input/output/power supply isolation, fast response, low-power dissipation, and good anti-interference performance.\nSlot-type photoelectric sensor is also known as U-type photoelectric sensor. It's a type of through beam photoelectric sensor and easier to align through beam. Slot type photoelectric sensor can distinguish opaque objects, with power supply DC 12V-24V (6-36V), small installation space, reverse power protection.\nTemperature and humidity sensor includes a capacitive humidity sensor and a digital temperature sensor, built-in one high-performance 8-bit SCM, standard one-wire interface, duct and wall mounted, all automated calibration, completely interchangeability, with excellent quality, fast response, strong anti-interference ability, high cost performance, low power consumption, long signal transmission distance above 20m.\nT type thermocouple has the highest accuracy and lowest price in base metals. Sheath thermocouple have shielded thermocouple wire of common length 500mm and sheath diameter Ф3~Φ8mm, with flexibility, high pressure resistant, fast thermal response time and long operating life. T type thermocouple can directly measure the temperature of liquid, vapor, gas medium and solid surface in the range of -200~+350 ℃ in various production processes.\nAluminum alloy rail type magnetostrictive displacement sensor for measuring linear displacement, external installation, compact structure, easy to use, good security, suitable for crusher and other CNC machinery worked in large vibration.\nMagnetostrictive liquid level sensor for injection machine, high precision, no temperature drift, anti-jamming performance, long life, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, high pressure resistant.\nAC current sensor adopts electromagnetic isolation principle, small size, light weight, low price, fast response, high accuracy, good stability, 35mm/45mm/55mm hole diameter, and screws fixed installation. AC current sensor is widely used for AC current measurement of various occasions, especially for sine-wave ac current with power frequency 50Hz.\nHigh temperature level sensor adopts separated structure and consist of 316L stainless steel gas collector, 316L stainless steel capillary tube and protection head. Water/oil/fuel tank level sensor can be used in high temperature (-40~+150℃/ -40~302℉) or corrosive liquid. The measuring range can be 0-1m/0-3m/0-5m/0-7m/0-10m/0-12m ~ 0-20m. High temperature liquid level sensor has optional output signal 0-20mA/4-20mA/0-5V/1-5V/0-10V, optional accuracy 0.5%FS or 0.3%FS and power supply DC 24V/12V.\nHigh temperature limit switch adopts fully enclosed 1NO + 1NC contact switches, can be used in the environment temperature 350℃ (622℉). Its roller lever has the adjustable radius of 25-89mm to meet the needs of more occasions. Adjustable roller lever limit switch also has automatic reset function. The default rated current and voltage is 5A/220VAC, and other values (AC 120V/380V, DC 12V/24V/48V)can be customizable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Date: 15 May 2021; 09:45 UT\nSummary of Space Weather.\nThe new susspot AR2822 and AR2823 are both in decay state. The geomagnetic\nconditions are quiet. The solar wind speed is increasing.\nSpace Weather parameters / observations;\nSunspot Number: 24\n10.7cm Flux: 71 sfu\nSolar wind speed: 468.5 km.s-1\nSolar wind density: 6.7 protons.cm3\nBz: 1.9 nT (North)\nBt: 5.2 nT\nDst: -13 nT", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Abstract: Engineering coherent systems is a central goal of quantum science and quantum information processing. Point defects in diamond known as color centers are a promising physical platform. As atom-like systems, they can exhibit excellent spin coherence and can be manipulated with light. As solid-state defects, they can be produced at high densities and incorporated into scalable devices. Diamond is a uniquely excellent host: it has a large band gap, can be synthesized with sub-ppb impurity concentrations, and can be isotopically purified to eliminate magnetic noise from nuclear spins. Specifically, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center has been used to has been used to demonstrate basic building blocks of quantum networks and quantum computers, and has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive, non-invasive magnetic probe capable of resolving the magnetic field of a single electron spin with nanometer spatial resolution. However, realizing the full potential of these systems requires the ability to both understand and manipulate diamond as a material. I will present two recent results that demonstrate how carefully tailoring the diamond host can dramatically improve the performance of color centers for various applications.\nFirst, currently-known color centers either exhibit long spin coherence times or efficient, coherent optical transitions, but not both. We have developed new methods to control the diamond Fermi level in order to stabilize a new color center, the neutral charge state of the silicon vacancy (SiV) center, which exhibits both the excellent optical properties of the negatively charged SiV center and the long spin coherence times of the NV center, making it a promising candidate for applications as a single atom quantum memory for long distance quantum communication.\nSecond, color centers placed close to the diamond surface can have strong interactions with molecules and materials external to the diamond. However, uncontrolled surface termination and contamination can degrade the color center properties and give rise to noise that obscures the signal of interest. I will describe our recent efforts to stabilize shallow NV centers within 5 nm of the surface using new surface processing and termination techniques. These highly coherent, shallow NV centers will provide a platform for sensing and imaging down to the scale of single atoms.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HONEYWELL’S AUTOCUBE 8200 SIMPLIFIES PACKAGE MEASURING\nWhen you need to measure objects and packages frequently and accurately, but space is at a premium, the Honeywell AutoCube 8200 can make all the difference. This fixed dimensioning system is ideal for a broad range of applications, including shipping stations, retail ship-from-store sites, or warehouse inbound stations.\nThis handy system is equipped with 3D depth-sensing technology thatallows it to measure any object’s dimensions rapidly and accurately.Consisting of a stand-mounted dimensioner and a USB interface that connects it to a host computing system, it is a simple yet powerful way to boost user productivity, consistency and accuracy. It boasts a significant object size range and can take measurements regardless of their orientation in mere fractions of a second.\nThis type of system can benefit a business in many ways, from a reduction in shipping chargebacks to improved revenue capture and optimized storage space.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "UEW magnet wire is used as an insulating layer in a variety of situations. One of the most common is the use of UEW magnet wire for electrical and magnetic applications in all kinds of power supplies, electronic assemblies, vehicle motors and fans, pipe fittings, and water pumps. UEW magnet wire also has a number of industrial applications. It is highly resistant to corrosion and possesses high electrical and thermal conductivity properties. It is ideal for applications where high performance and toughness are an issue.\nThe material used for this insulation is often called \"enameled copper\" and it contains many layers of various substances fused together to form a single thin layer. The primary characteristic of this copper-based insulation material is its high melting point, making it a perfect choice for use in high heat applications. For instance, it works well in applications that require cooling systems for military vehicles or hot springs, where extreme temperatures can cause failure of machinery.\nThe UEW magnet wire is also used in electrical wiring, where it can prevent corrosion of expensive components by insulating them from high heat. The high temperature resistance of this insulation material also extends to the automotive industry, especially in the area of air conditioning systems and engine parts. This feature is particularly useful in areas where air conditioning systems and other expensive electrical components are placed. This feature provides a distinct advantage over traditional metallic tubing insulation because it can maintain the thermal temperature of components at a consistent level, instead of having to maintain constant temperature levels. It is also capable of withstanding higher humidity levels, such that it can be used as a barrier against moisture, salt spray and corrosion.\nCopper is another popular choice for high temperature thermal magnets, especially because it has an exceptional electrical conductivity that makes it perfect for thermal energy applications. However, the most popular use for copper UEW magnet wire is for magnetic insulation. This type of insulation utilizes copper because it possesses high electrical conductivity that makes it resistant to adverse environmental factors such as moisture and salt spray. The UEW magnet insulation is also highly resistant to adverse chemical reactions and temperature fluctuations, making it one of the most effective choices in resisting adverse conditions. Another important property that makes the UEW magnet wire suitable for applications such as thermal energy insulation involves its ability to be woven into thin strips that make it easy to place around insulation bundlets, pipes and other electrical conductive materials.\nBecause it is composed of multiple strands of wire, it is easy to install UEW magnet wire. It is also possible to create customized wire configurations that can be tailor-made to meet specific needs. There are a number of manufacturers who offer customized magnet wires in order to meet specific electrical and thermal insulation requirements. Such companies usually take into account a number of factors when creating UEW magnet insulation products. These include the location of thermal energy distribution, the electrical and thermal insulation requirements of the application and the size and shape of the coil.\nAnother important factor that makes UEW magnet wire insulation more useful is its ability to provide both electrical and thermal resistance. This makes it a practical choice for applications in thermal power distribution. In addition to its ability to resist thermal changes, UEW magnet wire insulation also creates a chemical barrier that prevents corrosion. This chemical barrier provides an excellent protection from corrosive agents such as chlorine, oil and grease. As a result, this type of thermal class wire... wire offers superior protection to prevent costly maintenance costs.\nAlthough the best quality varieties of UEW magnet wire are made from copper, the purer the copper is the more effective the insulation will be. In fact, copper alloys are used to produce UEW magnet wire insulation as well. The most common copper alloy used in UEW wire insulation applications is aluminum. However, because aluminum alloy wires are less dense than pure copper, they also have a smaller overall cross-section. This smaller overall cross-section results in an increased amount of conductivity but will make the wire more difficult to weld.\nThe combination of superior conductivity and chemical resistance makes aluminum an ideal building and electrical component for thermal class power distribution. It is the combination of these characteristics that makes UEW magnet wire insulation an ideal solution for applications requiring thermal class power distribution. For this application, copper wire would be a more appropriate option. However, by utilizing the durability and flexibility of aluminum, it is possible to achieve the same excellent results with a product that performs at a similar or higher level.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Present for over thirty years in the field of hydraulic hose and tubing processing, today OP can boast a wide range of products along with our exponential global service.\nAmong the equipment for hose processing, OP is pleased to present the BC test benches, available from 1200 to 3000 bar.\nEquipped with hydraulic automatic opening, lighting signals and pneumo-hydraulic pump, we can provide the right answer to your needs for testing hoses.\nThese machines are provided with a lighted internal tank protected by a shock-resistant window, anti-oil net, objects-holder shelf and three sliding manifolds (90° - 45° - 180°) with 1Ž4” gas connection.\nThe filling capacity is 25 lts/min; the static and impulse pressure is made by means of air-oil pressure multiplier.\nThe bench is controlled by a PLC with touch-screen display, this allows the operator to print the odf file reports and save them on a USB.\nAfter the testing, the emptying of the liquid is made automatically.\nMany optionals are available, making the machine even more performance enhanced. These are available on request: bigger testing tank according to one’s requirements, internal washing manifold, anti-burts protections, PC and LAN connection, pressure kit starting at 10 bar, manifolds with holes for SAE flanges and adapters for different diameters and types of fittings.\nOn request, OP is able to provide the test benches both with special voltage and in stainless steel in order to carry out tests with water.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Our lineup of SureServo2 servo systems now includes systems which accept 460 VAC three-phase input power.\nWith output power from 400W to 15kW, these 12 new perfectly matched sets of servo motors, drives, cables and accessories have all the features of our existing SureServo2 servo systems: on-board motion controller with registration, electronic camming and event-based logic control, 24-bit encoders for precise feedback, Safe Torque Off (STO) for machine safety compliance, option modules for EtherNet/IP and Modbus TCP, professionally manufactured cables in 4 convenient lengths, and so much more.\nAnd just like the 120/240 VAC models, they accept pulse and direction inputs (or CW/CCW pulses), analog velocity or torque (+/-10V) inputs, external encoder (follower) signals, and allow full command and control across EtherNet/IP or Modbus TCP Ethernet networks. They can be programmed via the front panel keypad or use the free configuration software; built-in oscilloscope and multiple auto-tuning modes can perfect your system?s performance.\nThe 460VAC SureServo2 drives start at $460.00 (SV2A-4040), and the matching 400W motors start at $360.00 (SV2L-404N).\nNew to our growing lineup of liquid level sensors is the Endress+Hauser Micropilot FMR10 series pulsed radar liquid level sensor. This new sensor is a downward facing, non-contact liquid level sensor that emits electromagnetic pulses and determines level based on the time it takes for the pulses to be reflected back to the sensor. Radar sensors are more accurate than ultrasonic sensors and are less affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and dust than ultrasonic sensors.\nThe Micropilot level sensor is configurable via Bluetooth interface using the SmartBlue mobile app, which includes a linearization function that converts measured values to length, weight, flow, or volume. The mobile app can also display and record process envelope curves, which provide valuable diagnostic feedback for signal strength, range resolution, and interference.\nEndress+Hauser Micropilot FMR10 series pulsed radar level sensors are CSA approved, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and are priced $720.00 (FMR10-CAQBMVCEVEE2).\nNew SOLO modular temperature controllers feature a modular snap-together design that allows users to add additional controllers as needed. Each controller can be configured with a different control mode and output type, making it possible to tailor a system to the application's specific requirements. These modular temperature controllers offer the same functionality as the SOLO standard controllers but at a lower price.\nUp to eight independent control loops are possible, each loop supporting thermocouple, RTD, mA, mV, or voltage inputs, and voltage, current, voltage pulse, or relay outputs. All models include a second relay output that is useful for alarming or dual heating and cooling applications, and can support PID, On/Off, Ramp/Soak, or manual control modes as well as 12 different alarm modes. Configuration of SOLO modular controllers is accomplished using the free SL-SOFT SOLO configuration and monitoring software and the built-in Modbus RS-485 communications port.\nThe new SOLO modular temperature controllers are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. The main module and extension modules are each priced at $79.00 (SLM1-C) , and all components offer a 2-year warranty.\nIboco wire duct provides an easy, efficient, and safe way to organize wires and cables routed inside an electrical enclosure or cabinet. Our new shorter-length (1 meter) Iboco T1 series wide finger wall and T1E series narrow finger wall wire duct adds more options for installation convenience in smaller projects. In addition, T1E series narrow finger wall wire duct is now available in 2m self-adhesive versions that help reduce installation errors by temporarily holding the duct in position while being secured with screws.\nIboco wire duct is UL recognized, is made of a UL94V-0 flammability rated PVC material, and includes two predetermined break lines on the sidewalls that allow easy removal of a single finger or a full segment.\nNew Iboco T1 series duct in 1m lengths start at $13.00 (T1-1022G1-1) and T1E series in 2m lengths with adhesive start at $26.00 (T1E-1022GA-1). Non-slip covers are included.\nGladiator GECP series 12/24 VDC circuit protectors have been added to our selection of electronic circuit protection devices. The GECP series offers both fixed trip current versions and a version with an adjustable trip current range and adjustable trip characteristics. LED signaling with output alarms allows real-time status monitoring. This series is compact, lightweight, and available at a very low cost per channel.\nThe protection modules, in ratings up to 10A, can be used as standalone devices or integrated into a modular system using optional supply and ground modules, busbars, and comb jumpers (total system load up to 40A). The modules offer a remote set/reset function useful in applications where physical access to the unit is difficult or dangerous.\nNew Gladiator GECP series circuit protectors are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 5-year warranty and start at $37.00 (GECP-1CH-1A).\nNew to our Power Transmission category are PBC linear shafts, bearings, and shaft supports. PBC linear shafts are precision ground to support high-precision linear motion applications where tight tolerances are needed. They provide an optimized surface for plain or ball bearings and are available in carbon or stainless steel with round or fully supported styles. PBC shafts are available in diameters from ¼\" to 1-¼\" and lengths from 6\" to 36\". Bearings from PBC are used with steel linear shafts and provide precise, smooth action along the linear path. These bearings are available in a maintenance-free plain bearing or as ball bearings with open or closed unmounted styles, as well as pillow block or flange mounted versions. PBC linear shaft supports can be used with any shaft material, allowing for easy shaft installation and support. PBC linear shafts, bearings, and supports come with a 1-year warranty.\nOur new addition of 300V to 750V rated LUTZE Type HAR/MTW (Harmonized European Standard / Machine Tool Wire) wire meets National Electrical Code (NEC) and NFPA Standard 79 requirements, and is commonly used for appliance wiring, control cabinets, and machine tool applications in Europe and North America.\nThese wires consist of a tinned copper single conductor covered with a color-coded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) outer jacket and are available in sizes ranging from 0.75 mm2 (19AWG) to 4.0 mm2 (12 AWG). Striped versions are also available in various colors including blue with white stripe, white with blue stripe, and green with yellow stripe. HAR/MTW wire is sold in boxed 328 ft. (100m) coils that start at $68.00 (A61900).\nMore Quabbin Datamax industrial and commercial Ethernet cable gauge sizes and styles have been added to our cut-to-length cable offering. New Quabbin DataMax Extreme industrial Ethernet cable additions include Cat6/6a cable in 26 and 24 AWG with 4-twisted pairs and 7-stranded tinned copper conductors. These cables are available with a black polyurethane jacket.\nNew Quabbin DataMax Cat6 or Cat6a Ethernet cable with mil-spec conductor coloring is ideal for military installations and other common commercial applications. These cables are available in 28 or 26 AWG sizes with 4-twisted pairs, 7-stranded tinned copper conductors, and a black PVC jacket.\nNew Quabbin DataMax Cat6 or Cat6a Ethernet cable with mil-spec conductor coloring is ideal for military installations and other common commercial applications. These cables are available in 28 or 26 AWG sizes with 4-twisted pairs, 7-stranded tinned copper conductors, and a black PVC jacket.\nThe new Quabbin DataMax Ethernet cable starts at $1.67 /ft (Q5919-1). and mil-spec colored versions start at $0.96 /ft (Q2067-1).\nA wide assortment of quality WEG Electric contactors and motor control devices have been added to our lineup of motor controls and safety equipment.\nThe CWBS series IEC safety contactors provide a safe and reliable way to control electrical power in industrial and commercial applications. Available in ratings up to 80A, these contactors comply with IEC and UL standards, providing mechanically-linked and mirror contacts to ensure safety circuits for machines and equipment operate according to international safety standards.\nIn addition to the safety contactors, the WEG Electric motor control offering has been expanded to include the following:\nThe new WEG Electric motor controls are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $66.00 (PESWS-B9D15AX-RM60). The new WEG CWBS series safety contactors also have a 1-year warranty and start at $78.00 (CWBS9-33-30D02).\nNew ProSense XTD2 and XTH2 series programmable temperature transmitters have been added to our lineup of temperature transmitters/signal conditioners.\nProSense XTD2 series DIN rail mounted and XTH2 series head mounted universal programmable temperature transmitters are ideal for a wide range of industrial applications. These versatile and reliable temperature transmitters offer several mounting options and can be used with a variety of sensors and process inputs. They provide a linearized 2-wire current loop output that can be configured for 4 to 20 mA or 20 to 4 mA using the free ProSense field device configuration software and an XT-USB cable (purchased separately).\nSeveral new accessories are also available for the XTH2 head mount units:\nThe ProSense XTD2 and XTH2 series programmable temperature transmitters are CSA, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $110.00 (XTH2-0-UNV-S).\nMore quality enclosures and accessories from Hammond Manufacturing are now available for a wider range of needs. These new additions include carbon and stainless steel junction boxes in various sizes, with NEMA 3/4/4X/12 ratings and screw covers. Polycarbonate and ABS miniature cases with screw covers and NEMA 4/4X/6/6P/12/13 ratings expand the line, as well as a variety of carbon and stainless steel wiring troughs, rated NEMA 1/4/4X/12.\nAlong with the new enclosures, numerous accessories have been added, including mounting feet for C3SC and C4XSC enclosures, more latching options, and carbon steel / stainless steel plinth options for Hammond workstation consoles.\nThe new Hammond junction boxes start at $59.00 (C3SC664GY), miniature cases start at $17.75 (1555Q2F17GY), wiring troughs start at $219.00 (1486E12), and accessories start at $16.50 (PMKEY).\nNew to our pneumatic components category are Metal Work Syntesi air prep components. Now there are even more options for modular air prep components. Not only are a full range of pre-assembled combination air prep systems, components, and accessories now available they come at a great value as well. With this launch a full selection of combination pre-assembled air prep systems to include; manual shut-off, filter/regulator and lubricator assemblies; filter/regulator and lubricator assemblies; filter and lubricator assemblies; as well as filter and coalescing filter assemblies. Also available with this launch are individual components which include; filter/regulators, filters, regulators, shut-off valves, soft start valves, lubricators, modular pressure switches, air distribution blocks, and dial gauges. All assemblies and components in this launch come in two different body sizes as well as a selection of port sizes ranging from 1/8\" NPT to 1\" NPT. All Metal Work Syntesi air prep components come with a two-year warranty.\nAutomationDirect is pleased to announce the addition of more wire and cable cutting, stripping, and crimping tools to serve your application needs. Our new crimping tool additions include a fixed crimping tool with indent profile, more tools with oval and trapezoid crimp profiles, a crimper model with a color-coded connector reference, and a new square profile rotatable self-adjusting crimping tool. To the wire cutting and stripping products we've added a pistol grip automatic cutting/stripping tool that provides stress-free operation and a versatile cable dismantling/stripping tool that allows circular, lengthwise, and spiral stripping of all cable sizes and insulation types.\nThe new AutomationDirect crimping tools start at $176.00 (DN-CT-RBY), the self-adjusting cutting/stripping tool is priced at $93.00 (DN-WS-PG), and the cable dismantling/stripping tool is priced at $55.00 (DN-CS-1).\nEndress+Hauser Picomag series magnetic-inductive flow meters have been added to our growing line of flow sensors. Picomag series flow meters offer reliable measuring and monitoring of conductive liquids such as drinking and industrial water with a minimum conductivity of 10 µS/cm. They allow simultaneous measurement of flow, temperature, volume, and conductivity, and provide two selectable I/O points that can be configured for analog current or voltage output, pulse or switch outputs, IO-Link connection, or status inputs for a totalizer reset. The large colored TFT display auto-rotates based on orientation and configuration parameters can be called up by simply knocking on the device.\nPicomag flow meters are configured and monitored with a Bluetooth® wireless interface on Android and iOS devices via the free SmartBlue App. With a wireless connection distance of up to 32 feet, Picomag is ideal for installation sites which are difficult to access. Its IO-Link interface offers seamless integration into established fieldbus systems, allows direct access to process and diagnostics data, and enables \"on the fly\" device configuration.\nEndress+Hauser Picomag series magnetic-inductive flow meters are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They are NSF/ANSI 61 certified for drinking water applications, offer a 1-year warranty, and start at $657.00 (DMA15-AAACA1).\nThe new AchieVe WDN series of wire duct provides more options for quality wire management at great prices. This rugged, narrow finger, rigid wall wire duct is made of self-extinguishing UL 94 V-0 rated flame-retardant PVC material. AchieVe wire duct features convenient upper and lower score lines to facilitate breaking off individual fingers when extra space is needed for wider cables. AchieVe WDN series narrow finger wire duct is available in gray, is sold in 6.56 ft. (2m) sections with cover included, and starts at $12.00 (VRTP-80-A8).\nElectronic position indicators from Elesa are designed to accurately measure and display the position of a rotating shaft. They consist of a robust housing with a clear and easy-to-read display and are attached directly to a rotating shaft. As the shaft rotates, the indicators capture the rotational movement and convert it into a readable position value.\nElesa position indicators offer a large display with a wide viewing angle, excellent readability from a distance, and a rugged polyamide housing suitable for applications requiring frequent washing. They are CE marked and RoHS compliant, offer a 1-year warranty and start at $191.00 (DD51E-SST-IP65F12).\nSpoked handwheels are also available for applications requiring precise manual positioning or alignment of equipment or machinery, starting at $11.00 (VRTP-80-A8).\nNew to our Barcode/ RFID / Vision category is the AutomationDirect RFID Standalone R/W unit. This unit is designed for easy integration into an existing EtherNet/IP network. It is a complete unit with an RFID R/W device, antenna, and EtherNet/IP interface built in. This unit is optimized for high speeds and large data transfer, has a maximum read/write distance of 220mm depending on the type of tags used, operates on RFID high frequency of 13.56 MHz per ISO 15693, and features an IP67 protection rating. The AutomationDirect RFID Standalone R/W unit comes with a five-year warranty.\nInternational Power regulated and unregulated linear power supplies have been added to our lineup of open frame linear power supplies.\nThe IH series regulated open frame power supplies are designed to operate from a wide range of AC power sources. They maintain a constant output voltage, regardless of changes in input voltage or load current, and offer better voltage regulation than other types of power supplies, ensuring accurate and consistent power delivery.\nThe IP500U series unregulated open frame power supplies are designed for low-cost, high-current applications when full regulation is not required. These rugged, highly reliable power supplies are ideal for powering solenoids, relays, DC motors, battery chargers, and DC-to-DC converters.\nInternational Power linear power supplies are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They are made in the USA, offer a 2-year warranty, and start at $75.00 (IHB5-3-OVP).\nThe XGB series PLCs are designed and manufactured by LS Electric, a well-established global PLC manufacturer with over 40 years of experience. This PLC family offers advanced controllers geared for motion applications; with high-level features such as IEC programming, they can also be beneficial in any automated system. The stackable LS Electric PLCs have numerous hardware options to exactly match the job at hand. Each super compact PLC comes with integrated 2- or 6-axis pulse/direction motion inputs/outputs (up to 200kHz) and includes Ethernet, serial, and USB ports. Use any one of the four PLC units as a stand-alone controller with 32 built-in I/O or add up to 7 expansion modules for up to 244 additional I/O points. Several expansion modules are available to add extra discrete, communication, analog, or motion control capability.\nThe XG5000 programming software is a FREE download and features four of the five languages included in the IEC 61131 standard for industrial controllers. Ladder diagram, instruction list, sequential function chart, and structured text are all included so programmers can use the method they prefer. This software supports the typical PLC instructions including timer, counter, compare, etc. However, the XG5000 also features a variety of specialized and state-of-the-art instructions available to use in your code development. Over 700 function blocks are provided, including over 70 motion control specific blocks, for convenience when programming complex systems. A handy built-in project simulator assists with code verification.\nThe motion-centric XG-PM software is provided free of charge in the same download as the XG5000 programming software. This software provides table-based position configurations of up to 400 moves per axis and a run command tool for easy position testing. With this software, the system can be configured for various single-axis and multi-axis operations including position control, speed control, feed control, circular arc interpolation, linear interpolation, and ellipse interpolation. Eight CAM control types are also available as are numerous homing control functions.\nThe new LS Electric XGB series PLCs start at $299.00 (2-axis model) and come with a two-year warranty. The XGB5000 with XG-PM motion configuration software can be downloaded for free from our webstore.\nWe're expanding our safety products line with additional Comepi safety switches. This offering includes new solenoid locking tongue interlock safety switches and RFID-coded solenoid locking tongue interlock safety switches. All switches have a 1200N holding force and require the solenoid to be energized to unlock the switch. The RFID-coded models are uniquely coded for additional tamper resistance. All Comepi safety switches come with a one-year warranty.\nOne new addition of LUTZE SUPERFLEX® control cable is well suited for short to medium length articulated drag chain (C-tracks) installations requiring moderate to high performance. The High Glide TPE insulation and PVC outer jacket provide resistance to sunlight, oil, and moisture penetration, and makes this cable suitable for indoor wet and dry applications or outdoor installations. This cable is available in 21AWG to 12AWG sizes, with up to 34 conductors including a ground, and is made in the USA. Order this cable cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 ft. minimum, starting at $1.47 /ft. (A1482003-1).\nAnother addition is the tray cable exposed run (TC-ER) rated LUTZE IO-Link unshielded signal and control cable, which is designed to connect IO-Link devices to a master and is also used for conventional non-IO-Link applications. This IO-Link cable is available in 22AWG to 16AWG sizes, with up to 5 color-coded conductors covered with an oil, sunlight, crush, and impact resistant overall jacket, which is flame retardant, flexible for easy installations, and is direct burial rated for 18AWG or larger sizes. Order this cable cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 ft. minimum, starting at $0.91 /ft. (A1022203-1).\nAutomationDirect is pleased to announce the launch of several IEC and compact limit switches under the new house brand, AchieVe. These new AchieVe limit switches are available in a selection of sizes and styles, including:\nThese new limit switches are available in a variety of actuator styles, including plunger, lever, and a new pull-action style that is activated when a cable (sold separately) attached to the switch is pulled. This pull-action actuator, offered in the ADM series, is useful for simple start/stop control or signaling applications.\nThe AHP series 30mm IEC limit switches, with remote reset, feature a latching function that requires an external control signal to restore the switch contacts to their initial position and allow the switch to be triggered again.\nThese new AchieVe limit switches are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $17.00 (ADM2F11Z11).\nE-T-A REX modular electronic circuit protectors have been added to our selection of circuit protection devices. These protectors safeguard electrical circuits from overcurrent, short circuit, and other faults. Featuring a modular design, individual protection modules can be combined to meet specific circuit protection requirements, allowing for flexible configurations and easy installation.\nA single system consists of a supply module, which connects to the 24VDC power supply, and up to 16 circuit protection modules (40A max) that are electrically connected by the backplane (no additional accessories required). Optional load and ground distribution modules can simplify wiring to multiple loads.\nNew E-T-A REX modular circuit protectors are UL Recognized, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and components start at $11.00 (EM-T00-000-GND-40A).\nAutomationDIrect now offers IronHorse stainless steel worm gearboxes. Worm gearboxes are power transmission devices that drive a load at a fixed reduced ratio of the motor's speed. The stainless steel housings of these gearboxes makes them suitable for the food and beverage industry and many other harsh industrial applications.\nIronHorse stainless steel worm gearboxes are IP69K rated and BISSC certified (Baking Industry Sanitation Standards Committee) with the housing, covers, and flanges all made out of 304 stainless steel. They are available in gear ratios from 5:1 to 60:1 and the input flanges accept 56C or 145TC motor frames. All IronHorse stainless steel worm gearboxes have a hollow shaft output. Single and dual output shaft kits are available as are shaft bushings if you wish to connect the gearbox to a shaft that you provide. Compatible output covers and output flanges are also available.\nIronHorse stainless steel worm gearboxes come with a one-year warranty.\nThe 10 (1 inch), 15 (1.5 inches), and 40 (40mm) series of SureFrame rails, in standard and light weights, are now offered with a UV-resistant black anodized finish. This offering provides a new aesthetic option in addition to the standard clear anodized finish which is available for all series and weights of SureFrame T-slotted rails. SureFrame rails are used to build sturdy, custom-made structural frames and are warranted from manufacturer defects for one year from the date of purchase.\nA next generation, lower-cost CPU has been released for the Productivity2000 PLC line. The P2-622 CPU has all the functionality of the original P2-550 CPU including up to 50MB ladder memory, embedded OLED status display, remote I/O and multipurpose Ethernet 10/100Base-T (RJ45) ports, and a microSD card slot. On top of that, this new CPU has a lower cost, dual software-configurable serial ports (RJ12 and 4-pin) that support both RS232 and RS485, a USB C programming port, and a new system architecture which allows for many future enhancements.\nWith tag name programming, easy device integration that includes PS-AMC motion controllers, GS drives, and others, and user-focused features such as analog module data displays, Productivity2000 PLCs are a perfect fit for almost any application.\nThe new Productivity2000 P2-622 CPU is priced at only $299.00 (P2-622) and comes with a 2-year warranty. A starter kit, priced at $649.00, (P2-START2) is also available which contains everything you need to get started with the P2-622 CPU, including CPU, base, power supply, I/O modules, terminal blocks, memory card, cables, and documentation.\nTransporting tools to/from a remote job location just got easier with the addition of quality tool bags and cases from C.H. Ellis. Included in this addition is a mechanic's tool bag made of black ballistic nylon with two carry handles, four interior and three exterior pockets on each side, and 2-snap flaps for securing contents in the outer pockets.\nThree different styles of tool cases are also now available. The Attaché tool case is a briefcase style with a strong, high impact plastic shell and milled aluminum valance to protect from water or dust. This case is ideal for lighter tools and test equipment. A hardcase carrying model and rolling model, both made of high-density polyethylene 25% thicker than standard cases, are also available. These cases resist gasoline, chemicals, and most solvents to reliably protect contents; numerous pockets organize tools, test equipment, and spare parts.\nThe C.H. Ellis tool bag is priced at $41.00 (CH037071D) and tool cases start at $227.00 (CH958570).\nMegapro multi-bit drivers are versatile screwdrivers designed to house a set of common or specialized screwdriving bits for a variety of industrial applications. These bit drivers are available with various double-ended industrial grade S2 steel bits and have an alloy shaft that also serves as a 1/4\" hex nut driver. The handles are made of ultra-strong Triax 1120 resin (an ABS alloy) and they all have a retractable cartridge for easy bit access and storage.\nSelect from seven series, including specialty models for electronic and automotive applications. Megapro multi-bit drivers start at $23.50 (151NAS) and have a lifetime warranty against manufacturing defects.\nNew to our growing lineup of motor disconnects and controllers are Bryant pin and sleeve mechanical interlocks. The interlocked motor disconnects use pin and sleeve technology to conveniently connect and disconnect mobile equipment safely. Interlocked motor disconnects use matching Bryant pin and sleeve connectors with keyways to safeguard against connecting devices of different amperage and voltage ratings together. The interlock's switch cannot be turned ON until the plug is completely engaged and the plug cannot be removed from the interlock until the switch has been turned to the OFF position. The interlocks are suitable for use as manual motor controllers, and their handles satisfy OSHA lockout/tagout requirements.\nPin and sleeve devices conform to IEC 60309-1 and IEC 60309-2 international regulations, resulting in easy-to-use and standardized configurations.\nBryant pin and sleeve mechanical interlocks are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $513.00 (BRY420MI9W)\nNew to our potable water components are Spartan Scientific valves. These solenoid valves are suitable for use with potable water and a variety of liquids, oils, and inert gases. They feature a 2-port (2-way), 2-position design with a normally closed configuration and diaphragm operator. Spartan valves are constructed of either low-lead brass or glass-reinforced nylon. They are available in port sizes of 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 inch NPT or 1/4-inch push-to-connect and come in a variety of flow rates and pressure ranges. Electrical connection options include an 18-inch flying lead pigtail or a DIN connector. All Spartan potable water valves come with a one-year warranty.\nNew WERMA eSIGN series LED signal towers have been added to our lineup of pre-assembled stacklights. These new signal towers, available in 9- and 15-tier models, feature a variety of customizable operating modes and lighting effects. They provide full-surface signaling with electronic modularity and can operate as a traditional stacklight or be used for variable filling level indications. eSIGN signal towers can be easily configured via a USB connection and the free configuration software; select models can also be configured via IO-link. These signal towers are available with or without a 105dB, 10-tone selectable audible alarm and can be base, wall, or tube mounted (mounting accessories sold separately).\nThe new WERMA eSIGN signal towers are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $388.00 (65700055)\nNew to motor control products are IronHorse manual motor protectors, contactors, thermal overload relays, and a wide variety of supported accessories. The IronHorse HMC series contactors are a very economical solution and feature an advanced design with a sealed structure to prevent arc flash exposure; electronic coils are available on select models. HMC series 3-pole contactors have built-in auxiliary contacts, are available in a variety of coil voltages and in seven frame sizes, with ratings from 5 to 300 hp (400A) at 480 VAC.\nHMMP series manual motor protectors provide an all-in-one motor control/protection solution, integrating control, disconnecting means, and circuit protection in a single compact package. These protectors offer a wide range of ambient temperature compensation, phase failure protection, a high short-circuit interrupt rating, and are available in three frame sizes with ratings up to 100A.\nHTOR series thermal overload relays mount directly to the HMC contactors to protect AC circuits and motors from damaging overloads and phase failures. These relays are available in six frame sizes, in ratings up to 400A.\nThe IronHorse line of IEC motor controls features an extensive array of handles, auxiliary contacts, and connection accessories to assemble starters for a wide range of applications. IronHorse motor controls have a 2-year warranty, are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nIronHorse HMMP series motor protectors start at $40.00 (HMMP-32HR-0.16)\nIronHorse HMC series contactors start at $17.50 (HMC-9B30-11-BS)\nIronHorse HMMP series thermal overload relays start at $22.00 (HTOR32-0.16-S)\nThe next generation of the popular C-more HMI product line has been released. The CM5 HMI series offers lower cost, high-performance HMIs in sizes from 4 inches to an impressive 22 inches. With an amazing 1.6 GHz processor in the larger units (10\" and above) and 43 Mbytes of memory, these HMIs provide much better trending, extra data storage, faster communication, and improved file types including jpegs.\nWith each panel comes a host of communication ports for plug-and-play connections with industrial networks. All CM5 panels have serial and Ethernet ports and several supported protocols including Modbus, EtherNet/IP, and the lightweight MQTT(S) protocol used in many machine-to-machine (M2M) and IIoT applications. The 10\" and larger models feature an additional Ethernet port, allowing them to act as a data bridge between two separate networks. The included USB ports provide in-an-instant connections for programming and peripherals like keyboards, USB-to-audio converters, barcode scanners, additional memory storage, etc. The embedded SD-card slot provides easy project transfers or up to an additional 2TB (depending on model) of data storage for important log files.\nCM5 HMIs utilize powerful FREE configuration software that features C-more's legendary ease of use. The software has a built-in time-saving project simulator, a convenient Event Manager, flexible recipes, a huge array of screen objects, trend graphs, PID faceplates, true historical data logging, and much, much more.\nThe new C-more CM5 HMIs start at $340.00 (CM5-T4W) and come with a two-year warranty. The C-more HMI Programming Software can be downloaded for free from our webstore.\nOur newest addition of A-coded sensor and signal connection cables from Murrelektronik provides easy and reliable connections between panels and field devices. These cables offer several configurations including axial or right-angle female M8 or M12 screw-lock connector to pigtail, axial male to axial female with M8 or M12 screw-lock connectors, and right-angle male to right-angle female with M8 or M12 screw-lock connectors.\nThese A-coded sensor and signal connection cables have a PUR/PP jacket ideal for applications with oil and/or sunlight exposure, and are also great for repetitive flexing applications like robotics. Cables are available in various colors, lengths, and pole configurations and start at $10.00 (7000-08001-0300200)\nSeveral new modules have been released for the Productivity family of controllers. Two new lower-cost, high-resolution, four-channel analog input modules, supporting current (0-20 mA) or voltage (0-10 VDC) signals, are now available for the Productivity1000 PLC. The ProductivityOpen Arduino-based controller line now offers a 2-port serial communications shield that provides a reliable interface between the ProOpen controller and serial networks/devices. The P1AM-SERIAL is housed in an industrialized Arduino MKR form factor and each 4-pin port supports RS-232 or RS-485 communications. A new lower-cost Productivity2000 base power supply is also available that accepts a 24 VDC input and delivers a maximum of 45W.\nThe new Productivity1000 analog modules start at $139.00 (P1-04AD-1), the ProOpen serial shield is priced at $55.00 (P1AM-SERIAL), and the Productivity2000 power supply is $85.00 (P2-02DC).\nThe new Stahlin enclosure line adds more fiberglass and PVC enclosure selections to our extensive inventory of non-metallic industrial electrical enclosures. Diamond Shield, Classic, N, J, RJ, JW, RJW and FatBoy wall-mount versions are NEMA 1, 3, 3S, 12, 13, and 4X rated and are ideal for applications where floor space is limited. These enclosures are constructed of fiberglass reinforced polyester in a range of sizes, with various cover, latch, window, and door configurations. NewSentry wall-mounted PVC enclosures are NEMA 1, 2, 3, 4, 4X, and 12 rated and feature screw covers.\nStahlin CF and F series fiberglass pushbutton enclosures offer a selection of cover types with various in-line and multi-hole pushbutton hole configurations. They are also offered in blank screw cover models. Both series are NEMA 1, 3R, 4X, 6P, and 12 rated.\nStahlin DuraBoxx miniature cases are small fiberglass enclosures with flush fitting covers, a low-profile design, and a shallow depth. This series is NEMA 1, 3, 3S, 4X, 6, 6P, and 12 rated.\nIn addition, Stahlin vents and other enclosure accessories, including latches, mounting feet, subpanels, and more, have been added.\nStahlin wall-mount enclosures start at $86.00 (J604W); pushbutton enclosures start at $56.00 (CF332); miniature cases start at $82.00 (D554W); accessories start at $16.25 (REV60)\nEpson LabelWorks portable label printers are now available for wire marking needs. The Epson PX series label printers are available in four different models and support 3 to 36mm [1/8 to 1-1/2 in] labels. The LW-PX300 is a low-cost, compact wire-marking, bar code, and general-identification label printer. The LW-PX400 printer is a portable, wireless industrial labeling and wire-marking printer that is Bluetooth™ compatible and works with iOS™ or Android™ mobile devices. The LW-PX700 offers time- and cost-saving features for creating custom and compliant labels, while the LW-PX900 features a high-speed 360dpi print output to print precise labels, bar codes, QR codes, and wire identification labels faster and with better detail than competing printer models.\nThese easy-to-use label printers print using continuous tape, pre-sized labels, heat-shrink tubes, small format safety labels, and more. They provide professional and industrial grade labeling solutions for a variety of applications from aviation and avionics, engineering, and manufacturing, to home office management. A wide variety of compatible label cartridges with various label colors, materials, and styles including magnetic, fluorescent, and removable types are available.\nSelect Epson LabelWorks label printers are CSA, UL recognized, CE marked, and/or RoHS compliant. All Epson label printers offer a lifetime warranty and start at $55.00 (LW-PX300)\nNew to our Barcode/RFID/Vision product category are Wenglor TPL series vision lighting components. Vision lighting provides the proper amount of contrast, brightness, and uniformity to an imaging surface so a good image of the code or object can be achieved. Built using high-quality LEDs, these Wenglor lighting components offer several light color options including white, red, and infrared. Bar lights, ring lights, flat lights, flat dome lights, and a variety of accessories are now available.\nBar lights consist of a linear package (bar) with a row of LEDs and are available in lengths from 125mm to 500mm. Ring lights are LEDs contained in a circular package and are sold in 80mm and 130mm diameters (approximate internal light diameter). Flat lights provide a solution for backlighting and are available in sizes from 200 x 200mm to 400 x 400mm. Flat dome lights consist of a flat light with a hole in the center for the camera to look through. Flat dome lights are available in 200 x 200mm and 300 x 300mm sizes. Accessories include mounting brackets, angle changers for bar lights, and dome light conversions for ring lights. All Wenglor TPL products come with a one-year warranty.\nNow available are industrial-grade Cat6a Ethernet communication cables that support transmission speeds of up to 10 Gbps full duplex. These patch cables are designed to reduce the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) by incorporating shielded RJ45 connectors, an inner foil shield around each twisted pair, and an outer foil shield around the entire set of 8 wires. These cables comply with the PoE+ standard to deliver 30W of power and are available with a blue PVC cable jacket in several lengths.\nAutomationDirect Cat6a Ethernet cables will create solid, reliable Ethernet networks in any application and start at $9.00 (C6A-STPBL-S3)\nNew to our Barcode/RFID/Vision product category are Swivellink Standard series device mounting systems. Device mounting systems are assembled using several components and can be configured to mount vision cameras, lights, sensors, and scanners. They allow for precise adjustment and ease of equipment installation. These systems are modular and components are selected individually to suit the needs of the application.\nThese systems are custom configured and start with a base, which is fastened to the mounting surface. Then a link or tee is connected using knuckles which provide full rotational adjustment. Mounting plates finish the mounting system, predrilled for specific manufacturer equipment or blank for custom drilling. Components are available in metric or imperial units and include bases, knuckles, links, tees, mounting plates, sensor mounts, and optional clamp handles. All Swivellink components come with a one-year warranty.\nNew to our growing lineup of level sensors are Endress+Hauser Nivector FTI26 and Liquipoint FTW23 series point level capacitance switches. Capacitive level switches are contact sensors that detect presence by evaluating differences in dielectric values. They are useful for detecting the level of solids, such as plastic pellets, or water-based conductive liquids.\nThe Nivector® FTI26 series, available in rugged polycarbonate or stainless-steel housings, detects powders or fine-grained bulk solids in silos, hoppers, and bins. Stainless-steel versions are FDA compliant and marked with the 3-A symbol for food industry hygienic applications. Select models are CSA approved for hazardous locations.\nThe Liquipoint® FTW23 series, developed and built for the food industry, detects water-based liquids in storage tanks, mixing vessels, and pipes. These switches are FDA compliant and marked with the 3-A symbol for food and beverage industry hygienic applications (except versions with G1/2 threads).\nBoth series offer IO-Link compatible models which provide direct access to process and diagnostic data and allow device configuration while in operation.\nEndress+Hauser point level capacitive switches are UL Listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $221.00 (FTI26-CA7MWDG)\nWe're proud to add WEG brand motors to our growing motor portfolio. With this launch, several general-purpose 1- and 3-phase motors from ¼ to 3hp have been added, as well as certain high-performance inverter duty motors from ½ to 1hp, motors certified for hazardous locations (Class I, Div 2, Groups A,B,C,D) up to 3hp, and 3-phase brake motors from ¼ to 2hp. These new motors come with a TEFC or TENV IP55 enclosure and offer speeds of 1200, 1800, or 3600 RPM (depending on model). Brake motors come with a spring set, solenoid actuated AC brake with a manual brake release lever. All WEG rolled steel motors come with an 18-month warranty.\nNew ProSense F18 series 18mm round sensors have been added to our extensive lineup of photoelectric sensors. The ProSense F18 series features sensing distances up to 25m, rugged PBT thermoplastic housings, and an IP67 protection rating. General purpose models are available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, polarized retroreflective, and through-beam sensing styles.\nThe new ProSense F18 series photoelectric sensors are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $32.00 (F18I2-0N-0E)\nNew Wenglor OPT series cylindrical and rectangular sensors have been added to the lineup of ultrasonic proximity sensors. The new models, available in diffuse and through-beam sensing styles, offer sensing distances up to 2000mm, rugged stainless steel and plastic housings, and protection ratings up to IP68 for use in challenging industrial environments. These new Wenglor ultrasonic sensors are IO-Link v1.1 compatible, offering advanced configuration options such as through-beam, synchronous, and mute operating modes, window teach-in, and external temperature compensation.\nWenglor OPT series ultrasonic proximity sensors are easy to set up and install, and are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant. They offer a 1-year warranty and start at $127.00 (OPT2200)\nProSense D80 series large rectangular proximity sensors have been added to the extensive lineup of inductive proximity sensors. The ProSense D80 series offers long sensing distances up to 60mm, large sensor faces, and robust IP65- or IP67-rated PPE housings for harsh industrial environments. These \"pancake\" style proximity sensors are available in 80 x 40 x 105mm or 80 x 40 x 92mm housing dimensions, with AC- or DC-power options and a variety of termination styles.\nThe new ProSense D80 series rectangular proximity sensors are UL listed, RoHS compliant, and CE and UKCA marked. They offer a lifetime warranty and start at $146.00 (D80-AP-3H)\nNew ProSense frequency signal conditioners are extremely versatile, affordable, and provide the flexibility to convert, transmit, scale, and isolate input signals from a wide variety of process sensors and controller I/O.\nThe SCU-2200 universal analog-to-frequency converters accept milliamp, voltage, RTD, thermocouple, or potentiometer inputs to provide a scalable single frequency output (up to 25kHz). They are helpful when a controller does not have any analog input points available but does have a frequency input.\nThe SCU-2500 series frequency (input) conditioners are useful for converting frequency signals from encoders, magnetic pick-ups, variable speed drives, and flow meters to an analog signal for a PLC, recorder, or digital display. They accept frequency signals up to 100kHz and provide unipolar or bipolar analog, relay, or frequency (up to 100kHz) outputs. An optional square root relationship between the input and output is also available for flow measurement applications.\nProSense frequency signal conditioners carry a 5-year warranty and are UL Listed, CE marked, RoHS compliant, and start at $253.00 (SCU-2502)\nMore Contrinex small rectangular sensors have been added to our extensive lineup of inductive proximity sensors. These compact 12mm x 27mm x 6.5mm and 12mm x 27mm x 12mm inductive proximity sensors are non-flush mounted, have a 4mm sensing distance, and feature NPN or PNP switching outputs with N.O. or N.C. operation. Top and front sensing versions are available, and all PNP models are IO-Link� v1.0 compatible.\nThe new Contrinex proximity sensors have a rugged polycarbonate housing with an IP67 protection rating, and are CE marked, UL approved, and RoHS compliant. They have a lifetime warranty and are priced at $22.00 (DW-AD-611-C12P)\nNew to our growing lineup of liquid level sensors are Endress+Hauser Waterpilot series submersible level sensors. These sensors measure level by continually sensing the hydrostatic pressure produced by the height of liquid above the sensor, providing a 4-20 mA output signal compatible with PLCs, panel meters, data loggers, and other electronic equipment.\nThe Waterpilot FMX11 series is ideally suited for freshwater applications and features a slim 22mm diameter stainless steel housing and a sensor diaphragm protection cap. These sensors are NSF Certified for drinking water applications.\nThe Waterpilot FMX21 series is suited for wastewater applications, offering an easy-to-clean, flush-mounted, process-isolating sensor diaphragm, a rugged 42mm diameter stainless steel housing, and a diaphragm protection cap. These sensors include FM hazardous location approvals for intrinsically safe applications.\nBoth styles have sensing ranges up to 2 bar (66.9 ft of water column) and are fitted with a shielded cable containing an atmospheric vent tube and a tough abrasion and UV resistant outer jacket.\nAvailable accessories include terminal boxes for humidity and climate protection; weights to reduce measuring error by preventing sideways movement; suspension clamps for easy mounting; and cable shortening kits to easily shorten the cable and vent tube.\nEndress+Hauser submersible level sensors are UL Listed, CE marked, RoHS compliant, and offer a 1-year warranty.\nEndress+Hauser NSF Certified FMX11 Series Submersible Level Sensors start at $509.00 (FMX11-CA11DS06)\nEndress+Hauser FM approved FMX21 Series Submersible Level Sensors start at $997.00 (FMX21-FE121FGB10A)\nNew to our T-slotted rail product selection is a host of additional hardware components from Fath. These components easily install in SureFrame rails, as well as many other brands, and include roll-in T-slot nuts with spring loaded ball, slide-in T-slot nuts, screw and miter connectors, 1- and 2-slot pivot joints, extended swivel bases, foot consoles, leveling casters, magnetic catches, sensor mounting blocks, protection profiles, profile sliders, roller elements, and much more.\nAlso added is a 4-axis workstation and workstation components which allow PC monitors and peripherals to be mounted near the equipment. Components include swivel monitor mounts, monitor mounting joints, multi-axis mounting supports, and many other accessories.\nNew panel holders and panel mounting blocks are also available for wire mesh or solid machine guarding. These holders and mounting blocks allow the installation of machine guarding to protect equipment and personnel from damage and injury.\nAll Fath T-slotted hardware components come with a one-year warranty.\nOur new addition of 300V rated Atlas Type AWM (appliance wire material) wires are made in the USA, meet National Electrical Code (NEC) and NFPA Standard 79 requirements, and are commonly used for appliance wiring, control cabinets, and machine tool applications.\nThe Atlas Type AWM wires consist of a tinned copper single conductor covered with a colored polyvinyl chloride (PVC) outer jacket and are available in sizes ranging from 26 AWG to 16 AWG. They are also available in various color options including blue with white stripe, white with blue stripe, and green with yellow stripe versions. AWM wire is sold in spools of 500 or 1,000 feet (depending on gauge size) and starts at $31.00 (500 ft.) (AWM20BL)\nNew to our safety products lineup are IDEM two-hand safety control panels. These panels, used with a special control monitoring relay, require an operator to use both hands simultaneously during a hazardous operation. This forces operators to keep their hands on the two-hand control actuator and out of harm's way. New IDEM products include a control station with momentary pushbuttons, a control station with zero-force touch buttons, and an empty two-hand control station enclosure for custom configurations. Enclosures are made of die-cast aluminum; replacement buttons are available.\nIn addition to the panels, a two-hand control safety relay from IDEM is also offered. This relay is intended for use in safety circuits for presses, punches, bending tools, and any application where a threat to operator hands exists.\nAll IDEM two-hand control panels and accessories come with a one-year warranty.\nAutomationDirect has added advanced panel meters and a universal power meter to their Trumeter ADM series of graphical panel meters. These easy-to-read panel meters display critical parameters, provide a user-programmable scale and custom alarm messages which will immediately alert operators when a parameter is out of range.\nTrumeter ADM200 advanced graphical panel meters feature a large 4-inch display with a color changing, full color RGB backlight for instant alerts. Select models offer digital and analog outputs, Modbus RTU/TCP communication, and an IP65 protection rating. Available models include multi-function meters to measure amps, voltage, frequency, or power (Watts, VA, Var, and power factor) for high voltage applications; all-in-one process meters can be configured as a process signal meter or can be used in conjunction with a shunt for low voltage applications\nThe Trumeter ADM100W is a universal power meter that features a 3-inch backlit display, 4 alarm setpoints, and offers Modbus RTU communication via RS-485.\nTrumeter ADM200 meters start at $222.00 (ADM200-LN-CS) and the Trumeter ADM100W meter is priced at $147.00 (ADM100W-HPS)\nSurge suppression devices protect and lengthen the life of motors, contactors, relays, solenoids, and PLC outputs by reducing voltage spikes and electromagnetic noise caused by inductive loads. New Murrelektronik surge suppression devices support a variety of applications.\nMurrelektronik surge suppressors are CE marked, RoHS compliant, and offer a 1-year warranty.\nMurrelektronik surge suppressors start at $8.00 (26051)\nSchmersal compact limit switches provide an affordable solution for a variety of object detection applications. Their small size allows easy installation in confined spaces. These rugged limit switches offer a 31mm body width, with a 45-degree adjustable, die-cast zinc head, and a thermoplastic housing. Several actuator styles are available, including plunger, plunger with roller, side rotary lever with roller, and adjustable rod.\nThe new Schmersal compact limit switches are available with N.O. and N.C. contacts, snap or slow break-before-make action, and an M12 quick-disconnect connection or a 2m pigtail with right or bottom cable exits. They come with a 1-year warranty, and are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nAdditional energy-efficient Stratus TA series air conditioners have been added to our enclosure thermal management lineup. These new air conditioners are made in the USA, use environmentally friendly and chlorine-free R-134a refrigerant, are designed for outdoor use, and operate with an internal closed loop system to protect from dust, oil, and water. They are available with up to 5,910 BTU/H and include a programmable temperature controller and visible alarms. The new Stratus air conditioners offer NEMA 4, 4X, or 12 ratings, a 115 or 460V operating voltage, and start at $3,190.00 (TA10-027-16-12)\nNew ProSense VCT series vibration transmitters accurately detect vibrations of industrial equipment, primarily rotating equipment such as pumps, motors, compressors, and rolling mills. Vibration sensors provide early detection of developing malfunctions, allowing for timely maintenance before major damage or failure results in costly repairs and production downtime. These MEMS-based sensors are ideal for harsh industrial applications and offer a rugged stainless steel construction, a wide operating temperature range, and a high IP67/68/69K protection rating (depending on the IP rating of the cable used). They provide vibration sensing to standard DIN ISO 10816 and are UL listed, CE marked, RoHS compliant, and come with a 5-year warranty.\nNew Socomec modular Midget and CC Class fuse holders help complete overcurrent protection circuits for industrial systems. These finger-safe, DIN-rail mounted fuse holders are available in 1-, 2-, or 3-pole versions with a blown fuse LED indicator on select models. They are available with up to a 30A capacity and a 200kA interrupt rating.\nSocomec modular fuse holders offer a 1-year warranty and are UL listed, CSA approved, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nAutomationDirect now offers Cat6a industrial Ethernet cables from Murrelektronik. These shielded cables include an M12 X-coded connection on one end and an RJ45 connection on the other. The X-coded designation is commonly used with industrial vision systems. The high-flex industrial Ethernet cables are available in lengths up to 5m with transmission speed capability up to 10Gbps. Cables have a TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) jacket that is flame-retardant and chemical resistant, and come with a one-year warranty.\nAutomationDirect now offers end-of-arm tooling components for robot arm vacuum pick-and-place applications. Components can be purchased individually or in kits that include everything needed to create a single-beam or dual-beam end-of-arm tool. Kits are simple, save time and money, and include structural rails (which support optional internal vacuum), connectors, cup mounts, vacuum tubing, vacuum cups, fittings, basic ejector, flange for Universal robot, and a blank robot flange. Simply cut the structural rails to the desired lengths, determine the location of the suction cups, assemble the unit, and add the robot interface flange for your brand of robot or drill your own using the included blank robot flange. All Schmalz end-of-arm tooling components and kits come with a one-year warranty.\nNew RHINO PRO DC-to-DC converters are designed for harsh industrial environments and provide high EMC immunity, shock/vibration resistance, and thermal shock resistance. This line offers models with 150W outputs at 12, 15, 24, or 48 VDC, and ultra-wide input voltage ranges of 9-36 VDC or 18-75 VDC. They provide protection against overtemperature, overload, short circuit, reverse input, overvoltage, and input undervoltage lock-out, and deliver a constant current output at 100% load, making them ideal for battery charging applications.\nThe new RHINO PRO DC-to-DC converters offer a 3-year warranty and are UL recognized, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nRHINO Pro DC-to-DC converters start at $199.00 (PSRP-12-DC24-150)\nAutomationDirect has extended its line of WEG CFW500 high-performance AC drives to include more horsepower options. With this addition, the high-performance horsepower ratings have been expanded all the way up to 150 hp. Also added are new higher current high-performance 10hp drives as well as 10hp washdown rated IP66/NEMA 4X models. A full range of supporting accessories is also included with this launch. All WEG CFW500 VFDs and accessories come with a one-year warranty.\nNew cables from Quabbin provide even more options for reliable Ethernet and Profinet communication. New continuous flexing 26 AWG Cat5e or Cat6/6a shielded industrial Ethernet cable is available with two or four twisted pairs. New cable jacket options include Zero Halogen Flame Retardant (ZHFR), Flame Retardant Thermoplastic Elastomer (FR-TPE), and Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) jackets. This cable can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 or 25ft minimum depending on style, starting at $0.68 /ft. (Q5772-1) for unshielded versions.\nUnshielded 24 AWG Cat5e industrial Ethernet cable with four twisted pairs is now available and is rated for outdoor use, is resistant to sun and rain, and has additional flame resistance. This cable can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 or 25ft minimum depending on style, starting at $0.77 /ft. (Q5941-1).\nContinuous flexing Profinet cable is now available in a shielded, PLTC-2PR rated, Cat5e 22 AWG size with two twisted pairs, a TPE jacket, and support for Profinet Type B and C communication. This cable can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20ft minimum, starting at $1.30 /ft. (Q5094-1).\nAutomationDirect proudly announces its entry into the hydraulic components market by adding Peninsular hydraulic cylinders to its comprehensive line of automation products. These double-acting cylinders are interchangeable with other popular brands of NFPA hydraulic cylinders, offered with bore sizes from 1-1/2 to 4 inches, stroke lengths up to 24 inches, and tapped end caps for mounting accessories. Accessories include mounting brackets and hardware to ensure a perfect fit as a replacement cylinder on existing equipment. Peninsular hydraulic cylinders and accessories are made in the USA from the highest quality materials and come with a one-year warranty.\nAutomationDirect has added new models of Dold safety relays to our line of safety products. This addition includes more motor standstill monitoring relays with models that support muting, as well as safety relay extension modules with more outputs for safety system expansion. All Dold safety relays come with a one-year warranty.\nAutomationDirect has added more low-cost ProSense top- and side-mount float level switches including the FLS-VM-800 float switch which has a 3/4\" PVC pipe fitting for use in HVAC condensate lines, and the FLS-VD series that includes a 3/4\" MNPT connection for mounting to most standard 3/4\" bungs in 55-gallon drums. Additional float switches, in medium and large sizes, have been added in various material constructions for compatibility with a variety of liquid types, temperature ranges, and system pressures.\nNew ProSense float level switches are CE marked, RoHS compliant, come with a 1-year warranty, and start at $17.25 (FLS-VM-700)\nCable entry systems allow installation of non-terminated or pre-made/terminated cables through an enclosure or other bulkhead surface. Our newest additions to the Murrplastik cable entry system product line provide even more options to fit your specific application.\nThe KDP/R series cable entry system is a round version of the KDP/X series. This series offers a round one-piece frame available in two different frame sizes and can hold up to 46 non-terminated cables in a single frame.\nThe new KDL/H-VA-FDA series FDA compliant stainless-steel split frames, available in three sizes, use KDT/X FDA series grommets and can hold up to 12 pre-made or terminated cables. Also added is the KDP series FDA Cablequick® system, a one-piece stainless-steel frame that can hold up to 56 non-terminated cables. FDA compliant cable entry systems are ideal for food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and any industry requiring sanitary components.\nMurrplastik cable entry systems start at $22.00 (KDP/X series), and general-purpose grommets start at $6.75.\nNew Contrinex specialty inductive proximity sensors are rugged, stainless steel sensors designed for extreme environments. They are offered in 3mm to 50mm diameters and provide a wide range of options and features, including:\nThey come with a lifetime warranty and are UL listed (except high-temperature models), CE marked and RoHS compliant.\nContrinex Inductive Proximity Sensors start at $105.00 (DW-AS-711-M12-967).\nNew LUTZE DRIVEFLEX® and MOTIONFLEX® variable frequency drive cables provide supreme protection against electromagnetic interference (EMI). These cables are available in 18 to 8 AWG sizes and include four black conductors with a green/yellow ground conductor of the same gauge. Each conductor is labeled for easy identification and is covered in a cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE) insulation (type XHHW-2) that is oil and sun resistant, suitable for dry, damp, or wet locations, and is approved for direct burial.\nThe DRIVEFLEX series has a black PVC outer jacket ideal for stationary applications, while the MOTIONFLEX series has a black thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) outer jacket designed for continuous motion applications. Both cables are tray cable - exposed run rated (TCER) for use in cable trays with or without conduit, which can significantly reduce installation costs.\nDRIVEFLEX series cable starts at $3.04 /ft. (A1061804-1) and MOTIONFLEX series cable starts at $4.40 /ft. (A4061804-1). Both are made in the USA and can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 10ft minimum.\nAutomationDirect proudly enters the industrial vision market with the addition of the Datalogic Smart Vision sensor. This vision sensor is an intelligent self-contained system that can capture an object's image as it passes by and make decisions based on the details of that image. One example is a pass/fail decision based on the label orientation or the fill level of a beverage bottle. This Smart-VS sensor is built around a powerful multiprocessor platform featuring embedded artificial intelligence technology, but remains simple to configure using the teach procedure or Web app. Mounting hardware and an assortment of communication cables are also offered, and both the sensor and accessories come with a 36-month warranty.\nAutomationDirect has released additional profiles of SureFrame t-slotted rails. The addition of 30mm x 60mm and 60mm x 60mm profiles to the 30 Series allows for greater project flexibility. The new profiles offer the same durability as the existing lineup of SureFrame rails and are compatible with slotted rails/hardware from most other manufacturers. SureFrame t-slotted rails can be ordered cut to length and are guaranteed against manufacturer defects for one year from the date of purchase.\nNew SureFrame profiles start at $0.21/inch (30-3060C)\nBryant pin and sleeve wiring devices have been added to our offering of low-cost wiring solutions. These devices include nonconductive electrical plugs, connectors, receptacles, and inlets designed to withstand heavy-duty industrial environments and maintain a reliable watertight connection resistant to accidental disconnection. These devices are designed to meet the IEC 60309-1 and IEC 60309-2 international regulations resulting in easy-to-use standardized configurations, and safeguard against connecting devices of different amperage and voltage ratings together.\nIn addition, accessories for these pin and sleeve devices are available to provide various optional mounting methods and watertight seals when not in use.\nBryant pin and sleeve devices start at $74.00 (BRY320P4W) and accessories start at $16.00 (AP2030).\nAutomationDirect has added IDEM Skorpion rotary trapped key systems. These safety systems control access to running equipment with locks and rotary keys. To disable power to machinery and unlock a gate, the key is turned and removed from the control switch. The released key is then inserted into the gate access module to unlock the gate. Standard and solenoid-locking control switches and associated gate sets (sold separately) are available for one to three stations and provide mechanical safeguarding in partial or full body access versions. They are rated for safety applications up to Ple/Category 3 according to EN/ISO 13849-1. IDEM Skorpion rotary trapped key systems and accessories come with a one-year warranty.\nNew control and signal cables from Quabbin are now available in shielded or unshielded versions, with conductor sizes from 24AWG to 16AWG, and with various conductor counts ranging from 2 to 25 conductors depending on cable size. Twisted pair or twisted triad options are also available. Individual conductors are stranded tinned copper with color coded insulation for easy identification; all cables include a PVC chrome gray jacket. These 150-, 300- or 600-volt rated cables are ideal for low voltage control signals and audio applications.\nQuabbin control and signal cables are UL and CSA approved, proudly made in the USA, and can be ordered cut to your specified lengths in 1-foot increments with a 30-ft. minimum. Prices start at $0.23 per foot (Q7120-1).\nNew quality Seifert products have been added to our enclosure thermal management lineup. The SlimLine series enclosure air conditioners are designed for outdoor use and operate with an internal closed loop system to protect from dust, oil, and water. These air conditioners offer up to 4,900 BTU/H, high-performance fans, and are constructed of heavy gauge carbon steel. The SlimLine Vario series air conditioners feature a programmable controller and adjustable compressor for utmost energy savings and provide up to 8,700 BTU/H with Modbus communication for unit monitoring and variable speed control.\nAn additional Seifert SoliTherm thermoelectric cooler allows for cooling capacities as low as 100 BTUs. An external mount frame to fit the new SoliTherm thermoelectric cooler has been added as well.\nA variety of Seifert fan hoods are now available in various sizes in carbon or stainless steel, the latter of which includes a food-safe silicone seal.\nSeifert air conditioners start at $1,856.00 (42661001), the new SoliTherm thermoelectric cooler is priced at $583.00 (3035303) and new fan hoods start at $88.00 (4000000200).\nAutomationDirect has added more intrinsically safe isolation barriers from Stahl. These modules ensure only a safe amount of energy resides in an electrical circuit, installed in a potentially explosive atmosphere, so that no sources of ignition are created. More digital, analog, and temperature modules, new frequency transmitter isolators, and a zener barrier for thermocouple signals have been added. Additional accessories include a configuration kit for the temperature and frequency modules and replacement fuse kits for the zener barrier. Stahl intrinsically safe isolation barrier modules and accessories come with a one-year warranty.\nStahl Intrinsically Safe Isolators start at $202.00 (9002-77-093-300001)\nAdditional LUTZE SILFLEX FBP cable options have been added to our cut-to-length cable lineup. More 20, 18, 14, and 12 AWG shielded and unshielded cables, an additional 16AWG shielded cable, and a new 10AWG shielded cable are now available. LUTZE SILFLEX FBP cable is specifically designed to meet all UL and FDA requirements for cabling used in Food and Beverage facilities. The patent-pending food-safe design of these cables have been evaluated by third party tester Ecolab for resistance to commonly used cleaning agents and a reduction of contamination risk. The Phthalate-free jacket is also resistant to oils and fats that are common to food processing. With the new additions, this cable is now available in sizes ranging from 20AWG to 10AWG with shielded and unshielded versions (10 AWG is available in shielded version only).\nOrder SILFLEX® FBP cables cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 ft. minimum, starting at $1.05/ft (A6012003-1) with free shipping on orders over $49.00.\nThe new intermediate-level L7P servo systems have all the features of our basic L7C series servos, but with a larger range of system sizes and the option for 460 VAC operation. The built-in absolute encoder on each servo motor is also higher resolution at 19-bit (524,288 ppr). L7P systems are available from 100W to 7.5kW with 230 VAC input power, and 900W to 7.5kW with 460 VAC input power. 230 VAC systems can operate single-phase up to 2.2kW. All motors are available with or without a 24 VDC holding brake. The free Drive CM software eases setup/configuration and includes autotuning a lgorithms and an oscilloscope to fully optimize your application. A matched set of LS Electric gearboxes are also available for each motor, with gear ratios of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (7.5kW systems limited to 15:1). Hook-up cables for motor power and encoder connections are available in standard or flex-rated lengths of 3, 5, 10, and 20m. L7P servo system components are warrantied for two years.\nLS Electric L7P servo drives start at $393.00 (L7PA004U-AD)\nLS Electric L7P servo motors start at $273.00 (APMC-FBL01AMK-AD)\nNew CCEA SIRIO Q series LED work lights expand our offering of industrial LED fixtures. These rugged, industrial-grade light bars are ideal for tractors, trucks, trailers, off-road vehicles, and earth-moving machines. Providing up to a 1750 lumen output, they feature an aluminum head on a pan-and-tilt stainless-steel bracket, allowing precise light adjustment in any direction. AC or DC powered models are available with 40° or 60° beam angles and have an IP67/69 protection rating. CCEA SIRIO Q series LED work lights are UL recognized, CSA approved, CE marked, RoHS compliant, and come with a 4-year warranty.\nCCEA SIRIO Q series LED work lights start at $214.00 (SR0921Q0601)\nNew ProSense VCST series vibration sensors accurately detect vibrations of industrial equipment, primarily rotating equipment such as steam and gas turbines, pumps, motors, compressors, and rolling mills. Vibration sensors provide early detection of developing malfunctions, allowing for timely maintenance before major damage or failure results in costly repairs and production downtime. These MEMS based sensors are available with a 0 to 25 mm/s (RMS) or 0 to 50 mm/s (RMS) sensing range, a digital PNP output switch, and an analog 4-20 mA output. They provide vibration sensing to standard DIN ISO 10816, are UL listed, CE marked, RoHS compliant, and come with a 5-year warranty.\nProSense VCST Series Vibration Sensors are priced at $190.00 (VCST-25-1000)\nNew Fuji Command Series pushbuttons, switches, and indicators expand our offering of quality Fuji Electric control and signal devices. New round and rectangular 16mm pilot devices feature an integrated structure with built-in contacts to reduce control panel depth. Their thin-type profile with only 2mm of panel protrusion facilitates high-density mounting and attractive panel designs.\nNew Fuji 19mm (mounting dimension) IP65-rated knob and key selector switches provide up to three switch positions with maintained or spring return action.\nAdditional Fuji Emergency Stop pushbuttons include 16mm, 22mm, and 30mm barrel sizes and up to a 65mm operator. These IP65-rated E-Stops are push-to-lock with mushroom heads, providing normally open and/or normally closed contacts with select models offering lock-out/tag-out capability and LED illumination.\nNew Fuji Command Series pilot devices are UL recognized, CSA approved, CE marked, RoHS compliant, come with a 1-year warranty, and start at $12.00 (DR16F0N-E3G)\nAutomationDirect has added linear slide actuators from igus. These lead screw-driven and belt-driven linear slide actuators can be used as single-axis slides or can provide an economical means of creating high-performance XY or XYZ gantry systems. SAW series lead-screw driven actuators offer a low-cost linear motion solution with travel distances from 50 to 750 mm, widths of 74 and 108 mm, and a 25mm pitch screw. ZLW series belt-drive actuators provide a longer travel axis with lengths from 200 to 1,000 mm and widths of 74 and 90 mm, driven by a 70mm pitch belt. Drive couplings and mounting accessories are available to fit small NEMA framed motors and SureServo motors. All igus linear slide actuator components carry a one-year warranty.\nMore color options are now available for Direct Wire 1kV ALL-FLEX MTW/THHW heavy-duty flexible power cable. This extremely flexible large gauge (8AWG to 500MCM) single-conductor industrial cable is ideal for industrial control panel distribution, VFD power feeds, servo systems, and non-traditional industrial applications including uninterruptable power supply (UPS) and transformer wiring, battery chargers, and marine board applications. With the new color additions, ALL-FLEX large gauge MTW cable is now available in black, brown, yellow, orange, green with a yellow stripe, and can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20ft. (smaller gauges) or 10ft. (larger gauges) minimum. Direct Wire large gauge MTW cable starts at $1.04 per foot and is made in the USA.\nSeveral new products have been added to Stego thermal management devices. Top-mount filter fans, in axial or high-capacity versions, and compatible vents are now available to provide a low-cost cooling solution for enclosures. Additional filter media sizes have also been added to fit the new fans. Top-mount filter fans start at $299.00 (018610-00), new vents start at $97.00 (118600-00), and new filter media start at $9.00 (086130-01)\nRack-mount fan trays provide high-performance forced air circulation in switch and server enclosures, and concerted cooling of 19in rack mounted component groups. Fan trays start at $211.00 (019310-00)\nAdded compact enclosure fan heaters prevent formation of condensation and frost. Additional temperature/humidity sensors work with enclosure heaters to ensure internal air is properly conditioned. Fan heaters start at $301.00 (030921-16); external temperature/humidity sensors start at $55.00 (267071)\nNormally closed (N.C.) adjustable thermostats regulate heaters or other devices when temperatures fall below the setpoint value. Normally open (N.O.) versions activate cooling devices when temperature exceeds the setpoint value. New adjustable thermostats are $21.00 (111000-00)\nAmbient sensors record temperature and humidity and output a 4-20 mA or IO-Link signal that can be used by control/monitoring devices to provide reliable temperature regulation, early problem detection, or monitor heater performance. Ambient sensors start at $157.00 (014112-00)\nAdditional pressure compensator options control pressure within the enclosure by equalizing the pressure differential between the enclosure and the outside environment. New pressure compensators start at $12.00 (284200-00)\nAutomationDirect has added SSP safety enabling switches, also known as \"hold-to-run\" or \"dead man's\" switches. When used in conjunction with a properly designed safety system, they provide the operator with a special control mode for tasks such as maintenance or debugging of hazardous equipment. These switches consist of a spring-return three-position (N.O.-N.C.-N.O.) grip button that must be maintained by the operator in the middle position for the machinery to continue operating. In addition to the grip button, models are available that include a built-in E-stop button, LED indicators, additional pushbuttons for auxiliary functions, or an activity sensor to detect when the switch is in its home position. All models come in a rugged IP67 enclosure and are easy to use even with gloved hands. SSP safety enabling switches and accessories come with a one-year warranty.\nNew ProSense RW mini rectangular photoelectric sensors provide an affordable solution for small applications with very limited space. Available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, retroreflective, and through-beam models, their compact light spot provides accurate detection over long distances. These mini rectangular sensors easily detect small, flat, or highly reflective objects. RW series sensors offer light-on or dark-on operation, are available with NPN or PNP outputs, come with a 1-year warranty, and are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nProSense RW photoelectric sensors start at $44.00 (RWRT-LP-0A)\nNew ISO 5599/1 pneumatic solenoid valve components are completely interchangeable with any brand of ISO 5599/1 equipment. ISO 5599 size 1 and size 2 components include solenoid valve bodies in 5-way, 2-position with a single or double solenoid; and 5-way, 3-position, double solenoid valves with a center-pressure, center-closed, or center-exhaust configuration. Standalone bases and manifold components with a side or bottom orientation and NPT or G-thread ports are also offered. Solenoid coils are available in 12 VDC, 24 VDC, 24 VAC, 110 VAC, and 220 VAC; accessories include manifold blanking plates, inlets, blind ends, and seal kits. All ISO 5599/1 valve components come with a two-year warranty.\nRFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology uses radio frequencies to read and write data to/from electronic labels called tags. RFID technology doesn't require a line of sight between the tag and the Read/Write module to operate, and tags store a large amount of data that can be edited. New Contrinex RFID RW units are available in 18mm or 30mm diameters, and a 44mm x 44mm cube style, with transmission ranges of up to 78mm; these units can communicate to a PLC or other intelligent device over IO-Link. RFID tags are available in 9mm, 16mm, 20mm, 30mm, and 50mm sizes with user memory from 316 to 2000 bytes in either EEPROM or FRAM memory types. A high-temperature tag model is also available. All of these products are rated for IP67 and IP68/69k. All Contrinex RFID RW units and RFID tags come with a one-year warranty.\nNew Winters pressure sensing accessories will protect pressure measurement equipment from pressure surges, superheated media and more, preventing wear and damage to delicate instruments. Siphons protect pressure gauges, transmitters, and switches from the effect of high temperature media such as steam. Pressure snubbers protect instruments by suppressing the effect of damaging pressure pulsations and spikes. Manual isolation and throttling needle valves isolate instruments from the sensed media, while block and bleed valves isolate instruments with the added ability to bleed off unwanted pressure. Both valves allow for quick and easy removal and maintenance of measurement instruments without shutting down the process.\nWinters pressure accessories come with a 5-year warranty and start at $7.75 (SSP556-ADC)\nNew Eaton E58 series 30mm harsh duty photoelectric sensors are among the most rugged and best-sealed photoelectric sensors on the market. Their stainless steel, PVDF, and tempered glass components are mechanically assembled using Vitron seals to ensure resistance to chemicals and moisture intrusion. E58 photoelectric sensors are available in diffuse reflective with background suppression, retroreflective, polarized reflective, and through-beam models. Through-beam models boast an impressive 250m (800ft) sensing range and all models offer incredible excess gain, allowing them to function in heavily contaminated applications. Eaton E58 series sensors offer light-on or dark-on operation, are available with solid state relay or NPN/PNP outputs, come with a 1-year warranty, and are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHS compliant.\nNew ProSense PMRU-2C series true RMS phase monitor relays protect 3-phase equipment from damage that can occur when there is a phase loss, phase reversal, phase unbalance, undervoltage, or overvoltage condition. These relays are designed to provide protection for most generator systems and applications that use non-sinusoidal waveforms. With non-sinusoidal waveforms, the true RMS voltage measurement ensures accurate sensing, eliminating nuisance tripping.\nAlso added are ProSense voltage monitor relays for AC single-phase (50 to 60 Hz) or DC circuits to protect equipment from voltage faults. Over/under voltage relays, with fixed or adjustable time-delay drop-out, offer protection from over- or under-voltage conditions. Voltage band relays protect equipment required to operate within an upper and lower voltage limit; the relay is energized if the monitored voltage remains within the adjustable range.\nProSense PMRU-2C Phase Monitor Relays start at $79.00 (PMRU-2C-500A)\nProSense Voltage Monitoring Relays start at $65.00 (VMR-2C-F-120A)\nThe new series of IronHorse MTRJ centrifugal jet pump motors offer an economical motor solution and come in a TEFC enclosure with a 56J frame that has a threaded shaft for direct connection to a jet pump. These jet pump motors are available in 120/230 VAC from 1/3 to 2hp and in 208-230/460 VAC from 1/3 to 3hp at 3600rpm. They have a bolt-on - bolt-off base and single-phase models include built-in thermal protection.\nThe MTS series of IronHorse motors are premium efficiency (EISA compliant) motors with a IP69K-rated stainless steel construction and are capable of surviving the harshest of environments. Now available in sizes from 1/3 to 20hp! in 208-230/480VAC 3-phase and in speeds of 1200, 1800, and 3600rpm. These harsh duty motors come in a TEFC or TENV 304 stainless steel enclosure (end bracket, junction box and hardware are also 304 stainless steel) and are acceptable for use in Class I, Div 2 hazardous locations. They carry the baking industry's BISSC certification and are certified by NEMA, CSA, UL as well as CE. MTS series motors are offered in C-Face with rigid base and round body footless versions.\nIronHorse motors have a 2-year warranty from the date of purchase.\nThe DURApulse GS10 series is our newest and most affordable line of micro AC drives. The GS10 drives come in a variety of voltage and horsepower ratings including single-phase 120VAC models in sizes from ¼ to 1 hp, single-phase 230VAC models from ¼ to 3hp, three-phase 230VAC models from ¼ to 7.5 hp, and 460VAC three-phase units from ½ to 10 hp. Even with the low price, these drives still support advanced features such as sensorless vector control, PID control, multiple motor support for induction motors, as well as the ability to control permanent magnet motors. Modbus RTU communication and generous built-in I/O including analog, digital (w/ one 10kHz pulse train input), and relay are standard. These new DURApulse GS10 micro AC drives come with a two-year warranty. NEMA 1 conduit boxes, DIN rail mounting kits, braking resistors, and more are offered as optional accessories.\nOur new addition of Fandis Virdis series filter fans provides a low-cost thermal management solution for applications where surrounding temperatures are low enough to be used to cool the inside of an enclosure. Most filter fans are available with a NEMA 12 rating for indoor use. NEMA 3R versions are specifically designed to preserve the integrity of components housed within an electrical enclosure located outdoors. Fans are available in various voltages and dimensions, with roof mount units offered for limited space applications.\nNew Fandis filter fans start at $66.00 (FF08A115UN)\nIn addition, Fandis Virdis series vents and grilles that work with the fans are available to draw filtered cooler ambient air into the enclosure. Vents and grilles in various sizes and materials start at $15.00 (VENT-2-P10)\nNew Captron Caneo Series10 and Series41 pushbuttons expand our offering of capacitive pushbutton switches. Series10 switches, suitable for a wide range applications, feature 360° visibility and are available in standard, stainless steel, and hygienic EHEDG-certified models. Series41 switches offer a large 2.36\" diameter touch surface, a 7-segment display, and are ideal for applications requiring an intuitive and clearly visible status display. Captron Caneo series pushbuttons are CSA approved, CE marked, RoHs compliant, and come with a 5-year warranty.\nCaptron Caneo series capacitive switches start at $59.00 (CS10KMLDT-C10-00A6)\nNew Contrinex C23 standard and clear object detection photoelectric sensors expand our offering of discrete sensors. These Contrinex mini rectangular sensors are made in the USA and are available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, retroreflective, and through-beam models. Additionally, Contrinex TRU-C23 UV photoelectric sensors are ideally suited for detecting transparent objects such as plastic or glass. Since transparent materials absorb large amounts of polarized UV light, it is very easy to set the threshold at which these sensors switch.\nSelect models are IO-Link® compatible, and all sensor outputs are complementary, allowing them to be used as a light-on or dark-on sensor. They come with a 2-year warranty and are UL listed, CE marked, and RoHs compliant.\nContrinex C23 Photolelectric Sensors start at $32.00 (LTR-C23PA-PMK-603)\nIO-Link is a powerful field I/O protocol capable of handling traditional field I/O along with diagnostic data from intelligent field devices including device health, configured parameters, and performance.\nIO-Link master modules are the interface between field devices and higher-level controllers/information systems, and they also control data traffic between the connected devices. Two IO-Link master modules are now available that convert IO-Link signals to/from EtherNet/IP, OPC UA, and MQTT.\nIO-Link hubs are also available with up to 16 multifunctional DIO channels that allow standard sensors and actuators to connect to an IO-Link master using a single cable. IO-Link hubs provide an economical solution for a highly decentralized installation.\nA variety of IO-Link capable photoelectric and proximity sensors are available that provide signal data as well as internal diagnostics for better insight into sensor performance. IO-Link master modules will also work with any 3rd party IO-Link-capable sensor/actuator.\nIO-Link master modules start at $290.00 and hubs start at $180.00 , with a 2-year warranty provided for both. IO-Link enabled sensors start at $16.00 with select models offering a limited lifetime warranty. IO-Link master modules, hubs, and their connected sensors/actuators are easily integrated with Productivity PLCs using task libraries available in the Productivity Suite programming software.\nDrive isolation transformers from Hammond Power Solutions offer a rugged design that allows them to withstand the mechanical stresses, voltage distortions, and heating associated with motor drives. In addition to all of the benefits of a line reactor, they also provide isolation, common-mode noise and transient suppression, and prevent drive-induced ground currents from being passed upstream. Available in a range of sizes for 5 to 200 hp drives, they come with a 460V delta primary, a 460Y secondary, and include multiple taps for additional voltages.\nThe transformers are UL Listed, CSA certified and come with a 10-year warranty.\nHPS drive isolation transformers starts at $1,191.00 (DM007JJ)\nNew sizes and styles of FATH T-slotted rail hardware are now available for use with SureFrame and other brands of T-slot rail. New fasteners include socket head cap screws, flanged button head socket cap Torx head screws, flat head socket cap screws, self-tapping screws and reducer bushings; also new are additional sizes of button head socket cap head screws, roll-in T-slot nuts, hammer nuts, eonomy nuts, caster adapter plates and transport base/plates. All FATH T-slotted hardware components have a 1-year warranty.\nStainless steel linear variable inductance transducers (LVITs) from Alliance Sensors Group expand our lineup of linear position sensors. These sensors convert the linear displacement of an object into a proportional analog output.\nThe compact LZ13 series has a 1/2-inch diameter stainless steel body in stroke lengths up to 200 mm. The larger LZ19 series feature stroke lengths up to 375 mm. The rugged LV series comes with a 45mm diameter stainless steel body and rod, and a rod eye mounting system that provides freedom of motion while tracking linear movement along a single axis.\nThe Alliance LVIT proprietary SenSetTM process provides the ability to match the end points of the sensor's analog output with the ends of the range of motion of a workpiece (such as a hydraulic cylinder ram) in which the sensor is installed. The SenSet feature permits the user to optimize the position measuring system resolution over the full range of motion.\nThese transducers are CE, RoHS approved, made in the USA, and have a 1-year warranty.\nThe LZ series starts at $296.00 (LZE19-2.5A-00-10S)\nwhile the LV series starts at $922.00 (LVE45-100R-01-10S)\nNew Optris infrared pyrometers use non-contact sensing to determine the surface temperature of an object based on its emitted infrared radiation. They can read the temperature of inaccessible or moving objects without difficulty.\nOptris CS LT series infrared pyrometers are ideally suited for temperature measurement in small and narrow environments. These sensors feature rugged stainless steel construction, a broad measuring range (-50°C to 1030°C [-58°F to 1886°F]), and a rating for use in ambient temperatures up to 80°C (176°F) without the need for additional cooling. Optris CSmicro series miniature infrared pyrometers can be used in ambient temperatures up to 120°C (248°F); their small size allows them to be installed in tight spaces.\nOptris infrared pyrometers are CE marked, RoHS compliant and have a 2-year warranty.\nNew Optris CS LT series infrared pyrometers start at $125.00 (OPTCSLT15SFCB1)\nNew Optris CS micro series infrared pyrometers start at $250.00 (OPTCSMALT15SF0505)\nOur new line of Saginaw enclosure air conditioners is designed to keep the internal temperature of an electrical enclosure at a safe level, protecting the enclosed equipment from overheating and moisture damage. These air conditioners utilize closed-loop cooling to keep contaminants in the ambient air out of the enclosure, and are perfect for applications where filter fans are not sufficient or where the ambient temperature is not adequate for a heat exchanger.\nThese rugged, energy efficient, and reliable Enviro-Therm air conditioners offer superior cooling capacity, up to 21,160 BTU/H, and are constructed with heavy gauge carbon or stainless steel. The NextGen Enviro-Therm series provides excellent cooling with even better efficiency. Both series are available with various BTU/H, voltages, dimensions, and NEMA ratings to meet your specific needs. The new Saginaw enclosure air conditioners are easily installed, use an environmentally friendly and chlorine-free refrigerant, come with a reusable mesh filter, and start at $2,180.00 (SCE-NG1195B230V)\nAdditional safety mats, edges and bumpers from ASO Safety Solutions protect people and machinery from harm. Mats detect the presence of personnel on horizontal surfaces (usually the floor); edges can be used on any surface, usually near possible crushing or shearing points; and bumpers are used in applications involving vehicles or other moving equipment.\nNew safety mats added (from $219.00) include five additional sizes of the standard black straight and taper edge mats and four new mats in safety yellow.\nNew safety edges (from $42.50) include additional 25 x 30mm profile edges with a sealing lip, and a new 30 x 70mm profile option. They are available in lengths up to 5 feet.\nNew safety bumpers (from $332.00) increase our 60 x 100mm offering to a maximum length of 6 feet; 100 x 200mm profile bumpers, in lengths from 1 to 6 feet, were also added. These bumpers are resistant to vibration and excellent for mobile applications such as industrial vehicles. Mounting rails are included to simplify installation.\nAll new safety products from ASO Safety Solutions come with a 1-year warranty.\nStarting at $42.50 (1502-6220)\nCLICK PLUS PLCs maintain the simplicity of the original CLICK but with advanced capabilities including Wi-Fi communication, MQTT support, data logging, and now motion control. This software release allows any CLICK PLUS CPU to be configured as a 3-axis PTO/PWM motion controller. 100kHz high-speed input and output capabilities are supported for any DC option slot I/O module placed in slot 0 of the CPU. With this capability, CLICK PLUS PLCs can easily perform velocity moves, homing commands or interpolated positioning. The easy-to-use configuration GUI built into the software and the three new motion instructions (Velocity Move, Position Move and Home) make it a cinch to control simple motion applications.\nCLICK PLUS CPUs start at $93 with FREE software, high-speed I/O capable option slot modules start at $56, and both come with a two-year warranty.\nLUTZE SILFLEX® FBP cable is specifically designed to meet all the UL and FDA requirements for cabling used for Food and Beverage facilities. The patent-pending food-safe design of these cables have been evaluated by third party tester Ecolab for resistance to commonly used cleaning agents and reduction of contamination risk. LUTZE SILFLEX® FBP cables are available in sizes ranging from 20 AWG to 12 AWG, and in shielded and unshielded versions. The Phthalate-free jacket is also resistant to oils and fats that are common to food processing.\nOrder SILFLEX® FBP cables cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20 ft. minimum, starting at $1.23/ft (A6012004-1) with free shipping for orders over $49.00\nThe Productivity family of controllers now offers the MQTT protocol for connections to cloud computing platforms. MQTT has become the front-runner for many machine-to-machine (M2M) and IIoT/cloud networking applications, due to its lightweight overhead and reduced bandwidth consumption. Productivity PLCs now support MQTT communication and with the fill-in-the-blank MQTT messaging configurations within Productivity Suite, delivering vital data to advanced cloud computing platforms is easy.\nThe EDS file library offers a powerful way to organize and sort your EDS files when configuring EtherNet/IP communications - automatically group by device type or vendor and manage versions. AutomationDirect.com EtherNet/IP EDS files come already installed for added convenience.\nNew encapsulated core general-purpose transformers from Acme Electric use electrical grade silica and resin compounds to completely enclose the core and coil to protect it from corrosion and insulation deterioration. They are available in various voltages and sizes from 0.25 to 25 kVA.\nIn addition, new Acme Electric buck-boost transformers provide a low-cost and reliable option to correct off-standard voltages. They are available in a range of sizes from 0.25 to 5 kVA.\nThe transformers are UL Listed, CE marked, RoHS compliant and come with a 10-year warranty.\nNew Acme Electric Encapsulated Core General Purpose Transformers start at $103.00 (T253007S)\nNew Acme Electric Encapsulated Buck-Boost Transformers start at $125.00 (T181050)\nNew Quabbin commercial Ethernet cables and data cables bring even more choices to meet all your wiring/cabling needs. The new 26 and 24 AWG commercial Ethernet cables have a round, smooth design for added flexibility that allows easy manipulation between devices during installation and routing. These cables are available in Cat5e/6/6a/6e types, in shielded and unshielded versions; are suitable for applications from 10 Base-T to 1000 Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet); and can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20ft minimum, starting at $0.35/ft.\nNew Quabbin RS-422/485 data cables in 24, 22, and 20 AWG sizes are high quality, low-capacitance data cables are designed with impedances specific for RS-422 and RS-485 communication applications in industrial environments. These new Quabbin data cables can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 25ft minimum, starting at $0.58/ft.\nGladiator GCB Series molded case circuit breakers have been added to the lineup of circuit protection devices. Available in two or three-pole configurations, these high-performance circuit breakers are offered with a selection of trip units and provide up to 100kA interrupting capacity. A variety of accessories provides connection to external disconnect handles and offer auxiliary functions such as status monitoring, and shunt or undervoltage trip. The breakers are UL listed, CE approved and RoHS compliant.\nThe Gladiator GCB Series breakers start at $160.00 and come with a 2-year warranty. (GCB100S-2FF15LL)\nInclination sensors have been added to our growing lineup of position transducers. Gefran inclination sensors use cutting-edge MEMS technology to provide reliable and precise tilt angle measurement with respect to gravity. These rugged sensors, suitable for the harshest environments, come in an encapsulated, thermoplastic housing with a high IP67/69K rating. They are available with an integrated cable or M12 quick-disconnect; M12 quick-disconnect models are fully redundant, having two sensors in one housing. They are CE marked and RoHs compliant.\nGefran inclination sensors start at $192.00 and come with a 3-year warranty. (GIB-Z-360-V-2A)\nAutomationDirect has added cable entry systems and additional cable glands from Bimed. The BPA series cable entry system allows cables to be installed through an enclosure or other bulkhead surface without requiring disassembly of connectors from pre-made or terminated cables. The BRM series allows for a high density of non-terminated cables to be installed through a small area of an enclosure or other bulkhead surface without compromising environmental protections.\nNew cable glands include EMC rated models available in NPT, PG, and metric threads. EMC cable glands maintain shielded cable integrity, allowing entry without compromising the cable shield's protection from electromagnetic interference. A selection of hygienic cable glands is also available in NPT and metric threads. Hygienic stainless-steel glands have a smooth finish with no threads exposed to prevent buildup of contaminants, ideal for use in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and any industry requiring cleanroom technology. A hygienic-EMC combo cable gland is also available.\nBimed Cable glands start at $22.75 (set of 5 EMC type glands), cable entry frames start at $8.75 , and general-purpose grommets start at $6.75 .\nAutomationDirect has added WAGO Pro2 power supplies to their growing lineup of performance power supplies. These high-efficiency power supplies reduce losses, save cabinet space, and increase energy savings. With TopBoost, PowerBoost, and parameterizable overload behavior, WAGO Pro2 power supplies protect equipment and provide intelligent current and switching modes. The free configuration software includes long-term monitoring for maintenance and service, preventing costly downtime.\nAlso added are WAGO DIN-rail mount DC-to-DC converters in a compact, terminal-block style that optimizes cabinet space; they accept a wide range of DC source inputs and convert them to the required voltage levels.\nThese new performance WAGO power supplies start at $179.00 and come with a 2-year warranty. (2787-2144)\nNew MurrElektronik M12 cables and connectors provide solutions for Ethernet communications and power transmission for industrial devices. The M12 Cat5e Ethernet shielded cables include M12 axial male D-coded 4-pin connector to pigtail terminations. Another new addition is the M12 L-code power cables available in various connector styles that include M12 to M12; M12 to RJ45; RJ45 to RJ45; and M12 to pigtail. M12 D-code and L-code connectors and adapters have also been added to provide custom terminations for specific applications.\nStarting at $36.50 (7700-P4201-U0D0200)\nNew Contrinex metal M12 and M18 photoelectric sensors expand our offering of discrete sensors. These Contrinex sensors, made in the USA, are available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, retroreflective and through-beam models. Select models are IO-Link® compatible, and all sensor outputs are complementary, allowing them to be used as a light-on or dark-on sensor. They come with a 2-year warranty and are UL listed, CE marked and RoHs compliant.\nStarting at $27.50 (LLR-M12MA-NMK-400)\nNew additions to our lineup of Wiegmann enclosures include new NEMA 4/4X/12/13 rated stainless steel 22mm pushbutton enclosures; NEMA 4 rated carbon steel wiring troughs with hinged cover; and NEMA 1 rated carbon steel corner-mount including models with knockouts.\nWiegmann is a well-trusted brand and one of the largest enclosure manufacturers in North America, manufacturing a wide variety of carbon steel, galvanized steel, stainless steel, and aluminum enclosures, including disconnects, pushbutton and operator consoles and consolets.\nStarting at $71.00 (RSCG040412)\nLUTZE SILFLEX® 24VDC flexible control cable is an industrial-rated low voltage cable ideal for both stationary and flexible applications with limited mechanical stress and free movement without any tensile stress, loads or forced movements. These cables are available in sizes from 18 AWG to 16 AWG with 3 to 19 unshielded conductors. The rugged outer jacket provides resistance to sunlight, oil and moisture penetration, making these cables suitable for wet and dry locations as well as outdoors. These cables carry UL approval and TC-ER, Type MTW, Class 2 Division ratings, and can be ordered cut to length in 1-foot increments with a 20ft minimum. LUTZE 24VDC control cable starts at $0.81 per foot and is made in the USA.\nStarting at $1.10 /ft. (20 ft. min.) (A3251803-1)\nAutomation Direct has added current, rate, process and temperature displays to their TRUMETER ADM series of graphical panel meters. These panel meters feature a programmable bar graph to provide an instant visual representation of an analog meter. They have customizable messages and alarms to alert operators when a parameter is out of range. The updated software includes 10 alarm points, 20-point linearization and better scaling. These panel meters come with a 3-year warranty and are UL listed, CE marked and RoHS compliant.\nIn addition to the graphical panel meters, Automation Direct has added a new line of low-cost TRUMETER hour meters and counters. Available in electromechanical and battery-powered units, they provide reliable counting and run hours tracking for any application. Optional gaskets are available to allow for Nema 4/4X rating when mounted in a suitable enclosure\nTRUMETER graphical panel meters start at $85.00 (ADM100C-LN, ADM100C-LP)\nTRUMETER hour meters and counters start at $22.00 (3400-0000)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Potrebujeme váš súhlas na využitie jednotlivých dát, aby sa vám okrem iného mohli ukazovať informácie týkajúce sa vašich záujmov. Súhlas udelíte kliknutím na tlačidlo „OK“.\nStandard Test Method for Determination of Contamination Level of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Middle Distillate and Residual Fuels Using Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—Rapid Screening Method\nNORMA vydaná dňa 15.10.2021\nOznačenie normy: ASTM D7963-21\nDátum vydania normy: 15.10.2021\nKód tovaru: NS-1041896\nPočet strán: 7\nPribližná hmotnosť: 21 g (0.05 libier)\nKrajina: Americká technická norma\nKategória: Technické normy ASTM\nbiodiesel contamination, FAME, FA-FTIR, FTIR, methyl esters,, ICS Number Code 75.160.20 (Liquid fuels)\n|Significance and Use|\n5.1The present and growing international governmental requirements to add Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) to diesel fuel has had the unintended side-effect of leading to potential FAME contamination of fuels in multi-fuel transport facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines, and industry wide concerns. This has led to a requirement to measure contamination levels in diesel and other fuels to assist custody transfer issues.\n5.2Analytical methods have been developed with the capability of measuring down to <5 mg/kg levels of FAME in aviation turbine fuel (AVTUR), however these are complex, and require specialized personnel and laboratory facilities. This Rapid Screening method has been developed for use in the supply chain by non-specialized personnel to cover the range of 20mg/kgto 500000mg/kg (0.002%to50%).\n5.3A similar procedure, Test Method , is available for AVTUR in the range 10 mg/kg to 150mg/kg. Test Method uses the same apparatus, with a specific model developed for AVTUR.\n1.1This test method specifies a rapid screening method using flow analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FA-FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS) processing for the quantitative determination of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) contamination of middle distillates, in the range of 20mg/kg to 1000mg/kg, and of middle distillates and residual fuels, following dilution, for levels above 0.1 %.\nNote 1: describes a dilution procedure to significantly expand the measurement range above 1000 mg/kg for distillates and to enable measurement of residual oils\nNote 2:This test method detects all FAME components, with peak IR absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and CNote 3:Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors are measured with the FAME by the FTIR spectrometer. However any potential interference effects of these additives are eliminated by the flow analysis processing.\nNote 4:The scope of this test method does not include aviation turbine fuel which is addressed by Test Method .\n1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.\n1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.\n1.4This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.\n|2. Referenced Documents|\nChcete mať istotu o platnosti využívaných predpisov?\nPonúkame Vám riešenie, aby ste mohli používať stále platné (aktuálne) legislatívne predpisy\nChcete vedieť viac informácií ? Pozrite sa na túto stránku.\nPosledná aktualizácia: 2022-07-01 (Počet položiek: 2 574 846)\n© Copyright 2022 NORMSERVIS s.r.o.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Software, Automation & Control :: Instrumentation, Automation & Control :: Data Recording & Transmission\nMarch 28, 2011\nConvert local flow signals for long distance transmission\nGF Piping Systems Signet 8550 Meters (photo) convert the signal from a Signet flow sensor into a 4–20-mA signal for long distance transmission. Features include single or dual input/output, two optional relays for process control...\nThis information is only available to Gold members.\nForgot your user ID or password? Click here to have it sent to you.\nNot a member yet?\nUPGRADE now to full archive accces and you will receive:\nA discount on full delegate pass to ChemInnovations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pt100 temperature sensor / NTC / thermistor / insertion\nPt100, NTC, thermistor\nstainless steel, compact, immersion\nengine, for marine applications\nMax.: 120 °C (248 °F)\nMin.: 0 °C (32 °F)\nStainless-steel stick-in sensor, Pt100/NTC thermistor.\nCompact and robust design.\nIdeal for shipbuilding, thanks to their construction and approvals.\nSimple assembly with protection tube.\nConnection using tab connector, cable outlet at the side.\nPressure resistance up to 40 bar.\nAvailable in various immersion depths.\nCompatible measuring transducers, limit value switches and analogue indicators available.\nDesign available with a Pt100 or an NTC thermistor measuring element.\nApprovals: BV, DNV-GL", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "There are mainly several types of hollow drum materials on the market, but the basic mountains are all metal.\nThe best sounding is the butterfly drum in the market. The copper infiltration process makes the sound of the ethereal drum ethereal. The sound reaches an extreme bottom, and at the same time purifies the noise in the drum, making the sound of the ethereal drum more pure and moving.\nThe second material is an ethereal drum with added carbon steel, referred to as carbon steel ethereal drum. It uses a unique ratio of carbon and steel. The addition of carbon steel in a perfect proportion makes the structure of the ethereal drum more in line with the sounding principle, and adopts annealing and impurity removal technology. , To remove the excess impurities in the Ethereal Drum, so that the sound of the Ethereal Drum is improved to a certain extent.\nThe third type is titanium steel alloy material. Compared with the above two materials, the advantages may not be so obvious. The biggest feature is that the basic material is sufficient, the sound is stable, and the annealing process is also used to further purify the impurities of the empty drum, but Relatively speaking, there is still no moving music of the first two.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Safety cover protection desktop 30W laser marking machine\n1.It’s adopts famous brand JPT/Raycus Fiber Laser source, the transportation rate of electricity\nand optic is high, the function is stable and Maintenance-free and 100,000 hours long life time.\n2.Double red dots more easy to get focus.\n3.Fiber Laser Marking machine has advantages of high efficiency, convenience, no consumable\nmaterials, innocuity, no pollution and so on.\n4.Adopt all-new structure ,exquisite appearance,centralized intelligent control system. fiber laser\nmarking machine support full-English operating interface. Fiber laser marking machine is easy\nto learn and operate.\n5.Quality Taiwan meanwell power supply and Schneider AC conductor and switch\n6.Best quality digital SINO-GALVO/GALVO-TECH SCANNER head.,small volume, quick speed, good\nstability, performance reached the international advanced level.\n7.Genuine EZCAD control program compatible with win7/win8/win10 system with USB cable;\n8.Fiber laser marking machine with self-clean system , fiber laser marking machine can eliminate\nthe dust when it works, keep the fresh environment all the time.\n9.Whole machine warrantied 2 years;\n10.It can both install q-switched source and mopa laser source.\n1.Fine marking on Metal and some nonmetal materials\n2. black,white marking on stainless steel\n3. Black marking on stainless steel and anodized aluminium by mopa source\n4. Mold steel engraving\n5.a bit little depth engrave\nFiber laser source:Raycus,IPG\nMarking Depth:less than 1mm\nMarking speed:less than 7000mm/s\nMinimum line width:0.015mm\nPower Requirement:less than 500w\nBeam quality:M2 less than 1.5\nFocus Spot diameter less than 0.01mm\nTestimonials We are very satisfied with the galvo fiber laser marker which purchased from ZoeyExporting,we received it with very fast delivery,and customer service we feel comfortable,including software power,speed,frequency setting for different material,like plastic,stainless steel,etc., I like it ,Hope long-term business with them.— Mehdi", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Stream Sensor Slideshow\nUntil recently, the high cost of building infrastructure, equipment, and maintenance meant that gauges to measure river and stream levels in Iowa were relatively rare. One of the Iowa Flood Center’s priorities has been to develop an affordable monitoring system to provide up-to-the minute data on Iowa’s streams and rivers. IFC students helped develop an electronic sensor to measure stream levels and transmit data back to the center. The sensor is placed on bridges and uses sonar to measure the distance from the water’s surface to the sensor. The information is transmitted via cell phone to a central database, and provides a time-sensitive picture of current stream levels. Click any photo below for a gallery about the stream sensor project.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical method based on inspection of the crystalline structure of samples used in applications, such as metallurgy, mineralogy, powders, pigments, polymers, surface layers, and strain mapping. The traditional X-ray diffraction uses monochromatic X-rays which make the apparatus large and slow. ADVACAM’s spectral detectors based on Timepix3 chip with high resolution make the diffraction system fast and compact. The sample analysis can be performed 100 times faster compared to the conventional systems. Due to the fast speed of the analysis large areas of the sample can be analyzed by scanning.\nPolychromatic X-ray diffraction\nThe polychromatic X-ray beam (instead of monochromatic) can be used with ADVACAM’s energy dispersive detectors. Polychromatic X-ray diffraction system is compact and less complex than the one with monochromatic X-ray that requires mechanically moving parts. The high-resolution spectral detector can be placed close to the sample covering a large solid angle.\nThe high intensity of the polychromatic X-ray beam enables a high speed of data accumulation. Broad energy range from 3 to 150 keV can be covered with the polychromatic X-ray tube. The high X-ray energies allow transmission and diffraction study of highly absorbing samples, such as stainless steel, heavy metals, and minerals. The X-ray diffraction at high energies has only been possible with large synchrotron accelerators so far. ADVACAM’s spectral detectors enable users to perform synchrotron measurements at their desks.\nThe example on the right shows a polychromatic diffraction image of silicon powder using a standard and spectral detector AdvaPIX TPX3. The standard detector mixes all the energies and the image is useless in identifying diffractograms in a stationary diffraction setup. The spectral detector is able to observe the rings clearly and identify multiple diffractograms. By recalculating and summing the diffractograms (1 keV energy intervals) one is able to visualize the lattice constant of the material shown on the right for the Si powder.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Milk analyzers consist of Lactoscan FARMECO, Lactoscan MCCW, Lactoscan SAP, Lactoscan S, Mastitis Indicator Paper & more.\nMilk analyzers(MA) that use ultrasonic technology measure all of the major milk characteristics very precisely and quickly. Without the use of chemicals or reagents, FAT, SNF, Density, Protein, Lactose, Salts, Added water, Sample Temperature, Freezing point, Electrical conductivity *, pH* Milk scanners use ultrasonic technology to analyze milk quickly and accurately. As a result, the gadgets are small and inexpensive.\nThere are two types of milk testers: Master and Lactomat. All of the (MA) are pre-calibrated and ready to use, and they can test any form of raw animal milk, including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, and horse milk, as well as UHT, pasteurized, and skimmed milk. Each milk test requires a tiny sample of 20ml and is completed in 60 seconds or 30 seconds by milk testers, depending on the type of milk analyzer selected by the client. Lactomat Rapid and Lactomat Rapid Mini MA evaluate each milk sample in approximately 18 seconds, making them the fastest ultrasonic milk testing devices on the market.\nInternal memory is built into every MA. Depending on the gadget model, it can save anywhere from 50 to 500 measurements. All milk testers come with RS 232 and USB connectors, allowing them to be connected to a computer or a thermal printer. A one-year guarantee applies to all milk analyzers. It covers all manufacturing flaws that aren’t caused by poor maintenance or incorrect use. On the client’s request, each MA can be outfitted with a variety of additional functions.\nRange of Measurement of All Milk Analyzers\nMilk Fat _ Depending on the model our milk analyzers measure Fat between 0% and 45%\nSolids-Non-Fat (SNF)_ Range of measurement is between 3% and 40%\nMilk Density_ Our devices analyze milk density in the range 1000 – 1160 kg/m ³\nProtein in Milk_ Most professional milk analyzers can detect protein in the scope of 2% – 15%\nLactose Analysis_ The range of most available analyzers is between 0.01% – 20%\nAdded Water in Milk_ All milk analyzers can detect the added water in milk in the range 0% – 70%. Appr. accuracy of the measurement is +/-3%\npH of Milk_ All milk analyzers can be equipped additionally with a pH probe and measure milk pH in the range 0 – 14", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Jump to Main Content\nThe Raman scattering of trirutile structure MgTa₂O₆ single crystals grown by the optical floating zone method\n- Xu, Dapeng, Gao, Shuohui, Liu, Wenqiang, Liu, Ying, Zhou, Qiang, Li, Liang, Cui, Tian, Yuan, Hongming\n- RSC advances 2019 v.9 no.2 pp. 839-843\n- Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, air, ambient temperature, crystals\n- Single crystals of the trirutile structure MgTa₂O₆ were grown via an optical floating zone method in an air atmosphere. The as-grown crystals were pale yellow and transparent and the natural cleavage plane formed during the crystal growth was determined by XRD2 to be along the c-axis direction. The variations in valence were investigated by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The room-temperature axis-relative polarized Raman spectra of trirutile MgTa₂O₆ crystals were described. The order–disorder effect was detected via temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Experience of working in the field has taught Sabre that only the toughest and most reliable equipment should be used. The equipment Sabre offers has continued to function in extremes of climate from arctic snow and offshore wind and rain to desert sand storms and humid tropical jungle. Sabre believes that it provides the best, most up-to-date and well-maintained equipment on the market. Keeping abreast of new developments in breathing air and gas detection and operating a policy of continual improvement in its rental fleet is of the utmost importance to Sabre.\nA Breathing Apparatus (BA) is an item of safety equipment which allows the wearer to work safely in an IDLH atmosphere by providing air to a sealed mask from a stored container or cylinder. The cylinder can either be carried by the user or stored at a remote location with the air being supplied via an airline. A BA typically has three main components: a high-pressure tank (e.g. 200bar to 300bar), a pressure regulator and an inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask) connected and mounted to a carrying frame. The Advanced Carrying System (ACS), has been developed after considerable research and investment. The new ACS is set to become an industry standard carrier for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) in the marine, industrial and fire markets.\nSabre Safety offers various products and accessories relating to breathing apparatus. The products currently on offer are as follows:\n- Escape supplied air including the ELSA Dash, ELSA Muster, ELSA Sprint and Sabre ELSA.\n- Airline supplied air such as the Air Filter Unit (AFU), Modulair and the Sabre Flite.\n- Supplied air accessories for your breathing apparatus including storage cabinets and carrying cases.\n- SCBA supplied air including Advance Carrying System (ACS), Cenpaq, ProPak, Sabre Contour and Sabre Sigma 2.\nBreathing Air Cascade System\nCascade systems are deployed to ensure personnel at risk from exposure to H2S have available a safe and reliable supply of breathable air. Outlet manifolds and plug-in points are located in critical areas to allow workers who may have to continue essential operations, such as emergency well control, to continue working for an extended period beyond the 30-minutes usually offered when utilising Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). The use of a cascade system ensures that essential crew have breathable air available during and beyond the expected duration of the operation thus ensuring the safe completion of the work required.\nSabre Safety’s breathing air cascade systems are designed and built by us to the highest possible standards. Their performance parameters exceed all required regulations and manufacturers recommendations both in the duration available and flow-rate. This ensures the highest level of protection available to the workforce in an H2S or other toxic gas environment.\nA typical cascade system would be based around the following equipment set:\ncontainerised breathing air cascade system with high pressure air compressor for charging the air bank and SCBA cylinders, 15 x 50Litre cylinder high pressure air storage bank, high performance reducer assembly and control panel feeding multiple point outlet manifold. This equipment set can provide over sixty man-hours of air without re-charging, an essential factor since if there are toxic and/or flammable gasses in the atmosphere the compressor cannot be used.\nThe supporting air distribution system consists of a series of supply lines which deliver air to the essential areas on the drill site or offshore installation. Outlet manifolds and retractor reels provide plug-in points for the crew to connect instantly to the cascade system in the event of a release of toxic gas and receive a safe supply of breathing air.\nSabre Tempest – Small Footprint Cascade System\nSabre’s unique Typhoon cascade system is built to the same exacting standards as our main cascade units. The small footprint and fully independent design allows for rapid deployment on sites where space is at a premium.\nSabre Typhoon – Trailer mounted Cascade System\nIdeal for onshore operations which require breathing air support. Using the same technology as the Sabre Tempest, the wheeled Typhoon cascade system is designed to be brought quickly to the worksite and personnel can be working ‘under air’ within minutes.\nA gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases which might be harmful to humans to your workforce.\nVarious types are available ranging from a simple portable single gas detector to a full fixed gas detection system covering large areas and incorporating many fixed sensors. Gas detection equipment is categorised into 4 main groups.\nH2S gas detection systems and personal gas detectors are designed to provide the earliest possible warning of the presence of H2S thereby allowing the personnel at risk of exposure to take appropriate action such as donning their Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) to escape or to connect to the safe breathable air available from the cascade system.\nThe methods of gas detection Sabre currently offers are as follows:\n- Personal gas detection – Portable gas detection is used to monitor the atmosphere around personnel and is worn on clothing or on a belt/harness. There are many types available from single gas detectors to four or five gas detectors. They are usually battery operated. Personal gas detectors transmit warnings via a series of audible and visible signals such as alarms and flashing lights when dangerous levels of gas vapours are detected.\n- Fixed gas detection – Sabre Safety can design and install a fixed or ‘hard–wired’ gas detection system which will meet your requirements for detection of H2S or other toxic or flammable gasses.\n- Area gas detection – For a temporary solution for gas detection requirement Sabre can supply rental systems designed for rapid deployment on the rig-site or offshore installation. These battery powered devices provide a high level audible and visual alarm to alert personnel to the presence of gas.\n- Wireless gas detection – Wireless technology is now available for ‘zoned’ areas. This can alert control room personnel to any release of gas at a remote location and initiate evacuation plans where necessary.\n- Various supporting accessories.\nBreathing air compressors can fulfil any requirement from 2.9 to 145 SCFM charging rate with operating pressures up to 6000 psi. Whether your need is for a vertically configured sound attenuated compressor package to a small gasoline powered portable unit, Sabre have a product that will fit your needs. Sabre can provide:\n- Atlantic 100\n- Bauer Mariner 200-E\n- Coltri MCH16D Diesel\n- High pressure air compressor\n- KAP180 20DA HU compressor\n- Low pressure air compressor\n- Mariner 320D compressor\n- Sabre breathing air compressor\nSabre Safety’s trailer mounted and skid mounted units are suitable for extended operations in any irrespirable atmosphere be it toxic, explosive, or oxygen deficient. The systems are ideally suited for work in oil and gas exploration and production, major refinery and plant shutdown, tank cleaning and refurbishment and utilities such as water, gas, and sewage. This lightweight air mobile system can also be used for emergency response. The trailers offered include:\n- Hurricane high pressure delivery breathing air system\n- Tempest reduced pressure delivery breathing air system\n- Typhoon reduced pressure delivery breathing air system\nWhatever your needs, from BA Control Boards to Air Purity Testers, Sabre Safety can supply it. In addition to the standard products offered, Sabre can also provide the following:\n- AIR-CARE breathing air purity test kit\n- BA control board\n- Draeger Accuro sampling pump\n- Face fit testing\n- Kitagawa gas detector tubes\n- Sabre MARS resuscitators", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AvaSpec Multichannel Fiber Optic Spectrometers\nAvaSpec -USB1.1 platform\nThe AvaSpec USB1.1 platform Fiber Optic Spectrometers can be configured as single, dual, triple, quadruple or multi-channel instrument with up to 8 different spectrometer channels, all read out simultaneously, controlled by a master´s board microprocessor.\nThe simultaneous data-sampling allows fast read-out and enables monitoring of pulsed light sources with different channels looking at the same pulse.\nMulti-channel spectrometers all consist of the same detector type (102, 256 or 1024 or 2048 pixels), the spectrometer channels can of course cover different wavelength ranges or have different resolution specifications. For each channel grating, wavelength range and options need to be specified.\nThe multi-channel spectrometers all run with one USB interface and under AvaSoft software.\nMulti-channel housing can be in 9.5\" desktop (for 1-4 channels) or 19\" rack mount housing (1-8 channels)\nAvaSpec -USB2.0 platform - maximum modularity\nThe new AvaSpec-USB2.0 platform offers maximum modularity for multi-channel applications. For each channel a different wavelength range, detector and integration time can be selected, without loosing the advantage of synchronization between the different channels. The AvaSpec-USB2.0 platform uses the USB2.0 bus to connect the different channels to the PC platform and supports up to 127 channels. New applications that can be realized with the AvaSpec-USB2.0 multi-channel platform:\nDifferent integration times or averaging setting per channel, still start each scan simultaneously for all synchronized channels\nDifferent detector types, such as UV/VIS and NIR detectors possible to cover a wide wavelength range with one spectrometer system\nMore than 8 channels (even up to 127 channels) can be connected through USB2 hubs.\nTo order a USB2.0 multi-channel, please specify the different spectrometers (-RM) and options and the housing (up to 4 channels in desktop, up to 10 channels in rack mount).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New Radar Demonstration Kits from Pasternack are Ideal for Classroom Instruction, Research & Development for the Study of Fundamental Radar Principles\nIrvine, CA – Pasternack, a leading provider of RF, microwave and millimeter wave products, unveils the brand new PEM11000-KIT and PEM11002-KIT radar demonstration kits covering the popular 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band with no special licensing required. These demonstration kits offer a convenient educational resource to study and experiment with microwave radar fundamental theory and principles making it ideal for classroom instruction and research and development projects.\nPasternack’s new radar demonstration kit is an innovative tool that can be used to study and learn about the principles of microwave radar object detection, motion detection, and determine the range of objects. Experimental radar operating modes can be selected for CW, FMSW, or Doppler. Output waveforms can be set for Single Tone, Frequency Ramp, or Sawtooth. This unique kit contains all digital and RF hardware that features a radar board that includes an integrated speaker and signal indicator to support both audio and visual feedback of received signal strength. A tunable signal filter is also included to allow for design and implementation of customized passive or active filtering.\nThe radar demonstration unit from Pasternack is command controlled via a downloadable graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows-based computers using the VISA protocol. The connection is made using a simple USB or Bluetooth connection. The PEM11002-KIT model comes complete with a radar board, antennas, cables, and accessories that include a mounting plate, tripod, and USB battery pack. The kit includes a detailed user guide and programming manual as well as a lesson guide.\n“Pasternack’s radar demonstration kits are an ideal educational tool to use for classroom instruction and for R&D projects to investigate fundamental radar principles and applications that involve object detection and motion, and determining the range of objects,” explains Tim Galla, Active Components Product Manager at Pasternack. “The kit includes a detailed user and programming manual and lesson guide, and is available in-stock for immediate shipment”\nThe new PEM11000-KIT and PEM11002-KIT radar demonstration kits are in-stock and available to ship from Pasternack now. You can view all the product specifications on Pasternack’s website by visiting https://www.pasternack.com/pages/RF-Microwave-and-Millimeter-Wave-Products/radar-demonstration-kit.html. For additional inquiries, Pasternack can be contacted at +1-949-261-1920.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new derivative of Arizona sand, ISO Medium Test Dust, is coming into use as a liquid optical particle count calibrant. ISO Medium Test Dust and optical particle counters are used to test filtering efficiency. Particle shape plays a role in both filtering and optical detection. To establish a new Standard Reference Material for the fluid power industry, NIST performed scanning electron microscopy on large numbers of medium test dust particles over the size range of 0.5 um to 50 um. Aspect ratio, longest chord to projected area diameter ratio, and circularity have been derived from the boundaries of the SEM images.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The picture above shows several peaks on the surface of niobium (Nb, #41 on the periodic table, elemental metal) that were created using a Focused Ion Beam (FIB).\nThe peaks are approximately 1000 nanometers (1 micron) apart. An \"average\" human hair is approx. 50 - 60 microns in diameter (this depends on your source.....could be anywhere from 17 to 180 microns depending on color, temperature, and courseness).\nThe image was made using the electron beam in the dual-beam FIB system.\nMost bacteria have diameters between 200 and 2000 nanometers (0.2 to 2 microns), as compared to my 1000 nm peak to peak.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sentinel Ultraviolet Flame Monitor\nThe Sentinel flame monitor reliably provides remote flame detection up to 550 feet away, durability, ease of maintenance and rapid response time. If the monitor detects the absence of a flame for an adjustable amount of time, a set of dry form C contacts are activated and the pilot re-ignition system is set into motion. Response times are markedly quicker than those of a standard thermocouple since the monitor can immediately sense the loss of flame. Since the Sentinel monitors a UV spectrum specific to hydrocarbons, solar ultraviolet rays have no effect on the monitor.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Measure- and weighing system\nCubiscan is a measuring and weighing system which enables you to determine the dimensions and weight of your products in a fast, easy and very accurate way. Cubiscan immediately creates reliable product master data for your organization.\nAvailable directly in WMS\nAfter measuring by the Cubiscan, your data is now immediately available to be forwarded to your Warehouse Management System. With the right dimensions and weight, the packaging choice immediately becomes a lot easier. Managing correct master data will also ensure better slotting in your warehouse.\nVarious versions of the Cubiscan are available. Depending on the type, the Cubiscan can measure regular and/or irregular products. This will be done with the help of ultrasonic or infrared technology.\nThe Cubiscan can also be equipped with a mobile cart (Cubicart) so that you can easily determine the dimensions of your products on location. You walk effortlessly with the Cubiscan through the aisles of your warehouse.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Newswise — Two South Dakota State University professors are evaluating a printable copper alloy NASA is developing for combustion chambers of next-generation rocket engines used for space travel.\nAssociate professor Todd Letcher and assistant professor Anamika Prasad of the Department of Mechanical Engineering are determining the material properties of a copper-based printable alloy called GRCop-42, testing samples taken from 3D parts printed using a new additive manufacturing technique.\nAdditive manufacturing, also commonly known as 3D printing, is different from traditional manufacturing methods in that it builds a part one layer at a time. This manufacturing technique makes it possible to cost effectively create intricate geometries, such as those needed to dissipate heat, explained Letcher, whose research focuses on 3D printing and materials characterization.\nPrasad, whose research focuses on nanomechanics of engineering and biomaterials, said, “This is an excellent opportunity to utilize the equipment at the Materials Testing and Evaluation Laboratory to train our students to conduct material testing on additively manufactured materials and thereby contribute to the development of a highly-educated, skilled workforce in South Dakota.”\nThe agreement between NASA and SDSU is supported by a NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research, EPSCoR, Rapid Response Research grant. EPSCoR is designed to establish partnerships with government, higher education and industry to develop and improve research infrastructure in areas of importance to the NASA mission. South Dakota is one of 28 states participating in the NASA EPSCoR program.\nThe SDSU researchers have significant experience testing additively manufactured parts made with polymers, or plastics, but this is their first experience with evaluating parts made with copper-based alloys, Letcher explained. “The parts we are testing were manufactured using laser powder-based directed energy deposition.”\nThis additive manufacturing process involves injecting metal powder into a laser-heated pool of molten metal, or melt pool. The nozzle and laser optics are integrated into a build-head attached to a robot that moves in a pattern determined by a computer building one layer at a time.\nThe goal of NASA’s research is to evaluate new manufacturing techniques to fabricate components more rapidly, according to Paul Gradl, Senior Propulsion Engineer at the NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. “Laser (blown) powder directed energy deposition additive manufacturing allows us to create very large-scale components with complex internal features that were not previously possible. We’re able to significantly reduce the time and the cost associated with the fabrication of channel-cooled nozzles and other critical rocket components.”\nNASA has provided the GRCop-42 parts manufactured by an industry partner to the SDSU researchers with specific instructions about the types of testing that should be done to determine the mechanical properties and microstructure of the additively manufactured material, Prasad said. Small changes in manufacturing parameters can impact the microstructure and properties of the manufactured parts. Two graduate students are also working on the project.\nThe researchers have examined surface roughness using a laser scanning microscope, hardness using nanoindentation and residual stresses using x-ray diffraction. Using the scanning electron microscope in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, the researchers examined the microstructure of the material. They also performed tensile testing of various material specimens.\n“We are contributing to a database on the material properties of GRCop-42 manufacturing using this specific process,” Prasad said. Results from the project’s first year were presented at the 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition in November 2020.\nThe researchers are now performing additional tests on the samples and exploring sample size and cutting methods for low-cycle fatigue testing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "13mm / 25mm\n1. With the latest 12μm uncooled IR detector, SPT series can make farther and clearer images.\n2. Visible imaging and thermal imaging can meet the requirement for 24/7 security monitoring.\n3. Smart analysis for actions such as tripwire intrusion and area intrusion are available.\n4. Support professional temperature measurement analysis tools and smart fire detecting algorithm.\n5. Double explosion-proof certifications, explosion-proof standard：Ex d IIC T6 Gb/Ex tD A21 IP68 T80℃.\n6. 304/316L stainless steel body design with encapsulation rating IP68.\n7. ONVIF&GB28181 standard interface protocol, SDK, matched NVR and VMS client software is available.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Phoenix Contact (Middletown, PA) introduced RIFLINE Complete, a modular ice cube-style relay system with a broad range of accessories. The system is available as either completely assembled modules, which can save assembly time and labor costs, or as individual components, to create a custom solution. The complete range offers relays that can switch currents up to 16 A, and the most powerful relay can switch voltages up to 440 V. Users can implement all standard relay applications with a single product group and benefit from a uniform and consistent system. Features include:\n- Push-in wire termination technology.\n- Compatibility with the company’s Clipline Complete terminal block accessories for bridging, marking and testing.\n- Styles ranging from ranges from universal ice cube relays and slim 6.2-mm-wide terminal-block style relays to a power relay with high switching capacity\n- The complete range offers relays that can switch currents up to 16 A, and the most powerful relay can switch voltages up to 440 V.\nFor more information, visit www.phoenixcontact.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Millimetre (mm)-wave’ or microwave photonics could deliver 12.5 Gigabit per second wireless communication as a follow up to 4G mobile communication. It has commercial applications not just in telecommunications (access and in-house networks) but also in instrumentation, radar, security, radio astronomy and other fields. High Gain antennas can boost the range to 1000 meters with 99% availability.\nThe mm-wave band is the extremely high frequency part of the radio spectrum, from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz), and it gets it name from having a wavelength of one to 10mm. Until now, the band has been largely undeveloped, so the new technology makes available for exploitation more of the scarce and much-in-demand spectrum.\nIPHOBAC is not simply a ‘paper project’ where the technology is researched, but very much a practical exercise to develop and commercialise a new class of products with a ‘made in Europe’ label on them.\nWhile several companies in Japan and the USA have been working on merging optical and radio frequency technologies, IPHOBAC is the world’s first fully integrated effort in the field, with a lot of different companies involved. This has resulted in the three-year project, which runs until end-2009, already having an impressive list of achievements to its name.\nIt recently unveiled a tiny component, a transmitter able to transmit a continuous signal not only through the entire mm-wave band but beyond. Its full range is 30 to 325GHz and even higher frequency operation is now under investigation. The first component worldwide able to deliver that range of performance, it will be used in both communications and radar systems. Other components developed by the project include 110GHz modulators, 110GHz photodetectors, 300GHz dual-mode lasers, 60GHz mode-locked lasers, and 60GHz transceivers.\nThe same technology has been demonstrated for access telecom networks and has delivered world record data rates of up to 12.5Gb/s over short- to medium-range wireless spans, or 1500 times the speed of upcoming 4G mobile networks.\nOne way in which the technology can be deployed in the relatively short term, according to Stöhr, is wirelessly supporting very fast broadband to remote areas. “You can have your fibre in the ground delivering 10Gb/s but we can deliver this by air to remote areas where there is no fibre or to bridge gaps in fibre networks,” he says.\nThe project is also developing systems for space applications, working with the European Space Agency. Stöhr said he could not reveal details as this has not yet been made public, save to say the systems will operate in the 100GHz band and are needed immediately.\n“In just a few years time everybody will be able to see the results of the IPHOBAC project in telecommunications, in the home, in radio astronomy and in space. It is a completely new technology which will be used in many applications even medical ones where mm-wave devices to detect skin cancer are under investigation,” says Stöhr.\nBrian Wang is a Futurist Thought Leader and a popular Science blogger with 1 million readers per month. His blog Nextbigfuture.com is ranked #1 Science News Blog. It covers many disruptive technology and trends including Space, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Medicine, Anti-aging Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology.\nKnown for identifying cutting edge technologies, he is currently a Co-Founder of a startup and fundraiser for high potential early-stage companies. He is the Head of Research for Allocations for deep technology investments and an Angel Investor at Space Angels.\nA frequent speaker at corporations, he has been a TEDx speaker, a Singularity University speaker and guest at numerous interviews for radio and podcasts. He is open to public speaking and advising engagements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new market study, titled “Medical Imaging Instrumentation: Global Markets and Technologies Through 2022” has been featured on WiseGuyReports.\nDue to the prevalence of chronic diseases coupled with the increasing geriatric population and number of road accidents, stronger demand for better imaging has emerged. Chronic diseases such as cancer, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), cardiovascular diseases and others require imaging of body parts for proper diagnosis of the disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the major diseases that lead most NCD (noncommunicable diseases) deaths are cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases and diabetes, accounting for more than REDACTED of all premature NCD deaths. NCDs claim 40 million deaths each year and account for approximately REDACTED of global deaths. Such high instances of chronic diseases require improved and advanced imaging technologies such as MRI, ultrasound and others. Also, the number of road accidents calls for the imaging technologies in cases of major and minor fractures. According to the World Health Organization (Switzerland), nearly 1.24 million people throughout the world die each year due to road traffic crashes that equates to ~3,400 deaths per day. Imaging instruments find huge application in casesof fractures. Factors such as prevalence of chronic diseases and an increasing geriatric population,coupled with increasing demand of 3D medical imaging equipment, are also providing traction to theglobal medical imaging instruments market.\nCompanies are focusing on the continuous development of products that support novel imaging technologies such as colored and 3D imaging due to their rising demand. Surging investments on technological advancements for increasing resolution and pixel capabilities, wider disease detection capabilities and more advanced software can be observed in the market. For instance, in 2017, Royal Philips (Netherlands) announced a new MRI system, MR Prodiva 1.5T, with enhanced clinical performance, workflow, and capability of 2D and 3D scans. Similarly, launched in November 2017 by NPL (National Physical Laboratory), 3D OrbiSIMS is a molecular imaging instrument used to explore potentials under cell biology and drug discovery. The imaging technologies are used across various end users including hospitals, diagnostic centers and research centers. In hospitals, the imaging instruments are used for imaging body parts in cases of chronic diseases or accidents. In diagnostic centers, the imaging instruments are widely adopted for diagnosing a particular body part or the whole body. The imaging instruments are used for molecular imaging in the research centers for drug discovery purposes. The global medical imaging instruments market is projected to rise at a CAGR of REDACTED during the forecast period of 2017-2022. By 2022, total revenue is expected to reach nearly REDACTED, with an increase of REDACTED from REDACTED in 2016.\nThe report provides an analysis based on each product type segment, which includes X-ray systems, magnetic resource imaging equipment/instruments, computed tomography scanners, ultrasound systems and nuclear imaging equipment/instruments.\nX-ray systems held the largest market share of REDACTED in 2016 followed by ultrasound systems, MRI equipment/instruments, CT scanners and nuclear imaging equipment/instruments. By 2022, total revenue from the X-ray systems segment is expected to reach REDACTED. The nuclear imaging equipment/instruments segment is estimated to rise at the highest CAGR of REDACTED by 2022. By 2022, total revenue from the nuclear imaging equipment/instruments segment is expected to reach nearly REDACTED. The table below shows the market revenues of medical imaging instruments by product type for the forecast period 201 7-2022.\nThe scope of this report is broad and covers various types of products available in the medical imaging instruments market and potential application sectors across various industries. The medical imaging instruments market is broken down into product types such as X-ray systems, ultrasound devices, MRI, computed tomography and nuclear imaging. Revenue forecasts from 2017 to 2022 are given for each product type, technologies, application and end users with estimated valued derived from the revenue of manufacturers’ total revenues.\nThe report also includes a discussion of the major players across each regional medical imaging instrument market. It explains the major drivers and regional dynamics of the global medical imaging instruments market and current trends within the industry.\nThe report concludes with a special focus on the vendor landscape and includes detailed profiles of the major vendors in the global medical imaging instruments market.\nRequest Sample Report at https://www.wiseguyreports.com/sample-request/3593529-medical-imaging-instrumentation-global-markets-and-technologies-through-2022\n– 260 data tables and 104 additional tables\n– A comprehensive overview of the global market for medical imaging instruments within the healthcare industry\n– Analyses of global market trends with data from 2016 and 2017, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2022\n– Characterization and quantification of market potential for medical imaging instrument by product type, technology type, application industry, end-user and geographical region\n– Methodological study with a trend analysis of the global market for medical imaging instrument using quantitative and qualitative approaches\n– Information on major drivers and regional dynamics of the global medical imaging instrument market and current trends within the industry\n– Coverage of significant patents and their allotments in each category across the United States, Japan and European region\n– Identification of key market players, product portfolios, recent developments and application areas\n– Examination of competitive landscape and assessment of various strategies adopted by market players to enhance their market position, including expansion, product launch, acquisition and merger, innovation, partnership and joint venture\n– Detailed profiles of the major players within the medical imaging instrument market, including Bruker Corp., Cook Medical LLC, GE Healthcare, Hitachi Medical Corp., Philips Healthcare and Siemens Healthcare\nTable of Contents\nChapter 1 Introduction\nChapter 2 Summary and Highlights\nChapter 3 Overview\nChapter 4 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Product Type\nChapter 5 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Technology\nChapter 6 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Application\nChapter 7 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by End User\nChapter 8 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments by Region\nChapter 9 Medical Imaging Equipment/Instruments Industry Structure\nChapter 10 Patent Analysis\nWise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Research Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe.\nPh: +1-646-845-9349 (US)\nPh: +44 208 133 9349 (UK)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Saelig Company Inc. introduces its new APSIN26G 26GHz RF Signal Generator. The APSIN26G is battery-powered, ultra-stable, fast-switching and offers low noise.\nThis microwave signal generator has MHz frequency resolution, high power input, and covers a frequency range of 100 kHz up to 26 GHz. It also offers minimal drift, fast analog sweeps, flexible trigger capabilities, low spurious levels, high speed pulse modulation, low-distortion, and more.\n“The APSIN26G includes AM, DC-coupled wideband-FM, PM, FSK and PSK, frequency chirp, and pulse modulation as standard, and all modulation modes can be combined. This allows for the generation of complex modulation signals for today’s advanced communication and location systems,” according to the company.\nThe APSIN26G is a reliable alternative to other high-end microwave signal generators because it is small, compact, lightweight, inexpensive, and offers an industry-leading 400us frequency switching time. It is ideal for use in production testing, service and maintenance, and signal simulation applications, as well as in aerospace and defense industries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Corporate Web Sites\nCoating Streak Detect Confirmation\nMODEL 1032 BLACK MAMBA® WEB PRESS\nSPLICE DETECTOR™ & DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY\nIf you are a current user of our splice detection solutions,\nwhether you purchased directly with us or by way of OEM (i.e.,\nsheeters, slitters, winders, etc.) you are eligible for preferred pricing\non additional units. (Please note the serial number of the unit or units\nyou have if\npurchased via OEM).\n\"Where the Science of Quality Assurance is still an Art!\"\nPrevent Costly Repair:\nThe Model 1032BM Black Mamba™ Web Press Splice Detection & Distribution Technology is to detect the presence of all splices in the web of paper being processed on a high speed web press and generate output signals to notify the press print stations that a splice has been detected. The spacing tolerance between the press print heads or station is very close and there is potential to damage the print heads/station by passing a splice through the press when the press is in ready position. Detection of a splice in the web is critical to allow the system sufficient time to protect the print heads/station.\nIn general, the Model 1088BM Black Mamba® will:\nThe RKB solution is comprised of two distinct devices including a modified Model 1032B® Classic™ Splice Detector with a physical separate control & distribution cabinet. The sensor unit detects splices and outputs a pulse to indicate the defect \"fault\" event. The pulse is input to the Black Mamba control & distribution cabinet which combines incoming splice fault signals with a periodic time based signal (\"heartbeat\") and control processing circuitry. The resulting signal is output via a set of cabling and isolation circuitry to the web press electronics. The processing circuits in the Black Mamba control & distribution cabinet disables the heartbeat output if the sensor unit is not \"powered on\" or the splice fault signal is not connected. In addition, an option to disable the \"heartbeat\" independently for each output channel at field installation time is supported. In the latter case, splice fault events detected by the properly connected, powered on, and functioning sensor unit will exit each channel with or without the \"heartbeat\" depending on the installation specific settings.\nWith installations in over 130 countries worldwide, our splice detection technologies have been effectively established to ensure delivered product superiority on tens of thousands of materials, coated and non-coated such as papers, films, nonwovens, textiles, and tapes. Our splice detection technologies are installed on many types of machinery including sheeters, on and off machine coaters, extrusion laminators, supercalenders, rotogravure and flexographic printing presses, holographic processes, textile and nonwoven machinery. Low speed to high speed, RKB Splice Detectors are proven time and time again to be the leader in performance, reliability and price.\nEach Black Mamba system installed provides the end users, as well as the web press manufacturer the following:\nCONTACT R.K.B. TODAY:\nCall us today @ 1-315-455-6636 to discuss your complete machine vision imaging application and to learn more about the industry's most diverse line of machine vision web inspection, hole detection, splice detection and control products.\nInformation provided herein protected - © Copyright 2007-2017 R.K.B. OPTO-ELECTRONICS, INC.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Interchangeable sample and reagent linear racks allow easy, continuous loading\nof cards, reagents and samples.\nSince repetitive loading during the initial stage of root canal preparation in a clinical situation could change the properties and mechanical resistance of NiTi rotary instrument, the repetitive loading method could have a higher clinical relevance than the single continuous loading\nWhile supporting the testing apparatus, apply smooth and continuous loading\nuntil the dolly is removed from the substrate.\nEnhances efficiency by (a) boosting productivity with consistently reliable performance; (b) minimizing reagent usage through optimized assay protocols; and (c) maximizing test throughput with continuous loading\nHowever, the clip also needed to withstand a continuous loading\nof 6,400 psi (44 MPa), thus creep failure was a concern.\nLAURA[R] M with its user friendly feature of continuous loading\nand very a high throughput of 600 measurements per hour allows efficient workflow in a high workload environment.\nWhile one receiver is loading, the other is dumping material into the hopper for a continuous loading\nThe fully automatic Plate Wash features a conveyor belt designed for the continuous loading\n\"Those facilities increase their handling by about 25%.\" Continuous loading\nof castings onto a conveyor belt will reduce the amount of handling that is performed by each worker.\nEnhanced utilization reporting allows users to review continuous loading\nby job group, drive and other categories to accelerate identification and optimization of underutilized assets.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Trotec presents T260 Infrared-Thermohygrometer. It has been designed and made as per the highest German quality standards.\nIt has a high readability display. The DP mode provides simultaneous display of the dew point and surface temperature. Once the wall temperature is approaching or is lower than the dew point temperature, the user is warned by the T260 through an alarm tone and an optical laser signal. This alert function facilitates quick investigation of surface and detection of weak spots. The user can individually configure these alert states.\nUsing a USB cable, T260 thermohygrometer can be connected to a PC. It provides MultiMeasure Studio Software, which is freely available in the downloads segment of uk.trotec.com. The software enables real-time transfer of T260's measured values both online and to the PC. Thus the values can be stored for analysis or reporting at a later stage. It has a continuous glass surface, which can be cleaned with ease.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MOQ : 1 Piece\n|Manufacturer, Supplier, Retailer, Wholesaler\n|Country of Origin\n|Area of specimen to be tested\n|Diameter of test specimen\n|Click to view more\nPreferred Buyer From\n|Anywhere in India\nThe compressibility of rubberized cork composition sheets is determined by finding the percentage reduction in thickness of a test specimen taken from the sheet under test under a small initial load and a large final load. The percentage recovery is determined by finding the ratio between the recovery in thickness after removal of final load and the reduction in thickness under the final load, the thickness in unloaded state being measured with only the small initial load acting on the test specimen.\nThe Compressibility and Recovery Tester for rubberized cork composition sheets consists of an anvil, an indenter which can be moved vertically inside a guide bush to apply the initial load on the test specimen kept on the anvil, and a lever arrangement to apply the specified final load on the test specimen.\nThe indenter is made from steel and has a diameter of 25 mm. It also serves to apply the initial load. A dial gauge indicator is provided to measure the thickness of the test specimen at the center of the indenter.\nThe major load is applied with the help of a spring dynamometer acting through a lever mechanism. The spring dynamometer is moved up with the help of screw arrangement. This movement causes the load on the lever to get transmitted to the test specimen through the indenter.\nThe various components of the equipment are mounted on a sturdy fabricated steel base plate. The equipment is finished in dark shore blue metallic painting and bright chrome plating to give it a corrosion resistant finish.\nIS 4253 (p 2) - 1980 : Specification for cork composition Sheets\nHi! Simply click below and type your query.\nOur experts will reply you very soon.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Megavoltage photon radiation therapies are widely used in modern cancer treatment. The improvement of the treatment has lead to the need of Quality Assurance (QA) devices to detect malfunctioning or human mistakes during the planning phase and treatment verification. Active electronic devices for 2D or 3D QA in external beam radiotherapy are typically based on analogue/digital mixed signal Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) which are required to have high spatial resolution, large dynamic range, high sensitivity, large numbers of channels and fast real-time capabilities. The Centre of Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) has developed several multichannel DAS architectures based on different analogue front-ends to suit a wide range of radiotherapy applications. For the purpose of this study, two DAS, with different front-ends, have been equipped with 128 channels and tested in a clinical environment. Data show a good agreement within 1% between the two systems and the ionising chamber currently used for daily QA.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Abstract: After the units of Qingyuan Pumped-storage Power Plant are installed, separate tests of various auxiliary machines must be carried out before the operation test. The adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge is one of the contents. The author introduced the adjustment method of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge, analyzed some problems that appeared in the adjustment process and proposed solutions. Through adjustment, after Qingyuan Power Station is put into operation, the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge can send out an accurate alarm signal.PrefaceThe Qingyuan Pumped Storage Power Station is located in Taiping Town, Qingxin County, Qingyuan City. The total installed capacity of the power station is 1 280 MW, and 4 vertical-shaft single-stage reversible mixed flow generators with a single capacity of 320 MW (power generation conditions) are installed. After the power station is completed, it will be used as one of the backbone peak-shaving power sources to undertake tasks such as peak-shaving, valley filling, frequency modulation, emergency backup and other tasks of the Southern Power Grid. After the unit is installed, individual tests of various auxiliary machines shall be carried out before the operation test. The adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge is one of the contents. The lower oil tank of Qingyuan Power Station has four alarm signals, namely, oil level ultra-low (LL), low (L), high (H), and ultra-high (HH). When the oil level of the oil tank changes and the oil level passes by the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge, the magnetic switch will send out a corresponding alarm signal. Whether the magnetic switch is adjusted in place is related to whether the oil level alarm signal can be accurately issued. This article introduces the adjustment method of the oil level indicator signal of Qingyuan Power Station.1 Oil level gauge pipeline structureAn auxiliary oil tank is set outside the annular foundation of the Qingyuan power station unit, and the auxiliary oil tank is connected to the lower oil tank through a connecting pipe. The oil level gauge is installed on the connecting pipe. According to the principle of the communicating device, the oil level of the oil level gauge is equal to the oil level in the lower oil tank, so that the oil level of the lower oil guide tank can be monitored by monitoring the oil level of the oil level gauge. A ball valve is installed between the oil level gauge and the connecting pipe to facilitate the disassembly and assembly of the oil level gauge during maintenance. The specific structure is shown in Figure 1.2 Structure and principle of oil level gaugeThe oil level gauge of the Qingyuan power station unit uses the Kopler BNA bypass magnetic turning column liquid level gauge. The level gauge is composed of flange, magnetic switch, bypass pipe, magnetic turning column, magnetic float, transmitter, sewage plug, etc. The specific structure is shown in Figure 2. The oil level gauge is connected with the pipeline to be tested through a flange. There is a magnetic float in the oil level gauge, which floats up and down with the oil level. In the process of floating up and down, the float drives the magnetic column level gauge to flip and trigger the magnetic switch through its own magnetic field. Magnetic turning column level gauge is turned over with different oil levels, so that it is convenient to observe the oil level height on-site. The switching value sent by the magnetic switch is sent to the monitoring terminal, and the unit can respond according to the preset logic. The transmitter outputs 4-20 mA analog quantity to the monitoring screen according to different oil level heights. The monitor screen can display the corresponding elevation according to the setting.3 Adjustment of the magnetic switch of the oil level indicator3.1 Calculate the elevation of each alarm signal magnetic switchWhen the oil level of the lower oil tank is stationary, extend the ruler into the oil tank to measure the actual distance h that the oil level exceeds the upper ring plate (measurement reference) of the lower frame, as shown in Figure 3. Read the display corresponding to the actual oil level from the monitor screen Elevation H. Find out from the drawing the distance h0 that the design oil level is higher than the measurement datum, Δh = h-h0 is the height difference between the actual oil level and the design oil level. With these data, the oil level display height on the monitoring screen corresponding to the designed oil level h0 can be calculated. H0 = H-Δh.Find out the elevation difference Δhi of each alarm signal trigger position relative to the designed oil level from the design data, and the monitor screen display elevation corresponding to each alarm trigger signal is Hi = H0 + Δhi. Refer to Table 1 for the triggering method and display elevation of the four groups of alarm signals.3.2 Confirm the magnetic switch corresponding to each alarm signalRemove the 4 sets of magnetic switches from the bypass pipe. Pick up the magnetic switch one after another, and move it up and down near the oil level against the bypass pipe (simulating oil level rise and fall), and observe which alarm signal is changing at the monitoring screen. This changing alarm signal corresponds to the magnetic switch, and a corresponding mark is made on the magnetic switch.3.3 Adjust the height of the magnetic switch corresponding to each alarm signalWhen adjusting the height of the magnetic switch, it is necessary to push the magnetic float up and down to simulate the up and down movement of the oil level in the oil tank. In the test process of Qingyuan Power Station units, two methods have been used: wire-top float and oil-driven float.3.3.1 Method of using steel wire top floatThe height adjustment of the magnetic switch is initially the use of a slender steel wire top magnetic float, as shown in Figure 4. During the test, close the ball valve between the connecting pipe and the oil level gauge, unscrew the drain plug, drain the oil in the oil level gauge, insert the thin steel wire into the oil level gauge through the drain hole, and push the float up and down. In actual operation, it was found that this method has the following problems:1) The bottom of the sewage outlet is close to the foundation, and it is difficult to insert the long steel wire into the oil level gauge;2) The top of the steel wire is easily stuck in the gap between the float and the inner wall of the bypass pipe and cannot move up and down. Therefore, in the subsequent adjustment of the unit, this method was abandoned.3.3.2 The method of using oil to drive the floatAccording to the height from low to high, adjust the four magnetic switches of super low (LL), low (L), high (H), and super high (HH) in sequence. Choose a welded pipe joint that has the same interface size as the drain plug. Put the non-threaded end of the pipe joint into the hose and tie it tightly with an iron wire. During the adjustment, screw the pipe joint with hose into the drain hole, and fill the oil level gauge with oil through the funnel and hose, as shown in Figure 5.The specific adjustment process is as follows:1) Close the ball valve between the connecting pipe and the oil level gauge, unscrew the drain plug, and drain the oil in the oil level gauge.2) Screw the pipe joint with hose into the drain hole.3) Fill the oil level gauge through the hose, and stop filling when the monitor screen shows that the oil level is near HLL.4) Put the ultra-low (LL) magnetic switch against the bypass pipe, move the hose upwards, and raise the oil level in the oil level gauge until the alarm signal disappears.5) Slowly move the hose down to lower the oil level in the oil level gauge. At the same time the ultra-low (LL) alarm is issued, record the oil level HLL' displayed on the monitoring screen.6) If the HLL' is within the range of HLL±5 mm, it means that the height of the magnetic switch has been adjusted in place, and the magnetic switch is fixed; otherwise, according to the height difference between HLL' and HLL, move the magnetic switch up or down, and then Repeat steps 4) and 5) until HLL' reaches the range of HLL±5 mm.7) Refer to steps 3) to 6) to adjust the elevation of the three magnetic switches of low (L), high (H) and super high (HH) in sequence.Using this method to adjust the height of the magnetic switch has the advantages: ①It is less affected by the installation space of the oil level gauge; ②The height control of the float is relatively simple. Subsequent unit adjustments have adopted this method.4 Problems encountered in adjustment and their treatment4.1 The magnetic turning column level gauge is out of orderThe disorder of the magnetic flip-column level gauge is shown in Figure 6(a). The magnetic flip-column level gauge that is submerged in oil is not flipped, or the magnetic flip-column that is not submerged in oil is flipped. In this case, the magnetic turning column is generally interfered by the external magnetic field, and a magnet can be used to move the magnetic turning column level gauge in one direction to drive the magnetic turning column level gauge to flip. After the magnetic turning column level gauge is turned normally, it is shown in Figure 6(b).4.2 There is no signal from the magnetic switchThere is no signal from the magnetic switch. Generally, there is an open circuit somewhere in the signal cable, or the connector at the cable connection is loose. Use a multimeter to check section by section, find the disconnected cable or loose connector, and then replace the cable or tighten the connector. If there is no problem with the cable, you can connect the cable to another magnetic switch at the oil level gauge end, or connect the cable to another module at the monitoring end, and then observe whether the alarm signal can be obtained at the monitoring screen. Through such a comparative test, confirm the damaged component and replace it.4.3 The magnetic switch signal is reversedFor example, a high (H) alarm signal should be issued when the oil level rises above the magnetic switch, and disappears when the oil level drops below the magnetic switch. If the high (H) alarm signal is sent out during the process of oil level falling and the rising process disappears, it means that the on and off values of the signal at this point are reversed, and the wiring needs to be reconnected from the correct position.4.4 Problems that should be paid attention toPay attention to keep the job site clean. Use oil to drive the float to adjust the magnetic switch. During the operation, oil may overflow. Therefore, during the operation, protective materials such as plastic film should be laid on the work site to prevent the oil from polluting the environment.5 ConclusionAfter Qingyuan Power Station is put into operation, the magnetic switch of the oil level gauge can send out an accurate alarm signal. Through the debugging of the four units of Qingyuan Power Station, the adjustment method of the oil level gauge magnetic switch has been continuously improved, and a set of successful experience has been summed up, hoping to provide a reference for the adjustment of similar oil level gauges in the power station in the future.\nPost time: 21-09-21", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Barcol Hardness - ASTM D2583\nBarcol Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to penetration by a sharp steel point. Testing is performed with a Barcol Impressor. Barcol Hardness values range from 0 to 100, with 100 being the hardest. Each Barcol Hardness division represents a penetration of 0.0076 mm. Barcol hardness is often used to judge the degree of cure of thermosetting materials.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "27 exhibitors found\nAIXEMTEC is a specialist for optics assembly and offers tailored solutions for fully automated and for lab production environments as well as for research labs.\nAMTRON GmbH develops and markets high-quality laser-diode power supplies, controllers, turnkey systems, process control solutions for laser manufacturers, system integrators, R&D.\nSince 1873, our workshop provides polarization optics and lens systems meeting the highest demands. Choose from our catalogue or ask for custom optics for highest flexibility.\nAs a global leader in test and measurement systems for quality assurance in the glass industry cibite offers an extensive range of products, PatternLight, Sensors, Vision Software.\nDIOPTIC develops quality inspection systems, develops and produces custom infrared lenses, and delivers computer-generated holograms for asphere metrology.\nEPIGAP Optronic GmbH offers design, development and production for LED Chips, LEDs customized modules and photodiodes in a range from 150nm in the UV up to 2600nm in the NIR.\nFrom development, prototyping through to series production, EUROMICRON Werkzeuge GmbH is a leading supplier for (customized) fiber optical components - Made in Germany.\nAs the first commercial supplier for femtosecond(fs)-laser-written Fiber Bragg Gratings worldwide, FemtoFiberTec provides FBGs, that open up completely new sensing possibilities.\nFraunhofer IOF develops innovative optical systems to control light. The service range covers the entire photonic process chain from system design to manufacturing of prototypes.\nFraunhofer ILT is one of the most important contracting R & D institutes of its sector worldwide. Its experts develop and optimize laser beam sources and laser processes.\nGD Optics develops and produces state-of-the-art precision molded glass optics for highest requirements.\nHauser Optik – Precision in glass. Since 1921, the name of Hauser has been a guarantee for high quality and precision in the optical industry.\nIMM Photonics has established itself as a manufacturer, distributor and service provider in the fields of laser technology, optoelectronics, fiber optics & bio photonics.\ninno-spec is a manufacturer for spectroscopic measurement equipment and provides optimized solutions for any individual applications (OEM components&integrated turnkey solutions).\nJCMwave offers FEM software for precise optics simulations. Applications include solar cells, nano-metrology, nanostructured fibers, plasmonics, OLED & VCSEL design, and others.\nLeica Microsystems is a leading global designer and producer of innovative, high-tech, precision optical systems for the analysis of microstructures.\nLightTrans offers the Fast Physical Optics design software “VirtualLab Fusion”, which provides ray and field tracing, as a basis to shorten development cycles of optical systems.\nLuxFlux takes Hyperspectral Imaging from the lab to industrial and embedded applications. The LuxFlux.software package addresses customers in Pharma, MedTech, Food and Sorting.\nmechOnics ag develops, manufactures and sells micro- / nano positioning devices with an innovative piezo inertial drives (slip stick motion) with very good price/performance ratio.\nMicro-Hybrid offers customized electronic solutions for miniaturized sensor modules, infrared components & sensors for temperature measurement and gas analysis.\nOpto is a developer and manufacturer of unique optical imaging solutions and compact micro-imaging modules for industrial and biomedical applications, with experience over 35 years.\nOptocraft manufactures and develops high-quality optical measurement devices based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront technology for optics testing and laser beam characterization.\nThe Photonik Incubator is focused on innovative ideas in the field of optics. Ideas can proceed from lab to industrial application and form the ground for successful start-ups.\nPicoLAS develops and manufactures high-quality, OEM and turnkey-ready drivers for laser diodes. PicoLAS drivers are compact, reliable, base plate cooled and efficient.\nS & R Optic GmbH is an independent, privately held company, located in the north of Frankfurt, Germany. We provide top quality crystals products at affordable prices.\nTEM Messtechnik GmbH offers products and customer specific developments in the field of laser control engineering and opto-electronic measurement techniques.\nClick here if you notice an image that violates copyright or privacy rights.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Preparation, characterization and evaluation of an imidazolium ionic liquid copolymer stationary phase for mixed-mode chromatography†\nA novel imidazolium ionic liquid mixed-mode stationary phase (named IBON) was successfully prepared by a controlled thiol-initiated radical polymerization method. The successful preparation of the IBON stationary phase was certified by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Meanwhile, the zeta potential showed the surface potential of the IBON stationary phase, while the results of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) demonstrated the successful control of the surface-initiated polymerization. The retention behaviour was investigated by various types of analytes, including acidic compounds, basic compounds and neutral compounds (containing polar nucleosides and bases, non-polar benzene series). Through investigating the influence of the acetonitrile content, pH of the mobile phase, buffer concentration on the retention and by employing the van't Hoff equation and linear solvation energy relationships model, it was found that the various test solutes could undergo multiple interactions with the IBON stationary phase, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange and π–π interactions. The prepared stationary phase was employed to separate polar solutes, benzene series, and inorganic anions, and it displayed different separation characters when compared to the commercial Acclaim™ Mixed-mode WAX-1 column.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We have the capability of providing different sorts of Geotechnical survey, including grab samplers, gravity cores, CPT, Box core, vibrocore.\nIn hard soils or in sites where it is hard to get a sea bed gravity sample or up to the job requirements, here comes the option of using Grab sampler a simple method to get a sample of the seabed.\nSeeking for the safest method of providing seabed gravity sampling. MMSS offers its valued costumers the latest method of having gravity samples without the usual risks accompanied with the traditional methods.\nThe operation of the gravity core we use: a pilot weight attached to the gravity core with a release mechanism, once this weight reaches the seabed it releases the gravity core straight to the bottom. No need for the free fall which causes a risk to the operators.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Milwaukee Electrode Storage Solution 230 mL\n|230 mL container of electrode storage solution.\nTo ensure a quick response and free-flowing liquid junction, the sensing element and reference junction must not be allowed to dry out. Properly storing your pH electrode in a solution keeps the glass membrane well hydrated which maintains proper function and provides accurate readings.\nExpiration dates are current from manufacturer.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Phoenix Contact’s PLUGTRAB-IQ: Intelligent surge protection ideally suited to protect level transmitters, flow meters and other measurement and control applications unique to oil and gas terminal facilities.\nPhoenix Contact’s PLUGTRAB-IQ (or PT-IQ) product series is an advanced surge protection system that proactively monitors the operational and performance status of its suppression components. Unlike surge protection devices that just provide their users basic pass/fail status indication, PT-IQ products also alerts its users when its life expectancy has diminished, but before it becomes non-functional.\nA yellow status indicator illuminates when the any of the protection components inside the product near their performance limit. The equipment user is alerted in advance that the affected component is still functioning at full capacity, but its life expectancy may be diminished, allowing them to schedule the replacement of the component before its protection capacity comes to its life’s end.\nComponent end of life is shown by a red colored status indication.\nThe heart of the PT-IQ’s protection system is a micro-controller that manages a network of up to 28 surge protective devices (SPD) capable of protecting up to 112 signal lines. It acts both as a power supply and an evaluation unit for all SPD status signals. The system is freely scalable, and can also be expanded to support another 28 surge protective devices by simply adding an additional controller device.\nPhoenix Contact has also designed a PT-IQ product line specifically for intrinsically safe applications that can be installed directly within Ex Zone 2 locations. As with the standard PT-IQ products, all protection systems consist of a micro-controller and its surge protection modules. However, for EX Approved PT-IQ products, the controller supplies power to and supports up to ten, as opposed to 28, surge protective devices.\nThanks to the PT-IQ’s remote signaling feature, its users can inspect the system from anywhere and at any time, making their application at remote and/or unmanned equipment locations highly effectual. PT-IQ’s users can be assured that their surge protective system will be online and protecting equipment 100% of the time, even when operating in locations that are not easily or readily serviceable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NanoTechnology In Practice\nThe novel properties of materials at the nanoscale offer potential for sensors with increased sensitivity to facilitate early detection of disease. Accurate diagnosis will require sensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers at high sensitivity and specificity to minimise false positive and false negative errors.\nOngoing biomarker discovery and validation programmes, led by contributors to the Centre for NanoHealth, include analysis of prostate, bladder, oesophageal, lung, cervical and endometrial cancer.\nThe ability to print biologicals, at high volume and reproducibility, and to functionalise novel detector surfaces form the basis of next generation devices being developed at the Centre. Quantum dot nanoparticles, tailored to emit at different wavelengths, offer one modality for the simultaneous detection of multiple markers.\nCurrent imaging methods have as a major goal the detection of malignant or pre-malignant cells by conventional scanning devices. The biologicals being developed for sensors could lend themselves to identifying malignant cells overexpressing the target molecule provided an adequate signal can be achieved.\nFor example, antibodies, presented on metal oxide nanoparticles to give high contrast signals on MRI or CT scans, would detect antigens over-expressed on malignant cells. This could be extended to molecular markers that distinguish the stage of disease and hence allow visualisation unachievable by conventional imaging.\nThe close proximity and collaboration between the Centre for NanoHealth and Medical Imaging facilities of ILS will ensure rapid development of this area.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Trapezoidal phase-shifting method for three-dimensional shape measurement\nOptical Engineering: The Journal of SPIE\nWe propose a novel structured light method, namely a trapezoidal phase-shifting method, for 3-D shape measurement. This method uses three patterns coded with phase-shifted, trapezoidalshaped gray levels. The 3-D information of the object is extracted by direct calculation of an intensity ratio. Compared to traditional intensityratio-based methods, the vertical or depth resolution is six times better. Also, this new method is significantly less sensitive to the defocusing effect of the captured\n... ct of the captured images, which makes large-depth 3-D shape measurement possible. If compared to sinusoidal phase-shifting methods, the resolution is similar, but the data processing speed is at least 4.5 times faster. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated in a previously developed real-time 3-D shape measurement system. The reconstructed 3-D results show similar quality to those obtained by the sinusoidal phase-shifting method. However, since the data processing speed is much faster ͑4.6 ms per frame͒, both image acquisition and 3-D reconstruction can be done in real time at a frame rate of 40 fps and a resolution of 532ϫ 500 points. This real-time capability allows us to measure dynamically changing objects, such as human faces. The potential applications of this new method include industrial inspection, reverse engineering, robotic vision, computer graphics, medical diagnosis, etc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nWe describe a nonlinear control law for tracking single, sub-diffraction limit fluorescent particles that takes advantage of the geometric properties of the spatial intensity pattern. We present simulation results for tracking a single particle based on confocal measurements to illustrate the approach. The control law converts each intensity measurement into actuator commands directly, and consequently should yield improved temporal response over existing algorithms. We consider both two- and three-dimensional tracking.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Full text PDF available (0)\n- This year (0)\n- Last 5 years (7)\n- Last 10 years (8)\nJournals and Conferences\nDelta-catenin was first identified through its interaction with Presenilin-1 and has been implicated in the regulation of dendrogenesis and cognitive function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which delta-catenin promotes dendritic morphogenesis were unclear. In this study, we demonstrated delta-catenin interaction with p190RhoGEF, and the importance of… (More)\nSome simulation testing systems are on operation for express train system in Korea. These full scale systems simulate the behavior of wheel/rail at real speed up to 320km/h and made by KNR systems Inc. In this paper, the only derailment simulation system in Korea is introduced.\nIn this paper, we introduce the robot developed for inspection of 16” natural pipelines, applying a novel mechanism. To travel along various obstacles such as vertical pipes, elbows and branches, this system consists of several modules with articulated bodies connected by active joint modules. And the robot contains battery modules and wireless… (More)\nIn this paper, we present a point-of-care test equipment which can afford `flexibility', `portability' and `low cost'. Firstly, the system components which include reagent tray, dispensing module, microfluidic disk rotor and photometry scanner, and each of their functions are explained. Then, test results of some of diagnostic tests are included to show the… (More)\nApplication of hydraulic actuators to robotic systems has different areas where electric motor system cannot be used. High bandwidth together with high force and torque make the system smaller and faster. Some examples are introduced made by KNR systems Inc.\nVibration test of electro-hydraulic actuator is widely used in the field of industry like large dynamic system to guarantee the performance of the system. As the system is working under the high speed condition, the dynamic vibration test is required naturally. The field of relevant industry involves not only general industry but also aircraft, military,… (More)\nIn this paper, system identification algorithm of an electro-hydraulic system for feedforward position control method is proposed. Feedforward controller using inverse model of feedback system generates filtered signals that compensate the magnitude and phase. In this manner, the feedback system has been properly identified. We estimated the system as… (More)\nAlthough the applications of hydraulic actuators to robotic systems has grown, it is difficult to get the customized components for the research platform. High bandwidth with higher force and torque compared to the electric motor in respect of size and weight has unique area as an actuator for robots. As the easy-getting products, the nozzle flapper type… (More)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "management system purpose is to assure our processes efficacy and effectiveness.\nWe guarantee timely and adequate availability of:\nCompetent and specialized personnelPlanning, prototyping and measurements method and equipmentProduction systems, machines, equipment and instrumentsSkilled suppliersManagement methodologies and processes control\nWe obtained our first quality system certification in 1997. Since 2008 we are certified ISO 9001, and since 2009 we are certified ISO/TS 16949. During 2018 we carried out the transition to IATF 16949:2016 (issued by TÜV SÜD). Our certification can be downloaded from our Download Area.\nQuality area machines:No.1 Optical mesurement equipment Mitutoyo QS-L 1020ZNo.1 Surface finish measurement Mitutoyo SJ-401No.1 Roundness measurement machine Mitutoyo Roundtest RA-1600No.1 Stereo inspection magnifier 6x - 10x Vision Engineering - Mantis EliteNo.1 Stereo zoom microscope with digital image capture Vision Engineering - SX-45No.1 Coating thickness measuring equipment Fischer - Deltascope MP30 E - SNo.1 Universal hardness tester Rockwell - Brinell Galileo - A200No.1 Horizontal instrument Trimos - TelsNo.1 Humid sectioning machine F.lli Casalin N200", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Premier-Energo Sales Department is responsible for the supply of domestic and foreign main and accessory equipment for power objects:\n- power equipment, equipment of outdoor and indoor switchgear, auxiliary equipment manufactured by GE Grid GmbH, Siemens, ABB and other Russian and foreign leading power equipment producers;\n- relay protection and automation and emergency control automatics;\n- power transmission lines equipment;\n- cable production and current distributors;\n- automatic process control system, telemetry and communication systems;\n- fire alarm and automatic fire fighting systems;\n- transformer equipment.\nThe equipment to supply is chosen in accordance with an individual Customer needs, specific features of a given object, high quality and reasonable price.\nCustomer benefits of equipment supply:\n- choice of the best suited equipment;\n- advisory services on the applied project solutions;\n- logistics (equipment delivery)\n- contracts accompaniment from contract signing till the object putting into operation etc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Frequency converters are essential tools for a wide range of industries and applications. They are used to change the frequency of an AC power source, allowing users to control the speed of motors, pumps, and other equipment.\nOur frequency converter tool is designed to be user-friendly and easy to use. It features a simple interface with intuitive controls, making it easy to adjust the frequency of your power source.\nOur tool is also highly reliable and durable, with a robust construction that can withstand harsh industrial environments. It is also energy-efficient, helping you to reduce your energy consumption and save money on your energy bills.\nIn addition to its practical uses, our frequency converter tool is also extremely versatile. It can be used to control the speed of a wide range of equipment, including motors, pumps, fans, and more. It is also compatible with a variety of power sources, including single-phase and three-phase AC.\nOverall, our frequency converter tool is an essential tool for any industry or application that requires precise control over the frequency of an AC power source. It is reliable, easy to use, and highly versatile, making it the perfect choice for a wide range of applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Accurate and user-friendlyHopper scales\nHopper scales function with the net principle and are used for actual weight registration. They cover a wide performance range and offer excellent sanitation thanks to their optimized design.\nDifferential scales are used as flow balancers or flow meters. Exemplary accuracy even at high capacities and good sanitation characterize the Bühler differential scales.\nBagging scales are applied for the exact weighing of a given weight. The portfolio contains net or differential bagging scales with or without weigh hoppers. Bühler bagging scales are used for various products, bag weights and performances.\nCheck weighers are used to check the weight of already closed bags and containers. The Bühler check scale allows an accurate measurement and is characterized by its user-friendliness as well as its compact and low-maintenance design.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This article is part of the supplement: Ninth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Dealing with the Omics Data Deluge\nCalculations of relative intensities of fragment ions in the MSMS spectra of a doubly charged penta-peptide\n1 Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA\n2 Department of Chemistry, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, HPC2 Center for Computational Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA\nBMC Bioinformatics 2012, 13(Suppl 15):S13 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-13-S15-S13Published: 11 September 2012\nCurrently, the tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) of peptides is a dominant technique used to identify peptides and consequently proteins. The peptide fragmentation inside the mass analyzer typically offers a spectrum containing several different groups of ions. The mass to charge (m/z) values of these ions can be exactly calculated following simple rules based on the possible peptide fragmentation reactions. But the (relative) intensities of the particular ions cannot be simply predicted from the amino-acid sequence of the peptide. This study presents initial work towards developing a theoretical fundamental approach to ion intensity elucidation by utilizing quantum mechanical computations.\nMSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK peptide were collected on electrospray ion trap mass spectrometers using low energy modes of fragmentation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the population of ion precursors to determine the fragment ion intensities corresponding to a Boltzmann distribution of the protonation of nitrogens in the peptide backbone amide bonds.\nWe were able to a) predict the y and b ions intensities order in concert with the experimental observation; b) predict relative intensities of y ions with errors not exceeding the experimental variation.\nThese results suggest that the GAVLK peptide fragmentation process in the ion trap mass spectrometer is predominantly driven by the thermodynamic stability of the precursor ions formed upon ionization of the sample. The computational approach presented in this manuscript successfully calculated ion intensities in the mass spectra of this doubly charged tryptic peptide, based solely on its amino acid sequence. As such, this work indicates a potential of incorporating quantum mechanical calculations into mass spectrometry based algorithms for molecular identification.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The XL4015 5A DC-DC Step Down Adjustable Power Supply Buck Module is a 180 KHz fixed frequency PWM buck (step-down) DC/DC module, capable of driving a 5A load with high efficiency, low ripple, and excellent line and load regulation.\nThis product is a 180 KHz fixed frequency PWM buck (step-down) DC/DC module, capable of driving a 5A load with high efficiency, low ripple, and excellent line and load regulation.\nThe DC/DC buck module has applications where the input voltage is higher than the output voltage, such as battery, power transformer, DIY adjustable regulated power supply, LCD Monitor and LCD TV portable instrument power supply telecom/networking equipment, 24V vehicle notebook power supply, industrial equipment buck.\nThis module has an adjustable output Voltage. Also works as a dedicated charger for Lithium Batteries (Li-Ion, LiPo) as it is capable of controlling voltage as well as current. Ex. 12V buck to 3.3V, 12V buck to 5V, 24V buck to 5V,24V buck to 12V, 36V buck to 24V etc.\nHigh efficiency up to 96%\nThe built-in thermal shutdown function\nBuilt-in current limit function\nIn-Built output short protection function\nInput reverse polarity protection: None (if required, the high current diode in series with the input).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A laboratory balance is a piece of important equipment to measure the mass of an object or a substance, be it solid, liquid or tissue. In order to ensure that you get accurate and precise readings, it is necessary that you buy the right kind of laboratory balances.\nHere are some tips to bear in mind before buying laboratory balances.\n1.Know the Type of Balances\nThere are various types of weighing balances. You need to understand which one is the most suitable for your purpose – whether educational, industrial, manufacturing, medical, fitness, food testing, pharmaceutical, product research and development or veterinary. This is because balances and their use in the chemistry laboratory vary hugely. The types of weighing units such as g, kg, mg, oz and lb also determine the purchase you want to make.\n- Analytical: These are highly sensitive balances when you need a highly accurate mass measurement. With a readability range between 0.1 mg to 0.01 mg, they can detect even minor increments. They need to be kept in a place with minimum disturbances. There is no doubt about analytical balance accuracy when it comes to measurements.\n- Precision: When you need to measure quantities up to the exact number, precision balances are very useful. They are available in the capacity of several hundred grams up to kilograms and can measure up to one milligram.\n- Microbalance: These balances are designed to make accurate measurements of small weighing objects. They can read up to a million parts of a gram. When you want to measure an object that is so light that they don’t show any weight on ordinary kitchen or postal scales, microbalances come quite handy.\n2.Know the Specimens You Want to Measure\nDo you want to measure light or heavy objects or both? You may buy any one or all of the balances, depending on the types of objects you want to measure in the laboratory.\n3.Know the Level of Precision You Want\nThe level of precision you want, whether 0.05, 0.00005 and any other will also be a governing factor for purchasing the laboratory balances.\n4.Know the Size of the Laboratory Balance\nYou may want to weigh something as small as apple and something as big as a heavy rock. The size of the pan of the laboratory balance should be able to accommodate the object you want to weigh.\n5.Other Factors to Consider\n- Quality of the laboratory balance\n- The reputation of the buyer\n- Ease of maintenance\n- Product and service guarantee\nOnce you have taken care of these factors, you can rest assured of buying the right kind of laboratory balance.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kollmorgen is the leading global manufacturer of motor solutions for the robotics industry. We have decades of experience and an established track record in enabling robotic innovation for the most challenging applications – surgical, collaborative, industrial, and defense. Our robotic motors are mobilizing nearly 1 million robot joints and robotic arms today. With the widest range of standard and custom robotic motors, drives, controls, gearing and actuation, Kollmorgen will partner with you to find the optimal solution that differentiates your design.\n- Service & Support\n- Contact Us\nBack to top\nAutomated laboratory and medical systems help clinicians make accurate diagnoses and provide effective treatment. They help medical researchers find new lifesaving cures and help hospitals and clinics provide efficient care. Healthcare providers do a better job and patients receive better care when these systems are faster, more precise and more reliable.\nWith higher-performing, more reliable equipment, the whole healthcare system works better, benefiting everyone from patients and caregivers to hospitals and clinics – and the machine builders who serve them.\nKollmorgen has the technology and engineering knowledge to solve the toughest motion challenges. We offer the widest standard product selection, with the ability to rapidly modify products for an exact fit to meet the requirement of specific applications. We can simplify your machine by utilizing direct-drive technology, removing transmission components for greater accuracy, repeatability, reliability and a lower total cost of ownership. In addition, we can help you integrate motion systems along with optics, fluidics and pneumatics for higher performance and precision.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rotary phase converters are invaluable tools for many industries and applications, enabling the operation of three-phase equipment in locations with single-phase power supplies. Proper sizing of a rotary phase converter is crucial to ensure the smooth and efficient functioning of your machinery. In this guide, we'll delve into the intricacies of rotary phase converter sizing, helping you make informed decisions for your specific needs.\nUnderstanding Rotary Phase Converters\nBefore we dive into sizing, it's essential to grasp the basics of rotary phase converter sizing. These devices generate three-phase power from a single-phase source, allowing you to power three-phase equipment. Rotary phase converters consist of three main components: an idler generator (rotor), a control panel, and capacitors.\nThe idler generator spins at a consistent speed and creates a balanced three-phase output. Capacitors assist in stabilizing voltage and phase balance. The control panel manages the converter's operation, ensuring it matches your machinery's electrical requirements.\nSizing a rotary phase converter is a multifaceted process that involves several key considerations:\nThe most critical factor in sizing a rotary phase converter is the motor load of the equipment you intend to power. You need to know the horsepower (HP) rating of the motors and the total HP required to run your machines simultaneously. To ensure efficiency and longevity, the converter should be rated at or above the total HP load.\nDuring the start-up phase, motors can demand up to seven times their running current. To accommodate these surge currents, it's essential to choose a converter that can handle the initial inrush. Selecting a converter with a higher HP rating than the sum of your motors' running HP helps account for these momentary surges.\nVoltage and Phase Requirements\nRotary phase converters come in various voltage and phase configurations. Ensure the converter you choose matches the voltage and phase requirements of your equipment. It's crucial to select a converter that provides a balanced three-phase output to avoid motor overheating and inefficiencies.\nConsider the duty cycle of your machinery. If your equipment runs continuously, the phase converter should be sized to handle continuous operation without overheating or performance degradation. For intermittent or light-duty applications, you may opt for a smaller converter.\nEfficiency is an essential factor when sizing a rotary phase converter. High-efficiency converters are not only cost-effective in the long run but also reduce energy consumption and heat generation. Look for converters with high efficiency ratings to maximize your operational savings.\nTo determine the appropriate size for your rotary phase converter, follow these steps:\nCalculate Total HP\nSum the HP ratings of all the motors you wish to power. Don't forget to account for any future machinery additions.\nDetermine the Peak Load\nConsider the start-up characteristics of your equipment and calculate the peak load. Multiply the total HP from by the appropriate multiplier (usually around 7 for motors) to estimate peak load.\nChoose an Oversized Converter\nTo ensure smooth operation and account for variations in motor efficiencies, select a rotary phase converter with a HP rating greater than the peak load calculated.\nConfirm that the selected converter matches your voltage and phase requirements. Check the duty cycle and efficiency ratings as well.\nBenefits of Proper Sizing\nSizing your rotary phase converter correctly offers numerous advantages:\nA well-sized converter ensures your equipment runs efficiently and smoothly, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.\nProper sizing minimizes energy wastage and contributes to cost savings in the long term.\nBy preventing overloading, you extend the lifespan of your motors and reduce the likelihood of unexpected breakdowns.\nEnsuring that the converter can handle peak loads reduces the risk of electrical issues and potential safety hazards.\nExplore the power of rotary converters for industrial efficiency. Discover more at Phoenix Phase Converters\nSizing a rotary phase converter is a crucial step in ensuring the seamless operation of your three-phase equipment. By considering factors like motor load, start-up loads, voltage requirements, duty cycle, and efficiency, you can select the right converter for your specific needs. When in doubt, it's advisable to consult with an expert in electrical systems to guarantee a proper match between your machinery and the converter. With the right-sized rotary phase converter, you'll not only enhance the efficiency of your equipment but also prolong its lifespan, ultimately improving your overall operational productivity and cost-effectiveness.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ophir’s Laser peak power calculator can provide a good estimation for the peak power and peak power density of a pulsed laser. These estimates can be very useful when choosing the right optical elements and suitable sensors for your system without the need to fully characterize the laser pulses.\nThe FGC100 LED calibration standard is used to calibrate the FluxGage LED luminaire measurement system.\nRadiometric measurement systems have relied on tungsten filament lamps as a calibration standard for years. Why should be FGC100 be any different?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Switching Power Supply Desktop style meets EN 60335-1\nDesktop Switching power supplies from 12-24VDC with European approval for EN60335-1, household and similar electrical appliances. 60W, 12-124v power supplies. These RoHS compliant power supplies are housed in Impact Resistant Polycarbonate Enclosure, Thermal Conduction Cooling, Case Dimensions: 119 X 60 X 32 (mm). This family features: Regulated output with low ripple up to 50W output power, Remote Sensing, has Built-in Protection features: O.C./S.C., O.V., Thermal, accepts Universal Input: 100-250VAC, meets Safety Agency Requirements: Innova/GS to EN60335-1 (1st Edition) and complies with EMI/RFI Regulations, EMC Directives/ CE and FCC Class B, for Grounded, Class I or Class II ITE Applications. Input connector may be IEC60320/C8. Modified and Custom Designs, such as: Constant Current, Battery Chargers, Internal Applications: PCB and Open Frame Mounted are also available. GlobTek now offers a 5-year warranty. Made in USA option available upon request.\ncomments powered by Disqus\n0 to 100v programmable voltage output Medical (60601-1) Internal Open Frame Power Supply designed to meet ANSI/AAMI ES60601-1 and EN/IEC 60601-1, 3rd edition is rated up to 50W output with dual outputs, Model Series GTM93038-50VV-X.X-FW\nContinuing to pursue its commitment to quality products and service, GlobTek, a world-class provider of power supplies and power electronic solutions announces it’s 50W dual output channel open frame internal power supply for Ultrasound equipment applications. The Dual output Switcher features a programmable VARIABLE 10VDC@2.6A TO100VDC@0.26A output as well as 12V 2A regulated output typically used for housekeeping or PWM.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "3 + 1 Seeds\n10 + 3 Seeds\nPiece of the high resistance tube of the brand Rothenberger special for vacuum pumps, ensure the maximum safety and functionality in the moment of work with the vacuum, making it simple and convenient.\nWith a length of 1.55m, it incorporates a screw connector that will allow us to connect it to the vacuum pump, and at the other extreme, a flexible rubber tube for connect it firmly and safely with the desiccator valve,but avoiding unnecessary breaks or blows.\nFeatures of the vacuum pressure hose + desiccator connection:\n- Length: 1.55m\n- Connectors: screw for connect it to the pump and rubber for the valve\n- Maximum vacuum resistance", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The R&S® UMS400 universal monitoring system can be used for spectrum monitoring and radiolocation from 8 kHz to 8 GHz and can be extended to 20 GHz with the R&S CS-MC20 converter. The compact outdoor housing allows a wide range of use cases including event monitoring and temporary missions in remote areas. The increasing frequency range of wireless communications services requires monitoring up to 8 GHz and in some cases even up to 20 GHz. This typically requires installing the monitoring sensor close to the antennas to keep cable losses low, and the R&S UMS400 and R&SCS-MC20 can achieve this as they have outdoor-compatible housings. Monitoring and single-channel DF antennas and time difference of arrival (TDOA) and angle of arrival (AoA) radiolocation are available.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Análise potenciométrica de redissolução com ultramicroeletrodos: fundamentos e aplicações na determinação de metais traços. Quím. Nova [online]. 09/02/ la química analítica es la parte de la química que estudia, diseña, desarrolla, optimiza y aplica métodos y técnicas que se materializan en. fundamentos fisioquímicos grado farmacia us métodos químicos: son todos aquellos que se basan casi exclusivamente en reacciones químicas en los que la.\n|Published (Last):||4 November 2015|\n|PDF File Size:||11.55 Mb|\n|ePub File Size:||12.10 Mb|\n|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|\nRio de Janeiro,cap. In practice, detection limit on the order of M is measured ffundamentos most of ion-selective electrodes. The observed detection limit is often governedby the presence of other interfering ions or impurities.\nMeaning of “potenciometria” in the Portuguese dictionary\nHowever, a membrane truly selective for a single typeof an ion and completely non-selective for other ions does not exist. The selectivity is one of the most important characteristics of an electrode, as it oftendetermines whether a reliable measurement in the sample is possible or not. If for example metal buffers are used to eliminate the effectswhich lead to the contamination of very dilute solutions it is possible to enhance the detection limit down to M.\nFood Protection53 Rio de Janeiro,vol. An examplary set-up for the measurement of electromotive force is precented in figure 1. Negative values indicate a preference for the target ion relative to the interfering ion.\nHowever, it should be pointed out that only at constant ionic strength a linearrelationship between the signal measured and the concentration of the analyte is maintained because of the clear cut relationship between ion activity and concentration, occurring in such condition. The linear range of the calibration curve is usually applied to porenciometria the activity of the target ionin any unknown solution.\nAccording the IUPAC recommendation the detection limit is defined by the cross-sectionof the two extrapolated linear parts od the fumdamentos calibration curve.\nPositive values of log Kxy indicate the preference of an electrode for theinterfering ion. How to cite this article. The measured signal is the sum of different potentials generated at all solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces.\nAt high and very low target ion activities there are deviations from linearity. Alterando as quantidades de amostra utilizadas.\nIt is important to note that this is a measurement at zero current i. Potentiometric titration applied to free fatty acid determination of edible oils and fats. If ions can penetrate the boundary betweentwo phases, then an electrochemical equilibrium will be reached, in potenciometrai different potentials in the two phases fyndamentos formed.\nTypical calibration curve of a potentiometric sensor determined in this way is shown in figure 2. Typically, the electrode calibration curve exhibits linear response range between M and M.\nThis membrane can be prepared as: However, in certain applications the value of the electrode slope is not criticaland worse value does not exclude its usefulness. In practice the potential difference i. Eletrodos Ion-Seletivos When the membrane separates two solutions of different ionic activities a1 and a2 and provided the membrane is only permeable to this single type of ion, the potential difference E across the membrane is described by the Nernst equation: Each of them has got advantages and drawbacks, and there are not general rules pointing which method gives the true result.\nIndustrial Processing of Cotton-Seed apud ref.\nEuropa’s Quality Acceptance apud ref. New York,vol. New York,cap. Dx 10 for WindowsMinitab: A useful slope can be regarded as [mV per decade] [mV per decade] for double charged ion respectively.\nHowever, it should be pointed out that a single time constant does not describe the form of the electrode response function. Free fatty acids are a measure of evaluating fats and oils, submitted to abusive conditions, besides being a quality characteristic of edible vegetable oils. All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise ea, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Typically such a membrane contains an analyte-selective component whichis responsible for the recognition process.\nIf only one type of an ion can be exchanged between the two phases, then the potential difference formed between the phases is governed only by theactivities of this target ion in these phases.\nEletrodos Ion-Seletivos The fundwmentos difference can be measured between two identical reference electrodes placed in the two phases. Services on Demand Journal. Different methods of the selectivity determination can be found in the literature. Most often it is expressed as the logarithm of Kxy. The experimental selectivity coefficients depend on the activity and a method of their determination. Moreover, in many investigationsthe response time of the overall measuring system is determined, which influences on the response time of the ISE.\nAn potenciometrua membrane is the key component of all potentiometric ion sensors. The theoretical valueaccording to the Nernst equation is: This definition can be extended to consider the drift of the system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Working with accuracy and precision requires the use of measuring instruments of the highest quality. On Mister Worker™, you can find the complete catalogue of Metrica tools and mechanical measurements: calipers, dials, micrometers and thickness gauges.\nThe mechanical measurement section is a very important part of the Metrica catalogue. Calipers, micrometers, comparators, bore gauges and thickness gauges are the five product groups that make up the mechanical workshop tools section. They are characterized by high quality and precision. Mechanical measurement is a traditional sector where it is important to maintain a high standard of reliability and Metrica is a reference point in the field of measurement. These product groups offer a complete range of instruments capable of covering all measurement needs.\nIn the caliper section of the Metrica catalogue, the following calipers stand out:\n- The 10074 Precision Monoblock Vernier Caliper. This is a traditional high-quality stainless-steel caliper, compliant with DIN 862. It is monoblock, with locking screw and it has four measuring functions.\n- The 10002 Digital Caliper Big Digits. It is a hardened stainless-steel caliper equipped with a display with big digits (11 mm), which offers four ways of measurement. This caliper has high accuracy (0.02 mm) and repeatability (0.01 mm). Three buttons make the use of this instrument easier: on/off (manual), reset for comparative measures and the mm/inch conversion.\n- The 10080 High Visibility Digital Caliper. This professional model in hardened stainless steel has a high visibility LCD screen with giant numbers. It has an ABS function, it is self-locking, its resolution is 0.01 mm/0.0005”, repeatability 0,01 mm/0.0005’’ and accuracy 0,02 mm/0,001”. Its operating temperature is 0°C to 40°C.\nIn addition to calipers, micrometers, dials, thickness gauges and bore gauges stand out. They are all produced with utmost care and with first-choice materials. They are all subjected to pre-sale checks.\nAs requested by some worldwide distributors, Metrica has developed the production of plicometers. Both digital and analog plicometers are 100% made in Italy.\nProduced with the utmost care and attention to detail, Metrica plicometers are appreciated in the fitness market, with positive reviews for their value for money. These tools represent a niche market for Metrica, but they are an example of Metrica’s flexibility and willingness to be open to all fields of linear measurement, always in full compliance with the quality standards required and appreciated by the market", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Document Type : ACEC-2023\nSea-Based Energy Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran\nDue to the necessity of utilizing renewable energies, the Archimedes screw turbine can be used as a power generation converter for the use of hydropower energy from river flows. A laboratory-scale model of this turbine with a scale of 1:6 has been designed and constructed. In the experimental tests, the performance characteristics of the turbine were investigated based on variations in the flow rate and electrical resistance. The optimal flow rate for the turbine was determined with the aim of achieving maximum efficiency. The performance characteistics of the turbine at this flow rate were evaluated using empirical equations derived from the experimental tests for various parameters. These equations indicated higher values for these parameters at this flow rate. Furthermore, for the scaling of the Archimedes screw turbine, dimensionless numbers such as Froude number and flow rates ratio were introduced. The experimental results were extrapolated to the prototype scale at the optimal flow rate of 2.6 (lit/s), where the maximum turbine efficiency occurs. The results showed that the use of Froude scaling led to approximately 25% higher values for the performance characteristics of the turbine compared to scaling based on flow rates ratio.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Prosense P Series Gas Detector\n- Brand: image/catalog/prosense-logo.jpg\n- Product Code: P Series\nProsense ATEX, IECEx certified \"P\" Series fixed gas detectors are designed and developed according to the demanding conditions found in industrial plants in order to carry out continuous measurement of toxic, explosive and oxygen gases in the air.\n• Wide Range Sensors: Pellistor, Electrochemical, Infrared, Semiconductor employed P provides excellent output for the target gas.\n• Modbus: P can be integrated to SCADA systems easily via open source Modbus RS485(RTU) codes\n• Outputs: Different devices can be operated/controlled at the same time thanks to the 4-20mA analog, Modbus RS485 and Relay outputs\n• Relay Contacts: P-3R+ relay module integrated P Series detectors can manage other equipments or link to firefighting panels.\nMaintenance and Installation\n• Sensor Replacement: Allows sensor replacement with pre-calibrated sensor head to provide easy maintenance.\n• Installation: Designed for either wall or ceiling mounting applications\n• Entry: 2 x 1/2″ NPT cable entries\n• Remote Control: Detector status can be monitored Prosense Gas Monitoring software remotely.\nRobust and Reliable\n• Body: Aluminium die-cast body and SS316 stainless steel sensor head superb performance under harsh environmental conditions with IP65 protection class.\n• Protection: Sunshield and waterproof caps are available for use in extreme conditions.\n• Pellistor(Catalytic),Electrochemical,Infrared Sensor Options\n• Standard 4-20mA Output\n• Standard RS485 Modbus(RTU) Interface\n• Optional Relay Outputs (Alarm1, Alarm2, and Fault)\n• Die-cast aluminium enclosure\n• Stainless Steel Sensor Housing\n• 1/2'' NPT Cable Gland\n• IP65/ IP66\n• Suitable to operate in Zone 1- Zone2\n• ATEX, IECEx Certified\n• ATEX Marking: Ex II 2G Ex db IIC T6 Gb\n|Sensor Technology||Pellistor, Electrochemical, Infrared, Semiconductor|\n|Output Signal||4-20mA and Modbus RS485|\n|Response Time(T90)||Sensor dependent|\n|Operating Temperature||-40°C ~ +70°C|\n|Humidity||5 ~ 95%RH|\n|Input||Min 10VDC - Max 32VDC - Nominal 24VDC|\n|Power Consumption||Max. 4W|\n|Relay Outputs||2 Alarms (Selectable) and 1 Fault (All relays are NO/NC adjustable)|\n|IP Rating||IP65 / Optional IP66 (Sensor Head)|\n|Junction Box||Epoxy Painted Die-Cast Aluminum|\n|Sensor Head||316L Stainless Steel|\n|Dimensions/Weight||183x118,15x88mm / 1420gr|\n|ATEX Marking||II 2G Ex db IIC T5/T4 Gb|\n|Hazardous Class||Zone 1 or Zone 2|\n|Certificates||IMQ 19 ATEX 045 X|\nIECEx IMQ 18.0009X\n|Standards||IEC EN 60079-0|\nIEC EN 60079-1\nIEC EN 60079-18", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators (TCXO)\nA temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) is a crystal oscillator that uses a compensation network of thermistors. The oscillator is designed to produce a correction voltage that reduces the frequency deviation due to variations in the temperature. The thermistors detect variation in the ambient network and make the appropriate corrections to the voltage that is applied to the crystal. These oscillators are often used in data communication and telecommunication applications.\nA crystal oscillator is an in electronic circuit which uses the mechanical resonance of a physical crystal of piezoelectric material along with an amplifier and feedback to create an electrical signal which has a very precise and accurate frequency. The crystal oscillator is a very accurate version of an electronic oscillator. This frequency is used to keep track of time such as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters. Crystal oscillators are a popular and common source of time and frequency signals. The crystal that is used is often called timing crystal.\nWhile selecting a TCXO you need to consider the oscillation frequency and the total frequency stability. Measured in ppm, the total frequency stability is the maximum value by which a frequency varies, from the mean or the nominal value, for changes in temperature and supply voltage. You also need to consider the connector that is used. The output can be given as a sine waveform or a square waveform. The square wave logic outputs are: TTL, CMOS, HCMOS and ECL. The crystal must have a low jitter and a low noise feature.\nThere are several packaging options for these devices as they are available as surface mount, flat pack, through hole, waveguide assembly or as a connector. Surface mount technology (SMT) adds components to a printed circuit board (PCB) by soldering component leads or terminals to the top of the board. Through hole technology (THT) mounts the components by inserting component leads through holes in the board and then soldering the leads in place on the opposite side of the board. Oscillators that are modules or boards are also available. Connectorized devices attach with either coaxial or radio frequency (RF) connectors. Waveguide assemblies are made of a hollow metallic conductor with a rectangular, elliptical, or circular cross-section. Flat pack (FPAK) units come with flat leads and in assorted body sizes and pin counts.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "New Line Up of Photographic Lens Assemblies Ideal for Large Format CCD Imaging Applications\nUniverse Kogaku (America), Inc., a leading designer and manufacturer of lenses, assemblies, and accessories, announces a complete line of off-the-shelf, manual photographic lenses with various focal lengths, which are an economical alternative for large format CCD imaging applications and line scan cameras.\nThe new lens assemblies meet demands for special applications which need CCD sensors larger than 1 inch (16 mm : Diagonal), up to 35 mm film size with 6144 elements on a 7 micron pitch (43.3 mm : Diagonal ). Lenses are available with U mount or Nikon F mount in a variety of focal lengths: From wide 24 mm (F/2.8), to telephoto 500 mm (F/8.0), to a 28-300 mm zoom lens (F/4.0-6.3).\nUniverse’s technical support, value-added services, custom design and prototyping capabilities accommodate any application or specification criteria.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Discovery MR750 3.0T offers advanced technology, such as:\n- High performance whole-body gradients designed to deliver powerful 50 mT/m amplitude and 200 T/m/s slew-rate on each axis simultaneously.\n- ARC parallel-imaging, which utilizes a full 3D data kernel for more accurate reconstruction.\n- A volume-reconstruction engine that enables real-time image generation.\n- OpTix optical RF technology, engineered to increase signal clarity and maximize signal intensity.\n- PERFORM 2.0, which automatically fine-tunes system SAR modelling and personalizes it for each patient.\n- The eXtreme resonance module (XRM), which delivers a 48-cm field of view with linearity.\n- VIBRANT Flex technology, which combines multiple series of breast scans into one.\n- Time of Flight (TOF) imaging, which rapidly captures high-definition images that display small-vessel detail and blood-flow subtleties—without contrast injections.\n- IntelliTouch patient positioning—start scanning in just two steps.\n- BrainWave suite of functional MRI (fMRI) applications, which provide excellent signal stability, and an exceptional signal-to-noise ratio.\nWe have replacement parts available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.\nWe have financing available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.\nWe have service and repair available for GE Discovery MR750 3.0T.\nName of the Manufacturer: GE\nGE Discovery MR750 3.0T Equipment Finance Overview", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rapid water testing with test strips.\nA number of key parameters can be measured in water using test strips. Test strips are a cost effective, convenient and easy to use alternative to chemical test kits and instrument tests. The only limitation is that test strips are usually not quite as accurate as other tests - but they are still good for screening purposes. Most require only a single step but some eg arsenic require use of reagents. Test strips with reagents are designed for ease of use and can be used in the field.\nHere are a few factors for drinking water, aquariums and water quality monitoring that can be measured using test strips.\npH. pH is one of the most important factors to measure in water. Many important processes in water change the pH, for example decomposition. Also the pH of water can determine other aspects like metal solubility and disinfection efficiency. The pH-Fix strips at pH 4.5 to 10 can test the usual range for pH in water. See them at pH test strips.\nAlkalinity. In natural water with pH under around 10.2, most alkalinity can be called carbonate alkalinity and this is sometimes expressed as carbonate hardness. Macherey Nagel make carbonate alkalinity test strips. See them at Macherey Nagel carbonate alkalinity test strips.Please note: To measure total alkalinity it is better to use a test kit such as the Hanna Instruments HI3811 alkalinity kit. This measures total alkalinity (down to pH 4.5 using methyl orange indicator) and alkalinity down to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein indicator). See details at HI3811 alkalinity test kit.\nAmmonia. These test strips measure total ammonia and ammonium. Ammonia comes mostly from decomposing organic matter. Decomposition uses up oxygen. If there is enough oxygen the ammonia is usually removed. But if there is too much organic matter then ammonia levels can build up. Ammonia levels are therefore a good indicator of water quality and are important particularly for drinking water quality and aquariums. See them at Hach Aquachek ammonia test strips.\nArsenic. Many water supplies that come from underground sources contain arsenic. See them at Macherey Nagel Quantofix arsenic test strips. Check lead time when ordering.\nFree and total chlorine. When chlorine is used to disinfect water the goal is to leave a minimum level of around 0.5 mg/l free chlorine. If the water contains any ammonia, which is sometimes the case in rural supplies, some of the chlorine will react with the ammonia. Although the resulting chloramines have a reduced disinfecting effect they are more stable. Chloramines are sometimes preferred in larger water distribution systems. The difference between total chlorine and free chlorine is the chloramines. See them at Hach Aquachek free and total chlorine test strips.\nCopper. Copper levels are often monitored in home water to detect corrosion in a plumbing system. See them at Lamotte InstaTest copper test strips.\nHardness. Hardness in water is mostly a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium ions present. The amount of calcium and magnesium in water impacts industrial applications, drinking water quality and irrigation water quality. For Hach hardness test strips see Hach Aquachek total hardness test strips. For Macherey Nagel Aquadur test strips see Macherey Nagel Aquadur test strips. Low level hardness for critical applications such as dialysis can be measured using low range test strips. Macherey Nagel Aquadur sensitive test strips measure hardness up to around 20 ppm. see Macherey Nagel Aquadur sensitive test strips.\nTotal dissolved iron. Because iron levels affect water quality for drinking, irrigation and beverage production measuring the iron content is important so the most appropriate method of treatment can be used. See them at Hach Aquachek total dissolved iron test strips.\nNitrate / nitrite. Applications are aquaria and water quality monitoring. Usually elevated levels of nitrate indicate some contamination of water supplies. Levels should not exceed 3 mg/l nitrite for drinking. Nitrite is the more serious problem in drinking water. Generally if water is well oxygenated nitrite will not build up. High nitrite is therefore often a symptom of anaerobic conditions. See them at Hach Aquachek nitrate / nitrite test strips.\nPhosphate. Phosphate level can often indicate that there is some contamination of the water. It is one of the main factors that can lead to excessive algal growth. Lamotee Company pool and spa test strips test the range 0 - 2.5 ppm with a step size (resolution) that makes them suitable for environmental testing. See them at Lamotte phosphate test strips.\nMultiparameter test strips.\nMacherey Nagel Multistick test strips for aquariums test for total hardness, carbonate hardness and pH. See them at Macherey Nagel Multistick test strips for aquariums.\nThe Hach Aquachek 5 in 1 test strips will test for alkalinity and 4 other factors free and total chlorine, total hardness and pH. See them at Hach Aquachek test strips. Note: check lead time when ordering these strips.Where to now? Read The two most important factors in water quality.\nReturn to top", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Do I really need an expensive guitar? This is a great question and I am asked this all the time. The short answer is… No, you do not really NEED a guitar that is expensive BUT You can really benefit from having a nice guitar. Across the board, all of the manufacturers more expensive models will give you a better playing experience and in most cases better tone. This makes sense as the guitar manufacturer can put more money into the build of the guitar. Woods, parts, hardware, and time spent on building the guitar all go up and this will produce a higher quality instrument.\nThe nicer woods cost more and are harder to come by. It is common for top guitar manufacturers to pay a higher premium to sawmills for the choicest cuts of wood. Many sought after woods (Flame Maple, Quilted Maple, Rosewood) are rarer and harder to get today than even twenty years ago. This makes these woods more expensive.\nTop-quality hardware is also more costly. Better plating and harder metals come at a premium. Better electronics can really raise the price of the top shelf guitars. Pickups made by US manufacturers can cost hundreds of dollars more than the import pickups from Korea or China. These pickups made in the USA have top quality components and not only have a higher quality sound but will last for many years.\nFrom the woods that make up the guitar to the tuners that get the guitar in tune and hold it there, more expensive guitars will play, sound, and function better for a longer period of time than the less expensive models.\nHowever, in today’s guitar market you will find some really amazing guitars at lower price points than ever before. No worries if you don’t have thousands to spend on your guitar purchase as quality, well-made guitars are out there for way less than $1000.00. Guitars made in Mexico and Indonesia are amazing and sell for just a few hundred dollars NEW!\nBrands like G&L Tribute models or PRS SE Lines are good bets to check out. Myself, I really prefer to buy used guitars. A guitar that sold new for $1200.00 will sell used for about $800.00, sometimes even less. You can always find quality used guitars on the market and these guitars are a great way to get a better, higher-priced guitar for much less cash.\nIf you are looking at used guitars but are not really a guitar expert I would recommend purchasing your used instruments from a guitar shop vs. a private seller. A guitar shop selling used instruments well check out the guitars before they take them in on trade and put them out for sale so it is less likely that you will purchase a used guitar from a shop and have problems with the guitar.\nI have seen pro musicians play on less expensive guitars over the years and they still sounded amazing, A well-built guitar that is set up to play properly can take you a long way on your guitar playing journey. In the end, purchase the best guitar that you can afford, have it set up to play correctly and practice as often as you can.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vishay - IFSC Family of Low-Profile, High-Current Inductors in 0806, 1008, 1111, and 1515 Case Sizes\nNews Release from:\n28 April 2011\nVishay launched a new family of low-profile, high-current inductors in the 0806, 1008, 1111, and 1515 case sizes. The IFSC devices combine ultra-low profiles down to 1.0 mm with a high maximum frequency and a wide range of standard inductance values from 0.47 µH to 47.0 µH.\nWith a frequency range up to 5.0 MHz, the five IFSC inductors announced today serve as high-performing, space- and power-saving solutions for DC/DC converter applications in end products including LCD displays, hard disk drives, digital video cameras, smart phones, tablets, and PDAs; low-profile, high-current power supplies; and point of load (POL) converters.\nThe devices offer an inductance range from 0.47 µH to 47.0 µH, a saturation current range from 0.235 A up to 5.5 A, typical DCR from 17 mΩ to 2367 mΩ, and maximum DCR from 22 mΩ to 2840 mΩ.\nThe new inductors are RoHS-compliant and 100 % lead (Pb)-free. These shielded devices are specified for an operating temperature range of -55 °C to +125 °C, with high resistance to thermal shock, moisture, mechanical shock, and vibration.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Today, we did connectivity experiments with the \"bullet\" ethernet to antenna cable converter and some antennas of various shapes.\nFrom the computer, we linked a ethernet cable to another one with a power box that would work as POE (power of ethernet), to give energy to the signal.\nThen, the other end of the cable was connected to the \"Bullet\" ethernet to antenna converter (shown below)\nAfter that, we connected the \"bullet\" to different types of antennas, we tried different shapes and tested how many hotspots\nthey could reach:\n1) Dish Antenna: generally, the antenna with more range than others, it captures the signal like a concave mirror, making these signals bounce directly to the \"focus\" of the antenna.\n2) Panel Antenna: Another type of antenna with a great range, with this antenna we were able to catch signals from the Mount Mauna Kea, distant several hundreds of miles from our labs.\n3) Omni Antenna: A more conventional type of antenna with a inferior range, but with a 360° angle of signal reception, me and my science seminar buddy Erina tried to use this, but with little success.\n4) Directional Antenna: Another conventional antenna with medium range, this type of antenna receives signals only on a straight line, its shape reminds of the typical blaster turrets used by the Empire in Star Wars, unfortunately we didn't have the pleasure of trying yet.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Press Release Summary:\nRoHS-compliant GN3 series 3-phase and motor reversing solid-state relays are designed for thermal efficiency and noise immunity. Models are suited for various 3-phase motor and heating applications as well as applications switching multiple outputs with single control signal. Supplied in IP20 touch-safe housing, series complies with IEC 62314 (2006-05) and offers built-in transient protection. Various ratings and voltages are available.\nOriginal Press Release:\nSAN DIEGO, CA - October 8, 2007 - Crouzet's new GN3 series three-phase & motor reversing solid-state relays are the latest addition to the Crouzet offering. As with the GN and GNR range of products, the GN3 utilizes the latest proven technology for superior thermal efficiency, noise immunity, and reliability. Furthermore, the EMC compliant design (level 3) and built-in transient protection provide an additional level of reliability in harsh industrial environments. These relays are perfectly suited for a wide array of three-phase motor and heating applications. They are also ideal for use in applications switching multiple outputs with a single control signal. Available with ratings up to 50A per phase @ 600Vac (530Vac with internal snubber network), with either a DC, AC, or low-voltage AC (18-36Vac) input.\nGN3 / GN0 features and benefits include;\nDBC Substrate for Superior I2T and Thermal Performance\nRatings up to 50A per phase @ 600Vac\nBuilt-In Internal Transient Protection\nLED Input Status Indicator (2 LEDs in GN0 Motor-Reversing Relays)\nIP20 Touch-Safe Housing\n100k UL508 Endurance Rating\nIndustry Standard Package\nUL/CSA/TuV Approved, CE Compliant\nComplies with IEC 62314 (2006-05)\nThe new GN3 series solid-state relays are ideal for use in numerous commercial & industrial applications, including: mercury relay replacement, professional food-service equipment (ovens, fryers, dispensing equipment, conveyors, etc.), sterilizers, temperature control systems, plastic extrusion / thermoforming machinery, HVAC&R, kilns, packaging equipment, sorting equipment, wave solder & reflow systems, lighting systems, pump controls, incubators, motor-switching, UPS systems, and much more.\nFor additional information, please visit our web site @ www.crouzet.com.\nCrouzet is an operation of Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST).\nAbout Custom Sensors & Technologies\nHeadquartered in Moorpark, Calif., Custom Sensors & Technologies (CST) is a business unit of Schneider Electric. CST was formed from the combination of Kavlico, Crouzet, Crydom and former divisions of BEI Technologies. CST provides sensors, controls and actuation products to the industrial, transportation, and military and aerospace markets.\nAbout Schneider Electric\nSchneider Electric is the world's power and control specialist. Through its world-class brands, Merlin Gerin, Square D and Telemecanique, Schneider Electric anticipates and satisfies its customers' requirements in the residential, building, industry and energy and infrastructure markets. With 105,000 employees and operations in 190 countries, Schneider Electric generated sales of Euros13.7 billion in 2006 through 15,000 sales outlets.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HARD SPOT INSPECTION TROLLEY - English -\nOperating and Maintenance Instructions\nadaptaed from: https://app.box.com/s/c6qfgtuhfg1yd2ottrfum98x8jmg7rn3\n|Hard spot inspection trolley • PLAMAT-M •\nMaintenance Instructions • V2.0\n2.3 Eddy current\nThe EC testing method is based on the approach of generating electrical currents in\nconductive materials, here the pipe wall. The figure below summarizes the principle. An\nalternating electric current with defined amplitude and frequency is applied to a coil system.\nThe driving current generates an alternating primary magnetic field which causes eddy\ncurrents to flow in the surface of the nearby pipe wall by mutual inductance. The currents in\nthe pipe wall produce a secondary magnetic field which is opposed to the primary field\ninducing it. Defect damage such as corrosion leads to a change of the EC’s flow direction,\nwhich influences the mutual inductance. This can be described by a variation in the electrical\nimpedance of the coil, i.e., its Ohmic resistance and inductive reactance.\nThe impedance is usually measured across a bridge circuit in which any imbalance can be\nmeasured accurately. On the basis of this imbalance, material inhomogeneities can be\ndetected and their properties determined by the evaluation of the amplitude and the phase\nshift between the input and output signals.\nFigure 4: The EC principle\naddition to material properties such as the electric conductivity and\nmagnetic permeability, the frequency of the input signal also\ndetermines the so-called skin depth of eddy currents.\nThe skin depth is a measurement of the distance to which an alternating\ncurrent can effectively penetrate beneath the surface of a conductive\nmaterial, in this case the pipe wall.\nFor suitable frequencies and standard steel grades the skin depth for\ncarbon steel is well below 1 mm. Thus, the EC approach can be\nconsidered to be a surface-sensitive method.\nThe magnetic permeability generally depends on the operating point of magnetization, which usually comprises:\n- demagnetized operation point\n- residual magnetized operating point\nFigure 5: Magnetic hysteresis loop and operating points\nSince the EC approach considered here is surface- bonded, surface\ninfluences may have and disturbing character, e.g. tinder, roughness,\nThe following micro-magnetic parameters are considered for the EC analysis:\n||maximum magnitude of the impedance\n||minimum magnitude of the impedance\n||averaged magnitude of the impedance\n||maximum phase of the impedance\n||minimum phase of the impedance\n||averaged phase of the impedance\n||3 % widening of the eddy current loop\n||10 % widening of the eddy current loop\nFigure 6: EC impedance plane\n|ROSEN and IZfP Page 16 of", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Flashlamp Controller Built for your Application\nAMI’s unique mix of electronics and laser system expertise allow us to design and build flashlamp controllers to our customer’s specific operating conditions. AMI manufactures fixed pulse width and variable pulse width controllers.\nBased on a modular design approach, each controller is optimized for a given application or specific customer need. The 8800 and 8800V series provide a capacitor charging power supply, pulse forming network, simmer supply and all the electronic circuitry needed to drive flashlamps for pumping solid-state lasers.\nSoftware control allows easy adjustment of operating parameters such as pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, pulse width, and mode of operation. Complete control of timing signals for multiple lamp and Q-switched applications is also provided by the embedded software.\nEnd users can chose to to operate and program the flashlamp controller using a front panel push-button interface, RS-232 input or externally through a simple 25 pin D remote interface. The system status is presented on an easy-to-read LCD graphics display\nTo design a flashlamp controller for your application AMI needs the following information:\n- Pulse width or range\n- Maximum repetition rate and/or duty cycle\n- Energy delivered to the lamp per pulse\n- Lamp arc length\n- Lamp bore diameter\n- Lamp gas type\n- Lamp fill pressure\nFixed verses Variable Pulse width Flashlamp Controller\nOutside of the obvious there are several key differences between Fixed and Variable pulse width systems.\nFixed systems discharge a large capacitor switched by a SCR through an inductor delivering a Gaussian shaped current pulse to the lamp. The impedance of the lamp, Ko, has less of an impact on the shape of the current pulse.\nVariable pulse width flashlamp controller uses an electronic PFN. A capacitor bank stores a large amount of energy. That energy is released into the lamp using an IGBT to switch the current flow on and off. The resultant current pulse is typically is square. The risetime of the pulse is effected by the impedance of the lamp and the charge voltage of the capacitor bank. As the voltage decreases and/or the application uses a low impedance lamp the rise time will slow eventually resulting in a shark fin rather than a square shaped pulse.\nWe look forward for to learning about your requirements for a Flashlamp Controller. Please contact AMI to discuss your application today.\n© Analog Modules Inc., December 2016. This post may be reproduced in its entirety without editing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A high-speed profile monitor has been developed for Frank-ford Arsenal as an integral part of an automatic 5.56 mm cartridge case ammunition inspection system. This profile gaging monitor uses a dual measurement station each with solid state linear diode arrays and shadow-imaging optics to achieve a throughput rate that exceeds 1200 cases/minute with a diameter measurement standard deviation better than ± 1.5 x 10-3 inch. Fourteen diameters and two lengths are measured on each cartridge case by separate gaging stations. Length measurements use a snapshot-type optical system while diameter measurements require both image tracking of the case shadow and scanning operation to get the diameter measurements from two diode array elements. A mini-computer with a direct memory input from the gaging stations provides an engineering unit conversion from the gaging stations and a dynamic accept/reject decision based on minimum accept and maximum accept limits.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- PCB Layout\n- Bill of Materials\nThe Palo Verde MAXREFDES33 subsystem reference design (Figure 1) demonstrates the application of the MAX15062A 60V, 300mA ultra-small, high-efficiency, synchronous step-down converter. The reference design operates over a wide 4.5V to 60V input voltage range, and provides up to 300mA at 3.3V output. The device features undervoltage lockout, overcurrent protection, and thermal shutdown. The MAX15062A switches at a fixed frequency of 500kHz, and delivers a peak efficiency of 86.77% with the supplied components when the input is 24V. This general-purpose power solution can be used in many different types of power applications, such as 4–20mA current loops, HVAC and building control, high-voltage LDO replacement, general-purpose point-of-load, etc. In this reference design, the MAX15062 performs in 24V input applications, such as industrial sensors, process control, etc.\n- Industrial sensors\n- Process control\n- 4–20mA current loops\n- General-purpose point-of-load\n- High-voltage LDO replacement\n- HVAC and building control\n- Minimal external components and low system cost\n- Versatile functionality allows stocking of fewer DC-DC regulators\n- Low power dissipation\n- Reliable operation in adverse industrial environments\n- Pmod™-compatible form factor\nThe Palo Verde subsystem reference design is a high-efficiency, high-voltage, synchronous step-down DC-DC converter solution with integrated MOSFETs. Palo Verde operates over a wide 4.5V to 60V input voltage range. The converter delivers output current up to 300mA at 3.3V. When EN/UVLO and VCC UVLO are satisfied, an internal power-up sequence soft-starts the error-amplifier reference, resulting in a clean monotonic output-voltage soft-start independent of the load current. The VOUT pin monitors the output voltage through an internal resistor-divider. RESET transitions to a high-impedance state 2ms after the output voltage reaches 95% of regulation. The device selects either PFM or forced-PWM mode depending on the state of the MODE pin at power-up (this reference design sets the device in PWM mode). By pulling the EN/UVLO pin to low, the device enters the shutdown mode and consumes only 2.2µA (typical) of standby current.\nThe reference design switches at a fixed frequency of 500kHz, and delivers a peak efficiency of 86.77% with the supplied components when the input is 24V.\nThis reference board is designed in a Pmod-compatible form factor with IO pass-through, but can be used in any 4.5V–60V to 3.3V power application up to 300mA.\n- Palo Verde (MAXREFDES33) board\n- One 24V, 1A minimum power supply that shows the output current\n- One electronic load\n- One voltmeter\n- Turn off the power supply.\n- Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the VIN connector of the MAXREFDES33 board.\n- Connect the negative terminal of the power supply to the GND connector of the MAXREFDES33 board.\n- Connect the positive terminal of the electronic load to J2-6 of the MAXREFDES33 board.\n- Connect the negative terminal of the electronic load to J2-5 of the MAXREFDES33 board.\n- Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the positive terminal of the electronic load.\n- Connect the negative terminal of the voltmeter to the negative terminal of the electronic load.\n- Turn on the power supply.\n- Set the electronic load to a constant current between 0 to 300mA.\n- Verify the voltmeter reading is 3.3V ±0.05V.\nThe Palo Verde design was tested using a 24V input voltage. The performance under other input conditions can be captured with a similar setup. Refer to the MAX15062 data sheet for detailed performances in other application conditions.\nThe power efficiency vs load current is illustrated in Figure 2.\nFigure 3 and Figure 4 display the ripple at no load (ripple is 6mV peak-peak) and 300mA load (ripple is 8mV peak-peak), respectively. Channel 1 in the oscilloscope screen shot is voltage at the LX pin. Channel 2 in the oscilloscope screen shot is voltage at the VOUT pin.\nFigure 5 displays the load transient response when the load is stepped from 5mA to 150mA, and then dropped back to 5mA again.The transient voltage is about 60mV.\nFigure 6 displays the load transient response when the load is stepped from 150mA to 300mA, and then dropped back to 150mA again.The transient voltage is also about 60mV.\nMAXREFDES33 Design Files2021/4/1", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This transmitter & receiver is designed for electroacoustic musical instruments like guitar, bass, etc. Supports 4 sets of devices working at same time, one-to-one; and max. transmission range is up to 50 meters.\n- Wireless transmitter & receiver set for electroacoustic musical instruments like guitar, bass, etc.\n- UHF 730MHz original sound transmission, anti-interface and ultra-short delay, giving you the best music sound.\n- Supports 4 sets of devices working at same time, one-to-one; and max. transmission range is up to 50 meters.\n- Built-in rechargeable lithium battery, long working hours; and comes with USB cable for convenient charging.\n- Plug and play, simple to use; compact size and lightweight, easy to carry.\n- Warm Notice: The guitar and guitar amplifier is not included in the package.\n|Audio Response Range||20Hz-20kHz|\n|Transmission Range||Max.50M (No obstacle); 30M (through-wall)|\n|Transmission Delay||Less Than 4ms|\n|Power Supply||Built-in 3.7V 600mAh rechargeable lithium battery|\n|Charge Port||Micro USB|\n|Item Size||11 x 4.5 x 1.5cm / 4.3 x 1.8 x 0.6in|\n|Item Weight||35g / 1.2oz (for each)|\n|Package Size||17.5 x 10.5 x 5cm / 6.9 x 4.1 x 2in|\n|Package Weight||250g / 8.8oz|\n|Package Contents||1 x Transmitter, 1 x Receiver, 1 x Charging Cable, 1 x Manual|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Most people think that the industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine has a wide range of applications. No matter what industry, it seems that a multi-size corresponding industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine can take into account all industrial cleaning work; in fact, this is not the case. Our industrial ultrasonic cleaning machine is also divided into many kinds, so how is this classification? I take you to find out.\nOne, In accordance with the different requirements of cleaning precision, mainly divided into general industrial cleaning, precision industrial cleaning and ultra-precision industrial cleaning three categories.\nA. General industrial cleaning, including vehicles, ships, aircraft surface cleaning, generally can only remove relatively coarse dirt; B. Precision industrial cleaning, including a variety of product processing and production process cleaning, a variety of materials and equipment surface cleaning, etc., to be able to remove tiny dirt particles as a feature; C. Ultra-precision cleaning, including precision industrial production process of mechanical parts, electronic components, optical components and other items Ultra-precision cleaning, to remove very small dirt particles for the purpose.\nSecond, according to the different cleaning methods, can also be divided into physical cleaning and chemical cleaning.\nA. the use of mechanics, acoustics, optics, electricity, thermal principles, relying on the role of external energy, such as mechanical friction, ultrasound, negative pressure, high-pressure impact, ultraviolet light, steam, etc. to remove dirt from the surface of the object called physical cleaning; B. rely on the role of chemical reactions, the use of chemicals or other solvents to remove dirt from the surface of the object called chemical cleaning. Such as the use of a variety of inorganic or organic acids to remove the surface of the object rust, scale, with oxidizing agents to remove the surface of the object color spots, with fungicides. Disinfectant to kill microorganisms and remove mold and other spots. Physical cleaning and chemical cleaning both have their own advantages and disadvantages, and have good complementarity. In the process of practical application, the two are usually used in combination to obtain a better cleaning effect.\nThird, according to the different cleaning media, and can be divided into wet cleaning and dry cleaning.\nGenerally will be in the liquid medium for cleaning called wet cleaning, cleaning in the gas medium called dry cleaning. Most of the traditional cleaning methods for wet cleaning, and people are more easily understood dry cleaning is also vacuum cleaner. But in recent years, dry cleaning is developing rapidly. Such as laser cleaning. UV cleaning, plasma cleaning, dry ice cleaning, etc., in the field of high. Precision, advanced industrial technology field has been rapidly developed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US7327963 B2|\n|Application number||US 11/077,036|\n|Publication date||Feb 5, 2008|\n|Filing date||Mar 11, 2005|\n|Priority date||Mar 17, 2004|\n|Also published as||US20050207762|\n|Publication number||077036, 11077036, US 7327963 B2, US 7327963B2, US-B2-7327963, US7327963 B2, US7327963B2|\n|Original Assignee||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (3), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nThe invention relates to an image forming apparatus with a fixing device such as a copier, a printer, and a facsimile, for example, to an image forming apparatus that forms by electrophotographic method a toner image(s) on a single side or double sides of a transfer sheet and fixes the image(s) by a fixing device.\nAs a typical fixing device used for an electrophotographic method of image forming apparatus such as a copier, a printer and a facsimile, a heat roller fixing method has been frequently employed, which comprises a fixing roller with an elastic layer on it which is kept at a preset temperature and a pressing roller with an elastic layer on it which is pressure in contact with the fixing roller and works to heat a transfer sheet having a toner image on it while interposing and conveying the sheet.\nFurther, there has been a belt-type fixing device that uses an endless belt member (a fixing belt), which is supported by and entrained about a plurality of roller members.\nHowever, when a toner image is heated and fixed by these fixing device, the moisture in the transfer sheet goes away into the air by heat during fixing and consequently, the transfer sheet shrinks. If the sheet shrinks too much, the image size becomes improper and may not meet users' requirements.\nFurther, due to specific deviations and changes with time of a feeder, the timing to feed sheets to the transfer section moves away from a designed timing value and, consequently, images will be positioned improperly on the sheets.\nWhen forming an image on each side of a transfer sheet for double-side duplication, the transfer sheet subjected to transferring a toner image on one side thereof passes once through a fixing device for fixing the toner image, and then the transfer sheet subjected to transferring another toner image on the other side thereof passes again through the fixing device for fixing the another toner image.\nWhen forming multiple duplication on a single side of transfer sheet to synthesize two images, the transfer sheet subjected to transferring a toner image on one side thereof passes once through a fixing device for fixing the toner image, and then the transfer sheet subjected to transferring another toner image on the same side thereof passes again through the fixing device for fixing the another toner image.\nIn these double-side duplication and multiple duplication, the first fixed transfer sheet is already shrunk by heat. Consequently, the first and second toner images become different in size and position thereof.\nTo solve such an image size problem, Patent Document 1 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H4-288560, for example, discloses a method of to measure the size of a transfer sheet before fixing and the size of the transfer sheet after fixing, to calculate a ratio of shrinkage of the transfer sheet from the result of measurement, and to control the optical system.\nWhen making double-side duplication, the image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 2 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-149057, measures the size of the first transfer sheet before fixing and the size of the transfer sheet after fixing by a sensor, calculates a ratio of shrinkage of the first transfer sheet from the result of measurement, and uses this ratio to correct image sizes for the second and later transfer sheets.\nThe image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 3 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-319674, has a deviation detecting means that detects a test pattern that is formed on a preset position of a transfer sheet and measures the registration deviation and skew of the transfer sheet and corrects the position of an image to be formed on the other side of the sheet according to the result of the measurement.\nThe color image forming apparatus disclosed by Patent Document 4 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication H10-319675, is equipped with a first paper size measuring section that measures the size of a transfer sheet before or while an image is formed on one side of the sheet and a second paper size measuring section that measures the size of the transfer sheet before or while an image is formed on the other side of the sheet, and uses the result of these measurements to control the position and length of-the image to be transferred to the transfer sheet.\nThe image forming apparatus having a Double-Side Copy mode disclosed by Patent Document 5 representing Japanese Non-examined Patent Publication 2002-258680, measures the longitudinal and lateral sizes of a transfer sheet before and after fixing by a measuring means, calculates the ratio of shrinkage of the transfer sheet by the fixing device, and forms a toner image of a magnification corrected by this shrinkage ratio on the photosensitive drum. When making double-side duplication, the image forming apparatus uses the first transfer sheet for calculation of this shrinkage ratio, forms a toner image for one side of the second transfer sheet on the surface of the photosensitive material by a normal image formation method, and forms a toner image for the other side of the second transfer sheet at a magnification equivalent to the shrinkage ratio on the surface of the photosensitive material.\nAs disclosed by Patent Documents 1 to 5, to correct image location and magnification errors of images due to uneven conveyance of transfer sheets or shrinkage of transfer sheets by fixing, the conventional image forming apparatus has employed a method of forming a test pattern in initial fixing or a method of detecting the leading and trailing edges of a transfer sheet and correcting image location and magnification. The test pattern forming method requires extra transfer sheets and the sheet edge detecting method cannot correct image deviations on the transfer sheets.\nThe above problems can be solved by the following Item.\nAn image forming apparatus with a fixing device that fixes an unfixed image formed on a transfer sheet thereto, comprising an image forming means for forming the unfixed image according to image data and an image pattern detection sensor for detecting image patterns on the fixed transfer sheet, wherein at least one of image location and magnification of said unfixed image formed on the transfer sheet is determined according to the image data and the image pattern detected by the image pattern detecting sensor and a correction for image formation by the image forming device is carried out on the basis of the determination.\nPreferred embodiments of the present invention will be now detailed as follows. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. The categorical explanation of the embodiments of the invention is for the best mode of the invention, but does not limit the meanings of terms and technical ranges of the invention.\n<Image Forming Apparatus>\nThe image forming apparatus A is a tandem type color image forming apparatus comprising a plural sets of image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K), a belt-like intermediate transfer member 6, a paper feeder 20, and a fixing device 30.\nThe image forming apparatus A has an image reading device B on the top. A document placed on the document table of the image reading device B is scanned by light to read its image by the optical system of the document image scanning and exposing device. The line image sensor reads the reflected light, converts the light signal into an analog signal photo-electrically, and sends the analog signal to a data processor 11. The data processor 11 processes the signal by analog processing, A/D conversion, shading correction, image compression, and the like, and sends the processed signal to the exposing means (3Y, 3M, 3C, and 3K).\nThe yellow color (Y) image forming means 10Y is composed of a photosensitive drum 1Y as an image carrier, a charging means 2Y, an exposing means 3Y, a developing device 4Y, and a cleaning means 5Y that are provided around the drum 1Y. The magenta color (M) image forming means 10M is composed of a photosensitive drum 1M as an image carrier, a charging means 2M, an exposing means 3M, a developing device 4M, and a cleaning means 5M that are provided around the drum 1M. The cyan color (C) image forming means 10C is composed of a photosensitive drum 1C as an image carrier, a charging means 2C, an exposing means 3C, a developing device 4C, and a cleaning means 5C that are provided around the drum 1C. The black color (K) image forming means 10K is composed of a photosensitive drum 1K as an image carrier, a charging means 2K, an exposing means 3K, a developing device 4K, and a cleaning means 5K that are provided around the drum 1K. Each set of the charging and exposing means (2Y and 3Y, 2M and 3M, 2C and 3C, and 2K and 3K) builds up a latent image forming means\nEach of the developing devices (4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4K) contains a 2-component developing agent containing color toner particles (yellow, magenta, cyan, or black) of small particle sizes and a carrier.\nThe intermediate transfer member 6 is entrained about and supported rotatably by a plurality of rollers.\nColor images respectively formed by the image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K) are transferred (primary image transfer) onto the moving intermediate transfer member 6 in sequence by the primary transferring means (7Y, 7M, 7C, and 7K) to form a single synthesized color-image.\nA transfer sheet S is taken up from the inside of a transfer sheet storage (paper cassette) 21 of the paper feeder 20 by a paper feeding means (the first paper feeder) 22, conveyed to the secondary transferring means (transfer rollers) 9 by means of feed rollers 23, 24, 25, and 26 and the registration rollers (the second paper feeder) 27. Then, a color image is transferred (secondary image transfer) onto the transfer sheet S.\nThree transfer sheet storages 21 are disposed vertically in the lower part of the image forming apparatus A. They are assigned an identical number 21, because they have similar configurations. Further, three stages of paper feeding means 22 are also assigned an identical number 22 because they have similar configurations. The transfer sheet storages. 21 and the paper feeding means 22 constitute a paper feeding device 20.\nThe fixing device holds the transfer sheet S having a color toner image on it, and applies heat and pressure to the transfer sheet S. With this, the color toner image (or toner image) is fixed to the transfer sheet S. The fixed sheet is interposed by the ejection rollers 28 and ejected onto the ejection tray 29 outside the apparatus.\nAfter transferring the color image onto the transfer sheet S by the secondary transfer means 9, the intermediate transfer member 6 which has separated the transfer sheet by the curvature thereof is cleaned by the cleaning means 8 to remove the left-over toner from the intermediate transfer member 6.\nTo reverse and eject a fixed sheet, a reversing plate 28A is provided between the fixing device 30 and the ejection rollers 28. A transfer sheet S coming from the right side of the reversing plate 28A is turned down into the paper path r1, then moved up to pass by the left side of the reversing plate 28A, delivered into the paper path r2 (in the left side of the reversing plate 28A), and ejected by the ejection rollers 28 to the outside of the image forming apparatus.\nWhen forming images on both sides of a transfer sheet S, the transfer sheet S having a fixed image: on the first side is fed to the paper path r1 and then to paper path r3, fed back into the paper path r4, fed upward, and delivered toward the image forming means 10 by the rollers 26. A color image formed by the image forming means (10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K) is transferred to the second side of the transfer sheet, heat-fixed by the fixing device 30, and ejected to the outside by the ejection rollers 28.\nAlthough the above description assumes that the image forming apparatus A forms a color image, the invention is also applicable to formation of monochromatic images.\nThe fixing device 30 of the invention is composed of a heating means made up with a supporting and pressing roller 32, a supporting and heating roller 33, a heating source 34, a pad 35, and a guide member 36 within the loop of a fixing belt 31 and an external pressing roller 37 outside the loop of the fixing belt 31.\nThe fixing belt 31 is an endless belt member which is entrained about each of the outer circumferential surfaces of the supporting and pressing roller 32, the supporting and heating roller 33, the heat source 34, the pad 35, and the guide member 36.\nThe supporting and pressing roller 32 is provided opposite the external pressing roller 37 to support the fixing belt 31 at part of the inner surface of the fixing belt 31. The supporting and heating roller 33 having a heat source 34 therein is provided to support the fixing belt 31 at part of the inner surface of the fixing belt 31.\nThe external pressing roller 37 having a heat source 38 therein is provided to press the fixing belt 31 and the transfer sheet S together against the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the pad 35.\nThe heat sources 34 and 38 can be radiant heat sources such as halogen lamps, carbon heaters, and xenon lamps, but can be any electromagnetic induction type heat source if an appropriate roller core is selected. Further, each heating roller can contain a plurality of heaters to give different amounts of heat.\nA fixing nip section Na is formed at a place where the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37 are pressing against each other while interposing the fixing belt 31 that is heated by the supporting and heating roller 33. In the upstream side of the conveyance direction of the transfer sheet of the fixing nip section Na, an auxiliary nip section Nb acting upon the external pressing roller 37 is formed between the fixing belt 31 and the external pressing roller 37.\nThe fixing device 30 uses the auxiliary nip section Nb and the fixing nip section Na to fix a monochromatic or multi-color toner image on a transfer sheet by applying heat and pressure. Further, a pad 35 provided opposite to the external pressing roller 37 and a guide member 36 about which the fixing belt 31 is entrained, are provided inside the loop of the fixing belt 31.\nThe substrate of the fixing belt 31 is an electrocast nickel belt of 20 to 80 μm thick and 60 to 150 mm in inner diameter or a heat-resistant plastic belt such as polyimide of 50 to 200 μm thick. Its outer surface (circumferential surface) is coated with a silicone rubber layer of 100 to 500 μm thick. The silicone rubber layer is coated with a releasing layer of PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) or PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) of 30 to 50 μm thick or covered with a PFA tube or film.\nThe supporting and pressing roller 32 is composed of a cylindrical metallic pipe 32 a, for example, a SC steel (STKM) pipe of 2 to 5 mm thick, a silicone rubber layer 32 b of 0.5 to 5 mm thick which covers the outer surface of the metallic pipe 32 a, and a PFA tube 32 c of 30 to 70 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the silicone rubber layer 32 b. Substantially, this is a soft roller of 20 to 50 mm in outer diameter. Silicone sponge or the like can be substituted for the silicone rubber layer 32 b.\nThe external-pressing roller 37 is composed of a cylindrical metallic pipe 37 a, for example, a SC steel (STKM) or aluminum alloy pipe of 2 to 5 mm thick, a silicone rubber layer 37 b of 1 to 3 mm thick which covers the outer surface of the, metallic pipe 37 a, and a releasing layer 37 c of a PFA tube of 20 to 50 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the silicone rubber layer 37 b. Substantially, this is a soft roller of 40 to 80 mm in outer diameter.\nA heat source 38 is provided in the external pressing roller 37 to heat the roller 37. A temperature sensor TS2 is provided todetect and control the surface temperature of the external pressing roller 37 at a preset temperature.\nThe supporting and heating roller 33 is composed of an aluminum alloy pipe 33 a of 1 to 2 mm thick as a substrate, and a coating PFA layer of 10 to 30 μm thick which covers the outer surface of the pipe 33 a. Substantially, this is a roller of 40 to 80 mm in outer diameter.\nA heat source 34 is provided in the supporting and heating roller 33 to heat the roller 33. A temperature sensor TS1 is provided to detect and control the surface temperature of the supporting and heating roller 33 at a preset temperature.\nA driving means (not shown in the drawing) drives the supporting and pressing roller 32 to rotate. The supporting and pressing roller 32 in contact with the fixing belt 31 also causes the fixing belt 31 to rotate. It is also possible to drive and rotate the external pressing roller 37 by the driving means and cause the roller 37 to rotate the fixing belt 31 as the external pressing roller 37 rotates. Further, it is possible to drive both the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37.\nA monochromatic or multi-color toner image on a transfer sheet fed into the fixing area through the guide plate 30S is heat-pressed to fix by the auxiliary nip section Nb formed by the fixing belt 31, the external pressing roller 37, and the pad 35, and the fixing nip section Na formed by the supporting and pressing roller 32 and the external pressing roller 37.\nThanks to the flexibility of the fixing belt 31, the auxiliary nip section Nb is effective to assure a great heating time by a small diameter of the supporting and pressing roller 32.\n<Writing-Control of the Image Forming Apparatus>\nAfter being fixed by the fixing device 30, the transfer sheet S is ejected to the outside by the ejection roller pair 39 or fed back to the image formation path to have another image on the rear side of the sheet S. After the image on the sheet. S is fixed as shown in\nWhen the image forming apparatus is installed or maintained, the axial position of the sensor PS or position perpendicular to the movement of the transfer sheet is determined by outputting patterns to detect the position of the sensor PS, storing the results of detection, and comparing the results.\nWe can know the position of the sensor to a writing position, that is an image forming position, by the ratio of the time periods t1/t2, when forming lines P1, P2, and P3 on a transfer sheet, and detecting these lines P1, P2, and P3 by the sensor.\nThe ratio t1/t2 is constant at the axial positions of the sensors as long as the speeds of components of the image forming apparatus are constant not to say they are designed values. Therefore, we can uniquely determine the positional relationship between sensor positions and the unfixed image by measuring the t1/t2 value. If the t1/t2 value is 1, the sensor is in the center of this line pattern. If the t1/t2 value is greater than 1, the sensor is a little left from the center. See t1′ and t2′ in the drawing. This means to understand the relationship between the sensor position and the writing position is very effective when the sensor is move as explained below.\nWhen obtaining an expected output by calculating this sensor sensitivity distribution relative to the image data, we also calculate sensitivities to colors together with the sensitivity distribution in the sensor measuring area (for color images).\nThe writing-data processing section 11 of the image forming apparatus A creates an expected image pattern detection output and expected leading- and trailing-edge detection outputs by multiplying the image data corresponding to the sensor position by the sensitivity distribution of the sensor PS, compares the actual detection outputs by the above expected detection outputs in a virtual space built on memory of the control section, and determines a correction magnification and a writing-start timing correction value. (See\nFor convenience, the output of the sensor PS will be explained using an output of a simple image pattern shown in\nWhen the photosensitive material speed, writing speed, intermediate transfer member speed, sheet speed, and respective kinds of timing are as designed, the output of the sensor output matches the solid line of\nVarious algorithms can be used to correct a writing magnification and a writing timing. This embodiment determines a distance of the transfer sheet S from the reference position and a magnification for correction by moving the detection output relative to the expected output within a preset value, selecting a distance to minimize the difference, moving the detection output relative to the center of the image area by within a preset value, selecting the magnification to minimize the difference, and repeating these steps.\nIn other words, this embodiment selects an image location and a magnification to match the solid line with the broken line in\nAlthough this embodiment implements a magnification adjustment after a position (timing) adjustment, this can be changed according to the image forming apparatus to be adjusted. Particularly, it is preferable to first implement magnification adjustment or timing adjustment whichever becomes more affected in the default status (in terms of difference integration), that is, whichever has a greater reduction in the integration of the difference in the first adjustment.\nThe origin (p0, t0), magnification offset range (a preset value A), offset step (pe, te), and the number of repetitions are determined by the required performance, variation in paper feed timing, and magnitude of paper shrinkage and expansion. For example, if the paper feed timing may vary ±10 mm at a certain point, the control section moves the position (timing) at a step of 2 mm in the range of ±12 mm, corrects the magnification at a step of 1% in the range of ±5%, moves the position (timing) at a step of 0.5 mm in the range of ±4 mm, looks for a position at which the integration of the difference between the expected data and the detected data becomes smallest, corrects the magnification at a step of 0.2% in the range of ±2%, and repeats the position correction and the magnification correction at a smaller step by a preset number of times. As for the number of repetitions, it is possible to repeat the corrections until the integration of the data difference in the whole length goes below a preset value.\nThe preset value A means a tolerance of a positional or magnification offset and is unique to each image forming apparatus. This can be changed to user's demand and by the user.\nBy repeating three sets of position adjustment and magnification adjustment and using the obtained information for forming a next image, this embodiment can reduce the visible positional/magnification difference of images between front and back sides of the paper within 0.5 mm.\nBasically, the transfer paper after fixing has the trailing edge easily curled because of the shape of the fixing nip and the thermal difference. Therefore, it is possible to greatly improve the accuracy of image pattern detection by detecting the actual image pattern which is formed and fixed on the transfer sheet.\nBased on the above adjusting method, when printing an image on the other side of the transfer sheet, the image forming apparatus selects timing to start image formation and a magnification to positionally match images on both sides of the transfer sheet S and forms the image on the other side of the sheet.\nWhen forming an image on the next sheet for the next print, the image forming apparatus sets a writing-start timing and a magnification so that the image is formed to be at a position and in a size, which are designated by the image data with respect to the leading and trailing edge timing of the detected transfer sheet S.\nTiming is controlled. For example, when the image is too close to the leading edge of the transfer sheet, the writing-start timing is delayed or the paper feed timing is expedited. We can use any of the above similarly for position controlling, but it is easier to change the write starting timing which will not affect paper feed controlling.\nWhen the image forming apparatus contains one or more transfer sheets S moving in the paper path between the fixing device and the next transferring or fixing device in image formation on the rear side of paper (or in the multiple duplication), the correction values for the front side of the transfer sheet are used also to form another image on the rear side of the sheet. However, it rarely happens that these values vary in continuous image formation. Therefore, the correction data for the first image formation can be used for succeeding image formations. If the fixer temperature greatly varies in the continuous image fixing operation, the correction should preferably be done on each print. If the print sheets S are changed in the continuous image formation, the correction should preferably be done each time when print sheets are changed.\nIt is possible to change the writing magnification by changing the image writing clock speed and the image processing speed, changing the speed of the optical scanning system, or changing the writing clocks. It is possible to change the writing clock by varying the magnification in the scanning direction, to change the image processing speed by varying the magnification in the subsidiary scanning direction, and to change the speed of the optical scanning system by varying the magnifications in both main and subsidiary scanning directions simultaneously. When the image processing speed or the optical scanning speed is changed, it takes a lot of time between a time instant at which the speed is changed and a time instant at which the new speed becomes stable. Therefore, when a shorter paper sheet is used for image formation, the next printing must be halted, which reduces the productivity of the image forming apparatus. Further, the above changes may reduce image qualities for some kinds of image data. In this case, it is possible to simply expand or shrink the source image data when moving it as shown by the broken line of\nAs the image data is externally given, the sensor PS installed is not always in a position fit for the image pattern p.\nThe detection accuracy can be increased by detecting an image pattern (p) fit for detection of a position and a magnification of an output image and moving the position of the sensor PS in the writing data processor 11 of the image forming apparatus A. Various algorithms are available to detect the appropriate image pattern (p). This embodiment employs an algorithm of multiplying the sensitivity distribution of-the sensor PS by the image data along 2 mm-spaced lines that are parallel to the moving direction of the transfer sheet within the range that the sensor PS can move in a virtual space on memory of the control section, calculating the image density distribution, and determining a position at which the peaks that have 50% or higher output corresponding to an image having the maximum image density exist at an interval of over 80% in the conveying direction of the transfer sheet S. As explained below, the sensor PS is moved to the determined position by a known moving mechanism using a screw or a wire.\nIf all peaks of the output corresponding to an image having the maximum image density are less than 50% or if the distance is not sufficient, each of the threshold values are decreased for selection. If the peak values are too small (for example 30% or less) or their intervals are too short (for example 60% or less), the correction may fail and, in extreme cases, the image position and magnification may be deteriorated. In such a case, this correction is not implemented.\nIf the absolute value of the moving amount or magnification for correction is too great (for example, more than ±5 mm as the moving amount for correction, and more than ±2% as the magnification for correction), when a feed trouble occurs, or when the correction algorithm or sensor sensitivity fails, the image forming apparatus stops this correction assuming that the sensor is not fit for the image pattern p and outputs under the initial setting condition or the previous output condition. The limit values of the magnification and moving amount are determined judging from the actual variations in production (experimental values). This can prevent excessive corrections.\nThe pair of ejection rollers 39 is composed of a set of an upper rubber roller 39A and a lower plastic roller 39B. The sensor PS is provided opposite the upper rubber roller 39A that is in contact with the image side of the transfer sheet immediately after fixing.\nThe sensor PS detects the quantity of light reflected on the transfer sheet S or the lower roller 39B and outputs a corresponding voltage. For assurance of effective detection of the leading and trailing edges of a general white transfer sheet S, the lower roller opposite the sensor PS is black or deep colored. This decreases the sensor sensitivity to high-density colored paper, but almost all paper used by the image forming apparatus is white and this is very useful to the users.\nThe upper roller 39A is not in the detection position of the sensor PS. The sensor PS is so positioned to detect the position and the image pattern p of the transfer sheet at a place where the transfer sheet S is in securely contact with the lower roller 39B. Since the sensor is provided in such a place, the distance between the sensor and the paper is always constant. This enables high-precision and stable detection of image densities and paper edges.\nIt is preferable that the sensor PS can move all over the image width, but part of the area is enough to get a proper image pattern p at a high possibility or to increase the accuracy of detection. The sensor-supporting member is mounted on a screw shaft in parallel with the upper roller 39A so that it can move between both ends of the roller 39A. With this, the sensor PS moves to a position to detect the appropriate image pattern p that is selected by the algorithm for setting an image detection-position. These positions can be selected by various kinds of selection algorithms. However, this embodiment selects a position at which the height of the respective detected peaks (percentage to the maximum image density) by the peak-to-peak distance (percentage to the paper size along the movement of the paper) is the greatest. This sensor position is detected as the number of screw revolutions (not a rotational speed) by an encoder or the like for controlling.\nInstead of moving a sensor PS, it is also possible to provide a plurality of sensors PS, a sensor located at the best position out of the plurality of sensors may be used to detect an image and a transfer sheet by estimating their outputs corresponding to each position. Sensors can be selected in the similar manner to that for the sensor movement. Also in this case, if the images for all of the sensors PS are assumed to be improper for correction of magnifications and locations (by the above algorithm), the image forming apparatus stops the correction.\nIf the positional deviation and the deviation in magnification of the first output among a series of image formation output instructions are respectively less than a tolerance (for example, ±1 mm and ±0.3%), the image forming apparatus keeps on outputting. If the positional or magnification deviation exceeds the tolerance in the first sheet fixing, the image forming apparatus makes a correction and outputs the first sheet again. In this case, the image forming apparatus informs the user of this re-outputting of the first sheet by indicators on the operation panel or the like of the image forming apparatus to prevent immigration of the same pages.\nSimilarly, the image forming apparatus keeps on outputting for the second sheet and thereafter as long as the deviation is within the preset value while correcting according to the result of measurement of the preceding output. As explained above, if paper sheets of the same kind are used continuously, the first measuring and correcting conditions can be applied to the succeeding outputs. If the user can select whether re-outputting is required (by the above preset value), high-quality printing or waste-less printing can be selected according to the user's demand.\nThe structures of the invention are particularly effective for a high speed image forming apparatus and a color image forming apparatus that are used in the publishing-on-demand (POD) market that requires a high precision level.\nBefore starting an actual image forming operation, the image forming apparatus determines the magnification and position of an image according to the pre-printing information (or printing on the front side of the transfer sheet when the rear side of the sheet is fixed) and forms an unfixed image on the sheet according to the information. In this case, the line speed is changed if necessary. Then the sheet having the unfixed toner image is conveyed to the fixing area through a guide or the like, heated and pressed while being interposed between the fixing belt 31 and the external pressing rollers 37, and heat-fixed the toner image thereon.\nThe invention can minimize the wasteful output (consumption of transfer sheets) and increase the image magnification and positional accuracies independently of paper types.\nIn the above description, this embodiment assumes a belt-type fixing-device. However, it is to be understood that the invention is also effective to a roller-type fixing device.\nThe features of the image forming apparatus of this embodiment are listed below.\n(1) Using input image data, data obtained by detection of a fixed image pattern and data obtained by detection of the leading and trailing edges of the transfer sheet for correction.\n(2) High detection accuracy of sensors to detect an image pattern and leading and trailing edges of transfer sheets because they are provided opposite to the ejection roller.\n(3) Performing an operation corresponding to a sensor sensitivity distribution on input image data and setting a magnification and a quantity of positional correction to make the least data difference.\n(4) Keeping on outputting when the positional variation is a preset value or less, correcting and outputting the first sheet again when the positional variation exceeds the preset value, keeping on outputting the second and succeeding sheets if the variation is a preset value or less while correcting according to the result of measurement in the previous output.\n(5) Using, as the lateral position of the sensor, what is obtained by measuring the axial position of a test pattern when the apparatus is installed or maintained and stored as position data.\n(6) Moving the sensor to a position fit for detection of a shrinkage ratio according to the image data or using the previous correction data if there is no image pattern in the sensor position.\nAs explained above, the image forming apparatus with a fixing device of the embodiment directly uses the fixed image data. Therefore, no extra sheet is required to handle the shrinkage of paper after fixing. This can minimize wasteful consumption (consumption of transfer sheets and toner) and increase the image positional accuracy and the image magnification accuracy.\nThat is, according to the embodiment, images with high magnification accuracy without wasting transfer sheets can be obtained.\nAccording to the embodiment, sensor characteristics can be corrected and images with high magnification accuracy can be obtained.\nAccording to the embodiment, images with high magnification accuracy without wasting transfer sheets and the like can be obtained.\nAccording to the embodiment, excessive and wasteful corrections against disturbances can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, suppress excessive and wasteful corrections against disturbances on image positions and magnifications can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, excessive variations in image positions and magnifications of the first transfer sheet in a series of image outputs can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, when the transfer sheet type changes in a series of image outputs, an excessive variation in the image position of the first transfer sheet which may occur can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, stray of transfer sheets having unwanted and unacceptable image outputs can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, a reduction in the accuracy of detecting positions and magnifications due to uneven thickness of transfer sheets can be prevented.\nAccording to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting leading and trailing edges of a normal white transfer sheets can be obtained.\nAccording to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting image positions and magnifications can be obtained by selecting a proper sensor position.\nAccording to the embodiment, a high accuracy of detecting image positions and magnifications of various image patterns can be obtained.\nAccording to the embodiment, an optimum sensor position without any sensor moving mechanism can be selected.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US5887223 *||Aug 8, 1997||Mar 23, 1999||Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.||Image forming apparatus having high image quality control mechanism|\n|US6377758 *||Nov 6, 2000||Apr 23, 2002||Xerox Corporation||Method and system for analyzing imaging problems|\n|US6898381 *||Nov 4, 2002||May 24, 2005||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Color image forming apparatus and method for controlling the same|\n|US6961526 *||Jan 13, 2003||Nov 1, 2005||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image forming apparatus which performs image formation control based on the image after fixing|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US7509068 *||Feb 12, 2007||Mar 24, 2009||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.||Image forming apparatus|\n|US20080019727 *||Feb 12, 2007||Jan 24, 2008||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.||Image forming apparatus|\n|US20100225932 *||Feb 17, 2010||Sep 9, 2010||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image forming apparatus and image forming method|\n|Cooperative Classification||G03G15/5062, G03G2215/0119, G03G2215/00067|\n|Mar 11, 2005||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: KONICA MINOLTA BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES, INC., JAPAN\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FUNABIKI, HIROSHI;REEL/FRAME:016379/0349\nEffective date: 20050225\n|Jul 6, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|Jul 22, 2015||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 8", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 6239598 B1\nA k-space trajectory measurement method is disclosed with applications in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phase shift values associated with magnetic resonance signals from multiple sample regions are compared to rapidly extract k-space trajectory measurements. The efficiency of the present invention for image gradients to be measured immediately before test imaging.\n1. A method for trajectory measurement in magnetic resonance spectroscopy comprising the steps of:\nacquiring signals from a plurality of excited regions, each region having a spin density function and an accumulated phase shift;\ndetermining an excited region gradient amplitude;\nlocating a first excited region relative to a second excited region;\ndetermining a k-space trajectory of the first excited region data at a predetermined time relative to the second excited region data;\ndetermining a difference in the accumulated phase shift between the first excited region and the second excited region; and\nextracting the k-space trajectory from the excited region data.\n2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first and second regions are spatially adjacent.\n3. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining k-space trajectory errors associated with a field inhomogeneity.\n4. The method of claim 3 wherein determining k-space trajectory errors is accomplished by measuring a phase perturbation in the presence of a zero region gradient.\n5. The method of claim 3 wherein determining k-space trajectory errors is accomplished by measuring field inhomogeneity differences between the excited regions.\n6. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of regions are slices normal to an axis.\n7. The method of claim 6 wherein the axis is x-axis and the first excited slice data at x=x0 satisfies\nwhere ρ(x0,y,z) is a spin density function over the first excited slice at x0, Φ(t) is an accumulated phase shaft, and kx(t) is a k-space trajectory.\n8. The method of claim 6 wherein the difference in the accumulated phase shift between the first and second excited slices ∠S2(t)−∠S1(t) as a function of time satisfies\nwhere kx(t) is k-space trajectory, x1 is a position corresponding to the first excited slice and x2 is a position corresponding to the second excited slice.\n9. The method of claim 1 wherein said plurality of regions are pencils normal to an axis and a second orthogonal axis.\n10. A magnetic resonance image processed according to the method of claim 1.\n11. The magnetic resonance image of claim 10 wherein the image is a spiral scanning image.\n12. The magnetic resonance image of claim 10 wherein the image is an echoplanar image.\n13. A method for trajectory measurement in magnetic resonance spectroscopy comprising the steps of:\nacquiring signal from a plurality of adjacent excited slices normal to an axis, each slice having a spin density function and an accumulated phase shift wherein the excited slice normal to the x-axis at arbitrary position x=x0 satisfies\nwhere ρ(x0,y,z) is a spin density function over the first excited slice at x0, Φ(t) is an accumulated phase shaft, and kx(t) is a k-space trajectory;\ndetermining a slice gradient amplitude;\nlocating the x=x0 excited slice relative to a second excited slice;\ndetermining a k-space trajectory of the x=x0 excited slice at a predetermined time relative to the second excited slice;\ndetermining a difference in the accumulated phase shift between the x=x0 excited slice and the second excited slice ∠S2(t)−∠S1(t) as a function of time according to\nwhere ρ(x0,y,z) is a spin density function over the x=x0 excited slice at x0, Φ(t) is an accumulated phase shaft, and kx(t) is a k-space trajectory; and\nextracting the k-space trajectory from the excited slice data.\nThis patent application claims priority of provisional patent application 60/084,687, filed May 8, 1998, entitled “Process for Rapid Sample Trajectory Calibration for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.”\n1. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a process for producing magnetic resonance images using actual sample trajectories to produce images without errors caused by sampling errors in the spatial frequency space (the k-space). The invention permits the measuring of magnetic resonance imaging sample trajectories in situ from the imaged subject or patient directly and efficiently. The process measures the k-space trajectory using phase values of acquired magnetic resonance signals.\n2. Description of the Prior Art\nThe process of producing images based on readings from magnetic resonance equipment and a number of k-space calibration approaches have been described in both patents and printed literature (1-5). One prior method calibrates the test gradient waveforms using self-encoding gradients. This prior method measures k-space trajectory by analyzing the temporal locations of echo peaks produced by the combination of self-encoding gradients and a test gradient waveform.\nAnother prior approach measures the actual k-space trajectories by recording signals from a small phantom at a number of locations inside the imaging field (5-8). The time varying magnetic field at the probe location is recorded via phase differences of the acquired data and k-space trajectories are then obtained by solving a set of linear equations.\nStill another prior art technique for measuring the actual sample trajectories involves measuring the driving currents of gradient amplifiers (9, 10). Other techniques currently being researched include an approach which establishes landmarks in the k-space by applying short radio frequency pulses at selected times during the k-space traversal (11). Actual k-space trajectories are then determined from the established landmarks.\nThere have also been many patents in the field of magnetic resonance imaging utilizing information derived from k-space. U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,321 entitled “Magnetic Resonance Scan Calibration Method for Ultra Fast Image Acquisition” describes a method in which data lines are one-dimensionally transformed into a frequency encoded direction. Other techniques have been used for producing images from magnetic resonance techniques such as the technique using gradient echoes and spin echoes or (Grase). This technique, however, selectively phase encodes and time shifts the echo responses and occurrence so as to smoothly distribute unwanted phase shift from field inhomogeneity and/or chemical phase shift effects over the phase encoded dimension in k-space. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,680,045 and 5,270,654 utilized this Grase technique.\nEach of the prior mentioned approaches has its shortcomings. The self-encoding approach takes a long time, and its accuracy is dependent on the accuracy of realized self-encoding gradient amplitude. Gradient performance non-linearity is not accounted for. The RF landmark method is also time consuming and because of the limits in the temporal resolution of the RF impulses and limits on the RF energy deposition, only a few k-space locations are marked during each acquisition. Large numbers of repetitions are necessary to measure an entire k-space trajectory. The small phantom method requires separate phantom experiments and the gradient current monitoring does not account for eddy currents.\nMagnetic resonance images are reconstructed from discrete samples of the imaged object's distribution in the spatial frequency domain (the k-space). Actual sampling trajectory in the k-space often deviates from that specified by the ideal spatial encoding gradient waveforms due to imperfections in gradient amplifier performance, readout timing errors, and eddy currents induced by gradient pulses. The resulting misregistrations in k-space sample locations cause image artifacts and distortions in images reconstructed using ideal k-space sample locations. Echo planar imaging, fast spiral scan MRI, and other fast non-Cartesian scan MRI techniques that are widely used in many important imaging applications such as functional brain imaging, interventional imaging, etc., are especially susceptible to this type of image errors.\nModern magnetic resonance scanners use actively shielded gradients and electronic compensation measures to reduce and compensate for induced eddy currents. Despite these corrections, substantial k-space sample trajectory deviations still exist, especially for fast imaging applications that require fast gradient switching and/or ramping (e.g., echo planar imaging) or, use complicated non-Cartesian sampling patterns (e.g., spiral scanning magnetic resonance imaging). In the former case, gradient amplifiers may be driven into a nonlinear operating range causing gradient waveform distortions and thereby k-space sample trajectory deviations. In the latter case, the use of complicated non-Cartesian scan patterns makes eddy current compensation by common measures, mostly adjusted for proper compensation of trapezoidal waveforms, less effective. In most of these cases, due to higher than normal sampling rates, image errors caused by readout timing errors are amplified.\nEffects of k-space sample location misregistration can be corrected by reconstructing images using the actual k-space trajectories by regridding interpolation and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) (12). Because of aforementioned shortcomings of prior art methods for the measurement of actual k-space trajectories, such measurements are only made for a limited number of scan orientations and field of views. Imaging in other orientations or with other field of views suffers from significant errors due to k-space trajectory deviations. Thus, there exists a need for a technique that can measure k-space trajectories in situ to allow imaging in arbitrary orientations that best fit the requirements of each particular study.\nThe present invention provides a novel technique for the measurement of k-space trajectory. This technique determines the actual k-space trajectory from phase values of acquired magnetic resonance signals collected for a plurality of excited slices. The correct k-space locus at each readout point is calculated from corresponding phase difference between acquired magnetic resonance signals of adjacent slices.\nThe measurements of k-space trajectories are made from the imaged subject/object directly and occurs in a few seconds or less using a few readout lines. The invention provides an accurate set of data for correcting image errors caused by non-ideal sample trajectories in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams that employ scan techniques sensitive to sample trajectory deviations, illustratively including echo planar imaging and fast spiral scan techniques, thereby increasing the sensitivity and specificity of the MRI exams. The present invention also improves response of spatially and spectrally selective excitations in MRI.\nThe method of the present invention is suitable for trajectory measurement in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and includes acquiring signal from a plurality of excited regions, each region having a spin density function and a cumulative phase shift associated therewith. Thereafter, an excited region gradient amplitude is determined and a second excited region is scanned at a known separation from a first excited region. A k-space trajectory for the first excited region at a predetermined time relative to the second excited region is determined in addition to a difference in the accumulated phase shift between the regions. A k-space trajectory is then extracted therefrom. The present invention is useful in calculating magnetic resonance images.\nFIG. 1 is a pulse protocol operative in the present invention to measure an interleaf of a test spiral gradient waveform.\nFIG. 2 is a graph showing the kx trajectory of a spiral interleaf measured from the pulse protocol of FIG. 1 using a spherical gel phantom and using a human subject. In comparison, the same trajectory as measured by the “small phantom” method is also plotted in FIG. 2. The ideal trajectory of this interleaf is shown in FIG. 2 as the shaded curve.\nFIG. 3 is a graph showing the maximum difference between the kx trajectories measured by the present invention using the gel phantom and using the human subject, displayed at an amplitude scale 25 times that of FIG. 2.\nFIG. 4 is a graph showing the ky trajectory of the spiral interleaf measured from the pulse protocol of FIG. 1 using a spherical gel phantom and using a human subject. The same trajectory as measured by the “small phantom” method is also plotted in FIG. 4. The ideal trajectory of this interleaf is shown in FIG. 4 as the shaded curve.\nFIG. 5 is a graph showing the maximum difference between the ky trajectories measured by the present invention using the gel phantom and using the human subject, displayed at an amplitude scale 25 times that of FIG. 4.\nFIG. 6 shows images of a small phantom reconstructed using k-space trajectories (a) measured by the present invention, (b) measured by the “small phantom” method, and (c) the ideal trajectory.\nFIG. 7 shows spiral images (64×64) of a spherical gel phantom reconstructed using k-space trajectories (a) measured according to the present invention, (b) measured by the “small phantom” method, and (c) the ideal trajectory.\nFIG. 8 shows spiral images (64×64) of a human head reconstructed using k-space trajectories (a) measured according to the present invention, (b) measured by the “small phantom” method, and (c) the ideal trajectory.\nThe present invention includes a novel k-space trajectory measurement method suitable for studies of homogeneous and inhomogeneous subjects. The present invention is notably faster than prior art methods requiring only a few readout lines to determine k-space trajectories. Post-acquisition data manipulation is largely obviated by the present invention because scan times for measuring each gradient channel require only a few seconds and k-space trajectories are measured directly at the readout points. Further, k-space trajectories are directly measured by scanning the test subject, allowing image gradients to be measured immediately before an actual imaging session. Immediately preceding measure of image gradients before an actual test imaging session allows for selection of arbitrary and uncalibrated scan orientation, field of view and similar operational parameters.\nWhile the present invention is detailed herein in reference to slices normal to an arbitrary axis, it is appreciated that other shape and dimensionality signal sampling regions are readily devised.\nIn the process of the present invention, signals from an excited slice normal to the x axis at x=x0 are acquired. In order to acquire this signal, the spatially varying B0 field inhomogeneity and relaxation effects are neglected and an infinitely thin slice thickness is assumed. The formula for the slice is:\nIn the preceding formula ρ(x0,y,z,) is the spin density function over the excited slice at x0, φ(t) is the accumulated phase shift induced by temporal B0 field shifts and kx(t) is the k-space trajectory being measured. The kx trajectory is explicitly encoded in the phase of the acquired data.\nIn order to extract the kx(t) from the phase values of the acquired signal shown in Equation (1), two closely placed slices at x=x1 and x=x2 are acquired and kx(t) is then determined by the phase differences of acquired signals from the excited slices.\nThe slice located at x1 and x2 in Equation 2:\nis determined by combination of the slice selective gradient amplitude and modulation frequency of the slice selective radio frequency excitation pulse. The errors and their determinations cause the calculated kx(t) to be scaled.\nThe precise radio frequency modulation is achieved with radio frequency electronics which are well known in the art. This allows the slice locations to be determined in an accurate and precise way. The deviations in slice profile have a limited effect on the calculated kx(t) since both ∠S1(t) and ∠S2(t) are affected similarly by slice profile deviations.\nIn the preferred embodiment, the imaged object is relatively uniform in the measured gradient direction over the small distance of the selected slice gap. The gradient field and the B0 shift are explicitly modeled in relation to the phase evolution of the acquired data in Equation 2. Spatially varying B0 field inhomogeneity is not addressed in the equation since the overall phase difference produced by it is insignificant in comparison to the normal phase difference equal to the product of the slice gap and the test gradient amplitude. In instances where severe field inhomogeneity exists in the imaged object, additional data may be needed to explicitly measure its contribution to the overall phase changes. In the preferred embodiment the data sampling is along a single axis (i.e. kx, ky or kz) and acquired signals are of high signal to noise ration to ensure the accuracy of the k-space trajectory determination.\nOnce the kx(t) has been determined, the accumulated phase shift induced by temporal B0 field shifts can be solved iteratively, with φx(0)=0,\nky(t) and φy(t) can be measured similarly with slices excited normal to the Y axis. The overall phase accumulation due to B0 shift is:\nThe accuracy of the measured k-space trajectories is determined by subjecting different test objects to the same magnetic gradients. A six-interleaved spiral cage trajectory is measured by the present invention using the pulse protocol of FIG. 1. Test subjects included a human head sized round flask containing an ion doped gel and a normal human subject, as described in Examples 2 and 3, respectively. The accuracy of the measured k-space trajectories according to the present invention is assessed by measuring the same spiral k-space trajectories according to the “small phantom” technique (6). The pulse sequence of FIG. 1 used herein acquires the single slice data successively. Data from adjacent slices are acquired successively within a TR period, with adjacent slice spacing selected by adjusting RF modulation frequency. The relative effect of spatially varying B0 field inhomogeneity on k-space trajectory measurement accuracy is assessed by repeating the pulse protocol without applying test gradient waveforms.\nThe k-space trajectories measured by the “small phantom” method (6), and by the present invention using a gel phantom and a human head are shown in FIG. 2. These kx trajectories are obtained through application of the pulse protocol of FIG. 1. The ideal trajectory is plotted as a shaded curve in FIG. 2. The measured trajectories overlap to the extent that they appear as a single curve in FIG. 2. The maximal difference among the kx trajectories measured by the “small phantom” method, by the present invention using the gel phantom and a human subject is shown in FIG. 3 with a graph amplitude magnified twenty-five times with respect to that of FIG. 2. Similar results for measurement of ky are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. Phase variations associated with spatially varying B0 field inhomogeneity is inconsequential compared to that produced by test gradients.\nImage reconstructions using measured and ideal spiral k-space trajectories are instructive in assessing sample location misregistrations. Images of a small phantom, reconstructed using k-space trajectories measured by the present invention, by the “small phantom” method and using the ideal trajectories are shown in FIG. 6. A comparison of the point spread like functions in FIGS. 6a and 6 b demonstrates that reconstructed images are improved after k-space sample location misregistrations have been taken into account. In contrast, FIG. 6c shows that a large amount of energy is spread over regions away from the reconstructing point. Further, the central peak's full width at half maximum in FIG. 6 is comparatively broad, indicating strong local smearing in the resulting reconstructed images.\nSpiral images of a gel phantom reconstructed using k-space trajectories measured by the present invention from the phantom, measured by the “small phantom” method (6), and the ideal trajectories are shown in FIG. 7. Similarly, FIG. 8 shows human head images reconstructed using k-space trajectories measured by the present invention, measured by the “small phantom” method (6), and the ideal trajectories. The spiral images of the ideal trajectory shown in FIGS. 7c and 8 c show the effects of k-space sample location misregistration. The spiral image quality obtained from the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 7a and 8 a, is considerably improved as compared to that from the small phantom method as shown in FIGS. 7b and 8 b, respectively. The present invention shows considerable improvements in regard to edge definition, as compared to the small phantom method.\nWhile spatially varying B0 field inhomogeneity in the excited slices is largely inconsequential when measuring a well shimmed subject, it is appreciated that a subject with large spatially varying field inhomogeneity and/or spatially varying eddy currents, separate measurement of phase perturbations in the presence of a zero or negligible applied test gradient is optionally conducted.\nIt is appreciated that in those applications where cross plane dephasing is of concern, the present invention is readily modified to use excited pencils, instead of slices, in order to measure kx and ky simultaneously. Conventional pulse protocols are capable of producing two-dimensional sampling pencils.\nIn general, the k-space trajectory measurement technique of the present invention enables practical k-space calibration for any imaging applications that are affected by misregistration of k-space sample locations caused by either eddy currents, gradient amplifier performance imperfections, or readout timing errors.\nThe following examples are set forth to illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. These examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.\nA six interleaf k trajectory is measured using a quadrature volume head RF coil. Each spiral interleaf contains 925 readout points. Readout duration is 11.25 milliseconds. Measurements are performed on a Philips/UAB 4.1-T whole body scanner equipped with a Magnex (Abingdon, England) self-shielded whole body gradient set. Maximum gradient strength is 2.5 gauss per centimeter and the maximum gradient slow rate is greater than 2,500 gauss per centimeter per second. Gradient pre-emphases are determined separately using an RF pulse applied at successive delays after a trapezoidal gradient pulse as shown in FIG. 1. The sequence is repeated four times successively in a single TR period to acquire data from four adjacent slices with a different slice being selected by changing the RF modulation frequency. Gradient pre-emphases time constants are adjusted recursively to minimize eddy current effects observed in the acquired free induction decay signals.\nA 2 liter round flask is filled with 2% agar gel containing 4 millimolar copper sulfate and allowed to congeal. Scan time of relaxation (TR) is 500 milliseconds. Time of excitation (TE) is 10 milliseconds. Excitation angle is 60 degrees. Field of view (FOV) is 22 centimeters. Ten dummy scans are conducted as part of the scan parameters. The kx trajectory is measured at four slices in the x direction at locations of −6 millimeters, −3 millimeters, 0 millimeters and 3 millimeters with an excited slice thickness of 3 millimeters. The scan time for the entire experiment is 8 seconds.\nThe procedure of Example 2 is repeated, substituting the head of a human volunteer for that of the round flask.\n64×64 spiral gradient-echo images are obtained from the gel phantom using k-space trajectory measurements as per Example 2. Acquired data is first phase corrected using the measured phase acquisition due to B0 shift. Images are reconstructed by regridded interpolation and fast Fourier transform (13). Images are obtained using the same 4.1 -T scanner of Example 2, using the quadrature volume RF coil. Image scan parameters are as follows: TE=10 milliseconds, TR=500 milliseconds, number of experiments (NEX)=1, FOV=22 centimeters, and slice thickness=5 millimeters.\n64×64 spiral gradient-echo images are obtained from a human head subject using k-space trajectory measurements as per Example 3. Images are collected according to the parameters of Example 4 with the exception that TR=2,500 milliseconds and in the human study, inversion pulses are applied 700 milliseconds before the gradient echo imaging sequence to enhance the contrast between gray and white matter.\nThe present invention having been described in its preferred embodiments, it is appreciated that those skilled in the art are capable of recognizing numerous modifications and embodiments of the present invention without departing from the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is defined as set forth by the following claims. All references cited herein are intended to be incorporated to the same extent as if each reference was explicitly incorporated by reference.\n1. T. Onodena et al., J. Phys. K. Sci. Instrum. 20:416 (1987).\n2. A. Takahashi et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 34:448 (1995).\n3. M. T. Alley et al., Proc. ISMRM, 4th Annual Mtg., New York, USA (1996), 1408.\n4. A. B. Kerr et al., Proc. ISMRM, 3rd Annual Mtg., Nice, FRA (1995), 622.\n5. N. Papadakis et al., Magn. Reson. Imaging 25:567 (1987).\n6. G. Mason et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 25:482 (1997).\n7. H. K. Lee et al., Proc. ISMRM, 4th Annual Mtg., New York, USA (1996), 1388.\n8. W. M. Luh et al., Proc. ISMRM, 3rd Annual Mtg., Nice, FRA (1995), 621.\n9. S. Ljunggren, J. Magn. Reson. 64:236 (1983).\n10. C. C. Gudu et al., Proc. ISMRM, 4th Annual Mtg., New York, USA (1996), 1405.\n11. T. C. Reese et al., J. Magn. Reson. 4:569 (1994).\n12. D. M. Spielman et al., Magn. Reson. Med. 34:580 (1995).\n13. J. I. Jackson et al., IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 10:475 (1991).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How PowerTag manage you load, provide energy and Power measurement\nDo you face many interruptions of your factory’s energy and power supply without any instant alert? Consider a real-time data monitoring and management power solution, PowerTag , a wireless energy sensor by Schneider Electric Global. It is a Class 1, wireless power sensor and the smallest in physical size in the market, which is able to provide real-time energy and power measurements, as well as real-time notification in the event of a voltage loss and overload trip.\nWould it be difficult and complicated to install?\nNot at all. PowerTag is fully wireless and installation and set up can be completed in just a few minutes, even installations in an existing electrical panel. Hassle-free installation and commissioning helps to keep the cost due to downtime low as the time taken for installation of the sensor is effectively reduced. Paired with Schneider Acti 9 Smartlink, the transmission of data from PowerTag to the Building Management System (BMS) is simplified.\nHow does PowerTag bring convenience to the facility maintenance team?\nThe team can easily set up a schedule with PowerTag to switch your electrical supply to your facility or machines on and off automatically. The facility management team is able to optimise consumption of energy and plan preventive maintenance more efficiently. In terms of data analysis, energy consumption can be easily broken down by respective use of energy. No physical display panel is required as data can be accessed through a smartphone or a personal computer via embedded web pages and alerts.\nShare this article on social media", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Scale‐up issues for commercial depth filters in bioprocessing\nSignificant increases in cell density and product titer have led to renewed interest in the application of depth filtration for initial clarification of cell culture fluid in antibody production. The performance of these depth filters will depend on the local pressure and velocity distribution within the filter capsule, but these are very difficult to probe experimentally, leading to challenges in both process design and scale-up. We have used a combination of carefully designed experimental studies and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to examine these issues in both lab-scale (SupracapTM 50) and pilot-scale (StaxTM) depth filter modules, both employing dual-layer lenticular PDH4 media containing diatomaceous earth. The SupracapTM 50 showed a more rapid increase in transmembrane pressure and a more rapid DNA breakthrough during filtration of a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell culture fluid. These results were explained using CFD calculations which showed very different flow distributions within the modules. CFD predictions were further validated using measurements of the residence time distribution and dye binding in both the lab-scale and pilot-plant modules. These results provide important insights into the factors controlling the performance and scale-up of these commercially important depth filters as well as a framework that can be broadly applied to develop more effective depth filters and depth filtration processes.\n|Work Title||Scale‐up issues for commercial depth filters in bioprocessing|\n|License||CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives)|\n|Publication Date||January 14, 2022|\n|Publisher Identifier (DOI)||\n|Deposited||July 21, 2022|\nThis resource is currently not in any collection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nWe describe a system for wide view imaging, which uses multiple image sensors and mirrors. In this system, each image obtained by the multiple sensors has a non-overlapped area and is equivalent to the partial image of the wide view obtained by an imaginary sensor. Therefore depth estimation from the sensor to each object is not required for combination. In this paper, we describe the wide view imaging system using random access image sensors we have designed and a FPGA (field programmable gate array). We can control the system to show a panoramic image or partial image in real time. The new image sensor has 128×128 pixels, the main functions being random access and interpolation of pixel values on a quarter pitch. We show results obtained by the chip.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Microyn is a US-based company focuses on small lab instruments ans scientific supplies. We strive to provide our customer with reliable products at competitive prices to help their research and development to reach full potential. Our main products include common lab instruments for liquid handling and thermal management, such as pipettes, magnetic stirrers, hotplates,centrifuges, shaker, etc.\nAbout this item\nThis Digital Laboratory Magnetic Stirrer Hotplate has powerful heating at 600 W and strong stirring up to 2000 rpm. The digital display precisely shows both the temperature and stirring speed. The large 7x7 inches panel can conveniently handle up to 5 L beakers. The included external probe and support allows you to precisely measure and control the temperature of your solution directly.\nMagnetic stirrer/hotplate is widely used for heating and mixing/stirring of liquids in school and research laboratories, industries and mining, food processing, brewing, biochemistry, agriculture, etc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "West Palm Beach, FL – November 8, 2021. Solitron Devices is pleased to announce the introduction of the SD11702, 650V Silicon Carbide (SiC), ultra-low RDS(on) MOSFET.\nPackaged in a hermetically sealed TO-258, the SD11702 is built for the most demanding industrial, aerospace and defense applications. With operating temperatures of -55°C to 175°C, the SD11702 offers 50A of continuous drain current. With an ultra-low RDS(on) of 6.7mΩ the SD11702 provides standard gate drive characteristics allowing for the replacement of standard silicon and IGBT topologies. 200°C operation is also available upon request.\nSilicon Carbide provides excellent switching performance versus the best-in-class silicon MOSFETs and IGBTs with minimal variation versus temperature. The SD11702 provides ultra-low gate charge and exceptional reverse recovery characteristics making it ideal for switching inductive loads and systems that require standard gate drive.\nHermetic packaging combined with high-temperature operation make the SD11702 ideal for the most rugged power supply and motor control applications requiring small size, lightweight and high efficiency. The SD11702 is available with COTS, TX, TXV, and space level screening. Samples are available from stock\nHeadquartered in West Palm Beach, FL USA, Solitron Devices manufactures power semiconductors and integrated power solutions for systems that demand the ultimate in performance and reliability. Customers in aerospace, defense, industrial, and space rely on Solitron’s innovative products to develop smaller, lighter weight, higher efficiency systems-level power solutions.\nCertified to MIL-PRF-19500 and MIL-PRF-38534 Solitron offers a variety of standard QPL bipolar transistors and JFETs. Solitron’s high power, multichip modules combine the latest in silicon, silicon carbide, and GaN with advanced packaging materials to achieve cutting-edge power density and performance. Capabilities include both standard and custom solutions delivered with industry-leading quality, service, and support.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Climatic chambers are used to test equipment under different temperatures and relative humidities (RH).\nIt is also used to accelerate the effects of exposure to the environment, sometimes at conditions not actually expected.\nChamber testing involves testing and exposing products to various environmental conditions in a controlled setting. Climatic Chamber testing and Thermal Shock testing are part of chamber testing. Climatic Chamber testing is a broad term used to describe different ways of simulating climate or excessive ambient conditions exposure for a product or a material under laboratory controlled yet accelerated conditions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Restek Refined Biodiesel Solutions: Innovative Products for Simple, Reliable Biodiesel Analysis\nInnovative Products for Simple, Reliable Biodiesel Analysis\n- A full suite of products to meet EN and ASTM method specifications for biodiesel analyses, including glycerin, FAMEs, and methanol.\n- Metal and fused silica GC columns engineered specifically for high-performance, high-temperature biodiesel work.\n- GC accessories, reference standards, and sample preparation products to simplify your lab work and increase productivity.\nBiodiesel is one of the most popular alternative fuels available today. However, because it is a natural product—easily produced from rapeseed, sunflowers, soy, tallow, lard, yellow grease, and other sources—it is also a challenge to analyze. This complex matrix with high–boiling compounds requires selective and robust analytical GC columns to generate consistently reliable data.\nThe EN and ASTM methods used to test the quality of biodiesel fuels can be categorized into three types based on the target compounds: ASTM D6584 and EN 14105 test for total glycerin, EN 14103 tests for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and EN 14110 tests for residual methanol. These methods may be performed using either fused silica or metal columns, but the column chosen must have extremely high temperature tolerance. Restek Pure Chromatography is your first and best choice for biodiesel analyses.\nRestek offers both fused silica and metal columns designed to meet ASTM and EN method specifications for high-temperature biodiesel analysis. Specifically, the Rtx-Biodiesel TG, MXT-Biodiesel TG, Stabilwax, and Rtx-1 column lines offer outstanding performance for biodiesel testing. And our MXT columns with Integra-Gap integrated retention gaps go a step farther by eliminating guard column coupling completely and, therefore, are 100% leak proof! We also offer a full suite of reference standards, sample preparation products, and accessories.\nBrowse through the Restek products, resources, and chromatograms on this page and contact us when you are ready to improve the results and productivity of your biodiesel lab.\n- Linearity for all reference compounds exceeds method requirements.\n- Columns with retention gaps feature Alumaseal connectors to prevent leaks and extend column life.\n- Low column bleed at high temperatures.\n- For glycerin and glycerides analysis, according to ASTM D6584 and EN 14105 methods.\n- Stable to 380 °C.\n- Fast analysis times and sharp mono-, di-, and triglyceride peaks.\n- Stable at 430 °C for reliable, consistent performance.\npolar phase; Crossbond polyethylene glycol\n- Low-bleed PEG column ensures long column lifetimes.\n- Temperature range: 40 °C to 260 °C.\n- Equivalent to USP G14, G15, G16, G20, and G39 phases.\nSupplies & Accessories\n- Replace active hydrogen, reducing polarity and making the compounds more volatile.\n- Increase stability of derivatives.\n- Usable to 400 °C inlet temperature.*\n- New plasma coating eliminates sticking in the injection port.\n- Precision molding ensures consistent, accurate fit.\n- Septa have a CenterGuide design to minimize coring. (Not available on 9.5 mm, 10 mm, and Shimadzu Plug.)\n- 5 mm and 11 mm septa are partially predrilled.\n- Preconditioned and ready to use.\n- Packaged in ultra-clean blister packs.**\n- Each batch GC-FID tested.\n- Bleed and temperature optimized; ideal for demanding GC and GC-MS applications.\n- Proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell eliminates the need for liquid electrolytes.\n- Reliably generate 99.9995% pure hydrogen—for better chromatography.\n- Eliminates high-pressure cylinders—greater convenience and improved lab safety.\n- Compact unit, requiring only one square foot of bench space.\n- Quick and easy to service and maintain; unique display lighting changes color for easy status checks and water level indication.\n- Comes with a set of universal power adapters for U.S., European, and Asian plug types.\n- Automatic safety feature shuts the generator down if a hydrogen leak is detected.\n- Warranty: one year from date of purchase on system and two years from date of purchase on cell life.\nfor Agilent 5890/6850/6890 GCs\nAvailable in standard or Siltek treated high-performance versions.\nEngineered with a fluted tip to guide the capillary column into the jet.\nfor Agilent 5890/6850/6890/7890 GCs\nfor Agilent 5890/6850/6890/7890 FIDs\n- Securely grips jet in socket for easy removal or installation.\n- Unique, ergonomic handle—easy to hold.\nNew and improved! Prevent small leaks from causing big problems with a Restek leak detector.\n- Detects a broad range of gases and indicates leak severity with both an LED display and audible tone.\n- No more waiting for a full charge—can be operated during charging or used up to 12 hours between charges.\n- Charging kit includes both universal AC power adaptor and USB charging cable so you can charge anywhere, anytime.\n- Pinpoint very small gas leaks quickly and accurately before they cause damage and downtime.\n- Compact, handheld unit is easy to operate and convenient to use anywhere you need to check for leaks.\nUsing metal columns to analyze glycerides in biodiesel offer significant performance advantages compared to fused silica columns, as shown in this evaluation.\nHigh Temp. Stability Problem Solved with New Metal Columns - Analysis of Total Glycerides in Biodiesel Oils by ASTM D-6584 Using New MXT-Biodiesel TG Capillary Columns\nThe high temperatures required for biodiesel analysis by gas chromatography present a considerable challenge to analytical columns. Fused silica columns, even those rated for high-temperature tolerance, breakdown relatively quickly. Restek’s new MXT-Biodiesel columns are more stable up to 430°C and offer excellent chromatography for glycerides. These columns are available in two configurations: factory-coupled to a 0.53mm retention gap, or with a built-in, leak-proof Integra-Gap retention gap.\nWe challenged our Rtx-Biodiesel column with analysis for glycerin in biodiesel according to method ASTM D-6584-00. Excellent linearity was established for glycerin, triolein, monolein, and diolein, with r2 values exceeding the method criteria for all compounds. Mono-, di-, and triglycerides resolved well from other compounds in B100 biodiesel oil. Column performance was strong at high temperatures, with low bleed even at 380°C. An Alumaseal connector and guard column were used to extend column life.\nThis flyer includes data demonstrating the performance of recommended GC columns for the analysis of total glycerin, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and residual methanol in biodiesel. Features a comparison of metal and fused silica columns. (PDF - 0MB)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Reliability and development\nWhy choose us?\nFor nine years, Mplex Technology Sdn Bhd has been established in keeping business in the field of Industrial Engineering, We use the most recent innovations in technology. We supply high quality industrial products like liquid pumps, metering pumps, vacuum compressor pumps, as well as sensor instruments and valves. We specialize in Engineering works, process automation system design, as well as maintenance services.more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AVR - Aeberle Voltage Regulator\nAll measurement, control and regulation tasks of tap-changing transformers can be executed using the new REG-DA voltage regulator.\nThe REG-DA regulator features a world innovation as it is equipped with a high-capacity transformer monitoring function in accordance with CEI IEC 354 (VDE 0536). This function allows the operator to call up information about the hot-spot temperature and the lifetime consumption of the transformer at any time. If required, the regulator can even activate up to six cooling levels. The oil temperature can either be recorded directly (PT 100) or via a mA input.\nApart from its basic function, every REG-DA voltage regulator can be used as a measurement transducer, recorder, statistical unit, paragramer and transformer monitor all at the same time. All important network measurement quantities are displayed in measurement transducer mode. The trends in the voltage that is to be regulated over time and a second, selectable, measurement quantity are shown in recorder mode. The statistical unit for the tap-change position offers a clear presentation of all switching operations of the tap changer. The paragramer provides a complete busbar simulation.\nInterconnection of multiple voltage regulators on a network enables the mutual exchange of data between regulators over long distances.Various communications methods can be used to transfer data.This allows monitoring of multiple transformers from a centralised control centre. Parallel connection of several transfomers can be very easily implemented this way. Application-specific tasks can be implemented via freely programmable inputs and outputs. The REG-DA regulator is able to communicate with a control centre via all common scada protocols.\n|Characteristics of the REG-DA voltage regulator\n• large backlit LCD (128 x 128) with all important information (tap-changer position,\n• Measuring functions (U, I, P, Q, S, cos ϕ, ϕ, I sin ϕ, f )\n• Recorder functions (2-channel chart recorder)\n• Statistics functions (records total number of switching operations, switching\noperations per tap)\n• Event recorder (log book)\n• Transformer monitoring functions incl. recording of the hot-spot temperature and\n• 14 (26) freely programmable binary inputs• 9 (21) freely programmable binary\n• Freely programmable analogue inputs or outputs (mA)\n• Pt 100 direct input for RTD temp. probe (option)• Input for tap-potentiometer (200Ω...20kΩ total resistance, option)\n• Control of three-winding transformers\n• Control of phase-shifting transformers\n• Limit value monitoring for all measurement quantities\n• 4 freely programmable set-point values\n• Programmable rated values of U and I\n• Parametric software WinREG for setup, programming and display\nas well as for PC-based archiving and evaluation of the recorder data\n• Simulation software REGSimTM for the simulation of any parallel operation, network\nand load situations\n• Implementation of freely programmable control tasks through\n• Peripheral bus RS 485 (COM3) for additional interface modules (ANA-D, BIN-D)\n• ParaGramer function for the display and automation of any parallel connections\nwith up to ten transformers", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Various parameters of recording spatially modulated coherent light have been studied, with particular emphasis on the parameters related to constructing holograms. These include the ratio of the reference beam’s intensity to that of the signal beam, the offset angle, the film’s transfer characteristic, and the recording wavelength. Experimental results were obtained by recording interference patterns on highresolution film using the 6328-Å line of the He–Ne laser. The bias level of the interference pattern was varied so as to vary the operating point on the curve representing the film’s amplitude transmittance vs exposure characteristics. The percent modulation and the spatial frequency were also varied at each of the operating points. Interference patterns were recorded, using the 4880-Å and 5145-Å lines from the argon laser. From these data, the optimum bias level and the ratio of the signal beam to the reference beam for recording interference patterns are determined. The modulation transfer function of the film can also be determined.\n© 1967 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article\nOSA Recommended Articles\nJohn C. Urbach and Reinhard W. Meier\nAppl. Opt. 8(11) 2269-2281 (1969)\nCarlton E. Thomas\nAppl. Opt. 11(8) 1756-1765 (1972)\nJ. Opt. Soc. Am. 56(4) 428-432 (1966)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Full text PDF available (4)\nIce residual (IR) and total aerosol properties were measured in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) at the high-alpine Jungfraujoch research station. Black carbon (BC) content and coating thickness of BC-containing particles were determined using single-particle soot photometers. The ice activated fraction (IAF), derived from a comparison of IR and total aerosol… (More)\nBelow the melting temperature Tm, crystals are the stable phase of typical elemental or molecular systems. However, cooling down a liquid below Tm, crystallization is anything but inevitable. The liquid can be supercooled, eventually forming a glass below the glass transition temperature Tg. Despite their long lifetimes and the presence of strong barriers… (More)\n• Whatever the metrics, we are part of the \" top-5 \" in Brazil.\nAn innovative time-of-flight distributed telemeter is presented, developed for the installation on train monitoring portals. It is composed of a single transmitter-receiver unit, and of up to six scanning stations, connected to the main unit by fiber optics pairs. The systems operates at 400 kHz, with a measuring range of 0.5-15m, and an uncertainty of ±… (More)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This article presents new optical pixel sensors that are based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (a-Si:H TFTs) for detecting secondary color optical signals to increase the number of colors of sensed light. Three types of series-connected structure with different photo TFTs enable the sensors to receive secondary color optical input signals that combine any two primary colors, such as magenta (blue and red), cyan (green and blue), and yellow (red and green). The secondary color optical sensors also prevent from being affected by light of a single color to integrate with primary color optical sensors for realizing a six-color sensing mechanism. Moreover, only one photo TFT is used to suppress the effect of ambient white light by compensating photocurrents without increasing the complexity of the proposed sensor structure. The measurements demonstrate that the difference in the output voltages is 15.6 V even under ambient white light with an intensity of 10000 lux, proving that the proposed sensor can yield significantly different sensing results with and without an optical input signal under intense ambient white light. Thus, the proposed sensors increase the number of sensed color light that can be integrated with a large TFT-LCD panel for multiuser interaction.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Synchronization Trigger Control System for Flow Visualization 870450\nThe use of cinematography or holographic interferometry for dynamic flow visualization in an internal combustion engine requires a control device that globally synchronizes camera and light source timing at a predefined shaft encoder angle. The device is capable of 0.35° resolution for rotational speeds of up to 73 240 rpm. This was achieved by implementing the shaft encoder signal addressed look up table (LUT) and appropriate latches. The developed digital signal processing technique achieves 25 nsec of high speed triggering angle detection by using direct parallel bit comparison of the shaft encoder digital code with a simulated angle reference code, instead of using angle value comparison which involves more complicated computation steps. In order to establish synchronization to an AC reference signal whose magnitude is variant with the rotating speed, a dynamic peak follow-up synchronization technique has been devised. This method scrutinizes the reference signal and provides the right timing within 40 nsec. Two application examples are described.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The aim of this study is to present a novel inverse heat transfer method, which incorporates an automatic-filter scheme with the conjugate gradient method, for identifying shapes and temperature of heating elements embedded in a rectangular package. In this report, shapes of the heating elements are visualized by using node-matrix images. A group of unknown heating elements with different shapes, positions, and temperatures are nondestructively identified simply based on the data of the upper surface temperature of the rectangular package. Effects of temperature measurement uncertainty, grid size, and number of measurement points on the top surface on the identification accuracy are evaluated. Results show that the geometric and thermal conditions of the heating elements embedded can be predicted precisely by using the present approach. The approach is found to be stable and insensitive to the temperature measurement uncertainty, and without overwhelming mathematical manipulation, the form of objective function becomes flexible.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This kit includes an aneroid sphygmomanometer matched with the Sprague-Rappaport stethoscope. With its unique five-in-one design, the Sprague-Rappaport stethoscope enables use with adult, pediatric and infant patients. This kit also features a latex free nylon cuff, index and range markings, artery indicator mark, owner ID label, gauge holder, standard inflation bulb and air release valve. This kit also includes a 6\"x 9\" color-matched nylon case to carry your items. Cuff range: 10\"-16\". The Prestige A2 kit offers a lifetime calibration warranty. Approximate length is 30\".", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article\n|This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (June 2009)|\nAn automotive night vision system is a system to increase a vehicle driver's perception and seeing distance in darkness or poor weather beyond the reach of the vehicle's headlights. They are currently offered as optional equipment on certain premium vehicles.\nActive systems use an infrared light source built into the car to illuminate the road ahead with light that is invisible to humans. There are two kinds of active systems: gated and non-gated. The gated system uses a pulsed light source and a synchronized camera that enable long ranges (250m) and high performance in rain and snow.\nIn late-2005, Mercedes-Benz introduced their Night View Assist system on the redesigned S-class. It was the first system to use the instrument cluster's LCD as a display. In 2009, Mercedes added a pedestrian detection function calling the revised system Night View Assist Plus and offered it on the redesigned E-class and refreshed S-class, however, the E-class uses the navigation screen's display. For model year 2014, S-class with Night Vision Assist Plus will also have animal detection. To give further warning, the Night View Assist PLUS system is coupled to the car’s spotlight function which is able to focus a beam of light onto the pedestrian or animal while flashing them repeatedly. Night Vision Assist is no longer available for the new E-class.\nIn 2002, Toyota introduced the first production automotive active night vision system or Night View on the Lexus LX 470 and Landcruiser Cygnus. This system uses the headlight projectors emitting near infrared light aimed like the car's highbeam headlights and a CCD camera then captures that reflected radiation, this signal is then processed by computer which produces a black-and-white image which is projected on the lower section of the windshield. In 2008 Toyota added a feature to the Crown Hybrid which highlights pedestrians and presents them in a box on an LCD display in front of the driver, this was the first pedestrian detection feature for an active system.\nThe Night Vision Assistant was introduced in 2010 on the Audi A8. It uses a thermal imaging camera behind the four rings at the front of the car which can \"see\" 300 meters (984 ft) ahead. The display in the instrument cluster highlights humans with yellow markings. More importantly, the computer can determine if the person on the road moves in a way that could lead to a collision with the car. In that case the pedestrian is being marked in red color and the driver of the car receives an audible warning.\nIn fall 2005, BMW introduced BMW Night Vision on the 7-series. This system processes far infrared radiation, which minimizes non-essential information placing a greater emphasis on pedestrians and animals, allows for a range of 300 meters or nearly 1,000 feet, and avoids \"dazzle\" from headlights, road lights and similar intense light sources. In the fall of 2008, on the redesigned 7-series, BMW added a pedestrian detection system which flashes a caution symbol on the navigation/information screen and head-up-display when it detects pedestrians.\nFor model year 2013, BMW Night Vision added animal detection with Dynamic Light Spot feature for the 7-series. As soon as the remote infrared detects pedestrians or larger animals on course for collision in the dark, the system directs two separately controlled Dynamic Light Spots at them without creating an unpleasant glare. In the event of an acute risk, an acoustic warning signal is also sounded and the brakes are set to maximum standby. For the model year 2014, BMW 5-series will also have these new features.\nIn 2000, General Motors introduced Night Vision on the Cadillac Deville which became the first vehicle sold with such a system, however it was discontinued in 2004. This system was developed with Raytheon and worked by using an infrared sensing camera mounted behind the vehicle's grille. Infrared radiation is picked up by the sensor, processed by computer and then displayed on the windshield using a head-up display. Information is displayed as a black and white image with warmer objects in white, while cooler objects appear black. Because this system outputs a standard NTSC composite video signal and the used parts are somewhat easy and inexpensive to find, it has become a popular choice for fitting thermal night vision to other vehicles.\nIn the fall of 2004, Honda introduced the redesigned Legend with an optional Intelligent Night Vision system. This system detected far infrared radiation and was also the first system to offer pedestrian detection. The pedestrian detection feature alerted the driver with an audio warning and visually enclosed the pedestrian in a box on the display which was presented via head-up display.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "On Call ® Extra Blood Glucose Test Strips\nSpecifications & Features\nPRINCIPLE AND INTENDED USEThe On Call® Extra Test Strips are thin strips. The strips have a chemical reagent system.They work with the On Call® Extra Blood Glucose Meter. Together, they measure the glucose concentration in whole blood. Blood is applied to the end tip of the test strip. Then the blood is automatically absorbed into the reaction cell. This is where the reaction takes place. A transient electrical current is formed during the reaction. The blood glucose concentration is calculated based on the electrical current detected by the meter. The result is shown on themeter display. The meters are calibrated to show plasma equivalent results.On Call® Extra Test Strips are used by people with diabetes at home. They are also used by healthcare professionals. They are used to measure the amount of glucose in fresh capillary whole blood. Capillary whole blood can be from the finger, forearm, and palm. The system is also used to monitor how well the diabetes control programs work.\nCOMPOSITIONEach test strip has reactive and non-reactive chemicals. These chemicals are: Glucose Oxidase < 25 IU, Mediator < 300 μg, Buffer, and Non-reactive Ingredient.Each test strip vial has a drying agent.\nIHBmart operated by IHB Healthcare Sdn Bhd offers a wide range of medical devices ranging from homecare,\nmedical furniture, medical disposables and rehab items. Whether you are taking care of an elderly, or set up clinic, we have something to offer.\nSubscribe ihbmart newsletter.\nCopyright © 2016 IHB Healthcare Sdn Bhd. All rights reserved.\nDelivery with Minimum Order\nCash on delivery not available", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|\nThe objective of this study was to develop a method to assess the accuracy of an electromagnetic technology image-free navigation system for total knee arthroplasty in a leg with normal or abnormal mechanical alignment. An acrylic phantom leg was constructed to simulate tibia and femur deformation. Determination of actual leg alignment was achieved using a digital caliper unit. In the setting of normal alignment, the mean error of the system characterised as the difference between the measured computer navigation and digital caliper angles ranged between 0.8° (frontal plane) and 1.5° (lateral plane). In the setting of abnormal alignment, the mean error ranged between 0.4° (frontal plane) and 1.6° (lateral plane). Deformity had no demonstrable effect on accuracy. The study demonstrates satisfactory in vitro system accuracy in both normal and abnormal leg mechanical alignment settings.\nLe but de cette étude était d'évaluer les techniques de navigation sans image par technologie électro-magnétique au cours des prothèses totales du genou. Un fantôme acrylique de membre inférieur a été construit de façon à simuler la déformation du tibia et du fémur. La différence moyenne entre la mesure par computer et la mesure instrumentale est de 0,8° dans le plan frontal et de 1,5° dans le plan latéral. Dans les cas de mauvais alignements la moyenne a été de 0,4° dans le plan frontal et de 1,6° sur le profil. Cette étude in-vitro montre que ce système est fiable aussi bien pour un membre inférieur normalement axé que désaxé.\nRecent advances in computer technology and navigation systems (CAS) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) appear useful in addressing the problems associated with intra-operative implant positioning [9, 12]. There are now many published studies on various authors’ experience with navigated TKA, most of which demonstrate a reduction in risk of implant malposition and more precise leg alignment when compared to conventional jig-based alignment guides [2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19]. However, an important distinction needs to be drawn between precision and accuracy evaluation. Whilst precision refers to agreement between repeated measurements, accuracy refers to agreement between measurements and a known true standard . Clinical trials are precision studies.\nCAS technology falls broadly into two categories: image-based systems such as CT or fluoroscopy, and image-free systems. The essence of image-free systems is that they require the intra-operative registration of certain key anatomical points to determine the mechanical alignment of the tibia, femur, and the lower limb and therefore provide information about where to make the required bony cuts for implant placement. The first generation of image-free navigation systems is based on infrared technology. Recently, an innovative electromagnetic-based navigation system was developed for TKA. A multi-centre clinical trial is currently being performed to validate this new navigation tool.\nThe objectives of our study were: (1) to design and develop a method to assess the accuracy of the new electromagnetic image-free TKA navigation system (AxiEM, MedTronic and Zimmer, Warsaw, IN, USA), and (2) to assess its accuracy in a leg with normal and abnormal mechanical axis.\nAn artificial leg phantom was constructed to simulate hip and knee joints that included: (1) an articulating hip joint with femoral neck angle of 135° that allowed circumduction, a crucial movement in the CAS measurement of the femoral axis, and (2) the ability to deform femur and tibia to simulate a bone with an abnormal mechanical axis (Fig. 1). Both the femur and tibia were fabricated in two segments of acrylic with removable fixed-angle boxes located between each segment to allow 10° and 20° of deformation in valgus, varus, flexion, extension, and 10° torsion angles. An acrylic synthetic leg model (Sawbones-Pacific Laboratories, USA) was used. This model allowed for anatomical landmarks registration, AxiEM trackers placement, and CAS navigation protocol as required for the AxiEM electromagnetic system (Fig. 2). Soft tissue approximations at the knee were simulated with lateral and medial cords that were fixed to the sides of the tibial component and pulled through jam cleats on the femoral component. It is recognised that this is a poor approximation of these soft tissue constraints, but insofar as the study is concerned with bony alignment, this limitation is minimised.\nA precision coordinate measurement device (FARO-Arm S06-02, FARO Technologies Inc., USA) was used for collecting coordinate data on the phantom. This multi-axis articulated digital caliper has a single point accuracy of ±0.09 mm and angular displacement accuracy of ±0.004°. Prior to each set of measurements, the device was calibrated. Precision and reproducibility of measurements was achieved by recording the positions of three coplanar holes drilled in each of the hinged segments. FARO Arm coordinate data were stored in text files and then processed using a computer program written in MATLAB (Mathworks, USA), that read the text files, established a local coordinate system for each segment, as well as a “joint” coordinate system to which each local one was related, and then calculated angles using the trigonometric relationships between the joint and local coordinate systems. This technique was verified using repeated measurement (ten repetitions) with variable coordinates, giving accuracy to within 0.06°. Simulated procedures were then performed with both a normal and an abnormal leg mechanical axis. At specific points in the procedure, information was compared between the FaroARM digital measurements and the AxiEM CAS system. Repeated serial measurements were undertaken.\nThe measurement protocol had four main parts. The phantom was set either neutral or with deformity. This was done by using the neutral, 10°, and 20° fixed-angle acrylic boxes and then positioning the femur-and tibia-segments either neutral or in deformity. The real deformation of femur and tibia was measured with the FARO arm which was used to confirm the angular positions of the tibial and femoral segments. This resulted in 12 points measured, i.e. three points per segment with four segments in total. During the measurement procedure the phantom was supported with iron-free clamps, which were placed to keep deflection to a minimum. The AxiEM CAS procedure was followed with standardised steps of the Zimmer minimally invasive (MIS) TKR application protocol. Small iron-free pins concave heads were inserted in the anatomical landmarks of the acrylic model. The concave pin heads allowed accurate anatomical landmarks and checkpoints registration with the AxiEM pointer. The final steps involved mounting the cutting guide to the tibia and adjusting it according to the CAS system. The cutting guide offset (coronal/frontal or sagittal/lateral tilt) was indicated by the CAS system using the AxiEM paddle (Fig. 3). The CAS figures for coronal/frontal and for sagittal/lateral alignment using the femur antero-posterior axis reference were recorded. The deformation of the various phantom segments and position of the cutting guide was then verified with the FARO arm. Analysing the data included calculating the real deformation, i.e. the angles between the two femur-segments and the two tibia-segments, and calculating the cutting guide angles, as they were measured with the FARO arm.\nEach measurement was performed three times. A total of 51 measurements were performed to determine coronal/frontal and sagittal/lateral alignment with 0°, ±5°, and ±10° deformity, and 12 measurements to determine accuracy with ±10° internal and external rotation of femur and tibia segments (one at a time).\nMeasurement data with confidence intervals for mean error are listed in Table 1. The mean error characterises the absolute difference between the angle calculated by the CAS system and the FARO arm. In the setting of normal alignment, the mean error of the system ranged between 0.8° (frontal plane) and 1.5° (lateral plane). For the set of deformities in the frontal plane the mean error was 0.4°. The 95% confidence interval ranged between 0.1° and 0.7°. For the set of deformities in the lateral plane the mean error was 1.6°. The 95% confidence interval ranged between 1.3° and 1.9°. Deformity had no demonstrable effect on accuracy.\nTo date, this is the first study to assess in vitro accuracy of an image-free TKA navigation system based on electromagnetic technology. The study demonstrates a satisfactory level of accuracy of the AxiEM system in both normal and abnormal mechanical leg alignment settings.\nThere are now numerous published precision studies in the literature which report on the clinical outcomes of procedures performed using a navigation system [2, 15, 18, 20], including a recent study evaluating initial experience with EM technology . The majority of cadaver and clinical studies have validated the precision of these systems in specimens or patients with normal or near normal preoperative lower limb mechanical alignment, in terms of postoperative component alignment [6, 16]. This reduction in risk for component mal-alignment is well demonstrated by a recent meta-analysis of the published literature in navigated TKA, demonstrating a normal or Gaussian distribution to the summated results with reduced standard deviation from the mean when postoperative alignment is measured [15, 17]. Whilst this demonstrates the high degree of precision achievable with navigation systems, it does not identify the factor responsible for outlying results. In the biomechanically complex surgical procedure of TKA, with numerous controlling variables, it is important to attempt to independently establish the accuracy of each factor. This paper addresses the inherent accuracy of the AxiEM system. Once the accuracy of the system has been established, one additional factor which can be investigated is the effect of abnormal alignment of the limb on the accuracy of the system. The use of a phantom device to assess the accuracy of coordinate measuring systems and allow assessment of navigation systems has been described in total hip arthroplasty . In a previous paper, we described an innovative method to determine accuracy of an infra-red technology CAS navigation for TKA using a purpose-built mechanical phantom knee in conjunction with a precision coordinate measuring system . We found that the accuracy of an infra-red CAS navigation system was within 1° in setting of both normal and abnormal leg mechanical alignment. In this study, CAS based on electromagnetic technology showed similar accuracy levels.\nThis study has some limitations. This is an in vitro study of the system, purely in isolation, with none of the challenges posed by an operating theatre, including potential electromagnetic interference . Even by isolating the knee joint the situation is artificial. The clamping of the ball and socket hip joint removes the issue of pelvic translation, which is an important factor in the clinical setting . Nevertheless, these factors allow us to make well qualified conclusions about the inherent accuracy of the system. In terms of the materials chosen for measurement, soft tissue approximations at the knee joint model were simulated with lateral and medial cords that were fixed to the sides of the tibial component and pulled through jam cleats on the femoral component. It is recognised that this is a poor approximation of the soft tissue constraints, but insofar as the study is concerned with bony alignment, this limitation is minimised. Human error during the process of reference point registration in image-free navigation can cause a marked decrease in accuracy. In order to minimise this factor, reproducibility of reference point registration with the pointer array was achieved with the use of metal inlays for the anatomical landmarks . We tested deformation of one segment (femur or tibia) at a time to make the study model as simple as possible. We assumed that testing combined deformities would show reduction of accuracy, as well as making isolation of the responsible factor impossible. Finally, outliers in this study were probably caused by pivot algorithm errors. Unfortunately, we had no access to algorithm software of the AxiEM CAS system to verify this assumption.\nIn conclusion, this study shows accurate image-free CAS navigation for anatomical leg alignment in TKA using the AxiEM system. The error of the system characterised as the difference between the AxiEM and measured FARO arm angles was within 1.5°. Accuracy of electromagnetic-based CAS measured with our method appears similar to accuracy of infrared-based CAS technology for TKA. In clinical settings, we expect lower accuracy with larger variations, caused by factors such as registration errors and pivoting algorithm miscalculations.\nThe authors thank Dr. Cameron Walker for assistance during statistical analysis and Lawrence Anderson for the preparation of the technical drawings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With stainless steel construction, the Cooper Atkins 26 HP-01-1 is durable enough for any and all cabinets. It’s two inch diameter dial provides a colored holding zone, with a temperature range from 100 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit. It has been made to hang or stand in any unit. Because it is NSF certified, it meets the most stringent of industry standards. With its one year limited warranty, Cooper Atkins seeks to provide customers with a high-quality product. Bakers can be assured that their well-proofed dough will give their own customers something to chew on.\nCooper-Atkins is a manufacturer and provider of quality restaurant timers, digital thermometers, refrigerator / freezer thermometers, meat thermometers, thermocouples and hygrometers. As an innovative global partners, they deliver measuring systems to help customers ensure safe food and healthy indoor environments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Standardized targeted metabolomics using the biocrates MxP® Quant 500 kit on Agilent 6495B and 6495C triple quadrupole LC/MS systems\nMetabolomics provides crucial insights into physiological mechanisms in health and disease, integrating a combined read-out of genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Mass spectrometry is the technology of choice, allowing the quantification of metabolites with high selectivity and sensitivity. The range of mass spectrometry platforms is growing steadily, and so is our kit application portfolio. For the first time, the MxP® Quant 500 kit for broad, quantitative metabolic profiling is now available for Agilent triple quadrupole (TQ) instruments.\nOver the last year, the MxP® Quant 500 kit became the leading metabolomics tool for broad metabolic profiling with a focus on host-microbiome-diet interaction. This ready-to-use kit provides a simple automated workflow for the quality-controlled analysis of 630 small molecules and lipids from 26 compound classes. With more than 230 predefined metabolite sums and ratios of metabolic pathways, it facilitates advanced biological data interpretation and increased statistical power. The MxP® Quant 500 kit is the most comprehensive metabolomics kit on the market – and now it’s also accessible to Agilent users.\nOptimizing for excellence\nThe Agilent 6495B and 6495C TQ LC/MS systems are widely used instrument bases. To adapt the MxP® Quant 500 kit to these platforms, we’ve optimized all instrumental parameters, from sample preparation setup to mass spectrometric features. A comprehensive set of defined human plasma samples was used to validate the Agilent 6495B and 6495C TQ mass spectrometers, coupled to an Agilent 1290 Infinity II UHPLC. All 13 small molecule classes were analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS, while hexoses and all 12 lipid classes were analyzed by FIA-MS/MS.\nThe results were impressive:\n– All detected analytes had excellent intra- and inter-batch accuracy (85-115% for LC analytes, 80-120% for FIA analytes) and precision (CV <15% for LC analytes, CV <20% for FIA analytes).\n– Highly comparable results were generated using the NIST standard reference material (SRM) 1950 across multiple 6495B and 6495C TQ LC/MS systems. This also allows for pooling of data between laboratories.\n– In a typical human plasma sample, 540 metabolites and lipids were found to be routinely detected (>LOD) from a small sample volume of only 10 µl. We also saw impressive results testing other sample matrices, including human feces and mouse liver homogenate.\nThis means that Agilent platform users can rely on the MxP® Quant 500 kit for benefits such as:\n– A ready-to-use solution including all consumables and instrument-specific acquisition methods\n– An automated, software-guided workflow from sample registration to data interpretation\n– Fast turnaround times to guarantee high throughput analyses\n– Reliable standardized quantification of the full range of metabolites and lipids.\nThe MxP® Quant 500 kit combined with the Agilent 6495B or 6495C TQ LC/MS system provides high-quality results with excellent reproducibility. This robust solution provides a powerful tool for broad, quantitative metabolic profiling.\nAll details and results of the adaptation on the 6495C TQ LC/MS system can be found in the application note 35044.\nTo find out more about the MxP® Quant 500 kit, please visit the product page.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The two types of weighing scales in the market are analogue and digital weighing scales. Analog is a traditional model of weighing scale while digital is the modern version of weighing scale. Both analogue and digital weighing scales have their own sets of advantages and disadvantages. The best option for you depends upon your individual requirements which can only be determined after knowing about the working and pros and cons of both kinds of weighing scales.\nAnalogue scales use a spring mechanism. Springs are present under the surface of the machine which contract whenever weight is put on the surface. The contracting springs rotate a spinning wheel which has weight markings on it. A pointer rests over any particular weight marking when the wheel stops spinning.\nThe digital scale uses digital sensors to measure weight. The load cells present in a digital scale has strain gauges which activate the sensors whenever they are strained due to the application of weight. A converter digitises the weight signal, which is displayed in the form of electronic digits on the LCD screen.\nPoints of Comparison\nAccuracy: Digital scales use smart digital sensors which makes them more accurate as compared to analogue scales which use springs. In case of an analogue scale, you need to take some effort to see the exact weight reading on which the pointer rests. But a digital scale displays the exact weight in figures on the screen. However, even on a digital scale, there can be a percentage of error which is more in the case of cheaper models.\nEase of Use: Analog scales do not need to be turned on. You need to stand on the scale whenever you need to check your weight. There is also a need for a battery on an analogue scale. Digital scales run on batteries. There may be times when you need to check on your weight urgently, but the battery dies down, and you don’t have a spare battery. Digital scales need to be turned on and off. However, there are models which switch on and off automatically.\nDurability: Analog scales use spring mechanism which tends to wear out with time. This leads to errors in readings. Moisture can also adversely affect the spring mechanism. Digital scales, on the other hand, use digital sensors which do not get damaged easily. Warranties of 1 year and more are provided on digital scales.\nCalibration: Analog scales need calibration. All you need to do is twist the dial to calibrate the analogue scale. Digital scales requiring manual calibration need some efforts because the precise method as per the instructions manual must be followed. However, digital scales equipped with the auto-calibration feature are also available in the market.\nExtra features: Analog scales do not have extra features other than the main task of measuring weight. Digital scales, on the other hand, can display extra information such as BMR, fat%, water%, etc. Many models can also store the data and even connect to mobile apps.\nPrice: Analog scales are priced more than digital scales. Digital scales with more features are even more expensive.\nFor more about weighing machines, follow us on https://www.weighingmachineguide.in here you will get information on latest weighing machine models and buying tips.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Show 1 to 7 of 7\n[JAC262] IPM Motor Thermal Demagnetization Analysis with Incomplete Magnetization of Dy Diffusion Magnets\nIn this example, a motor using Dy diffused magnets the thermal demagnetization resistance of the Dy diffused magnets with a coercive force distribution when there is incomplete ma…\n[JAC225] Induced Voltage Analysis on Memory Motors Using Variable Magnets\nIn this example, the change in motor characteristics are checked as the memory motor variable magnet magnetization is changed using the three-phase coil current. One example of mo…\n[JAC030] Magnetization Field Evaluation of an SPM motor\nIn this example, carry out SPM motor's magnetization to obtain the magnetization field and magnet's surface magnetic flux density.\n[JAC129] Analysis of a PM Stepper Motor Accounting for Magnetization\nIn this analysis, a magnetization device model is created and a magnet is magnetized. The magnetization distribution and surface magnetic flux density of the magnetized magnet, an…\n[JAC126] Magnetization Analysis Accounting for Eddy Currents\nThis Application Note presents how to obtain the magnetization field distribution accounting for eddy currents in the magnetic material to be magnetized, the eddy current density …\n[JAC055] Integrated Magnetization Analysis of an IPM Motor\nThis Application Note explains how to determine the changes that occur in a magnetizing field if the making current is changed during magnetization, as well as how to obtain the i…\n[JAC079] Analysis of an Effect of Magnetic Field Orientation on Magnetization\nThis Application Note explains how to obtain a magnet’s surface magnetic flux density distribution while accounting for the orientation and magnetization processes.\nShow 1 to 7 of 7", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Analysis of simultaneous generation of argon and krypton laser lines in ion lasers filled with argon-krypton mixture\nWojciech Kamiński , Jerzy Kęsik , Piotr Warda\nAbstractArgon ion lasers can generate several strong laser lines in short wavelength region of visible spectrum (green and blue light). Krypton ones offer the generation of laser lines in long wavelength region (red and yellow light). Both gases have complementary generation ranges thus ion lasers filled with mixture of argon and krypton are attractive laser sources for many applications. In most of these applications the only one laser line selected with dispersion element within the resonator are used at one time. After removing the dispersion element the simultaneous generation of many wavelengths is possible. Unfortunately in this working mode of ion lasers the negative effect of competition between laser lines appears. The effect has the most significant influence on the generation of yellow Kr II 568 nm line which is very needed for some applications due to small number of other available strong laser sources for this light range. Generation conditions of this line is strongly hampered when ion laser simultaneously generates other laser lines thus in this laser working mode this laser line completely disappears. We have observed the exact reason of this effect and we have described the way to improve laser generation conditions of Kr II 568 nm line which makes possible to obtain the laser generation of this line simultaneously with other laser lines. © (2013) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.\n|Corporate author||Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronisc (IMiO)|\n|Publication size in sheets||0.5|\n|Book||Woliński Wiesław, Jankiewicz Zdzisław, Romaniuk Ryszard (eds.): Proceedings of SPIE Laser Technology 2012: Progress in Lasers, vol. 8702, 2013, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA, SPIE, ISBN 9780819494931, 176 p., DOI:10.1117/12.2021407|\n|Score|| = 10.0, 01-01-2020, BookChapterMatConfByConferenceseries|\n= 15.0, 01-01-2020, BookChapterMatConfByConferenceseries\n|Publication indicators||= 0|\n* presented citation count is obtained through Internet information analysis and it is close to the number calculated by the Publish or Perish system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fujifilm Corp developed a magnetic tape whose storage capacity is 5 Tbytes per cartridge and data transmission speed is 240 Mbytes per second.\nIt has started shipping the \"Tape Cartridge for StorageTek T10000C,\" which uses the new magnetic tape, to Oracle Corp. Its storage capacity is more than five times higher than that of the \"StorageTek T10000B,\" which is the predecessor of the T10000C, and three times higher than those of the \"LTO Ultrium 5\" tapes. Fujifilm claims that the T10000C uses a magnetic tape with the world's highest capacity.\nThe magnetic tape is targeted at enterprise systems using mainframes. And Oracle started selling it Feb 1, 2011.\nThis time, Fujifilm increased storage capacity by employing a barium ferrite (BaFe) magnetic material as a recording material for the tape. In general, the storage capacity of a magnetic tape is increased by microparticulating a magnetic material to enhance recording density. However, it is difficult to increase the storage capacity of a \"metal magnetic material,\" which is currently the mainstream material (It is difficult to maintain the coercive force of a metal magnetic material when it is microparticulated).\nOn the other hand, a BaFe magnetic material can maintain a higher coercive force, better frequency characteristics and low noise characteristics even when it is microparticulated, compared with a metal magnetic material, Fujifilm said. The capacity of 5 Tbytes was realized by applying the BaFe magnetic material thinly and lubricously, it said.\nIn addition to the high storage capacity, Fujifilm claims that the T10000C has a storage stability of 30 years or more. This can be realized because the BaFe magnetic material is an oxide and chemically stable. Therefore, the tape is hardly affected by the environment where it is used, and its magnetic properties do not change much over time.\nMoreover, Fujifilm enhanced the durability of the cartridge of the tape, enabling to load/unload the drive 25,000 times or more.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dwyer Instruments offers many styles of Pitot tubes, which are a commonly used sensor for monitoring air velocity and flow rate in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.\nPitot tubes are based on Bernoulli’s equation, which states an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with an increase in dynamic pressure and a decrease in static pressure. Pitot Tubes sense the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow at a particular point and were invented by French Engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century.\nWall mount humidity sensors for building automation system (BAS) applications are produced and sold by several different companies and have a reputation of poor accuracy despite specifications from suppliers. There is a rational reason why these instruments appear to read outside of their stated accuracy, which in turn causes users to be frustrated with the results.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kind Reader, have you ever heard of optic helicopters? These advanced aerial vehicles utilize cutting-edge optical technology to provide a unique flying experience. With their ability to capture crystal-clear images and detect even the slightest movements, optic helicopters are becoming a popular choice for a wide range of industries, from filmmaking to search and rescue operations. In this article, we will explore the capabilities and advantages of optic helicopters in relaxed English language.\nHow Optic Helicopters Work\nAn optic helicopter is a type of drone that uses optics and sensors to navigate and fly. The drone is equipped with a high-resolution camera that captures live video feed and sends it to the operator on the ground. The operator then uses a remote control to fly the drone. The optic helicopter is designed to fly in areas where traditional helicopters cannot fly, such as in narrow spaces or over crowds of people. It is also used for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes, as well as in search and rescue missions.\nOptic Camera System\nThe optic camera system is the heart of the optic helicopter. It is a high-resolution camera that captures live video feed and sends it to the operator on the ground. The camera is mounted on a 3-axis gimbal, which stabilizes the camera and eliminates any vibrations. The operator can control the tilt and pan of the camera using a remote control, which allows for greater flexibility in filming.\nThe optic helicopter is also equipped with a variety of sensors that help it navigate and fly. These sensors include GPS, altimeters, accelerometers, and gyroscopes. The GPS system provides the drone’s location and allows it to fly in a predefined path. The altimeters measure the altitude of the drone, while the accelerometers and gyroscopes measure the drone’s speed and movement. These sensors work together to ensure that the optic helicopter flies safely and accurately.\nApplications of Optic Helicopters\nOptic helicopters have a wide range of applications across various industries. Here are some of the most common applications of optic helicopters:\nOptic helicopters are used in the agriculture industry to monitor crops and livestock. The high-resolution camera captures images of the crops and livestock from above, which helps farmers detect any issues, such as disease or pest infestations. The drone can also be used to spray crops or fertilize them.\nOptic helicopters are used in the construction industry to survey construction sites. The drone captures images and videos of the site, which helps engineers and architects plan the construction process. The drone can also be used to inspect buildings and bridges for any damage or maintenance issues.\nOptic helicopters are used in the film and television industry to capture aerial shots. The high-resolution camera captures amazing aerial shots that were previously impossible to capture. The drone can fly close to the object being filmed, which provides a unique perspective.\nSearch and Rescue\nOptic helicopters are used in search and rescue missions in areas where traditional helicopters cannot reach. The drone can fly over difficult terrain, providing search parties with live video feed of the area. This helps locate missing persons or injured hikers.\nSurveillance and Reconnaissance\nOptic helicopters are used by law enforcement agencies and military personnel for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes. The drone can fly over areas where it may be dangerous for personnel, and provide live video feed of the area. This helps in identifying potential threats or gathering intelligence.\nOptic helicopters are used in disaster relief operations to assess the damage caused by natural disasters. The drone captures images of the affected area, which helps emergency responders plan their response. The drone can fly over areas that may be dangerous for personnel and provide live video feed of the area.\nOptic helicopters are used in environmental monitoring to measure air and water pollution. The drone can fly over the affected area and collect samples, which are then analyzed for pollution levels. The drone can also be used to monitor wildlife populations and their habitats.\nOptic Helicopters: An Overview of the Technology\nOptic helicopters, also known as vision-guided or visually-steered helicopters, are drones that use computer vision and artificial intelligence algorithms to fly and navigate autonomously. These helicopters are equipped with high-resolution cameras, sensors, and other imaging devices that collect data about the aircraft’s surroundings, enabling it to perceive and interact with its environment in real-time.\nHow Do Optic Helicopters Work?\nOptic helicopters rely on machine vision algorithms to detect, track, and analyze visual data from the aircraft’s sensors and cameras. The algorithms interpret this data and make decisions about how to move the helicopter based on its surroundings. The helicopter can fly autonomously and avoid obstacles, conduct surveillance, inspect infrastructure, and perform other tasks without the need for human intervention.\nApplications of Optic Helicopters\nOptic helicopters have a wide range of applications across various industries. They are commonly used in aerial photography and cinematography, where they are used to capture stunning panoramic shots and provide a bird’s-eye view of a location. Optic helicopters are also used in construction, mining, and agriculture industries, where they help optimize operations by providing high-resolution images of land and infrastructure. They are used in disaster management, search and rescue operations, and law enforcement for monitoring, situational awareness, and surveillance purposes.\n|Optic helicopters use fiber-optic technology to transfer video images from the helicopter camera to the pilot’s display.\n|They are often used in military and law enforcement operations due to their ability to transmit high-quality images in real-time.\n|The use of fiber-optic technology also allows for high-speed data transmission and increased data security.\n|Some optic helicopters have the capability to transmit live video feeds to remote locations for additional analysis and decision-making.\n|Optic helicopters are equipped with stabilized cameras and gyroscopic systems to ensure steady footage even during turbulent flights.\nOptic helicopters for aerial photography\nOptic helicopters are excellent for aerial photography, providing unique capabilities for photographers who want to capture extraordinary images and footage. One of the most common areas where optic helicopters are used for aerial photography is real estate, where the bird’s eye view provided by these aircraft allows potential buyers to get a better sense of properties they’re interested in.\nUse of optic helicopters in real estate photography\nOptic helicopters are becoming popular in the real estate industry as they are ideal for capturing aerial shots of properties. With a large number of properties for sale being listed online, the use of aerial photography can make your property stand out from the others.\nUse of optic helicopters in wildlife photography\nOptic helicopters are also being used extensively in wildlife photography, offering photographers the chance to capture amazing images of animals and their habitat. The maneuverability and stability of optic helicopters make them ideal for taking images of animals from various angles and heights.\nOptic Technology in Helicopters\nHelicopters equipped with special optic technology have significantly improved their applications in various industries. This innovation allows for better visibility and imaging in a variety of operating conditions, from search and rescue to aerial surveying and inspections.\nThe Benefits of Optic Technology\nThe integration of optic technology in helicopters has led to numerous benefits that improve flight safety and operational efficiency. Improved visibility through the use of advanced cameras, sensors, and night vision technology allows for easier navigation during low visibility scenarios and minimizes the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, this feature enhances flight precision by providing detailed information on environmental conditions and potential obstacles. Optic technology also reduces the cost and time associated tasks with manual inspections by providing detailed imagery of equipment and infrastructure.\nApplications of Optic Helicopters\nThe innovative technology allows for great versatility in the range of specialized tasks that can be carried out by optic helicopters, including:\n“Helicopters equipped with optic technology are valuable assets to industries such as emergency services, oil and gas, agriculture, and infrastructure development where detailed aerial imaging is typically required”\n|Applications of Optic Helicopters\n|Search and rescue operations\n|Aerial surveying and mapping\n|Power line and pipeline inspection\n|Agricultural crop monitoring\n|Infrastructure development and maintenance\nOptic Helicopters for Aerial Photography\nAerial photography and videography have become immensely popular in recent years, with a growing demand for high-quality footage that can be used in a variety of industries. Optic helicopters are among the most effective tools for capturing stunning visuals from above, thanks to their versatility and maneuverability.\nAdvantages of Optic Helicopters\nOptic helicopters are preferred by aerial photographers for several reasons. First and foremost, they provide an unparalleled view of the surrounding landscape, allowing photographers to capture panoramic shots that are impossible to achieve from the ground. Moreover, optic helicopters can move around quickly and smoothly, enabling photographers to capture fast-moving subjects with ease.\nOptic helicopters are also customizable, with various attachments and camera mounts that can be used to achieve specific photography goals. For instance, a 360-degree camera can capture immersive footage of the surrounding environment, while a zoom lens can be used to focus on a specific subject in the landscape.\nBest Practices for Optic Helicopter Photography\nOptic helicopters require some specialized training to operate, and it’s essential to understand best practices for capturing high-quality footage. Here are some tips for using optic helicopters in your aerial photography:\n|Understand the capabilities of your helicopter and camera equipment\n|Plan your shots in advance and use a flight plan to ensure you don’t miss anything\n|Use a gimbal to ensure smooth footage and avoid any shaking or vibration\n|Experiment with different camera settings, such as shutter speed and ISO, to achieve desired effects\n|Always prioritize safety, and avoid flying in restricted or dangerous areas\nBy adhering to these best practices, you can capture breathtaking footage that showcases your photography skills and creativity with optic helicopters.\nOptic Cameras on Helicopters\nOptic cameras are a crucial part of a helicopter’s payload, allowing pilots and operators to see things that the unaided eye cannot. Modern optic cameras can have up to 20 times magnification and an infrared capability. These cameras mount to the bottom of the helicopter’s fuselage, and the operator views the camera’s output on a monitor or a headset.\nAdvantages of Optic Cameras on Helicopters\nOptic cameras provide several advantages to helicopters, including situational awareness and enhanced mission capabilities. These cameras allow operators to clearly see objects at great distances or in low-light conditions, which is crucial for military and law enforcement operations. Optic cameras are also an important tool for a variety of civilian tasks, including search and rescue missions, fire suppression, and border control.\nBest Optic Cameras for Helicopters\nThe best optic cameras for helicopters are those that can provide the highest quality images in a variety of conditions. Several companies are recognized leaders in the field, including FLIR, L3 Harris, and Wescam. The latest models from these companies offer advanced features, such as image stabilization, and can be controlled remotely from within the helicopter or via a ground station.\nThe Advantages of Using Optic Helicopters\nOptic helicopters offer a myriad of benefits over other types of aircraft. Here are some advantages:\nOptic helicopters can be used for a wide range of applications, such as aerial photography, surveillance, search and rescue, inspection, and more. Unlike fixed-wing planes, helicopters can take off and land vertically, making them suitable for use in remote areas or places without runways.\nOne of the biggest advantages of optic helicopters is their ability to hover in one place for extended periods. This stability allows for more precise movements and better control over the aircraft. It also makes them ideal for tasks that require hovering, such as surveying or filming.\nHelicopters are incredibly nimble, able to change direction quickly and easily. This allows pilots to get into tight spots and fly in ways that are impossible for other aircraft. Optic helicopters can fly close to the ground or buildings, making them great for filming, inspecting structures, or conducting search and rescue missions in difficult terrain.\nAlthough optic helicopters can be expensive to purchase and maintain, they can save money and time in the long run. Helicopters have the ability to access remote areas faster and more efficiently, reducing the need for ground transportation. This can be particularly useful in emergency situations.\n5. Better View\nWith their ability to hover in one place and fly at low altitudes, optic helicopters provide a better view of the ground or structures. This is especially useful for surveying, mapping, or inspecting hard-to-reach areas. Optic helicopters can also provide a unique perspective for photographers, cinematographers, or videographers.\nOptic Helicopters FAQ\nHere are some frequently asked questions about optic helicopters and their features. We hope these answers will help you understand more about optic helicopters and their use.\n1. What are optic helicopters?\nOptic helicopters are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras that capture images or live video.\n2. How are optic helicopters controlled?\nOptic helicopters are typically controlled by a remote control or can be programmed to fly autonomously.\n3. What are the uses of optic helicopters?\nOptic helicopters can be used for various purposes like surveillance, search and rescue operations, farming, and security monitoring.\n4. How high can optic helicopters fly?\nOptic helicopters can fly up to 400 feet in the air, as per the guidelines set by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).\n5. Do I need a license to operate an optic helicopter?\nIf you are using an optic helicopter for recreational purposes, you do not need a license. However, if you are using it for commercial purposes, you must obtain a Part 107 remote pilot certificate from the FAA.\n6. What is the maximum range of an optic helicopter?\nThe maximum range of an optic helicopter depends on its battery capacity and the control range of the transmitter. Generally, optic helicopters have a control range of up to 1,000 feet and a maximum flight time of 20-25 minutes.\n7. Can optic helicopters capture images in low-light conditions?\nYes, optic helicopters can capture images in low-light conditions if they come equipped with night-vision cameras. However, such cameras can be expensive and are typically used by law enforcement and military organizations.\n8. How do I know if the optic helicopter’s battery is running low?\nMost optic helicopters come with a low-battery warning that alerts you when the battery is running low. You can also choose to purchase an additional battery to extend the flight time.\n9. What should I do if I lose control of my optic helicopter?\nIf you lose control of your optic helicopter, try to regain control by flying it back towards you or land it safely in an open area. It is also recommended to fly it in open areas away from trees or buildings to avoid crashes.\n10. Can I add additional cameras to my optic helicopter?\nYes, you can add additional cameras to your optic helicopter if it has mounting brackets. However, it is important to ensure that the additional cameras do not exceed the weight capacity of the helicopter.\n11. What is the video quality of optic helicopters?\nOptic helicopters typically capture high-definition videos, with some models supporting 4K resolution.\n12. How much does an optic helicopter cost?\nThe cost of an optic helicopter varies depending on its features, range, and camera resolution. Generally, they can range between $200 to $5,000.\n13. How can I maintain my optic helicopter?\nIt is recommended to read the manufacturer’s guidelines on maintaining your optic helicopter. It is also important to regularly check and clean the propellers, camera lens, and battery connections.\n14. Can optic helicopters be used in bad weather?\nIt is not recommended to use optic helicopters in bad weather conditions like rain or strong winds as it may affect its stability and performance.\n15. What precautions should I take while using an optic helicopter?\nIt is important to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and FAA regulations while operating an optic helicopter. It is also recommended to fly it in open areas away from people, vehicles, and buildings to avoid crashes.\nIf you’re looking for new experiences, try taking an orange helicopter ride for a unique view of the world from above. Experience the thrill of the open sky with incredible 360-degree views of your surroundings.\nThank You for Joining us on This Optic Helicopter Tour, Kind Reader!\nWe hope that you enjoyed this wild ride with us and learned something new about optic helicopters. As you now know, these machines are incredibly helpful and are used for a variety of purposes. Whether it’s for sightseeing, rescuing stranded hikers or delivering medical supplies, optic helicopters have some serious capabilities. We invite you to visit us again for another thrilling tour of an interesting topic. Until then, Kind Reader, stay safe and keep exploring!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With the deepening of reform and opening up, the number of residents ’cars in our country is constantly increasing, and the growing car wash industry is blowing up the emergence of a new generation of car wash machines. Under this situation, we have recently developed and developed an intelligent -Type steam car washing machine, which uses high-efficiency adjustable piezoelectric boiler heating, generates high-pressure steam to quickly remove dust and oil stains on various automobiles, machinery, electrical appliances and various parts. It has many functions such as automatic pumping and pressure adjustment, and the effect is extremely significant. The unique electrical design makes the water fully atomized, the gas volume is large, but the water consumption is small. The water-saving effect can reach 98%. At the same time, after adding a small amount of disinfectant, it can spray and cover any part of the vehicle, which can play a role in sterilization and disinfection. It is a major auto repair plant, car wash shop, supermarket, residential parking lot, etc. A rare good helper.\n2. Introduction of design scheme:\n1. The structure of the new steam car washing machine circuit is an electronic product developed using high-performance anti-interference single-chip technology. Its hardware does not require debugging, the software is stable and reliable, and it is easy to use in various harsh environments. It is mainly composed of power supply, main control board, handle, water pump, water inlet and outlet pipes, steam generator, water collection tank, wiper, housing, etc. When the power is turned on, the water pump draws water through the water inlet pipe and sends it to the sprinkler head. The sprinkler head sprays water to the electric evaporator to generate water vapor. High-pressure water vapor is sprayed from the jet head to rinse the dirt. The washed water vapor is The holes in the shell wall are sprayed out of the machine, enter the outlet pipe and condense into water; the water collection groove provided on the inner wall of the shell is used to collect the condensed water on the inner wall and flow out along the outlet pipe, and the bottom wiper of the shell is close to the wiped By moving the steam car washer to make the wiper wipe the object. The machine is also equipped with automatic alarms for water shortage and overpressure; high voltage automatic power off; overpressure automatic exhaust and other multiple safety devices to ensure safe and reliable use.\n2. The basic principle of steam car washing After the water is heated to become steam, then 165 ℃ steam is sprayed from the nozzle, then the steam contains a certain amount of heat energy, the temperature of the car body surface is lower than the temperature of the steam, steam car washing The surface of the car body is quickly condensed into water, and the steam releases condensation heat during the condensation process. The condensation heat acts on the dirt layer on the body surface, softens the dirt layer by heat, and is decomposed by the special body cleaning agent and subsequent steam injection under pressure It is very easy to remove.\n3. Circuit hardware:\n①Block diagram The local circuit mainly uses STC89RC52 MCU as the core to build the entire circuit. The performance of this MCU is excellent and it has strong anti-interference performance. It can work in its harsh environment and work stably and reliably. Its block diagram is shown in Figure 1. It consists of the following parts of the circuit, including: power circuit, water level and liquid level detection circuit, car wash liquid and glass liquid detection circuit, pressure and steam level detection circuit, flameout detection and coal gas alarm detection circuit, fan water pump detection circuit, coal Steam valve drive circuit, fan and water pump drive circuit, ignition drive and sound drive circuit, and various types of acousto-optical indicating circuits, etc.\n②Working principle: the gas ignition pin detection circuit composed of N5 transistors, through which it controls pin 1 of the single chip, and pin 14 is connected to the light-emitting diode for glass liquid detection. When the glass liquid is detected, the light-emitting diode is blocked. Lit, pin 18-19 is connected to the crystal oscillator, the frequency is 11.0592MZH as the clock source of the single chip microcomputer. The P2 transistor is externally connected to the 28 pin of the single-chip microcomputer to form the active controlled pull-up circuit of this machine. It can control that when the single-chip microcomputer is turned on or running, when the voltage of a certain pin is unstable, it will not drive the load relay or make the relay jump. So that the machine can work stably. IC2 (LN2803) constitutes the drive module of the output port of the single chip microcomputer, through which it can directly drive the gas solenoid valve, fan and water pump switch, and can ignite the corresponding respective indicator lights separately. It is a block with 8-way drive and the output voltage is 0- 50V, a circuit that can directly drive loads such as relays and light bulbs. The buzzer drive circuit composed of N4 transistors is used to prompt users with various alarms; the IC5 is composed of a glass liquid and car wash liquid level detection conversion circuit, which can detect the level of glass liquid and car wash liquid level; The IC7 switching power supply voltage regulator module can supply 28V DC voltage. This module is controlled by the 21 pin of the microcontroller. When the 21 pin is at a low level, N3 can be cut off. At this time, pin 5 of IC7 is high, and pin 4 of IC7 outputs 28V DC. At the same time, 24V DC voltage can be converted into 5V DC voltage through IC3 for the single-chip microcomputer. There are also some special state detection circuits on the machine. They are all isolated with photocouplers to reduce the influence of the circuit under test on the single-chip computer, such as fans, water pumps, gas solenoid valves, gas alarms, operation switches Detection of AC and DC power supply, pressure switch and descaling switch. Each control part in this machine adopts relay control mode, which is safe and reliable, for example, K1 controls the fan to start; K3 controls the pumping and drainage of water pump; K4 controls the gas solenoid valve. IC16 is a single-chip data register, used to store some spare data and information. (The specific electrical schematic can be obtained from the work)\n③Special circuit introduction:\n(1) Reset circuit: The standby forced reset circuit composed of IC4 can implement forced reset after the single-chip microcomputer runs down. The power reset circuit composed of N1 transistor and Z1 Zener diode, when the power is turned on, the regulator tube breaks down , The voltage charges the capacitor C, so that the transistor is turned on, the potential of the pin 9 of the single-chip microcomputer is close to zero, and the single-chip microcomputer is reset, see Figure 2\n(2) Detection circuit The sensors used in this machine are of the following types: two metal conductors are used as electrodes to detect the water level, and the switching signal is output; a pressure gauge is used as the pressure sensor to output the switching signal; and a thermocouple module is used as the gas flameout sensor, and it is equipped with There are a variety of sensor detection circuits connected to different sensors. The specific circuit is shown in Figure 3.\n(3) Level charging protection circuit This machine consists of IC6 and P1 to form a battery floating charging circuit to ensure the reliable operation of the battery. P1 is the charging tube, its base is connected to the voltage overcharge switch, and IC6 is a two-way comparator. The battery charging range control circuit can obtain the reference voltage value of whether the DC 24V battery pack is overcharged on pin 6 of IC6. If overcurrent occurs, the voltage at this point will immediately stop charging. D1, D2, and D3 form a floating charge and voltage stabilization start circuit to ensure that the charging current to the battery is pulsating, and at the same time, IC17 and N2 form an overcurrent protection circuit to ensure that the battery is protected from overcharging. , To ensure the normal startup and operation of the whole machine. See picture 4\n4. Software part:\nFirst, initialize the CPU control system. The purpose of the initialization is to restore some characteristic parameters of the system to the initial set values. At each stage, the key scan process is performed to see if the keyboard has any signal input. If there is input, the original state is updated and the corresponding data is sent according to the keyboard definition function requirements. Next, the power supply voltage is tested to determine whether the power supply voltage is correct and stable. If it is not correct, it will return to the power-on state immediately. If it is correct, it will enter the water level detection stage. Once the water level is insufficient, it is required to start the pump immediately. Add water while driving the buzzer to alarm. In the same way, the program goes to the next stage to determine the level of the car wash liquid and the glass liquid. First determine the level of the car wash liquid level. If it is not enough, start the water pump to add liquid. If the glass liquid is not enough, you need to start the liquid pump to add glass. Liquid, then enter the next stage is the pressure detection, first see if the steam pressure is enough, to meet (car wash requirements 6-8 ㎠/ ㎡), otherwise it is necessary to make the compressor work, at the same time start the pressure alarm to prompt the user, and then enter In the last stage of steam water level detection, first detect the water level of hot steam. If not, start the pump to add water to meet the user's requirements. After the completion, the system sets the timing for 10 seconds and then sends data to the beginning of the program to form a loop to complete the timing count and provide the system with a digital number. Due to the poor working environment of this machine, some anti-interference measures and means have been added to the software, such as the use of a watchdog circuit. When the program does not run on the original track and exceeds a certain time limit, the watchdog The dog circuit immediately generates a reset signal, forcibly resets the MCU, and restarts the program to avoid a crash. In addition, it is also possible to set up a “software trap†in the non-program area. When the program bounces into the software trap, the program will automatically execute the pre-programmed interference processing reset subprogram to reintroduce the program into the normal track. The software design flow chart is shown in Figure 5\nThird, the circuit hardware design considerations and debugging methods I encountered the following problems in the actual design of the circuit need to pay attention to:\n1. Due to the severe working environment of this machine, especially the interference to this system during ignition and vehicle start-up is very large, the hardware uses the anti-interference single-chip microcomputer STC89RC52 with excellent anti-interference performance, and the watchdog circuit and Various methods such as software traps are used to ensure the reliable operation of the circuit. In addition, some electromagnetic shielding measures are added to the processing of the circuit.\n2. When simulating the wiring of signal circuits and digital signal circuits, it is necessary to separate them into independent wiring of the system.\n3. The discrete components outside the module should use surface mount components to reduce the influence of lead distribution parameters.\n4. When using modular design, pay attention to the analog and digital signals, high-frequency and low-frequency signals, the ground wire should be strictly separated, otherwise the circuit design will not work.\n5. The electrical parts of the machine can be free of debugging. As long as the components are installed correctly and the wires are connected correctly, the machine can work normally, but pay attention to the wiring terminals. Never connect the strong and weak electrical terminals incorrectly to avoid damage to the machine.\n4. Conclusion: With the continuous development of technology, steam car washers have been widely used in major auto repair plants, car wash shops, supermarkets, parking lots in residential areas, etc., providing safe, reliable and convenient for the majority of car owners Practical good equipment. At present, its technology is constantly improving, and it is rapidly developing in the direction of multi-function and intelligence.\nSixth, the author of this article innovation: it is a more comprehensive introduction to the design scheme of an electronic steam car washer circuit and the problems encountered in the implementation and solutions, highlighting the introduction of hardware working principles and software flowcharts, focusing on the introduction The working principle and technical solution of the detection and control circuit of the electronic steam car washing machine have wide practical value.\nSafety: unlike glass neon tube, its normal operation requires a high voltage of 15,000V, while the flexible neon strip is at 12V. And its shockproof, temperature resistant, salt resistant, acid and alkali resistant.\nNeon Christmas Lights,Led Neon Christmas Lights,Neon Word Lights,Christmas Neon Light Signs\nShenzhen Oleda Technology Co.,Ltd , https://www.baiyangsign.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|cDASY Module SAR V6.14||\nThe novel cDASY Module SAR V6.14 software is optimized for accelerated SAR compliance testing, offering the highest possible precision for dosimetric evaluations. It incorporates several novel features:\nThe API feature, available as an additional licensed option, enables full automation of the SAR compliance workflow.\ncDASY Module SAR V6.14 is fully compliant with IEC 62209-1, IEC 62209-2, IEEE 1528, CE, FCC KDB 865664 and other national regulations. It is also compliant with IEC 62232 for testing of base station antennas. Manufacturers and testing laboratories can reduce SAR compliance testing by several days per product. Importantly, the software is already compatible with the latest drafts of IEC 62209-1, IEC 62209-2 and IEC 62209-3.\ncDASY6 Module SAR is always bundled with DASY52 SAR.\nRelease date: June 2020 (V6.14)\n|cDASY6 Module mmWave V2.0||\nThe cDASY6 Module mmWave is used for power density compliance testing for frequencies up to 110 GHz at distances as close as 2 mm from the transmitter using the novel EUmmW probe.\nIt features two additional licensed options:\nRelease date: December 2019\n|DASY V5.2 Family||The DASY V5.2 software is the industry standard for general near-field evaluations. Several versions of the software offering different levels of features, comfort, and flexibility are available.|\nThe cDASY6 APIs provide a more efficient way to perform compliance measurements. With this option end-users can control DASY6 remotely to automate their measurement procedures for SAR evaluations (Module SAR), PD evaluations (mmWave) and new WPT evaluations from 3 kHz to 10 MHz (Module IF-WPT) via custom scripts.\nRelease date: June 2020 (Module SAR)\nThe following minimum PC requirements must be met for maximum performance and full graphics capability:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 5362959 A\nThe invention relates to an ultrarapid camera for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse. This camera comprises in vacuum housing a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen. According to the invention, the electron emitting photocathode is constituted by at least one metal tip (3, 12) and means (9, 10) are provided to send said laser pulse (13) into a zone situated in front of said tip.\n1. An ultrarapid camera for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse, comprising, in a vacuum housing, a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen, said photocathode being disposed in opposition to said visualization screen and said extraction grid, said focalization electrodes and said deflection plates being disposed between said photocathode and said visualization screen, characterized in that the photocathode is constituted by at least one metal emission surface having at least one pointed tip formed thereon (3, 12) and means (9, 10) are provided for sending said laser pulse (13) into a zone situated in front of said at least one metal conductor.\n2. A camera according to claim 1, characterized in that said metal emission surface has a plurality of said tips formed thereon to define a rough emission surface.\n3. A method to implement the camera according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an electric extraction voltage is applied between the extraction grid and the tips, said extraction voltage being an electric pulse which defines a time based window around the laser pulse to be visualized, the amplitude of the electric pulse being slightly below that which is necessary to cause, by itself, an electron emission.\nThe invention relates to a camera with ultrarapid slot scanning (streak camera) for visualizing the intensity profile of a laser pulse.\nFor the study of transitory phenomena, it is known to generate laser pulses of a very short duration of the order of 10-10 sec. The exact knowledge of the intensity profile of this pulse is very important in this case. Up to now, this is obtained by a slot scanning camera which comprises in a vacuum housing a photocathode, an extraction grid, focalization electrodes, deflection plates and a visualization screen. The laser pulse to be analyzed is applied through a transparent substrate of the photocathode, which, in reply, emits electrons. These electrons are then submitted to the electric field applied between the cathode and the extraction grid. They are accelerated, pass through a hole in a focalization anode and are finally deflected by deflection plates, which receive a sawtooth voltage. On the screen, the temporal distribution of the photons of the laser pulse which hit the photocathode can then be visualized.\nA photocathode of the semiconductor type which is illuminated by light and which emits electrons in reply is described in document U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,380.\nIn document Appl. Phys. Lett. 45(4), Aug. 15, 1984, p. 307 to 309, there is described a metal photocathode onto which is directed a pulsed beam in order to extract electrons.\nFinally, document EP-A-0 127 735 describes a photodetector in the shape of a plurality of metal pins which receives the light and produces a cathode current therefrom.\nNone of the above cited devices is able to visualize the intensity profile of the luminous pulse and in particular of an ultra-short pulse.\nThe object of the invention is a camera which permits to analyze pulses of a duration of less than 10-10 sec, i.e. having a temporal reply of one picosecond and even less.\nThis object is achieved according to the invention by replacing the semiconductor type photocathode by at least one metal tip and by sending the laser pulse into a zone situated in front of this tip.\nAs for embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the secondary claims.\nThe invention will now be described more in detail by means of an embodiment and the annexed drawings.\nFIG. 1 shows diagrammatically an axial section view of a camera according to the invention.\nFIG. 2 represents a variant of the electron emitter according to FIG. 1.\nFIG. 1 shows a housing 1 which is susceptible to be put under vacuum of about 10-8 Torr and which comprises, centred on an axis 2: a metal pin 3, an extraction grid 4, a focalization anode 5 with a central hole, deflection plates 6 and finally a visualization screen 7, made of phosphorus, for example. The various elements are connected to adequate electric voltage sources so as to ensure their respective conventional functions. In particular, the pin 3 is connected to a generator 8 of an electric pulse which is synchronized with the optical pulse to be analyzed. This latter pulse emerges from a laser 9 placed outside the housing 1 and directing its beam 13 through a window 10 towards a zone situated in front of the pin 3. The amplitude of the electric pulse supplied by the generator 8 is chosen slightly below a threshold at which a spontaneous emission of electrons from the pin is created.\nThis emission is finally only obtained by the simultaneous application of this electric pulse and of the optical beam supplied by the laser 9, the emission of electrons then corresponding rather precisely to the temporal profile of the optical pulse. Generating from only one laser an electric field of such an intensity that a tunnel effect and an electron emission are created, would require an important power rate of about 1.3 1011 W/cm2, whereas the simultaneous action of the electric pulse and the optical pulse makes it possible that an optical power of the beam of the order of 105 W/cm2 is sufficient to start the tunnel effect. The invention thus permits reduction of the power of the laser beam to be analyzed and thus improves the temporal resolution of the analysis.\nFIG. 2 shows a variant with respect to the pin 3 of FIG. 1. It shows a substrate 11 of conductor metal which is connected, as before, to the generator 8 through the wall of the housing 1. This substrate comprises an emission surface 12 presenting a certain microscopic roughness, so that there are a plurality of tips susceptible to emit electrons. It has been observed that the emission threshold is substantially lower when the surface is rough, because the local electric field at the top of a pointed tip is of a factor B higher than the mean microscopic field around this tip; the factor B may attain 104.\nThe invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. Thus, it is not mandatory that the laser beam intersects the axis 2 at 90°. By choosing for example an angle of 45° with the rough emission surface, an emission of a pulse type field accompanied by a photoemission is obtained. Further, the pulse generator 8 can be replaced by a source of continuous voltage, but in this case this voltage has to be reduced in order to avoid involuntary discharges prior to the start of the laser pulse.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A basic inductive speed sensor, also known as an inductive proximity sensor or proximity switch, is a type of sensor used to detect the speed of rotating equipment. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction and is commonly used in industrial applications for monitoring and controlling rotating machinery. Here's how it works:\nInductive Principle: The sensor consists of a coil of wire that is wound around a core. When alternating current (AC) flows through this coil, it generates an electromagnetic field around the sensor.\nTarget Object: The rotating equipment (e.g., a gear, shaft, or wheel) needs to have a metal component for the inductive speed sensor to work effectively. As the metal component rotates, it interacts with the sensor's electromagnetic field.\nEddy Currents: As the metal target moves through the electromagnetic field, it induces eddy currents in the metal. Eddy currents are circular currents that flow within the metal and create their own magnetic fields.\nInduced Voltage: The presence of eddy currents in the metal target causes a change in the sensor's electromagnetic field. This change induces a voltage in the coil of the sensor.\nFrequency Detection: The speed of the rotating equipment is directly proportional to the frequency of the induced voltage in the coil. The higher the rotational speed, the higher the frequency of the induced voltage.\nSignal Processing: The induced voltage signal is then processed by electronic circuitry within the inductive speed sensor to provide a usable output. This output can be a digital signal or an analog signal, depending on the specific sensor's design.\nSpeed Measurement: The frequency of the induced voltage is converted into a speed measurement, allowing the sensor to determine the rotational speed of the target object.\nThe inductive speed sensor can provide a real-time measurement of the speed of rotating equipment, making it valuable for various applications, such as monitoring conveyor belt speeds, motor RPMs, and other industrial processes. It is commonly used due to its non-contact nature, robustness, and ability to function in harsh environments where other types of sensors might be unsuitable.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Pulse adjustable voltage converter can work as a boost converter or inverting converter, providing negative voltage.\nA specialized pulse controller MC34063 from Motorola was used to create the converter.. This is a universal microcircuit for building simple pulse converters.. On it you can build lowering, boost and inverter converters.\nMain technical characteristics of MC34063 microcircuit\n- Wide range of input voltages: from 3 V to 40 AT;\n- High output pulse current: to 1,5 BUT;\n- Adjustable output voltage;\n- Converter frequency up to 100 kHz;\n- Internal Reference Accuracy: 2%;\n- Short-circuit current limitation;\n- Low consumption in sleep mode.\nThere are two main application configurations for the MC34063: upconverter, shown in Fig. 1, and converter, supply voltage negative with respect to supply voltage – inverting converter (rice. 2).\nDiode D1 protects against reverse polarity of the supply, capacitor C1 filters the supply voltage, resistors R1 … R4, connected in parallel, have a resultant resistance 0,25 Ohm and are used as a current control circuit. capacitors C2, C4 and choke L3 filter the output voltage, potentiometer R8 allows you to adjust this voltage, resistors R5, R6 set the regulation range, and the capacitance C3 determines the operating frequency. L1 elements, D3 и L2, D2 are required for stable operation of the converter.\nStabilization of the output voltage for the first option is possible in the range U0 … 24 AT, for the second option in the range -1.3 …– 24 AT. The upper limit depends on circuit load and supply voltage. when the load 100 mA boost converter allowed to reach voltage 24 V when powered 5 AT, and the inverting converter reaches a voltage of about –20 V (–24 V when powered 6 AT). In both cases, the microcircuit was slightly heated, therefore do not exceed the output current 100 mA. In theory, the system works correctly from 3 AT, in practice even at slightly lower voltage.\nWhen powered by two AA batteries, the voltage 12 V was achieved with a load current of approximately 50 mA. Moreover, if you connect two circuits of different configurations to one power source, you can get a balanced power supply, For example, ± 24 AT.\nThe DC / DC converter circuit board on MC34063 is shown in Fig.. 3.\nAuthor: Damian Sosnovski", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Realtime Access Map\nDetermination of octane number of gasoline using near infrared spectroscopy and genetic multivariate calibration methods\nThe feasibility of rating the octane number of gasoline using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and three different genetic algorithm-based multivariate calibration methods was demonstrated. The three genetic multivariate calibration methods are genetic regression (GR), genetic classical least squares (GCLS), and genetic inverse least squares (GILS). The sample data set was obtained from the ftp address (ftp://ftp.clarkson.edu/pub/hopkepk/Chemdata/) with the permission of Professor. J. H. Kalivas. This data set contains the NIR spectra of 60 gasoline samples collected using diffuse reflectance as log (I / R) with known octane numbers and covers the range from 900 to 1700 nm in 2 nm intervals. Of these 60 spectra, 20 were used as the calibration set, 20 were used as the prediction set, and 20 were reserved for the validation purposes. Several calibration models were built with the three genetic algorithm-based methods, and the results were compared with the partial least squares (PLS) prediction errors reported in the literature. Overall, the standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of prediction (SEP), and standard error of validation (SEV) values were in the range of 0.15-0.32 (in the units of motor octane number) for the GR and GILS, which are comparable with the literature. However, GCLS produced relatively large results (0.36 for SEC, 0.39 for SEP and 0.52 for SEV) when compared with the other two methods.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fire Fighting Enterprises upgrades Fireray 5000 smoke detector\nJuly 27, 2013 | By Anthony Capkun\nJuly 27, 2013 – The Fireray 5000 optical beam smoke detector from Fire Fighting Enterprises (FFE) delivers wide area coverage for large indoor spaces with a motorized, auto-align, self-correcting detector. With recent upgrades, contractors can now install up to two detector heads reporting to a single ground-level controller. With two independent sets of output relays identifying the activated detector, time and cost for installation, wiring, and power supply are reduced, says FFE. The system controller now offers one set of fire and fault relay contacts for each detector connected to that controller; also, each detector configures independently and maintains its own range, fire obscuration threshold and fire/fault delay settings. The Fireray 5000 now also includes a new event history log that is capable of storing up to 50 detector events, including alarms, trouble, service and power On/Off.\nPrint this page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is the fluid in a manometer?\nThe open-end manometer (Fig. 4.4a) is a glass tube, usually U-shaped, filled with the manometer fluid (mercury or oil) (see Section 3.2). One end of the tube is open to atmosphere (reference pressure Pr), the other end is connected to a system containing the gas whose pressure Px must be determined.\nHow does a fluid manometer work?\nIn its simplest form the manometer is a U-tube about half filled with liquid. When positive pressure is applied to one leg, the liquid is forced down in that leg and up in the other. The difference in height, “h,” which is the sum of the readings above and below zero, indicates the pressure.\nWhat is the manometer equation?\nManometers. One of the most important classes of pressure gauges applies the property that pressure due to the weight of a fluid of constant density is given by p = hρg.\nWhat is manometer fluid made of?\nA Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple manometer consists of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid. Typically the liquid is mercury because of its high density.\nHow many liquid are used in differential manometer?\nWhat Is a Differential Manometer? A device which is used to measure difference of pressure between the two fluids which are flowing through the two different pipes or in same pipe at two different points is known as DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER.\nWhat is a manometer HVAC?\nA manometer is an instrument used to measure and indicate pressure. Inches of water column is the most common form of measurement in the HVAC industry when measuring static or gas pressure, although other units of measure are available and used worldwide. One of the most common analog types is the Magnehelic® gauge.\nWhat is the purpose of manometer?\nA manometer is used to measure the pressure of liquids or gases.\nWhy do fluids exert pressure?\nAll fluids exert pressure because their particles are constantly moving and bumping into things. Pressure is defined as the amount of force acting on a given area. It measures how concentrated a force is. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa), or N/m2.\nWhat is a manometer used for?\nA manometer is an instrument used to measure and indicate pressure. There are two types of manometers, analog and digital.\nWhat units does a manometer use?\nCommon units are inches of water (in. H2O), pounds per square inch (psi), and millibars (mbar).\nHow long does it take to read a manometer?\nHome / Fluid Mechanics Reading time: 4 minutes Manometers are devices used to determine the pressure at any point in fluid either by balancing the same fluid column or by using another fluid column.\nHow does an inclined single column manometer work?\nThe figure below shows the arrangement of inclined single column manometer : The inclination results in the movement of heavy liquid from the reservoir to a higher distance. Hence, the instrument is very sensitive.\nWhich is the simplest type of manometer to measure pressure?\nPiezometer Piezometers are the simplest form of simple manometers that can be employed to measure the gauge pressures. As shown in the figure-1 below, one end of the tube is connected to the point where the pressure is to be found out and the other end is open to the atmosphere.\nHow are the limbs of a manometer arranged?\nSo the change in liquid level of the reservoir is negligible for any pressure variation. Hence, the pressure is contributed from the height of the liquid in the other limbs. The limbs can be either vertically or horizontally arranged. Hence, there are two types of single column manometers:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Easy confirmation that a target temperature has been met\nNonflammable for maximum safety\nEasy application with quick-dry formula on any surface\nIrreversible temperature-indicating liquids offer an easy, cost-effective method to verify a specific temperature on a wide range of surfaces under dynamic conditions. Paints are available in 43 different temperature ratings from 175 to 1900°F (79 to 1038°C) with accuracy within ±1% of rated temperature. They are ideal for heat treating, preventive maintenance, and any other temperature-sensitive applications. When applied to a dry smooth surface, the liquid quickly dries and forms a dull and opaque film. The film melts at the designated temperature, leaving a distinctly different mark to confirm the target temperature has been achieved. Available in 2-oz (59-mL) bottles.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Place of Origin:||China|\n|Certification:||CE, ISO, CCC|\n|Minimum Order Quantity:||1 set|\n|Packaging Details:||1 x 20' GP|\n|Delivery Time:||40 days|\n|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T|\n|Supply Ability:||100 sets per month|\n|Controller Software:||FLSK||Driving Way:||Dual Drive|\n|Motor And Cables:||Step Motor Shield Cables||X And Y Axis Gas And Cable Moving:||Light Duty Industrial Cable Chain|\n|Nesting Software:||FASTCAM STANDARD VERTION||Cutting Mode:||Flame/Plasma/Both|\ncnc steel cutting machine,\nplasma metal cutting machine\nLight Duty CNC Plasma Cutting Machine High Definition For Cutting Metal Plate\n1. Each leg of machine using two pieces of 14mm Q345B steel processed. That keep the machine good supporting and stability when machine fast move forward and backward in high precision.\n2. The beam made by aluminum alloy structure, that for keeping high precision (That is much better precision than some other supplier’s beam, which is installed the rack and rail way on square pipe only). And it is easy for machine function update or modification in the future.\n3. Rear part of the beam is used 45# steel folded to strengthen the machine’s structure. That make machine with two beam structure, and reasonable used both aluminum alloy and steel’s each advantage to provide machine extreme stability, and flexibility performance.\n4. Machine standard with 10 inch color controller, and new plasma THC. With 15kg/m fine grinding guide, and dual used plasma and flame function.\n|Effective cutting width:||2000mm (Beam length 2500mm)|\n|Effective cutting length:||17000mm (Rail way length16000mm)|\n|Plasma cutting capacity:||Depend on plasma source|\n|Machine moving speed:||0-6000mm/min|\n|CNC Tool quantity and style:||\n1 tool with plasma THC and flame device (with flame automatic ignition)\n|Tool lifting distance:||≤150mm|\n|Whole machine accuracy standard:||JB/T5102-1999|\n|Whole machine drawing accuracy:||±0.2mm|\nWhole machine drawing accuracy(according to right side drawing)Size1000╳1000mm\nDrawing speed 500-800mm/min\nSingle phase AC220V 1500W\n+ 3 phase AC 380 for plasma generator\n|Flame (Gas) cutting thickness:||\nPiercing Capacity: 5-60mm\nEdge Start: 5-120m\nFastCAM Software Introduction:\nFastCAM have 30-years R&D history and famous brand in the world cutting & welding industry. FastCAM software are professional in drawing, nesting and programming for Gas, Plasma, Laser and Water-jet NC cutting machine. It is easy to learn and use without PC & AutoCAD basis. FastCAM supply multilingual software, technical support and training in America, Europe, Asia Pacific and China. FastCAM promote new technology to maximize productivity, improve quality and reduce cost.\nCNC Controller Introduction:\n1. System introduction:\nThis system is a two-axis digital controller for cutting machine developed by Shanghai Jiaotong University. It is suitable for the oxygen gas and plasma cutting processing industries. All operations have menus and graphical prompts, complete functions, easy to operate, easy to use. The system uses high-speed ARM9 and DSP control structure to make the cutting process more stable and reliable.\n2. System configuration:\n1) Display: 10.4 inch 800*600 high resolution LCD screen, 260,000 color LCD\n2) CPU: Industrial grade ARM9 chip\n3) File storage: electronic storage disk 1G\n4) Memory: 256M\n5) External interface: USB\n6) Keyboard: PCB foil keyboard, PS2 interface. Import Omron button\n7) Chassis: All steel structure is completely shielded, anti-electromagnetic radiation, anti-interference, anti-static\nContact Person: Mrs. Mary Ji", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Each smart chiip contains Lorentz force resonators tuned to frequencies between 1.3mHz and 4.1mHz. The device is passive, in that it does not require power but when the resonators are stimulated they return a signal that indicates the unique identification and temperature of each smart chiip. The unique identification number is programmed during the manufacturing process and the tag is checked by an internal BCH error detection and correction code. Every time a smart chiip is read, the instantaneous temperature is measured, time stamped and recorded. This allows a temperature history to be recorded to provide a more complete chain of custody. The smart chiip will survive sterilisation by autoclaving or gamma irradiation with no degradation or loss of function.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Critical Process & Manufacturing\nThe DataTrace products are self-contained, wireless, high precision, data loggers that are used in critical manufacturing, quality control and transportation applications. They are used to measure temperature, humidity and pressure inside a process or inside a product during manufacturing. In addition, the DataTrace data logging systems can be used to validate the proper operation of laboratory or manufacturing equipment either during its installation or for annual re-certifications. The product line consists of PC interface software, various accessories and individual data loggers such as temperature data loggers, humidity data loggers and pressure data loggers.\n- Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterilization\n- Steam Sterilization\n- Food Processing/Manufacturing\n- Beverage Processing/Manufacturing\n- Pharmaceutical/Biopharmaceutical Processes\n- Drug Product Stability", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities\n© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.\nRobert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999\n18.104.22.168 Turbomolecular Gas Pumps\nDrexler10 has briefly reviewed the general design parameters of nanoscale turbomolecular gas pumps. Pump effectiveness depends on the ratio of the blade speed to the characteristic thermal speed of the lightest gas molecule to be pumped. If the blades are constructed of diamondoid materials, then blades may be as thin as ~1 nm and blade speed can exceed the velocities of the fastest gas molecules (e.g., 1960 m/sec for hydrogen at 310 K; Eqn. 3.3), providing a compression ratio of >~10 per blade row.1204 Turbomolecular pumps are designed to operate under free-flow conditions involving essentially ballistic gas molecule trajectories of length lgas ~ 10 nm at 20 atm pressure, or lgas ~ 200 nm at 1 atm (Eqn. 9.23). Taking pump length per blade row ~10 nm for operating pressures up to ~20 atm, a pump assembly consisting of a stack of five blade disks achieves a compression ratio of ~105 in a ~50 nm pump length.\nLast updated on 20 February 2003", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I know that the power factor of an induction motor varies with load and is very low at no load and high at full load, but does the reactive power vary as well? If so, how much can it vary?\nWhen the load decreases, the power factor decreases primarily due to the decrease in real power. Reactive power is primarily due to the magnetizing current, But there is a small amount due to the stator and rotor leakage reactances. Magnetizing current depends on the voltage across the magnetizing branch of the equivalent circuit that will increase slightly with reduced load because the voltage drop across the stator resistance and leakage reactance declines when the current declines due to reduced load.\nIn the equivalent circuit shown below, R1 & X1 are the stator resistance and leakage reactance, Gc and Bm are the magnetizing branch, and X2 is the rotor leakage reactance. R2/s represents the rotor resistance combined with a variable resistance that represents the mechanical load.\nThe following motor performance data shows quite a significantly decreasing reactive VA as the motor load declines to zero. The slight increase in magnetizing VA must be insignificant compared to the loss of reactive VA in the rotor branch as the rotor current drops to near zero.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technology used to analyze physiological processes. An in-beam PET is used to verify the delivered dose during ion-beam therapy. Our group investigates the prototype C-shaped PET system, which is called the iPET system. In this study, we develop an expendability-enhanced field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data acquisition system for the iPET. We organize this data acquisition (DAQ) system using only one DAQ board, to ensure a compact and cost-effective DAQ system. We design the FPGA using modular functions, which include synchronization, deserialization, pulse height analysis, and data packaging functions. As a result, energy spectra and well-separated 9 × 9 flood images of the entire detector module are achieved. We obtain reconstructed PET images of point source (4 mm diameter), three cylindrical phantoms (3 cm diameter), and four sphere phantoms (3.0, 2.2, 1.3 and 1.0 cm diameter). We achieve approximately 300 kcps of maximum single count rate. The obtained results prove the compactness and cost-effectiveness of the proposed DAQ system.\nBibliographical noteFunding Information:\nAcknowledgements This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant (2016R1A2B2007551), the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) (20161520302180), and the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (2013K000092) funded by the Korean government.\n© 2017, Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering.\n- Data acquisition system\n- Field-programmable gate array\n- In-beam PET\n- Modular function\nASJC Scopus subject areas\n- Biomedical Engineering", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Mini Fighter (Counting)\nDesigned and engineered with the same technology and components as the StreetFighter™, the Mini Fighter™ serves as a table-top validation tool to assist with the QA process. It simplifies and accelerates the verification process of the count accuracy in the filled containers from the packaging line all while providing a privileged level of reliability.See product\nMini Fighter Plus (Counting)\nThe Mini Fighter™ Plus, a direct successor of the StreetFighter™ was developed for small batch counting as either a semi-automatic table-top unit, to be automated as an independent component on a line or to be integrated directly on a Capmatic® Monoblock. Bolstering an acute level of quality, reliability and accuracy, its versatility and performance directly compliment the design of its father, the StreetFighter™.See product\nStreet Fighter 100 (Counting)\nThe Countlab® Street Fighter™ electronic tablet counter is a technological innovation which combines speed and accuracy in a compact design. The Street Fighter™ (SF series) exceeds cGMP specifications and is designed to meet future regulatory requirements. Countlab® visionary design is combined with the most current slate-of-the art computer processing allowing for an effortless tablet counting experience.See product\nStreet Fighter 200 (Counting)\nThe Countlab® Street Fighter™ SF-200 combines two proven SF-I00 modules with a series of integrated motorized conveyor feeding systems connected to a single reject station resulting in a single line component rather than two separate and distinct units. With a unique stainless steel frame and panel control, this new integrated design will facilitate the maintenance and operation of the line all while ensuring the expected high-speed performance.See product\nCountlab® equipment is well-known for its performance and reliability.\nCountlab® designs and builds supporting equipment delivering many benefits. Our products are installed globally and have proven to lower long-term operational costs. Countlab® combines innovative application engineering with a keen appreciation of packaging line productivity and efficiency in each of its designs. Countlab® has designed and delivered a variety of equipment for diverse liquid, tablet and powder packaging applications. These system are designed to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the packaging line.\nCapable of handling speed and accuracy at the same time\nDesigned to minimize change-over procedures and provide maximized production efficiency and simplicity.\nBuilt to handle various types of products all while being able to adapt to a wide range of container shapes and sizes.\nOur certified technicians are available to assist you.\nThanks for your interest in Countlab®. If you have a query about us, please use the message system below to leave us your contact information. We will process your request as soon as possible.Contact us", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CIRCOR International, Inc., announces the new CIR 3100 Control Valve, an economical valve body with multiple internal options for many applications across a wide range of industries.Utilizing advanced technologies, the CIR 3100 valves are designed to serve general, critical, and severe service applications in industries including upstream, midstream, and downstream oil and gas, power generation, processing industries, maritime, and renewables.\nThe CIR 3100 valves provide a standardized, flexible and economical solution. The common valve body is customizable with multiple internal options and numerous standardized parts and accessories, enabling customers to lower inventory and maintenance costs. Trims are easily interchangeable when process conditions and requirements change.\nThe valve is suitable for throttling and on-off control of a fluid flow such as gas, steam, water, or chemical compounds to compensate for the load disturbance and helps to keep the regulated process variable as close as possible to the desired set point.\nThe control valves are specially designed for both low and high-pressure drop service. Pressure drop, high velocities, and throttling occur only at the cage window and the plug thereby protecting the seat ring and offering tight shut-off capability to the valve. A Class V leakage option is available for high-temperature applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "GoSpectro Smartphone Portable Spectrometer\nThe GoSpectro is a revolutionary device turning any smartphone or tablet into an ultracompact, handheld spectrometer.\nThe GoSpectro spectrometer is based on a patented axial transmission configuration that leads to higher light collection, combined with 2D vertical binning that provides higher signal-to-noise levels thanks to nowadays CMOS camera extreme low light sensitivity. GoSpectro is the result of years of research at Alphanov, a renowned technology center located in Bordeaux, France. In 2017, it received the first prize at the annual prestigious SPIE “Prism Award” in the Detector and Sensor category in San Francisco, USA. GoSpectro takes full advantage of today’s smartphone cameras performance (resolution, noise ) and convenience. It is low-cost, easily installs in seconds , operates over the entire visible range (400 nm – 750 nm) and offers a spectral resolution better than 10 nm with a reproducibility of 1 nm.\nThis revolutionary portable spectrometer allows measuring spectra in emission, transmission or reflection applications, with unparalleled ease of use and convenience. GoSpectro is the ideal spectroscopy tool for any application requiring high portability.\nThe GoSpectro is supplied with:\n- An adapter kit compatible with most smartphones and tablets\n- A mobile application available on Android and iOS\nFor more information on the GoSpectro, visit our main website here: https://www.axiomoptics.com/products/gospectro/", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "At DARIS Centre Mass Spectrometry Unit there are a number of instruments which can potentially cover a wide range of materials for analysis.\nThese consist of:\nHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet detection (HPLC-UV)\nLiquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)\nGas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)\nAdditionally, there is scope for analysis of volatile organic compounds such as pesticides in soil, water, blood, urine and residual solvents in dry powder using GC-FID and GC–MS. There is also potential for the analysis of inorganic materials such as heavy metals in various matrices namely soil, plant material, body fluids and tissue using AAS and ICP-MS.\nIt is worth mentioning that in all above cases MS or Mass spectrometry offers exceptional sensitivity most suitable for dealing with low levels of analytes. In the case of LC-MS and GC-MS instruments both can provide MS-MS function which could go towards a more specific mode of analysis.\n1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Ultra Violet detection (HPLC-UV)\nLiquid chromatography UV detection is an analytical technique where by certain non-volatile group of compounds can be analyzed using the Ultra Violet (UV) detection to identify and quantify compounds of interest. This system is one of the most common instrumentation in the majority of the analytical laboratories around the world. This is mainly due to the fact that the instrumentation is relatively cheap to acquire and easy to use with minimal training for the staff. As with LC-MS this instrumentation has a wide range of uses and is applicable to compounds such as pesticides, pharmaceutical products, drugs of abuse and many other categories.\nHPLC- UV system\n2. Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)\nLiquid chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC-MS, or alternatively HPLC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). LC-MS is a powerful technique that has very high sensitivity and selectivity and as such is useful in many applications. Its application is wide ranging from detection of pesticides in water, blood, soil to analysis and identification of medicine and chemicals used in pharmaceutical industry, Forensic science, Hospitals.\nBoth HPLC-UV and LC-MS have a wide range of uses and are applicable to compounds such as nutrients, food additives as well as use in areas such as forensic science, food industry, health industry, oil industry, environmental research, neonatal screening, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). In TDM studies, the focus is on medication concentrations in blood. For example, drugs that are administrated to patients who have had organ. This is to make sure the right amount of drug is delivered to the area of need. In the Neonatal screening the blood obtained from the new born baby is tested to determine whether he/she suffers from any abnormally high levels of amino acids in his/her blood therefore indicating possible underlying health issues.\nLC-MS is frequently used in drug development by the pharmaceutical companies to monitor and confirm the presence of correct prepared drug. Additionally this technique can be sued alongside HPLC-UV to characterize the produced pure standards making sure no contaminants are present and if there are any contaminants, at what extent are they present in such compounds.\n3. Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)\nGas chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for the separation and analysis of multi-residue samples that can be vaporized without decomposition. The sample migrates through the column with a flow of inert or unreactive gas, which is called the carrier gas. The mechanism of separation is influenced by many factors, for example, the components, which have low boiling points, will come out of the column earlier and will be detected faster than those that have high boiling points.\nGas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID)\n4. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS)\nGas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. GC-MS has been widely heralded as a \"gold standard\" for forensic substance identification because it is used to perform a specific test. A specific test positively identifies the actual presence of a particular substance in a given sample. A non-specific test merely indicates that a substance falls into a category of substances. Although a non-specific test could statistically suggest the identity of the substance, this could lead to false positive identification.\nThere are a large number of applications that use GC-FID and GC- MS analytical techniques as the primary source of detection and quantitation. These include areas such as determination of extent of environmental contaminations with various pesticides and/or petrochemical chemicals in atmosphere, soil, water, food stuff .Applications of GC-MS include drug detection, fire investigation, environmental analysis, explosives investigation, and identification of unknown samples. GC-MS can also be used in airport security to detect substances in luggage or on human beings such as possibly drugs of abuse or traces of explosives. Additionally, it can identify trace elements in materials that were previously thought to have disintegrated beyond identification.\nGas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS)\n5. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)\nAtomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution or directly in solid samples used in pharmacology, biophysics and toxicology research.\nAtomic Absorption Spectroscopy system at DARIS Centre\n6. Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)\nInductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry which is capable of detecting metals and several non-metals at concentrations as low as one part in per trillion. This is achieved by ionizing the sample with inductively coupled plasma and then using a mass spectrometer to separate and quantify those ions. Compared to other atomic absorption techniques for example, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, ICP-MS has greater speed, precision, and sensitivity. However, analysis by ICP-MS is also more susceptible to trace contaminants from glassware and reagents. One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological (liver related) issues.\nICP-MS system at DARIS Centre\nClinical analysis. Analyzing metals in biological fluids such as blood and urine.\nEnvironmental analysis. Monitoring our environment – for example: finding out the levels of various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking water, air, petrol and drinks such as wine, beer and fruit drinks.\nPharmaceuticals. In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are sometimes present in the final product. By using AAS the amount of catalyst present can be determined.\nIndustry. Many raw materials are examined and AAS is widely used to check that the major elements are present and that toxic impurities are lower than specified – eg in concrete, where calcium is a major Constituent, the lead level should be low because it is toxic.\nMining. By using AAS the amount of metals such as gold in rocks can be determined to see whether it is worth mining the rocks to extract the gold.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nel PreTech Corporation is the first ISO/IEC 17025 accredited lab in the U.S. for industrial CT scanning services. We operate the Metrotom 800 and 1500 computed tomography machines created by Carl Zeiss Corporation, a global leader and manufacturer of precision-measuring instruments. Beyond the scan, we offer post-scan engineering and measurement services as required.\nNPC uses CT scanning technology to form 3D models that allow the user to examine the interior and exterior of the item being scanned.\nWe prepare expedient inspection reports compared to other CT scanning providers.\nThis x-ray technology provides valuable insight for diverse industries including, but not limited to aerospace, automotive, electronics, and die-cast manufacturing.\nNPC methods are non-destructive, accurate, and fast. We give you access to the inner details of manufactured parts without the need for disassembly.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A well-recognized name in the industrial automation market, AutomationDirect provides quality products with FREE award-winning in-house sales and technical support. AutomationDirect provides customers with quick order and delivery through an online store which makes self-service easy with tools such as product selectors, 3-D CAD viewer, and more. Prices are well below the industry average and a 30-day money-back guarantee is offered on nearly all items. With thousands of part listings, products include PLCs, HMIs, motors, drives, enclosures, pneumatics, pushbuttons, sensors, enclosures, circuit protection, wire, and much more. The state-of-the-art headquarters facility near Atlanta is designed throughout for maximum performance. Orders for in-stock items can be taken as late as 6 p.m. EST and shipped for fast delivery, and most orders qualify for free, two-day delivery.The company provides online tutorial videos through their web store as well as their YouTube channel. A Customer Forum provides peer support on technical and application questions.\nAutomationDirect has added input/output (I/O) expansion modules to its BRX Micro programmable logic controller (PLC) product line.\nFlexible multi-conductor sensor/actuator cable is now available from AutomationDirect in 24 AWG and 22 AWG with 3, 4 or 5 unshielded conductors, and in customer specified one-foot increment lengths.\nAutomationDirect’s AcuAMP Solid Core current transformers are instrumentation grade (commercial class) and are designed to measure primary current.\nAutomationDirect’s Contrinex DW series of inductive proximity sensors now includes additional harsh duty sensors and new standard duty sensors with quadruple sensing ranges.\nAutomationDirect’s IronHorse MTCP2 industrial duty motors are offered in T-Frame (1 to 300 hp) and TC-Frame/C-Face (1 to 30 hp).\nLS Electric L7P Servo Systems from AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added new L7P servo motors, drives, cables, and gearboxes from LS Electric. These new intermediate-level L7P servo systems have all the features of the basic L7C servos including setup wizards, auto tuning, built-in indexer, and more, but with a larger range of system sizes and the option for 460VAC operation. The built-in absolute encoder on each servo motor is also higher resolution at 19-bit (524,288 ppr). The L7P systems are available from 100W to 7.5kW with 230VAC input power and 900W to 7.5kW with 460VAC input power. The 230VAC systems can operate single-phase up to 2.2kW. All motors are available with or without a 24VDC holding brake. The free Drive CM software eases setup/configuration and includes autotuning algorithms and an oscilloscope to fully optimize your application. A matched set of LS Electric gearboxes are also available for each motor, with gear ratios of 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1 (7.5kW systems limited to 15:1).\nNew Optris Infrared Temperature Sensors from AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added new infrared pyrometers from Optris. These pyrometers use non-contact sensing to determine the surface temperature of an object based on its emitted infrared radiation. They can read the temperature of inaccessible or moving objects without difficulty.\nLow-Cost Motion Control Offered with CLICK PLUS PLCsfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has released the new CLICK PLC programming software version 3.30, which allows any CLICK PLUS CPU to be configured as a 3-axis PTO/PWM motion controller. 100kHz high-speed inputs and outputs are offered with any DC option slot I/O module placed in slot 0 of the CPU. With this module, CLICK PLUS PLCs can easily perform velocity moves, homing commands, or interpolated positioning.\nProSense VCST Series Vibration Sensors from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added new ProSense VCST series vibration sensors. These sensors accurately detect vibrations of industrial equipment, primarily rotating equipment such as steam and gas turbines, pumps, motors, compressors and rolling mills.\nAdditional Fuji Command Series Pilot Devices from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added new Fuji Command series pushbuttons, switches, and indicators to expand their offering of quality Fuji Electric control and signal devices. New round and rectangular 16mm pilot devices feature an integrated structure with built-in contacts to reduce control panel depth.\nContrinex Photoelectric Sensors with IO-Link Compatibilityfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has expanded their vast offering of discrete sensors by adding Contrinex C23 standard and clear object detection sensors. These Contrinex mini rectangular photoelectric sensors are ideal for limited-space applications and are available in diffuse, diffuse with adjustable background suppression, retroreflective, and through-beam models. Sensor housings have an IP67 enclosure rating and are ECOLAB-approved for use in hygienic areas. The Contrinex TRU-C23 UV photoelectric sensors are designed for detecting transparent objects, such as those made with plastic or glass.\nAdditional Direct Wire Large Gauge MTW Cable Color Options from AutomationDirect. AutomationDirect has added more color choices for Direct Wire 1kV ALL-FLEX MTW/THHW heavy-duty flexible power cable. This extremely flexible large gauge (8AWG to 500MCM) single-conductor industrial cable is ideal for industrial control panel distribution, VFD power feeds, servo systems and non-traditional industrial applications including uninterruptable power supply (UPS) and transformer wiring, battery chargers and marine board applications.\nAutomationDirect has added new M30 harsh duty photoelectric sensors from Eaton. The Eaton E58 series are among the most rugged and best-sealed photoelectric sensors on the market. Their stainless steel, PVDF, and tempered glass components are mechanically assembled using Vitron seals to ensure resistance to chemicals and moisture intrusion.\nIronHorse Jet Pump and Stainless Steel Motorsfrom AutomationDirect AutomationDirect has added the new IronHorse MTRJ series of jet pump motors to their AC motor lineup. The MTRJ centrifugal jet pump motors offer an economical motor solution and come in a TEFC enclosure with a 56J frame that has a threaded shaft for direct connection to a jet pump. These jet pump motors are available in 120/230 VAC from 1/3 to 2hp and in 208-230/460 Vac from 1/3 to 3hp at 3600rpm.\nMurrelektronik M12 Data Cables, Power Cables, and Field Wireable Connectors from AutomationDirect New Murrelektronik data cables are high-flex shielded Ethernet Cat5e cables offering various connector styles, including D-coded M12 to M12, M12 to RJ45, RJ45 to RJ45, and M12 to pigtail. These cables are flame-retardant and chemical resistant with a tough TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) jacket for typical industrial applications. A selection of RJ45 IDC field wireable connectors and adapters have also been added to provide custom terminations for specific applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Auxitrol Weston is a world leading supplier of engine and aircraft sensors to both original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket MRO shops and airlines. We provide a wide range of highly reliable sensors including high accuracy temperature, speed and pressure sensors. Our history dates back more than sixty years with a proven track record in supplying into the commercial, military, aero derivative and industrial markets. The Auxitrol Weston team provides a high added value service to our customers that starts with our design and development and carries through to production. Our service also includes our worldwide aftersales and maintenance facilities in Europe, the United States, China and Singapore.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Workpackage leader: Dr Pacôme Delva, OBSPARIS and UPMC\nOther participants: CMI, INRIM, NPL, PTB, LUH\nThe aim of this workpackage was to evaluate all relativistic effects influencing time and frequency comparisons between optical atomic clocks, and their longer-term use for future realisation of International Atomic Time (TAI) and relativistic geodesy.\nThe first part of the work was to determine the gravitational redshift corrections for all the optical clocks that were compared within the project. This part of the work was led by geodesy experts from LUH, under the framework of a researcher excellence grant. For frequency comparisons between optical clocks, the gravity potential difference between the clocks needs to be known, whilst for contributions to international timescales the absolute gravity potential relative to a defined reference surface is also required. For optical clocks with a projected fractional accuracy of 10-18, an accuracy of about 0.1 m2s-2 in the gravity potential is required, which corresponds to about 1 cm in height at the Earth's surface.\nAn initial technical report set out the theoretical background for deriving the gravity potential, discussing uncertainty considerations, and making recommendations for the levelling and GNSS observations required at the clock sites. Based on these recommendations, levelling measurements were performed at INRIM, LSM, OBSPARIS, NPL and PTB. Gravity surveys were also carried out by LUH at all these locations, including at least one absolute gravity observation on each site and between 35 and 122 relative gravity measurements around each site. These measurements fed into the computation of a revised European quasi-geoid model (EGG2015), providing the best possible values for the absolute gravity potential at each clock comparison site. Time-varying tidal effects on the gravity potential were also studied.\nAnother part of the work was concerned with the relativistic description of the time and frequency transfer techniques used in the experiments carried out within the project. A method was developed for evaluating the relativistic effects relevant for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT), and has provided critical input to a clock comparison campaign using a broadband version of this technique (WP5). A physical model was also formulated to describe the relativistic effects relevant to time and frequency transfer over optical fibre links, and the potential use of continuously operating transportable optical clocks for time transfer was investigated.\nFinally, the theoretical framework was extended to include non-linear relativistic effects. The concept of a worldwide optical clock network for measuring the space-time geometry around the Earth was studied, with the aim being to lay the theoretical basis for global relativistic geodesy at unprecedented precision.\nThe research within this EURAMET joint research project receives funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, ERA-NET Plus, under Grant Agreement No. 217257.\n© All rights reserved", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We are very much satisfied with the SPIP softwareI have been using SPIP since the start of my research and we are very much satisfied with the SPIP software and its capabilities to resolve many issues, especially to our research area where we deal with simultaneous quantification of roughness and colloid particle concentration on a very complex and rough rock surfaces.\nDr. Gopala Krishna Darbha, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology March 25, 2019\nSPIP is indispensableFor our activities SPIP is indispensable. Danish Fundamental Metrology use it as the only software tools for AFM analysis and calibrations of nanometer scale standards with international recognition. For special applications the possibility to write tailored plug-ins is unique and easy to use.\nDr. Jørgen Garnæs, Danish Fundamental Metrology March 25, 2019\nExtremely powerful, I analyze all my data with SPIPI have been using SPIP since around 2009. We have multi-user licenses and I have trained many of my DuPont colleagues to use the various parts of the SPIP package. We use it for its intended use, to analyze data and images from several different scanning probe microscopes, but we also use it to analyze images from optical and electron microscopes and data from optical and stylus profilometry instruments as well. The package is extremely powerful and I have not found a type of data file that cannot be imported or read by the software. The particle and pore analysis is particularly powerful and we have used it to statistically analyze nano and microparticle size and shape from atomic force microscope and electron microscope images. We also use the particle and pore analysis to calculate wear volumes and quantify scratch damage and healing on the surface of polymers. The new profile analysis package is very intuitive and powerful, it allows us to compare profiles from many different tools to understand the size and shape of features at a variety of different length scales. It even enables correlation between surface morphology and optical images to understand the appearance of surfaces and defects. I no longer use the image or data analysis packages associated with the various instruments, I analyze all my data with SPIP.\nGreg Blackman, DuPont March 25, 2019\nSimply immenseI think SPIP is very user friendly and versatile software. I´ve used other commercial softwares, but the options available in SPIP are simply immense.\nLoveleen Kaur Brar, Indian Institute of Science February 15, 2017\nVery flexible and user friendlyI like very much to work with SPIP software package. It is very flexible and user friendly. It is a powerful tool not only for SPM, STM data processing but also for other images. I always appreciate a scientific result sustained in a suggestive graphical way and, why not, artistic if possible. With SPIP, science can be also an art!\nMirela Suchea, Dr., Cuza University of Iasi Romania February 15, 2017\nAll measurement with a single softwareI am working with the main SFM producers. Every SFM has special requirements in the analyzing part of the software but with SPIP it is possible to analyze all measurement with a single software. In addition, SPIP offers an enormous number of possibilities\nChristine Müller, Dr., TU Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics, AG Ziegler February 15, 2017\nAppreciate the supportI rely heavily on SPIP and appreciate the support that I and my students have received from Image Metrology.\nHarry J. Ploehn, Prof. , University of South Carolina, Department of Chemical Engineering December 18, 2016\nUseful in the analysis of our SPM imagesSome of the tools I´ve used so far include plane adjustment, FFT, gradient processing, histograms of height, rotation of image, to name a few; all of which are useful in the analysis of our SPM images.\nDiedrich Schmidt, PhD Candidate Research Assistant, Olmstead Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA December 18, 2016\nSPIP is the standard program for processing and presenting AFM data...SPIP is the standard program for processing and presenting AFM data in our lab since 4 years. We appreciate that SPIP is frequently updated and that our suggestions and requirements were integrated in SPIP.\nHermann Schillers, Dr. , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute of Physiology II December 18, 2016", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The time of issue:2012-06-26 9:34:32 view number:\nSmoke testing equipment was development based on national standards GB/T20795-2006, professional for the determination of vegetable oils smoke point. Its use is as follows:\nFeatures: As long as the value of the hypothetical oil smoke point directly set when the instrument is warming settings 42íŠ, the instrument automatically enter the control. Then per-minute 5-6íŠ rate of warming. Smoke to observe and record.\nOperation: open the instrument the right side of the power switch is the number of lights, press the SET key, the upper temperature number \"50\" the words, the lower part of the small number appear to beat. Press the shift key. Small significant number of would-by-turn transform the beating. Press the \"+\" - \"button can be set to a significant number of each in turn beat, is set up. Then set the key, small significant number of stops beating, appeared to set a good value, and the settings are recognized. Significant number of windows show the temperature value. As the temperature rises, the displayed number followed by the change, and apparatus for automatically tracking and control. When close to the value set by 42íŠ, the instrument automatically transferred to the heating control rate of 5-6íŠ per minute.\nThis warming regional careful observation of the smoke smoke, when the sample a small amount of smoke, while continuing to have a light blue smoke coming out, with spotlights lighting the temperature reading to see smoke, quickly press the lock button. The number of temperature significantly locked. Is the smoke point temperature of the sample. Sometimes samples of continuous smoke, emit some faint smoke, but no effect on the determination results. When mistaken observation, and then lock the key referral lock, the instruments continue to heat until the clear smoke judgment points, and then lock key, the significant number will be locked again. If a significant number over a set value, the sample did not smoke, and the instructions assume that the value is incorrect, then no need to change, continue to observe until a smoke and then lock. Two-sample allows the error does not exceed 2íŠ, find the Mean is the test results.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vacuum tube fluorescent displays (VFDs) are a common display in consumer electronics. Widely used in video recorders, car radios, microwave ovens, etc. Unlike liquid crystal displays (LCDs), VFDs have a high brightness and a clear contrast, which can easily support display units of different colors. This technology is related to cathode ray and cathode tube. Unlike LCD, most VFDs can work effectively below zero, making them ideal for outdoor equipment in cold climates.\nThe VFD contains three basic electrodes, a cathode filament, an anode (phosphorescent material) and a grid, and a high vacuum glass envelope. The cathode is composed of a tungsten wire, an alkaline earth metal oxide coating (emission electron). The gate is a wire for controlling and transmitting electrons emitted by the cathode. The anode is the electrode and is plated with a phosphorescent material for displaying characters, diagrams or symbols. The electrons emitted by the cathode accelerate under the forward voltage between the gate and the anode, and after striking the anode, the electrons excite the phosphor to emit light. The desired brightness template can be obtained by controlling the positive or negative pressure of the grid and anode. The anode and gate require a DC regulated voltage to prevent the display from flickering. In order to drive large VFDs, the cathode requires an AC drive to avoid brightness variations, such as different brightness levels appearing on both sides of the display. Operating frequencies in the 20\" 200 kHz range are recommended to avoid audible noise and flicker.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Worldwide known for its leading-edge of technology, our group proposes gas analysis systems with in-built computers and its own developed software, Vistachrom, to pilot these process analyzer.\nAuto GC 866 analyzers range We manufacture several analyzer ranges which mounted in 19\" rack and 4U height with everything included in the instrument. Our main GC 866 ranges are : * MEDOR range : analysis of sulphur compounds in natural gas (gas company) and ambient air (waste water plant application) since 1975 * AIRMO range : analysis of VOC / BTEX in ambient air (ppb, ppt, ppm) * CHROMA range : analysis of impurities in pure gas and in industrial air (ppb / %). This range has been developed since the creation of Chromato-Sud company in 1986. * DET range : Specific detectors.\nLagus Applied Technology, Inc. (LAT) services are unequalled in virtually ever aspect of tracer gas analysis of flow system performance. Over a period of more than 30 years Drs. Lagus and Grot have established international recognition for their extensive contributions to the development and... Read More\nMechanical Systems, Inc. (MSI) designs and manufactures air monitoring systems for compliance and control applications in all types of utility and industrial processes. The MSI system integration approach helps you meet ever changing regulatory requirements. It allows you to focus on overall...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Elite Scanning System\nThe first step in solving the 50 year old problem of fire tube failures.\nWhat is MFL?\nMFL stands for Magnetic Flux Leakage testing. It uses a combination of magnets and sensors to determine defects in carbon steel by measuring resistance as the scanner passes over the steel wall. MFL technology has existed for about 15 years and is commonly used to scan tank floors and down hole pipe testing. Elite Energy Services harnessed this robust technology and worked with vendors around the world to build an application specifically designed for fire tube scanning.\nWhat is unique about the scanner?\nThe Elite Scanning System is purpose-built for the inspection of fire tubes – the first of its kind. Our sensors and magnets are curved specifically to the inside of a fire tube, allowing us to efficiently determine the levels of corrosion and areas of weakness. The scanning heads are custom made for multiple I.D. (inside diameter) fire tubes, and this makes the system extremely accurate (+/- 5%).\nHere is a short video demonstrating the steps of the Elite Scanning System. You can find the following portions at these times:\n-0:00 Introduction and MFL Explanation\n-1:25 Field Demo\n-4:09 Report and Database Demo\nHow do we use magnets to measure the corrosion in a fire tube?\nWhen magnets pass over the metal, the force of the magnets create resistance in the carbon steel. When there is corrosion in the steel, it causes defects, and the metal in the affected area becomes thinner. This causes less resistance when the magnets pass over. The sensors measure the resistance – and the software translates that information into a numerical format, which is then calculated to determine the remaining wall thickness. Our software produces an image, giving our customers a visual representation of the orientation and location of corrosion on the fire tube. These readings are instantaneous and allow our operators to quickly diagnose the corrosion damage on the fire tube.\nThe Scanning Process\nElite's scanning process is fast, effective, simple and most of all SAFE.\nStep #1: Remove the Burner\nThe burner assembly is removed after the fuel gas lines have been secured and rendered safe. The arrestor and burner are removed and set to the side. A visual inspection of the inside of the tube is completed. If any issues are found, they are noted and later addressed by the producers. If a heat shield is present, the team will remove the shield to ensure safe working conditions.\nStep #2: Prepare and Clean Fire Tube\nPrepare and Clean Fire Tube:\nThe fire tube must be free from debris – such as soot, scale and rust. This is accomplished with specially designed brushes that loosen the material so it can be removed effectively. We use compressed air to facilitate the preparation process. Once the tube has been cleaned, the scanning process can begin.\nStep #3: Inspect and Scan Fire Tube\nThe scanner head is deployed into the fire tube, starting in the 12 o’clock position. The scanner head is pushed forward, traveling over the steel tube and sending data to the computer. The information is then translated by the software and a digital image is produced. The operator and producer can then determine the depth and location of the corrosion. This process is repeated until the entire fire tube has been scanned. We know INSTANTLY the condition of the fire tube. If the tube has significant damage (75%+ or as otherwise instructed), a call is immediately placed to the producer for necessary interventions.\nStep #4: Reassemble Burner\nOnce the data has been collected and interpreted, the reassembly process begins. If a heat shield was used, it is replaced and re-positioned. The burner assembly is reinstalled and secured to the fire tube flange. If the burner was lit before the disassembly process began, it is then re-lit and the arrestors are placed and secured.\n\"When I first heard about the Elite Scanning System, I jokingly said, what is it, a magic stick? I couldn't believe that someone came up with a system to scan a fire tube without having to remove the tube. I was even more shocked by how fast and accurate the system is.\"\n\"The color-coded system makes my job easier. I know at a glance what I've got to deal with first thing in the morning. It also helps us plan work during our morning meeting.\"\nThe reporting process was developed to be easy to read, straight forward, and a document that could be used by oil producers to answer the simple question: Is the tube “good or bad”? We wanted to ensure the information in the report could be universally understood, so we have developed a color-coded system that allows the level of severity to be quickly identified.\nThe color GREEN, for example, indicates a tube that can be addressed at a later date.\nA YELLOW/ORANGE tube can be delayed and/or monitored more closely.\nThe color RED, however, designates a tube needing expedited action (or 75%+ of wall loss).\nAlthough we have a standard process in place, we are happy to adapt to meet our customer's needs.\nIf we detect a RED, the producer is notified immediately and can inform other company personnel to the priority of that particular tube.\nThe report also uses positions on a clock (12 o’clock, 4 o’clock, etc.) to describe the location of the corrosion. A root cause analysis can be made to determine why the area is having corrosion issues.\nThe report also shows a visual representation of the scanned image. The producer can then see the size and depth of corrosion without having to understand the MFL technology. The reports are easily stored and designed to provide quick and accurate data that address the simple question: “Is this tube good or bad?”\nActual Report Samples\nThe red highlights are added to show the problem areas on this specific fire tube. This specific tube is considered ORANGE condition.\n\"The database that Elite Energy developed is easy to use. I just wish our company's computer system was this simple.\"\nData management is key to any efficient inspection program. Our data management system was developed with the producer in mind. We know our customers want something quick, easy to interpret, and requiring little scrutiny. We used these parameters to develop our Fire Tube System.\nWe have color-coded the results so that you can easily determine which tubes are a priority. Red’s require quick action and green indicates the fire tube has minimal corrosion damage. Each morning, producers receive an email with a table listing wells scanned the day before. The table shows the percentage of wall loss and the corresponding priority indicating color (RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN). Producers can quickly determine if and when to address any fire tube issues. Producers can easily view these alerts on their phone or while at their computer.\nOnce the producer determines when they wish to rescan the tube (usually in months), the email is sent back to Elite for processing. Elite will then move the scan data to the appropriate place in the calendar and the report will be stored for future viewing.\nThe database is kept on a secure web-based platform. Only authorized personnel have access to their respective companies. Using this type of platform enables the reports to be archived, and easily accessed from multiple devices. Access the system from the office or out in the field.\nThese are some of our most asked questions about the scanner.\nInspection Tool Breakdown\nThe tool is engineered in a very specific and tailor-made way to work as proficiently and effectively as possible.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "TIDAS® L 570 UV/NIR 1911 DH\nThe integrated UV/NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 190 - 1100 nm.Read more\nThe powder analysis system to measure flow behaviour and more using the integrated NIR spectrometer.Read more\nWe are a German pioneer in the field of fiber-optic measuring systems for UV/VIS, Raman and NIR spectroscopy. We offer innovative, reliable solutions and analytical systems – for laboratory, process and also for OEM applications.\n22 February 2018\nIntroducing TIDAS® L\nIntroducing TIDAS® L – the Bench Saving Powerhouse Lab Spectrometer! Information overflow and deadline pressure are rising concerns for laboratories too. Therefore it is more important than ever that laboratory personnel can focus their efforts on their core tasks – performing the anlyses. To support this from our side as a manufacturer of laboratory spectrometers,…", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Grove - Infrared Temperature Sensor Array (AMG8833), thermal camera, Infrared Camera\nWho Viewed This Also Viewed\nThe Grove - Infrared Temperature Sensor Array (AMG8833) is a high precision infrared array sensor which based on advanced MEMS technology. It can support temperature detection of two-dimensional area: 8 × 8 (64 pixels) and maximum 7 meters detection distance.\nWe provide both Arduino and Raspberry Pi demo for this sensor. It will be a perfect module to make your own thermal camera.\nWe've Released the Grove Selection Guide and hope to help you find the Grove suit you best.\nTemperature detection of two-dimensional area: 8 × 8 (64 pixels)\nI2C output (capability of temperature value output)\nLong detection distance\nHigh function home appliances (microwaves and air-conditioners)\nEnergy saving at office (air-conditioning/lighting control)\nGrove - Infrared Temperature Sensor Array (AMG8833) Eagle Files\nSeeed AMG8833 Arduino Library\nSeeed AMG8833 Python Library", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US7872886 B2|\n|Application number||US 12/034,229|\n|Publication date||Jan 18, 2011|\n|Priority date||Feb 20, 2008|\n|Also published as||US20090206804|\n|Publication number||034229, 12034229, US 7872886 B2, US 7872886B2, US-B2-7872886, US7872886 B2, US7872886B2|\n|Inventors||Ming Xu, Julu Sun, Ya Liu, Fred C. Lee|\n|Original Assignee||Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (21), Classifications (8), Legal Events (3)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\n1. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to voltage regulator circuits/modules and, more particularly, to providing regulated voltage to loads at high current and low voltage with fast transient load response capability and circuits capable of doing so.\n2. Description of the Prior Art\nMany commercially available electronic devices require power at a well-regulated, substantially constant or well-defined voltage for proper operation. Among such devices, microprocessors and other high-speed logic circuits generally present loads which are most demanding to accommodate.\nCurrent trends in designs for microprocessors have featured increased levels of integration of circuitry on a single chip and the use of higher clock speeds. These design trends have also led to lower (e.g. one volt or less) and more stringent and/or complex voltage regulation requirements (e.g. 10% or less, possibly with specified voltage droop with increasing current to reduce power dissipation requirements) at higher currents (e.g. 130 Amperes or more) and, particularly for programmed microprocessors, extremely high current slew rates (e.g. 20 A/nsec.). High efficiency is also demanded since many microprocessor applications derive power from batteries which can limit the time of operation before the batteries become excessively discharged. Small size and weight and low cost are also very desirable, particularly for use with microprocessors.\nMany of these requirements and desirable features impose conflicting constraints on design or require trade-offs which may be very difficult to accommodate. For example, accommodation of high current slew rate can be achieved with large output filter capacitance but which may compromise accurate voltage control and increase size, weight and cost of the power supply. Similarly, the requirement for lower power supply output voltages generally compromises efficiency since a lower output voltage generally increases the voltage step-down which must be achieved by a DC to DC converter while very sophisticated power supply designs are required to achieve even very small increases in efficiency. On the other hand, some voltage converter or transformer designs are known which may be of characteristically very high efficiency but cannot achieve other desired characteristics while maintaining such efficiency or presenting intractable design problems.\nIn order to accommodate such conflicting requirements for power supply and voltage regulator circuits, a two-stage approach as shown in\nA proposal to reduce this compromise of efficiency is illustrated in\nThus, in summary, while many voltage regulator topologies are known and power supply architectures have become quite sophisticated, such designs are far from ideal for the types of loads presented by some current and foreseeable applications, particularly those including microprocessors. The effects of trade-offs necessary to accommodate the many demands of such applications are particularly severe and increasing in severity as present trends in integrated circuit designs continue. It can be foreseen that current power supply architectures and design approaches such as those shown in\nIt is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a power supply architecture which can provide high current at low and well-regulated voltage while accommodating large load transients and providing high current slew rate and which can be realized at small size and weight at low cost.\nIt is another object of the invention to provide a power supply architecture which allows use of particularly high efficiency unregulated voltage converter/transformer topologies which cannot maintain high efficiency under particular operating conditions or while developing particular desired characteristics or otherwise presenting particularly intractable problems of design or operation.\nIn order to accomplish these and other objects of the invention, a voltage regulator circuit architecture is provided including a regulated branch including at least one regulated voltage converter, an unregulated branch including at least one unregulated voltage converter having a lower output impedance than the regulated branch, the unregulated branch being connected in parallel with the regulated branch, wherein output impedances of the regulated branch and the unregulated branch determine a proportionate load current delivered to a load from each branch, and two power supplies, a first power supply supplying input power to the regulated branch and a second power supply supplying input power to the unregulated branch and connected such that variation in input voltage to the unregulated branch due to load current supplied therefrom provides feedback to the regulated branch for voltage regulation of the output voltage of the voltage regulator circuit.\nIn accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of regulating voltage of a power supply is provided including steps of providing power to an unregulated voltage converter from a first source such that increased load causes reduced voltage of the first source in series with a second source, providing power to a regulated voltage converter from the second source or a third source, and adjusting an input or output voltage of the regulated voltage source to compensate for the reduced voltage whereby an output voltage of the power supply is regulated.\nThe foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:\nReferring now to the drawings, and more particularly to\n(Since the input power sources are independent and involve separate voltages in series, the nomenclature “quasi-parallel architecture” is used somewhat more generically to indicate divergence from fully parallel architectures such as that of\nSomewhat less evidently from\nIt should also be appreciated that the quasi-parallel architecture of the invention allows different types of circuits to be used for each of the regulated and unregulated cells. Four exemplary embodiments which provide proper operation and are differently constituted are illustrated in\nAs alluded to above, a feedback loop including an amplifier or other gain control, Av, is provided to control the duty cycles of the switches in the regulated converter in a manner well-understood by those skilled in the art and depicted by arrow 51 in\nis accurately maintained.\nIn summary, when the load current increases (io↑), Vo is drawn down (Vo↓). Since the unregulated branch 53 is of lower impedance than regulated branch 54, Vin1 is also drawn down (Vin1↓) causing an increase in Vin2 (Vin2↑) which, in turn, causes Vo to rise (center Vo↑ symbol) as feedback mechanism 52. Feedback mechanism 51 responds to Vo↓ through feedback connection 56 by increasing the duty cycle (d↑) which also increases Vo (right-most Vo↑ symbol) in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art.\nMore specifically, as an example of principles of circuit design in accordance with the quasi-parallel architecture of the invention, those skilled in the art will observe that:\n1.) Vin1+Vin2=Vin with the series connected capacitors functioning as a capacitive voltage divider;\n2.) it follows from the function of the capacitive voltage divider that Iin1=Iin2 (since the return current of the input of the DC/DC transformer supplies Iin2);\n3.) the input voltages can be designed by the relationships n:Vin1=nVo, and Vin2=Vin−nVo; and\n4.) the current (power) ratio is determined by Io1/Io2=Vin 1/Vin2. Thus, in the particular example of\nThe benefits of the quasi-parallel architecture are principally in efficiency and output capacitance reduction. In regard to efficiency, a state-of-the-art multi-phase buck converter providing power to a typical microprocessor will have an efficiency of about 86% at a switching frequency of 600 KHz. In comparison, efficiency of a DC/DC transformer (DCX) is generally about 93% while efficiency of a single or multi-phase buck converter can be increased to about 91% because of the reduction of input voltage allowed by the reduction of current required therefrom. Thus, the overall efficiency of the quasi-parallel architecture in accordance with the invention is about 92.5%; 6% to 7% higher than a state-of-the-art voltage regulator.\nThe reduction of output capacitance is also much improved in comparison with a state-of-the-art multi-phase buck converter, as shown in\nIt should be appreciated that the embodiments of the invention discussed above and as illustrated in\nAs a variation of the quasi-parallel architecture described above, a block diagram of an alternative circuit structure is illustrated in\nThe feedback path including amplifier Av from the output to the regulated converter (in this case, a buck converter but other topologies could be used) is essentially the same as in the previously described embodiments. However, in this circuit structure, all current to the load is directly provided from the high efficiency unregulated converters and regulation is achieved by adjustment of the input voltage thereto by use of the regulated converter which adjusts the voltage on Co1. While the second feedback mechanism described above is not present in this configuration, transient response is at least equal to that of the unregulated converters which is enhanced somewhat by the fact that the Co may be small and the transient response of Vo1 thereon may be very rapid to alter the voltage increment above V2 to enhance the transient response of the unregulated converters. That is, an increase in Vo1 will cause the output voltage vo to rise and reduce the duty cycle of the converter to reduce and stabilize Vo1 and thus regulate the output voltage Vo. While an increase in Vo1 may increase the output voltage of the unregulated converters, such voltage increase enhances the injection of current to output filter capacitor Co which can readily filter such voltage increase while being capable of reduction in capacitance and size.\nA design example of the structure of\nAs a perfecting feature of the invention which has been found to be very desirable in implementation of the quasi-parallel architecture described above but not necessary to its successful practice, an inductor-less resonant DC/DC converter which is particularly advantageous for use as unregulated converters will now be discussed. Referring now to\nOperation of the preferred circuit of\nDuring the period t1-t2 when Q1 and S1 are “off”, the leakage inductance and mutual of the transformer resonates with Cr, which is constituted by the reflected output capacitance (e.g. Co/n2), developing a small current variation on the primary side of the transformer and a half-sinusoid voltage waveform across Q1. A similar voltage waveform results across S1. Both of these waveforms return to zero volts at t2 and the circuit is reset after delivering current to Co during t0-t1. Period t2-t3 is essentially dead time and can be very short but some finite period is desirable to prevent reverse current in the secondary side of the circuit while ip is in a negative portion of its resonant oscillation. During this period, ILM (=ip) is negative and the actual current is in the direction in which the illustrated diode is oriented.\nA particular embodiment of this circuit with simulated voltage and current curves is illustrated in\nAs a solution to such a ripple voltage, in accordance with this perfecting feature of the invention, two or more of the circuits of\nThe above advantageous employment of an inductorless resonant converter is only exemplary of converters which are otherwise unsuitable for use in a final stage of a power supply where high-current, low voltage and accurate voltage regulation are required but which have other advantages which can be exploited within the quasi-parallel regulator architecture in accordance with the invention. Another known class of isolated DC/DC converter of this type is a class of resonant converters such as LLC resonant converters is able to operate over a wide range of input voltages, which is desirable to meet requirements of being able to maintain regulation during short periods of input power interruption. It will be recalled by those skilled in the art that PWM switching converters typically operate at the highest possible fixed frequency which does not cause excessive switching losses and also that PWM converters must have a recovery time during each switching cycle. In general, these factors imply that the duty cycle of switching PWM converters is limited to 50%, a point at which the switching regulator will be most efficient. However, during periods of power input interruption, power is typically supplied from a capacitor operated at a relatively high voltage; which voltage rapidly diminishes when input power is interrupted and, when such an input voltage diminishes, the PWM converter must operate at a higher duty cycle than in normal operation to provide a longer input power interval in order to maintain regulation from a reduced voltage supply. Therefore, the switching voltage converter must be designed to have a duty cycle which is limited to 50% at the lowest voltage the storage capacitor (sometimes referred to as a hold-up capacitor) will reach during an input power interruption under the design specification. Doing so, of course, results in use of a much lower duty cycle, imposing reduced efficiency, during normal operation. For example, in an asymmetrical half bridge (AHB) converter optimally designed for operation at 400 Volts, an efficiency of 94.5% can be obtained. However, when the circuit is designed to operate over an input voltage range of 300 to 400 volts (which is a typical voltage range for accommodation of possible short, i.e. 20 millisecond, power interruptions), the converter efficiency at 400 Volts falls to 92% or less.\nA class of resonant converters which can change gain (e.g. the ratio of output voltage to input voltage) with input voltage is known. These converters operate at a 50% duty cycle regardless of frequency but will be most efficient when switched at a frequency at which they resonate. These converters, an example of which is illustrated in\nSuch converters can achieve a voltage conversion ratio (e.g. gain) either greater or less than unity. Moreover, zero voltage switching (ZVS) and relatively small turn-off currents can be achieved at switching frequencies both above and below the series resonant frequency determined by Lr and Cr. By choosing a suitable transformer turns-ratio, the converter can be targeted to operate most efficiently at the nominal input voltage (e.g. 400 Volts). During input power interruption and input power voltage is provided from a hold-up capacitor, the voltage drops and the LLC resonant converter reduces switching frequency to alter gain and thus compensate for the reduced input voltage. Although the frequency change may cause operation far from the resonant frequency and correspondingly reduced efficiency, typically specified hold-up times are only on the order of 20 milliseconds, as noted above, and the reduction of efficiency is not significant either as a matter of power consumption or as presenting a thermal problem.\nSince this class of converters can operate at the most efficient, resonant frequency during normal operation, their efficiency can be much higher in comparison with AHB or other PWM topologies by 2% to 3% or greater. Also, since ZVS can be achieved and turn-off currents are comparatively small, switching losses in the primary switches are very low. The secondary side diodes or synchronous rectifiers (SRs) are operated at zero current switching (ZCS) and reverse recovery losses are also correspondingly small. Prototype LLC resonant converters have been built which exhibit 94.5% efficiency at a 1 kW output using diodes and an even greater efficiency of in excess of 96% using synchronous rectifiers.\nHowever, the optimum turn on time of secondary side synchronous rectifiers and primary side switches are not exactly in phase and a separate driving scheme must be employed for the synchronous rectifiers which may be unacceptably complicated. A simple possible driving method would be to sense current in the synchronous rectifiers and control switching when the current falls to zero. However, as a practical matter, such sensing cannot be done due to the unavoidable package inductance of the synchronous rectifier switches. That is, any attempt to determine current by sensing voltage across a SR necessarily senses voltage drop across a series connection of the transistor switch and the series package inductance thereof and the apparent ZCS point, as detected, is strongly phase shifted from the actual ZCS point. That is, the optimal SR drive signal is much shorter than the value expected form measurement or detection of current in the SR.\nFurthermore, additional characteristics such as output current limiting, modular paralleling, soft start, and overload protection are often desirable and specified for the converter design. These characteristics cannot be achieved with an LLC resonant converter unless the operating frequency is greatly increased. An operating frequency up to five times the optimal steady state frequency will often be required to achieve such characteristics. Such a high operating frequency will induce prohibitively high switching losses and further complicate the driving of synchronous rectifiers. Thus, it has not been considered feasible to use LLC resonant circuits in final voltage converter stages notwithstanding the clear potential for substantial improvement in efficiency even using a very high input voltage which accommodates hold-up during periods of input power interruption.\nHowever, the quasi-parallel or Sigma architecture in accordance with the invention allow this potential advantage to be exploited as shown in\nThe architectures shown provides substantial improvement in high efficiency during normal operation. For example, a state of the art 400V DC/DC converter using phase-shift full bridge topology and operating a 200 KHz switching frequency has an efficiency of about 92% whereas, in the Sigma architectures of\nThe synchronous rectifier driving scheme is also much simplified since the LLC resonant converter will be normally operating at a constant frequency. Loss of efficiency when a reduction in input power voltage causes a change in switching frequency is not important since it occurs only for a short period and does not present thermal problems. The inclusion of a regulated converter in the architecture and additional feedback mechanisms provided thereby allow output current to be easily controlled for modular paralleling, soft start and current limiting/protection. Moreover, when the load is extremely light, the primary side of the unregulated branch can be controlled such that only the regulated converter is operating and thus providing additional light load efficiency. Further, during hold-up time, the frequency of the unregulated LLC resonant converter can be reduced while the regulated converter executes final regulation of the output voltage.\nIn view of the foregoing, it is seen that the invention provides an improved voltage regulator and power supply architecture capable of improved efficiency with improved transient response and which allows substantial reduction of output capacitor size and cost and which can be implemented with many different types of known or foreseeable types of regulated and unregulated voltage converters. A perfecting feature of the invention using a plurality of inductor-less converters switched in an interleaved fashion to average and substantially cancel the output voltage ripple of respective converters provides enhanced efficiency and overall power supply size reduction. Further, by use of the quasi-parallel or Sigma architecture in accordance with the invention, other types and classes of DC/DC converters which potentially offer some improved characteristics such as substantially increased efficiency but exhibit other unsuitable or impractical properties for a final converter stage (of which the LLC resonant converter is exemplary) can be used as such; allowing exploitation of the improved characteristics while avoiding the associated problems presented.\nWhile the invention has been described in terms of a single preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US5353215 *||Dec 6, 1993||Oct 4, 1994||Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc.||Tracking run/standby power supplies|\n|US6343026 *||Nov 9, 2000||Jan 29, 2002||Artesyn Technologies, Inc.||Current limit circuit for interleaved converters|\n|US7030512 *||Jun 25, 2004||Apr 18, 2006||The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois||Dynamic current sharing dc-dc switching power supply|\n|US7071660 *||Dec 22, 2004||Jul 4, 2006||Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.||Two-stage voltage regulators with adjustable intermediate bus voltage, adjustable switching frequency, and adjustable number of active phases|\n|US7705490 *||May 7, 2007||Apr 27, 2010||Bloom Energy Corporation||Integral stack columns|\n|US20070296383 *||Mar 27, 2007||Dec 27, 2007||Ming Xu||Non-Isolated Bus Converters with Voltage Divider Topology|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US8300438 *||Nov 15, 2009||Oct 30, 2012||Edward Herbert||Power factor corrected 3-phase Ac-dc power converter using natural modulation|\n|US8536735 *||Feb 1, 2012||Sep 17, 2013||Delta Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.||Converter with input voltage balance circuit|\n|US8842448 *||Jul 25, 2012||Sep 23, 2014||Delta Electronics, Inc||Parallel-connected resonant converter circuit and controlling method thereof|\n|US8890495||Jan 24, 2013||Nov 18, 2014||Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.||Power supply for integrated circuit|\n|US8901897||Mar 2, 2012||Dec 2, 2014||International Business Machines Corporation||Operating a DC-DC converter|\n|US8922272 *||May 16, 2014||Dec 30, 2014||University Of South Florida||System and method for voltage regulator-gating|\n|US8937818 *||Feb 4, 2013||Jan 20, 2015||Sheikh Mohammad Ahsanuzzaman||Low-volume programmable-output PFC rectifier with dynamic efficiency and transient response optimization|\n|US8957514||Oct 23, 2013||Feb 17, 2015||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Operating and manufacturing a DC-DC converter|\n|US9006930 *||Jul 8, 2010||Apr 14, 2015||Delta Electronics Inc.||Power supply having converters with serially connected inputs and parallel connected outputs|\n|US9166496 *||Feb 24, 2011||Oct 20, 2015||Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.||Load control device|\n|US9219422||Aug 21, 2014||Dec 22, 2015||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Operating a DC-DC converter including a coupled inductor formed of a magnetic core and a conductive sheet|\n|US9236347||Oct 9, 2013||Jan 12, 2016||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Operating and manufacturing a DC-DC converter|\n|US9281748||Mar 2, 2012||Mar 8, 2016||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Operating a DC-DC converter|\n|US9372490||Nov 20, 2014||Jun 21, 2016||University Of South Florida||System and method for distributed voltage regulator-gating|\n|US9379619||Oct 21, 2014||Jun 28, 2016||Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.||Dividing a single phase pulse-width modulation signal into a plurality of phases|\n|US20120007431 *||Jan 12, 2012||Delta Electronics Inc.||Power supply having converters with serially connected inputs and parallel connected outputs|\n|US20120262955 *||Oct 18, 2012||Delta Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.||Converter with input voltage balance circuit|\n|US20120300504 *||Jul 25, 2012||Nov 29, 2012||Delta Electronics, Inc.||Parallel-connected resonant converter circuit and controlling method thereof|\n|US20130128641 *||Feb 24, 2011||May 23, 2013||Panasonic Corporation||Load control device|\n|US20130201729 *||Feb 4, 2013||Aug 8, 2013||Sheikh Mohammad Ahsanuzzaman||Low-volume programmable-output pfc rectifier with dynamic efficiency and transient response optimization|\n|USRE45755 *||Mar 31, 2014||Oct 13, 2015||Intersil Americas LLC||Dynamic phase timing control for multiple regulators or phases|\n|U.S. Classification||363/65, 307/77|\n|Cooperative Classification||H02M2001/0074, H02M3/1584, Y02B70/1425, Y10T307/685|\n|Jun 24, 2008||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSIT\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:XU, MING;SUN, JULU;LIU, YA;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:021140/0673;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080327 TO 20080506\nOwner name: VIRGINIA TECH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTIES, INC., VIRGI\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY;REEL/FRAME:021140/0748\nEffective date: 20080523\nOwner name: VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSIT\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:XU, MING;SUN, JULU;LIU, YA;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM20080327 TO 20080506;REEL/FRAME:021140/0673\n|Mar 25, 2011||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|\n|Jun 3, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "DC Motor – 3.5RPM – 12Volts geared motors are generally a simple DC motor with a gearbox attached to it. This can be used in all-terrain robots and variety of robotic applications. These motors have a 3 mm threaded drill hole in the middle of the shaft thus making it simple to connect it to the wheels or any other mechanical assembly.\n3.5 RPM 12V DC geared motors widely use for robotics applications. Very easy to use and available in standard size. Also, you don’t have to spend a lot of money to control motors with an Arduino or compatible board. The most popular L298N H-bridge module with onboard voltage regulator motor driver can be used with this motor that has a voltage of between 5 and 35V DC or you can choose the most precise motor diver module from the wide range available in our Motor divers category as per your specific requirements.\nNut and threads on the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily connecting it to the wheel.DC Geared motors with robust metal gearbox for heavy-duty applications, available in the wide RPM range and ideally suited for robotics and industrial applications.Very easy to use and available in standard size. Nut and threads on the shaft to easily connect and internally threaded shaft for easily connecting it to the wheel.\nSpecifications and Features:-\n- RPM: 3.5.\n- Operating Voltage: 12V DC\n- Gearbox: Attached Plastic (spur)Gearbox\n- Shaft diameter: 6mm with internal hole\n- Torque: 7 kg-cm\n- No-load current = 60 mA(Max)\n- Load current = 300 mA(Max).\n|Country Of Origin||China|\n|Packer / Importer Address||Constflick Technologies Limited, Building No 13 and 14, 3rd Floor, 2nd Main, Siddaiah Road, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560027 India.|\n|MRP||Rs. 177 (Inclusive of all Taxes)|\n* Product Images are shown for illustrative purposes only and may differ from actual product.\n3.5 RPM - 12V Centre Shaft DC Geared Motor\n- Product Code: EC-1281\n- Availability: 15\n- (Excluding 18% GST)\nSelect Quantity Discount Price per piece 1 - 9 0% 180.0000 10 - 24 3% Rs.175.00 25 - 49 6% Rs.170.00 50 - 99 8% Rs.165.00 100+ 11% Rs.160.00", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Master of Engineering Science\nFerreira, Louis M.\nSurgical robotics have been used for many years in orthopaedic procedures in the hip and knee. Robots tend to offer high accuracy and repeatability but add increased cost, complexity, time, and workflow disruption. This work outlines the design and development of a surgical robot that navigates using force feedback. Flexible components tether the patient to the robot and reaction loads are measured allowing the robot to “feel” its way around the pre-operative plan. Differences calculated between measured and desired loads are converted to Cartesian corrections that the robot used to navigate. The robot was tested first using simple square paths to test accuracy, repeatability and functionality. A pre-operative plan was established for implantation of the surgical system and allowed the robot to be tested doing a complex glenoid implant path. Finally, a study was performed and compared the robot’s surgical method to current surgical techniques of a trained surgical fellow on shoulder analogs. Based on this study, the robot performed as well as or better than the surgeon in almost every measurement parameter with less than 1 mm of implant placement error in many measurement metrics and less than 2° of implant orientation error in each angular measurement.\nSmith, Corey Daniel, \"Development of Force-Space Navigation for Surgical Robotics\" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5177.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "From simple single ended to versatile multiparameter measurements\nThe RS-PKTA allows users of iWorx PK-TA Advanced Human Physiology Teaching Kit to study reflexes.\nThe add-on set supports several teaching exercises, including:\nGN-100: Single-Axis Goniometer is a device that can easily measure the degrees of rotation around a joint.\nRPD-400: 4 button Response pad\n© 2018 All rights reserved\nWe will contact you with your login info.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "It is not everyday that we get to hear about missions to asteroids and that’s the reason behind recent excitement in the world of astronomy as US space agency NASA has confirmed that its OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission is a go and slated for launch next month.\nOne key factor that will play a major role in the success of the mission is the ability to determine from where the sample will be extracted. To do this the spacecraft and mission scientists on Earth would need to know the topography of the asteroid.\nThis task will be carried out by a robotic cartographer dubbed OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter, or OLA. The instrument has been developed by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and according to the space agency, OLA will create three-dimensional global topographic maps of Bennu and local maps of candidate sample sites.\nScientists at CSA explain that OLA’s light detection and ranging (LIDAR) has been entrusted with an important task. LIDAR is similar to radar, but uses light instead of radio waves to measure distance. OLA will emit infrared laser pulses toward the surface of Bennu as the spacecraft moves around the asteroid. The laser pulses reflect back from the surface to a detector. The team will measure the time difference between outgoing and incoming pulses to calculate the distance between the spacecraft and Bennu.\nLIDAR has been used on prior spacecraft, including the Mars Global Surveyor and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Those laser altimeters are fixed to the spacecraft, meaning that the laser pulse will only travel in the direction that the spacecraft is pointing. This can limit the coverage and spatial resolution of their topographic maps. So, while they have generated a vast amount of data, fixed LIDAR are not ideal for missions where the data must be gathered quickly.\n“OLA is the first scanning LIDAR to fly on a planetary mission,” said Beau Bierhaus, an OLA team member at Lockheed Martin. “Because the LIDAR can articulate independently of the spacecraft, the LIDAR provides improved operational flexibility, and more importantly, much greater spatial coverage and resolution.”\nOLA is expected to thoroughly map Bennu with about 6 billion measurements of the asteroid’s surface, which measures about one-third of a mile (one-half kilometer) in diameter. In comparison, the laser altimeter on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has received more than 6.8 billion measurements of the surface of the moon, which has a diameter of about 2,159 miles (3,500 kilometers).\nThe fundamental data of the asteroid’s shape and topography that OLA will provide are essential for several key phases during the mission.\nThe science team will use the high-resolution topographic data, in conjunction with camera images and on-board navigation algorithms, to navigate around the asteroid and guide the spacecraft to the selected sample site.\n“We’re measuring topography down to one centimeter,” said Olivier Barnouin, the Altimetry Working Group lead at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. “We’re looking at an asteroid at a scale that no other mission has before. We don’t want to be off in some unknown area during sample acquisition.”\nThe three-dimensional maps will also give geologic context to the returned asteroid sample. Just as geologists on Earth document where they collect their samples in the field on topographic maps, OLA will allow the science team to take their measurements and observations of the collected sample and apply them to their broader understanding of Bennu.\nOLA will also allow the science team to study how regolith, or loose surface material, behaves in a microgravity environment. Scientists have done similar studies on the moon and Mars, but unlike Bennu, these bodies have relatively high gravity.\n“What happens on asteroids is that you take that gravity dial and turn it way down,” Bierhaus said. “The dynamics of how regolith moves on the surface of the asteroid are foreign to us. OLA data will give us a greater understanding of how granular material behaves in space.”\nThis understanding is especially important for future asteroid missions. Scientists will need to know how regolith behaves in micro-gravity environments if we want to send astronauts to an asteroid someday to collect samples.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ARSAT-1 is an Argentinean communications satellite built by INVAP S.E. and operated by the newly founded AR-SAT company. The project was initiated under the SSGAT program to produce the first Argentine Geostationary Telecommunications Satellite.\nINVAP is the prime contractor for the ARSAT-1 spacecraft, responsible for project management, engineering development and the integration of all satellite and ground system components. The all Ku-Band communications payload was supplied by Thales Alenia Space while the central cylinder, the solar arrays, the Satellite Processing Unit and the propulsion system was provided by Airbus Defence and Space (formerly Astrium).\nThe spacecraft uses the new ARSAT Bus for light and medium-weight communication satellites. The spacecraft uses a central satellite body that hosts all satellite systems including two deployable solar arrays, two large antenna reflectors and an Earth-facing deck hosting other payload elements. ARSAT-1 has a total mass of 2,985 Kilograms and measures 2.0 by 1.8 by 3.9 meters in its stowed configuration with a span of 16.5 meters when deployed in orbit.\nPower is generated by two deployable solar arrays, each consisting of two panels. Power is stored in batteries and distributed to the various satellite systems by dedicated EPS units. The spacecraft is three-axis stabilized using reaction wheels and a series of attitude determination sensors for precise pointing including an Inertial Measurement Unit, Star Trackers, Earth and Sun Sensors.\nA chemical propulsion system is used for apogee-raising and stationkeeping in Geostationary Orbit for a minimum service life of 15 years.\nThe satellite uses an S400 main propulsion system and S10 attitude control thrusters, each delivering 10N of thrust. The S400 series built by EADS Astrium are bi-propellant engines using Monomethylhydrazine and Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen as propellants. Depending on the version used, S400 provides 420 to 425 Newtons of Thrust with a specific impulse of 318-321 seconds.\nARSAT-1 hosts an all Ku-Band payload consisting of 24 active transponders, 12 of which operate at 35MHz, eight operate at 54Mhz and four work at 72MHz. The communications payload has a total power of 3.5kW. The satellite will deliver a variety of communication services including data, telephone and television to South American countries including Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia.\nThe satellite will operate from an orbital position of 71.8 degrees once fully operational. ARSAT-2 will be stationed at 81 degrees West, currently aiming to follow the first ARSAT in the near future.\nIn addition to its communications payload, the ARSAT-1 satellite includes a series of experimental payloads to take advantage of having a spacecraft in Geostationary Orbit to learn more about the environment which will be useful for the construction of future satellites.\nThe space radiation experiment known by its Spanish acronym of MARE is designed to detect charged particles, particularly electrons, protons and Alpha Particles at an energy range of 0 to 100 MeV. This will lead to valuable data on the radiation environment in Geostationary Orbit with particular interest on space weather phenomena. The payload is comprised of a Low Energy Detector, a Particle Telescope and a High-Energy Detector.\nThe Fluorescence Sensor is also installed on the satellite consisting of a 15-centimeter Ultraviolet Telescope using photomultipliers as detectors. It will be used for a variety of UV measurements to be used in the calibration of ground-based UV observatories and fluorescence telescopes.\nThe final payload is a technical demonstration of an indigenously produced solar panel that is installed on the satellite to acquire data on power output degradation as a result of space radiation. The solar arrays for ARSAT-1 were procured from an outside contractor, however, there is a strong desire in Argentina to be able to manufacture solar panels suitable for Geostationary satellites. Therefore, a solar cell design is tested by ARSAT-1 that will likely be used on future ARSAT spacecraft.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "[SatNews] On July 2nd, Microsatellite Rising-2 (MR-2) succeeded in capturing high precision images of the Earth’s surface using a High Precision Telescope (HPT)—the satellite captured color images at a spatial resolution of 5m, the highest in the world for any 50kg-class satellite.\nRising-2 is a microsatellite developed by Tohoku University and Hokkaido University and was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center, Japan, on May 24, 2014, and has been conducting various test operations. Dayside cloud imagery and night views of city lights and air glow have been acquired so far using a Wide Field-of-view CCD camera (WFC), and high resolution imaging experiments using HPT have recently started. On July 2, Rising-2 succeeded in shooting detailed landscape in sunny spells during the rainy season as shown in these images. The high resolution can have a significant impact on environmental monitoring, mapping\nSince 2009, the 43kg microsatellite, Rising-2, was in development based on a satellite bus system by Tohoku University, with observation equipments by Hokkaido University. MR-2 was launched on May 24, 2014, by a JAXA H-IIA Rocket. The High Precision Telescope (HPT) is one of the observation equipments onboard Rising-2. The HPT was designed as a compact (length: 38cm, aperture diameter: 10cm, weight: about 3kg,) yet highly capable imaging system to take the world’s first photographic images in 400 spectral bands, with 5m GSD (ground sample distance). The satellite uses advanced technologies, such as a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), which was developed in cooperation with the Sendai National College of Technology, and a mirror using special ceramics. Rising-2 has already succeeded in capturing dayside cloud imagery and night views using a fish-lens CCD camera (WFC) since its launch, and has been attempting to take high resolution images with the HPT.\nThe Japanese archipelago was viewed during clear weather in the rainy season on July 2, 2014, and high resolution color images of the Earth’s surface (RGB tricolor image) were successfully acquired using the HPT. The observation area is about 3.2 x 2.2km square of Minami-Uonuma City, Niigata, Japan. The initial goal was to achieve spatial resolution of 5m at the surface, and this has been attained. This makes Rising-2 the current record holder for high resolution images from a 50kg microsatellite. These results were achieved by using the sensor technology of the HPT in combination with the advanced control of the satellite bus system. This is a significant step for 50kg class micro-satellites, showing how they can be used for practical purposes.\nWith an aim to conduct highly practical observations, operations to establish more accurate control of the satellite attitude are scheduled for completion. Rising-2 will also make a challenge to obtain multispectral images with the world’s first space liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) that allows wavelength-selection.\nTohoku University's infosite: http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Science is fun but it can also be harmful if you don’t use or understand the purpose of the right lab equipment. Lab equipment is used for protection, mixing, separating, controlling temperature, and so much more. Some examples of lab equipment are goggles, test tube brushes, Petri dishes, tongs, scoopulas, just to name a few. You don’t have to look closely into your microscope to know that this t-shirt is an awesome discovery!\nSome of the lab equipment shown includes test tube rack with test tubes, wire brush, crucible and cover, timer, beaker, heating mantle, pipestem triangle, gas bottle, scoopula, wire gauze, microscope, petri dish, dropper, hot plate, tongs, goggles, forceps, magnet, dry-cell battery, wash bottle, test tube holder, mortar and pestle, graduated cylinder, thermometer, pipet bulb, pipet, bunsen burner, retort flask, beaker tripod with Florence flask, ring stand, and ring clamp\n- Short sleeves unisex t-shirt\n- Made from soft, high-quality 100% organic cotton\n- Manufactured using eco-friendly organic dyes.\n- Screen-printed with lab equipment design\nCare Instructions: Machine wash cold. Tumble dry low or lay flat to dry.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nA temperature controlled resonant cavity is used to measure the complex dielectric constant of seawater at 30 psu over the temperature range from 10degC to 35degC at 1.413 GHz. The measurements are conducted multiple times to obtain the mean and the standard deviation at each point. This paper describes the experimental procedure and presents recent dielectric constant results. These results are compared with the values obtained using the Klein-Swift model function.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Drinking Water Monitoring\n| Analyzer for Free and Total Chlorine|\nThe analyzer operates photometrical with the DPD method according to US EPA. The reagents are supplied in dry state. For an operation of 30 days it is only necessary to fill them up with water.\n| Instruments for Measuring Turbidity for any Demand|\nThe nephelometric measurement is offered with or without ultrasonic cleaning of the flow-through cuvette. The user can also select between infrared light measurement according to DIN 7027 and white light measurement acc. to US EPA 180.1.\n| Multi-parameter Systems – Pre-mounted systems|\nThe MULTILINE 1000 is the only complete system to offer convenient measuring and display of up to six parameters with one single terminal. It is very easy to operate thanks to a touchscreen and a intuitive menu. The monitoring system comes premounted on a\n| Single-parameter Systems – Pre-mounted systems|\nReady-to-use systems mounted on a panel. All components are optimized for drinking water applications to get the most accurate readings and guarantee low maintenance.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "AGPtek PID Controller\nPID Temperature Controllers can be used in conjunction with a relay and a temperature probe to control the your kegerator and fermentation temps. You can also integrate a PID controller into your brew system to control mash temps and more.\nAGPtek® 1/16 DIN Digital PID Temperature Controller SNR & Alarm SNR (1 alarm)\nInkbird ITC-308 – Dual Stage Digital Temperature Controller | Review | Inkbird Deals", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Infrared radiation method is widely used to study the monitoring of coal rock dynamic disasters in mines, and has achieved certain results. Aiming at the problem that infrared radiation cannot accurately identify the damaged area of coal body and monitor coal rock dynamic disasters in mines with low accuracy, this paper combines infrared radiation technology with a method based on Multi-Scale Channel Attention Module (MS-CAM). Combined with U-Net network, an abnormal area segmentation algorithm based on MS-CAM U-Net network is proposed for infrared thermal image of coal body. In addition, in order to overcome the influence of the lack of coal infrared thermal image dataset on the accuracy and applicability of the algorithm, this paper collects and preprocesses the coal infrared thermal image dataset. Theoretical and experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the segmentation accuracy of small target abnormal areas. At the same time, compared with the original U-Net, the accuracy, F1 score, Dice coefficient and MIoU of the algorithm are increased by 2.47%, 3.27% 3.07% and 5.18%, respectively.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Business Type: Manufacturer/Factory\nDongguan, Guangdong, China\n|Inner chamber size LxWxH(cm)||60x45x40||60x60x50||120X100X50||160X100X50||200X120X60|\n|Exterior chamber size LxWxH(cm)||107x60x118||141x88x128||190x130x140||230x130x140||270x150x150|\n|Volume of test Box||108L||270L||600L||800L||1440L|\n|Volume of pressure bucket||15L||25L||40L||40L||40L|\n|Instruction||A stands for standard press button type; B stands for touch screen type;|\n|Temp. range||temp. of test box||NSS ACSS 35ºC±1ºC/ CASS 50ºC±1ºC|\n|temp. of pressure |\n|NSS ACSS 47ºC±1ºC/ CASS 63ºC±1ºC|\n|temp. of salt water||35ºC±1ºC|\n|Conpressed air pressure(kg/hr)||1.0~2.0|\n|Spray volume (ml/80cm2/hr)||1.0~2.0|\n|Salt water||5% NaCI solutions or adding 0.26g CuCI2 to 1L of 5% NaCI solutions|\n|Exter./inner.Material||Imported gray PVC board Temperature resistance by 85ºC, transparent PVC cover; |\npressure bucket used SS304 with high pressure resistance and best insulation effect.\n|System||Heating||Adopting direct heating mode, the heating speed is fast to reduce the Stand-by time. When the temperature reaches, automatically switch to the constant temperature state. |\nThe temperature is accurate and the power consumption is less. Pure titanium heating tube, resistance acid and alkali corrosion, long service life.\n|Controller||salinometer,fog collector, timer, sparying.|\n|Spray method||Continuous spraying.|\n|Defogging||Downtime clear test chamber salt spray, to prevent corrosive gas outflow |\ndamage laboratory precision instruments.\n|Other components||Digital electronic control|\n|safety protection device||1. When the water level is low, the power supply is automatically cut off, |\nand the safety warning device is lighted.\n|2. When the temperature is over, the heater power is automatically cut off, |\nand the safety warning device is switched on.\n|3. Salt water level is low, safety warning lamp lighting display device.|\n|4. leakage protection function to prevent personal injury and instrument failure |\ncaused by line leakage or short circuit.\nProducts with this tag will be sent out within 15 days after you place an order. For the specific sending time and delivery date, please consult the supplier.\n*If the supplier with the above tags do not give you the according discount or service, you can click \"Contact Us\" to make a complaint. If what you said is true, our professional team will help you to handle this problem.\nIf you are using our website on PC, you can find us by this way:\nGo down to the bottom of Made-in-China.com > Go to \"Help\" Section> Contact Us\nIf you are using our Made-in-China.com App, you can find us by this way:\nMy Account > Click setting section which is in the top right corner > Contact Us", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "With the human eye only able to pick up visible light, we don’t have the perks of X-Ray vision. However, researchers at MIT may have a way to change that as they’ve been woking on a new prototype camera that can be used to capture images, through walls, in 3D.\nThey plan to create a microwave camera that is a cross between a visible light camera and a radar imaging system that brings in the bets of both worlds.\nMicrowaves don’t often pick up things like walls or fogs, much like radars, and are not confused by anageled surfaces, and by adding this kind of technology to the camera-like form, MIT has been able to develop a low cost, high resolution imaging system.\nMIT’s new camera can manage 3d imaging in the same way that Microsoft’s Xbox Kinect sensor works. This kind of system sends out bursts of microwaves and then tracks to see how long it takes for the microwaves to bounce off of something and return to the sensor.\nThe camera has a temporal resolution of 200 picoseconds, allowing it to resolve distances with an accuracy of 6 cm, enough for usable 3-D imaging.\nThe camera is also capable of multispectral imaging, meaning as the camera takes each measurement, the microwave emitter goes through a frequency range of 7.835 GHz to 12.817 GHz over 10 ms.\nSince different materials respond to microwaves different at different frequencies, the camera is able to separate these spectra’s giving an image with multiple frequency response “colours”\nAlthough the camera is not something that can be carried around, MIT suggest a few ways of making the system smaller, that would help with the recovery of disaster survivors, and other hazardous situation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Series 65 Heat Detector monitors temperature by using a dual thermistor network which provides a voltage output proportional to the external air temperature. There are 12 heat detectors in the Series 65 range designed to suit a wide variety of operating conditions.\nApollo Part Numbers: 55000-122APO, 55000-127APO, 55000-132APO, 55000-137APO, 55000-126APO, 55000-125APO, 55000-131APO, 55000-130APO, 55000-136APO, 55000-135APO\nMade in the UK\n|Suitable for:||Safe area|\n|Approvals:||CE, CPD, LPCB, VdS|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "1. With unique appearance, uneasy-slip of hand feeling, support 135°C high pressure disinfection repeatly.\n2. Every single handpiece has been past dynamic balancing testing.\n3. 360° circle LED, No shaow, support 135°C high pressure disinfection repeatly，built-in motor inside handle, which supply a bright and clear environment for treatment and help dentist provide more safe and more direct treament.\n4. Quintuple water spray reduce heat from working on the teeth efficiently.\n5. Stong stength, work more fast and more efficient.\n6. NOISE＜70 db, provide a comfotable environment to patient and reduce patients' fear\n7. With laser marking LOGO and unique Number on each handpiece, do after-sale worries!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is a waterproof power adapter? Detailed explanation of waterproof power supply!\nWhat is a waterproof power adapter?\nWaterproof power supply refers to multiple protections such as short circuit, overcurrent and overload when it is used under the condition of dustproof and waterproof grade ip6. So what is the dustproof and waterproof grade? Dustproof and waterproof grade IP67 (\nSafe and dustproof, immersed in water for 15 cm to 1 m, can work normally); High power factor;\nIt has multiple protections such as short circuit, overcurrent and overload. 1. According to the driving mode, it can be divided into two categories (1)\nThe current output by constant current type a and constant current drive circuits is constant, while the output DC voltage changes within a certain range with the different load resistance values, and the load resistance value is small, the output voltage is low, and the greater the load resistance, the higher the output voltage;\nB, constant current circuit is not afraid of load short circuit, but it is strictly prohibited to load completely open circuit.\nC, constant current drive circuit is ideal to drive LED, but the price is relatively high.\nD, should pay attention to the use of the maximum withstand current and voltage value, it limits the number of LED use; (2)\nVoltage stabilizing type a. When various parameters in the voltage stabilizing circuit are determined, the output voltage is fixed, while the output current changes with the increase or decrease of the load;\nB, voltage stabilizing circuit is not afraid of load open circuit, but it is strictly prohibited to load completely short circuit.\nC, drive LED with voltage stabilizing drive circuit, each string needs to add appropriate resistance to make each string of LED display brightness average;\nD, brightness will be affected by voltage changes from rectification. 2, according to the circuit structure classification (1)\nResistance, capacitor step-down mode: through the capacitor step-down, in the use of flashing, due to the role of charge and discharge, the instantaneous current through the LED is very large, easy to damage the chip.\nIt is easily affected by grid voltage fluctuation, and the power supply has low efficiency and low reliability. (2)\nResistor step-down mode: through the resistor step-down, it is greatly disturbed by the voltage change of the power grid, and it is not easy to make a regulated power supply. The step-down resistor consumes a lot of energy, therefore, the power supply efficiency of this power supply mode is very low, and the reliability of the system is also low. (3)\nConventional transformer step-down mode: the power supply is small in size, heavy in weight and low in power efficiency, generally only 45% ~ 60%, so it is rarely used and has low reliability. (4)\nElectronic transformer step-down mode: the power supply efficiency is low and the voltage range is not wide, generally 180 ~ 240 V, large ripple interference. (5)\nRCC Buck mode switching power supply: the voltage stabilizing range is relatively wide and the power supply efficiency is relatively high, which can generally reach 70% ~ 80%, the application is also wide.\nSince the oscillation frequency of this control mode is discontinuous, the switching frequency is not easy to control, the load voltage ripple coefficient is also relatively large, and the abnormal load adaptability is poor. (6)\nPWM control mode switching power supply: it is mainly composed of four parts: Input rectifier filter part, output rectifier filter part, PWM voltage stabilizing control part and switching energy conversion part.\nThe basic working principle of PWM switching voltage stabilization is that under the condition of input voltage, internal parameters and external load changes, the control circuit conducts closed-loop feedback through the difference between the controlled signal and the reference signal, adjust the pulse width of the main circuit switching device to make the output voltage or current of the switching power supply stable (That is, the corresponding regulated power supply or constant current power supply).\nThe power supply efficiency is extremely high, generally 80% ~ 90%, stable output voltage and current.\nGenerally, this kind of circuit has perfect protection measures and belongs to high reliability power supply.\nApplication scope: it mainly provides driving capability for LED spotlights, LED light bars, LED street lamps, LED bulbs, LED underground lamps, LED ceiling lamps, LED flat panel lamps, LED wall washing lamps and other LED lamps.\nIts most important feature is waterproof, can be used outdoors, and not afraid of rain, fog, direct sunlight and other harsh environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The LM393 series are dual independent precision voltage comparators capable of single or split supply operation. These devices are designed to permit a common mode range-to-ground level with single supply operation. Input offset voltage specifications as low as 2.0 mV make this device an excellent selection for many applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronics.\nWide Single-Supply Range: 2.0 Vdc to 36 Vdc\nSplit-Supply Range: +/-1.0 Vdc to +/-18 Vdc\nVery Low Current Drain Independent of Supply Voltage: 0.4 mA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Park assist systems are designed to help the driver during Parking manoeuvres. The most used systems are those with ultrasonic parking sensors or a rear camera.\nUltrasonic parking system\nThis is based on the use of sensors installed in the bumpers distributed strategically to cover a wide area. These sensors are mounted on the rear bumper and optionally on the front and are controlled by a control unit.\nThe system is activated automatically on engaging reverse gear, the sensors are activated and emit an ultrasonic pulse that travels through the air. If there is an obstacle, the ultrasonic pulse will rebound from it and return to the sensor which will detect the pulse and inform the control unit. The control unit makes the calculation of the distance to the obstacle based on the time elapsed between the emission and the reception of the pulse. The maximum detection distance is approximately 0.8 to 1 metre.\nThe control unit emits an acoustic warning so that the driver knows the distance of the obstacle. These warnings are transmitted through independent loudspeakers or through the vehicle's audio system. As the Vehicle nears an obstacle, the repeat rate of the audible warning increases. When the object is less than 30 centimetres from the centre of the vehicle’s bumper, the acoustic warning will sound continuously.\nIf the driver does not wish to use park assist, there is a switch for enabling or disabling the ultrasonic parking system. This is located in the cabin, generally in the centre of the dashboard or in the central console.\nRear camera system\nThis system uses a small video camera and a screen for displaying the images.\nThe rear camera is located at the rear of the vehicle and strategically focused to assist parking. In the same way as the ultrasonic parking system, it is activated automatically on engaging reverse gear.\nThis system uses a control unit which manages the system, which, if the vehicle also has the ultrasonic parking system installed, one unit may be used for both systems.\nThe transmitted images are displayed on the video screen. This screen may be independent or may be shared with other systems, such as the navigation system. Lines are shown in the screen that determine fixed distances for assisting the driver when parking. The lines are green, yellow and red. The red line measures the distance between the rear bumper and 30 cm behind it, and the yellow line measures between 30 cm and 60 cm behind the bumper.\nParking space measurement systems\nThis system measures the size of a parking space in comparison with the length of the vehicle. This system uses ultrasonic parking sensors that are located on the sides of the vehicle.\nThe measuring of an available space is activated when the system is selected with the switch, the speed of the vehicle is less than 20 km/h and the direction indicator of the measuring side is activated.\nThe screen will show different images depending on whether the space is ample for parking the vehicle, is just sufficient or is too small.\n• The available parking space measurement system is deactivated in the following cases:\n• When the ignition is turned off.\n• When the reverse gear is engaged.\n• When the speed of the vehicle exceeds 70 km/h for more than one minute.\n• 10 seconds after turning off the direction indicator.\n• When the electrical connection for the tow hitch is connected.\n• On pressing the available space measurement switch for deactivating the system.\nAutomatic parking systems\nThis assist system is an active function that aids the execution of the manoeuvres when reverse parking. The automatic parking system is capable of automatically steering the vehicle for parking. The only thing that the driver has to do in this case is operate the accelerator, clutch and brake pedals. Furthermore, the driver can retake control of the steering at any time he or she wishes to do so and cancel the automatic parking manoeuvre.\nThis system accurately measures, with the help of side ultrasonic sensors, the parking spaces and then carries out the manoeuvres to park the car in the space, without the driver having to use the steering wheel.\nFord is currently developing a fully assisted automatic parking system. This new system controls the steering, gear selection and forward and reverse movements for parking. Therefore, the driver can be inside or outside the vehicle during the parking manoeuvre.\nThis system requires a vehicle to have an automatic gearbox, using a gearbox called Powershift, which is capable of electronically controlling the forward and reverse gear changes without the physical intervention of the driver.\nThis post first appeared on Blog Of Car Workshop- United Kingdom, please read the originial post: here", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Since the introduction of optical 3D measuring machines that can scan large items, such as vehicles, smaller 3D scanners are now entering the market. These can measure and inspect small items accurately and operate in areas that are in restricted spaces. Less power is required for these products to function.\nFollowing a successful implementation of a custom enclosure with an output power of 1,000W, designers of a new 3D measuring machine again approached TDK-Lambda for a lower wattage version. The Power+ Solutions team took the existing design, and this time used the 600W rated RWS600B and a 100W ZMS100 power supply. As before with local technical support, pre-production units were delivered quickly.\nTDK-Lambda offers Power+ Solutions for modified and custom products. For more information about the individual products used in the solution, please visit: RWS-B (www.emea.lambda.tdk.com/uk/rws-b) and ZMS (www.emea.lambda.tdk.com/uk/zms)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Friday, 4 September 2015\nClosed Circuit Television (CCTV) an image communication systems. Its signal from the source is transmitted only to pre-arranged point in communication with the source of a particular television. Widely used in a number of different types of monitoring work, education, videoconferencing.\nCCTV is open television broadcasting stations relative. Broadcast radio and cable broadcasting sub-two, open broadcast television equivalent of radio broadcasting (users get the TV signal from the antenna), it is equivalent to a wired CCTV broadcast (TV mode: TV signal from a satellite transmission side transmitted via cable specify the user). It is the transmission of television signals through wires. It is mainly converts audio and video signals into a radio frequency signal (i.e., a channel), so as to transfer the CCTV system.\nCCTV generally refers to television for other than broadcasting, such as television industry, military television, medical TV, underwater television.\nCCTV extremely wide range of applications, and are growing at an unprecedented rate, we can say in all sectors of the national economy, the use of modern technology where all are inseparable from CCTV.\nCCTV security technology to prevent the system is an important component is an advanced, highly integrated system of prevention capabilities, it can by remote control cameras and auxiliary equipment (lenses, pan, etc.) is monitored directly Watch place all the circumstances, but also can be linked with other security technology to guard against running anti-theft alarm system and other systems to prevent the ability to be more powerful. Technical requirements CCTV systems are mainly: the camera's resolution, the transmission bandwidth of the system, the video signal to noise ratio, standard TV signals and cameras.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The tracking errors of large-caliber optical telescope in the process of observing astral target consists of telescope tracking jitter error which is mainly caused by wind-load, and wave-front tilt error caused by atmospheric turbulence. A simplified model concerning telescope tracking error is established, and a new kind of algorithm based on AR model to separate the telescope tracking jitter error from the tracking error caused by atmospheric turbulence is proposed. Finally, an experiment is conducted on the platform of the 1.8 M telescope in Gaomeigu Observing Station to test this algorithm. Experimental results show that the telescope tracking jitter error caused by wind-load is directly related to the direction and speed of the wind, which conforms to the theoretical analysis.\n1.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Opt & Elect, Chengdu 610029, Peoples R China 2.Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Adapt Opt, Chengdu 610029, Peoples R China 3.Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China\nLiao Hong-Yu,Ma Xiao-Yu,Guo You-Ming,et al. Analysis of tracking error of telescope based on AR-search-iteration algorithm[J]. ACTA PHYSICA SINICA,2014,63(17).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Light Source / Power Meter Certification\nMost consultants and standards specify that Light Source / Power Meter testing (LS/PM) is the only reliable method of accurate loss measurement on a Fibre Optic link. Unfortunately not many companies know how to do it correctly and properly certify your systems.\nAt Datatel we use high quality reference grade test leads in conjunction with Bi-Directional duplex testers. We adhere to the Australian Standard for testing, and are constantly upgrading our procedures and training to ensure we are testing to the highest industry standards.\nAt Datatel we invest heavily in our test equipment, and we are able to completely certify your new or existing Optic Fibre cabling system using our fleet of Fluke cable testers. We can provide you properly certified test results, which can give you the confidence going forward that your network does what it was designed to do.\nSee below for an example of the test results we keep on records for every job we certify.\nfluke-fibre-test-result.pdf (31 KB)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We apply the highest standards of safety and quality and we strive to deploy the latest technology and techniques in pipeline construction.\nTopline offers a complete range of services for high resolution and quality defect identification using Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic Technology.\nWe parade some of the best trained engineers and technicians with several years of experience in pumping services.\nAt Topline, we use special scrappers able to pulverize the hard calcium deposits without disrupting the fluid flow.\nOur team of LRUT experts, utilize state-of-the-art equipments to detect defects in a wide range of structures and components.\nWe utilize current techniques of cathodic protection in corrosion monitoring to give our clients optimum satisfaction.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Press Release Summary:\nBattery-operated Model SWiNS combines accelerometer and radio transmitter/receiver to measure up to ±98 m/s². Sensors and base unit control sensor data and compose wireless sensor network. All acceleration waveform data from sensors can be stored in HDD of PC. Each sensor is removable and installable from/into network at any time without breaking network and system functions. SWiNS can measure vibration from very low frequency by using MEMS technology.\nOriginal Press Release:\nSWiNS Wireless Acceleration Sensor\nThe wireless sensor is a small box that has an accelerometer and a radio transmitter-receiver built-in, and sensors and a base unit that controls the sensor data compose a wireless sensor network. The base unit connected to a personal computer (PC) with RS-232C, and it can be operated with the proprietary software on the PC as a base station of the system. All of acceleration waveform data from sensors can be stored in a HDD of the PC.\no Raw waveform data can be transmitted to PC without wiring from sensors.\no Light weight, small physical size and battery-operated.\no It can measure vibration from very low frequency with a high degree of accuracy by using Micro Electronics Mechanical System (MEMS) technology.\no Each sensor works as an autonomous communication node and makes self-assembling into a network of sensors. Intermediate nodes assist distance nodes to reach the base station.\no Each sensor is removable and installable from/into the network at any time without breaking the network and system functions.\no Unnecessary any radio license and approval.\no Frequency Range: DC to 500 Hz\no Measuring Range: +/- 98 m/s² (10 G's) peak\no Battery for Sensor: AA Cell x 2 pcs.\no Distance between Sensor to Sensor/Base Unit: Approx. 20 meters (65 ft.)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The objective of VMC® GeoLDA (Virtual Measurement Campaign – Geo-referenced Load Data Analysis) is to enrich measurement data collected on public roads in order to gain additional information for the vehicle development process.\nTherefore, the measured time series data is mapped to the corresponding digital road segments (map matching). Thus, it is possible to assign properties of the road segments to the segments of the measurement data.\nWith VMC® GeoLDA, the data is automatically cut into segments according to the operating conditions and the appropriate load data analysis (Rainflow and pseudo-damage calculation) is carried out for each segment.\nVMC® GeoLDA supports the user to process extensive measurement data in a fast, efficient, and transparent way. It provides a useful extension to classical LDA software. In addition, VMC® GeoLDA helps to improve the documentation of results and decisions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Volateq GmbH was founded in 2020 by Dr. Christoph Prahl, Wolfgang Reinalter and Anne Schlierbach from the DLR Institute for Solar Research.\nThe founding team has already been active in research and development for the solar industry for many years. More than 10 years ago, the paths of the three crossed in sunny Almería in southern Spain, where they worked together on research projects and industrial contracts at the Plataforma Solar De Almeria (PSA). They saw potential to improve solar energy performance and founded their start-up in autumn 2020.\nVolateq offers its customers easy-to-use software with automated analysis tools for airborne condition monitoring of solar thermal power plants and photovoltaic systems. With the products VolaTrough and VolaVoltaic, power plants can realize autonomous and flexible condition monitoring of solar fields, which at the same time is significantly cheaper and faster than is currently common.\nThe basis for this is provided by the QFly technology developed at DLR and awarded the SolarPACES Technology Award. It analyses aerial images of collectors taken by drones flying over the solar field. Volateq has expanded the technology in order to be able to offer automated condition detection on the market.\nThe company works with portfolio owners and asset managers to detect and correct anomalies and misalignments in assets that can affect energy production.\nRegular flyovers are conducted to compare the conditions of different parts of the plant and look at changes over time. With further measures to improve safety and efficiency, it is possible to implement predictive maintenance strategies.\nThe vision: to accelerate a global, sustainable energy supply.\nVolateq's mission is to provide user-friendly and reliable airborne condition monitoring for solar plants to improve their performance, productivity, safety and cost efficiency.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Search News Archives\nSpecial Offers and Promotions\nIT Solutions and Laboratory Automation\nConferences | Events\nICP-MS for High-Precision Drinking Water Analysis with the Lowest Possible Cost per Sample\nHigh throughput, fast analysis times and low detection limits: Analytik Jena has optimized its ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer) solutions for the requirements of routine drinking water analysis.\nThe PlasmaQuant MS series offers optimal performance in throughput and analysis time without sacrificing precision.\nThe ICP-MS systems of the PlasmaQuant MS series analyze 60 drinking water samples per hour for 21 elements, with an average standard deviation of only 1.5%. When throughput increases to 82 samples per hour, the rate is still highly precise at 2.2%. This means that the instruments are considerably more precise than prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 200.8 or the European Council Directive 98/83/EC for the analysis of drinking water.\nMoreover, the PlasmaQuant MS series is very economical in daily operation. For comparison, the ICP-MS needs only half the amount of argon than any other instruments on the market requires.. The combination of detection power, speed, reduced argon usage and high throughput contributes to its lowest costs per sample for routine drinking water analysis.\nICP mass spectrometers are often the instruments of choice for the analysis of drinking water since they can define many elements simultaneously and precisely. However, laboratories are being confronted with an increasing number of samples. Analysis times must be shortened so that the flood of samples can be managed. With conventional ICP instruments, shorter analysis times mean a drop in precision, which reduces the quality of the analyses. Laboratories manage this challenge with ICP-MS solutions from Analytik Jena.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A Nanyang Technological University professor and researchers from Cinna's Zhejiang University have decided to take a big step in using photons to transmit information and energy that may lead to the applications in optical computers, lasers, as well as optical devices.\nThe research paper, named \"Realisation of a three-dimensional photonic topological insulator,\" which was published in Nature, mentioned that distinct from other insulator materials, topological insulator materials are able to transport electric signals without dissipation.\nNTU's Associate professor Zhang Baile said that the three-dimensional or 3D topological insulators \"have important capabilities, including the ability to channel topological surface states along with all possible spatial directions.\"\nOver the years, the researchers have tried to build 3D topological insulators for photons which have various applications in optical devices.\nA team from NTU's School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and China's Zhejiang University used a stack of thin plastic sheets embedded with metal antennas acting as tiny electromagnetic resonators and created the world's first 3D photonic topological insulator.\nHowever, it should be noted that as per the study, the newly created 3D photonic topological insulator is limited to low-frequency electromagnetic waves such as microwaves.\nBut the researchers are now targeting optical frequencies like those of visible light for applications in optical computer chips, lasers and other optical devices.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Time to turn up the temperature on efficiency. Faster processes, higher product quality and lower costs - temperature measurement is at the foundation of your plantí»s operations. Devices are easily integrated and designed for every application. Extreme conditions? Intrinsically safe? With globally recognized certificates? Siemens offers you a complete spectrum of temperature sensors and transmitters - all from a single source.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "NIRS can be used for non-invasive assessment of brain function through the intact skull in human subjects by detecting changes in blood hemoglobin concentrations associated with neural activity, e. Mid-infrared spectra Due to the instrument and experiment conditions, the head and tail of the collected mid-infrared spectra contained obvious noises. Multivariate data analysis Spectra preprocessing The acquired mid-infrared spectra contained noises. This study helps in developing practical application of using mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to detect plant disease. Mid-infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the spectral differences between healthy and infected oilseed rape leaves.\nPDF | Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has had rapid usage growth inorganic and organometallic substances, while the mid infrared Technical support, periodic maintenance and training by the supplier are important. concentration with mid-infrared spectral data without requiring a training Keywords: Noninvasive glucose monitoring; calibration; mid-infrared spectroscopy.\nMid-infrared Spectroscopy of Dried. Films Serum Analysis using Mid- infrared . calibration/validation procedure is carried out independently for each.\nBalabin ; Ravilya Z. For high precision spectroscopy, wavelength-scanned lasers and frequency combs have recently become powerful sources, albeit with sometimes longer acquisition timescales.\nELM is a feedforward neural network with a single hidden layer. Bibcode : ApSpe.\nVideo: Mid infrared spectroscopy calibration training Can spectroscopy offer cheaper soil tests?\nThus, the threshold value is needed to determine the category of the samples. A type of neurofeedback, hemoencephalography or HEG, uses NIR technology to measure brain activation, primarily of the frontal lobes, for the purpose of training cerebral activation of that region. Bibcode : NatSR\nCalibration optimization in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a complex. calibration set from abundant training data, fewer samples are needed in the . very small changes at either end of the range and larger changes in the middle.\nUnsourced material may be challenged and removed.\nNamespaces Article Talk. PLSR linearly transforms the original data into new variables called latent variables, LVand the first few LVs carry the most useful information. The overall results indicated that it was feasible to detect SSR on oilseed rape leaves by using mid-infrared spectroscopy, and its practical application in detecting plant diseases was promising.\nJ Phys Chem B. In non-injured patients the brain absorbs the NIR light evenly.\nGirl scout cookie boxes pictures of spider\n|The first few PCs contains the maximum feature information, which could be used to observe the distribution of samples and identify their differences [ 13 ].\nVideo: Mid infrared spectroscopy calibration training IR spectroscopy principle basics\nNear-infrared spectroscopy is in astronomy for studying the atmospheres of cool stars where molecules can form. The selection of the kernel function is important in SVM. Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of potato spindle tuber viroid disease by nucleic-acid hybridization. The growth of oilseed rape, a widely planted oil-bearing crop, is affected by many factors, including seed, soil, water supply, nutritional elements, weather conditions and diseases.\nThe average mid-infrared spectra showed differences between healthy and infected leaves, and the differences varied among different sample sets.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Time-Frequency Analysis in Attosecond Spectroscopy\nSammanfattning: This thesis deals with ultrafast dynamics of electronic processes in rare gas atoms. The processes we explore include photoemission, where we time the emission of electrons moving away from the atomic core following ionization by a photon; and auto-ionization, where the atom spontaneously releases an electron wave-packet following photo-excitation. These processes occur on an attosecond and femtosecond time scale, respectively. The experimental results presented in this thesis have been obtained with the interferometric technique named RABITT, which involves ionizing a target with a train of attosecond pulses and \"probing\" the event with a weak IR pulse. The attosecond pulse train is generated by focusing an intense laser pulse of femtosecond duration into a gaseous medium. Through a well-known process called high-order harmonic generation, a broadband spectrum of phase locked frequencies are generated in the medium, resulting in a train of pulses with attosecond duration. The special characteristics of this spectrum allows for a quantum interferometer to be conceived by overlapping the train with a weaker replica of the femtosecond IR pulse. Information of the dynamics of the ionization process is imprinted in the interference fringes obtained by varying the delay between the APT and the IR pulse with attosecond precision. In the six papers that this thesis is based on, we investigate three different rare gas systems: helium, neon and argon. We are able to tell which electron, released out of two different shells of neon, escapes first from their parent atom, with a precision of 10 attoseconds or better. In helium, we are able to follow the creation of a wave-packet created by absorption of an attosecond pulse in the vicinity of a resonance and time its decay. We pave the way towards accessing all available information about a similar wave-packet creation in argon, through an angle detection technique with attosecond precision. We then perform a detailed examination of the interferometric technique used in all six papers (RABITT) and determine its limitations in terms of time resolution. The realization of this thesis work involved generating, from a fundamental frequency corresponding to a photon energy of 1.55 eV, high-order harmonics with photon energies exceeding 100 eV. It also involved developing a more stable optical interferometer, optimizing a 2 meter long time-of-flight electron spectrometer, developing scripts for treating and analyzing the data retrieved with the RABITT technique and creating a new interface for acquiring data from the spectrometers.\nKLICKA HÄR FÖR ATT SE AVHANDLINGEN I FULLTEXT. (PDF-format)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "As the demand for clean and renewable energy continues to rise, solar power has emerged as one of the most viable sources of electricity. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy production poses a challenge to its efficient utilization. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) play a crucial role in addressing this challenge by storing excess energy during peak production periods and delivering it during periods of low or no solar generation. In this blog post, we will explore the benefits and features of a wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack, designed specifically for solar energy storage.\nUnderstanding Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)\nBattery Energy Storage Systems, commonly referred to as BESS, are advanced systems that store electrical energy in rechargeable batteries for later use. These systems are instrumental in bridging the gap between energy generation and consumption, ensuring a consistent and reliable power supply. By utilizing BESS, solar energy can be stored during times of excess production and released when the demand exceeds supply.\nIntroducing the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack\nThe wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is a cutting-edge solution designed to optimize solar energy storage. LiFePO4, or lithium iron phosphate, is a highly reliable and stable lithium-ion battery chemistry, making it an ideal choice for energy storage applications. With a voltage rating of 51.2V and a capacity of 200Ah, this battery pack offers a substantial amount of stored energy.\nBenefits of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack\nThe advanced LiFePO4 chemistry used in this battery pack ensures high energy efficiency. With minimal energy loss during charge and discharge cycles, this battery pack maximizes the utilization of stored energy, optimizing overall system performance.\nThe wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack boasts an impressive lifespan, capable of enduring thousands of charge-discharge cycles. This longevity is crucial for long-term solar energy storage, making it a reliable choice for residential and commercial applications.\nCompact and Wall Mountable Design\nThe compact design of this battery pack allows for easy installation and space-saving benefits. By providing a wall mountable option, it eliminates the need for additional floor space, making it an ideal choice for both small and large-scale installations.\nKey Features of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack\nSafety and Reliability\nSafety is a paramount consideration in energy storage systems. The LiFePO4 chemistry used in this battery pack is inherently safer than other lithium-ion chemistries, minimizing the risk of thermal runaway or fire hazards. Additionally, advanced safety features such as built-in protection circuits and thermal management systems ensure reliable and secure operation.\nWall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah Built-in Intelligent Battery Management System (BMS)\nThe wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack incorporates an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS continuously monitors and manages various battery parameters, including voltage, current, and temperature, to ensure optimal performance, prevent overcharging or over-discharging, and extend battery life.\nScalability is a crucial aspect when it comes to solar energy storage. The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is designed to be easily expandable, allowing for the addition of multiple battery packs to meet the growing energy storage requirements of the system.\nApplications of the Wall Mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 Battery Pack\nFor homeowners embracing solar power, this battery pack serves as an excellent choice for storing excess energy and ensuring a consistent power supply during periods of low solar generation or power outages.\nCommercial and Industrial Installations\nIn commercial and industrial settings, where large amounts of solar energy are generated, the wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack can efficiently store the excess energy, reducing reliance on the grid and optimizing self-consumption.\nIn remote or off-grid locations, where access to the electrical grid is limited or non-existent, this battery pack becomes indispensable. It allows for the storage and utilization of solar energy, providing a reliable and sustainable power source.\nInstallation and Maintenance\nThe installation process of the wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is straightforward, thanks to its wall mountable design and compact size. However, it is recommended to consult with a professional installer to ensure proper connection and integration with the solar energy system.\nRegular maintenance includes periodic checks of battery performance, ensuring the battery remains within the recommended voltage and temperature range, and cleaning the battery terminals to prevent corrosion.\nThe wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack is a versatile and efficient solution for solar energy storage, addressing the intermittent nature of solar power generation. With its high energy efficiency, long lifespan, and intelligent battery management system, it offers a reliable and sustainable energy storage option for residential, commercial, and off-grid applications. By incorporating this battery pack into solar energy systems, we can unlock the full potential of solar power and accelerate the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable future.\nRemember, when it comes to solar energy storage, choosing the right battery pack is crucial for optimizing performance and maximizing the return on investment. The wall mountable 51.2V 200Ah LiFePO4 battery pack stands as a testament to the advancements in battery technology, revolutionizing the way we store and utilize solar energy.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A nonlinear controller for three-dimensional tracking of a fluorescent particle in a confocal microscope\nWe describe an algorithm for using a confocal microscope for tracking single fluorescent particles diffusing in three dimensions. The algorithm uses a standard confocal setup and directly translates each fluorescence measurement into an actuator command. Through physical simulations, we illustrate 3-D tracking in both stage scanning and beam scanning confocal systems. The simulated stage scanning system achieved tracking of particles diffusing in 3-D with coefficients up to 0.2 μm2/s when the average fluorescence intensities was less than 1.84 counts per measurement cycle (corresponding to less than 18,400 counts per second) in the presence of background fluorescence with a rate of 5,000 counts per second. Increasing the fluorescence intensity to approximately 193 counts per measurement cycle (1,930,000 counts per second) allowed the system to track up to particles diffusing with coefficients as large as 0.7 μm2/s. The beam steering system allowed for faster motion of the focal volume of the microscope and successfully tracked particles diffusing with coefficients up to 0.7 μm2/s with fluorescence measurement intensities of approximately 0.189 counts per measurement cycle (37,570 counts per second) and with coefficients up to 90 μm2/s when the fluorescence intensity was increased to 19 counts per measurement cycle (3,807,500 counts/sec).\n- 9.Z. Shen, S.B. Andersson, in Proc. IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (2009), pp. 6052–6057 Google Scholar\n- 17.S.B. Andersson, in Proc. American Control Conference (2010), pp. 4981–4986 Google Scholar\n- 19.D. Baronov, J. Baillieul, in Proc. American Control Conference (2008), pp. 678–683 Google Scholar\n- 21.J.E. Jonkman, E.H.K. Stelzer, in Resolution and Contrast in Confocal and Two-Photon Microscopy (Wiley-Liss, New York, 2002), pp. 101–125 Google Scholar\n- 29.G.F. Franklin, J.D. Powell, A. Emami-Naeini, Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems, 6th edn. (Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, 2010) Google Scholar\n- 31.E. Gratton, M.J. vandeVen, in Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, 3rd edn. (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 239–250 Google Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CLASS/FSI Seminar Series 2020\nJan 14 - Apr 7, 2020\nVideo: NESF Award Winner Talks\nWatch the 2018 NASA Exploration Science Forum (NESF) Awards presented with invited lectures from the recipients.\nThe distance to the Moon is measured to a precision of a few centimeters by bouncing laser beams off reflectors placed there by the Apollo astronauts.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Techniques for Rotating Frame Magnetic Resonance\nThis subproject exploits the endogenous contrast mediated via water molecules in the presence of slow motions of macromolecules associated with different biological tissues. Early detection of molecular changes that precede gross morphological changes in pathologies is critical for stopping the disease progression and/or reversing the course of the disease. Specifically, it focuses on the T1ρ relaxation time constant and its role in early detection of molecular changes in pathologies such as arthritis, intervertebral disc degenerative disease (DDD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer. The current project expands upon the developments and progress made in the previous funding period. While excellent progress has been made with this method and its applications, there are several limitations in exploiting the method to its fullest potential and hence there are challenging needs, which remain unmet.\nBriefly, in the current implementation, the method is inherently inefficient because the T1ρ contrast is lost during the repeated excitation and relaxation, which occurs during multi-echo acquisitions. It also suffers from inefficient lipid suppression due to the inherent nature of the readout pulse sequence. Further, given the RF power deposition issues, we were unable to achieve or use B1 fields > 500 Hz in vivo. This corresponds to restricted motional range with time scales of ~ 2ms. This also limits the efficiency of T1ρ in cases where the internal interactions correspond to > 500Hz. Therefore, to probe the motions in μs to ms range it is important that we achieve an effective field >1kz, while maintaining high spatial resolution and keeping the RF power deposition under approved SAR guidelines even at ultra high fields.\nTo achieve these requirements, the current project proposes to develop a new method. Once developed and validated, this method, in addition to improving RF power and time efficiency of T1ρ MRI, it also opens up avenues for probing molecular motions over a large frequency range. It potentially enables studies at ultra high fields with built in lipid suppression and obtaining dispersion weighted contrast in different types of tissues. It may also play a role as optimal readout sequence for other applications such as fMRI and arterial spin labeling in ultra high fields.\nTechniques for Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI\nThe second subproject exploits high temporal and spatial resolution imaging strategies to study dynamics of exogenous contrast agent in different pathologies. With the advent of targeted biologic therapies in cancer treatment, a new challenge of imaging as a means of assessing therapeutic efficacy has arisen. Traditional means of assessing treatment response in solid tumors, the RECIST criteria, which are strictly based on lesion size, may not provide the most relevant endpoint. With its ability to image blood flow and vessel permeability, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) plays a critical role in diagnosis of tumors and in the assessment of its response to these targeted therapies. However, many challenges remain in the DCE-MRI techniques currently used in practice.\nHigh temporal resolution is typically required to accurately determine tumor enhancement kinetics, while sufficient spatial resolution is needed for the detection of small lesions and assessment of lesion heterogeneity. However, there is a tradeoff between high temporal and high spatial resolutions, and it is difficult to acquire both sets of data in a single scan due to their disparate demands. The potential need for large volume or whole-organ imaging for the analysis of multiple metastatic lesions further increases the need for longer scan times. Additional problems arise in dynamic assessment of lesions in the chest or the abdomen. Respiratory motion hampers accurate assessment of the contrast kinetics, often reducing the number of analyzable data in clinical trials. Multiple breath-held scans have generated only limited success, and the method is vulnerable to inconsistent positions of suspended respiration. With existing technology, it is therefore extremely difficult to accurately assess perfusion of lung or liver tumors.\nThe primary objective of this subproject is to develop effective strategies for improved quantification of tumor vascular characteristics in 3D DCE-MR1. Building upon our ongoing work, we will develop refined methods to address the problem of physiologic motion with novel respiratory motion compensation strategies; investigate methods to enhance the temporal resolution of the dynamic image series, while maintaining high spatial resolution and large volume coverage; and ultimately improve the measurement accuracy of the tumor contrast kinetics. Better imaging of the tumor microenvironment by DCE-MRI may provide a more accurate assessment of the effect of new biologic agents than conventional techniques, thereby allowing clinicians to better direct patient treatment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Field replaceable modular sensor cartridge for the G7 Lone Worker devices.\nThe ability to change your G7c or G7x Lone worker device into a lone worker with gas detector or gas detector alone is simple with Blackline Safety's field replaceable modular gas sensor cartridges. Available in single gas or multi gas options. The G7 provides three cartridge options to support gas detection, lone workers and evacuation management. The selection of gas sensors in each cartridge can be customized and configured for specific work environments.\nEach cartridge features Blackline Safety’s exclusive green SureSafe® light — when the light is on, workers can be confident knowing that they are connected to the Blackline Safety Network and that their safety is being monitored.\nChange out sensor cartridges in the field means more uptime\nBlackline's Sensor Cartridges can be easily and quickly changed in the field with new, pre-calibrated replacements once sensors reach the end of their operating life. Device uptime is maximised and maintenance time is minimised, ultimately saving your businesses money.\nThe G7’s modular interface allows the device to be converted whilst on-site from a single to a quad-gas monitor in seconds. Combining the efficiency of a disposable gas detector with the innovation of a connected safety monitor — its modular design reduces the total number of devices needed, as one G7 can function as both a single and a quad-gas monitor, effectively reducing overall costs. When a sensor reaches the end of its serviceable life or gets damaged, the cartridge can be switched out int the field for a new one.\nThe standard cartridge is designed for lone worker safety monitoring. Suitable for applications where lone worker monitoring is the priority with no exposure to gas hazards. All sensor cartridges feature Blackline Safety's excluse green SureSafe® light, workers can be confident that when the light is on their safety is being monitored as they are connected to the Blackline Safety Network.\nSingle Gas Cartridge\nThe G7c or G7x with a single-gas cartridge operates as a gas detector and lone worker safety device, capable of monitoring your choice of one gas type. With a Single-gas cartridge, devices are customisable for specific working scenarios for when multi-gas coverage is not required.\nQuad/Multi Gas Cartridge\nAdding the Quad-gas cartridge the G7 device allows it to operate as a multi gas detector and lone worker safety device, delivering comprehensive gas detection coverage of up to four gases. Sensor combinations are customisable in order to tailor gas detection to complex, hazardous working environments.\nThe G7 devices with Single-gas or Quad-gas cartridges are compatible with a variety of gas sensors. Blackline Safety currently offers gas sensors to detect hydrogen sulfide (H2S), explosive gases (LEL), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2).\nUnder development: Sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen resistant carbon monoxide (CO-H) and ammonia (NH3)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What is meant b…\n15. FC-135 32.768KHZ: A New Frequency for Communication\nWhat is FC-135 32.768KHZ?\n- The FC-135 is a 32.768 kHz crystal unit that has been frequently used. Ideal for applications involving MCU sub-clocks and modules in both consumer and industrial equipment. Up to +105 C for applications requiring a more comprehensive temperature range. For use in clocks and other timekeeping devices, this makes it perfect.\n- Along with crystal units, Epson is a prominent provider of kHz-band crystal units, providing a selection of oscillators with integrated oscillator circuit ICs and real-time clock modules with integrated real-time clock ICs.\n- Any time tracking application can benefit from using the FC-135 32.768KHZ, a highly precise and reliable frequency control device. It’s perfect for usage in battery-powered gadgets thanks to its high performance and low power consumption.\n- Due to its extreme accuracy and stability, the 768KHZoscillator is employed. As with GPS receivers and atomic clocks, it is employed when accurate time is necessary. Due to its extreme accuracy and stability, the 32.768KHZ oscillator is employed.\nThe features of the 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator\n- Ultra-compact SMD tuning fork crystal resonator\n- 20 ppm standard.\n- 768 kHz standard.\n- Excellent reliability performance, and maximum 260°C.Reflow soldering temperature.\n- Basics of a Crystal Oscillator.\n- Design considerations for PCBs.\n- Testing Firmware for Crystal Robustness Test.\n- Guide to Crystal Recommendations.\nWhat Advantages Does FC-135 32.768KHZ Offer?\nThe advantages of this kHz range are as follows, as listed below:\n- Microwaves, computers, and mobile phones are just a few examples of equipment with integrated time measurements that employ frequency control devices with a typical frequency of 32.768 kHz.\n- This frequency stability is the consequence of precise temperature control, which is done at various temperatures during the production process. Because of the manufacturing “trimming,” this 32.768 kHz oscillator also forgives fluctuations in operating voltage. Between 1.5 V and 3.63 V, operational voltage variations do not affect frequency stability. The fact that such little current—only a few µA, is used is equally astounding.\n- They are more user-friendly because of temperature adjustments and, depending on the kind, significantly more accurate than traditional tuning fork crystals.\nWhy do most microcontrollers use 32.768 (215) KHz as their real-time clock source instead of 16 or 20 kHz?\nIn the early days of digital electronics, binary counter chains were easy, inexpensive, and low-power to obtain. With this frequency range Hz input, a 15-step ripple counter (the easiest and least costly version) would provide 1.0000 Hz output. Then it might be used to drive a small motor and escapement for a geared analog clock that needs pulses every one second, modulo counters for the seconds and minutes, and modulo counters for hours, as well as modulo 12 or 24 counters for a digital display.\nThankfully, these Hz crystals are easy to use, reasonably priced, and reliable. Since high-frequency clocks impose a proportional power consumption to frequency, a watch or real-time battery-backed circuit would require 600 times more power than a 20 MHz crystal, and the battery would need to be 600 times more substantial to have the same lifespan. Since the real-time click functions even when the computer is off or asleep, low power consumption is favorable.\nWhy is 32768 Hz the ideal frequency?\nApplications of FC-135 32.768KHZ:\nThe FC-135 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator has the following uses:\n- Frequency generators.\n- They are utilized in specific receiver types.\n- They serve as crystal clocks in microprocessors.\n- Colpitts’ use of the Armstrong Crystal Oscillator in aerospace and the military.\n- Transmitters for TV and radio.\n- Mobile consumer devices like smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, and dashboard gadgets like navigation systems typically use crystal oscillators. They are frequently used for sub-clock (sleep & timer) and time applications.\n- Quartz watches, which feature a crystal oscillator that vibrates at 32,768 cycles per second, are the most accurate timepieces. For several reasons, your watch might not be as accurate as you believe. Quartz watches, which feature a crystal oscillator that vibrates at 32,768 cycles per second, are the most accurate timepieces.\nWhy is 32.768 kHz the ideal frequency?\n- The best frequency is this Hz for several reasons. It is a lovely, even number that is easy to remember. First of all, 215 Hz is precisely equivalent to 32768 Hz. This exemplifies the usefulness of digital audio.\n- 1 kHz, or 215 Hz, is the standard sample rate for digital audio equipment. By using this frequency, you can thus quickly create files that are compatible with various gadgets.\n- Additionally, this Hz may be split up into multiples of 48 kHz and 96 kHz. This implies that audio files are being converted between different file formats.\n- It appears that this frequency range is where our brains respond to music the greatest. However, this Hz range is where our brains are most receptive to music. One study found that exposure to music at this frequency increased brain activity in areas related to emotion and pleasure. The music was less demanding and more soothing to listen to than music at other frequencies.\n- The Schumann Resonance, which has a remarkably specific frequency, is thought to be the planet’s pulse.\nThe beating heart of time is the FC-135 frequency control crystal (32.768 kHz). It is used to regulate a quartz oscillator’s frequency, which regulates the time base of a digital watch or clock. Other uses for the FC-135 32.768 KHz. Include situations where a precise, reliable time base is necessary. A frequency control tool called the FC-135 provides a steady, accurate output frequency. Additionally, excellent active components, electronic parts, and supplies are available on ChipSun. This 32.768KHZ may be bought for a reasonable price. Enjoy your shopping experience and have a look at our items. You get more while spending less on our website. Visit our website to choose the best product, and you can find high-quality product brands there. Order right away.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Makerere to make medical equipment\nThe Minister of Science, Technology and Innovations, Dr. Elioda Tumwesigye yesterday said Makerere University will start manufacturing some diagnostic tools and devices that are currently imported.\nDaily Monitor March 28, 2019. Page8\nMakerere, Medical equipment", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rockfabrik Effects Announces the Kuek\nKuek is digitally controlled analog tremolo/vibrato unit.\nBesides modern features like tap tempo and multi waveforms, it has many more unique features like duty cycle and dynamic speed, which depends on your playing.\nDetection circuit takes sample of input signal without make any differences of main audio signal to control dynamic features.\nHow your fingers will effect dynamic features is completely controllable with a bunch of potentiometers.\nLeave a Reply\nYou must be logged in to post a comment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nozzle spray principle\nA nozzle is a device that accelerates a fluid and increases its kinetic energy. It usually consists of a narrow passage and an expansion section. In narrow channels, the fluid is confined, so the speed increases; In the expansion phase, the fluid is expanded again, so the speed increases further. Nozzles can be used in many different applications, such as rocket engines, jet engines, water pipes, flamethrowers, etc.\nNozzles are divided into one fluid nozzle and two fluid nozzles\nSchematic diagram of one fluid nozzle and two fluid nozzle\nOne - and two-fluid nozzles, also known as single - and two-fluid nozzles, are common nozzle types. A fluid nozzle usually consists of a channel through which the liquid passes to form a single jet. This nozzle is commonly used for spraying water mist, coating, cleaning and other applications. It is a liquid pressurized nozzle, only suitable for the pump group to pressurize the liquid to the required pressure, and then spray through the nozzle. Compared with the two-fluid nozzle, the liquid particle size produced by the one-fluid nozzle is coarser and cannot be adjusted.\nThe two-fluid nozzle consists of two channels, a gas channel and a liquid channel. As gas and liquid pass through the two channels, they mix inside the nozzle to form a smaller, uniform jet. Such nozzles are commonly used for spraying liquid medicine, coatings, fuels and other applications. Inside the two-fluid nozzle, the gas is fully mixed with the liquid, which can better control the size and uniformity of the spray. However, if a liquid containing chemicals is used for two-fluid spraying, it may oxidize with the air and accelerate the decay rate of the liquid, so it is necessary to judge and pay attention to the amount of liquid used according to experience.\nThe main difference between a one-fluid nozzle and a two-fluid nozzle is the internal structure. A fluid nozzle has only one flow path, while a two-fluid nozzle has two flow paths, one for gas and one for liquid. This difference affects the function and application of both. Because the two-fluid nozzle needs to consider the problem of air tightness and liquid sealing, the multi-part design is usually used, which also makes the cost of the two-fluid nozzle higher.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "About AMP Lab Projects Downloads Publications People Links\nPorter Hall B8\nLab: Porter Hall B6\n[Research Interests] [Project]\nReal-time Dynamic Image-Based Rendering (DIBR) has recently gained interest in the research community. Having multiple images from unique vantage points synchronized in time allows us to reconstruct scene geometry without a pirori knowledge. In this project, the cameras are mobile so that they can reconfigure themselves automatically according to the scene content in order to achieve optimal rendering quality.\nAlthough target recognition has been an active research topic for decades, traditional recognition algorithms are all based on static images. As computing power has increased, we are now able to harness the power of tracking with multiple images and/or sensors in real-time. One challenge is to optimize coordination among nodes for successful hand-off of tracking responsibilities from camera to camera. Moreover, tracking will not only allow us to track objects, but may prove to be a useful tool for recognition. One such techinique for video-based recognition can be found here: [Project - Video Based Face Recognition]. Being able to successfully hand off tracking from one camera to another facilitates numerous real world applications. For example, existing cameras at traffic intersections could transform into a useful police tool for tracking stolen vehicles.\nGeiger-Mode 3D LADAR offers numerous advantages over coherent detection and traditional 2D imagery. A Geiger-Mode sensor is capable of detecting the arrival of a single photon. Hence, the term \"Geiger\" because it literally counts photons. Given the ability to detect the arrival of a single photon, a laser and high-speed CMOS circuitry as a timing mechanism, it is possible to create a digital time-of-flight sensor. The laser transmits a temporally narrow pulse of light. The pulse is detected and the \"stopwatch\" is started. The photons will then propogate to and from the target. When a photon arrives back at the APD array, the CMOS circuitry clocks the time (equivalent to pressing \"stop\" on the stopwatch). The speed of light is typically constant, so we can calculate the distance the photon has traveled. Hence, we have a 3D position. Of course, this is a gross simplification of the electronics required by such a system. For more details and one interesting application, see High-resolution 3D imaging laser radar flight test experiments.\nThe Mobile Camera Array\nUsing a 6x8 array of webcams, the mobile camera array can render virtual, novel views in real time (5-10 fps). A unique advantage of this array is that each camera can move with two degrees of freedom. They can translate horizontally or pan to improve the rendering quality. This mobile camera array opens a wide area of novel research topics.\nSee the mobile camera array project page for more information!\nAs computers become more powerful, they facilitate the possibility of more sophisticated and more powerful tracking algorithms. The knowledge gap between the novice and the expert continues to widen. Even for experts, there can be a significant time cost to instantiate an algorithm - even if it is for comparison purposes only. Enter ICTrack. Our goal is two fold. For the novice, we create a flexible interface that the novice can use to manipulate advanced algorithms without having to know the sometimes pedantic details. For the expert, we provide a framework for developing new algorithms and testing them verus existing techniques.\nSee the ICTrack project page for more information!\nTop of this page", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The fire at Buncefield: example of the contributions UAVs could have made…\nAt around 6:03 am on 11\nDecember, 2005, a massive fuel:air explosion occurred in a huge liquid fuel\nproducts storage depot, at Buncefield.\nFlames and smoke rise from the Buncefield oil depot, near Hemel Hempstead,\nEngland, on Monday. Firefighters attacked an inferno raging at the oil depot\nnorth of London, extinguishing half of the tank fires with sprays of chemical\nfoam (photo: AP) Al-Ahram.\nAerial view of Buncefield Oil and Fuel Depot at Hemel Hempstead, with the\nexplosion and main destruction area marked in red. Aerial photo data courtesy of\nCOPYRIGHT © Getmapping plc.\nUAVs could be used to generate very useful composite images of the incident,\nhigh resolution visual imaging, using a 10 MPixel digital camera with digital\ncorrection for lens distortion, showing the smoke and flames, as seen above\nthermal imaging to\n“see through” the smoke\nand view the flames and create a colour coded map, showing all the temperatures\nin the image to within 1ºC\nInterferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR (ISAR, see Appendix 5 for technical\n“see through” both smoke and flames\nand image the underlying terrain, including any bodies, vehicles, debris and the\nlevel of the flammable liquids in the open, damaged, storage silos.\nAdditionally, Unmanned Aircraft could contribute by:\ncontinuously monitoring the fire\ncontinuously monitoring the effectiveness of the fire fighting activities\ndropping canisters of very cold liquid nitrogen, to both cool the fire and\nreduce its intensity, by starving the fire of oxygen\nflying through the smoke plume, to gather samples for subsequent analysis\nmonitoring the extent of the spreading smoke plume\nwatching for any looting that might occur, or, unauthorised entry to the danger\ngenerating detailed 3D aerial imagery, to gauge the extent of the damage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A pixel detector consists of an array of radiation sensing elements which is connected to an electronic read-out unit. Many different ways of making this connection between these two different devices are currently being used or considered to be used in the next future. Bonding techniques such as flip chip technology can present real advantages because they allow very fine pitch and a high number of I/ Os. This paper presents a review of the different flip chip technologies available and their suitability for manufacturing pixel detectors. The particular problems concerning testing of pixel detectors and thermal issues related to them are pointed out.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Most of the low-power UPS systems available in the market do not have the facility to shut down the PC before they turn off automatically due to low battery. Some of them have the facility but they require software for the same.\nHere we give an ‘add-on’ circuit for UPS that will hybernate the PC automatically before UPS turns off due to low battery voltage. It requires no enabling software.\nThe circuit consists of comparator IC 741 (IC1) followed by a short-duration positive pulse generator using a 14-stage ripple-carry binary counter/divider and oscillator IC2. Usually, the voltage at the non-inverting (positive) input terminal of IC1 is high compared to the inverting (negative) input, so the output of the comparator is high. This high output of IC1 is used to reset IC CD4060 (IC2), which is a 14-stage ripple counter.\nAs the UPS battery voltage goes below the preset value, the non-inverting terminal voltage of comparator IC1 at pin 3 reduces. In this circuit, as the battery voltage goes below 9.5V, the voltage at pin 3 of IC1 reduces below 3.3V and the output of the comparator at pin 6 goes low to light up LED1, indicating to the user that his computer is going to hybernate within a preset time (around 3 minutes).\nThe low voltage level at pin 12 of IC2 enables it to oscillate and the counter starts counting, resulting in a high output at its pin 1 after 3 minutes. This high output is used to fire SCR1, which energises relay RL1. The relay will de-energise only when the power supply for the circuit is switched off manually through S1.\nThe circuit is assembled on a small PCB and connected to the UPS battery terminals. The hybernation-activation voltage of the circuit is set above the cut-off voltage of the UPS. (If the cut-off volatge of the UPS is 9.5 volts, set the hybernation-activation voltage level as 10 volts.) The circuit is fixed inside the UPS cabinet. Switch S1 and LED1 are wired up to be on the front panel of the cabinet.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An important feature of hybrid semiconductor pixel detectors is the fact that detector and readout electronics are manufactured separately, allowing the use of industrial state-of-the-art CMOS processes to manufacture the readout electronics. As the feature size of these processes decreases, faster and more complex electronics can be designed and manufactured. Furthermore, most new CMOS processes are optimised for use with digital circuits, making the design of precise analog electronics a difficult task. Hence, the sooner the data is converted to the digital domain, the better the technology can be used. We have studied the possibility of adding energy sensitivity to the single photon counting capability of pixel detectors. To know not only the number of X-ray photons but also their energies (or wavelenghts), will increase the information content of the resulting image, given the same X-ray dose. In order to do this, a small and low power ADC is added to each pixel. We have studied different types of analog-to-digital converters that can be implemented inside the pixel electronics of a pixel detector.\n|Number of pages||7|\n|Journal||Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A : Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment|\n|Publication status||Published - 2001|\n- Analog-to-digital converters\n- Pixel detectors\n- Energy sensitivity", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|7124725||Engine spark plug grounding structure, grounding wiring apparatus, and grounding wiring method|\nA grounding member made of a spring steel includes a hexagonal top with a through hole, contact pieces extending from straight sides of the hexagonal top, and a grounding strip brazed to one of the contact pieces. The grounding member attaches to a spark plug with a...\n|6720742||Light control device, method for driving same and pickup device using the light control device|\nA light control device comprises a liquid crystal cell 12, and a pulse control unit 62 or 64 wherein when a transmittance of light transmitted from said liquid crystal element is changed from an actual light transmittance to an intended light tr...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "● KAD-GYB emergency protection screen adopts industry standard size; it’s compact and firm; it has independent enclosed space, forming a good electromagnetic compatibility environment.\nThe KAD-GYB emergency protection screen can be flexibly configured according to the integrated automation bus voltage.\nKAD-GYB emergency protection screen can set various data and limit values on site.\n● High safety\nAn independent, safe and isolated power supply system is used to ensure that the the screen is put into use when integrated self-protection stops.\nTwo out of two redundant technical solutions is adopted to improve the reliability of data collection.\nThe application of time-delay technology for logical comparison and safety review greatly improves the accuracy and safety of the results and avoids mistake.\nSignal pressure board is installed; you can manually cut off the signal output during maintenance, and cut off the signal output during misoperation.\nType test meets the following standards: GB 4943, GB/T 2423, GB/T 17626, GB/T 17799, GB/T 24338.\n● Good flexibility\nKAD-GYB emergency protection screen is preset with cabinet holes, which can be combined with other cabinets side by side to enhance seismic strength.\nThe cable can enter the KAD-GYB emergency protection screen from the bottom or the top.\n● Intelligent monitoring\nKAD-GYB emergency protection screen adopts real-time collection of earthquake, fire, traction substation primary circuit current, integrated bus voltage and other signals, and sends the collected data to the intelligent control and output module. Then the intelligent software of the intelligent control and output module makes comprehensive analysis and judgment on the basis of preset thresholds and parameters to determine the operating conditions of emergency protection.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Touted as costing up to 10 times less than existing RFID temperature-sensing modules, the IDS-SL13A smart active label chip reportedly makes it practical to automatically track, monitor, time-stamp, and record information about any goods in any supply chain or cold-chain transport. Enabling deployment of a wide range of data logging and tracking systems, the device can check on and record unseen changes such as extreme temperatures that can impact goods. The IDS-SL13A, a passive/semi-passive tag chip optimized for single-cell powered smart labels with sensor functionality, assigns a unique identity code to a labeled product. A 1.5V or 3V battery supports its real-time clock and EEPROM to allow on-chip data logging from the internal temperature sensor as well as external sensors. An analog sensor interface allows connection of an external sensor. The chip measures temperature with a 0.5°C accuracy and logs it against real time. It also includes a SPI port to connect to external circuitry for display. Working in passive mode with no battery and without the real-time clock function, the device suits applications where a reader initiates the logging and the data is stored in the reader using an ADC. The chip controls whether it takes data from internal or external sensors, or both. The IDS-SL13A is available now for sampling with production set for the third quarter. IDS MICROCHIP AG, Wollerau SZ, Switzerland. +41-43-844-6253.\nCompany: IDS MICROCHIP AG\nProduct URL: Click here for more information", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Motion processing sensor-agnostic IP cores for mobile devices\nFebruary 23, 2012 // Jean-Pierre Joosting\nMovea has announced its MotionCore product line: a family of motion processing IP cores designed for mobile devices. MotionCore architectures are optimized for motion sensing and data fusion applications and run implementations of Movea's proprietary SmartMotion® algorithms. For sensor-enabled mobile devices, MotionCore delivers increased performance with dramatically reduced power consumption at a significantly lower cost than software only solutions.\nThe combined market for MEMS accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers and pressure sensors in mobile devices has demonstrated dramatic growth in recent years and is predicted to exceed 4 billion units by 2015. By managing the complexities of sensors, motion processing and data fusion, MotionCore is uniquely positioned to further accelerate proliferation of sensors and data fusion applications, enabling sensor, processor and mobile platform vendors to offer a complete motion processing solution to smartphone and tablet OEMs.\nMotionCore delivers Movea's SmartMotion technology at the semiconductor level to make MEMS sensors more intelligent and useful, providing the software, firmware and tools necessary to build advanced motion features the market is asking for.\nMotionCore comes with a set of modules for applications in indoor/pedestrian navigation, activity monitoring, motion gaming, augmented reality, and gesture-based device/application control. MotionCore is sensor agnostic, allowing supply chain freedom. It is also scalable and flexible so it can be optimised to meet the price/performance requirements of the device with optional modules such as gesture recognition, inertial navigation or activity monitoring included as required.\nAdditionally MotionCore comes with a suite of reference stimuli and test patterns for system validation, and libraries of industry MEMS characterization parameters.\n\"MotionCore is the first family of dedicated motion processors available as licensable IP cores that can be integrated directly into sensors, applications processors, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and custom DSPs manufactured by semiconductor and MEMS vendors,\" explained Sam Guilaumé, CEO at Movea. \"We believe that it is as significant an event as the introduction of the dedicated Graphics Processing Unit, or GPU\".\nMotionCore IP cores are available for licensing now from Movea.\nBAE Systems develops 'smart skin' for aircraft\nAugust 27, 2014\nDefense and aerospace company BAE Systems plc is working on a project to give aircraft a \"skin\" of sensors to enable detection ...\nEmberlight connects ordinary light bulbs to your smartphone\nCree targets mid-power LEDs with USD83m Lextar investment\nWill 2D semiconductors threaten graphene's PV dominance?\nIKEA GreenTech invests in energy-efficient LED technology developer\nSearching through big data with the NSA\nAugust 26, 2014\nDeepening the NSA scandal, The Intercept detailed yesterday how the US National Security Agency is providing data to nearly ...\nChina Launching Its Own OS, Seriously?\nJEDEC unveils standard for low power memory devices\nAudi makes the leap to 48V supply\n- How to Protect & Monetize Android Apps\n- Building Blocks for the Internet of Things\n- New Linear Regulators Solve Old Problems\n- Testing GPS with a Simulator\nInterviewCEO interview: Tronics' Langlois makes moves in MEMS\nPascal Langlois has been CEO at Tronics for nine months. He discusses plans for the company and directions for the complex and diverse MEMS technology sector.\nFilter WizardCheck out the Filter Wizard Series of articles by Filter Guru Kendall Castor-Perry which provide invaluable practical Analog Design guidelines.\nLinear video channel\nREADER OFFERRead more\nThis month, Altium Ltd is offering EETimes Europe's readers the chance to win one TASKING VX-Toolset for ARM Cortex-M Premium Edition, normally licensed for 2.395 Euros, for ultra-rapid prototyping and code development around ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers.\nThe VX-toolset for ARM is the first TASKING compiler suite to receive the Software Platform technology, which is seamlessly...Read more\nDecember 15, 2011 | Texas instruments | 222901974\nUnique Ser/Des technology supports encrypted video and audio content with full duplex bi-directional control channel over a single wire interface.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Molecular sensors are devices that detect, record, and indicate a physical or chemical property, with potential capability for further processing and have a sensitivity and specificity at molecular scales. Key sensing components or the design of many molecular sensors are based on those found in living organisms; natural systems are the original form of molecular sensors. Modern sensor technology may not as sophisticated as those found in nature, but it is improving rapidly with the convergence of information technology, breakthroughs in physical design, and advanced manufacturing. Modern molecular sensors are essential parts of many emerging medical diagnostic devices playing significant roles in global health, reducing healthcare costs in developed countries, and in increasing the response of the world to pandemics or bioterrorism. Prominent areas of molecular sensor research are the detection of biomolecules for disease diagnosis, the detection of volatile components for air pollutant characterization, and the detection of chemical analytes for evaluation of physiological activity. First we describe the actual composition of molecular sensors. A sensor is composed of the three main elements: 1. detector (capture and recognition), 2. transducer (signal transduction), and 3. processor. Molecular sensors employ a variety of capture and recognition mechanisms. For biological molecules, we can use proteins (antibodies, receptors), nucleotides (DNA, RNA, aptamers), synthetic polymers that simulate a binding site, and phages. Through signal transductions, sensors convert the detection event into a measurable signal. Sensors convert a biological, chemical or physical quantity into a detectable signal, mostly an electrical signal. We categorize molecular sensors into three categories based on the transduction principle: electrical transduction, mechanical transduction, and optical transduction. Finally, we look at nature’s natural biosensors by examining the olfactory systems of animals and insects and discuss their applications as molecular sensors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Radcal Corp Standalone meter for Multi-Sensor, Ion Chambers, Dose Diodes, mA sensors with Computer Connectivity, Waveforms, Companion Mode, Wi-Fi\nResponding to the needs of the Food and Drug Administraion, Radcal, in 1975, introduced the first instrument providing comprehensive measures of dose and having the ability to interchange sensors without loss in accuracy. These systems were founded on Radcal's unparalleled Gold Standard Ion chambers.\nToday, many of Radcal's initial products are still in active use around the world and the Gold Standard Ion Chamber continues to lead the industry. Radcal's \"Made in the USA\" products now incorporate the latest advances in solid-state sensing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Medium-Voltage Potential Transformers (10~25 kV)\nWidely used internationally in revenue and switchboard applications by engineering, construction, and power companies, CIC Potential Transformers (Voltage Transformers) are the result of over 40 years of manufacturing expertise, combined with technology transferred from Messwandler-Bau (MWB) of Germany.\nThe primary insulation material for CIC's potential transformers is the Araldite® epoxy resin, known for its reliability. The outdoor models make use of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, similarly to ensure high-quality insulation.\nCIC's potential transformers, including OEM/ODM products, are type-tested and routine-tested by CIC-owned, TAF-accredited Advanced Electricity Laboratory (TAF, or Taiwan Accreditation Foundation, is a member of ILAC and a signatory to the ILAC MRA).\nDesigned for 24kV 4-way switchgear, this MV potential transformer features a high-voltage elbow-type connector on the primary side and a built-in high-voltage fuse for protection. Exterior coated with a metal conductive mixture for shielding. Secondary side sealed and waterproof. Araldite® epoxy as insulation.\nOur model EPF-20SH model potential transformer is widely used for both grounding and non-grounding conditions in larger power distribution and industrial enterprises. Not only has this model passed IEC standards for type tests and routine tests, but thermal testing to -45C. It's high reliability and outstanding security makes it a favorite model for distributors to sell in many global markets.\nOur model EPF-20SE model potential transformer is widely used for both grounding and non-grounding conditions in larger power distribution and industrial enterprises. Not only has this model passed IEC standards for type tests and routine tests, but thermal testing to -45C. It's high reliability and outstanding security makes it a favorite model for distributors to sell in many global markets.\nOur model EPF-20SI model potential transformer is a single-phase epoxy resin casting with fully enclosed construction. Designed to carry 50Hz or 60Hz frequency for 12-24KV equipment. The burden range of this model can extend to 1000VA, and it can be used to measure and monitor different voltage systems.\nThese outdoodr, pole-mounted potential transformers, designed for billing purposes, are made with a special blend of epoxy material which is able to withstand the sun's UV radiation. These potential transformers have been designed for difficult outdoor and environmental elements such as salt, moisture, ultraviolet radiation, strong winds and other factors. The VPF-15/24 Series Potential Transformers have been supplied to utility companies for many years, and they have earned an excellent reputation. These products provide a burden of 25VA and an accuracy level of Class 0.2s, 0.2 and 0.3. Suitable for voltage systems of 12KV to 24KV, these potential transformers have performed well in partial discharge tests, which signifies the longevity and durability of these products.\nOur EPF-20SFL potential transformer is designed to be used with a GIS switchgear panel. From the top of the primary high voltage terminal to the bushing end - which are surrounded by black rubber, SF6 gas insulation is used, while other components are used without the need of the SF6 gas in normal surroundings. The new design simplifies the set up process of the GIS switchgear panel, as well as diminishing the SF6 gas usage, which in turn allows for the GIS panel size to be more compact. The sophisticated design is a tribute to our R&D department.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "wireless power transmission-free project report\nIn the age of wireless communication and portable music players the demand for powering those devices wirelessly is ever prevalent. The advantages of portability and wireless communication are greatly hindered by the fact that the devices themselves must be plugged into the walls to charge. The next generation in portable devices is a device that receives power wirelessly. The first step in wireless power is providing power to a computer charging pad wirelessly. The market for this device would be businesses with large conference rooms. The device would allow users to plug their phones and computers into the conference room table without large power bricks and cords running everywhere. The pads can conveniently be placed under the table and inside the ceiling so there are no visible wires that could ruin the aesthetic feel of the room. The ease of installation and convenience of this device would make the marketability of this product quite large and if finished could be seen in thousands of conference rooms. If the efficiency of coupling could be increased slightly further, wireless power transmission could become a standard means for charging a mobile device.\nThe overall goal of this project is to design and successfully implement a wireless power transmission system to be used in a conference room. The system will work by using resonant coils to transmit power from an AC line in the ceiling to a pad on the table. The pad will output DC voltages in order to charge computers and cell phones. There are several benefits for the use of such a system:\n• Elimination of cords on the ground that make tripping hazards.\n• Allows no wire installation and mobility on table.\n• A necessary step towards consumer wireless power.\nThe entire interface has the following features:\n• Feedback control for driving frequency to maximize efficiency.\n• DC power output for computers and cell phone charging that allows for elimination of large power bricks.\n• Slight mobility offered for different table heights and positions.\nThe full bridge circuit is a generic circuit found on page 212 of . The switches were chosen based on max frequency, current carrying capabilities, and voltage blocking. The speed is important because our switching frequency is several MHz at high voltage and a reasonable amount of current. The gate drivers were chosen because they have the appropriate frequency requirements and are designed to drive MOSFETs, also they have an inverting and non-inverting signals. This means that it can drive all of the MOSFETs. At first, the gate drivers and MOSFETs chosen were not fast enough to be able to handle the high switching frequency needed to make our coils resonant. Professor Krein provided a solution in the form of the EL7222 gate drivers and IRF6875 MOSFETs. The speed was verified with datasheets  and  respectively.\n2.3 PIC, DAC, and VCO\nThe PIC was chosen because it was readily available, has an analog input for feedback, and it can operate at a speed that is fast enough to control the frequency from . The PIC outputs a 10 bit logical signal that is converted to a voltage by a DAC. The DAC was chosen similar to the PIC in that it was readily available, has the ability to convert the digital pins to the analog voltage range needed. The initial DAC that chosen would not correctly output the analog voltages needed. After some searching and some help from Dan Block, a DAC was found that would output the voltage range needed . The C-code already generated for the PIC did not have to be changed with the operation of this new DAC. The output voltage of the DAC is an input to the VCO. The VCO was chosen because of its frequency range. The voltage bias pin was set such that the increase in frequency per increase in voltage is a maximum based on . The external capacitor was chosen such the maximum output frequency is more than twice as high as the expected resonance frequency.\n2.4 Current Sensing\nThe Current Sensing circuit was found in the data sheet for the op-amp used . The Transistor part numbers were changed based on what was available in the parts shop. The fact that the circuit had to handle a common mode voltage of around 170 V made the circuit more complicated than normal current sense circuits. The zener diode and the p-type MOSFETs in the design allow the high side voltage to be as high as 500 V, while only making the voltage supply to the op-amp around 62 V and taking care of any common mode voltage problems by referencing to a voltage other than ground.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Take a sneak peek at the new NIST.gov and let us know what you think!\n(Please note: some content may not be complete on the beta site.).\nNIST Authors in Bold\n|Author(s):||John G. Gillen; David S. Simons; P. Williams;|\n|Title:||Molecular Ion Imaging and Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Organic Compounds|\n|Published:||January 01, 1990|\n|Abstract:||An ion microscope equipped with a resistive anode encoder imaging system has been used to acquire molecular secondary ion images, with lateral resolutions on the order of 1 μm, from several quaternary ammonium salts an amino acid, and a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon which were deposited onto copper transmition electron microscope grids. All images were generated by using the secondary ion signal of the parent molecular species|\n|Pages:||pp. 2122 - 2130|\n|Research Areas:||Nanotechnology, Chemistry|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Copper electrode Tube For EDM drilling EDM machining\nBrass or copper electrode tubes have single and multi holes, selected with good electrolytic copper raw materials with less impurity, low loss, good verticality, smooth water flow and good chip removal without inner hole blocking.\nTAGUTI EDM Copper Tube\n1. Common Specifications of Copper Electrode Tube:a. Single Hole,\noutside diameter: Ø0.15mm, Ø0.20mm, Ø0.25mm; Length: 200mm or 300mm;\noutside diameter: Ø0.3 ~ Ø6.0mm (Each size interval 0.1mm); Length: 400mm or 500mm\noutside diameter: Ø1.2 ~ Ø6.0mm (Each size interval 0.1mm); Length: 300mm or 400mm.\n2. Application range:\nCopper tube electrode is mainly used in small hole EDM drill for cemented carbide (KG5, W88%, CO12%) materials.\n3. The function of copper tube electrode:\nTAGUTI® EDM copper tube is widely used in the many fields such as auxiliary hole in WEDM, capillary hole of spinneret plates, group drilling holes of sieve plate, fluid filling hole of electrical plate, engine cooling holes, spray holes of oil nozzle and other filtration pores in papermaking, chemical fiber and food industries. Whether workpiece surface is curved or beveled, the required holes can be smoothly processed out with high speed. The ratio of depth to diameter of processed hole is more than 200 : 1.\n4. Product Introduction:\nAccording to materials, copper tube electrode can be divided into two types: brass tube and copper tube. Brass tube and copper tube are respectively crafted from high-quality brass and copper as the raw materials through strictly technical requirements and reasonable processing techniques.\nAccording to hole type, copper tube electrode can be divided in to single hole electrode and multi hole electrode.\nSingle hole electrode tube electrode with higher cost performance remains the choice for majority of users.\nMulti hole electrode tube electrode has the features of good verticality, fast slagging and effective discharge to increase the machining speed.\nTAGUTI® electrode tubes benefit from excellent verticality, super surface finish, strong corrosion resistance, stable performance, blocking resistance and low consumption.\n※Special size and length can be customized should you have the demand!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MGA Technologies Products\nMGA Technologies has worked with its customers to develop ready-to-use products for various applications. Often derived from prototyping and development in MGA’s mechanical design office, with user requirements as the starting point for product development.\nThis sterile welder is a device integrated in FDA-approved processes for aseptic connections without dead zones.\nThe aseptic tube sealer is used to disconnect 2 process equipment in pharmaceutical and biotech application.\nCutting and bending equipment that is modular and specially designed for sensors preparation prior to welding.\nIt is a mobile workstation intended for the medical and pharmaceutical community, specially designed for the ergonomics of its user.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ams’ products are aimed at applications which require extreme precision, accuracy, dynamic range, sensitivity, and ultra-low power consumption. ams’ product range includes sensors, sensor interfaces, power management ICs and wireless ICs for customers in the consumer, industrial, medical, mobile communications and automotive markets.\nWith headquarters in Austria, ams employs over 1,800 people globally. Key research and development facilities are based in Graz, Plano, a center of excellence in optical sensors in Texas (USA), and in twelve other design centers worldwide.\nSpecialties: High performance analog IC design and manufacturing, Light Sensors, Position Sensors, Sensor Interfaces, Wireless ICs, Lighting Management, Power Management ICs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Measurement of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) tools is regularly carried out in the hydrocarbons sector to determine not only the characteristics and performance of fluids inside the well, but also to evaluate the mechanical condition of the pipes and the automation of production. The mechanical features of these tools are significantly influenced by the mechanical design of the structure, which eventually affects their performance and integrity. This paper describes the design process and the analysis of the structural integrity of a HPHT measuring tool for oil wells in its sensors section. The classical theories of mechanical design and specifications of the ASME boilers and pressure vessels code were used. The study is performed for several operation variables in a numerical model using a commercial code of finite element method to determinate the maximum principal stresses, total displacements and safety factor in the mechanical elements that form the device. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data source from the laboratory tests.\nStructural Integrity and Mechanical Design of a Probe of High Pressure and High Temperature for Oil Wells Applying Finite Elements Tools\n- Views Icon Views\n- Share Icon Share\n- Search Site\nTamariz, ER, Castro, RM, Estrada, AJA, Amezcua, AC, Maldonado, DP, & Aguilar, AA. \"Structural Integrity and Mechanical Design of a Probe of High Pressure and High Temperature for Oil Wells Applying Finite Elements Tools.\" Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Volume 11: Systems, Design, and Complexity. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. November 14–20, 2014. V011T14A027. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2014-39930\nDownload citation file:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "欲完成大規模建築體之掃描作業，除了應選擇適合之掃描設備外，於作業過程中，更應考量掃描測站數量之多寡，因測站數量會直接影響掃描作業之成本與效益。本研究將以三維雷射掃描儀作為掃描建築物之工具，採用三維共軛球型覘標作為相鄰測站間之共軛覘標，比較分析較佳掃描作業與一般掃描作業方式，對金門大學圓樓之掃描效益。依實驗結果顯示，倘若對大範圍之建築物體掃描，使用較佳掃描之作業方式，不但，點雲接合精度合乎建築掃描規範；而且，由於增加掃描儀與共軛覘標間之掃描距離，使得掃描時間及掃描測站數減少約25％～50％。 To scan the large scale architectures should not only choose the appropriate scanning tool, but also, consider the amount of laser scanner station in the process of scanning. The amount of laser scanner station would directly affect the cost and benefit of whole scanning process. The 3D laser scanner was selected as the scanning tool to the Round House of National Quemoy University, and 3D sphere marker used as the conjugated marker between neighborhood scanning stations. Two scanning approaches were proposed in this article, i.e. the most efficient way and the general way of scanning. According to the experiment result, while scanning the large scale architecture, the most efficient way can extend the scanning distance and take less time and stations, also achieve the same accuracy as the general way.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "An intense laser pulse, focused in a gas cloud, instantly ionizes the latter. The laser thus propagates in an ionized gas, ie a plasma. During the propagation, the pulse expels electrons out of its path and creates an ion cavity in its wake. This cavity is associated with very high longitudinal electric fields that can be used to accelerate electrons. This is the principle of laser-plasma acceleration. In practice, the fields produced are three to four orders of magnitude greater than those obtained in conventional accelerators; hence only 20 cm are required to accelerate electrons up to ten GeV, whereas it would take about 500 m with a conventional accelerator.\nA tool for studying quantum electrodynamics\nThe APOLLON laser is expected to accelerate electrons in an energy range from 1 to 20 GeV. Yet, obtaining the highest energies will require the development of new guiding techniques. A major advantage of laser-plasma accelerators is the inherent synchronization of the electron beam with the laser. By using the two beams of the Apollon laser, it will be possible to collide the particle beam with a second laser pulse. It is expected that the electric field in the particle frame is greater than the Schwinger limit (E> 1.3 1018 V/m), ie the electric field that separates electron-positron pairs created from the fluctuations of the vacuum. This will pave the way for the study of several phenomena of quantum electrodynamics.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Views: 1 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2018-04-20 Origin: Site\n3) Application circuit between switch contacts\nIn the circuit, it is assumed that R1 is a varistor, which is connected between the two contacts of the power switch S1 to absorb the arc when the switch is disconnected and to prevent the switch contact from burning out by the arc.\n4) Protect semiconductor device circuit\nVaristors are used to protect semiconductor device circuits. In the circuit, it is assumed that R1 is a varistor, which is connected between the transistor VT1 collector and emitter to prevent the voltage between the VT1 collector and emitter from damaging the transistor.\nThis protection circuit can also be used in semiconductor devices such as thyristors, high-power transistors, etc. It is an effective protection circuit for semiconductor devices to limit the voltage level below the protected device.\nAnalysis on the selection and inspection method of compressor capacitor\nThe Principle of Pulse Capacitor and Research of High Energy Density Pulse Capacitor", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Functional \"fingerloop\" DNA antisense motifs for nucleic acid targeting and detection technologies\nThe Need: The field of molecular biology and genetic engineering faces challenges in achieving precise and accurate detection and amplification of target nucleic acid sequences. Traditional hybridization technologies suffer from the issue of mismatched targets, leading to reduced specificity and reliability. Additionally, the potential of DNA tools for modulating gene expression and protein stability remains largely untapped. There is a pressing commercial need for new and improved methods that can enhance the detection and amplification of nucleic acids while providing greater control over gene expression and RNA stability.\nThe Technology: The technology presented in this disclosure involves the use of DNA fingerloop stem loop structures for detecting and amplifying nucleic acids. These structures demonstrate the ability to reduce base pairing with mismatched target nucleic acids, resulting in increased detection specificity. The method involves utilizing detection probes with DNA fingerloop stem loop structures that include an antisense region binding to the target nucleic acid sequence. The technology extends to amplification methods utilizing amplification primers with similar structures. Furthermore, this technology explores chimeric fingerloop DNAs for measuring and modulating protein expression levels and RNA stability, presenting a novel approach in this domain.\nIn conclusion, the cutting-edge technology of DNA fingerloop stem loop structures presents an innovative solution to address the limitations of traditional nucleic acid detection and amplification methods. Its wide range of applications and significant benefits make it a promising tool for advancing molecular biology research, diagnostics, and genetic engineering endeavors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Growth Technology pH Probe Storage Solution\nPreserve Precision, Enhance Longevity\nFor professionals in nurseries and agriculture, accurate pH measurement is non-negotiable. That's where the Growth Technology pH Probe Storage Solution steps in. This expertly crafted solution is designed to preserve the sensitivity and longevity of your pH probes.\nThe integrity of your pH probe is paramount. Our storage solution ensures that your equipment remains in peak condition, reducing the frequency of replacements and maintaining the precision needed for your sophisticated tasks.\n- Extended Probe Life: Specially formulated to maximize the lifespan of your pH probes, ensuring reliable and accurate readings every time.\n- Optimal Probe Performance: Maintains the hydration and functionality of the probe tip, which is crucial for consistent high-precision measurements.\n- Easy to Use: Simply immerse the pH probe in the solution when not in use. It is ideal for both intermittent and long-term storage.\n- After using your pH probe, rinse it with distilled water.\n- Place the probe in a container with enough Growth Technology pH Probe Storage Solution to cover the sensor completely.\n- Securely close the container to prevent evaporation and contamination.\n- Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The DPSS (Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers) and Laser Diode Modules developed and manufactured by Oxxius in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelength ranges are the best choice for demanding applications.\nThe LCX range of DPSS lasers and the LBX range of diode modules provide exceptional optical performances in an ultra-compact design which can be easily integrated into various instrument designs.\nUnderstanding our customers’ needs, we offer reduced power consumption, noise, size and cost while increasing power, ruggedness and reliability.\nOxxius lasers are integrated in instruments for the life-sciences, analytics and manufacturing markets. They are also an invaluable tool for academic or industrial research.\nMeet us at LASER World of Photonics 2017\nWe will exhibiting at LASER World of Photonics exhibition in Munich, from June 26th to the (...)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "534FTB In-Line Thermal Mass Flow Transmitter\nProviding partial or complete “in-situ mirrored” calibrations, the Kurz Instruments inline flow meters are designed to provide outstanding “plug and play” accuracy on gas flow measurement in applications where the pipe is less than eight inches in diameter. Greater “out-of-the-box” accuracy is achieved by calibrating the instrument in a spool piece which becomes a part of the process line.\nThe 534FTB and 534FT series of inline flow meters provide the best “out-of-the-box” accuracy available. Completely immune to process plumbing variables, these units are designed for difficult piping applications, for skid systems, and for situations where accuracy is paramount. These models create stable flow profiles by coupling an expansion and compression function, forcing the flow to respond in the field exactly as it does in the calibration lab, thus insuring dependable accuracy every time.\nFeatures and Benefits:\n- The Series 534FTB uses Kurz MFTB Technology with the advantages of built-in inlet/outlet piping reducers/expanders and exceptional immunity to upstream/downstream flow disturbances caused by elbows, valves and line size changes.\n- The Series 534FTB has 8 basic Models covering mass flow ranges to 2350 SCFM and in line sizes from 1/2 to 8″.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US7960979 B1|\n|Application number||US 12/058,107|\n|Publication date||Jun 14, 2011|\n|Filing date||Mar 28, 2008|\n|Priority date||Mar 28, 2008|\n|Publication number||058107, 12058107, US 7960979 B1, US 7960979B1, US-B1-7960979, US7960979 B1, US7960979B1|\n|Inventors||Henry Joe Lee|\n|Original Assignee||Honda Motor Co., Ltd.|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (19), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\n1. Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a universal resistance testing device to test electrical components for proper operation. More specifically, the present invention relates to a universal resistance testing device to measure and verify an external resistance of a variable resistance device.\n2. Description of Related Art\nVariable resistance devices exist in various styles and perform various functions in many applications throughout the automotive, power sports, motorcycle, and power equipment industries. For example, all terrain vehicles (ATV's) utilize variable resistance devices to provide vehicle information to the operator that may be visually displayed. Some examples of a variable resistance device may include a gas tank level sensor, a vehicle angle sensor, etc. It is important that the variable resistance devices operate properly so that proper information is relayed to the operator of the ATV.\nIn order to ensure proper operation of the variable resistance devices the quality of the devices need to be verified. Specifically, the resistance of the variable resistance device needs to be verified that it is the proper resistive value. Different variable resistance devices, however, have a different resistance. In other words, the resistance of the gas tank level sensor may have a different resistance than the vehicle angle sensor. Thus, a different testing device is required to test each of the different variable resistance devices. Therefore, what is required is a universal resistance testing device that can be incorporated into a control circuit to thereby test different variable resistance devices.\nIn accordance with one aspect, the present invention overcomes the above mentioned disadvantages by providing a universal resistance testing device to measure a resistance of a variable resistance device. The universal resistance testing device includes a bridge circuit having a first branch circuit and a second branch circuit, wherein the first branch circuit includes two removable resistors and the second branch circuit includes a single removable resistor and a means to electrically connect and disconnect an external resistance having a known resistive value. The device further includes a metering circuit having a meter to measure an output of the bridge circuit, a comparator circuit having a multiple removable resistors, and an output circuit having a transistor, wherein the output circuit receives an electric signal from the comparator circuit and outputs an electric signal to a signaling device thereby actuating the signaling device. A resistive value of the two removable resistors from the first branch circuit and a resistive value of the single removable resistor of the second branch circuit is determined based on the known resistive value of the external resistance such that a ratio of the two removable resistors from the first branch circuit is equal to a ratio of the single removable resistor and the known resistive value of the external resistance of the second branch circuit. In addition, one of the plurality of removable resistors of the comparator circuit is a voltage sensing resistor and the comparator circuit compares a voltage across the voltage sensing resistor to a reference voltage to verify the resistive value of the external resistance.\nAdditional benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which it pertains upon a reading and understanding of the following detailed specification.\nThe invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts, a preferred embodiment of which will be described in detail in this specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings that form a part of the specification.\nReferring now to the drawings,\nReferring now to\nThe Wheatstone bridge is a measuring device to measure an unknown resistance of a component by balancing the two branches 24, 26 of the bridge circuit 20. If the ratio of R22/R21 is equal to the ratio of Rx/R23 then the voltage drop across each branch 24, 26 is equal to the input voltage and no current will flow through the metering circuit 30 and the bridge circuit 20 is balanced. Thus, when the bridge circuit 20 is balanced then, R2/R1=Rx/R3. Rx can be calculated by solving for Rx (Rx=(R2/R1)R3). Similarly, if Rx is known the value of any one of R1-R3 can be calculated in the same manner. Thus, as will be explained further below, in order to verify the known value of the external resistance Rx, thereby verifying the quality of the variable resistance device, any one of R1-R3 can be replaced by a resistor of an appropriate value to balance the bridge.\nThe metering circuit 30 is comprised of an adjustable resistor R31, a diode D32, and a milliammeter M. The milliammeter M is connected to the terminals designated as +M and −M. The +M terminal is connected, via the adjustable resistor R31, to the first resistance branch 24 of the bridge circuit 20 between resistors R21 and R22. The −M terminal is connected to the second resistance branch 26 of the bridge circuit 20 between resistor R23 and the external resistance Rx. Thus, the milliammeter M measures the current created by any imbalance of the bridge circuit 20. In other words, as the external resistance Rx changes, the current through the milliammeter M will increase or decrease accordingly in response to the imbalances of the current through the first 24 and second 26 resistance branches. It should be noted that the meter M in the metering circuit 30 is not limited to a meter to measure current but can also be a meter to measure the voltage drop across one of the branches 24, 26. For purposes of simplicity, however, the present invention will be explained with reference to the milliammeter M.\nThe adjustable resistor R31 serves two functions. First, the adjustable resistor R31 serves as a current limiting device for the milliammeter M. In other words, the adjustable resistor R31 serves to limit the amount of current through the milliammeter M thereby protecting the milliammeter M. Second, the adjustable resistor R31 can be used as an adjustment means for the milliammeter M. Thus, the adjustable resistor R31 can be used to provide a maximum indication on the milliammeter M. The diode D32 protects the milliammeter M from a reverse current condition.\nThe comparator circuit 40 compares input voltages and includes multiple resistors R41, R42, R43, R44, and R45, an operational amplifier U46, and a capacitor C47. Resistors R41, R42, R44 and R45 have a known fixed value and resistor R43 is an adjustable resistor. The comparator circuit 40 is connected to the voltage source +Vs, −Vs, mentioned above (hereinafter referred to as Vs). The function of the comparator circuit 50 is to compare the input voltages at the non-inverting input Vin+ with the voltage at the inverting input Vin− of the operational amplifier U46, as will be subsequently described.\nThe comparator circuit 50 monitors the voltage drop across resistor R41, which is connected to the inverting input Vin− of the operational amplifier U46. Resistor R41 is commonly known as a voltage sensing resistor. The comparator circuit 40 compares this voltage with a reference voltage at the non-inverting input Vin+. The reference voltage non-inverting input Vin+ is generated by a voltage divider network formed by resistors R42 and R43. When the voltage at the inverting input Vin− drops below the reference voltage at the non-inverting input Vin+ the transistors of the operational amplifier U46 turn on thereby allowing an output current Iout to flow out of the operational amplifier U46. The output current Iout flows into the resistor network comprised of resistors R44 and R45, which in turn controls the flow of current into the output circuit 50, as will be described below. The function of the capacitor C47 is to suppress any transient noise that may adversely affect the operational amplifier U46.\nDepending on the type of variable resistance device being tested, one or more of resistors R41, R42, and R43 may be replaced with a resistor of a different value in order to achieve the proper reference voltage at Vin+.\nThe output circuit 50 outputs a signal to one or more external electrical signaling devices and includes an NPN transistor Q51 and a diode D52. As mentioned above, the output current Iout of the operational amplifier U 46 flows into the resistor network comprised of resistors R44 and R45, which controls the base current of the transistor Q51. The output current Iout causes the transistor Q51 to go into saturation, thereby essentially turning on the transistor Q51. With the transistor Q51 in an on state, a low voltage is seen at the collector of the transistor Q51 and current flows from the collector to the emitter. The output of the output circuit 50 is connected to a control relay CR. Thus, when the transistor Q51 is in a saturated state the current from the emitter energizes a coil in the control relay CR, which in turn actuates one or more test signaling devices DS2, BZ1. The diode D52 protects the circuit from a reverse current condition.\nOperation of the present invention will now be described. As mentioned above, different variable resistance devices have a different resistance. This resistance is known but in order to ensure quality of the device, the resistance needs to be verified. Thus, because the external resistance Rx is known, the values of R21-R23 are determined to thereby balance the bridge circuit 20, as explained above. Further, appropriate values for R41, R42, and R43 are chosen to obtain the proper reference voltage at Vin+. The resistors R21-23, R41, R42, and R43 are inserted into the PCB. The PCB is electrically connected to the control circuit 10, as shown in\nIf the external resistance Rx is of proper value, which means that the variable resistance device is not defective, then the bridge circuit 20 is balanced and no current (or minimal current) will flow through the branches 24, 26 of the bridge circuit 20. In turn, no or minimal current will flow through the voltage sensing resistor R41, which means that there will be no or a minimal voltage drop across resistor R41. Thus, the voltage at the inverting input Vin− will fall below the reference input voltage at the non-inverting input Vin+, thereby causing the output current Iout to flow out of the operational amplifier U46. The increase in the output current Iout will cause the transistor Q51 to go into saturation thereby causing current to flow from the collector to the emitter and thus, to the control relay CR, as explained above. The current energizes the control relay CR, which in turn actuates the test signaling device(s) DS2, BZ1, thereby indicating that the external resistance Rx is of proper value and thus, verifying the quality of the variable resistance device.\nIf the external resistance Rx is not of proper value, which means that the variable resistance device is defective, then the bridge circuit 20 is not balanced and current will flow through the branches 24, 26 of the bridge circuit 20, which is measured by the milliammeter M. In turn, current will flow through voltage sensing resistor R41 and the voltage drop across the voltage sensing resistor R41, which is the input voltage seen at the inverting input Vin−, will not fall below the input reference voltage at the non-inverting input Vin+. Subsequently, the output current Iout will be zero and the transistor Q51 will not go into saturation. Thus, no current will flow from the collector to the emitter of the transistor Q51 and to the control relay CR. Therefore, the test signaling device(s) DS2, BZ1 will not actuate, thereby indicating that the external resistance Rx is not of proper value and that the variable resistance device is defective.\nOne important feature of the present invention worth repeating is that one or more resistors in the universal resistance testing device 12 can be easily replaced with another resistor having a different resistive value. This flexibility allows the universal resistance testing device 12 to be incorporated into the same control circuit 10 to thereby verify the quality different variable resistance devices that have a different resistance.\nWhile specific embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that these embodiments are provided by way of example only and that the invention is not to be construed as being limited but only by proper scope of the following claims.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US3536997 *||Oct 11, 1968||Oct 27, 1970||Hickok Electrical Instr Co The||Digital ohmmeter with modified wheatstone bridge|\n|US3546436||Nov 8, 1967||Dec 8, 1970||Holzer Walter K||Electronic heat regulation|\n|US3588690||Jul 16, 1969||Jun 28, 1971||Griffin Hugh Allen||Test circuit including bridge type oscillator means for monitoring equivalent series resistance of quartz crystals|\n|US3646435 *||Jun 8, 1970||Feb 29, 1972||Rozenson Eliokim Zelikovich||Wheatstone-thomson combined electrical measuring bridge|\n|US3946200||Feb 24, 1975||Mar 23, 1976||Gca Corporation||Proportional temperature controller|\n|US3972237 *||May 28, 1974||Aug 3, 1976||American Medical Electronics Corporation||Electronic thermometer|\n|US4467182||Sep 16, 1981||Aug 21, 1984||Nordson Corporation||Control circuit|\n|US4503706 *||May 16, 1983||Mar 12, 1985||Kenneth J. Kolodjski||Constant temperature anemometer|\n|US4639611||Jan 9, 1985||Jan 27, 1987||Nordson Corporation||Bridge circuit system|\n|US4647919 *||Oct 25, 1985||Mar 3, 1987||Beckman Instruments, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring liquid flow|\n|US4845342||Jan 6, 1988||Jul 4, 1989||Therme, Inc.||Circuit for providing electrical energy to a heatable means|\n|US4906820||Jun 3, 1988||Mar 6, 1990||Memmert Gmbh & Co. Kg||Temperature control method and circuit for controlling the temperature in a heatable compartment of an appliance|\n|US4910689||Dec 17, 1987||Mar 20, 1990||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Resistivity value measuring circuit|\n|US4996477 *||Oct 26, 1989||Feb 26, 1991||A.O. Smith Corporation||Apparatus and method for testing electrically controlled motor|\n|US5583442 *||Feb 3, 1994||Dec 10, 1996||Harris Corporation||Differential voltage monitor using a bridge circuit with resistors on and off of an integrated circuit|\n|US6433554 *||Dec 20, 1999||Aug 13, 2002||Texas Instruments Incorporated||Method and apparatus for in-range fault detection of condition responsive sensor|\n|US6611135 *||Nov 13, 2001||Aug 26, 2003||Systems Material Handling Co.||Method and electronic circuit for tuning vibratory transducers|\n|US6625555||Jul 11, 2001||Sep 23, 2003||Behavior Tech Computer Corporation||Variable resistance measuring loop having compensational function for environmental factors|\n|US6763108 *||Nov 6, 2000||Jul 13, 2004||Communications Technology Corp.||Apparatus and method for line pair testing and fault diagnostics|\n|U.S. Classification||324/706, 324/705|\n|Cooperative Classification||G01R17/105, G01R35/00|\n|May 20, 2008||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD., JAPAN\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LEE, HENRY JOE;REEL/FRAME:020970/0309\nEffective date: 20080424\n|Jan 23, 2015||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|Jun 14, 2015||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|\n|Aug 4, 2015||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|\nEffective date: 20150614", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface\nStart Date: March 2012\nMission Project Home Page - http://airmoss.jpl.nasa.gov/\nProgram(s):Earth System Science Pathfinder\nNorth American ecosystems are critical components of the global carbon cycle, exchanging large amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases with the atmosphere. Root-zone soil measurements can be used to better understand these carbon fluxes and their associated uncertainties on a continental scale. The goal of the Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) investigation is to provide high-resolution observations of root-zone soil moisture over regions representative of the major North American climatic habitats (biomes), quantify the impact of variations in soil moisture on the estimation of regional carbon fluxes, and extrapolate the reduced-uncertainty estimates of regional carbon fluxes to the continental scale of North America.\nAirMOSS is using an airborne ultra-high frequency synthetic aperture radar that has the capability to penetrate through substantial vegetation canopies and soil to depths down to approximately 1.2 meters. For AirMOSS, NASA’s Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) is being flown on a Gulfstream-III aircraft. Extensive ground, tower, and aircraft in-situ measurements are validating root-zone soil measurements and carbon flux model estimates. The surveys will provide measurements at 100 meter spatial resolution and at sub-weekly, seasonal, and annual time scales.\nPrincipal Investigator: Mahta Moghaddam\nUniversity of Southern California\nProject Manager: Yunling Lou\nNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA\nMission Manager: Jennifer Olson (LaRC)\nLangley Research Center (LaRC), Hampton, VA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HUANGU electronic tech co.,ltd specialized on precision adapter design and produce , OEM project for auto repair tools connectors .\n1 2 3 4\nCEO office sales office production line production line\nHuangu electronic tech co.,ltd provides different kind of electronic components,car repair tools ,diagnose cables etc .\nOur products included socket adapter , programmers, IC chip sockets , test devices of electronics , also we can produce OEM adapters and PCB layouts according to customers requirement .\nNew Product Development\nPCB/ Circuit design\nSJ Machine tool protection co.,ltd specialize in machine tool proteciton machine cover /bellow manufacturing , we designed and manufactured folded bellow covers for laser machines,cutting machines ,lifter, waterjet machines etc .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FIELD OF THE INVENTION\n- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION\nThe present invention generally relates to an apparatus which is used for transporting spherical particles such as solder balls used in ball grid array (BGA) and flip chip technologies and particularly to a spherical particle transport apparatus which is used for transporting solder balls to predetermined locations where an electronic component like an IC chip is surface mounted.\nNowadays, circuit boards on which electrical components such as IC chips are surface mounted are experiencing miniaturization, requiring electrical components to be made thinner and thinner in low profiles. The above mentioned BGA and flip chip technologies are known as electrical connection technologies to meet such demand and are applied to surface mount miniaturized electronic components. The electrical terminals which are provided on the lower face of each electronic component are supplied with solder balls at first. Then, each electronic component is placed at a predetermined location on a circuit board onto which these electronic components are surface mounted. With these solder balls of the electronic components being attached to the respective terminals which are provided as circuit patterns on the circuit board, the whole unit of this assembly is passed through a heating furnace to fuse the solder balls and to glue the respective terminals between the electronic components and the circuit board.\nNow, the attachment of solder balls to each electronic component in BGA and flip chip connection is described more in detail. The attachment of all the solder balls to the terminals of each electronic component is completed in a single process by a pick-up machine which is designed for mass production. In this process, however, a failure may happen in which some solder balls fail to attach to the terminals of the electronic components. Thus, it is necessary to perform an inspection and some repair work (supplementary work).\nA pick-up device 50 which is used for the above mentioned repair work is shown in FIG. 6. This pick-up device 50 comprises a pick-up head 51 and a capillary 52 which extends downward from the pick-up head 51. In addition, a suction port is provided at the lower end of the capillary 52. This suction port is so designed that it can picked up only a single solder ball, so the pick-up device 50 picks up and transports only one solder ball in a single process.\nThe picking up of the solder ball is carried out first by inserting the capillary 52 into a container in which a plurality of solder balls are placed. In this instance, the air is sucked from the suction port (i.e., a negative pressure is created at the suction port) to suck a solder ball into the suction port. This suction is intended for the picking up of only one solder ball. However, some other solder balls are likely to stick onto the periphery of the capillary 52 because of the static electricity present, as shown in the figure. To remove such unwanted extra balls, the pick-up head 51 incorporates a vibrator 55, which is activated by a power source 60. This vibrator 55 is activated to produce an ultrasound and thereby a vibration in the capillary 52 to drop off these extra solder balls.\nThis method for removing or dropping off unwanted solder balls by a vibration has been successful for solder balls which are formed with relatively large diameters (700 μm-1000 μm). However, nowadays, solder balls are being made smaller and smaller (e.g., 70 μm) to realize high density assembly, and the removing of such small solder balls by an ultrasonic vibration is becoming difficult.\n- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION\nBesides, this pick-up device 50, which incorporates the vibrator 55 in the pick-up head and requires the power source 60 for the generation of an ultrasound, is complex in design and expensive to produce.\nIt is an object of the present invention to provide a spherical particle transport apparatus which enables and ensures one by one transportation of solder balls even though the balls are very small (i.e., spherical particles).\nIt is another object of the present invention to provide a spherical particle transport apparatus which is capable of blowing off unwanted extra solder balls that stick to the periphery of a pick-up device when the pick-up device picks up a solder ball one by one.\nIn order to attain these objectives, the present invention provides a spherical particle transport apparatus which comprises a pick-up device and an air blower. The pick-up device has a suction port in the lower end face thereof, through which the pick-up device sucks the air to pick up and transport a solder ball one at a time, and these solder balls are used in BGA or flip chip technology for establishing electrical connection. The air blower blows air to the pick-up device to drop off extra solder balls which have stuck to the periphery of the pick-up device, while keeping the solder ball which is sucked in the suction port.\nFor example, the pick-up device comprises a capillary which is formed of a tubular member and which extends downward, and the pick-up device sucks the air through this capillary. An opening is provided at the lower end of the capillary, and this opening represents the above mentioned suction port. With this construction, the pick-up device is capable of picking up one solder ball singularly. In this case, the air blower blows air to the lower end of the capillary to drop off the extra solder balls which are sticking to the capillary while the solder ball which is sucked in the suction port is retained unaffected.\nThis design of the present invention is different from a method in which a vibration is applied to drop off unwanted solder balls. By the blowing of air, a relatively large direct external force is applied to each of the extra solder balls which are sticking to the pick-up device, and these solder balls are dropped off. In this instance, as the solder ball which is stuck in the suction port is being sucked and retained therein, there is no fear of dropping off of this solder ball. In other words, the strength of the air blown from the air blower is adjusted so as to blow off only the extra solder balls and to retain firmly the solder ball which is sucked in the suction port.\nIt is preferable that this apparatus be designed such that the retaining of the solder ball in the suction port is assisted by the blowing of air. In this case, the flow of the air is directed perpendicularly to the plane in which the suction port meets with the solder ball, so that the blowing of air pushes the solder ball into the suction port. With this design, the solder ball, which is sucked in the suction port, is firmly retained in the suction port, and there is no possibility of the solder ball being blown off by the air which is applied to drop off the unwanted extra solder balls.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS\nFurther scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.\nThe present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limitative of the present invention and wherein:\nFIG. 1 is a side view of a spherical particle transport apparatus which is constructed in accordance with the present invention;\nFIG. 2A is a perspective view of a pick-up machine for mass production, which shows the mounting of solder balls to an IC chip;\nFIG. 2B is a perspective view of the IC chip with the solder balls;\nFIG. 3 is a perspective view of a production line, in which IC chips attached with solder balls H by the pick-up machine are inspected and repaired if necessary;\nFIG. 4 is an enlarged view of an air blower and the lower end of an capillary, which shows the direction of the air flow;\nFIG. 5 is a perspective view of a circuit board and a few IC chips which are connected in BGA; and\nDESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS\nFIG. 6 is a side view of a pick-up device of prior art which is used for repair work.\nFIG. 2B shows an electronic component IC which is to be electrically connected in BGA, with the lower face of the electronic component IC being turned upward. A plurality of electrical terminals are provided on the lower face of the electronic component IC, and a number of solder balls H (about 200 to 1,000) are attached to these terminals. In this embodiment, each of the solder balls is formed of a solder in a spherical shape with a diameter of about 70 μm.\nNow, the mounting of such solder balls H to an electronic component IC is described in detail. As shown in FIG. 2, the solder balls H are mounted by using a pick-up device 30, which comprises a pick-up head 31 having a plurality of suction ports 33 in the lower face 32 thereof. The pick-up device 30 sucks the air through these suction ports 33 and thereby picks all the solder balls H which are to be mounted onto the electronic component IC in a single process.\nThen, the pick-up device 30 transports these solder balls H, which are stuck in the lower face 32 of the pick-up head 31, to the lower face of the electronic component IC, and the pick-up device 30 pushes the solder balls onto the electrical terminals of the electronic component IC and then stops the suction of the air. Because these terminals are coated with a sticky flux, these solder balls H stick to the respective terminals.\nAs shown in FIG. 3, the electronic components IC, which are provided with the solder balls H, are then moved by a conveyor to a location where the grid array of the solder balls attached on each electronic component IC is inspected by an image processor 41 whether there is any failure in the mounting of the solder balls. If there is no failure, then the electronic components IC are continuously conveyed. However, if there is a failure, i.e., a vacancy in the BGA, then, into this very vacancy (indicated with “X” in the figure), a supplementary solder ball H is provided by a repair pick-up 10.\nAs shown in FIG. 1, the repair pick-up 10 comprises a pick-up head 11 and a capillary 12, which extends vertically downward from the lower end of the pick-up head 11. The capillary 12 is formed of a tubular member whose lower portion is squeezed or tapered gradually downward, and the lower end of the capillary 12 is open to suck the air.\nThis repair pick-up 10 is fabricated such that only a single solder ball H sticks into the opening 13 (this opening is hereinafter referred to as “suction port”) which is provided at the lower end of the capillary 12 (see FIG. 4). The lower end of the capillary 12, which is the site of the suction, is horizontal to optimize the sticking of the solder ball H as shown in FIG. 4.\nIn the repair process, at first, while the repair pick-up 10 is sucking the air through the suction port 13, the capillary 12 is put into a container which is filled with solder balls H, to pick up a solder ball H. Then, the repair pick-up 10 with the solder ball H stuck in the suction port 13 is moved to a location where there is a vacancy in the array of solder balls on an electronic component IC, and the solder ball H which is brought by the repair pick-up 10 is placed into the vacancy. During the pick-up process, extra solder balls H may stick to the periphery of the capillary 12. To drop off such extra solder balls H from the capillary 12, the repair pick-up 10 after picking up a single solder ball H is blown with the air supplied from an air blower 20 (see FIG. 1) at a certain position while the repair pick-up 10 is transporting the solder ball H for the repair of the BGA.\nThis air blower 20 is provided at a certain location in the route of the repair pick-up 10, and it blows air upward to the capillary 12. By the blowing of air, a relatively large direct external force can be applied to extra solder balls H sticking to the periphery of the capillary 12. Such external force is not achievable by the vibration of the capillary 12, which is practiced in prior art. in the present invention, because of the blowing of air, even such small solder balls H as described in this embodiment can be dropped off smoothly from the periphery of the capillary 12. The blowing of air to the capillary 12 can be realized by placing and stopping the repair pick-up 10 directly above the air blower 20 even while the repair pick-up 10 is continuously moving.\nAs shown in FIG. 4, the repair pick-up 10 transports the solder ball H picked up in the suction port 13 to pass directly above the outlet 20 a of the air blower 20. When the suction port 13 of the capillary 12 facing downward is moved above the outlet 20 a, the air blower 20 blows the air vertically upward.\nAs mentioned previously, because the suction port 13 is provided horizontally, the solder ball H which is stuck in the suction port 13 is firmly retained therein, receiving an additional upward pressure when the air is blown upward. On the other hand, as the periphery of the capillary 12 is uniformly exposed to the blowing, the extra solder balls H sticking to the periphery are completely blown off.\nAfter this blowing, an inspection is carried out by an image recognizing device (not shown in the figure, which is different from the above mentioned image processor 41) to determine whether a solder ball H is present in the suction port 13 and whether there is any extra solder ball H sticking to the capillary 12.\nIf the conditions that there is an solder ball H in the suction port 13 and that no extra solder ball H is sticking to the capillary 12 are ascertained from the detection made by the image recognizing device, then the repair pick-up 10 continues the transportation of the solder ball H to the location of the vacancy in the BGA. After reaching the location, the repair pick-up 10 places and pushes the solder ball onto the respective terminal of the electronic component IC. Then the suction of the air is stopped, and the mounting of the solder ball H into the vacancy is completed. On the other hand, if no solder ball H is detected in the suction port 13, then the above mentioned pick-up process is repeated from the beginning. Furthermore, if any extra solder ball H is detected to be still sticking after the blowing, then the blowing process is repeated.\nAfter this repair work is complete, the lower face of the electronic component IC on which these solder balls H are mounted is turned downward. Then, this electronic component IC with the solder balls H is placed on a circuit board (not shown) at a location where respective circuit terminals are provided to receive the electronic component IC. After repeating and finishing the same process for all the electronic components IC, this circuit board with the electronic components IC is taken into a furnace (i.e., a heating path), and when the solder balls H melt, the respective electronic components IC are surface mounted on the circuit board.\nEven though the above mentioned blowing is described for the repair pick-up 10, this air blowing can be also applied to the pick-up device 30, which is designed for mass production. In this case, the air is blown upward to the lower face 32 of the pick-up device 30 to drop off the extra solder balls H which are sticking to the pick-up head 31.\nIn addition to the above embodiment, in which the spherical particle transport apparatus of the present invention is described for use in BGA technology with solder balls, the spherical particle transport apparatus of the present invention can be also applied to a BGA technology which uses gold solder balls as spherical electrical terminals. Furthermore, the spherical particle transport apparatus of the present invention can be used for the transportation of solder balls not only in BGA connection but also in flip chip connection.\nIn the above embodiment, the repair pick-up 10 is used for the repairing. However, if a few electronic components are to be mounted on a circuit board in a variety of ways for a production of a relatively small number of circuit boards, for example, IC chips T each requiring a relatively small number (less than 20) of solder balls are to be mounted on a circuit board P in BGA connection as shown in FIG. 5, then the repair pick-up 10 can be used not only for the repairing work, but also for the original mounting. In this case, the mounting of solder balls H onto the electrical terminals of the electronic component IC is carried out in one solder ball by one solder ball transportation with a device which is similar to the repair pick-up 10 described in the above embodiment.\n- RELATED APPLICATIONS\nThe invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.\nThis application claims the priority of Japanese Patent Application No.09-338353 filed on Dec. 9, 1997, which is incorporated herein by reference.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Peristaltic pumps are currently used for the filling of food, medical, pharmaceutical and industrial products. In particular, they are used in bottling lines of flavorings, acids, bases and, in general, foaming liquids containing impurities in suspension. There are two types of peristaltic pumps normally used in this application: O.E.M. pumps integrated in a central control system and stand-alone independent pumps. The integration of O.E.M. pumps allows manufacturers of automated systems to fill with good repeatability, quickly, easy change of the worked product and maximum cleaning. The use of independent pumps enables users to fill, easily and with reduced costs, particular or dangerous liquids, increasing the safety and repeatability factors.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The CAV25128 is a 128-Kb Serial CMOS EEPROM device internally organized as 16Kx8 bits. This features a 64-byte page write buffer and supports the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol. The device is enabled through a Chip Select () input. In addition, the required bus signals are clock input (SCK), data input (SI) and data output (SO) lines. Theinput may be used to pause any serial communication with the CAV25128 device. The device features software and hardware write protection, including partial as well as full array protection.On-Chip ECC (Error Correction Code) makes the device suitable for high reliability applications.\nAutomotive Temperature Grade 1 (-40°C to +125°C)\n10 MHz SPI Compatible\n2.5 V to 5.5 V Supply Voltage Range\nSPI Modes (0,0) & (1,1)\n64-byte Page Write Buffer\nAdditional Identification Page with Permanent Write Protection", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) in Welding Inspection (Part I): General\nBy: Eng. Jesus Eduardo Contreras\nWhen talking about this topic, we must consider at least 3 important aspects:\ni) Welding, which is already an extensive topic, but here we can define very briefly that it is a process that leads to the union of two or more materials together, in such a way that they remain as a single piece. For the purposes of this article, we are talking about metallic materials.\nThere are many welding processes (At SOLDOZA we are experts in everything related to welding, see references), in other articles we will describe the welding processes in detail.\nii) The defects present in the weld,\nas in the previous point, we will detail these defects in other related articles (see references). And the…\niii) Non-Destructive Testing including:\n…techniques both surface detection and volumetric inspection. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, but in most cases, they can be complementary and combined to provide operators with the most comprehensive data. Thanks to the continued advances in NDT technology enables improved detection of defects and sizing.\nLet us start with the most traditional methods to detect volumetric discontinuities:\n|Radiography (RT)||Is the general term given to material inspection methods that are based on the differential absorption of penetrating radiation–either electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength or particulate radiation–by the part or test-piece (object) being inspected.|\nIt detects volumetrics discontinuities such as porosity, inclusions, and even cracks if the crack opening runs parallel to the radiation beam.\nCan be used on almost any material\nWell established standards and codes of practice\nThe radiogram or film provides a ‘visual’ indication of flaws\nX-Rays and gamma rays are hazardous radiations\nAccess to both sides of the test object is necessary to produce a radiograph\nDiscontinuities such as cracks, laminations, lack of fusion, etc., must be aligned with or parallel to the radiation beam to be detected clearly\nChoice of radiation energy for a particular thickness of weld is a critical factor\nLocation of defect in test object’s cross section is difficult to determine\nDigital & Computerized\nOn site immediate results Instant image transmission, no developing, no scanning. Results appear on laptop/tablet screen in seconds of shooting\nMinimal surrounding safety distance\nNo more film consumables (Films paper, Chemicals, etc.) More inspections a day are made possible\nNo more dark rooms\nVery portable systems\n|Less photosensitive than traditional films|\nULTRASONIC INSPECTION is a nondestructive method in which beams of high-frequency sound waves are introduced into materials for the detection of surface and subsurface flaws in the material.\nThe sound waves travel through the material with some attendant loss of energy (attenuation) and are reflected at interfaces.\nThe reflected beam is displayed and then analyzed to define the presence and location of flaws or discontinuities.\nCapable of detecting planar defects not detectable by radiography.\nHigh sensitivity, permitting detection of minute defects.\nGreat penetrating power, allowing examination of extremely thick sections, e.g., up to 10 inches of steel.\nAccuracy in the measurement of flaw position and estimation of flaw size.\nFast response, permitting rapid and automated inspection.\nMay be performed with access to only one surface of the object.\nTest conditions which may limit the application of ultrasonic methods usually relate to one of the following factors:\nUnfavorable geometry of test object; for example, size, contour, complexity and defect orientation.\nUndesirable material structure; for example, grain size, structure porosity, or inclusion content.\nCoupling and scanning problems, surface conditions etc.\nWhen using normal probes, defects located less than 4-5 mm below the test object’s surface is difficult to detect. (This is due to the equipment dead zone, the width of the pulse, and the probes near zone where interference will affect the measurements).\nDue to high sensitivity false or irrelevant indications may occur.\nCalled Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) can be used for a variety of applications, its primary use is rapid weld testing of circumferential and axial weld seams\nBased on diffraction, so relatively indifferent to weld bevel angles and flaw orientation Uses time of arrival of signals received from crack tips for accurate defect positioning and sizing\nPrecise sizing capability makes it an ideal flaw monitoring method\nQuick to set up and perform an inspection, as a single beam offers a large area of coverage\nRapid scanning with imaging and full data recording\nCan also be used for corrosion inspections Required equipment is more economical than phased array, due to conventional nature (single pulser and receiver) and use of conventional probes\nExtremely sensitive to all weld flaw types\n|Requirement to operator’s qualifications|\n|Phased Array (UTPA)||\nPhased array is an advanced pulse-echo technique utilizing multiple miniaturized transducers and time-delays to shape the ultrasonic sound beam in a desired angle and focus.\nTherefore, the technique has a wide range of applications Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) probes are composed of several piezoelectric crystals that can transmit/receive independently at different times.\nTo focus the ultrasonic beam, time delays are applied to the elements to create constructive interference of the wavefronts, allowing the energy to be focused on any depth in the test specimen undergoing inspection.\nPA can reduce inspection times by eliminating or reducing the need for mechanical scanning and by taking advantage of the ability to perform electronic scanning\nA single phased-array probe allows the user to change the shape and focal point of the ultrasonic beam to optimize each inspection.\nDigital storage of all data, location, and system settings\nVisualization of indications in weld and/or base material, using B-, C-, D- and S-scans (with all A-scans included)\nCompared to measurements with conventional single-element probes, the detection and sizing of defects is much easier and more robust\nPossibility to facilitate inspections of complex geometries\nRequirement to operator’s qualifications\nMaterials as SS alloys sometimes need special transducers to increase the PoD.\n|Total Focus Method (TFM)||\nThe Total Focusing Method (TFM) is an ultrasonic array technique which is used to synthetically focus on every point of a region of interest\nOptimal focusing and spatial resolution everywhere\nDirect imaging of a large area for one probe position\nAll reachable angles with the array simultaneously\nIn some application files will be very heavy\nThe data processing speed could be slow in some cases\nNext time, we will be talking about NDT techniques for evaluating surface and sub-surface defects.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ISO/TR 13353:2002 gives a test procedure for evaluating the initial efficiency of an internal combustion engine fuel filter by submitting the filter to a constant flowrate of test liquid.\nISO/TR 13353:2002 is applicable to diesel and petrol filters having a rated flow of from 50 l/h to 250 l/h. By agreement between filter manufacturer and customer, the procedure, with some modification, may be used for fuel filters with higher flowrates.\nStatus: WithdrawnPublication date: 2002-08\nEdition: 1Number of pages: 17\nTechnical Committee: ISO/TC 22 Road vehicles", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A Look at Corneal Pachymeters\nBY MARJORIE J. RAH, OD, PHD\nWhether you're co-managing refractive surgery, treating glaucoma or monitoring corneal edema, you may find yourself in need of a corneal pachymeter. Pachymetry has changed how we manage glaucoma. Likewise, determining eligibility for refractive surgical procedures depends on accurate corneal thickness measurements.\nMedical plans cover pachyme-try when practitioners use it to determine the treatment plan for a glaucoma suspect or glaucoma patient. It's billed as bilateral code 76514 and requires interpretation and report. Some plans may cover it only once per lifetime.\nSeveral pachymeter models are available in a wide range of prices and portability. I had the opportunity to observe some of the available instruments at the 2005 American Academy of Optometry meeting. Not surprisingly, the highlighted feature was IOP correction. In fact, many pachyme-ters now have a function that automatically calculates the correction.\nThe Pachmate DGH 55 (DGH Technology, Inc.) is a portable handheld model. It's only 6.9 inches long, 1.7 inches wide and weighs a mere 3.6 ounces. A running average and standard deviation in microns are displayed on the screen and it will accommodate up to 25 measurements bilaterally. It also displays IOP correction on the screen. The instrument features an adjustable probe angle that detaches for cleaning. Standard measurement range is 200μm to 1,100μm and it has a flap option of 95μm to 1,100μm. The company states an accuracy range of ± 5μm.\nAlso from DGH Technology is the Pachette 3. It's portable, but not handheld. It shares the same features and specifications (with the exception of size) as the Pachmate DGH 55.\nThe Corneo-Gage Plus (Sonogage, Inc.) is a slightly larger, but portable, ultrasonic pachymeter that includes a built-in dot matrix printer. The manufacturer says a 50 MHz transducer provides accuracy of ± 0.4μm and a measurement range of 25μm to 2,000μm. This instrument doesn't average individual readings. The printout displays each individual measurement. The instrument also has a built-in IOP correction nomogram.\nFor gadget lovers, Heidelberg Engineering offers the IOPac Standard and IOPac Advanced pachymeters with a platform based on Palm technology. The probe ultrasound frequency of 20 MHz provides a measurement range of 300μm to 1,000μm. The manufacturer says the accuracy range is ± 5μm. The probe is adjustable to either a straight or a 45-degree angled position. Both models automatically average readings, display individual measurements and are compatible with medical, pharmaceutical and ICD-9 Palm software. The Advanced model includes automatic CCT corrected IOP calculations. It also has refractive measurement capability and infrared capability for printing.\nThere is also a slit-lamp mounted pachymeter available from Haag-Streit which uses optical coherence reflectometry. According to the company, it has the ability to measure epithelial corneal thickness and has a non-contact measurement that is accurate to ± 1μm. A thermal printer is provided with the instrument along with connections to a PC or laptop computer.\nFeatures and Price\nThe price for pachymeters begins around $1,995 and increases with additional features. This list is by no means exhaustive of all the available models, but represents many of the popular instruments currently available.\nDr. Rah is an assistant professor at the New England College of Optometry where she works primarily in the Cornea and Contact Lens Service in patient care, teaching and research.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics (Kobo eBook)\nAdvances in Imaging and Electron Physics, Volume 200, the latest release in a series that merges two long-running serials, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and computing methods. Topics in this latest release include Past and Present Attempts to Attain the Resolution Limit of the Transmission Electron Microscope, Phase Plates for Transmission Electron Microscopy, and X-Ray Lasers in Biology: Structure and Dynamics.\n- Contains contributions from leading authorities on the subject matter\n- Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field of imaging and electron physics\n- Provides practitioners interested in microscopy, optics, image processing, mathematical morphology, electromagnetic fields, electron, and ion emission with a valuable resource\n- Features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science, and digital image processing", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Compact and easily carried with one hand.\nBattery operated—measurements can be taken anywhere.\nFully digital display allows for anyone to easily read results.\nCapable to measure with only a small amount of sample.\nEasy set-up and simple, one-button operation.\nPackage A Extra £50 – Capable of taking measurements with containers other than the included beakers, such as disposable paper cups.\nPackage B Extra £350 – Ultra Low Adapter will allow to measure low viscosity samples (1～2,000mPa・s).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The steering of electrons with the electric field of well-controlled femtosecond laser pulses makes it possible to resolve atomic processes on an attosecond time scale.\nMetal tip irradiated with a laser pulse. Foto: Thorsten Naeser, MPQ\nTypical time structure of the electric field of femtosecond laser pulses. The maximum of the oscillation of the carrier wave (blue) depends on the phase relative to the maximum of “the envelope” (green). In the left pulse the phase difference amounts to 180 degree whereas in the right pulse it is 0 degree. Graphics: MPQ\nThe independent Research Group Ultrafast Quantum Optics of Dr. Peter Hommelhoff has now applied this method to solid state surfaces, i.e., to extremely sharp metal tips (Nature, 07 July 2011) This way the scientists were able to show that comparable small laser intensities are sufficient to steer the emission of electrons from the metal tip with the phase of the optical cycle.\nThe modulation observed in the resulting energy spectrum can be explained with the occurrence of a phase dependent coherent interference of electron wave packets, in agreement with numerical calculations. The new technique is of interest not only for fundamental research. The experimental device represents a simple, compact and very sensitive system for the precise measurement of the phase of laser pulses and could lead to the development of ultrafast optical transistors.\nIn the experiment a tungsten tip (fig.1) is irradiated with light pulses of few femtoseconds duration (one femtosecond corresponds to a millionth of a billionth of a second, fig. 2). If the intensity of the laser pulse is high enough the electrons can absorb the amount of energy that is necessary to be released from the metal tip. Then they can be registered by a detector in front of the tip.\nAs the tip is extremely sharp, having a curvature radius of about 10 nanometres only, the intensity of the laser light gets greatly amplified. With this, relatively weak laser pulses are sufficient to set free electrons from the metal surface. Because of their short duration the laser pulses contain a few cycles only. Therefore the electric field acting on a particular electron is strongly dependent on the phase shift of the carrier wave relative to the envelope of the pulse (see fig. 2).\nIn the experiment the number and the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons are measured for different phase shifts. As is demonstrated in fig. 3 the structure of the electron spectrum is strongly influenced by the phase shift. Here two spectra are displayed that have been taken with phase shifts differing by 180 degrees. First of all differences can be noticed concerning the number of electrons at high energies. “The higher the electron energy, the more we approach the situation that we are able to switch the current on or off by simply changing the phase shift by 180 degrees”, Michael Krüger explains, who is, with Markus Schenk, doctoral student at the experiment and one of the two main authors of the publication.\nFrom the slope of the spectrum the scientists conclude that the laser field continues to influence the motion of the electrons even after emission from the metal tip. The almost constant count rate at medium high energies implies that the released electrons are driven back into the tip by the laser field and scatter elastically off the tip before being detected. “As is demonstrated in the experiment this scattering process does not destroy the interference of the electron wave packets, that means, it takes place in a coherent way”, Markus Schenk points out. The resulting spectra are surprisingly well reproduced with numerical calculations based on a simple model that describes the motion of the electrons in the electric field of the laser classically but takes their wavelike nature into account.\nFor the first time the physicists have succeeded in the steering of electrons emitted from a solid state by the field of a femtosecond laser pulse. Even more, much less intensity was required compared to experiments with electrons in atomic or molecular gases. On the one hand, the new method is an important tool for gaining insight into the dynamics of electrons in solid state surfaces. For example, it is not known whether the scattering process takes place at the entire surface or at a single atom inside or on the surface. On the other hand, because of the low laser intensities required, there is a high potential for practical applications. Combining a metal tip, a retardation grid, and an electron multiplier, compact devices for the measurement and stabilization of phases of laser pulses could be realized. Also the development of optical field effect transistors can be envisaged in which the electric current can be switched on and off by the light field with attosecond precision. Olivia Meyer-StrengOriginal publication:\nDr. Olivia Meyer-Streng | Max-Planck-Institut\nAstrophysicists measure precise rotation pattern of sun-like stars for the first time\n21.09.2018 | NYU Abu Dhabi\nHalfway mark for NOEMA, the super-telescope under construction\n20.09.2018 | Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie\nThe building blocks of matter in our universe were formed in the first 10 microseconds of its existence, according to the currently accepted scientific picture. After the Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago, matter consisted mainly of quarks and gluons, two types of elementary particles whose interactions are governed by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interaction. In the early universe, these particles moved (nearly) freely in a quark-gluon plasma.\nThis is a joint press release of University Muenster and Heidelberg as well as the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt.\nThen, in a phase transition, they combined and formed hadrons, among them the building blocks of atomic nuclei, protons and neutrons. In the current issue of...\nThin-film solar cells made of crystalline silicon are inexpensive and achieve efficiencies of a good 14 percent. However, they could do even better if their shiny surfaces reflected less light. A team led by Prof. Christiane Becker from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) has now patented a sophisticated new solution to this problem.\n\"It is not enough simply to bring more light into the cell,\" says Christiane Becker. Such surface structures can even ultimately reduce the efficiency by...\nA study in the journal Bulletin of Marine Science describes a new, blood-red species of octocoral found in Panama. The species in the genus Thesea was discovered in the threatened low-light reef environment on Hannibal Bank, 60 kilometers off mainland Pacific Panama, by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama (STRI) and the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) at the University of Costa Rica.\nScientists established the new species, Thesea dalioi, by comparing its physical traits, such as branch thickness and the bright red colony color, with the...\nScientists have succeeded in observing the first long-distance transfer of information in a magnetic group of materials known as antiferromagnets.\nAn international team of researchers has mapped Nemo's genome, providing the research community with an invaluable resource to decode the response of fish to...\n21.09.2018 | Event News\n03.09.2018 | Event News\n27.08.2018 | Event News\n21.09.2018 | Physics and Astronomy\n21.09.2018 | Life Sciences\n21.09.2018 | Event News", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Versatile Role of Micro Switches in Light Guns\nLight guns have been widely used in various applications, including gaming, virtual reality, and industrial processes. These devices allow users to interact with digital screens or virtual environments by pointing and shooting. At the core of these intuitive devices lies the micro switch, a small but essential component that enables precise and responsive trigger functionality. This essay explores the use of micro switches in light guns and highlights their significance in enhancing user experience and control.\nUnderstanding Light Guns: Light guns are handheld input devices that detect and respond to light or infrared signals emitted by a display or target. These devices typically incorporate a trigger mechanism, allowing users to simulate shooting actions accurately. Micro switches play a crucial role in translating the physical actuation of the trigger into electrical signals that trigger the desired response in the connected system.\nRole of Micro Switches in Light Guns:\nTrigger Detection: Micro switches act as the trigger sensors in light guns. When the user pulls the trigger, the mechanical action of the switch is activated, generating an electrical signal that is sent to the connected system. This signal serves as an input to initiate various actions, such as firing a virtual weapon, interacting with on-screen objects, or registering a hit in gaming applications.\nResponsiveness and Accuracy: Micro switches provide excellent responsiveness and accuracy, allowing for precise trigger detection and quick response times. They are designed to offer a tactile feedback that enhances the user’s experience, providing a satisfying click or tactile sensation when the trigger is pulled. This feedback ensures a reliable and immersive interaction with the light gun.\nDurability and Longevity: Light guns are subject to repetitive and vigorous trigger actuations during gameplay or industrial operations. Micro switches are engineered to withstand frequent and intense usage, providing high durability and long service life. They are designed to endure millions of actuations, ensuring the light gun’s reliability and longevity in demanding environments.\nCustomization and Design Flexibility: Micro switches offer design flexibility, allowing manufacturers to customize the trigger feel and response characteristics of the light gun. By selecting micro switches with specific actuation forces, travel distances, and click feedback, manufacturers can tailor the user experience to meet the desired ergonomic and functional requirements of the light gun.\nConclusion: Micro switches play a crucial role in the functionality and performance of light guns. Their ability to detect trigger actuation, provide precise responsiveness, and offer durability make them indispensable components in these devices. Whether in gaming, virtual reality, or industrial applications, micro switches ensure accurate and reliable trigger detection, enhancing user control and immersion. As technology advances and the demand for interactive experiences grows, the role of micro switches in light guns will continue to evolve, contributing to the evolution of immersive and intuitive user interfaces.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What Are Pneumatic Tools Powered By?\nHave you ever wondered what your most handy construction tools are powered by? Click here to learn about what powers pneumatic tools.\nKeyword(s): Pneumatic Tools\nStudies show that musculoskeletal disorders for most newly reported work injuries account for 33% of on-the-job illnesses. Companies and professionals in labor-intensive industries use pneumatic tools to reduce the occurrence of these kinds of injuries over time.\nIf you’ve been considering pneumatic tools for your company or trade, you may wonder how they’re powered. Today, we’ll look at the basics of air tools. We’ll also examine what air tools are available. What’s more, we’ll go over how to use them with an air compressor.\nKeep reading to learn more about what powers pneumatic tools.\nHow Pneumatic Tools Work\nPneumatic tools and air tools are one and the same. They’re powered by compressed air.\nAir tools aren’t like conventional tools. Conventional tools receive power from electricity.\nAir Tool Terms\nFirst, you’ll need to understand some basic terms related to air tools. For instance, if you’re curious about the word pneumatic, it simply refers to compressed or pressurized air.\nYou should also familiarize yourself with the term CFM. CFM is cubic feet per minute. It’s the amount of compressed air an air compressor can supply or that a tool needs.\nYou should also understand pressure as it applies to air tools. An air compressor squishes air to a fraction of its value and stores it in a tank.\nYou’d measure this pressure in bars, pounds per square inch (PSI), or kilopascals. These measurements correlate as follows:\n1 bar = 14.5 PSI = 100,000 Pascals (100 kPa)\nMore Air Tool Terms You Should Know\nBSPT, or BSP, means British Standard Pipe Thread. Even countries that use the metric system use the Imperial BSPT standard for air tools, except for the US.\nUS manufacturers use the NPT standard, which stands for National Pipe Thread. The NPT standard is an inch-based thread.\nYou should also understand the term gauge as it applies to air tools. The gauge is the size of a fitting or the internal diameter of a hose used for air tools.\nPowering Your Air Tools\nThe air compressor is what squeezes air into a fraction of its normal volume. Once the air compressor does its job, the air takes up eight to ten times less space.\nWhen the compressor squeezes the air, it increases its volume and pressure proportionately. In other words, if the compressor squeezes air into a space that’s eight times smaller, the pressure will increase eight times higher.\nBoyle’s Law describes this phenomenon. It states that with constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to value. The formula for this law is:\nPV = constant\nWhen air remains the same temperature, pressure increases as volume decreases. Conversely, when pressure decreases, volume increases.\nCompressed Air in Action\nMost often, you’ll see reciprocating compressors in workshops. They use a cylinder and piston.\nAn electric motor or gas engine drives the cylinder and piston. These components work together to compress air.\nOnce the compressor does its job, it feeds the compressed air into a storage tank. The tank serves as a reservoir.\nNow, the storage tank can serve large pulses of compressed air when needed. In this way, a compressor system can serve more compressed air as opposed to if there were no storage tank.\nBenefits of Pneumatic Tools\nThe top advantage of air tools is that they have a high power-to-weight ratio. Air tools are lighter than professional cordless and corded hand tools of the same rating.\nAn air tool has a simple air motor or piston. These components are lighter than the components in professional electric power tools.\nThis kind of benefit is vital for assembly-line workers, for instance, which use a power tool all day. A lighter power tool offers the advantage of creating less fatigue.\nAlso, air tools have a simple construction compared to electric tools. There’s less that can go wrong with air tools for this reason.\nPrecision Control and Safety\nYou can stall an air tool indefinitely. Alternatively, the electromotive force of an electric-power tool drops to zero when you stall it.\nAlso, the current that flows through the motor gets very large. If you don’t release the trigger right away, the motor can burn out quickly.\nIn addition, professional electric power tools have a universal motor that can run on AC or DC power. The motor produces sparks at the brushes of the commutator.\nAlternatively, air tools don’t produce sparks. They provide an advantage in hazardous environments. For example, they’re safer to use around gas and flammable liquids.\nExamples of Air Tools\nThere are many kinds of tools you can pair with an air compressor. In fact, just about any tool you use most likely has an air-powered equivalent. Let’s look at a few tools you may find in a garage, for instance.\nImpact Drill and Driver\nJust as with standard power tools, you’d use an impact drill and driver with driver bits. This combo makes it easier for you to do dozens of routine jobs.\nIf you work in a trade, you’re probably in pretty good shape. Still, an air hammer allows you to do the same amount of work without using up your energy.\nAir Die Grinder\nYou can use a variety of small rotating tips with an air die grinder. This equipment lets you grind, sand, machine, and polish surfaces.\nYou can use an angle grinder to cut, sand, and machine surfaces. Most often, tradespersons use an angle grinder to cut metal.\nAir Blow Gun\nYou can use an air blow gun to remove dust, dirt, leaves, and sawdust. This air tool is ideal for removing debris from large areas, like service bays.\nSanding is one of the most tedious jobs in a shop. A single sanding job can take hours.\nYou can get the job done much faster with an air sander. There are different kinds of air sanders, including:\n- Random orbit\nThese sanders are among the most popular air-powered tools in garages.\nPneumatic Paint Sprayer\nA pneumatic paint sprayer works with a paint vessel. Before you can use one, you must prepare the surface. However, an air-powered paint sprayer makes painting much simpler than doing so by hand.\nPainting surfaces requires many rounds of sanding and painting. When you’re done with these steps, however, you’ll need to polish the surface to finish the job.\nAn air polisher saves you a ton of elbow grease. It’s a rotating polisher that takes the hard work out of getting the job done.\nAn air nibbler is two tools in one—a saw and a punch. Instead of cutting metal, you’d use an air nibbler to slowly eat away at metal by biting away at it in pieces.\nAir Needle Scaler\nAn air needle scaler is an excellent tool for agitating and breaking away rust. For instance, a mechanic may use an air needle scaler to remove rust from a car frame.\nAir Cutting Tools\nAir cutting tools make it easy for you to cut through materials like sheet metal. If you need to get through metal fast, you’ll want an air cutting tool.\nImpact Wrench and Ratchet\nNo matter your field, you’ve most likely come across stubborn nuts and bolts. With an impact wrench and ratchet, however, you can make easy work of loosening tough fasteners.\nYou could dispense grease manually. Still, why do it manually when you can use an air dispenser to distribute grease easily, cleanly, and simply? This air tool is ideal for shops that go through a large volume of grease every day.\nYou’d use an air blasting tool to clean materials. You can also use it to remove surface paint, grime, and rust with ease.\nAir Punch and Flange\nWith an air punch and flange, you can cut through and create holes in a variety of materials. Most often, shops use this air tool to work with metal.\nAn air scarifier enables you to remove surfaces from materials. You can also use an air scarifier to texture surfaces.\nAir Stapler and Nailer\nYou won’t always find an air stapler or nailer in a garage. However, they’re among the most common and useful construction tools around.\nSetting up a Pneumatic Tool System\nStart with an air compressor to set up your pneumatic tool system. The air compressor compresses and stores air in its tank.\nAir compressors come in many types, sizes, and capacities. Most importantly, you should consider the horsepower (HP) of an air compressor. The HP of an air compressor is the delivery rate measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM) or liters per minute.\nYou must also consider the tank air capacity in gallons or liters. Likewise, you should consider whether the air compressor gets powered by electricity or gas.\nYou must also consider the delivery rate of an air compressor. If you overlook this vital characteristic, you could end up with a compressor that can’t meet the flow rate demand for your shop. In other words, you’ll have to wait every so often for the tank to refill before you can use your air tools again.\nLet’s go over some other things you should consider when setting up a pneumatic tool system.\nFilter, Regulator, and Lubricator\nThe filter removes dust and water from the air. Dust can scour and damage to working parts of your air tools.\nEventually, dust can also cause your air tool system to clog. Over time, it will cause wear and poorly sealing surfaces, which will reduce the air pressure and, in turn, reduce power to the system.\nThe regulator serves as a faucet to control the pressure of air. It lets you adjust the power of your air tool up and down.\nThe lubricator makes a mist of small oil droplets in the airflow of your air tool system. The droplets lubricate the moving surfaces inside your tools.\nYou’ll also need an air hose to set up your pneumatic tool system. You’ll need one hose to connect the compressor to the filter/regulator/lubricator. You’ll need another hose to connect to your air tools.\nWhen it comes to hoses, you have a couple of options. For example, you can purchase a coiled hose. A coiled hose curls up like the cord on a phone handset.\nAlternatively, you can purchase a non-coiled hose. Manufacturers make these hoses using rubber or plastic.\nPlastic is rigid, and it can crack over time. Rubber, however, is more flexible.\nAir hoses also come in different internal diameters. If you’re using a tool that requires a large amount of air, it’s important to buy the right diameter air hose.\nRegulating Air Pressure\nShops usually operate their air compressors at a set pressure. The pressure cut-out switch usually sets the pressure at around 8 to 10 bar.\nYou should always make sure your air compressor is working at its recommended setting.\nIn many cases, your air tool will have a lower max pressure compared to your air compressor. If you’re unsure, you can check the max pressure on the label of your tool.\nYou can also check the manual for your tool. With this information, you can set your air compressor regulator appropriately.\nThe Safety Relief Valve\nThe air compressor safety relief valve releases pressure when it becomes excessive. For example, you may have the pressure set too high. In these instances, the safety relief valve is your failsafe.\nYou should check your safety relief valve regularly. You must ensure that it’s operational and hasn’t seized up. Usually, you can identify the safety relief valve easily because it has a pull that looks like a key ring that allows you to release the pressure.\nKnow Your Fittings\nFinally, remember to always check for BSP/NPT compatibility. Globally, most air equipment manufacturers use the BSP standard.\nIn the United States, however, most tools use the NPT standard. Both of these standards use inch measurements rather than metric ones.\nHowever, NPT and BSP standards have different profiles. For example, they have different diameters for thread sizes and pitches. They’re incompatible for these reasons.\nIt’s possible that you could mate an NPT and BSP connection. However, the mating would result in a very poor seal. You would need an adapter to make the connection properly.\nAlso, you should consider sealing your fittings with Teflon tape, as you would with a plumbing fitting. To do so, you’d wind the tape clockwise, working from the entry point of the fitting. A few layers of Teflon tape will ensure a tight seal.\nLevel up With Pneumatic Tools Today\nSo, there you have it, a quick introduction to pneumatic tools and how they work. We’ve also given you a few tips on how to power your air tools and some of the benefits of using them.\nIf you’re looking for precision control and safety combined with portability, Contractor Tool Supply has the perfect air tools for your operation. To see our entire lineup of professional-grade pneumatic tools, check out our inventory today.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Current Postdoctoral Researchers\n|In Soo Kim|\n|Irene Calvo Almazan|\n|Jae Hyung Park|\n|Jae Jin Kim|\nJames Jeffryes received his bachelor's equivalence in chemical engineering from the Rose Hulman Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University.\nJason’s work has involved a mixture of millimeter-wave detector characterization and instrument design for cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments as well as CMB data analysis sp\nJD Emberson is a computational cosmologist interested in using high performance computing to study various fields in astrophysics including large-scale structure, reionization, galactic substructure, neutrinos, and", "label": "Yes"}
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Free shipping for many products!\nHot Plates & Stirrers Thermo Fisher Scientific - US\nThe Thermo Scientific Cimarec+ and SuperNuova+ Series deliver results with an extensive selection of hot plates, stirrers, and stirring hot plates. An impressive combination of reliable performance, advanced safety, and operational simplicity makes it easy to find the perfect instrument for your laboratory requirements.sp.info Magnetic Stirrers Thermo Fisher Scientific - USOur magnetic stirrers are designed with various rpm ranges with single or multi-points to meet all laboratory needs. Our portfolio includes stirrers with reliable and accurate speed control for general lab use, and also unique stirrers that can be submerged in water baths, used in CO2 incubators, or featuring slow speeds for cell culture.sp.info", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Warming Clean box\nFrom cells to organoids, tissue, and organs...\nThe optimal, clean, and temperature controllable bioreactor that sits on your table\nLaminar flow and forced circulation method \"Shiraito\"\nAlthough it is a tabletop system, it achieves a clean environment through forced circulation.\n* Equivalent to ISO class 5\nExcellent temperature control\nThe box has a built-in heater. Achieves temperature control with laminar flow.\n* The image is an example combined with an inverted microscope.\nThe name Shiraito means white in Japanese, even though the box is completely black!\nDark box designs are ideal for long-term culture. They are also effective for fluorescence imaging. There is an option to switch between white and red LED lights, with an IR motion sensor.\nSet and control temperature, clean and LED light.\nFan filter unit\nTwo units installed at the top of the box. Achieves cleanliness with a forced circulation system.\nLarge working area with temperature control. The door has a double structure, and you can check the inside with a clear panel.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are still in the early stages of development, but companies are exploring applications of it and moving beyond pilot projects. VR technology allows viewers to be immersed in an immersive world where they can interact with digital objects through a headset.\nVR is a more advanced version of AR technology that can be used when safety is the primary concern. Virtual reality (VR) technology allows users to move around a virtual environment without moving their eyes or hands. Augmented reality technology enables people to see objects in a new way, using special industrial AR glasses or headsets. Augmented reality technology also allows people to interact with digital objects, such as virtual 3-D product models or real-time video feeds for inspection. Such technology is used in many industries, including healthcare, education, manufacturing, and aviation.\nThis type of remote access is similar to what we see on the moon and other distant locations, but it allows users to feel at the scene. That’s because they can interact with digital objects through a headset that fits over the eye and is worn on the user’s head like goggles or sunglasses. This access method allows users to stay present in the environment while interacting with digital objects and doesn’t require them to touch anything physical.\nAugmented reality and virtual reality digitalize processes in the oil & gas industry, one of the major powers of the energy sector, solving many of the core challenges.\nOil and gas companies are already looking at the potential of virtual reality (VR) technology to solve some of the challenges they face in their drilling operations. For instance, a team at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), has developed a VR headset that allows users to explore remote areas onshore, without physically moving their eyes or hands. The headset uses a camera system that tracks movement in space around the user so that they can move freely without being restricted by physical limitations. The VR technology is currently being tested by scientists investigating earthquake hazards in California’s San Andreas Fault. The UCLA team is also working with oil and gas organizations such as Chevron, ExxonMobil, and ConocoPhillips to help them test the effect of VR technology on drilling operations. This type of research will enable companies to learn more about how well their current technologies work in virtual reality environments before investing resources into developing new technologies for AR applications or developing existing technologies for VR applications. One way companies are using VR technology is through head-mounted displays (HMDs), which allow users to see holographic images projected inside headsets instead of through flat screens that are small enough to fit over users’ heads like glasses or goggles worn by people who watch TV shows or movies at home or work—and also prevent users from touching any physical objects while wearing HMDs.\nThe Future of Augmented Reality in the Oil and Gas Industry\nThe US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released a report that found that AR/VR technology can help increase the accuracy of oil field seismic data. With the ability to see an image in 3D utilizing an HMD, researchers can use this technology to help improve their data interpretation. Technology provides additional information such as a 3D rendering of what they see on the surface of an oil field. The report also found that VR environments have an impact on the performance of real-world geological data during seismic testing. This has led some researchers to believe that AR/VR systems could be used with other geophysical tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\nIn January 2019, Oil Search announced it would begin using augmented reality (AR) for seismic imaging in its exploration and appraisal operations in North America. Oil Search will use its VR system developed by General Electric (GE) called GE-Vive, which was first introduced at GE’s 2017 annual general meeting in Redondo Beach, CA. Oil Search will also use its existing handheld Geovision systems developed by GE to collect data from the ground during seismic testing. These handheld Geovision systems are similar to those used by geologists who conduct oilfield research at drilling sites around the world.\nAugmented reality platforms can successfully tackle challenges faced by the oil and gas industry. Employing AR helps reduce occupational hazards, operational downtimes, and various flow disruptions. As a result, the augmented reality oil and gas industry is a tool for improving business performance and continuity.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Radio Spectrum Monitoring (24/7)\nDuring their extensive TSCM experience, CYBER ICS consultants have encountered numerous situations where in-place continuous monitoring would constitute a complementary solution with one-shot TSCM assessments. We spent several years developing, testing and perfecting a radio spectrum monitoring capability, in order to protect durably customers' offices and meeting rooms.\nCYBER ICS unique Continuous Radio Spectrum Monitoring (CRSM) is now commercially available to CYBER ICS customers, with various procurement methods:\nSurveillance of a meeting or a specific indoors area, for a short duration (usually a week),\n'Monitoring as a Service' with monthly or annual subscription, with durable and discreet installation of hardware components,\nComplete procurement of a Monitoring system, along with maintenance and support provided by field experts.\nCRSM uses state-of-the-art hardware and software, allowing radio monitoring from 0 to 20 GHz, configurable alert thresholds and customized reports. For remote or foreign locations, CRSM can be coupled with dedicated remote access capabilities to provide experts the tools to analyze data remotely.\nFuture additions to the CRSM line of products will include:\nReal-time Wi-Fi device database,\nBehavioural analysis using multiple antennas and receivers.\nPlease contact us to know more about this product.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Samplestate has released Main Room Deep House Vol. 2, a sample pack featuring a collection of samples for deep house production.\nVol 2 provides more solid drum grooves and basslines, with dusty sampled chords and effect loops rounding out the collection. As well as loops this collection has an extensive range of single drum hits, chord stabs, bass stabs and effects.\nSolid upfront grooves ideal for basements, warehouses and back room systems are crammed into this pack. Keeping both an ear on current deep house sounds and also raising the stakes with fresh, edgy and forward thinking elements.\nMain Room Deep House Vol 2 features\n- 845MB content, 572 samples recorded at 24bit quality.\n- Includes 231 drum loops, 53 bass loops, 58 chord loops, 30 mixed loops, 100 drum hits, 9 FX, 47 chord stabs and 44 bass stabs.\n- 95 sampler instruments patches in both EXS24, Kontakt, Reason and Halion formats so drums, chord stabs and basses are all instantly playable.\nThe sample pack is available to purchase for £ 29.95 GBP. Individual packs are also sold separately.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "HFS01 High Heat Flux Sensor\nThe HFS01 High heat flux sensor for concentrated solar radiation and flames, water cooled is a water-cooled sensor that measures high-level radiative and convective heat fluxes. It is designed for studies of concentrated solar irradiance (800 x concentrated direct solar radiation) and high-intensity flames (gas burners, coal fires). HFS01 has a very robust all-metal / ceramics instrument body and sensor, and is equipped with a high-temperature cable to survive the extreme conditions of a typical experiment.\nThe HFS01 measures heat flux in the range of (0 to 800) x 10³ W/m²; the extremely high fluxes as generated by flames and solar concentrators. Equipped with a black absorber, the instrument is designed for measurement in an environment in which heat flux includes radiation as well as convection. HFS01’s thermopile sensor generates an output voltage proportional to the total absorbed heat flux. The sensor must be water-cooled, usually by tap water. A removable flange that can be used for mounting is supplied with the sensor. Also, a type K thermocouple is included, to measure the sensor body temperature.\nThe part of the cabling closest to the sensor is a special high-temperature metal sheathed cable with an interlocked spiral stainless steel armour. The high-temperature cable and armour withstand temperatures up to 900 °C. Because the sensor body is water cooled, it will remain relatively cool. The surface temperature of the sensor may reach 650 ˚C. The low-temperature extension cable has a jacket of PTFE type plastic.\nThe HFS01 sensor can also be ordered without black coating, so that HFS01’s absorption of radiation is reduced, while it remains sensitive to convective radiation. Users may also coat HFS01 with their own coating, to create a different response to radiation.\nHFS01 has several advantages:\n- very robust all-metal / ceramics instrument body and sensor\n- high-temperature signal cable\n- signal wires electrically insulated from the sensor body and from cooling water\nUsing HFS01 is easy. It can be connected directly to commonly used data logging systems. The heat flux, in W/m², is calculated by dividing the HFS01 output, a small voltage, by the sensitivity. The sensitivity is provided with HFS01 on its product certificate. Equipped with heavy-duty cabling and a fully stainless steel casing which prevents moisture from penetrating the sensor, HFS01 has proven to be very reliable.\nHFS01 calibration is traceable to international standards. The factory calibration method follows the recommended practice of ASTM C1130-07 (2012).\n- longer cable (specify total cable length for both cable types in m)\n- connector at HFS01 cable end\n- low-temperature extension cable with 2 connectors, matching cable connector and chassis connector\n- chassis connector with internal wiring (colour code of wiring identical to cable colour code)\n- blank metal sensor surface, no coating\n- solar concentrators\n- flame research\n- fluidised beds", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The output of two grating-stabilized external-cavity diode lasers was injected into a semiconductor tapered amplif ier in a master oscillator–power amplif ier (MOPA) configuration. At a wavelength of 671 nm this configuration produced 210 mW of power in a diffraction-limited mode with two frequency components of narrow linewidth. The frequency difference δ was varied from 20 MHz to 12 GHz, while the power ratio of the two components was freely adjustable. For δ < 2 GHz additional frequency sidebands appear in the output of the MOPA. This configuration is a f lexible and simple high-power cw laser source for light with multiple narrow-linewidth frequency components.\n© 1999 Optical Society of America\n(140.0140) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers and laser optics\n(140.3280) Lasers and laser optics : Laser amplifiers\n(140.3600) Lasers and laser optics : Lasers, tunable\n(140.4480) Lasers and laser optics : Optical amplifiers\n(140.5960) Lasers and laser optics : Semiconductor lasers\nGabriele Ferrari, Marc-Oliver Mewes, Florian Schreck, and Christophe Salomon, \"High-power multiple-frequency narrow-linewidth laser source based on a semiconductor tapered amplifier,\" Opt. Lett. 24, 151-153 (1999)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Compact, high-tech optics for homogeneous, exceptionally-bright illumination.\n– Ultra-light, highly-flexible fiber optic cable with gown clips, length 3m.\n– Height and angle of illumination adjustable by a single control.\n– Lightweight, flexible headband: Professional L. Adjustable for height and width with detachable soft leather forehead cushion.\n– Adjustable light spot with sterilizable lever.\n– Can be combined with HEINE High Resolution Binocular Loupes for magnification from 2x – 6x.\n– Can be fitted with a CCD camera.\n– Light sources: HK 7000, HK 7000D, XENON 1000 F.O. Projector. Length of the F.O. cable: 3 m. Adaptors for other manufacturers’ projectors available.\n50,000 lux light output at 20cm with HK 7000 projector.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The 83280 is a unique tool in that it may be used as a conventional phasing meter, or the meter probe may be used as a stand-alone voltage detector on primary or secondary voltages or capacitive test points.\nThe 83280 has the following features:\nThe 5-Position Selector Switch Consists of:\nEach 83280 Kit comes standard with a straight probe (81280LPM), hook probe (81280LHM), 8ft. interconnect cable (81280ML), 8ft. extension cable (81280FL), 3kV power supply (PA25T), 6VDC battery (81280B1), instruction manual, padded storage case.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The LV150 Series high level indicators provide a unique solution for tank overfill indication requiring self-checking. This indicator is designed with a 2\" NPT mounting, making it ideal for use in underground and aboveground storage tanks. When mounted vertically at the tank top, it reliably indicates high liquid level.\nTo operate, simply press the brass tube fitting down to perform the self-check test. This manual operation physically moves the inner reed switch assembly while the float remains stationary (wet or dry). By doing this, the switch logic is inverted, checking the integrity of the circuitry without the need to remove the unit from the tank.\nAdjustable versions are available for varying tank sizes. A special cinch nut on the mounting allows the stem to travel up or down to fine-tune actuation points. The extent of the adjustment depends on the unit’s length and distance from the mounting to the highest float stop.\nThe LV150 Series is offered in integral one foot lengths. For other lengths, adaptor systems are available. They consist of 2 parts: the LVR-C6S coupling (2 x 2\" FNPT) and an LVR-6S pipe nipple (2 x 2\" MNPT) of various lengths to change the insertion depth of the sensor. When using the adaptors, retaining clip pliers are required to remove the float for installation.\nSPECIFICATIONS Wetted Materials: Stem and Mounting: Brass or 316 stainless steel Float: BUNA or 316 stainless steel Operating Temperature: BUNA Floats: Water: to 82.2°C, Oil -40°C to 121.1°C (-40°F to 250°F). 316 SS Floats: -40°C to 148.9°C (-40°F to 300°F) Pressure Limitations: Up to 150 PSIG for BUNA float units or when used with 316 SS adaptors; up to 750 PSIG for 316 SS float units. Accuracy: ±3 mm ±1⁄8\") Switch Rating: 20 VA, 120-240 Vac pilot duty; 20 W, 50-240 Vdc resistive Cable: 24\" 2-Conductor PVC jacketed Weight: 1¾ lbs. + 1⁄3 lb. per foot for indicators; 1¼ lbs. for LVR-C6S", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Número de publicación||US4578689 A|\n|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|\n|Número de solicitud||US 06/674,620|\n|Fecha de publicación||25 Mar 1986|\n|Fecha de presentación||26 Nov 1984|\n|Fecha de prioridad||26 Nov 1984|\n|También publicado como||CA1254624A, CA1254624A1, DE3577955D1, EP0183166A2, EP0183166A3, EP0183166B1|\n|Número de publicación||06674620, 674620, US 4578689 A, US 4578689A, US-A-4578689, US4578689 A, US4578689A|\n|Inventores||David R. Spencer, Amnon Goldstein|\n|Cesionario original||Data Recording Systems, Inc.|\n|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Citas de patentes (3), Citada por (106), Clasificaciones (25), Eventos legales (7)|\n|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|\nThis invention relates to laser printers and, more particularly, to high resolution or typographical quality laser printers.\nIn recent years, laser printers have been utilized in increasing numbers as a means for producing hard copy from a computer, computer generated video or video source. The more advanced of these laser printers produce the hard copy with good resolution in a relatively short period of time.\nBasically, a laser printer uses an optical lens system to focus the light beam output of a laser to a spot on a photosensitive surface. The spot is caused to sweep across the surface in a raster fashion by a rotating or oscillating mirror. Computer or video raster information modulates the light beam as the photosensitive surface moves in a direction perpendicular to and under the sweeping light beam. If the photosensitive surface is the photoconductor drum in an electrophotographic process, the sweeping and modulated light beam causes the formation of an electrostatic charge image on the drum. This image can then be developed, transferred to paper and fused with the paper in a manner typical of electrophotographic copiers. An example of such a laser printer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,571 of Starkweather, et al.\nLaser printers typically have resolutions of about 240 dots/inch and most have resolutions under 400 dots/inch. Thus, they are generally limited to computer data output and general office use. In the printing and publishing industries, resolutions in excess of 500 dots/inch are used. To achieve this resolution, electronic phototypesetters are generally used. An example of these devices is the Monotype Lasercomp manufactured by Monotype Corporation, Ltd. of Salfords, Redhill, England. Such phototypesetters use focused light, e.g. from a laser beam, to expose a photographic film medium and generally function like the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,053 of Gilbreath.\nThe difficulty with the electronic phototypsetters that expose film is that they are relatively slow, film is relatively expensive (well over 10 times the cost of paper and toner) and generally requires inconvenient, time-consuming chemical development.\nThere is a need in the publishing and printing industry for a device with the time, cost and convenience benefits of a laser printer and with sufficient resolution that it can be used to produce: (1) typographic page proofs of the image information which is intended to produce a copy or master from a phototypesetter; (2) direct output of typographic quality documents, i.e. demand printing; and (3) typographic quality masters for volume duplication. In order to achieve this, the resolution of laser printers must be significantly increased, without substantial sacrifice in the cost of the system.\nIn addition to having a laser printer with high resolution and reasonably good speed, it would also be desirable to have a laser printer which can switch between this high resolution mode and a low resolution mode in which the high speeds of typical laser printers are available. However, such a mode switch should be easy to perform and should be accomplished relatively quickly.\nThe present invention is directed to the development of low cost laser printers that can be switched between at least one high resolution/moderate speed mode and another low resolution/high speed mode. The high resolution is achieved by an optical system that keeps the laser light spot in focus as it sweeps across a photoconductor medium, despite errors in a rotating polygon that creates the sweep of the beam. In addition, electronic circuit means are provided for correcting scan velocity errors without the use of expensive optics. In order to prevent a loss of resolution in the electrophotographic process, the motion of the photoconductor medium and the hard copy paper are accurately positioned through the use of precision stepper motors which are driven by a system clock that also synchronizes the video data rate. Further, the change can be made quickly without having to wait for the rotating polygon to change speed by keeping its speed constant and changing the number of facets used. Thus a change from a high resolution mode to low resolution mode is achieved under control from the program of a microprocessor by changing (1) the speed of the stepper motors, (2) the heat of the fuser and corona current in the electrophotographic process, (3) the laser output power and (4) the number of facets of the rotating polygon that are used.\nIn an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the output of a video modulated solid state laser is turned into a scanning spot on a photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic process via an optical system that includes a rotating polygon. The laser beam is directed through a collimator so that its rays are parallel. This collimated beam is then passed through a first cylindrical lens that focuses the beam in the vertical or cross-scan direction just prior to the facets of the rotating polygon. Due to the moving facets of the polygon, the beam is caused to sweep across the input of a scan lens assembly. In the high resolution mode, every other facet is used for scanning so as to maintain synchronism between the specified input data rate and the printing rate. In the low resolution mode the system microprocessor causes every facet to be used to provide the appropriate system data rates. Thus the polygon speed is kept the same in both modes.\nRegardless of the mode, i.e. high or low resolution, the scan lens assembly focuses the beam in the horizontal or scan direction along a straight line coincident with the photoconductor, i.e. it produces horizontal focusing and field flattening. Also, a second cylindrical lens after the scan lens assembly in conjunction with the scan lens assembly refocuses the beam in the vertical or cross-scan direction.\nBy placing the first and second cylindrical lenses and scan lens on the optical center, errors in the manufacture of the polygon can be minimized. Therefore, the polygon can be made with less strict tolerances and, consequently, at a lower cost, without degrading the system resolution.\nBecause the scan lens assembly acts as a field flattener, it introduces a scan velocity error, i.e. the speed at which the focused spot travels across the photoconductor varies. This could be corrected with further optical elements, but it has been found that it is more economical to correct this electronically. In accomplishing this, the video raster data for one line is stored. It is then read out and used to modulate the laser when a \"start-of-scan\" photodetector indicates that the laser is about to sweep across the photoconductor drum. The clock signal for reading the data from memory, however, is varied in an analog sinusoidal manner that is opposite to the scan velocity error. This analog variation is stored in a read-only memory and the result is to match the data read out to the laser with the spot sweep speed so as to eliminate the scan speed error.\nHigh resolution requires not only an accurately sweeping focused spot, it requires accurate movement of the photoconductor drum upon which the spot writes to form an electrostatic image and the accurate movement of the paper onto which the developed image is transferred. This is accomplished by rotating the photoconductor drum and the paper feed mechanism via stepper motors having several hundred poles. The signal for these stepper motors is derived from a system clock which also drives the polygon and controls the readout of data to the laser. In addition, an encoder is located on the photoconductor drum so that its position may be known within a few degrees of rotation. The system control microprocessor uses the drum position information along with the other system parmeters to control the entire system and to maintain resolution in the vertical or drum movement direction.\nAt the command of the operator, the system will switch from a mode with high resolution, i.e. in excess of 500 dots/inch, and moderate speed, i.e. about 4 pages/minute, to a different mode with lower resolution, i.e. under 400 dots/inch, and high speed, about 16 pages/minute. Under program control in the high resolution mode the system is rapidly set up for producing copy at the high resolution mode by sending a lower clock rate to the stepper motors so the paper moves slower and the photoconductor drum turns slower. Also, laser power is reduced, fuser heater temperature is reduced and corona currents are reduced. These changes are made to compensate for the fact that the paper and drum are moving slower in the high resolution mode.\nIn order to allow mode changes to occur rapidly, it is desirable to keep the polygon rotating at the same speed because it has a good deal of inertia and must be at the correct speed. Further it is desirable to keep constant the data transfer rate to the printer so that the interface circuitry and the video source need not be changed. Both of these goals are achieved by using only every other facet of the polygon in the high resolution mode. This allows time for the additional data for the high resolution image to be sent to the printer at the low resolution rate and accumulated in the system memory. Thus, the laser is modulated at a higher rate during a sweep in the high resolution mode than in the low resolution mode to produce higher horizontal resolution. Also, since the photoconductor drum is turning slower, the raster lines are closer together and there is a higher vertical resolution.\nIn switching to the lower resolution mode, the motors are moved faster so the vertical resolution is reduced and the laser is modulated slower so the horizontal resolution is lower. Since there is less information to be recorded, there is no need to wait for it and scanning can be accomplished using each facet.\nThe foregoing and other features of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description and drawings of an illustrative embodiment of the invention in which:\nFIG. 1 is a block diagram of a laser printer according to the present invention;\nFIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the scan speed correction and data handler circuits;\nFIG. 3 is a schematic of the laser drive circuits;\nFIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are schematic diagrams of the circuits for driving the polygon, photoconductor drum, and paper feed motors, respectively;\nFIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the microprocessor that controls the overal operation of the system; and\nFIGS. 6a and 6b are flow charts for the microprocessor of FIG. 5.\nIn FIG. 1 there is shown a block diagram of a laser printer according to the present invention. This printer is used to make a copy on plain paper of an image created by a raster image processor (RIP) such as a high-speed digital phototypesetter 50. An example of such a device is the Monotype Lasercomp manufactured by Monotype Corporation, Ltd. of Salfords, Redhill, England as models MK2 and MK2i. However, the present invention can be adopted to print an image from any device capable of creating digital raster scan data directly or from a storage medium.\nThe present laser printer includes a laser diode 10 which is enabled at appropriate times by the system controller and modulated by data derived from output logic circuit 78 i.e. microprocessor 80 through the laser driver circuit 90, whenever the machine is turned on. At the same time a system clock 71 has its output divided in timer/divider circuit 73 to produce a drive signal for a motor and control unit 11 that spins a polygon 13 that has reflecting facets 15. The polygon motor is a four pole hysterisis synchronous motor. Its controls circuit is shown in FIG. 4A.\nIn FIG. 4A a divided clock signal from timer 73 is applied directly to an H-bridge control circuit 412, a 90° phase shift circuit 414 and a first pulse-width modulator--H bridge circuit 416. In addition, the output of phase-shift circuit 414 is applied to control 412, and to a second pulse-width modulator--H bridge circuit 418. The two modulator circuits 416,418 operate under control of circuit 412 and determine the direction of current flow. These modulator circuits in turn produce the drive signal for polygon motor 11 via power amplifiers 415, 417 whose output currents flow through the pole windings of motor 11 such as to cause it to rotate. In the present preferred embodiment, the polygon has (ten) 10 facets and rotates at about 6000 rpm.\nWith the laser being modulated and the polygon rotating, light passes through the optics. In particular, the light beam from the laser 10 passes through a collimator lens system 12 and a cylindrical lens 14. It is then reflected from a steering mirror 16 onto the rotating facets 15 of the polygon 13. Because of the rotation of the polygon, the reflected light sweeps across a scan lens assembly 18 and a second cylindrical lens 19. By means of fold mirrors 20, 21 and 23 the light is directed onto electrophotographic drum 30. However, a portion of the light beam from mirror 23, or an adjacent smaller \"start-of-line\" mirror 23', is directed to a start of line sensor 22. The sensor converts the light into an electrical signal (\"SOL\") which is supplied to microprocessor 80. The rate at which this sensor 22 generates SOL pulses in response to the sweep of the light beam is directly related to the polygon speed, i.e. one per facet. Consequently the SOL signal can be used by the microprocessor 80 to assure that the laser diode is on and the polygon is up to speed. Additionaly the SOL signal indicates the start of a scan line so it provides information on the physical position of the polygon.\nThe electrophotographic system utilized in the present design is generally referred to as the \"Canon\" process, but other processes, e.g. the \"Xerox\" process, could also be used. The difference between the \"Canon\" process and the \"Xerox\" process is that the \"Xerox\" process involves imaging directly on a photoconductor, while the \"Canon\" process uses a dielectric layer over a rectifier-type photoconductor. Other types of photoconductors can be used, but the rectifier type is preferred. Both processes are available commercially and are described in the literature. Only the modifications described below, are needed to adapt an electrophotographic process to practice the present invention.\nIn a typical \"Canon\" process the photoconductor is mounted on a drum 30, is made of cadmium sulfide, and has a dielectric coating, typically Mylar. A drum heater 25 is used to improve the efficiency of the photoconductor-dielectric imaging medium prior to the start of operation.\nDuring start up, the drum is also rotated to make sure it is clean before writing is commenced. This is achieved by flooding the entire photoconductor drum 30 with light from an erase lamp 27 while a second corona 38 is supplied with current from corona supply 32. The effect of this is to eliminate charge on the drum. This initial exposure is also a preparation step designed to \"wake up\" or sensitize the photoconductor.\nRotation of the drum 30 is by means of precision stepper motor and control 37. In particular, the drum motor is a 500 pole stepper motor with a gear reduction. Because of the large number of poles, accurate positioning of the drum, which maintains high resolution, is achieved.\nThe control circuit for the stepper motor is shown in FIG. 4B. This circuit contains five (5) current driver switches 430 which are operated in the proper sequence by a program stored in memory 432. A divided clock signal from timer/divider 73 is used to operate an address control circuit 434 for the memory 432. An input e from the microprocessor 80 via I/O decoder 242 (FIG. 2) can be directed to the address control in order to enable the address controller and bring it in sequence with the rest of the system. Because of the high number of poles, the drum motor operates smoothly an accurately to position the drum.\nOnce the system is ready the microprocessor 80 supervises all control of the system. In the present invention, this microprocessor is really a state controller and does not really process data. As one of its first tasks, the microprocessor authorizes the interface circuit 60 to allow RIP data from rasters image processor 50 be input to one of two memory circuits 72, 74. At an appropriate point in time after the start of the sweep of the laser beam across the drum 30, as indicated by the SOL signal, and related to the particular area on the drum where the information is to be written, the microprocessor allows data bits from one of the memory circuits to pass through OR-gate 76 and output logic 78 to laser driver circuit 90.\nLaser driver circuit 90 which is shown in detail in FIG. 3 receives the signal from circuit 78 and uses it to modulate the power to the laser diode, essentially turning the laser on and off as a function of the ones and zeroes of the data bits which relate to the spots or picture elements (pels) that will be imaged.\nIn the particular configuration illustrated, the printer writes the background, i.e. the laser is turned on for the white background areas on the copy and is off in the areas where there is an image. Thus, the laser light erases the background areas and leaves the black image areas behind. However the opposite system can also be used where the laser writes or is on in the areas needed for the image.\nThe modulated light beam coming out of the laser diode 10 has a unique characteristic. It diverges differently in two different directions and it is essentially coherent light. Since the light diverges differently in different directions, it is necessary to modify it to obtain an appropriately shaped and focused spot on the photoconductor. To accomplish this collimator 12 is located after the diode. The collimator has a lens design which gives the specific output spot that is needed. In particular the collimator 12 is a multiple lens system that reforms the spot in both directions into an essentially round beam with parallel rays.\nGiven the amount of distance available in the printer from the drum 30 to the collimator 12 and the desired focused spot size on the drum, it is possible to work backwards to determine the beam size from the collimator. Further, the distance between the collimator 12 and the laser diode 10 can be adjusted to get that size for a particular output size from the laser diode.\nAt the end of the collimator there is a cylindrical lens 14 which takes the beam and focuses it in the vertical, i.e. cross scan or sagittal direction. This is done so that in the vertical direction the beam comes to essential focus before, but close to, the polygon 13. As a result the beam spreads over a larger area on the polygon facet than would a beam in focus on the facet. This tends to average out facet surface imperfections.\nThe beam, which is now expanding in the vertical direction, leaves the polygon facet, passes through scan lens assembly 18 and reaches a second cylindrical lens 19 placed at the end of the scan lens assembly 18. This reflected beam, even if it has been tilted or shifted because of the variations in the polygon faces, will basically refocus a second time at an equivalent distance from the polygon if the second cylindrical lense is accurately positioned in the same plane as the first. Consequently, as a result of the two cylindrial lenses 14,19, any of the pyramidal manufacturing errors of the polygon in the vertical direction (due to either wobble or tilt) are essentially eliminated because the focused spot near the polygon face is reproduced in space in the same plane, even though it may have been high or low on the polygon face or reflected at a slightly varying tilt angle. Therefore, the need for a precision polygon is reduced by using these simple cylindrical lenses and this reduction in the polygon tolerances leads directly to a reduction in the cost of the polygon.\nAfter the first cylindrical lens 14, the beam in the horizontal or scan direction is a collimated beam of a given size, not a focused beam as in the vertical direction. The size is specifically determined by the desired spot size when the beam is focused on the photoconductor drum 30 and can be determined by simple coherent optics analysis. The spot is made relatively large because in coherent optics, the larger the collimated beam the finer the spot it can be focused to.\nIn the present optical system there is incorporated a steering mirror 16 for alignment purposes. This is done so that the optical assembly after the collimator 12 can be removed as a unit and aligned. However, this mirror alignment is not required, it is just an advantage in terms of production. From mirror 16, the beam which is converging to focus in the vertical direction and collimated in the horizontal direction, strikes one of the moving facets 15 of polygon 13.\nThe reflecting facet of the polygon is not only moving, its distance from the steering mirror is changing during each sweep. However, this does not cause a problem because the beam is a collimated beam in the horizontal direction. In the vertical direction, this motion does have some effect because the focal distance is changing slightly. In particular the vertical size of the beam on the polygon is changing because of the changing distance from the focal point. This effect, however, is taken care of in the scan lens assembly 18.\nAs the beam sweeps across the scan lens assembly the scan lens performs two functions. One function is to focus the collimated beam in the horizontal direction down to a given spot size at the focal plane on the photoconductor drum 30. Its second function is to flatten out the line of focus. Because of the sweep of the polygon the natural line of focus would be an arc. However, the photoconductor along the scan line is flat. Therefore, a correction is made in the scan lens assembly 18 to keep the spot in focus across the photoconductor. Therefore, the scan lens assembly is a field flattener and a focusing lens at the same time.\nIt is quite expensive to make a perfect field flattener, so this lens system does not give a perfectly flat focus line. Instead it produces a sinusoidal line of focus that is correct at the beginning and end of the scan line as well as at the two points which are one-third of the distance after the beginning and before the end of the scan line. As a result, the line of focus is a little above the photoconductor in the first and last thirds of the scan and a little below on the middle third of the scan. Nevertheless, the focus remains sharp enough across the scan to provide resolution in excess of 500 dots/inch.\nThe field flattening, which changes the line of focus from an arc to a substantially straight line, causes a sinusoidal variation in the velocity of the spot along the scan line. This variation is known as \"scan velocity or speed\" error. Such a scan velocity error can be corrected in the optics, but to do so is inexpensive. Rather than make a scan velocity correction, the system allows the optical variation and corrects for it electronically by changing the pel data rate.\nSince the scan velocity or speed error is constant, it is corrected by the scan modulator circuit 75 which varies the clock rate for sending data to the laser driver in a sinusoidal pattern stored in a memory 210. The details of this circuit as shown in FIG. 2. Because of scan modulator 75, the data handler circuit clocks out the data from memories 72,74 to the laser driver at a rate that varies in direct opposition to the scan velocity error so that data is recorded on the photoconductor at what appears to be a constant velocity.\nWithin scan lens assembly there is a beam which is being brought into focus in the horizontal or scan direction and an expanding in the vertical direction. At the end of the scan lens assembly there is the second cylindrical lens 19 which refocuses the beam again in the vertical direction and in the same focal line as the focus in the horizontal direction. The rest is of the optical system is basically a straight path down to the photoconductor drum 30. Folding mirrors 20, 21 and 23 along that route are merely used to fold down the optical path so that it can fit in a reasonably small package.\nA part of the beam that comes off mirrors 23 or 23' hits the start-of-line sensor 22. Instead of using a mirror for this purpose, the start-of-line detector can be positioned next to mirror 17 so that it receives light directly from mirror 21. Whichever system is used, the light beam in striking the start-of-line detector 22, informs the system microprocessor of the scan beam position on the rotation of each facet of the polygon.\nThe start-of-line detector may be a single photodiode circuit or a more complicated, but more accurate circuit. In order to accurately detect the presence of the SOL signal, the output of the start-of-line sensor 22 is sampled at a very high clock rate. The rate is about eight (8) times the picture element (pel) clock rate so the system can determine the light beam position to much less than a picture element. Therefore, the location of the start of line is determined precisely and repetitively from line-to-line.\nOnce start of line is found, the system counts off a programmable number of clock periods to determine where the start of data should be. This will be some location on the photoconductor and can vary from user to user, depending on where the user wants to start imaging on the drum.\nAs the scanning and modulated laser beam comes down onto the photoconduction drum 20, it passes inside or through a window in second corona 38. From this point on the raster light image created by the modulated and sweeping laser beam is developed into an image on paper by the electrophotographic process.\nIn the present example, a basic positive charge layer is put down on the dielectric layer by a first corona 36 as the drum 30 rotates. The charge could also be negative. Then the portion of the photoconductor with the charged dielectric over it is brought around under the opposite or negative polarity second corona 38. While the opposing charge is being generated, the photoconductor is imaged or exposed to the raster sweeping, modulated light beam. The result is that the second corona neutralizes some of the charge from the first corona. It does this even if there is no light, but not to the same extent.\nWhen the light beam hits the drum under the second corona 38, the photoconductive layer underneath the dielectric becomes conductive. Consequently, charges move to try to neutralize the charge that is on the photoconductor layer. Therefore, in the dark areas the first charge is reduced to a certain level and in the light areas the charge us reduced to zero or even reversed. The result is a pattern of different voltage or charge levels on the surface of the dielectric which forms a latent electrostatic image.\nOnce the latent electrostatic image is formed on the dielectric under the second corona, there are also a lot of electrons and holes free in the photoconductor. To remove them, the entire area is exposed with light by post exposure lamp 29. This does not affect the charge on the surface of the dielectric, because there is nothing to address it; but, it does cause recombinations of the holes and electrons in the photoconductor. Additionally, it ensures that all of the photoconductor is active and establishes a higher differential in charge between the surface of the dielectric and ground.\nThe differential charge levels forming an image on the photoconductive dielectric surface are rotated past a magnetic brush developer 35 with a reservoir that holds a toner material, mixed with a carrier material, which toner is attracted to the charge. Such two-component developer materials are commercially available. It is also possible to use monocomponent developer, i.e. where a magnetic toner is used alone.\nWhatever developer is used, the material is attracted to a magnetic drum 35'. The shell of the drum is moved by motor and control unit 40. This causes the magnetic developer particles in the reservoir of the unit to form a brush-like tuft or covering on drum 35'. At the bottom edge of the reservoir there is a doctor blade that knocks off some of the particles to form a uniform layer of material that is brushed against the photoconductor drum while moving in the opposite direction from the photoconductor drum. An auger wheel 35\" driven by the developer drum 35' assures that the developer has a uniform consistency. When the layer of developer passes over the electrostatic image on the photoconductor drum, the toner is attracted to the positive area left on the drum and is repulsed by the negative areas so that a toned or developed image remains on the dielectric.\nAs the toned image is moved around to a transfer corona 42, paper or to some other media, such as Mylar, is brought into the machine under the control of a microprocessor 80 at the proper time in the rotation of the drum 30. To sense the drum position an optical encoder wheel 39' is located on the drum and a detector 39 produces output pulses at every 2° of rotation and a TOP or \"top-of-page\" signal for the position or positions on the drum where printing is to occur.\nAll motion along the paper path is controlled by motor and control unit 40 which is tied to the various elements by chains or other means. The motor 40 is a precision stepper motor with 500 poles, so it essentially functions like a synchronous motor driven from the system clock. The circuit for driving paper path motor is a sequential current driver and it is shown in FIG. 4C. It is basically the same as the circuit for driving the drum motor shown in FIG. 4B. In particular, the windings of the 5-phase, precision stepper motor for the paper path are driven by circuit driver switches 440 according to a sequence for the 5 phases stored in memory 442. This memory is addressed by an address control circuit 444 that receives system clock impulses. Additionally, the address control circuit can be kept in synchronism with the rest of the system by an enable input e.\nSince the motor drives for the drum and paper path are similar and are driven by a divided signal from the system clock, the paper can be made to move at approximately the same rate or linear speed that the photoconductor drum is moved, e.g. about 0.6 inches per second in the high resolution mode, i.e. at the low speed. The speed can be increased and the information rate decreased to achieve the low resolution in high speed mode.\nAt an appropriate point in the rotation of the drum. e.g. approximately 64 degrees from the TOP or zero reference, as determined by the 2° pulse outputs from detector 39, the laser beam writes data on the drum. In this system it is written such that the beam is on where white is to appear in the final copy, i.e. the beam is discharging the photoconductor to wipe out all the unnecessary information. While this is happening the paper in either an upper paper tray 41 or a lower tray 43 is caused to enter the machine. This is achieved by energizing either escapement 45 or 47 which take the paper from the appropriate tray and put it into the feed track. Typically, different size paper is used in the trays and the tray which is to be used is selected by the operator.\nThe paper moves along this track under the influence of rollers 44 driven by a chain attached to motor 40 until it comes to a gate 46. The gate holds the paper there and does some alignment of the paper to eliminate skew because the gate is a flat parallel plate and the driving rollers are moving so as to keep the paper pushed against the gate. At the correct angle (time) for assuring a transfer of the toned image on the photoconductor drum to the paper, e.g. at about 136° of rotation, a solenoid attached to gate 46 moves the gate and allows the paper to continue moving. The paper and the tone image on the drum thus come together at the correct location. At that point, the charge on the drum takes over and pulls the paper to it so that the drum now controls movement of the paper.\nThe next significant point occurs when the paper passes under transfer corona 42 which acts to transfer the toned image to paper. This transfer corona is turned on at the appropriate point in the cycle to assure total transfer of the image. Under this corona the toner is transferred to the paper and the paper keeps on moving.\nAs the photoconductor drum rotates and the paper passes the transfer corona, the paper must be removed from the drum. In this particular system, there is a piece of tape at one edge of the drum such that the edge of the paper never directly contacts the drum. The tape leads that edge of the paper into rollers 49 located just beyond the transfer corona. When the paper comes to the other side of the transfer corona, the charges holding the paper to the drum have been fairly well eliminated so the rest of the paper can be easily peel from the drum.\nBeyond rollers 49 the paper is picked up by the rollers of fuser 48. These rollers extend across the entire width of the paper and pull it away from the drum. Also these rollers use heat and pressure to cause the toner to deform, melt and adhere to the paper. Then the paper with the image on it comes out of the system.\nThe machine can run at various speed and resolution combinations. Consequently, the fuser heater 31 must be able to vary the temperature to the fuser under program control so that fusing can occur properly at different speeds. The fuser is made up of silicone, urethane, or teflon coated rollers which are maintained under a certain level of spring pressure to squeeze the toner into the paper as it is being heated.\nA wick 55 containing silicone oil is used for wiping the lower roller with oil. Between printing stages some of the silicone oil on the bottom roller transfers to the upper roller. This oiling of the fuser rollers is done to keep them smooth and clean so no toner is transferred to them from the paper. A transfer of toner to these rollers could cause jams, adherences and so on. There is also a scraper in the fuser that scrapes off any toner that may stick to the upper roller despite the oil.\nPrior to the rollers 49 there is positioned a separation sensor 51. The sensor 51 detects when the paper properly separates from the drum. There are also paper jam detectors 53 located along the paper path before the drum. The signals from these sensors are used by the microprocessor in a conventional fashion to assure that the system is operating properly. If these sensors detect a paper jam the system will go into an immediate shut down. For other less critical system faults the system will go into a delayed or orderly shut down.\nAs the drum comes around after the paper has been peeled off, there may still be residual toner on it. To eliminate this toner for the next image, a scraper blade 33 is used. This blade, which preferably is made of urethane, but could be made of other materials, scrapes the toner off the surface of the Mylar dielectric and drops it into a well 33'. There is an auger in the well which keeps driving the waste toner forward so that it falls out of a hole in the well into a waste toner bottle. Attached to the bottle is a replenishment sensor 33\" which indicates whether the waste toner bottle has been replaced. There is a control in the machine that requires that after a certain number of copies the waste toner bottle be replaced. The machine counts the number of copies and requires replacement of the bottle when the number is exceeded. The sensor determines if the bottle has been replaced with a new bottle when this count is exceeded. If the bottle is not replaced, the machine goes into a delayed shut down and stays that way until the bottle is replaced.\nAfter the scraper blade 33, the drum comes under a DC corona 34 which tends to neutralize any surface charge that is left. Some of this charge may be due to some electrostatic interaction between the blade and the dielectric.\nReferring to FIG. 2, there is shown the data handler circuit 70 and the system clocks and timing. The main clock is generated by a crystal 71 and its output goes through clock timing generator 71 to timer/divider circuit 73 where it is divided down in many ways. These divided clock signals are used to control the system motors, i.e. the motors for the paper path, drum and polygon.\nThe scan modulator 75 is used to clock the pel data because the optical system does not move the beam at a uniform velocity across the drum. In effect the scan modulator compensates for this by creating a clock signal for reading out the pel data which is offset in time according to data stored in the PROM 210.\nTo obtain this pel clock signal a divided clock signal from circuit 71 is compared in a phase comparator 220 with the output of a VCO 216 after it has been divided in divider circuit 218. The error signal from this comparison is then fed through summing circuit 214 to the VCO so it will be locked to the divided crystal frequeny. However, to vary this frequency in a cosinusoidal manner to compensate for scan speed error, a correction signal from digital-to-analog converter 212 is summed in circuit 214 with the phase error signal. The input needed for the correction is stored in PROM 210 whose contents are addressed by address controller 211. In turn, address controller 211 is driven by the system clock so that for each clock pulse there is a new correction signal and a continuous frequency modulation of the clock rate occurs across each scan. In order to reset this circuit and others at the beginning of each scan line, the SOL signal is applied to clock circuit 71 and the pel clock signal is taken from that circuit.\nThe pel clock is applied to address read/write control 230. This circuit which is actually controlled by the microprocessor, reads data into shift register 232 from the appropriate memory A or B at the varying pel clock rate. In the meantime, control circuit 230 is causing RIP data from interface 60 to be fed through OR-gate 236 to the other memory. Instead of actual data, test data from test pattern generator 240 can be passed through gate 236 to one of memories 72, 74. The test signals from test pattern generator 240 are created from a timing a signal produced in clock generator 71.\nMemory data, whether it be the test pattern information or actual raster data, is read out of the appropriate memory through OR-gate 76 to shift register 232 of output logic 78. The data can then be shifted from this circuit at the pel clock rate or at a division of the system clock rate. From the shift register the data is applied to output logic circuit 234 that prepares it for the laser driver. This may be done by inverting the data bits of the system to write the image areas, i.e. write black rather than erase the background areas, i.e. write white. Also, the signal may be changed from return-to-zero format to non return-to-zero as needed for the laser driver.\nAs shown in FIG. 2, the microprocessor 80 that controls the printer has an address bus and a data bus. Over these lines an input/output decoder 242 is instucted to generate enable pulses e that synchronize the operations of various parts of the system, e.g. gate 236, generator 71 and stepper motor address control circuits 434, 444. In addition, the interface 60 is informed by the microprocessor 80 when the system is ready to receive data and receives other instructions over a command buffer 246. The buffer 246 also receives information on line sync and end-of-page via write control circuit 244 and supplies it to the microprocessor. Information on the resolution-speed mode selected by the user is transmitted to the rest of the system from the microprocessor via print control circuit 248. For example, the output of circuit 248 is delivered to the fuser heater control to set its level. The user also sends information to the microprocessor on the size of the paper, resolution, paper tray and other user selected information through command buffer 246.\nThe laser driver circuit shown in FIG. 3 modulates the current to the laser 10 and effectively turns the laser on and off. Current from a constant current source 319 determines the maximum current permitted to go through the laser. The laser is a laser diode with a built in photodiode that monitors the laser light output and provides feedback. Thus, there is a feedback circuit 312 that maintains constant light output.\nTo prevent the diode from blowing out, the driver circuit makes sure that the current is limited within a certain specified range. In addition, there is a calibration circuit 320 which keeps the laser on continuously prior to start-of-line. Therefore, at the appropriate time in the polygon synchronization cycle, the data drive operation is aborted and the laser is turned on fully with no modulation occurring on the diode. This selection is made under program control by applying the CAL signal to circuits 318 and 320.\nThe pel data is applied to the data current modulator circuit 316 along with interlock and pel gate signals. The data current modulator 316 delivers a signal to a watchdog timer 318. The watchdog timer makes sure that the laser driver is running properly. Since it is harmful for the laser to stay on continuously or at too high a current for too long, the watchdog timer monitors the data current modulator 316 and automatically shuts off the current generator 310, and therefor the diode, if safe operating conditions are exceeded.\nAs previously noted, the printer can operate in either a high or low resolution mode and this is under program control. One output of the program is a H/L Res, i.e. high-low resolution signal, which is supplied both to the mode circuit 314 and the current modulator 316. The current level or the power output of the laser diode thus is changed as a function of whether the system is running at low resolution i.e. under 400 dots/inch, or high resolution, i.e. more than 500 dots/inch. Less laser power is needed at high resolution since more dots are packed into the same area. The mode circuit 314 also has a \"cal\" or calibration input to bring the diode up to the right level based on the feedback from the photodiode.\nFIG. 5 shows the general arrangement of the system control, which is basically a Motorola 68000 microprocessor 500 programmed to operate as a state machine according to instructions supplied by the manufacturer. The microprocessor controls the whole operation of the system. It has a clock input which comes from crystal 71'. The processor also has RAMS and PROMS as memory units. Further, it includes a UART, i.e. a universal asynchronour receiver transmitter device used for putting serial data in an RS232 format. These units are connected together by an address bus, a data bus and a control bus.\nIn operation the processor 500 utilizes interrupt control 502, i.e. there are numerous signals directed to the processor which interrupt it to tell the processor that the system is at a particular point and requires instructions. One such signal is the 2° signal from the drum encoder. Every 2° it requires that the processor check to see whether there is something to do. Another signal is the \"top of the page\" or TOP signal which is the zero reference on the encoder 39' attached to the drum. There are a whole series of such signals that indicate that the fuser is ready, the toner is low, the toner bottle is to be replaced, etc. There are also interlocks such as door switches, scrapers blade position, tray in place, etc. Further, there are jam detectors 53 that tell if the paper is at a certain point at a certain time, and a separation sensor 51 that tells if the paper has separated from the drum. The various signals come from different parts of the machine and interrupt the processor to ask for further instructions or to indicate status. These signals reach the processor through input buffers 510 and I/O port 515. The interrupts go directly to circuit 502, but the other data received is applied to the processor through data bus buffer 520.\nThe microprocessor, by knowing where the system is at a particular time, knows when to do certain things. This information is delivered over data bus buffer 520 and address bus buffer 522 to the I/O port 515 and from there to the system through output buffers 512. For instance, the processor, over the appropriate output port and at the appropriate time, will turn on the post exposure lamp by applying a signal over buffer 512 to turn on the power supply for that lamp.\nThe laser printer also has a display 530 to aid operator use. The data bus comes out to a 16-character liquid crystal display 532 and some LED's 534 which are the operator interface. As a result, the status of the system, e.g. system ready, paper jam, etc. can be displayed for the operator.\nIn FIGS. 6A and 6B, there is shown a flow chart of the executive routine for the microprocessor which controls the operation of the laser printer. This routine is interrupt driven so as to cause it to branch to certain sample subroutines that handle individual system operations.\nAt the beginning of the program, the entire system is initialized in the EXEC state 600. When this is complete, the program moves on to XEC LOOP 602. In this loop, the program first checks to see if there is a 2° interrupt. If not, the program moves immediately to state 604 where it checks for an immediate shut down condition due to a paper jam. If in state 602 a 2° interrupt is found, the program checks for critical action points.\nCritical action points are degrees of rotation of the drum where action must be taken to continue the operation. A table is prepared which corresponds degrees of rotation of the drum with various states of the machine and provides particular action that must be taken. Thus, the system has a great deal of flexibility in that by changing the critical action points or the microprocessor's response to those action points, the operation of the machine can be varied. A typical critical action point is the 64° point in the rotation of the drum when printing with the laser is to occur, provided the system is in a normal ready condition.\nAfter the critical action point is checked and any required action is taken, the system then checks for possible jams by checking paper jam sensors 53 as it normally does when there is no 2° interrupt. Following this, the check for immediate shut down in state 604 is made.\nIf a flag is set indicating that immediate shut down should take place, the program branches to state 605 which executes the immediate shut down procedure. If no immediate shut down is found, the program proceeds to test for manual feed roller use in state 606. This part of the program allows a user to input paper of size different than that included in the paper trays. Thus, it requires activation of the feed rollers without activation of the escapements 44, 45.\nAfter the manual feed roller check, the program checks to see if there is a fault in the toner supply. If there is, the program moves from state 608 into state 610 which sets a flag. This allows the system to continue to produce a limited number of additional copies, even though there is an indication that the system is out of toner. If no toner fault is detected, the system skips over section 610 to state 612 of the program which checks the rest of the faults.\nOnce a flag has been set in state 610, and after the preset number of copies have been made, the program branches to state 611 which executes a delayed shut down. This differs form immediate shut down in that there is no need to rapidly remove power from parts of the system in this state. If the flag is not set, the program drops into state 612 where the other faults are checked.\nIf one of the faults checked in state 612 indicates then an immediate shut down is required for other than a paper jam which was checked in state 604, the program will branch to state 605 and execute the immediate shut down. Such a fault might include an overheated motor. In state 612, delayed shut down situations, such as loss of laser power, are checked and if one of them occurs the program branches to state 611 to execute the delayed shut down.\nIf no faults are detected, the program branches to state 616. If there is a fault in state 612, but it is not an immediate shut down or delayed shut down fault, the program enters state 614 where a check is made to see if paper is available. The program will continue to loop between states 614 and 612 until paper is provided. Then the program will pass on to state 616.\nIn state 616, the program checks to see if a command error fault has occurred or if there is no valid command pending. It also checks the state of the machine. If no command is available, the program branches to execute a delayed shut down in state 611. If a command is available, the program moves to state 618 to see if the command is valid.\nIn state 619, a check is made to see if the system is in the test mode and then the program passes to state 620 where a test is made to see if the printer is in machine state 6. Machine state 6 is the stopped and ready for command mode. In this position, the program inquires whether there are any manual feed commands or test mode commands. If there are no pending commands and no manual feed, the program branches to state 624. If there is manual feed command, the system branches to state 626. Otherwise, the program falls through to state 622 where a check is made for a pending command. If such a pending command is available, the program loops back to test for manual feed roller use in state 606. Otherwise, it passes through state 624 where the system checks to determine if it is still in the test mode.\nAfter the check in state 624, the program pass to state 626 where the front panel display routine is executed to deliver information to the user and the manual feed roller is checked again. Finally, a check is made to see if there is a requirement for an immediate shut down. If there is no immediate shut down condition, the program branches to state 630. If there is a requirement for immediate shut down, a check is made to determine if this is due to a paper jam whether the paper jam has been cleared and whether the paper jam reset button has been pushed. If the reset button has been pushed, the program branches from state 628 back to state 600. If the button has not been pushed, the program falls into state 630 where the loop check is carried out.\nIn loop check, housekeeping duties are taken care of, including updating the display and sending signals to the watchdog timer of the laser timer to keep it from shutting down the system.\nThe operation of the executive routine shown in the flow charts of FIGS. 6A and 6B, in combination with a critical point table, cause operation in the manner desired by the user. The details of programs for carrying out this flow chart will depend on the particular program, microprocessor or logic system used.\nAt the command of the operator and under the control of the microprocessor, the system can be switched from the high resolution, moderate speed mode (resolution in excess of 500 dots/inch and a speed of about 4 pages/minute) to the lower resolution, high speed mode (a resolution under 400 dots/inch and a speed of about 16 pages/minutes). The program of the microprocessor accomplishes this rapidly by sending higher clock rate pulses to the stepper motors so that the paper and photoconductor drum move more quickly. This reduces the vertical resolution by creating a wider spacing between the raster scan lines.\nWith the paper and the photoconductor drum moving faster, the microprocessor causes an increase in the output of the laser, the fuser heater temperature and the corona currents. As a result, the same image definition or contrast will be produced in the low resolution mode as in the high resolution mode.\nNo change is made to the optics so that the spot size, which produces the dot pattern that results in the image, remains the same. The resolution difference occurs because the spacing between the dots in both the horizontal and vertical direction is increased.\nIn order to increase the dot spacing in the horizontal or sweep direction without changing the polygon speed, printing occurs using every facet of the polygon. In the high resolution mode, printing occurred with every other facet, but this high resolution printing included in one scan line all of the data that had been stored during two scan periods. Therefore, twice as much data was applied in a single scan line in the high resolution mode. In the two resolution mode only the data taken in during once scan period is laid down on the photoconductor. Thus there is a much greater spacing between the information dots or picture elements.\nThis scheme for utilizing fewer facets during the high resolution phase, but printing twice as much data during each scan, also allows the interface circuit to remain constant.\nTherefore, fewer changes in the system are necessary in order to arrive at the dual mode laser printer of the present invention.\nWhile the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.\nThis scheme for utilizing fewer facets during the high resolution phase, but printing twice as much data during each scan, also allows the interface circuit to remain constant.\nTherefore, fewer changes in the system are necessary in order to arrive at the dual mode laser printer of the present invention.\nWhile the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.\n|Patente citada||Fecha de presentación||Fecha de publicación||Solicitante||Título|\n|US4319285 *||19 Mar 1979||9 Mar 1982||Xerox Corporation||Exposure control for selective speed xerographic printing and the like|\n|US4330195 *||19 Feb 1980||18 May 1982||Xerox Corporation||Multiple mode image processing apparatus and method|\n|US4491853 *||13 Oct 1982||1 Ene 1985||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Image recording arrangement|\n|Patente citante||Fecha de presentación||Fecha de publicación||Solicitante||Título|\n|US4700201 *||19 Feb 1986||13 Oct 1987||Ricoh Company, Ltd.||Dot corrected laser printer|\n|US4704698 *||20 May 1985||3 Nov 1987||Linotype Gmbh||Method for the synchronization of a moveable material web and an optical deflection path|\n|US4714933 *||8 Oct 1986||22 Dic 1987||Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd.||Laser picture-drawing apparatus|\n|US4728989 *||11 Feb 1987||1 Mar 1988||Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha||Electrostatic latent image forming apparatus using semiconductor laser|\n|US4733252 *||30 Mar 1987||22 Mar 1988||Xerox Corporation||Beam splitter for multibeam A/O modulators and printer systems|\n|US4734715 *||14 May 1986||29 Mar 1988||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Variable light beam scanning apparatus|\n|US4742363 *||14 May 1986||3 May 1988||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Variable intensity light beam scanning apparatus with feedback|\n|US4816845 *||28 Dic 1987||28 Mar 1989||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image forming apparatus having a stepping motor with selectively excited coils|\n|US4829322 *||26 May 1988||9 May 1989||Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha||Laser beam scanning apparatus|\n|US4835570 *||20 Abr 1988||30 May 1989||Xerox Corporation||Apparatus for printing fixed and variable indicia|\n|US4841314 *||9 Ago 1988||20 Jun 1989||Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha||Electrostatic latent image forming apparatus using semiconductor laser|\n|US5027135 *||14 Nov 1989||25 Jun 1991||Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Printer self-diagnosis device|\n|US5064262 *||22 Sep 1988||12 Nov 1991||Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd.||Postobjective optical deflector|\n|US5109476 *||15 Oct 1990||28 Abr 1992||Eastman Kodak Company||Color printer with synchronous and asynchronous stages|\n|US5111242 *||27 Ago 1990||5 May 1992||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Image forming apparatus having a more smoothly controlled image forming element|\n|US5119129 *||30 Oct 1990||2 Jun 1992||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image forming apparatus with selectable first and second optical forming means|\n|US5142304 *||7 Ago 1990||25 Ago 1992||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Recording apparatus having an automatic scan density control feature|\n|US5153766 *||7 Oct 1991||6 Oct 1992||Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd.||Postobjective optical scanner|\n|US5191359 *||15 Oct 1990||2 Mar 1993||Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Recording apparatus having stepping motor stepped to feed recording medium in timed relation with recording action for each line|\n|US5204769 *||25 Jun 1992||20 Abr 1993||Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd.||Postobjective optical deflector|\n|US5239313 *||24 Jul 1992||24 Ago 1993||Hewlett-Packard Company||Continuously variable resolution laser printer|\n|US5361329 *||9 Jun 1993||1 Nov 1994||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Data processing apparatus|\n|US5374947 *||18 May 1992||20 Dic 1994||Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.||Laser beam printer capable of changing scanning density and paper transport speed|\n|US5406383 *||17 Ago 1994||11 Abr 1995||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Method and apparatus for outputting a pattern in a selected one of a plurality of output resolutions|\n|US5424763 *||24 Jun 1992||13 Jun 1995||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Color misregistration-free color image forming apparatus|\n|US5499321 *||31 May 1995||12 Mar 1996||Seikosha Co., Ltd.||Printing method for use with dot printer|\n|US5512927 *||18 Jun 1993||30 Abr 1996||Ricoh Co., Ltd.||Image forming apparatus having a photosensitive drum rotatable at different speeds|\n|US5517230 *||19 Sep 1994||14 May 1996||Xerox Corporation||Control system for a variable-resolution raster output scanner|\n|US5592207 *||16 Sep 1992||7 Ene 1997||Hitachi, Ltd.||Optical recording apparatus|\n|US5604845 *||25 Sep 1995||18 Feb 1997||Hewlett-Packard Company||Method for recovery of faulted pages in a host based printing system|\n|US5708512 *||7 Jun 1995||13 Ene 1998||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Facsimile apparatus and recording method therein|\n|US5729358 *||7 Jun 1995||17 Mar 1998||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image recording apparatus|\n|US5793935 *||21 Jul 1997||11 Ago 1998||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Paper saving apparatus for use in an image forming system|\n|US5819010 *||15 Ago 1994||6 Oct 1998||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image recording with adaptation of resolution to printer|\n|US5841552 *||24 Ene 1995||24 Nov 1998||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image processed apparatus for processing images having different resolutions|\n|US5850295 *||15 Jul 1994||15 Dic 1998||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image recording apparatus|\n|US5850307 *||19 Mar 1996||15 Dic 1998||Gerber Systems Corporation||Scanner system having a dual trace spinner|\n|US5861977 *||26 Feb 1997||19 Ene 1999||Eastman Kodak Company||Dual format dual resolution scanner with off-axis beams|\n|US5867298 *||16 Dic 1996||2 Feb 1999||Eastman Kodak Company||Dual format pre-objective scanner|\n|US5923475 *||27 Nov 1996||13 Jul 1999||Eastman Kodak Company||Laser printer using a fly's eye integrator|\n|US6014161 *||31 Ene 1997||11 Ene 2000||Hewlett-Packard Company||Closed loop compensation for gray scale printing devices|\n|US6023059 *||14 Ene 1998||8 Feb 2000||Eastman Kodak Company||Dual format pre-objective scanner|\n|US6031560 *||18 Abr 1996||29 Feb 2000||Eastman Kodak Company||High resolution medical diagnostic laser printer|\n|US6031624 *||8 Sep 1997||29 Feb 2000||Lexmark International, Inc.||Method and apparatus for adaptive data buffering in a parallelized printing system|\n|US6048116 *||13 Abr 1992||11 Abr 2000||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Method and apparatus for drawing characters for display in a draft mode and a high resolution mode|\n|US6064419 *||21 Dic 1995||16 May 2000||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Timings of rotational speed in a laser beam printer|\n|US6188419 *||17 Ago 1998||13 Feb 2001||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||color image-forming device|\n|US6204868 *||16 Jul 1998||20 Mar 2001||Konica Corporation||Image forming apparatus providing polygonal mirror having braking means|\n|US6281979 *||8 Dic 1997||28 Ago 2001||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Image recording apparatus and control method thereof|\n|US6398346||29 Mar 2000||4 Jun 2002||Lexmark International, Inc.||Dual-configurable print head addressing|\n|US6431677||8 Jun 2000||13 Ago 2002||Lexmark International, Inc||Print head drive scheme|\n|US6693723||12 Ene 2001||17 Feb 2004||Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp.||Image forming device fast draft print mode|\n|US6930701 *||13 Ene 2003||16 Ago 2005||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Method and apparatus for controlling scanning velocity and amount of light for forming color image|\n|US7170618 *||22 Feb 2001||30 Ene 2007||Ricoh Company, Ltd.||Remote printing systems and methods for portable digital devices|\n|US7195164||29 Abr 2003||27 Mar 2007||Symbol Technologies, Inc.||Optical code reading device having more than one imaging engine|\n|US7277111||28 Ene 2005||2 Oct 2007||Lexmark International, Inc.||Multiple speed modes for an electrophotographic device|\n|US7357322||10 Ene 2007||15 Abr 2008||Symbol Technologies Incorporated||Optical code reading device having more than one imaging engine|\n|US7382929||1 Oct 2001||3 Jun 2008||Pixel Instruments Corporation||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US7483161 *||26 Jul 2005||27 Ene 2009||Ricoh Company, Ltd.||Remote printing systems and methods for portable digital devices|\n|US7612928 *||26 Abr 2007||3 Nov 2009||Ricoh Company, Ltd.||Optical scanning apparatus, image forming apparatus using the same and method of regulating the optical scanning apparatus|\n|US7667725 *||6 Dic 2005||23 Feb 2010||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Multi-beam image forming apparatus and image forming method using the same|\n|US7710441||20 Mar 2006||4 May 2010||Lexmark International, Inc.||Systems and methods for using multiple scanner facets to write a scan line of image data in an electrophotographic device|\n|US7822284||10 Jun 2004||26 Oct 2010||Carl Cooper||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US7920156||3 Oct 2008||5 Abr 2011||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image forming apparatus, image forming method and data control device|\n|US7986851||9 Feb 2009||26 Jul 2011||Cooper J Carl||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US8059298 *||7 Abr 2009||15 Nov 2011||Marvell International Technology Ltd.||Efficient printer control electronics|\n|US8120634||18 Feb 2011||21 Feb 2012||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image forming apparatus, image forming method and data control device|\n|US8125504 *||7 Abr 2008||28 Feb 2012||Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.||Image forming apparatus and control program of image forming apparatus|\n|US8174723||21 Jul 2011||8 May 2012||Marvell International Technology Ltd.||Efficient printer control electronics|\n|US8363080||25 Ene 2010||29 Ene 2013||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Multi-beam image forming apparatus and image forming method using the same|\n|US20010034747 *||22 Feb 2001||25 Oct 2001||Satoshi Fujitani||Remote printing systems and methods for portable digital devices|\n|US20020085125 *||1 Oct 2001||4 Jul 2002||Pixel Instruments||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US20040012668 *||13 Ene 2003||22 Ene 2004||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.||Method and apparatus for controlling scanning velocity and amount of light for forming color image|\n|US20040129783 *||29 Abr 2003||8 Jul 2004||Mehul Patel||Optical code reading device having more than one imaging engine|\n|US20040197026 *||10 Jun 2004||7 Oct 2004||Carl Cooper||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US20050206719 *||22 Mar 2004||22 Sep 2005||Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba||Image forming apparatus|\n|US20050270571 *||26 Jul 2005||8 Dic 2005||Satoshi Fujitani||Remote printing systems and methods for portable digital devices|\n|US20060017795 *||11 Jul 2005||26 Ene 2006||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image forming apparatus, image forming method and data control device|\n|US20060172838 *||28 Ene 2005||3 Ago 2006||Dasantos Christopher C||Motorcycle drive system cover assembly|\n|US20060238604 *||6 Dic 2005||26 Oct 2006||Shin Sang-Youn||Multi-beam image forming apparatus and image forming method using the same|\n|US20070216748 *||20 Mar 2006||20 Sep 2007||Lexmark International, Inc.||Systems and methods for using multiple scanner facets to write a scan line of image data in an electrophotographic device|\n|US20070253049 *||26 Abr 2007||1 Nov 2007||Ricoh Company, Ltd.||Optical scanning apparatus, image forming apparatus using the same and method of regulating the optical scanning apparatus|\n|US20080128396 *||14 Nov 2007||5 Jun 2008||Disco Corporation||Laser beam machining system|\n|US20080304845 *||7 Abr 2008||11 Dic 2008||Haruyuki Sekine||Image forming apparatus and control program of image forming apparatus|\n|US20090034026 *||3 Oct 2008||5 Feb 2009||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image Forming Apparatus, Image Forming Method and Data Control Device|\n|US20090190176 *||7 Abr 2009||30 Jul 2009||Marvell International Technology Ltd.||Efficient printer control electronics|\n|US20090207230 *||11 Feb 2009||20 Ago 2009||Kouichi Takaki||Image forming apparatus and image forming apparatus control program|\n|US20090208127 *||9 Feb 2009||20 Ago 2009||Ip Innovation Llc||Spatial scan replication circuit|\n|US20100128101 *||25 Ene 2010||27 May 2010||Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd||Multi-beam image forming apparatus and image forming method using the same|\n|US20110150511 *||18 Feb 2011||23 Jun 2011||Seiko Epson Corporation||Image Forming Apparatus, Image Forming Method and Data Control Device|\n|US20140313545 *||11 Abr 2014||23 Oct 2014||Casio Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd.||Image formation apparatus and computer readable non-transitory recording medium storing control program for controlling image formation apparatus|\n|DE3745060B4 *||27 Oct 1987||15 Jul 2004||Minolta Co., Ltd.||Laser printer which data control accepting external data processor|\n|DE3810894A1 *||30 Mar 1988||13 Oct 1988||Minolta Camera Kk||Laserprinter mit aenderungsmoeglichkeit fuer die pixeldichte|\n|DE4216459A1 *||19 May 1992||2 Dic 1993||Fuji Xerox Co Ltd||Laserstrahl-Drucker|\n|EP0210618A2 *||26 Jul 1986||4 Feb 1987||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Frequency converter for use in a laser printer|\n|EP0210618A3 *||26 Jul 1986||16 Sep 1987||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Frequency converter for use in a laser printer|\n|EP0342053A2 *||12 May 1989||15 Nov 1989||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Printer|\n|EP0342053A3 *||12 May 1989||30 May 1990||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Recorder|\n|EP0356286A1 *||1 Ago 1989||28 Feb 1990||Societe D'applications Generales D'electricite Et De Mecanique Sagem||Multiple resolution laser printor|\n|EP0386995A2 *||6 Mar 1990||12 Sep 1990||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Output apparatus|\n|EP0386995A3 *||6 Mar 1990||27 Dic 1990||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Output apparatus|\n|EP0724963A1 *||31 Ene 1995||7 Ago 1996||AGFA-GEVAERT naamloze vennootschap||Thermal dye diffusion printer and method for its use|\n|EP0724964A1 *||31 Ene 1995||7 Ago 1996||AGFA-GEVAERT naamloze vennootschap||Direct thermal printing method and apparatus|\n|WO1989002137A1 *||27 Ago 1988||9 Mar 1989||Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Hell Gmbh||Laser diode output power stabilization in a laser image setter|\n|WO1992010049A1 *||18 Sep 1991||11 Jun 1992||Polaroid Corporation||Optical printing system with discontinuous print medium|\n|WO2004064382A1 *||24 Dic 2003||29 Jul 2004||Symbol Technologies, Inc.||Optical code reading device having more than one imaging engine|\n|Clasificación de EE.UU.||347/129, 347/132, 347/250|\n|Clasificación internacional||G03G15/20, G03G15/22, H04N1/23, G03G15/00, B41J2/44, H04N1/04, G06K15/12, G03G15/04, H04N1/113|\n|Clasificación cooperativa||H04N1/0411, H04N1/0443, H04N1/0402, H04N1/1135, H04N1/0446, G06K15/1219, G06K15/128|\n|Clasificación europea||H04N1/04D7J, H04N1/04D7K, H04N1/04D3B, G06K15/12A5, H04N1/04D, G06K15/12G|\n|11 Ene 1985||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS,INC. 80 RULAND ROAD,MELVILL\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SPENCER, DAVID R.;GOLDSTEIN, AMNON;REEL/FRAME:004357/0468\nEffective date: 19850104\n|12 Ene 1989||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: ECRM INCORPORATED, 554 CLARK ROAD, TEWKSBURY, MA 0\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005000/0447\nEffective date: 19881219\nOwner name: ECRM INCORPORATED, MASSACHUSETTS\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DATA RECORDING SYSTEMS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005000/0447\nEffective date: 19881219\n|17 Ene 1989||AS||Assignment|\nOwner name: ECRM TRUST, MASSACHUSETTS\nFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ECRM INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:005010/0161\nEffective date: 19881227\n|5 Sep 1989||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|26 Oct 1993||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|27 Mar 1994||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|\n|7 Jun 1994||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|\nEffective date: 19940330", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In this article we explain the capacitive transducer, the transducer is a device used to convert one form of energy to another form, the transducer is called the convertors and in some cases, they are used to measure the quantities by using the conversion action.\nThe capacitive transducer is the device used to measure many quantities using the variable capacitance.\nWe try to explain some of the pieces of information about the capacitive transducer, which includes the working and applications of capacitive transducer.\nCapacitive transducer is used for\nThe capacitive transducer is used for measuring the quantities like distance, volume, density, water level and……etc.\nThe main principle behind the capacitive transducer is the variations in capacitance.\nThe capacitive transducer works on the principle of\nThe figure shows the model of the capacitive transducer, so from the figure, we get a basic idea of its working principle.\n- The capacitive transducer work with a principle called a variable capacitor.\n- As per the above structure, the transducer has two parallel metal plates which will have a proper distance between them and also they separate with a dielectric material.\n- This means the distance between two metal plates varies the capacitance.\n- The only difference the capacitive transducer makes with the common capacitor is that the general capacitor has fixed plates.\n- But at the capacitive transducer, the parallel plates are movable, which makes it a variable capacitor.\nC = εo εr A/ d\nC= indicate the capacitance\nεo= indicate the permittivity of free space\nεr= indicate the relative permittivity\nA= indicate the area of the plate\nD= indicate the distance between the plates\n- This capacitance formula shows the factor responsible for the change.\n- From the formula, we can see the distance is inversely proportional to the capacitance.\nApplication of capacitive transducer\n- Measure humidity in the gas\n- Measure volume\n- Measure liquid level\n- Measure density\n- The measure of linear angular displacement\n- Measure brake disc\n- Dynamic at turbines or engine measure with it\n- Thickness measure\n- Measure for force or pressure\n- Measure the weight\n- Measure the temperature\nCapacitive transducer displays\nThe capacitive transducer screen displays or called the capacitive sensor, at projected capacitive touch or (PCT) technology utilizes the capacitance property.\nThe pressure variations at the screen due to the sensations of touch will be used to make touch screens.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Digital Hygrometer ITH-20R\nFast Free Shipping\nWorry free Warranty\nLifetime Customer Support\nITH-20R is suitable for households, guitar cases, greenhouses, offices, labs and etc.\nThe display has accurate, reliable temperature and humidity readings. The simple, visual LCD screen shows the current temperature and humidity.\nExternal Probe: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports an external probe and we can put it into most kinds of liquid for temperature measuring, easy to measure, convenient, and more efficient.\nInstant reading: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports instant reading and its transmission distance of the digital hygrometer is up to 300 feet with its data being updated in 10 seconds, which helps us monitor the humidity and the temperature instantly without checking the transmitter constantly and get ready for the weather changes.\nLCD display screen: INKBIRD ITH-20R receiver adopts LCD display screen to show temperature and humidity and divides it into two parts, OUT shows the temperature and humidity reading of the transmitter, IN shows the temperature and humidity reading of the receiver. Besides, it applies comfort and user-friendly indicators, which makes it cosy and comfortable to use.\nNo reading confusion: INKBIRD ITH-20R supports both Celsius and Fahrenheit reading methods, we can switch them easily based on our reading habits, no more reading confusion anymore.\nTwo installation methods: We can place it on the desk or mount it on the wall based on our practical use contexts or our habits, which makes it more user-friendly and humanized.\nMeasuring range: receiver temperature measuring range is -20°C ~ 60°C (-4°F ~ 140°F); transmitter temperature measuring range is -40°C ~ 70°C (-40°F ~ 158°F ); external temperature probe measuring range is -50~125℃ (-58~257°F). Receiver and transmitter humidity measuring range is 10％～95％RH with its sampling period of 10 seconds, which makes it very suitable for households, guitar cases, greenhouses, offices, labs etc.\nOut-of-the-box and super thin design: INKBIRD ITH-20R is designed for out-of-the-box with a super thin design, which makes it easy to use, easy to move, and easy to store.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "For several years, ultrasound contrast agents are being investigated for their therapeutic capacity. These gas-filled coated microbubbles have the ability to enhance local intravenous drug delivery. Microbubbles can be loaded with drugs by adding them to the bubble surface of by incorporating them into the core of the bubble. Upon microbubble oscillation and/or disruption, following ultrasound insonation, the drugs are released locally to achieve a therapeutic effect while avoiding systemic exposure. Furthermore, the interaction of oscillating microbubbles with the vascular endothelial layer causes an enhanced uptake of drugs by the surrounding tissue. To visualize the process of ultrasound-triggered drug delivery, the use of ultra-high-speed imaging is required to resolve the nanoseconds timescales involved. To obtain sufficient optical contrast and resolution to visualize the release of nanometer-sized particles, fluorescence microscopy has to be employed as well. Combining both techniques is challenging, due to the extremely short exposure time in which sufficient signal has to be collected from a limited amount of fluorescent material. In this thesis the techniques of ultra-high-speed fluorescence imaging is described. By combining laser-induced-fluorescence, employing a 5W continuous wave (CW) laser, and the Brandaris 128 ultra-high-speed imaging facility a system was developed that allows for the visualization of fluorescently labeled microbubbles at a nanoseconds timescale. This imaging techique is applied to study the mechanisms of ultrasound-triggered local drug delivery using microbubbles: the release from liposome-loaded microbubbles and the subsequent uptake by a vascular endothelial cell. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging is used to aid the research of microbubble dynamics, since the absolute size of the bubble can be determined at a higher precision. This leads to more accurate input data for theoretical models. Finally, two novel designs of drug-carrying, hard-shelled ultrasound contrast agents are characterized. The first design consists of a multimodal contrast agent for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. The second therapeutic agent can be employed as a two-step drug delivery system. Both microcapsule designs are characterized experimentally. Their response to laser light and ultrasound, respectively, is compared to new physical models describing the activation dynamics of these microcapsules, which were found to be in very good agreement.\n|Qualification||Doctor of Philosophy|\n|Award date||20 Apr 2012|\n|Place of Publication||Enschede|\n|Publication status||Published - 20 Apr 2012|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Control Systems Engineering\nCellula has built a strong portfolio of control systems for seafloor drills, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), manipulators, scientific instruments, and subsea well intervention systems. Cellula offers three categories of control systems engineering:\nCellula has spent many years developing control systems for the underwater and subsea markets. Our expertise will be valuable in providing feedback and commentary on your designs.\nWe can perform the following services:\nControl systems design, analysis and simulation\nSoftware development and testing\nRobotic systems simulations\nOur physical deliverables for these services come in the form of documentation, diagrams, and source code relevant to your project for your reference.\nAll control systems for large machinery can be broken down into smaller tasks performed by different components. Cellula can expertly design and program individual systems for your project.\nWe can design and integrate control system parts into your working systems, including the following:\nEmbedded and PC-based controllers\nPower distribution units\nSensors and actuators\nGraphical User Interfaces (GUI)\nFull System Engineering\nFor larger projects that require a full system to manage, command, and support your robotics, you can rely on Cellula to engineer a solution. We will work side-by-side with your organization to design, assemble, and integrate a high-quality control system.\nWhile details may vary depending on the project, Cellula's full control system engineering services typically include:\nRequirements and interfaces definitions\nSystems engineering, integration & testing for your robotic systems\nAutomation design and algorithms\nCoding software and GUIs\nCoordinating communications within the control system, such as via Ethernet messages and analog interfaces\nDesigning, procuring, assembling and testing all necessary hardware", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you've ever ordered and wire up a 9-DOF sensor, chances are you've also realized the challenge of turning the sensor data from an accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer into actual \"3D space orientation\"! Orientation is a hard problem to solve. The sensor fusion algorithms (the secret sauce that blends accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope data into stable three-axis orientation output) can be mind-numbingly difficult to get right and implement on low cost real time systems.\nBosch is the first company to get this right by taking a MEMS accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope and putting them on a single die with a high speed ARM Cortex-M0 based processor to digest all the sensor data, abstract the sensor fusion and real time requirements away, and spit out data you can use in quaternions, Euler angles or vectors.\nRather than spending weeks or months fiddling with algorithms of varying accuracy and complexity, you can have meaningful sensor data in minutes thanks to the BNO055 - a smart 9-DOF sensor that does the sensor fusion all on its own!\nThe BNO055 can output the following sensor data:\nAbsolute Orientation (Euler Vector, 100Hz)\nThree axis orientation data based on a 360° sphere\nAbsolute Orientation (Quaterion, 100Hz)\nFour point quaternion output for more accurate data manipulation\nAngular Velocity Vector (100Hz)\nThree axis of 'rotation speed' in rad/s\nAcceleration Vector (100Hz)\nThree axis of acceleration (gravity + linear motion) in m/s^2\nMagnetic Field Strength Vector (20Hz)\nThree axis of magnetic field sensing in micro Tesla (uT)\nLinear Acceleration Vector (100Hz)\nThree axis of linear acceleration data (acceleration minus gravity) in m/s^2\nGravity Vector (100Hz)\nThree axis of gravitational acceleration (minus any movement) in m/s^2\nAmbient temperature in degrees celsius", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Applied Digital Imaging\nHow do you measure and analyse images of the Sun's surface to accurately predict space weather? Is it possible to create a accurate 3D face recognition at low cost for security applications? Can optical character recognition be used in the Arabic alphabet?\nThese are typical of the problems we solve through our research in digital imaging and metrology. Our projects include:\n- Automated prediction of solar flares by analysing satellite images in real time\n- Automated analysis of digital mammograms and the detection of microcalcifications\n- 3D visualisation of segmented regions of interest in 2D images\n- Optical character recognition for Arabic writing\nIt's an area with wide ranging applications: space weather forecasting, security and biometrics, medical imaging, watermarking, visualisation and super resolution.\nTel: +44(0)1274 235464", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser cutting technology has revolutionized various industries, including the medical field. With its precision and versatility, laser cutting has become an invaluable tool in medical device manufacturing, surgical procedures, and research applications. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of laser cutting in the medical field and its impact on healthcare advancements.\nI. Understanding Laser Cutting:\n1.1 What is Laser Cutting?\nLaser cutting is a non-contact manufacturing process that utilizes a high-power laser to cut through materials with extreme precision. This process involves the use of a focused laser beam that melts, vaporizes, or burns through the material, resulting in clean and accurate cuts.\n1.2 The Advantages of Laser Cutting:\nLaser cutting offers several advantages over traditional cutting methods, making it widely adopted in the medical field. This section will highlight the key benefits:\nII. Applications of Laser Cutting in the Medical Field:\n2.1 Manufacturing Medical Devices:\nLaser cutting plays a pivotal role in the production of medical devices, such as implants, surgical instruments, and prosthetics. This section will discuss how laser cutting enhances the manufacturing process and produces high-quality, customized medical devices.\n2.2 Laser Cutting in Surgery:\nLaser cutting has transformed several surgical procedures, offering doctors and surgeons greater precision, efficiency, and improved patient outcomes. Subsections under this section could include:\n– Laser Cutting in Ophthalmology\n– Laser-Assisted Tissue Ablation\n– Laser Cutting in Dentistry\n2.3 Research and Development:\nLaser cutting is widely used in medical research and development applications, enabling the creation of intricate models for testing, the fabrication of microfluidic devices, and the production of custom sensors. This section will explore these applications and highlight their significance in advancing medical research.\nIII. Advancements in Laser Cutting Technology:\n3.1 Robotic-Assisted Laser Surgery:\nThe integration of robotic systems and laser cutting technology has opened up new possibilities in surgical procedures. This section will discuss the advantages of this combination and explore specific applications.\n3.2 Nanosecond versus Femtosecond Lasers:\nA comparison between nanosecond and femtosecond lasers will be examined, discussing their specific applications in laser cutting within the medical field. The advantages and limitations of each will also be explored.\nIV. Challenges and Future Perspectives:\n4.1 Safety Considerations:\nWhile laser cutting offers numerous benefits, there are certain safety considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the well-being of patients and medical professionals. This section will discuss safety measures and protocols.\n4.2 Future Developments in Laser Cutting:\nThis section will explore ongoing research and potential future developments in laser cutting technology, including advancements in speed, precision, and material compatibility.\nLaser cutting has revolutionized the medical field, offering unparalleled precision, efficiency, and versatility in various applications. From the manufacturing of medical devices to cutting-edge surgical procedures and research applications, the benefits of laser cutting are undeniable. As technology continues to advance, laser cutting is expected to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of healthcare.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Failed to register as Favorite Page\nFailed to cancel as Favorite Page\nThis page is already registered as a Favorite Page\nYou can't add your company to your favorites.\nLatest update： 17/04/2020 16:54:20\nKOMIYAMA ERECTRON Inc.\nProfessional group of vacuum technology\nWe propose bonding and joining technologies that change the common sense of fluoroplastics. We manmufacture products by utilizing our strength of \"integrating design technology, production technology, and vacuum technology\" and our many years of experience and achievements. Our vacuum equipment covers a wide range of fields, ranging from semiconductor, liquid crystal, organic EL, and solar cells to aerospace, automobile, medical, and nuclear power.\nDevices using vacuum technology\nWe propose vacuum equipment that meets a wide variety of customer needs by combining our experienced vacuum technology and production technology. We support a wide range from R & D to production equipment. [Vacuum thin-film forming and processing equipment] For liquid crystals, organic ELs, solar cells, and semiconductors ・ Evaporation equipment ・ Sputtering equipment ・ Dry etching equipment ・ Ashing equipment ・ CVD equipment etc. [Industrial vacuum equipment] ・ Vacuum exhaust equipment ・ Vacuum heating equipment ・ Vacuum annealing equipment ・ Vacuum distillation equipment ・ Vacuum drying equipment ・ Vacuum deaeration equipment ・ Vacuum packing equipment ・ Vacuum cooling equipment, etc.\nBonding and joining that changes the common sense of fluoroplastics\nImprovement of adhesion by surface modification] Characteristic ・ All-dry process ・ Compatible with large materials ・ Low temperature treatment, little change over time ・ Compatible with various polymer materials\nIon beam source for surface modification\n[Ion beam technology] (1) Implementing multiple ion beam formation (Optional) ⇒ Providing high spatial utility (2) External plasma ion beam drive method ⇒Providing high process efficiency (3) Irradiating ion beams in optimum directions\nThis company is recommended by the following support organizations.\n- Kanto Head Office, SMRJ", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Full text PDF available (5)\n- This year (0)\n- Last 5 years (7)\n- Last 10 years (7)\nJournals and Conferences\nWe investigate experimentally the validity of proposed theories extending the tunneling approximation towards the multiphoton regime in strong-field ionization of helium. We employ elliptically polarized laser pulses and demonstrate how the influence of the ion potential on the released electron encoded in the measured observable provides the desired… (More)\nWe present measurements of single-photon ionization time delays between the outermost valence electrons of argon and neon using a coincidence detection technique that allows for the simultaneous measurement of both species under identical conditions. The analysis of the measured traces reveals energy-dependent time delays of a few tens of attoseconds with… (More)\nFree methyl bromide and total bromide residues were determined in potatoes fumigated with methyl bromide. In potatoes fumigated at 180 mg×h/l with methyl bromide at 10 or 18°C after import into the United Kingdom, no free methyl bromide was detectable 24 h after fumigation and total bromide did not exceed 32 ppm.\nHere we present a successful combination of an attosecond beamline with a COLTRIMS apparatus, which we refer to as AttoCOLTRIMS. The setup provides either single attosecond pulses or attosecond pulse trains for extreme ultraviolet-infrared pump-probe experiments. We achieve full attosecond stability by using an active interferometer stabilization. The… (More)\nWe combine an attosecond beamline with a 3D momentum imaging spectrometer to achieve coincidence pump probe experiments with unprecedented attosecond time-resolution. Besides technical details, first coincidence and pump-probe experiments are presented.\nStrong field ionization momentum distribution contains much information. The angular distribution indicates real tunneling delay time, the center shows ellipticity dependent Coulomb effects, and the longitudinal momentum spread challenges the assumption of zero initial momentum.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Specifications for LS-C Mini Quantum Sensor\nAll specifications are subject to change without prior notice.\nDesign of sensor: Small versatile waterproof mini quantum sensor for selective PAR measurement, cosine corrected for light incident at an angle between -30 ° to +30 ° from surface normal for PPFD (photosynthetical photon flux density) measurement, with base plate for screw connection.\nSensor housing: Black resin material\nDiffuser material: Perspex\nSignal detection: High stability silicone photovoltaic detector with filter set for PAR correction (see “General Features” for typical response)\nSignal output: Typically 10 μA / (1000 μmol m-2 s-1)\nTemperature coefficient of photodiode: 0.01 %/K\nAbsolute calibration: ± 10 %\nImmersion coefficient: Typically 1.15\nAngular dependence: Error < 3 % for angle between -30 ° and +30 ° from normal axis (see chart for typical response)\nOperating temperature: - 5 °C … + 45 °C\nCable length: 3 m\nSize: Base plate: 12 mm x 7 mm x 1 mm (H x W x L); sensor housing 5 mm x 7.5 mm x 7 mm (H x W x L); diffuser diameter: 3 mm\nWeight: 26 g", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SFCable.com Datasheets for Antennas\nAntennas are structures or devices used to collect or radiate electromagnetic waves.\nAntennas: Learn more\n|14dBi directional operation boosts your signal to a further distance in a specific direction. Features 100cm CFD-200 low loss cable for flexible deployment. Provides easy installation mounting kits.|\n|24dBi directional operation, ideal for extraordinary long-distance outdoor directional connection. Weather proof design, suitable for all weather conditions.|\n|Remote Control Outdoor HDTV Antenna UHF/VHF 360 Degree Rotation US Version (HG-831), for TV Signal Receiving.|\n|Super Active , Rotating & Powerful Receive Antenna. High quality far rangin reception. UHF/VHF TV and FM radio. Parabolic focusing reception. Built-in high gain booster. Built-in low noise circuit. 360...|\n|Very easy to install, no software required. 8dBi Omni-directional operation boosts your signal to a higher range.|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nikon Eclipse LV-DAF Microscope Autofocus system\nThe LV-DAF delivers fast, versatile autofocus with the Hybrid Auto-Focus system, making the most of two types of auto focus systems. Combining slit projection and contrast detection auto focus, it features large focus range and fast tracking ability. A variety of observation methods are supported, including brightfield, darkfield and differential interference contrast (DIC), as well as various transparent samples.\nNikon Multizoom AZ100 Microscope\nThe AZ100 Multizoom is a multi-purpose zoom microscope system that provides capabilities that don’t currently exist with stereomicroscopes and compound high magnification microscopes. It covers an extremely wide range of magnifications, from 5x to 400x, effectively combining the advantages provided by stereo zoom microscopes and compound microscopes", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Kombicolor is a durable stainless steel bovine semen applicator, which can be used with both mini and medium straws. The added ridge eliminates the need for O-rings and ensures a tight connection with unsplit sheaths. Five colors are available for easy differentiation.\nIt goes 4 cm deeper when needed. Thanks to an ingenious system, the straw is never compressed in the chamber, regardless of the its cut, as may occur with a spiral or o-ring semen applicator.\nThe sheath is quick and easy to fit on the Kombicolor, and is perfectly held once on.\nA large colored ring allows for accurate and comfortable finger placement. Five ring colors are available for easier identification of the semen applicator.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thermal Processing - Capabilities\nFlow Field Diagnostics -Diagnostics are extremely important for accurately verifying and benchmarking CFD calculations or particle behavior and understanding complex phenomena such as particle heating and in-flight oxidation. Critical variables such as temperature, velocity, entrained air fraction and concentrations of very reactive species like atomic oxygen are difficult to measure because of brief particle residence time (on the order of 1 ms), rapid heating, and the steep gradients in HVOF and plasma flow fields.\nINL researchers use flow field visualization techniques such as pulsed laser schliren to obtain qualitative information on jet behavior and turbulence and quantitative information on jet spreading and laminar-to-turbulent transition. Enthalpy probes integrated with a mass spectrometer are used to obtain information on total entrained air fraction, and with the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium yield temperature and velocity information. High-resolution coherent Thomson laser scattering provides a direct measurement of gas temperature and very high-resolution measurement of the Doppler shift due to bulk gas movement provides gas velocity. Nonlinear spectroscopic techniques including Coherent-Anti-Stokes-Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) provide concentration and temperature of molecular species like oxygen and nitrogen. Atomic species concentrations are obtained by multiple-photon laser induced fluorescence (LIF).\nParticle Diagnostics -Over a number of years, the INL has developed several particle diagnostic techniques applicable for scientific studies as well as routine coating fabrication. The most sophisticated of these techniques uses a laser based Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) to acquire simultaneous information on particle size and velocity. INL researchers developed sophisticated timing and logic circuitry to enhance the PDPA capabilities and integrated a high-speed two-color pyrometer system into the PDPA system design. A schematic of the instrument appears in Figure 1. Using this modified PDPA system, researchers can obtain temperature measurements and ensure that size, velocity and temperature data all originate with the same particle. This diagnostic technique is advantageous because particle size can be measured directly and independently of particle optical characteristics such as emissivity. However the assumption of spherical particles is implicit in the measurement. The diagnostic technique can also identify the velocity and diameter of \"cold\" particles (particles that are not hot enough to provide temperature information) through laser interrogation. In addition, size and velocity information can be obtained on particles that are entrained directly in the highly luminous hot regions of a plasma jet.\nClosed Loop Process Control -Process control is an ongoing research and development effort at the INL. Plasma-spray processing is inherently complex because plasma-particle interactions can cause variations significant enough to limit process repeatability. Such variations occur in the particle-state from run-to-run and during long continuous depositions for large parts. The limited ability to maintain a narrow operating window precludes applications that require tight control of coating properties, and increases the complexity in developing new process recipes to achieve a specific set of coating performance objectives. INL’s strategy is to improve plasma spray processing controls through real time diagnostics. Such capability should improve yield, enable engineering capabilities to develop new coating structures, and reduced time and cost to market. We have developed diagnostics specifically for this purpose and have now implemented two generations of closed loop process controllers based on these measurements. We can directly monitor and control the process degrees of freedom such as particle velocity, temperature, and shape and trajectory of the spray pattern, that determine coating properties.\nLAVA CFD Code - The ability to separate variables and examine the influence of each variable separately in a controlled manner is the primary advantage offered of computational treatments of highly complex phenomena such the plasma spray process. Computational tools can provide insight into phenomena that are either difficult to measure or that cannot be directly measured. Particle melt fraction shown in Figure 2, or the location of the melt or solidification fronts or the internal distributions of temperature in a particle are examples. The Lava CFD code was developed for this purpose. LAVA code is a greatly enhanced version of an earlier spray combustion model. LAVA solves the complete, time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations for a multi-component chemically reacting ideal gas with temperature dependent properties. The code is multi-dimensional including 2D, axisymmetric with swirl, and fully 3D geometry. Turbulent mixing is modeled using either a k-e or subscale grid turbulence model. A self-consistent ambipolar ion-electron diffusion model is included and the heavy particle temperature is allowed to differ from the electron temperature. The solution technique uses explicit finite difference numerics and a unique computationally efficient algorithm that handles the disparate time scales of mixed \"fast\" and \"slow\" chemistry has been implemented.\nThe particle model allows for multiple simultaneous injection locations and particle types. The stochastic injection model allows the user to specify the distribution of particle size and density, injection velocity, and injection direction in three space dimensions. Particles are modeled as discrete Lagrangian entities, which exchange momentum and energy with the plasma. A statistical approach is used to approximate particle dispersion by turbulent gas motion. The concept of a \"computational particle\" is employed, where each computational particle is representative of a group of similar real particles. Sampling from the specified distributions of particle properties stochastically generates computational particles. The particle behavior model now includes the calculation of temperature distribution and the location of the melt or solidification front in each particle. A mass transfer model accounts for both the effect of evaporation on plasma-particle heat transfer and allows for realistic estimation of mass loss at temperatures less than the particle boiling point. Heterogeneous surface chemical reactions, such as oxidation, and diffusion of oxygen or other chemical species into the particle have also been included.\nCoating Characterization -Recent INL research efforts into physical characterization are focused on quantifying the mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, etc.) and residual stress state of coatings. The total stress state in a coating/substrate is comprised of the quench stress and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch stress. The residual stress-state of a coating is experimentally determined by a laser-based coupon curvature measurement technique, Figure 3. The measurement technique is integrated with a vacuum furnace making it possible to evenly heat the substrate/coating unit without the effects of oxidation. Quench stress and thermal mismatch stress can be estimated by measuring the curvature at various temperatures between room temperature and the temperature of the substrate during deposition. Measuring the curvature as a function of temperature also permits direct calculation of the coating’s temperature CTE rather than relying on tabulated values for bulk material. This is particularly important because thermally sprayed material properties can vary greatly from those of a bulk material. Complementary work is addressing the experimental determination of the modulus and thermal transport properties of thermally sprayed materials. INL also employs the traditional suite of physical characterization methods involving optical or SEM examination of microstructure coating samples, measuring micro hardness, adhesion, and quantifying phase content and chemical composition using x-ray diffraction and XPS, Auger, etc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A flexible and transparent fiber made by pulling strings of molten glass or plastic with a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair is called optical fiber or optical fibre depending on the English being used US or UK. Since inception optical fibers have been mostly used and designed as a medium to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and this is the sole reason why they find wide usage in fiber-optic communications. Here they are used to transmit data signals over longer distances and at higher bandwidths compared to the conventional wire cables. Fibers have evolved as an alternative to metal wires because signals transmitted in them suffer less loss.\nThe most important advantage of using optical fibers is that they are immune to electromagnetic interference which is a huge problem with metal wires; all such important characteristics are well taught using our optical fiber training kits fibre optics trainer boards. An optical fiber is basically a solid core which is surrounded by a transparent cladding materiel with a lower refractive index than the core. The light travels in the core by using total internal reflection which makes the fiber behave like a wave guide.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Through innovative imaging algorithms and ground-breaking hardware, HABICO, Inc. seeks to revolutionize medical ultrasound imaging. Founded in Rochester, NY in early 2014, the company has been working closely with the University of Rochester on a next-generation breast imaging system that will offer unprecedented high fidelity, incomparable resolution, and heretofore unavailable clinical information. Combined with very fast imaging times, the novel breast imaging system promises dramatic improvement in detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.\nRobert C. Waag\nPresident and CEO\nJeffrey P. Astheimer\nVice President and CTO\nJason C. Tillett\nEnlisting Supercomputers in the Fight Against Breast Cancer (11 February 2015)\nLance Farrell, International Science Grid This Week", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Laser scanners for machine tools can quickly capture the complete surface data for a part while it is still clamped, bringing new levels of speed, precision and flexibility to machine tool inspection, while minimising the need for external measurement devices during the machining process.\nThe LS-C-5.8 enhances productivity by using laser scanning technology developed for coordinate measuring machines and portable measuring arms to capture the complete surface data for a part directly on machine tools.\nThe LS-R-4.8 wireless laser scanner that works automatically with a tool changer. Data is transmitted via radio to the machine control and measuring software, which is why the sensor can be changed in and out of the tool changer without any manual steps.\nBuilt with Mobirise Web Page Maker", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ADT inverter in extractive industry\nApplication of AD series frequency converter in oilfield pumping unit\nAt present, the total number of pumping units in various oil fields in my country has exceeded 100,000, and they are the main energy-consuming equipment in each oil field. According to the capacity of each motor 30KW (actually more than that, 37KW and 45KW motors are used most in oil fields, and some 55KW and 75KW motors are used), the total installed capacity is more than 3 million kilowatts. As the most energy-consuming equipment used in oil field production, the load rate of the pumping unit drag motor is generally low, resulting in energy waste. In the actual production process, the pumping unit is affected by many objective factors such as the depth of the oil well, oil quality, impurities, sand content, water content and other objective factors. It is necessary to adjust the operation stroke and stroke, and even replace the motor and change the power of the motor; At the same time, due to the different geographic location and latitude of the oil field, and natural factors such as the climate in the area, it will also have an impact on the mining operation, requiring the pumping unit to adjust its speed according to the actual working conditions. In view of the above-mentioned technical requirements of the oil field pumping unit and the social benefits of its use, the basic requirements for the motor control system of the pumping unit are:\n☆ A wide range, stable and reliable stepless speed regulation;\n☆ It has a significant power saving effect.\n1. Energy-saving control cabinet for variable frequency speed regulation\n(1) A frequency converter with independent intellectual property rights developed and developed by Audite Electric Co., Ltd. The control object is an ordinary three-phase AC asynchronous motor, and the control accuracy reaches the control level of a synchronous servo motor. Wide speed range, high positioning accuracy, large low-speed torque, and complete software functions. This variable frequency speed regulation and energy-saving control cabinet combines the operating conditions of the pumping unit and the actual conditions of the oil well to timely and automatically adjust the motor's operating speed, acceleration, torque and other parameters, so that the original drive motor can be operated in a highly efficient and energy-saving state. jobs. Through the actual application in the oil field, it is proved that the frequency conversion speed regulation energy-saving control cabinet can carry out speed regulation operation simply and safely, which greatly reduces the work intensity of on-site operators, improves production efficiency, and achieves obvious energy-saving effects.\n(2) Features of frequency conversion speed regulation energy-saving control cabinet\nThe frequency conversion speed regulation energy-saving control cabinet has the following characteristics:\n1. AC-DC-AC main circuit\nFirst, the input three-phase 50Hz alternating current is converted into direct current, and then it is inverted into a three-phase alternating current with adjustable frequency and voltage effective value to supply the drag motor.\n2. A wide range of speed control\nThe speed of the motor can be controlled accurately and in a wide range. The speed control range is 0-1500r.p.m, and the speed control accuracy is 0.3r.p.m.\n3. Overload capacity of three times rated torque\nIt has a constant torque output characteristic in the range of zero to rated speed, and has an overload capacity of 3 times the rated torque. Therefore, at a very low speed, the motor can also output rated torque and has a 300% overload capacity.\n4. Control characteristics of low speed and large torque\nIn the process of starting the pumping unit motor, it can drive the motor to output enough torque. Thus, in the process of increasing the speed from 0 to the set value, the current is stabilized and a true \"soft start\" is realized.\n5. Speed control of slow down and fast up\nThrough the decoupling and independent control of speed and torque, the speed control of the pumping stroke from slow to higher is realized.\n6. With internal soft PLC function, it can detect and control the torque.\n(3) Advantages of frequency conversion speed regulation and energy-saving control cabinet\nAccording to the analysis of the design principles, control characteristics and application examples of the AD series of frequency conversion energy-saving control cabinets, the oilfield pumping unit is equipped with the Deruis series of frequency conversion energy-saving control cabinets, which has the following advantages:\n1. Easy to adjust speed\nAs the AD series AD series frequency conversion speed regulation energy-saving control cabinet has the characteristics of large range and continuous speed regulation, it only needs to adjust a knob to realize continuous and stable speed regulation function to meet the requirements of pumping unit adjustment strokes. For on-site operators, the operation is extremely simple.\n2. Reduce work intensity\nThe use of Aodete AD series frequency conversion energy-saving control cabinet for speed control is easy to operate, and there is no need to change the mechanical structure of the pumping unit and supporting equipment during the operation, which greatly reduces the work intensity of the workers on site.\n3. Improve production\nADT frequency inverter is applied to diamond wire saw(Diamond beads saw)\ni Industry introduction:\nDiamond wire saw (machine), also known as diamond beads saw, is the most advanced stone mining equipment, and has been widely used in the stone industry, machinery industry and construction. It is mainly used for the mining and processing of stone, the demolition and repairing of concrete buildings, the processing of brittle and hard materials such as glass.\nii The working principle:\nThe diamond wire sawing machine consists of main motion system, feed system, diamond beads saw, tensioning device, guiding mechanism, control system, and cooling system etc. The diamond wire sawing is jointly done by a diamond beads rope which directly involved in cutting and a mechanical device that drives the beaded rope movement. Before processing, a piece of beaded ropes are jointed end to end with copper tube casing forming a saw wire loop. During processing, the closed-loop bead rope tensioned on the wire guide set of the wire saw is driven to move at high speed, and the cutting is realized by the grinding motion of the bead. The diamond wire saw is divided into four series according to the cutting object: concrete cutting series, marble cutting series, granite cutting series and heterogeneous cutting series.\nIII Techniques requirements\nThe diamond wire sawing machine uses the main motor to drive the sawing rope to run along the track. The sawing rope passes through the drilled hole on the surface to be cut, and the main motor drives the whole sawing machine moving forward along the cutting face with a certain speed through the reducer. The saw rope speed must be adjusted according to the load condition of the main motor and the tension required by the saw rope. If the moving speed is too fast, the load of the main motor increases rapidly, and even overload. And the tension of the saw rope also increases rapidly. The saw wire will be broken if the speed is not adjusted timely. If the moving speed is too slow, the sawing wire tension is drastically reduced, the saw rope will slip on the stone, the cutting efficiency will be reduced, and the slack rope will be twisted to break the saw rope. The key to improve the sawing machine cutting efficiency is to make sure the main motor load balance and sawing wire tension proper.\nDue to the irregular shape of the mine or rock, the cross-section is naturally large and small, and the moving speed of the sawing machine must be adjusted in time.\niv the application case\n1) electrical configuration:\nMain motor: 45KW, 380VAC, 8-poles, rated speed 740 rpm, Current 96A\nFeed motor: 1.5KW, 380VAC, 4-poles, variable frequency motor\nMain motor frequency inverter: AD300 series, T4, 45KW\nFeed motor frequency inverter: AD300 series, T4, 1.5KW\n2) Technical plan:\nMain motor VFD output the main motor running current from AO1 to the feed motor inverter’s AI2 as the PID feedback value. PID works as auxiliary frequency reference. External potentiometer is taken as the main frequency reference via AI1. The added value of main frequency and auxiliary frequency is output to the feed motor. The feed motor speed will change according to the PID feedback from the main motor real-time current. This keeps the main motor runs at constant current. The main motor frequency inverter’s frequency reference is set by external potentiometer. The advantage of this solution is that the load control is stable and precise. The feed speed freely adapt to the cross-section load change, system fluctuation is small and cutting efficiency is higher.\niii Inverter wiring diagram:\nIV AD300 frequency inverter control features in diamond beads saw\n1) the vector control method is adopted to improve the response speed and accuracy of the sawing machine.\n2)The low frequency torque is large, and the acceleration and deceleration time is short, which improves the cutting efficiency for customer.\n3) The inverter has strong overload capability, which avoids the trip-off in case of high instantaneous transient current when cutting the work piece.\n4) The carrier frequency adjustment range is wide, which reduces motor noise and improves the working environment of workers.\n5) the circuit board is coated with conformal coating made in Germany, so that the inverter can still run stably under the harsh environment of wet and dusty mine.\nThe diamond wire sawing machine has been widely used in the stone industry. The diamond wire sawing machine with VFD control is used to extract stone and process various shapes of stone plates (mainly heterogeneous plates), which has the advantages of high production efficiency, good product quality and low cost. It embodies the new development of modern industrial production technology. It is of great significance to obtain high-quality raw materials and various shapes of plates, and also significant to improve he processing quality, production efficiency and economic benefits.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Data logger for pressure and temperature\nThe new and fully contact-free data logger \"Patbox\" from Witt: a highly mobile solution for measuring pressure and temperature rapidly and accurately everywhere in food processing packaging and other packaging production.\n3D-Animation for electronic gas mixer KM-MEM+\nTake a look inside the ›› KM-MEM+ and get to know its functionality and how it benefits your production. Get to know our top-performing gas mixer:Read more", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nowadays, automatic labeling machines are very common in today's society. In fact, the automatic labeling machine we are talking about here is different from the manual labeling machine or the hand-held labeling machine. The handheld labeling machine is relatively cheap, probably Just a few hundred dollars, the price tag of small supermarkets can be regarded as a way. In many cases, it is necessary to hold the machine to achieve the labeling action. Relatively speaking, the role of the automatic labeling machine is very big, below Let's understand:\nThe automatic labeling machine can be configured according to the application. If it is used for stand-alone use, then the product needs to be manually placed and received manually, but the speed is much faster than the semi-automatic speed. For faster work efficiency, discharge and receiving The mechanism can be equipped with a material handling mechanism, and the automatic labeling machine can be used for wiring. It can improve efficiency. It can be placed at the back end of the filling machine and the cartoning machine. The front end equipment is automatically transported to the labeling machine after work, without manual operation. The automatic labeling machine can be used for single machine or with assembly line. It can realize various labeling functions on one machine. It is fully automated and more scalable than semi-automatic labeling machine. It has large output and high requirements. In the production environment of the production line, it is highly recommended to purchase automatic labeling machine equipment.\nContact: Wendy Jiang\nAdd: No.88 Huangcheng North Road, Fengxian, Shanghai,China", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We hold over 10 sets of testing equipment.\nThis spectrometer is imported from the United States. It can test metallic materials.\nThis microscope can analyze the microstructure of drill rods, core barrels and other metal products.\nOur operator is using a coordinate measuring machine to measure the diameter and depth of our products.\nThis vision measuring system is used to measure the size of holes and the overall dimension of various parts.\nThe synthetic diamond we use is all purchased from British or American brands, including Element Six and other renowned brands.\nThis microscope can magnify 500 times. It is used to test the composition of the synthetic diamond.\nThe compressive strength of the diamond is being tested by our machine.\nWuxi Geotec Geological Equipment Co., Ltd. Add.: No.113,Jiao Shan Road,Yangjian Machinery Industrial Park,Xishan,Wuxi,Jiangsu, 214107, China Tel.: +86-510-88552380 Fax: +86-510-88552380 +86-510-88552788", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The latest news from academia, regulators\nresearch labs and other things of interest\nPosted: Feb 14, 2011\nDolomite Facilitates Control Over Internal Temperatures of Microfluidic Systems\n(Nanowerk News) Dolomite, a world leader in microfluidic design and manufacture, has expanded its range of temperature control systems introducing the Hotplate Adaptor – Chip Holder H which allows control over internal temperatures of microfluidic chips without any disruptions to the fluid flow.\nThe use of temperature control systems is vital for many applications including nanostructure generation, controlled microreactions, and droplet microfluidics where droplets can be kept at certain temperature to prevent a solidification reaction until the droplets have left the chip.\nHolding a microfluidic chip securely in position, the Hotplate Adaptor enables users to pre-heat or post-heat fluids by using the integrated tube heater. Operating over a wide temperature range up to 100°C, the adaptor is supplied with a removable lid that can be closed to maintain the chip at constant temperatures which is important for cell-based analytical studies to maintain cell viability. A glass viewing window (22mm in diameter) facilitates microscopic observations.\nQuick and easy to use, the Hotplate Adaptor has been specifically developed for the Chip Interface H, and is compatible with Dolomite's Linear Connector 4-way, 1.6mm tubing and microfluidic chips that have a footprint of 22.5mm x 15mm.\nFor further information on Dolomite's range of temperature control systems and the complete portfolio of microfluidic products including connectors/interconnects, pumps, valves and pressure/flow rate sensors as well as custom devices please visit www.dolomite-microfluidics.com\nThe Dolomite Centre Limited\nEstablished in 2005 as the world's first Microfluidic Application Centre, Dolomite focused on working with customers to turn their concepts for microfluidic applications into reality. Today, Dolomite is the world leader in solving microfluidic problems. With offices in the UK and US and distributors throughout the rest of the world, its clients range from universities developing leading-edge analytical equipment, to manufacturers of chemical, life sciences and clinical diagnostics systems.\nDolomite is pioneering the use of microfluidic devices for small-scale fluid control and analysis, enabling manufacturers to develop more compact, cost-effective and powerful instruments. By combining specialist glass, quartz and ceramic technologies with knowledge of high performance microfluidics, Dolomite is able to provide solutions for a broad range of application areas including environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, food and beverage, nuclear, agriculture, petrochemical, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Furthermore Dolomite's in-house micro-fabrication facilities that include clean rooms and precision glass processing facilities allow to prototype and test all solutions rapidly which ensures a faster development cycle and reduces the time to market.\nFor more information please visit www.dolomite-microfluidics.com.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In the field of switching power supply technology, people are developing related power electronic devices and switching frequency conversion technology. The two promote each other to promote the switching power supply to light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, with a growth rate of more than two digits every year. The direction of anti-interference development. Today we will mainly understand what a switching power supply is.\nSwitching power supply, also known as switching power supply, switching converter, is a high-frequency electric energy conversion device, which is a kind of power supply. Its function is to convert a level of voltage into the voltage or current required by the user through different forms of architecture.\nThe input of the switching power supply is mostly AC power (such as mains) or DC power, and the output is mostly equipment that requires DC power, such as a personal computer, and the switching power supply performs voltage and current conversion between the two.\nThe switching power supply is different from the linear power supply. Most of the switching transistors used in the switching power supply switch between the fully open mode and the fully closed mode. Both modes have the characteristics of low dissipation, and the conversion between switching will have higher consumption. But the time is very short, so it saves energy and generates less waste heat.\nIdeally, the switching power supply itself does not consume power. Voltage regulation is achieved by adjusting the time when the transistor is turned on and off. On the contrary, in the process of linear power supply generating output voltage, the transistor works in the amplifying area, and it also consumes electric energy.\nThe high conversion efficiency of the switching power supply is one of its advantages, and because the switching power supply has a high operating frequency, a small size and light weight transformer can be used, so the switching power supply will be smaller in size and lighter than the linear power supply.\nIf the high efficiency, volume and weight of the power supply are the key considerations, the switching power supply is better than the linear power supply. However, the switching power supply is more complicated, and the internal transistor will switch frequently. If the switching current has not been processed, noise and electromagnetic interference may be generated to affect other equipment, and if the switching power supply is not specially designed, the power factor of the power supply may not be high.\nThe main purpose\nSwitching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation control, military equipment, scientific research equipment, LED lighting, industrial control equipment, communication equipment, power equipment, instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor refrigeration and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerators, liquid crystal displays, LED Lighting, communication equipment, audio-visual products, security monitoring, LED light strips, computer cases, digital products and instruments and other fields.\nThe continuous innovation of power electronics technology gives the switching power supply industry a broad development prospect. If you don’t know about the introduction of switching power supply, you can contact us. If you need the product, you can visit our website.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Boston—Cambridge Viscosity today announced that a U.S.-based industrial enzymes developer has purchased a ViscoLab 4000 viscometer. The company plans to use the small sample viscometer to monitor viscosity in enzyme and protein formulations.\nAn R&D representative from the company said they chose the ViscoLab 4000 because it is easy to use and meets their need for small sample sizes. “The sensor is very easy to operate. You simply drop the piston into the chamber and you get a viscosity reading. There is no need to reset the parameters for each assay.” Requiring less than 2 ml of sample, the viscometer will help to conserve sample and labor time associated with preparing the sample materials. “The new viscometer will allow us to monitor viscosity quickly, while using smaller amounts of sample material,” he said.\nThe ViscoLab 4000 supports up to 12 viscosity ranges and up to 10,000 cP, while providing accurate measurements at near-ambient temperatures. It features sophisticated electronics that allow users to define temperature/viscosity display units, data averaging interval and density. The small sample viscometer is particularly well suited for life science and pharmaceutical applications such as siRNA , drug development, protein formulation and delivery studies.\nAbout Cambridge Viscosity\nCambridge Viscosity, the leader in small sample viscosity systems, provides automated viscometers used in life science applications to optimize product and process performance. Cambridge lab and process viscometers use the same core technology and are fully compliant with ASTM D7483. Cambridge instruments are compact, require small amounts of sample, incorporate temperature sensors and are extremely accurate, repeatable and robust. Cambridge's global reach provides application engineering support and service wherever and whenever needed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Assessment of the quality of bottled water marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\nThe consumption of bottled drinking water has been increasing in the world. But, the quality of bottled water used for human consumption is not subjected to any stringent quality control measure in Ethiopia. The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical quality parameters of twenty brands of bottled drinking water available in Addis Ababa and to compare with drinking water guidelines set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Compulsory Ethiopia Standards (CES). The samples were collected by random sampling technique. The physicochemical parameters such as pH; TDS and EC; total alkalinity, total hardness, HCO3-, Cl-; SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, F-) and common cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) were determined by pH meter, conductivity meter, titration, UV-Visible spectrometry, fluoride ion selective electrode and microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. The mean physicochemical concentration of TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, F-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, pH and EC in bottled water samples were found in the range (4.67-139), (12-165), (4-97), (16.3-202 ), (0.05-3.84), (0.02-0.84), (0.08-0.28), (0.03-1.26), (4.28-20.8), (0.19‑8.9), (0.02‑2.5), (1.8‑24.5), (0.14‑8.08 mg/L), (6.43-7.69) and (9.8-289 µs/cm), respectively. The drinking water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on 15 important quality parameters and the results were found in the range 3.85-49.2. The mean concentrations of physicochemical parameters in almost all the bottled drinking water were below the permissible limit set by WHO and CES. Hence, all the tested bottled water samples are safe for drinking purpose.\nKEY WORDS: Bottled water, Common cations, Common anions, Physicochemical parameters, Water quality index\nBull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2019, 33(1), 21-41", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Here, the method is used to create a high-resolution 3-D electron microscopy reconstruction of aluminum nanoparticles, aiding efforts to design nanocomposites for applications ranging from fuel cells to transparent coatings. (Purdue University, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Carnegie Mellon University)\nResearchers are improving the performance of technologies ranging from medical CT scanners to digital cameras using a system of models to extract specific information from huge collections of data and then reconstructing images like a jigsaw puzzle.\nThe new approach is called model-based iterative reconstruction, or MBIR.\nRead the full story.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Give away medical masks when you place an order. learn more\nams AG (austriamicrosystems AG) delivers many sensor types and capabilities with a focus on reliability, precision, accuracy and power consumption.\nAnalog and digital ambient light sensors (ALS) play a key role in controlling backlighting in LCD displays used in portable electronics.\nBacklit displays have become ubiquitous, wherever you go today you see them, and judging the product primarily on the merits of its display.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Infrared Thermography Services\nElectric Supply offers Infrared Thermography for commercial and industrial customers. Bob Jarding, Senior Vice President states, \"Electric Supply can offer studies of electrical equipment using the Fluke infrared thermograpy system.\" The equipment used is the latest technology and our technicians are trained by Snell infrared. The technicians are Level 1 certified and have passed the testing to achieve this honor. The use of infrared thermography can help prevent and melt down or failure of electrical equipment. Scheduled repairs are less costly and do not disrupt production. The risk of failure or damage to plant or personnel is greatly reduced.\nInformation is up-to-date: 17.08.2016\nUnbelievable price on Infrared Thermography Services in Sioux Falls (USA) company Electric Supply Co, Inc..", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Silver Sintering is an exciting new technology that has captured the interest of our customers this year. We are now representing Boschman Technologies – a company with a reputation for innovation which specializes in the development and supply of advanced Film-Assisted Molding (FAM) and Sintering Systems for electronic assembly industries across the globe. Boschman has been a high-end niche player within the semiconductor packaging equipment industry since 1987.\nGoing to SEMICON West??\nMeet the folks from Boschman at SEMICON West in San Francisco on July 10th through 12th. Stop by BOOTH #6156 and learn more about their Sintering Systems directly from the experts.\nBoschman’s Advanced Sintering Systems\nSilver Sintering is a new die attach technology offering a void-free and strong bond with high thermal and electrical conductivity – resulting in high yield and high reliability. Boschman’s systems can sinter a wide range of different devices including LED, power, IGBT, GFN, clip/heatsinks, thyristor and custom-designed power module devices. Their unique high-precision dynamic-insert pressure-control technologies allow you to sinter multiple dies with different die thicknesses resulting in controlled and predictable bond strength.\nBoschman’s systems include:\nSINTERSTAR Inline-F-XL / Inline F-XL-HC / Auto-F-XL-HC\nBoschman’s fully automatic Ag Sintering Systems offer the absolute highest throughput available on the market and the largest sinter area, coupled with precise process control and monitoring.\n- Largest sinter area – 350 x 270 mm\n- Systems can be equipped with a large variety of sintering tool concepts\n- The Inline-F-XL is an economic sinter system designed to fit into your automated assembly line\n- The fully-automatic Inline-F-XL-HC can be integrated into your automated assembly line and is equipped with preheating and cooling stations\n- The fully automated and stand-alone Auto-F-XL-HC works from cassette input to cassette output and is equipped with preheating and cooling stations\nThe most universal semi-automatic sintering system for all your green, lead-free die attach technologies.\n- Sinters a wide range of different devices including led, power, IGBT, QFN, clip/heatsinks, thyristor and custom designed power module devices\n- The Sinterstar Innovate-F-XL offers the largest sinter area (350 x 270 mm) and precise temperature control up to 320 C\n- Top film protection\nAg Sintering requires highly-customized tooling solutions. Boschman offers a wide range of Sintertool solutions that fit on all of their sintering systems. The core technology is dynamic insert technology (patented) which provides flexibility and maximum control.\n- The sintering pressure is precisely controlled and monitored during the complete sintering process and is programmable via the MMI (man-machine-interface)\n- Dynamic controlled inserts automatically compensate for die height differences, resulting in a controlled and predictable sinter force\nTo read more about the reliability of Ag-Sintering Bonding Technology, click here to read our prior post.\nContact us today to learn more about Boschman’s Silver Sintering Systems.\nCall Kevin Hartsoe at (215) 355-2460.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PIC Gauge™ - The Gates Parts Image Capture (PIC) Gauge belt wear app delivers an accurate measurement and evaluation of serpentine belt wear, all in the form of a simple smartphone app.\nPIC Gauge utilizes a photograph taken with the smartphone’s built-in camera, and is analyzed by patent-pending software. The app is simple to use, and the results are immediate. Results can also be stored and retrieved for future reference. PIC Gauge is the first digital tool designed to be used by professional technicians, service writers, and do-it-yourselfers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Air film damping plays a significant part in the design of micro electro mechanical devices. If a stationary surface is placed in close proximity to a cantilever, the air in between the cantilever and the surface will be squeezed when the beam moves towards the surface developing a pressure gradient across the width of the beam. This will push the air out of the gap. Alternately, when the cantilever moves away from the surface, the pressure in the gap is reduced and air flows into the gap. The work done in this process would reduce the energy of the cantilever and thereby the air acts as a damper and the process is called squeeze film damping.\nForces on the moving cantilever from gas film can be obtained from linearized Reynolds equation. The coefficient of damping force can be calculated from this provided the oscillating frequency of the cantilever is low and the pressure is near ambient. The damping ratio is calculated from it. This design form can be used to estimate the damping ratio for the first mode of vibration of the cantilever which is up and down displacement. The quality factor is calculated from the damping ratio for slight damping.\nThe plot shows the variation of damping ratio with the air gap thickness. Using the crosshair tool, the damping ratio for any air gap thickness upto 20µm can be estimated. It can be used to calculate the air gap that would give a damping ratio of 0.7 for optimum damping of a harmonically forced vibration.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Discontinued – please click here to view replacement.\nTH7102 Series Thermal Camera\n- Temperature measuring range\nTH7102MX: -20 to 250 (STD), 100 to 2000 (option)\nTH7102WX: -40 to 500 (STD), 200 to 2000 (option)\n- Spatial filter\nSmoothing outline of image for better image quality, ideal when using zoom facility\n- Uncooled Focal Plane Array\n320 ~ 240 microbolometer UFPA detector.\n- Voice recording\nSimultaneous recording of thermal image and Voice data\n- Long wavelength operation, less affected by sunlight. 8 to 14µm band wavelength is less susceptible to\nsolar radiation thus preventing measurement errors\n- Dust/splash-proof construction (IP54)\n- Accurate measurement\nTemperature resolution: 0.08\nMeasurement accuracy: %RFS\nFrame time: 1/7.5, 1/30, 1/60 sec.\n- 10-point temperature display and emissivity correction\n- Ease of use – full automatic functions\nFull auto (level, sense and focus) or individual autofocus, auto level and auto sense.\n- Alarm function\nAlarms at upper or lower limit\n- Auto Gain Control\nAutomatically adjusts level or level & sense by tracing temperature of object to be measured\n- Easy-to-carry compact and light weight body\nBody weight 1.6kg, built-in compact battery 90g\n- T display\nDisplays temperature difference between reference point and target point\n- Real-time memory (option)\nAutomatically store images with selectable time interval (1/15 sec. to 60 min.) up to 832 images.\n- Peak hold\nDisplays the Max/Min temperature during the recording cycle.\n- RS232C and GP-IB interface are provided as standard\n- Box setting\nDisplays Max/Min temperature in 5 areas\n- IEEE1394 interface (option)\nPossible to transfer images to PC in real time.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We offer three trigger modules designed for OEM applications. All are entirely solid-state designs that are compatible with virtually all commercially-available trigger transformers from Excelitas, E2V Technologies, Hyacinth Technologies, etc. We also offer our own TR-91 proprietary trigger transformer that features very fast rise time (<360 ns), high voltage output (>40 kV), and exceptional isolation (50 kV). The trigger transformer is connected to a terminal block on the module. (Trigger transformers sold separately.)\nModels are available with different power supply requirements. All are capable of 25-50 Hz repetition rates (tranformer dependent), while the PG-108HP module is capable of continuous operation at 200 Hz and intermittent operation to 500 Hz. The model suffix denotes the maximum drive voltage and variants are available up to 1500 V. Modules are supplied as a self-contained printed circuit board with high-voltage charging supply, capacitive energy store, IGBT switch, and various input/output options. An external command signal fires the pulser and both electrical and fiber-optic inputs are available. Our trigger modules are tailored to the exact trigger transformer for optimal performance. When integrated with our trigatron switches in a carefully designed system, these modules can achieve a timing jitter of <10 ns. Further information is available from the following data sheets:\nPricing for OEM trigger modules and transformers is by quotation only and attractive discounts are available for quantity (>5) purchases. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Inquiries for additional product information are welcome!\nLast revision: Wed, 21 Dec 2016 10:04:40 -0500", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Since 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops have engaged in aggressive melee, face-offs, and skirmishes at locations along the Tibet-Indian border. The standoff is now 160 days old and the trust factor between Indian armed forces and the Chinese people’s liberation army is below absolute zero. Thus, monitoring and tracking the adversary day and night becomes crucial.\nAs we all know Ladakh is mountainous terrain and keeping an eye over the adversaries is quite a challenging job for our soldiers. An advanced imaging system for monitoring and tracking the movement becomes not just crucial but of paramount importance. One such system is “T-rex” from the house of Tonbo imaging, this can help India track PLA 24X7 and be prepared for whatever nasty surprise the adversary plans for. As these systems can clearly distinguish between different objects and humans, it will easy for soldiers to find out the threat and act according to it.\nTonbo Imaging is a start-up based out of Bangalore. These guys design and develop sensing solutions that can see beyond the range of human eyes, with precision. They serve many industries including defence, consumer, industrial, and OEM. In the defence sector, their products range from tactical, Aerial, naval to homeland security, and command control. Let’s discuss a particular system named T-Rex which is a long-range reconnaissance and observation system.\nT-Rex is an advanced long-range reconnaissance and surveillance system which includes a long-range day optical image sensor and a cooled area scan thermal imaging sensor included with a safe laser range finder which has a range of 20 km. This is also equipped with advanced algorithms that can perform intrusion detection and can also act as a long-range passive IR search and tracking system.\nT-Rex deployed in Ladakh\nThis system has a long list of capabilities along with the above-listed features. Let’s take a look at the sensors first.\n1) Cooled MWR thermal imager\n2) Long-range low lux day imager\n3) Long-range laser range finder\n5) Digital magnetic compass\nNow let’s take a look at the software features this system possess.\n1) Image enhancement\n2) Multi-sensor fusion\n3) Electronic stabilization\n4) Video tracking\n5) Geo pointing and Georeferencing\n6) Gyro sensor stabilized PAN/TILT functions.\nLong-range low lux imager\nThe long-range low lux camera comes with a high resolution of 1/2” CCD (Charged coupled camera), an optical zoom of up to 120x which is really good for a system like this one.\nIR imager included in this particular system has 15x continuous optical zoom capability for the IR optics with high image resolution with a spectrum wavelength of 3-5 µm and a 10x optical zoom for the IR imager.\nLaser range finder\nThe laser range finder included in this system comes with a range of 20 km along with a high penetration rate and with high accuracy of +/- 5m.\nIntegrated GPS and DMC\nThe integrated GPS system comes with a CEP (Circular error probability) of 3m. This system also comes with three modes, which can be customized according to the requirement such as\n1) Indian grid reference system\n2) Military grid reference system\nApart from all the above features, the hinges of this system were designed to be very robust and this system can survive harsh weather conditions such as snowfall, heavy rain, hail storms and high-speed winds. This system also comes equipped with an auto tracker and radar slew to cue. This system also offers Mil-Std 810G protection.\nRange and detection capabilities\nLastly, I would like to express my feelings regarding this particular product. It is a matter of pride for me as an Indian that Indian start-ups are doing such a great job in bringing in such advanced systems to be used by our armed forces. Though there are many start-ups making great products, this particular system impressed me quite a lot. I would like to conclude by sharing a fact that most of you won’t know that is this system is currently the best imaging system in the world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Aquatic Geochemistry laboratory maintains and operates the instruments shown below, dedicated to water quality analysis. For instance, we measure dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC), dissolved sulphides (HS-) and polysulfides (Sn), ammonium (NH4+), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). We measure dissolved trace elements such as rare earths and metalloids using a an Agilent triple quadrupole ICP-MS. Finally, we rely on shared facility for solid-phase work, including a LabConco freeze-dryer, a CEM Mars-5 preparation microwave, and a Flash 2000 CHN analyzer.\nOur 80 m2 lab is fully equipped with the precise tools needed for trace-clean sediment and water chemistry work, including work in anaerobic conditions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder Review\nLooking for the best and most reliable laser rangefinder for your outdoor activity? Look no more, for the Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder is finally here! This cutting-edge laser rangefinder features portability and functionality in one product!\nThis Laser Rangefinder has a compact structure, allowing it to weigh as light as 4.4oz. It offers a clear and crisp view, and can deliver a precise reading even as far as 550 yards. Also, this laser rangefinder is user-friendly, super handy, and can be used for lots of purposes. Whether it is for hunting, shooting or golfing purposes, this Rangefinder has got you covered!\nNikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder Features\nOptimum Quality and Portability\nWhen doing outdoor activities, it’s best to have a laser rangefinder that is handy and easy to store. Therefore, you’ll never go wrong with this Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder as it is very compact and light, having 3.6” x 2.9” x 1.5” dimensions and a 4.4-ounce weight.\nAside from its optimum portable and lightweight built, this laser rangefinder is also made with optimum quality. So, rest assured you can make use of this rangefinder in your outdoor activities for a long period of time.\nThis Rangefinder has the ability to deliver speedy and reliable accuracy from 6 yards to the maximum covered distance of 550 yards. It displays distance in 1 yard or meter increments. Also, you can get the reading in an instant once you press the button!\nTherefore, by using this Rangefinder, no second is wasted and you can maximize your time hunting, shooting, hunting or generally doing other fun activities in the outdoors.\nClear and Remarkable Quality Optics\nOne essential feature we are all looking for in a laser rangefinder is clear and remarkable quality optics. Since a rangefinder that has this feature allows us to see the target in a clear and crisp image quality, it makes the purchase as well as the experience worth it!\nBy having this Rangefinder, guaranteed you can get clear and remarkable quality optics in every view. This rangefinder is made with multi-layer coated optics, 20mm objective lens and a 6x magnification. Therefore, you can best see the target even at a maximum distance and especially at good lighting conditions.\nCutting-Edge Distant Target Priority Mode\nIn outdoor activities such as hunting or shooting, aiming the target accurately is the main point of having a laser rangefinder. Therefore, this Rangefinder will not disappoint you, as it takes target accuracy at a next level.\nThis Rangefinder has a cutting-edge Distant Target Priority Mode built-in program that lets you see the range of the farthest target among the targets measured. This enables you to accurately measure the farthest object currently targeted, even though it is partially covered by bushes and grass.\nUser-Friendly Structure and Display\nBy having this ACULON Laser Rangefinder, rest assured you will not have a hard time figuring out how to use it, as it has a user-friendly structure and display. This laser rangefinder’s LCD display offers easy, comfortable and clutter-free viewing. It runs under a single button operation, and it has a long eye relief for easy and strain-free viewing.\nAlso, this Rangefinder automatically turns off after 8-30 seconds of idleness. Therefore, you can save its battery for a longer, worry-free outdoor use.\nReliably Rain-Proof and Water-Resistant\nThe outdoors is certainly the most unpredictable area to be in! The weather report might say that it’s going to be a sunny day, and suddenly, it rains! Therefore, being prepared for this unanticipated weather change is a must.\nThis Rangefinder helps you get prepared as it is reliably rain-proof and water resistant. So, if your rangefinder gets wet, there’s nothing to worry about as it remains safe, 100% functional and intact.\n- This laser rangefinder is incredibly handy and portable.\n- It is durable and reliable to use, as it is made with quality materials.\n- It offers a speedy accuracy as far as 550 yards.\n- This rangefinder offers clear, crisp and quality optics.\n- It is easy to view, user-friendly and water-resistant.\n- This laser rangefinder could be quite small and uncomfortable to use for people with big hands.\n- It is quite difficult to hold stable on a focused target.\n- This laser rangefinder does not have a slope adjustment feature.\n- Optimum portability (3.6-inch x 2.9-inch x 1.5-inch dimensions at 4.4oz weight)\n- Speedy and accurate distance delivery\n- 550-yard maximum distance coverage\n- Distant target focusing accuracy\n- Clear, crisp and quality optics\n- User-friendly built, controls and display\n- Extensive eye relief\n- The best laser rangefinder at the best price\nFrequently Asked Questions\nQ:Can this laser rangefinder display the distance in meters, instead of yards?\nA: Yes, it can! Just push the MODE button to change display from yards to meters.\nQ:Does this laser rangefinder deliver good quality at low light conditions?\nA: Since this laser rangefinder has a non-lighted display, the image quality at low light conditions is not so good. However, when at good lighting conditions, Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder delivers superb and impressive image quality.\nQ:Does this laser rangefinder automatically turn off?\nA: Yes, it does. It automatically turns off around 8-30 seconds.\nWith the best features , it is surely something to own and experience today! Where else can you find a laser rangefinder that is handy, made with quality, easy to use and delivers clear and accurate results at an incredible price?\nMake your hunting, shooting, golfing or any outdoor activity fun and worthwhile by having this Nikon 8397 ACULON Laser Rangefinder.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Particle size analysis is the process of determining the size distribution of particles in a given solid, emulsion, suspension or aerosol sample. Different methods of analysis are employed to measure particle size, wherein some methods can be used for a wide range of samples while others are specific to particular samples. Particle size analysis forms an important part of several industrial processes for quality control, and determining the efficiency of the manufacturing process and product performance. Owing to this, it is extensively used in the manufacturing of aerosols, foods and beverages, paints and coatings, building materials and pharmaceuticals. According to the latest report by IMARC Group, titled “Particle Size Analysis Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2018-2023”, the global particle size analysis market reached a value of US$ 200 Million in 2017.\nOne of the major factors driving the growth of the global particle size analysis market is the expanding applications of particle size analysis in the field of nanotechnology. This process is being used in the production of semiconductor components, constructed structures, cosmetic products, etc. Apart from this, growth in the pharmaceuticals industry has resulted in a heightened demand for particle size analysis where it is used in maintaining the quality of the various products. Moreover, technological advancements in the analysing processes along with augmented demand from the emerging regions are the other factors driving the market growth. Looking forward, the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% during 2018-2023, reaching a value of US$ 274 Million by 2023.\nThe report has segmented the market on the basis of technology into laser deflection, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), image analysis and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). Currently, the laser deflection segment accounts for the majority of the total market share. On the basis of application, the report covers medicine and healthcare, mining and minerals, petrochemical, and food and beverages. Amongst these, the medicine and healthcare industry represents the leading application segment. On a regional-basis, North America dominates the market, followed by Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East and Africa. The report has also analysed the competitive landscape of the market with some of the key players being Malvern Instruments Ltd., Horiba Ltd., Beckman Coulter, Inc., Microtrac, Inc. and Micromeritic Instruments.\nThis report provides a deep insight into the global particle size analysis market covering all its essential aspects. This ranges from macro overview of the market to micro details of the industry performance, recent trends, key market drivers and challenges, SWOT analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis, value chain analysis, etc. This report is a must-read for entrepreneurs, investors, researchers, consultants, business strategists, and all those who have any kind of stake or are planning to foray into the particle size analysis industry in any manner.\nKey questions answered in this report:\n- How has the global particle size analysis market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?\n- What are the key regions in the global particle size analysis market?\n- What are the key application segments in the global particle size analysis market?\n- Which are the major technologies in the global particle size analysis market?\n- What are the various stages in the value chain of the global particle size analysis market?\n- What are the key driving factors and challenges in the global particle size analysis market?\n- What is the structure of the global particle size analysis market and who are the key players?\n- What is the degree of competition in the global particle size analysis market?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Turner Designs Releases Turbidity Plus Sensor\nTurner Designs has introduced a new turbidity sensor with a minimum detection limit of 0.05NTU and a maximum range of 500NTU. Those interested in harbor dredging, underground pipe installation and riverine applications in general will find value in these turbidity measurements at very low levels of detection. Keeping the instrument optical face clean is particularly important in these applications so Turbidity Plus includes an integrated wiper, which is triggered by the user. Turbidity Plus is designed for integration with multiparameter systems and dataloggers from which it receives power and the wiper trigger. It delivers a voltage output proportional to the turbidity of the sample, which can be correlated to nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) values by calibrating with a standard of known concentration. Deployable to 200m (about 656 feet), Turbidity Plus is available with or without a plastic housing for simplified integration.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Why Choose Us\nDon't just measure, see\nAutomatically transfer data to our web-based visualization tools for easier readings\nOur wide range of sensor options provide the flexibility to meet your monitoring needs\nTrack it all\nTemperature, rainfall, water level, road conditions, and more. We have a sensor for your needs\nGet Consultation Today\nContact us and we get back to you as soon as possible.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Remote Monitoring of Wind Turbines\nDefining the Problem:\nA large utility company has a requirement to monitor multiple data points on a wind turbine. The turbine head is 300 feet above the ground. The data must be sent to a ground station, saved to a data logger, and displayed on a Honeywell chart recorder. The data will then be downloaded from a remote data collection site.\nAt the wind turbine head, several data collection points (both discrete and analog) must be acquired and sent to the ground station using Modbus TCP/IP protocol. The ground station is equipped with a Honeywell chart recorder that also serves as the Modbus master. The system will use Honeywell Ethernet radio links to send the information from the wind turbine head to the ground station, thereby eliminating the need for long Ethernet cable runs.\n|Implementing the Solution:||Featured Products:|\nThe utility company has used Acromag products in their power plant monitoring and control systems in the past, so they are familiar with the equipment and trust in its accuracy and reliability.\nDid this App Note help you today? Tell us what you think with these 4 quick questions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Número de publicación||US6900936 B2|\n|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|\n|Número de solicitud||US 10/854,943|\n|Fecha de publicación||31 May 2005|\n|Fecha de presentación||27 May 2004|\n|Fecha de prioridad||31 Ene 2000|\n|También publicado como||CN1183408C, CN1433528A, EP1257872A1, US6785049, US7057814, US20050002097, US20050185277, WO2001055783A1|\n|Número de publicación||10854943, 854943, US 6900936 B2, US 6900936B2, US-B2-6900936, US6900936 B2, US6900936B2|\n|Inventores||Gary T. Boyd, Richard A. Miller, Leland R. Whitney|\n|Cesionario original||3M Innovative Properties Company|\n|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Citas de patentes (23), Citada por (8), Clasificaciones (25), Eventos legales (3)|\n|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|\nThis is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/498,801, filed on Jan. 31, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,785,049, and incorporated herein by reference.\nThe invention relates to reflective displays, and more particularly to a compact illumination system for a reflective display.\nMany optical devices, such as microdisplays in electronic cameras and other types of display system, require illumination by a beam of light having relatively uniform brightness. Generally, light sources, such as incandescent lights, arc lamps, and light emitting diodes, provide a nonuniform light output that is unsuitable for direct use, so the light is typically homogenized in a diffusing cavity before illuminating a display unit. The display unit is often a reflective display unit, for example a reflective liquid crystal display panel, an array of tunable mirrors or “electronic paper”. A polarization sensitive mirror is often used to direct light from the light source to the display unit.\nThe light source and display unit are typically mounted separately from each other on the display system housing, and are electrically connected via flex circuitry. This approach results in high component and fabrication costs, and a fault in the flex circuitry or in the connectors is often a primary failure mechanism for the display system.\nTherefore, there is a need for a display system that is less expensive to fabricate and is more reliable than current display systems.\nGenerally, the present invention relates to an illumination system for a reflective display. The invention is believed to be particularly useful for microdisplays that use reflective displays. In the display system of the invention, the light source and display unit are mounted in a coplanar manner. This permits the light source and the display unit to be mounted on a single board, or even on a single substrate. Thus, the assembly costs may be reduced, and the reliability increased since the system is simpler, has fewer components, and omits the connectors and the flex circuit which tend to be unreliable.\nOne particular embodiment of the invention is an illuminated display device that includes a light source directing light generally along a first axis and a reflective image display unit disposed with an optical axis substantially parallel to the first axis. A reflective polarizing film is disposed to direct light from the first light source to the reflective image light display unit. The light source may include a reflector to direct light to the reflective polarizing film.\nAnother particular embodiment of the invention is an illuminated display device that includes light generating means for emitting diffuse, polarized light along a first direction and reflective display means for modulating reflected light with an image, the reflective display means having an optical axis substantially parallel to the first axis. Reflective polarizing means are disposed to direct the diffuse, polarized light from the light generating means to the reflective display means.\nIn another embodiment of the invention, an optical system includes a display device that has a first light source directing light generally along a first axis and a reflective image display unit disposed with an optical axis substantially parallel to the first axis. A reflective polarizing film is disposed to direct light from the first light source to the reflective image light display unit. A controller is coupled to the reflective image display unit to control the image formed by the reflective image display unit. Viewing optics transport the image formed by the reflective display unit to a user.\nThe above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and the detailed description which follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments.\nThe invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:\nWhile the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.\nThe present invention is applicable to reflective displays and is believed to be particularly useful for microdisplays that employ reflective display devices. Amongst the advantages provided by the invention are a reduction in manufacturing costs for a display system and an increased reliability.\nReflective displays are used in several types of information display system.\nThe reflective image display unit 106 may also be a different type of unit, for example an array of individually movable miniature mirrors, such as the Digital Micromirror Device™ produced by Texas Instruments, or may be based on the use of so-called “electronic paper”, such as an electrophoretic display manufactured by E-Tek Inc., or a gyricon-based display manufactured by Xerox Corp. The invention is particularly advantageous for a reflective image display unit that modulates the incident light based on polarization rotation, such as an LCD, but may also be used for other types of reflective image display units.\nExamples of where a reflective display may be used include microdisplays, for instance, in a viewfinder of an electronic camera. Electronic cameras include video cameras and digital cameras, and any other device that converts an optical image to electronic form. For example, a video camera 200, as illustrated in\nMicrodisplays may also be used elsewhere, for example in head-mounted displays such as DVD viewers, virtual reality goggles, wearable computer displays and internet appliances. A general approach to using a microdisplay is illustrated in\nIt will be appreciated that reflective displays are not restricted to use in microdisplays, but may also be used in larger displays, for example projection displays and heads-up displays.\nOne particular arrangement for a reflective display that may be used in a microdisplay is illustrated in FIG. 4. The reflective display 400 includes a three-color light emitting diode (LED) 402 for generating light. Light from the LED 402 is directed to a diffuser 404 that mixes and homogenizes the color of the light that is subsequently incident on the reflective image display unit 406. A pre-polarizer 408 polarizes the light that has passed through the diffuser so that light of only one polarization is incident on the reflective image display unit 406.\nA brightness enhancer 410 may be placed before the diffuser 404 to enhance the brightness of the light reaching the reflective image display unit 406. For example, the brightness enhancer 410 may be a film having a prismatic structure on an input surface to direct off-axis light from the LED 402 towards the axis 412, such as BEF brightness enhancing film manufactured by 3M Company of Minnesota. Light reflected by the BEF brightness enhancing film may be recirculated by a diffusely reflecting cavity 413 containing the LED 402.\nThe brightness enhancer 410 may also be a reflective polarizing film whose transmission polarization state is substantially aligned with the transmission polarization state of the pre-polarizer 408. If a reflective polarizing film is used as the brightness enhancer 410, the LED 402 is advantageously enclosed within a diffusely reflecting cavity 413 so that the polarization of the light reflected by the brightness enhancer 410 may be randomized as it recirculates within the diffusely reflecting cavity. Randomization of the polarization results in a greater fraction of the light generated by the LED 402 being transmitted by the reflective brightness enhancer 410, thus increasing the optical efficiency of the reflective display 400. One example of a reflective polarizing film that may be used as brightness enhancer 410 is DBEF multilayer optical film manufactured by 3M Company of Minnesota.\nLight transmitted by the pre-polarizer 408 is polarized in the block polarization state of a polarizing beamsplitter 412, that is the polarization state orthogonal to the transmission polarization state of the polarizing beamsplitter 412. Therefore, the light is reflected by the polarizing beamsplitter 412 towards the reflective image display unit 406. The reflective image display unit 406 spatially modulates the incident light 414 by polarization rotation. The reflected light 416 contains light in both the block and the pass polarizations for the polarizing beamsplitter 412. Only that light in the pass polarization of the polarizing beamsplitter 412, the image light 418, is transmitted to the eyepiece 420. A clean-up polarizer 422 may be placed between the polarizing beamsplitter 412 and the eyepiece 420 to enhance the contrast of the image viewed by the user. The use of the polarizing beamsplitter 412 for reflecting the illumination light from the LED 402 and for separating the image light 418 enables the reflective display 400 to be more compact.\nThe reflective image display unit 406, the polarizing beamsplitter 412 and the clean-up polarizer 422 are typically disposed within a housing 424.\nThere are, however, certain disadvantages with the arrangement for the reflective display 400. For example, the light source, including LED 402, the diffuser 404 and the pre-polarizer 408 is typically mounted on a light source board 426 while the reflective image display unit 406 is mounted on a display board 428, and the two boards 426 and 428 are separately attached to the housing 424. Typically the two boards 426 and 426 are electrically coupled using connectors and flex circuits. This can add significant manufacturing and assembly cost to the display system. Furthermore, the system complexity is increased and the flex circuits lower manufacturing yields and long term reliability.\nThe present invention is directed to a reflective display where the light source and the reflective image display unit are mounted in a coplanar manner. In other words, the light source is mounted so that its light is generally directed along a first axis that is parallel to the optical axis of the reflective image display device. An advantage of this approach is that the light source and the reflective image display unit may be mounted on a shared board, thus reducing assembly costs. This permits the light source and the reflective image display unit to be soldered to a printed circuit board using standard and relatively inexpensive printed circuit fabrication techniques. The light source and reflective image display unit may even be formed on the same substrate, for example by evaporation or sputtering, or other fabrication method, of the appropriate materials to form an organic or inorganic LED, thus further reducing assembly costs. Furthermore, the flex circuits are eliminated, which not only reduces manufacturing costs, but also eliminates low reliability components.\nA schematic view of one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 5. The reflective display 500 includes a light source 502 that generally generates light parallel to the first axis 504. It will be appreciated that a light source such as an LED, tungsten bulb or the like, produces light into a large cone angle. However, the direction of maximum intensity, also known as the chief ray, is substantially parallel to the first axis 504.\nThe reflective image display unit 506 is disposed with its optical axis 508 substantially parallel to the first axis, in other words is mounted coplanar with the light source 502. Light 510 from the light source 502 reflects off at least one reflecting surface, and some light reflects off two reflecting surfaces, before being incident on the reflective image display unit 506. The reflecting surfaces may be provided by a polarizing beamsplitter 512, or a combination of a polarizing beamsplitter 512 and another reflector 514, as is explained more fully below. The reflector 514 may be considered to be part of the light source. A clean-up polarizer 516 may be disposed to enhance the polarization of the light transmitted through the polarizing beamsplitter 512 to increase contrast in the image seen by the viewer. The clean-up polarizer 516 removes, through reflection or absorption, stray light of the polarization normally reflected by the polarizing beamsplitter 512 that may have leaked through the polarizing beamsplitter 512.\nDifferent embodiments of a light source are illustrated in\nThe second embodiment of light source 620, illustrated in\nA brightness enhancer 626, for example a prismatic film or reflective polarizing film as described above, may be disposed to intercept light transmitted outwards from the cavity 624. Where the brightness enhancer 626 is a prismatic film, light falling outside a specific angular range is reflected back to the diffuser cavity 624, while light falling within a desired angular range is transmitted. Where the brightness enhancer 626 is a reflective polarizer, light in the block polarization state is reflected to the diffuser cavity 624, while light in the pass polarization state is transmitted. The light returned to the diffusing cavity is recirculated and its direction and/or polarization randomized, so that it may be transmitted through the brightness enhancer on a succeeding pass to the brightness enhancer 626.\nA lens 628, such as a curved lens or a Fresnel lens, may be disposed to redirect the light transmitted by the brightness enhancer 626 so as to fall within a narrower cone angle.\nThe light transmitted out of the cavity 624 illuminates a diffuser 630. The combination of the diffuser 630 and the diffusing cavity 624 is used to make the light emitted from the light source 620 uniformly bright and have uniform color.\nA third embodiment of light source 640, illustrated in\nA fourth embodiment of a light source 660, illustrated in\nPropagation of the light through the light guide 664 may result in mixing and homogenization of the light from the light emitter 662. The light 672 output from the light guide may be further homogenized by a diffuser 676. In addition, light diffusing particles may be embedded within a portion, or all, of the light guide 664 to further mix and homogenize the light.\nThe light 672 may be polarized by a pre-polarizer 678. The pre-polarizer 678 may be a linear polarizer, for example a dichroic absorber or a reflective polarizer, or may be a circular polarizer, for example a cholesteric polarizer or a dichroic absorber combined with a quarter-wave retarder film.\nThe lenslet array 674, diffuser 676 and pre-polarizer 678 may be positioned in a region of greatest extraction from the light guide 664 in order to facilitate mixing within the guide for homogenization or to place the outgoing light 672 at an appropriate height for illuminating the polarizing beamsplitter 512.\nOne of the advantages afforded by this embodiment 660 is its compactness in the direction parallel to the input surface of the reflective image display unit 506.\nIt will be appreciated that many different types of light source may be used, in addition to variations of the four embodiments illustrated in\nThe pre-polarizer may be a linear polarizer, for example a polymeric multiple layer reflective polarizing film, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,820, or a wire grid polarizer, for example as described in WO 94/11766, “A Reflective Polarizer”. The pre-polarizer may also be a circular polarizer, for example a cholesteric polarizer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,704. A cholesteric polarizer is particularly useful where the reflective image display unit is based on the modulation of circularly polarized light.\nLikewise, a polarizing brightness enhancer may formed from a multiple layer reflective polarizing film, a wire grid polarizer or a cholesteric polarizer.\nAny number of light emitters may be combined in a single light source using this technique, for increased brightness and for covering larger area displays. Furthermore, a reflective display may use more than one light source.\nWhere light from the light source 502 is reflected off two reflecting surfaces to reach the reflecting image display unit, a reflector 514 may be used for the first reflection and a polarizing beamsplitter 512 used for the second reflection. The reflector 514 may be part of the light source 502.\nThe reflector 514 may be made of a metal-coated substrate (plastic or metal), polished metal, a stamped metal sheet, thermoformed metal coated film, a thermoformed multi-layer optical film, or other suitable reflecting material. Furthermore, the reflector 514 may be flat, as illustrated in\nThe divergence of light in the x-z plane, emitted from the light source 702, is reduced upon reflection from the curved reflector 714. The light is directed to the polarizing beamsplitter 712 for transmission to the reflective image display device 706.\nA reflector 734 that is curved in two directions is illustrated in FIG. 7B. In this case, the reflector 734 has a first radius of curvature lying in the x-z plane and a second radius of curvature lying in the y-z plane, where the y-direction is directed out of the plane of the figure, and is orthogonal to both the x and z directions. Light emitted from the light source 702 has it divergence reduced in both the x-z and y-z planes upon reflection from the reflector 734.\nIt will be appreciated that the reflector may also be singly curved with a radius of curvature in the y-z plane.\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 512 typically reflects light having one polarization and transmits light having the orthogonal polarization. The polarization may be linear or circular. One particular example of linear polarizer that may be used as the polarizing beamsplitter is a polymeric multiple layer polarizing film, such as DBEF manufactured by 3M Company, Minnesota. This is useful as a polarizing beamsplitter since it maintains a high degree of extinction over a wide spectral and angular range. Furthermore, this type of film may readily be deformed in one or two directions to form curved mirrors to more efficiently collect light from the light source, and to lower the overall profile of the illumination system. Another type of linear polarizer also suitable for use as the polarizing beamsplitter 512 is a wire grid polarizer.\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 512 may also be a circular polarizer, and may be a cholesteric polarizer. It will be appreciated that use of a cholesteric polarizer may also necessitate the introduction of a quarter wave retarder in order to convert light between linear and circular polarization. For example, where the reflective image display unit 506 operates on linearly polarized light and the light from the light source is also linearly polarized, then the cholesteric polarizer may be provided with a quarter wave retarder layer on its front surface so as to circularize the polarization of the light prior to incidence on the surface of the cholesteric polarizer. Furthermore, the quarter wave retarder linearizes the polarization of the reflected light before propagating to the reflective image display unit 506. Where the light from the light source is circularly polarized, the reflective image display unit 506 may be provided with a quarter wave retarder at its input so as to linearize the polarization of the light reflected from the cholesteric polarizer.\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 512 may be flat, or curved in one or two directions, as illustrated in\nAdvantages of the using polarizing beamsplitter that is flat or is curved in one dimension include the ability to directly laminate the clean-up polarizer 816 to the rear surface of the polarizing beamsplitter 822. Furthermore, simple mechanical devices may be used to provide the shape to the polarizing beamsplitter. For example, the polarizing beamsplitter 822 may be formed from a sheet of material that is constrained at its two opposite ends where the separation between the constraints is less than the overall length of the film so that the film buckles to take on a curved shape. In another example, the polarizing beamsplitter 822 may be formed from a sheet of material that is federal into a curved slot that conforms the sheet to the desired curvature. Both of these advantages reduce manufacturing costs.\nA polarizing beamsplitter 832 that is curved in two directions is illustrated in FIG. 8C. This polarizing beamsplitter 832 has a first radius of curvature lying in the x-z plane, and a second radius of curvature lying in the y-z plane. A flat clean-up polarizer 816 may be positioned above the polarizing beamsplitter 832.\nThe doubly curved polarizing beamsplitter 832 may be shaped by vacu-forming. Furthermore, a laminate of polarizing beamsplitter and clean-up polarizer may be vacuu-formed so that the clean-up polarizer does not need to be mounted separately within the display.\nOne particular method of vacu-forming a doubly curved polarizing beamsplitter 832 is illustrated with respect to\nA singly curved polarizing beamsplitter 822 generally shows higher polarization extinction over a wider angular range than the doubly curved polarizing beamsplitter 832 PBS, owing to the higher range of angles of incidence on the doubly curved surface. Thus, it becomes increasingly more important to use a clean-up polarizer 816 with a doubly-curved polarizing beamsplitter 832. A doubly curved beamsplitter assembly may be formed by first laminating the clean-up polarizer 816 to the polarizing beamsplitter 832 to form a lamination, and then vacu-forming the lamination using the vacu-forming technique illustrated in FIG. 10.\nIt will be appreciated that the polarizing beamsplitter may be singly curved with a radius of curvature in the y-z plane.\nDifferent embodiments of polarizing beamsplitter are presented in the display devices shown in\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 932 may be flat, as illustrated, may be singly curved or may be doubly curved. A clean-up polarizer 936 may be disposed to clean-up the polarization of light transmitted through the polarizing beamsplitter 932 from the reflective image display unit 906. The clean-up polarizer 936 may be laminated or otherwise attached to the polarizing beamsplitter 932.\nDifferent variations of the embodiment illustrated in\nIn the embodiment illustrated in\nThe invention is not limited to single light sources. Multiple light sources may be placed in coplanar positions relative to the reflective image display unit 906 to increase brightness or to improve illumination uniformity of the reflective image display unit 906. One particular embodiment using multiple light sources is illustrated in FIG. 9G. In this particular embodiment, the polarization beamsplitter 952 extends over the two light sources 902 as well as the reflective image display unit 906. Light from the light sources 902 is reflected to the reflective image display unit 906 which modulates and reflects the light back to the reflective polarizer 952. The modulated light is transmitted through the polarizing beamsplitter 952 to the viewer. A clean-up polarizer 956 may be disposed to clean-up the light transmitted through the polarizing beamsplitter.\nDifferent reflector and beamsplitter designs have been explored for effectiveness in illuminating a reflective image display unit. The major characteristics of interest in designing a reflector/beamsplitter combination include the efficiency with which light from the light source is directed onto the surface of the reflective image display unit within the display unit's acceptance cone, and the uniformity of illumination across the reflective image display unit. An additional parameter that was studied was the maximum height of the reflector/beamsplitter combination above the display unit. this last parameter is important in designing display units that are used in confined spaces, for example in a camcorder or other type of camera. In the examples described below, the illumination of a display unit was calculated for a particular configuration of reflector and beamsplitter.\nIn the first example, illustrated in\nThe polarizing beamsplitter 1112 was assumed to be formed as a flat sheet positioned above the LCD display unit 1104 at an angle of 40° relative to the upper surface 1104 a of the display unit 1104.\nThe reflector 1114 was assumed to have a “tapered box” shape, being formed with an upper reflecting surface 1314 a, and side reflecting surfaces 1314 b (only one side reflecting surface shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B). The shape of the upper surface 1314 a was formed using an AUTOCAD spline function that connected the following points in the (x,z) plane: (5.5804, −0.2035), (5.9644, 0.9476), (5.6674, 1.6398), (5.1616, 2.2553), (4.1499, 3.2774), and (3.0478, 4.5078). The tangent at the first point was set by the point (5.7462, 0.1190) and the tangent to the last point was set by the point (3.5694, 3.9642). The cross-sectional shape formed by the “tapered box” was rectangular, and the aspect ratio of the rectangular cross-section was preserved throughout its length, from the light source 1102 to the output end.\nThe combination of flat beamsplitter 1112 and “tapered box” reflector 1114 produced the following results. The efficiency of illuminating the LCD display unit 1104 was 4.6%. The efficiency was defined as the ratio of light entering the LCD display unit 1104 within its acceptance cone angle over the total amount of light emitted by the light source 1102. The uniformity of illumination was measured by the ratio of the brightness of the maximum of illumination intensity on the LCD display unit 1104 over the brightness of the minimum illumination intensity on the LCD display unit 1104. In this particular case, the max/min ratio was 3.34. Lastly, the height, H, the maximum beamsplitter height above the LCD display unit 1104 required to enable this particular combination of reflector and beamsplitter to operate most effectively, was 5.57 units.\nIn the second example, illustrated in\nFor this particular combination, the illumination efficiency was 3.4%, the max/min ratio was 2.8 and the height, H, was 4.53 units. The overall illumination efficiency was less than in Example 1 because the flat reflector is not as good at gathering the light from the light source 1102 and presenting it to the beamsplitter for reflection to the LCD display unit 1104. On the other hand, the illumination uniformity is increased through the use of the curved beamsplitter. Also, use of the curved beamsplitter results in a reduction in the overall height, H.\nIn the third example, illustrated in\nFor this particular combination, the illumination efficiency was 4.6%, the max/min ratio was 1.93 and the height, H, was 4.53 units. The human eye is typically able to detect a max/min ration in excess of about 2, so this design approaches the region of acceptable uniformity where the eye does not detect any nonuniformity.\nIn the fourth example, illustrated in\nFor this particular combination, the illumination efficiency was 8.2%, the max/min ratio was 1.25 and the height, H, was 4.53 units.\nIn the fifth example, illustrated in\nSummary of Illumination Characteristics for Different\nH (arb. units)\nWhile various examples were provided above, the present invention is not limited to the specifics of the illustrated embodiments. As noted above, the present invention is believed to be particularly applicable to illumination sources requiring a uniform, or substantially uniform, light output. Accordingly, the present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon review of the present specification. The claims are intended to cover such modifications and devices.\n|Patente citada||Fecha de presentación||Fecha de publicación||Solicitante||Título|\n|US2642487||28 Feb 1947||16 Jun 1953||Rca Corp||Component color separator|\n|US5382987||22 May 1992||17 Ene 1995||Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System||Device for ERG spectral perimetry|\n|US5394253||6 Abr 1993||28 Feb 1995||Kelly; Shawn L.||Flat polarizing nonabsorbing beam splitter|\n|US5402269||26 Feb 1993||28 Mar 1995||Asahi Kogaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Compound prism|\n|US5506704||10 Ene 1994||9 Abr 1996||U.S. Philips Corporation||Cholesteric polarizer and the manufacture thereof|\n|US5596451||30 Ene 1995||21 Ene 1997||Displaytech, Inc.||Miniature image generator including optics arrangement|\n|US5605390||25 Ene 1996||25 Feb 1997||Sarif, Inc.||Optical projector|\n|US5612820||30 May 1995||18 Mar 1997||The Dow Chemical Company||Birefringent interference polarizer|\n|US5676442||27 Mar 1996||14 Oct 1997||Seiko Epson Corporation||Projection display apparatus|\n|US5800032||13 May 1997||1 Sep 1998||Nikon Corporation||Self correcting projector|\n|US5808800||22 Dic 1994||15 Sep 1998||Displaytech, Inc.||Optics arrangements including light source arrangements for an active matrix liquid crystal image generator|\n|US5826960||10 Jul 1997||27 Oct 1998||Fujitsu Limited||Protection type display device with polarized light reflecting mirror and polarized light source|\n|US5853240||19 Dic 1996||29 Dic 1998||Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha||Projector using a small-size optical system|\n|US5943171||3 Jun 1998||24 Ago 1999||International Business Machines Corporation||Head mounted displays utilizing reflection light valves|\n|US6072635||9 Jul 1998||6 Jun 2000||Seiko Epson Corporation||Dichroic prism and projection display apparatus|\n|US6256151||28 Jun 2000||3 Jul 2001||Agilent Technologies Inc.||Compact microdisplay illumination system|\n|US6282029||2 May 2000||28 Ago 2001||Agilent Technologies, Inc.||Compact display system|\n|US6785049 *||31 Ene 2000||31 Ago 2004||3M Innovative Properties Company||Illumination system for reflective displays|\n|US20020003508||29 Dic 1998||10 Ene 2002||Kevin Schehrer||Image generator having a miniature display device|\n|EP0492636A1||27 Dic 1991||1 Jul 1992||Canon Kabushiki Kaisha||Polarization illumination device and projector having the same|\n|EP0982705A2||2 Jul 1999||1 Mar 2000||Hewlett-Packard Company||Thin illuminator for reflective displays|\n|WO1994011766A1||9 Nov 1993||26 May 1994||Honeywell Inc.||A reflective polarizer|\n|WO1999034246A1||30 Dic 1998||8 Jul 1999||Colorado Microdisplay, Inc.||An image generator having a miniature display device|\n|Patente citante||Fecha de presentación||Fecha de publicación||Solicitante||Título|\n|US7057814 *||2 Mar 2005||6 Jun 2006||3M Innovative Properties Company||Illumination system for reflective displays|\n|US7167201 *||28 Abr 2003||23 Ene 2007||Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.||Device incorporating eye-start capability|\n|US8866168||18 Abr 2007||21 Oct 2014||Lighting Science Group Corporation||Optical devices for controlled color mixing|\n|US20040212711 *||28 Abr 2003||28 Oct 2004||Stavely Donald J.||Device incorporating eye-start capability|\n|US20050185277 *||2 Mar 2005||25 Ago 2005||3M Innovative Properties Company||Illumination system for reflective displays|\n|US20070268694 *||18 Abr 2007||22 Nov 2007||Lamina Ceramics, Inc.||Optical devices for controlled color mixing|\n|WO2007121486A2||18 Abr 2007||25 Oct 2007||Lamina Lighting, Inc.||Optical devices for controlled color mixing|\n|WO2007121486A3 *||18 Abr 2007||24 Jul 2008||Lamina Lighting Inc||Optical devices for controlled color mixing|\n|Clasificación de EE.UU.||359/485.03, 362/560, 359/633, 362/558, 362/555, 362/583, 362/19, 359/631, 359/487.05, 359/489.11, 359/490.03, 359/487.02|\n|Clasificación internacional||G02F1/1335, G02F1/13357, G02B27/02, G02F1/13, G02B27/28, G02B27/01|\n|Clasificación cooperativa||Y10S362/80, G02B27/283, G02F1/133536, G02F1/13362|\n|Clasificación europea||G02F1/1336P, G02F1/1335P5, G02B27/28B|\n|1 Dic 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|28 Sep 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 8\n|17 Nov 2016||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 12", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "I have analyzed the data from the dark fringe offset reduction to measure the contrast defect.\nFigure 1 shows the signal of interest (B1 power, ITF optical gain, and RF DARM error signal)\nFigure 2 shows looking at the relation between optical gain and B1 power and offset of 130uW seem to be present on B1 PD1.\nFigure 3 shows the comparion between the RF DARM error signal and the B1 power, the relation here is also quadratic as the RF DARM error signal should be proportional to the DARM offset in meter (and the B1 power is quadratic with the DARM offset in meters). This yields an offset of 120uW.\nAfter the unlock I could check that the PD itself has an offset of -7uW, so the numbers above correspond to actually 137uW and 127uW. Given that B1 PD1 sees only half of the power, the total contrast defect light is about 260uW. This is much higher than the ~120uW we had before increase of input power during the October commissioning break", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Lack of real-time information on nutrient availability in cultivated soils inherently leads to excess\napplication of fertilizers in agriculture. As a result, nitrate, which is a soluble, stable and mobile component of fertilizers, leaches below the root zone through the unsaturated zone and eventually pollutes the groundwater and other related water resources. Rising nitrate concentration in aquifers is recognized as a worldwide environmental problem that contributes to water scarcity. Accordingly, developing technologies for continuous in-situ measurement of nitrate concentration in the soils are essential for optimizing fertilizer application and preventing water resource pollution by nitrate.\nHere we present a conceptual approach for a monitoring system that enables in-situ and continuous measurement of nitrate concentration in soil. The monitoring system is based on absorbance spectroscopy techniques for direct determination of nitrate concentration in soil porewater without pretreatment, such as filtration, dilution, or reagent supplementation. A new analytical procedure was developed to improve measurement accuracy while eliminating the typical measurement interference caused by soil dissolved organic carbon. The analytical procedure was tested at four field sites over 2 years and proved to be an effective tool for\nnitrate analysis in untreated soil. A soil nitrate-monitoring apparatus, combining specially designed optical flow cells with soil porewater-sampling units, enabled for the first time, real-time continuous measurement of nitrate concentration in the soil. The system provided outstanding and explicit data revealing the complexities of the temporal variations in soil nitrate concentrations in response to irrigation cycles and fertilizer-application pattern.\nSuch real-time measurements of soil nitrate levels are crucial for optimizing fertilizer application to increase agricultural yield while reducing the potential threat of groundwater contamination by down-leaching of nitrate from the soil.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) of vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque by identifying increased uptake of 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is a powerful tool for monitoring disease activity, progression, and its response to therapy. 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) of the aorta and carotid arteries has become widely used to assess changes in inflammation in clinical trials. However, the recent advent of hybrid PET/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) scanners has advantages for vascular imaging due to the reduction in radiation exposure and improved soft tissue contrast of MR compared to CT. Important for research and clinical use is an understanding of the scan-rescan repeatability of the PET measurement. While this has been studied for PET/CT, no data is currently available for vascular PET/MR imaging. In this study, we determined the scan-rescan measurement repeatability of 18F-FDG PET/MR in the aorta and carotid arteries was less than 5%, comparable to similar findings for 18F-FDG PET/CT.\n- measurement repeatability\n- vascular inflammation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "4M Series 5/2 5/3 Namur Solenoid Valve\n4m series pneumatic Namur solenoid valves are designed for operating double-acting or single-acting spring return pneumatic actuators. They have 5 ports and 2 or 3 positions, and 4 type valve body sizes are provided. They are 4M100, 4M210, 4M310 and 4M410 etc. The port size can be from M5 to 1/2”. The Namur solenoid-operated valves can be mounted in pneumatic actuator systems. The pilot valve is supplied with manual override and connector as standard.\n1) The protection grade for this series solenoid valve is IP65.\n2) Different voltages are available for coils.\n3) Pressure unit: 1kgf/cm2=1bar=0.1MPa=100KPa=14.5psi\n4) Lead wire type is available, please remind when you order.\n5) Different thread types can be offered according to the customer's requirements, e.g.: PT, NPT, etc.\n|Applicable pressure range||0.15~0.85Mpa|\n|Ambient and fluid temperature||-5~60°C|\n|Material of body||Aluminum alloy|\n|Allowable voltage range||-15%~10%|\n|Insulation rate||Class F|\n|Min. activate time||0.05 s|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Go to the main menu\nSkip to content\nGo to bottom\nREFERENCE LINKING PLATFORM OF KOREA S&T JOURNALS\n> Journal Vol & Issue\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research\nJournal Basic Information\nJournal DOI :\nThe Korea Society of Medical and Biological Engineering\nEditor in Chief :\nVolume & Issues\nVolume 25, Issue 6 - Dec 2004\nVolume 25, Issue 5 - Oct 2004\nVolume 25, Issue 4 - Aug 2004\nVolume 25, Issue 3 - Jun 2004\nVolume 25, Issue 2 - Apr 2004\nVolume 25, Issue 1 - Feb 2004\nSelecting the target year\nDevelopment of Korean Tissue Probability Map from 3D Magnetic Resonance Images\nJung Hyun, Kim ; Jong-Min, Lee ; Uicheul, Yoon ; Hyun-Pil, Kim ; Bang Bon, Koo ; In Young, Kim ; Dong Soo, Lee ; Jun Soo, Kwon ; Sun I., Kim ;\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 323~328\nThe development of group-specific tissue probability maps (TPM) provides a priori knowledge for better result of cerebral tissue classification with regard to the inter-ethnic differences of inter-subject variability. We present sequential procedures of group-specific TPM and evaluate the age effects in the structural differences of TPM. We investigated 100 healthy volunteers with high resolution MRI scalming. The subjects were classified into young (60, 25.92+4.58) and old groups (40, 58.83\n8.10) according to the age. To avoid any bias from random selected single subject and improve registration robustness, average atlas as target for TPM was constructed from skull-stripped whole data using linear and nonlinear registration of AIR. Each subject was segmented into binary images of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid using fuzzy clustering and normalized into the space of average atlas. The probability images were the means of these binary images, and contained values in the range of zero to one. A TPM of a given tissue is a spatial probability distribution representing a certain subject population. In the spatial distribution of tissue probability according to the threshold of probability, the old group exhibited enlarged ventricles and overall GM atrophy as age-specific changes, compared to the young group. Our results are generally consistent with the few published studies on age differences in the brain morphology. The more similar the morphology of the subject is to the average of the population represented by the TPM, the better the entire classification procedure should work. Therefore, we suggest that group-specific TPM should be used as a priori information for the cerebral tissue classification.\nImproved Vapor Recognition in Electronic Nose (E-Nose) System by Using the Time-Profile of Sensor Array Response\nYoon Seok, Yang ;\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 329~334\nThe electronic nose (E-nose) recently finds its applications in medical diagnosis, specifically on detection of diabetes, pulmonary or gastrointestinal problem, or infections by examining odors in the breath or tissues with its odor characterizing ability. The odor recognition performance of E-nose can be improved by manipulating the sensor array responses of vapors in time-profile forms. The different chemical interactions between the sensor materials and the volatile organic compounds (VOC's) leave unique marks in the signal profiles giving more information than collection of the conventional piecemal features, i.e., maximum sensitivity, signal slopes, rising time. In this study, to use them in vapor recognition task conveniently, a novel time-profile method was proposed, which is adopted from digital image pattern matching. The degrees of matching between 8 different vapors were evaluated by using the proposed method. The test vapors are measured by the silicon-based gas sensor array with 16 CB-polymer composites installed in membrane structure. The results by the proposed method showed clear discrimination of vapor species than by the conventional method.\nDevelopment of Trans-Admittance Scanner (TAS) for Breast Cancer Detection\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 335~342\nThis paper describes a trans-admittance scanner for breast cancer detection. A FPGA-based sinusoidal waveform generator produces a constant voltage. The voltage is applied between a hand-held electrode and a scan probe placed on the breast. The scan probe contains an 8x8 array of electrodes that are kept at the ground potential. Multi-channel precision digital ammeters using the phase-sensitive demodulation technique were developed to measure the exit current from each electrode in the array. Different regions of the breast are scanned by moving the probe on the breast. We could get trans-admittance images of resistor and saline phantoms with an anomaly inside. The images provided the information on the depth and location of the anomaly. In future studies, we need to improve the accuracy through a better calibration method. We plan to test the scanner's ability to detect a cancer lesion inside the human breast.\nImplementation and Evaluation of Electroglottograph System\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 343~349\nElectroglottograph(EGG) is a signal recorded from the vocal cord vibration by measuring electrical impedance across the vocal folds through the neck skin. The purpose of this study was to develop EGG system and to evaluate possibility for the application on speech analysis and laryngeal disease diagnosis. EGG system was composed of two pairs of ring electrodes, tuned amplifier, phase sensitive detector, low pass filter, and auto-gain controller. It was designed to extract electric impedance after detecting by amplitude modulation method with 2.7MHz carrier signal. Extracted signals were transmitted through line-in of PC sound card, sampled and quantized. Closed Quotient(CQ), Speed Quotient(SQ), Speed Index(SI), fundamental frequency of vocal cord vibration(F0), pitch variability of vocal fold vibration (Jitter), and peak-to-peak amplitude variability of vocal fold vibration(Shimmer) were analyzed as EGG parameters. Experimental results were as follows: the faster vocal fold vibration, the higher values in CQ parameter and the lower values in SQ and SI parameters. EGG and speech signals had the same fundamental frequency. CQ, SQ, and SI were significantly different between normal subjects and patients with laryngeal cancer. These results suggest that it is possible to implement portable EGG system to monitor the function of vocal cord and to test functional changes of the glottis.\nUnequal Distance Sampling Technique to Design Velocity-Type Respiratory Air Flow Transducer\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 351~359\nVelocity-type repisratory air flow transducer measures dynamic pressure converted from air velocity based on the we1l-known Bernoulli's principle. It requires multiple velocity sampling holes on the flow plane. Measurement error theoretica1ly estimated by computer simulation was demonstrated to significantly reduce by unequally locating the velocity sampling holes. The flow plane was divided into multiple equi-area rings and the sampling holes were located on the circles also equally dividing each ring's area, which decreased measurement error down to 1/5 of the simple equi-radius ring division method. Also, less than 1 ％ relative error was estimated with 4 or more sampling holes. The present technique was less sensitive by <1/2 to the velocity profile change compared to the euqi-radius sampling. Therefore, the present unequal distance velocity sampling technique should be of great use to design the structure of the velocity-type respiratory air flow transducer.\nNumerical Analysis on Stress Distribution of Vertebra and Stability of Intervertebral Fusion Cage with Change of Spike Shape\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 361~367\nThe axial compressive strength, relative 3-D stability and osteoconductive shape design of an intervertebral fusion cage are important biomechanical factors for successful intervertebral fusion. Changes in the stress distribution of the vertebral end plate and in cage stability due to changes in the spike shape of a newly contrived box-shaped fusion cage are investigated. In this investigation, the initial contact of the cage's spikes with the end plate and the penetration of the cage's spikes into the end plate are considered. The finite element analysis is conducted to study the effects of the cage's spike height, tip width and angle on the stress distribution of the vertebral end plate, and the micromigration of the cage in the A-P direction. The stress distribution in the end plate is examined when a normal load of 1700N is applied to the vertebra after inserting 2 cages. The micromigration of the cage is examined when a pull out load of l00N is applied in the A-P direction. The analysis results reveal that the spike tip width significantly influences the stress concentration in the end plate, but the spike height and angle do not significantly influence the stress distribution in the end plate touching the cage's spikes. In addition, the analysis results show that the micromigration of the cage can be reduced by adjusting the spike angle and spike arrangement in the A-P direction. This study proposes the optimal shape of an intervertebral fusion cage, which promotes bone fusion, reduces the stress concentration in a vertebral end plate, and increases mechanical stability.\nDesign of a Noise Generator for Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Using Auditory Model\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 369~376\nThe tinnitus retraining therapy(TRT) is an effective method for treating tinnitus patients. This therapy use the white noise to stimulate auditory cells for a wide frequency range. In this paper, the small white noise generator using the thermal noise is proposed. And frequency response controller which can compensate the frequency response changed by the human outer and middle ear system is proposed. We can know that proposed system is more proper type on a purpose of the tinnitus retraining therapy comparing with conventional white noise generator.\nMuscle Fatigue Analysis by Median Frequency and Wavelet Transform During Lumbar Extension Exercises\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 377~382\nIn the present study, thirteen healthy volunteers performed lumbar extension exercises at 48\n/s, loaded by 40, 50, 60kg(about 44, 55, 66％ of maximum voluntary contraction). During the whole period of exercises, electromyographic(EMG) signal was measured in the erector spinae muscle in order to determine muscle fatigue. Using the wavelet transform, EMG signal was separated by various frequency ranges in the time-frequency domain, and muscle fatigue was analyzed, comparing with the results based on the median frequency(MDF). MDF shifted toward the lower frequency ranges with the muscle fatigue, showing a single characteristic frequency. On the other hand, wavelet transform of EMG signals resulted in increased power amplitude in lower frequency ranges(0-125Hz), and decreased power amplitude in higher frequency ranges(375-468Hz). This study reveals that the muscle fatigue during dynamic movement is explained better by wavelet analysis.\nSurface Reaction Products of CP- Ti and Ti-25wt％Pd Castings Used for Dental Application\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 383~389\nA commercially pure Ti(CP-Ti) and Ti-25wt％Pd alloy for dental applications were cast into a phosphate-bonded Al\ninvestment mold and the surface of the casting specimens were investigated by means of SEM/EDS, XRD and XPS. The addition of 25wt％Pd in CP-Ti showed a moderate mold reaction owing to the considerable lowering of melting point. XRD analysis of the investment after burn-out treatment revealed that it consisted essentially of\nThe mold reaction products were Ti\nin case of CP-Ti casting and Ti\nx/ in case of Ti-25wt％ Pd casting.\nReal-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Method Using a Cross Array Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing: I. Spherical Wave Transmission Approach\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 391~401\n3D imaging systems using 2D phased arrays have a large number of active channels, compelling to use a very expensive and bulky beamforming hardware, and suffer from low volume rate because, in principle, at least one ultrasound transmit-receive event is necessary to construct each scanline. A high speed 3D imaging method using a cross array proposed previously to solve the above limitations can implement fast scanning and dynamic focusing in the lateral direction but suffer from low resolution except at the fixed transmit focusing along the elevational direction. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real-time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on the synthetic aperture technique. In the proposed method, ultrasound wave is transmitted successively using each elements of an 1D transmit array transducer, one at a time, which is placed along the elevational direction and for each firing, the returning pulse echoes are received using all elements of an 1D receive array transducer placed along the lateral direction. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture method along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. In addition, in the proposed method, a volume of interest consisting of any required number of slice images, can be constructed with the same number of transmit-receive steps as the total number of transmit array elements. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide the same and greatly improved resolutions in the lateral and elevational directions, respectively, compared with the 3D imaging method using a cross array based on the conventional fixed focusing. In the accompanying paper, we will also propose a new real-time 3D imaging method using a cross array for improving transmit power and elevational spatial resolution, which uses linear wave fronts on transmit.\nReal-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Method Using a Cross Array Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing: II. Linear Wave Front Transmission Approach\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 403~414\nIn the accompanying paper, we proposed a real. time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on receive dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture focusing along lateral and elevational directions, respetively. But synthetic aperture methods using spherical waves are subject to beam spreading with increasing depth due to the wave diffraction phenomenon. Moreover, since the proposed method uses only one element for each transmission, it has a limited transmit power. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real. time volumetric imaging method using cross arrays based on synthetic aperture technique with linear wave fronts. In the proposed method, linear wave fronts having different angles on the horizontal plane is transmitted successively from all transmit array elements. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture methods along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide uniform elevational resolution over a large depth of field. Especially, since the new method can construct a volume image with a limited number of transmit receive events using a full transmit aperture, it is suitable for real-time 3D imaging with high transmit power and volume rate.\nThe CDA-based System Design and Implementation for the Exchange of ECG Reports Between Heterogeneous Systems\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 415~419\nAs the medical environment field has been facilitated by the rapid development of the information technologies and ubiquitous healthcare service based on network, the exchange of medical information between hospitals become more and more important. However, although most electrocardiograph vendors have provided digital modalities and their ECG data management systems, these were proprietary and not compatible with each other due to multiplicity of vendor specific formats and lack of open ECG data standards. Therefore, we aim to design and develop the ECG management system for archiving, saving, searching, viewing and transferring ECG data and the diagnostic reports. And the system is based on Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) developed by HL7 and DICOM Waveform Standard for the exchange of the structured diagnostic reports and the transfer of ECG data.\nComputer Aided Diagnosis System for Evaluation of Mechanical Artificial Valve\nJournal of Biomedical Engineering Research, volume 25, issue 5, 2004, Pages 421~430\nClinically, it is almost impossible for a physician to distinguish subtle changes of frequency spectrum by using a stethoscope alone especially in the early stage of thrombus formation. Considering that reliability of mechanical valve is paramount because the failure might end up with patient death, early detection of valve thrombus using noninvasive technique is important. Thus the study was designed to provide a tool for early noninvasive detection of valve thrombus by observing shift of frequency spectrum of acoustic signals with computer aid diagnosis system. A thrombus model was constructed on commercialized mechanical valves using polyurethane or silicon. Polyurethane coating was made on the valve surface, and silicon coating on the sewing ring of the valve. To simulate pannus formation, which is fibrous tissue overgrowth obstructing the valve orifice, the degree of silicone coating on the sewing ring varied from 20％, 40％, 60％ of orifice obstruction. In experiment system, acoustic signals from the valve were measured using microphone and amplifier. The microphone was attached to a coupler to remove environmental noise. Acoustic signals were sampled by an AID converter, frequency spectrum was obtained by the algorithm of spectral analysis. To quantitatively distinguish the frequency peak of the normal valve from that of the thrombosed valves, analysis using a neural network was employed. A return map was applied to evaluate continuous monitoring of valve motion cycle. The in-vivo data also obtained from animals with mechanical valves in circulatory devices as well as patients with mechanical valve replacement for 1 year or longer before. Each spectrum wave showed a primary and secondary peak. The secondary peak showed changes according to the thrombus model. In the mock as well as the animal study, both spectral analysis and 3-layer neural network could differentiate the normal valves from thrombosed valves. In the human study, one of 10 patients showed shift of frequency spectrum, however the presence of valve thrombus was yet to be determined. Conclusively, acoustic signal measurement can be of suggestive as a noninvasive diagnostic tool in early detection of mechanical valve thrombosis.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A watch-like device “could revolutionise blood pressure monitoring”, BBC News has reported. According to the website, the monitor can be used to measure pressure in the wrist, which can then be used to estimate pressure in the aorta, the largest artery in the body.\nAlthough news coverage has focussed on the wrist-worn monitor, the research devised a technique to combine blood pressure readings from the wrist and upper-arm to estimate central aortic systolic pressure (CASP). This measure of pressure in the aorta is thought to be a better way of predicting heart problems than traditional measures of blood pressure, such as using an inflatable cuff around the bicep.\nA device to measure blood pressure at the wrist is not new, and the method does not replace the traditional approach of using a cuff on the upper arm. However, the researchers’ method for combining the two results to estimate CASP appears to have some merit, and may filter into medical care.\nThe study was carried out by researchers from the University of Leicester, the National Institute for Health Research, Gleneagles Medical Centre in Singapore and Healthstats International in Singapore. The study was financially supported by the Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Diseases. The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of the American College of Cardiology.\nBlood pressure has been measured through a blood vessel in the upper arm – the brachial artery – for many years. However, there is a current debate about whether the blood pressure measured in the arm accurately represents the corresponding pressure in the aorta, the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. Recent evidence suggests that central aortic systolic pressure (CASP), the pressure exerted as blood is pumped out of the heart and into the aorta, is a better predictor of structural damage to the heart and blood vessels.\nIn this study, researchers tested a mathematical algorithm to determine whether it could accurately estimate CASP using measurements of pressure in the radial artery at the wrist. The brachial artery in the upper arm divides at around the elbow, and the radial artery is one of the main branches of this, supplying blood to the forearm, wrist and hand.\nThe best way to measure CASP is to insert a pressure sensor into the aorta, but this is invasive and is usually only done when people undergo a procedure known as cardiac catheterisation. The procedure involves making an incision into the groin or upper arm to gain access to the arterial system, then feeding a guide wire and sheath through the arterial system so that a tiny pressure sensor can be positioned into the aorta or heart.\nThere are other ways to estimate CASP, such as reading the pressure in the radial artery and applying mathematical functions, called generalised transfer functions. Although this method is widely used, the application of generalised transfer functions has been criticised. In this study, researchers explored a different mathematical model to estimate CASP from the radial pressure.\nThis study had three separate parts, each involving a different group of participants. In the first, the researchers tested some key mathematical properties of their model. In the second, they compared their new way of estimating CASP with a well-known, accepted mathematical method. In the final part, they compared their non-invasive estimates of CASP with measures taken with cardiac catheterisation in people undergoing surgery.\nThe researchers tested the application of a mathematical approach called the n-point moving average. This is commonly used in other fields of study to help filter data and find underlying trends.\nWith each beat, the heart contracts and relaxes, resulting in fluctuations in blood pressure over short periods of time. In their first experiment, the researchers needed to determine how many tiny measurements of radial pressure their model would need to make within the cycle of a heartbeat. They enrolled 217 volunteers to help with this aspect of their model development.\nIn the second study, they used blood pressure readings taken as part of a large study that ran in Leicester over the course of five years. From this, they had 5,349 individual blood pressure readings to validate their new approach to calculating the central aortic pressure.\nThe final part of the experiment included 20 adults undergoing routine diagnostic cardiac catheterisation at the Gleneagles Medical Centre in Singapore. Their CASP was measured near the aortic valve directly in the heart. At the same time, a device was attached to their wrists to measure the radial pressure and a device was placed over the bicep of the same arm to measure the brachial pressure. The researchers were able to compare the measures of CASP from their model with the direct CASP measures in real time for up to three minutes.\nThe researchers determined the best structure for their model in the first group of volunteers. This structure led to estimates of CASP that closely approximated those derived through the more standard CASP estimation models. The accuracy of their estimates was not affected by age, gender, presence of diabetes or hypertension treatment in the participants.\nIn the invasive blood pressure experiment, brachial blood pressure (the standard measure in the upper arm) overestimated blood pressure compared to direct measurement of pressure in the aorta. There was strong correlation and agreement between direct measures of CASP and those estimated by the researchers’ mathematical model.\nThe researchers concluded that their study demonstrates that a “simple moving average method” can be applied to brachial blood pressure measured across the wrist to estimate CASP.\nThis complex study involved the application of mathematical approaches to derive a measure of CASP from both radial artery pressure and brachial artery pressure. The researchers have developed a mathematical algorithm that appears to accurately predict CASP.\nIn commenting that a sensor strapped to the wrist that can “measure the pressure in the aorta”, The Independent misunderstood the mechanics of measures of radial pressure. The researchers measured pressure at both the wrist and at the upper arm and used mathematical approaches to convert them into an estimate of the pressure in the aorta.\nThe HealthSTATS sensor mentioned in news coverage is not the first device of its kind, and there are several monitors which can be strapped to the wrist to measure radial pressure. However, it seems that the study’s technique of combining it with a traditional upper-arm cuff reading to create an estimate of CASP has some merit. The researchers make it very clear that this technology does not replace the traditional inflatable cuff, and that both methods are needed.\nPast research suggests that CASP is a better marker of cardiovascular problems than upper-arm blood pressure readings. As such, more accurate measures of it, such as that allowed through this new approach, are likely to play a growing role in clinical practice.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PTFE tubing extrusion machine\nis to extrude PTFE/UHMWPE Tubes. It is designed using latest technology, fully reliable and easy to operate for customers. Performance in terms of production and working hour capacity is competitive to other machines. Low maintenance is required , giving high production in market.\n1.Vertical Ram Extruder for PTFE Tubes\n2.Ram extruding machine for PTFE Tubes.\n3.Using for Pre-sintering PTFE material.\n4.Suit for new PTFE material or Recycle PTFE material.\n5. Adjustable Heating zone: 5 zone area\n6. Long service life through solid workmanship and use of high quality components.\n7. Measurement transducer like pressure, force and ram speed for permanent control of the extrusion process and extrusion speed.\n8. Measuring and controlling system for constant extruder speed\n9. Low space requirement through vertical construction\n10.Operating through touch screen and recording of the extrusion process parameters\nBenefits:Save time and money, good advantage price offer to customers.Intelligent and easy-to-use operations.Small workplace\nrequired due to its compact design and electricity saving machine.Super quality output and the physical properties is adjustable.Precise temperature control, reaches + -1 degree.Long- life, with modern technology and optimized design.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sony's Trimaster EL PVM-2551MD is a 25\" Full-HD monitor for the medical industry. It uses the same panel used in Sony's professional HD monitors (such as the recently announced BVM-F250). The panel is the first OLED panel to get an FDA approval for use in surgery.\nThe PVM-2551MD is now shipping worldwide.\n25\" Full-HD OLED", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you’re not familiar with an Instrument Choice rain gauge, they generally consist of a clear acrylic or glass cylinder with graduations in inches, centimetres, and millimetres. You can mount these gauges on deck rails, fences, and even the ground. Before you install one, be sure to choose a location that is easy to empty and free from obstructions. Below are some common types of rain gauges.\nStandard Rain gauge\nThere are many different types of rain gauges on the market. The standard non-recording rain gauge has four main components. First, a 24″ measuring stick is placed through the orifice in the collector funnel. It should extend to the bottom of the measuring tube and then be removed. The liquid collected in the measuring tube will wet the measuring stick. It then is used to calculate the amount of rain or snowfall. A rain gauge should be level to ensure that it is accurate.\nIn addition to determining the total amount of rainfall, the measurement of snowfall should also be taken. The number of snowfalls is calculated based on the water equivalent. Therefore, snow depth is not considered in recording the amount of precipitation. If the snow has been shovelled in the winter months, the snow depth does not count. If you’re concerned about a possible leak in your rain gauge, you can replace the snow-bearing port with a standard rain gauge.\nA standard rain gauge will measure the amount of rainfall that falls on the ground. The amount of water that falls on the ground is recorded in m3 or mm. The accuracy of a rain gauge is usually defined as one per cent of the actual amount of precipitation. To calculate this, divide the total amount of rainfall by the amount of resolution of the rain gauge. Then divide the difference between the measured and real amount. If the difference is smaller, the rain gauge is likely to be less accurate.\nTipping bucket rain gauge\nThe Casella Tipping bucket rain gauge is a durable, dependable, and robust rain gauge for any location. It is designed to be a standalone sensor or integrate with an existing logging system. It has an aluminium alloy funnel with a 400cm2 aperture and a built-in spirit level to accurately measure rainfall amounts. The Casella Tipping bucket rain gauge is easy to deploy, and its minimal maintenance ensures reliable operation and long-term durability.\nThe Tipping bucket rain gauge’s mechanism automatically tipping action is triggered when a single mm of rain has been collected. A magnet then passes over a sealed reed switch, which counts as a contact closure. As a result, the Tipping bucket rain gauge is highly accurate – typically, its measurement error is less than 1% at 0 to 3.6 inches per hour and +3% above that level. The Instrument Choice rain gauge also comes with a 10-meter cable and a bounce-free reed contact.\nA stainless steel rain gauge is a standard for measuring precipitation, and it meets environmental and hydrological testing standards. Its internal tipping bucket structure provides high accuracy across a wide range of rainfall intensities. There are two types of stainless steel tipping bucket rain gauge: an all-stainless steel model and a semi-stainless steel one. The latter is also made of ABS plastic. While all three types of tipping bucket rain gauges are accurate, they are not as reliable as stainless steel ones.\nAcoustic rain gauge\nAn acoustic rain gauge is an instrument that uses sound to measure rainfall intensity. Raindrops make different sounds depending on their size, speed, and frequency. The instrument measures these differences and calculates how much rain has fallen in an area. Meteorologists and hydrologists use the rain gauge to predict the rainy season, large construction projects, and cropping patterns. The device also has a variety of applications, including weather forecasting and flood monitoring.\nThe current database was developed after recording rain on five days in different locations. The database contains seven rainfall levels and considers the effects of external variable noise. The sound detector was checked continuously to ensure that dirt did not accumulate in the pan, and audio-video recording was used to verify the database. This data was analyzed over multiple days to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the device. Acoustic rain gauges are also ideal for precision agriculture because they reduce the risk of aquaplaning and other road accidents.\nThe Mark project uses a network of 20 rain gauges located throughout Nebraska, including the Western Nebraska Irrigation Project and the Testing Ag Performance Solutions field in North Platte. Its goal is to validate the technology and demonstrate its value for the agricultural community in local rainfall data. The Instrument Choice rain gauge is also sensitive enough to distinguish between rain and hail without using a manual rain gauge. Instead, you can install the gauge on a post or wall. The cylinder is fastened to the post by an exclusive bracket.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Capturing the Dynamics of Antiferromagnetic Ordering with Ultrafast Electron Diffraction\nMartin Centurion (Physics)\nThis project aims at exploring ultrafast changes in magnetic properties of materials on the nanometer and sub-nanometer scale, using ultrafast electron diffraction (UED). The project focuses on investigating the antiferromagnetic phase transition in Chromium, but could be extended to other magnetic materials if the initial set of experiments is successful. The new capabilities are important for exploring the switching properties of materials, and to develop a fundamental understanding of magnetic ordering phase transitions.\nWe are planning to explore the antiferromagnetic phase transition by impulsively heating the materials with a femtosecond laser pulse and capturing the magnetic order with UED as the antiferromagnetism disappears above the transition temperature, and then as the magnetic order reappears as the sample cools down. The unique ability to probe samples at the sub-Angstrom level with the femtosecond resolution of UED brings a new dimension which is currently not available in the MRSEC.\nElectron diffraction pattern of a single crystal Chromium sample.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Be the first to like this\nSociety has benefited tremendously from the development and utilization of mechanical devices which are implanted inside the body and are used to replace bones and joints, increase blood flow, and even measure blood chemistry. To further enhance the performance of these devices, the application of thin films to the external surfaces is an ongoing research and development interest at many companies. Engineers have a choice of a variety of technologies to apply these liquid coatings to these often complex surfaces ranging from vacuum technology to direct liquid application. The decision on what technology to use is a function of the liquid precursor used, the mechanism of coating formation and the geometry of the object to be coated. A critical quality and process control criterion is the consistency of the coating on the surface. Fluid delivery technology can play an important part in maintaining coating consistency. Pumps and liquid flow controllers are technologies being used today. For vapor coating processes, liquid vaporization technology is a critical link in the fluid delivery system. New flow and vaporization technology is available that can be applied to fluid delivery to improve the application of medical device coatings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We have selected some commons questions that often get asked in emails by website visitors.\nCan you track the exact location of a package?\nYes. This is possible when a GPS package tracking device is included with the package. The device will provide its exact location using GPS satellites (or alternatives such as GLONASS, Galileo) combined with a data communication channel to the software application server – so you can then track its exact location inside a GPS tracking dashboard.\nHow do I track a package on Google Maps?\nFollowing on from the above question, a GPS tracking dashboard will be built around mapping data, including Google Maps. You can see an example on these youtube videos.\nDoes USPS have GPS tracking?\nNo. At the moment we are not aware of the United States Postal Service using official GPS tracking technology.\nCan you track a shipping container?\nYes. There are container tracking devices that can be fitted to a standard shipping container or reefer to enable it to be tracked. There are multiple types of technology available depending upon the requirements as to where the shipping container should be tracked – within a port; over land or over ocean.\nHow do I track a vessel location?\nLarge vessels have a transceiver onboard called a AIS (automatic identification system) which communicates with coastline AIS base stations. Vessels can be tracked using services such as marinetraffic.com and vesselfinder.com\nWhat is the smallest GPS tracking device available?\nThe smallest GPS tracking devices tend to be highly specialised and customised devices that use RF technologies instead of ceullar modems, they also have very low battery capacity.\nHow can I track a car without GPS?\nUnless you are law enforcement – when you can track a car using number plate recognition for example – it isn’t possible to track a car without GPS technology.\nCan GPS work without Internet?\nYes. GPS is a technology that doesnt need the internet to work – in fact GPS was operational long before the internet became widely available.\nCan GPS work without SIM card?\nYes. GPS is a one-way radio technology that sends signals to a GPS receiver. It does not require a SIM card, however, a GPS tracker may require a simcard if the user want realtime, live tracking information.\nHow long does a GPS tracker battery last?\nThis varies based on 2 key factors as well as some environmental factors. The key key factors are 1) battery size – more battery capacity allows for a longer GPS tracker operating time. 2) transmission frequency – GPS trackers can be set to report location at different intervals, more frequent updates will use more battery. Lastly, environmental factors can effect how long a GPS tracker battery will last. These factors include: mobile network signal strength; GPS satellite signal reception and even the ambient temperature around the GPS tracker.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Publication number||US3833269 A|\n|Publication date||Sep 3, 1974|\n|Filing date||Dec 21, 1972|\n|Priority date||Dec 23, 1971|\n|Publication number||US 3833269 A, US 3833269A, US-A-3833269, US3833269 A, US3833269A|\n|Inventors||Riesenberg K, Schwerin I, Trui J|\n|Original Assignee||Bosch Gmbh Robert|\n|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (16), Classifications (19)|\n|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|\nUnited States Patent Trui et al. Sept. 3, 1974 FLUID OPERATED SAFETY BRAKE 3,682,514 8/1972 Oberthiir 303/61 x SYSTEM 3,702,713 11/1972 Oberthilr 303/21 F  Inventors: Josef Trui, Bissingen; Klaus-Otto e *i Inge ZZ-ZiZ/iZZZTZZ-Zififi 35$? Schwenn, Moglmgen', all of A A h 18 Germany orney, gent, or zrm- 1c ae r1 er  Assignee: Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart,  ABSTRACT Germany A fluidoperated brake system is controlled by two  Filed 1972 main valves operated by two electromagnetic valves,  Appl. NO; 317,359 which are controlled by an electronic control device I responding to signals of a sensor which senses a locked condition of the brake, requiring relieving of  Forelgn Apphcat'on Pnomy a the pressure of the brake actuating means through a Dec. 23, 1971 Germany 2164094 discharge conduit opened one of the main valves If Aug. 31, 1972 Germany 2242745 the discharge conduit is opened due to a malfunction 1 when braking is required, the wheel is not braked at U-S. F, A A safety control valve is provided is oper- [5 Ilrt. ated pressure under the control of one of the Fleld of Search 61-63, electromagnetic valves to close the discharge conduit 303/6849; 188/181 when not closed by the respective main valve due to 3 malfunction of the respective electromagnetic valve,  References Clted so that a braking force is assured.\nUNITED STATE ATENT S P g S 9 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures 3,449,019 6/1969 Walker 303/21 F 7 TIME INDICATING DEVICE SENSOR i so s1 s2 & INDICATING LAMP 4 54a 1 x sdss gig s 1 3 zees 'ifi 5l' 16 6 52 l 53. & 14a 5 H 3 0 22' \\ig I ll 1,, 1 11 d. i 3 ll o R A 37 I 25 l 5 I 11 3L- 35' 43' 3 2a 18 23 so I LIL 1;,\nPATENTED 3 974 SHEET 2 0F 4 Fig. 2\n1 FLUID OPERATED SAFETY BRAKE SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a safety arrangement for a fluid operated brake system which is controlled by electronic means having sensors for sensing the braking and locked position of the brake of a motor car. The\n' brake system includes two fluid operated main valves,\nand two corresponding electromagnetic valves which control the flow of operating fluid to the main valves. In a brake system of this type, there is the problem that in the event of failure of one of the electromagnetic valves, or due to sticking of a main valve, the connection between the brake valve and the brake actuating cylinder cannot be obtained, or that the connection between the cylinder of the brake actuating means and a discharge conduit is not closed, so that the brake pressure cannot rise in the brake cylinder of the brake actuating means, which would result in complete failure of the respective brake.\nSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is one object of the invention to assure a reliable operation of a brake system of this type, even if one of the valves fails.\nAnother object of the invention is to provide a fluid operated safety brake system which remains ready for a braking operation even if after the. reduction of the brake pressure for preventing locking of the brake, the brake pressure rises again, and if a non-functioning or jammed valve interrupts the communication between the brake operating valve and the brake actuating cylinder, or if the connection between the brake cylinder and the discharge conduit remains open.\nWith these objects in view, an embodiment of theinvention provides at least one of the main valves with a safety control valve with a piston and a closure member which opens and closes a stationary valve seat. The control piston is subjected to pressure at at least one piston face, and is biased by a spring which holds the safety control valve in an inoperative normal position, but whose spring force is overcome by pressure acting on the control piston to close a discharge conduit when at least one of the valves fails. I\nIt is advantageous to provide a throttle valve for the cylinder of the control valve, which operates in such a manner that during filling of the cylinder, the throttle valve is effective, and that during emptying of the cylinder the throttle valve is ineffective so that unnecessarily fast operation of the safety control valve is prevented.\nIt is also advantageous to provide limit switches operated by the safety control valve and by at least one of the main valves, by which the operation of the safety valve can be electrically monitored. In this manner, it is possible to check before a drive, or at predetermined time intervals during inspections of the apparatus, the function of the apparatus.\nIt is also advantageous to provide a double seat valve mechanically operated by the piston of the main valve, and provided in a connecting conduit opening into the cylinder of the safety control valve so that the latter performs its function when the main valve fails. In this manner, a reliable brake effect can be obtained not only upon failure of an electromagnetic control valve controlling a main valve, but also upon jamming of a main valve.\nGenerally speaking, a safety brake system according to the invention comprises brake actuating means, which may include a brake cylinder whose pistons are connected with a brake, and operating means, such as a foot pedal operating a piston in a cylinder connected with the brake cylinder through two pressure operated main valves. One of the main valves has a discharge conduit,and the main valves'have a first position connecting the brake operating means with the brake actuating means while the main valve closes the discharge conduit, and a second position opening the discharge conduit for relieving the brake actuating means, while disconnecting the brake operating means and brake actuating means. Two electromagnetic valves are provided for controlling the flow of pressure fluid to the main valve for moving the main valves between the first and second positions. At least one safety control valve is biased to a normal position opening the discharge conduit for relieving the brake actuating means through the main valves and the discharge conduit when one main valve is placed in the second position by one of the electromagnetic valves.\nAt least the electromagnetic valve which controls the supply of pressure fluid to the control valve means, closes the control valve means and thereby the discharge conduit when one of the main valves fails to close the discharge conduit, which may be due to a malfunction of the respective electromagnetic valve.\nThe novel features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawing.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is partly a schematic sectional view, and partly a diagrammatic view illustrating conduits for a fluid and electric connections, and illustrating a first embodiment of the invention;\nFIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a second embodiment of the invention with a modified safety control valve;\nFIG. 3 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a third embodiment of the invention in which both main valves are associated with safety control valves; and\nFIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a.\nfourth embodiment of the invention in which the piston of one of the main cylinders can operate the safety control valve.\nDESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring first to FIG. 1, the apparatus includes a main valve unit 1 which is connected into a conduit 4, 5 which connects a brake operating valve 2 with a foot pedal 2a, with a brake cylinder 3 by which the brake of a wheel is actuated. An electronic control means 3' is provided and receives signals from a sensor 2' which senses the condition of the wheel on which the brake actuating means 3 act. The electronic control means 3' is connected with electromagnets 6 and 7 of electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 which control the flow of pressure fluid to the cylinder chambers l2 and 13 formed by main pistons 20 and 21 of main valves 18 and 19. The electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 have armatures 8 and 9 secured to valve members 10 and 11 which control the flow of fluid, such as air, between the cylinder chambers 12 and 13 and either a source of compressed air 14, or discharge means 16 and 17. In the illustrated position, the source of compressed air 14 is connected to a conduit 14a with a conduit 14b, closed by the valve member 10, while the cylinder chamber 12 is connected with a cylinder chamber 54a of a safety control valve 51 whose other cylinder chamber 54b on the,\nother side of a control piston 54, is connected by conduit 55 with the cylinder chamber 13 of the main valve 19. When the valve members 10-and 11 are shifted by the electromagnets 6 and 7 the connections between cylinder chambers 12 and 13 and the discharge means 16 and 17 is interrupted.\nThe main valves 18 and 19 have movable main pistons 20 and 21 located'in a cylinder bore 22, 23 and being biased by springs 24, 25. Each mainv valve piston 20, 21 has a main valve member 26, 27, and piston portions 28, 29 and-30, 31 at the ends. Pistonportions 28 and 30 bound the cylinder chambers 12 and 13, while the pistons portions 29 and 31 form cylinder chambers 29a and 31a which communicate with the atmosphere through openings 29b and 31b. The inner annular faces 29, 31' are subjected to the pressure of the brake conduit 4 which opens into a conduit 32 which communicates with an annular space 23 surrounding main piston 20, and through another conduit 33a with a throttle 33 through a bore 50 with an annular space 23 surrounding the main piston 21.\nThe main valve 18 has only one valve seat 34 which can be opened and closed for connecting and disconnecting the brake conduits 4 and through conduits 35 and 32 and the annular space 23. The second main valve 19 has two valve seats 36 and 37 located on opposite sides of the valve portion'27 of main piston 21. Together with the valve portion 27, the valve seat 36 controls the connection between the channels 35, 38 with the annular space 23,.while valve seat 37 controls a connection of channel 38 with a main discharge con duit 39.\nValve seat 34, and valve seats 36,- 37 are respectively located in annular chambers 40 and 41 in which the valve portions 26 and 27 are movable. The annular chambers 40 and 41 areconnected with each other by the connecting conduit 38. The annular chamber 41 of the second main-valve 19 is connected by a throttle bore 42 with the working chamber 43 of a pressure responsive inductive sensor 44 which is secured to the housing of the valve unit 1, and has a feeler element in the form of a membrane 43'.\nThe main valves 18 and 19 are pressure relieved due to a combination of sealing means 45 and 46 and 45 and 46, respectively, with bushings 47 and 48 provided with openings 49 and 50 for the pressure fluid. The two main valves 18 and 19 are connected in series sovthat the throttle passage 33 is upstream of the second main valve 19.\nThe safety control valve 51 is provided between the valve members and 1 1 of the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7, as explained above. The safety control valve 51 includes a closure member 52, operated by piston 54 which is biased by spring 57, and cooperating with a valve seat 53 surrounding the discharge conduit 39 of main valve 19. The control piston 54 is secured to the closure member 52, and has two annular faces of the same area. The upper cylinder chamber 54b is connected by conduit 55 with the electromagnetic valve 1 1, while the lower cylinder chamber 54a is connected by conduit 56 with an electromagnetic valve 6. Spring 57 maintains the closure member 52 in a normal open position, as illustrated, in which the discharge conduit 39 is connected by a conduit 51b to a discharge outlet 510.\nThe electronic means 3' has a schematically indicated time measuring device 60, a sensor 61 with an indicating lamp 62, and connections with the electromagnets 6 and 7';\nThe apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 operates as follows:\nDuring operation of the motor car provided with the safety brake system of the invention, all parts of the valve unit 1 are in the position illustrated in FIG. 1. When the brake valve 2 is operated by pressure on the foot pedal 2a, pressure fluid, such as air, flows from the brake conduit 4 through annular space 23, annular space 40, valves 26/34, and conduit 35 into brake conduit 5 to the brake actuating cylinder 3 so that the brake, not shown, is operated and the car is braked.\nIf the brake force is so high that the braked wheel, not shown, is locked, which may cause skidding, sensors 2 senses this condition, and the electronic means 3' effects the energization of electromagnets 6 and 7' so that the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 are operated and thearmatures 8 and 9 move the valve members 10 and 11 to their respective other position so that the brake pressure, which has just caused locking acts through annular space 40, conduit 38, annular space 41, and throttle 42 on the membrane 43' so that a pulse is generated which is supplied to the electronic control means 3' which stores a signal indicating the locking of the brake, and the pressure which caused locking of the brake.\nSincethe valve members 10 and 11 of the electromagnetic means 6 and 7 are shifted, the cylinder chambers 12 and 13 of the main valves 18 and 19 are subject to air pressure from the source of compressed air 14 through conduits 14a, 14b, and the piston portions 28 and 30 move downward with main pistons 20 and 21 so that the valves 26/34 and 27/36 close. Valve 26/34 interrupts the connection between brake conduits 4 and 5 so that no further pressure increase can take place in the brake actuating cylinder 3. At the same time, the brake conduit 5 is connected by channel 38, annular space 41, the open valve 27/37, discharge conduit 39, chamber 51a, and conduit 51b with the discharge means 510 so that the pressure in the brake actuating cylinder 3 drops so that the wheel is no longer locked, and is accelerated.\nThe sensor 2 senses the beginning rotation of the wheel, and operates the electronic control means 3' to operate the electromagnets 6 and 7' so that the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 and the main valves 18 and 19 are returned to the normal position shown in FIG. 1, the main pistons 20 and 21 being displaced by the springs 24, 25.\nThe brake conduits 4 and 5 are now again connected through the main valve 18, and pressure develops in the brake cylinder 3 which, however, is lower than the pressure which had caused locking of the wheel. Due to the storing of the locking pressure in the electronic control means 3 by means of the sensor 44, the stored locking pressure can be compared with the actual pressure, and the latter controlled to be almost as high as the locking pressure, but not so high as to cause locking of the brake.\nThe electromagnet 6' of the electromagnetic valve 6 is again operated under the control of the electronic control means 3', and the valve 26/34 is again closed. A pressure rise can only take place through the valve 27/36, upstream of which, the throttle 33 is located. Consequently, the pressure rises slowly, but since the throttle pressure fluid has initially a very high pressure, the brake actuating cylinder exerts a comparatively great pressure on the wheel,.the brake distance is shortening, and the hysteresis of the brake is overcome.\nIn the event that within a time controlled by the time measuring means 60 of the electronic control means3', the locking pressure has not been obtained, the electromagnet 6 of the electromagnetic valve 6 is switched off. Faster pressure rise up to the locking pressure takes place. If the locking pressure is reached before the expiration of a predetermined time period, the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7 are operated, and the brake is again released.\nIf during the first disconnection of the electromagnetic valves 6 and 7, the armature 9 with the valve member 11 sticks and fails, the second main valve 19 remains open which means that the brake actuating cylinder 3 is connected with the atmosphere, so that no braking pressure can develop and the wheel is no longer braked, and the change from a locked wheel to a freely rotating wheel causes a dangerous condition.\nThis danger is avoided in accordance with the invention since in the event of failure of the electromagnet 7', pressure air from the force of compressed air 14 acts through conduits 14a, 14b, and 55 in the cylinder chamber 54b, while the other cylinder chamber 54a is disconnected by the valve member from the pressure source 14. Consequently, the valve member .52 moves downward against the action of the spring 57, and closes the valve seat 53 and thereby the discharge conduit 39 so that no air can escape from the brake conduit 5, irrespective of the fact that the valve 27/37 has not closed due to failure of the electromagnetic valve 7. Consequently, pressure develops in the brake actuating cylinder 3, and at a certain predetermined pressure, electromagnet 6\" is operated by the electronic control means 3' so thatthe pressure rise is throttled by throttle 33.\nSince the electromagnetic valve 6 causes the flow of pressure fluid to the cylinder chamber 51a of the control valve 51, the pressure in chamber 54b is overcome, and safety control valve 51 opens since valve member 52 moves away from the seat 53. Since the open safety control valve 51 permits escaping of pressure fluid from discharge conduit 39, the pressure drops in the brake actuating cylinder 3, and the electromagnet 6' is again disconnected. The cylinder chamber 51a is relieved, and piston 54 moves downward. The shifting of piston 54 with valve member 52 takes place in a rapid sequence substantially at the pressure obtained after the first pressure drop. The rapid movements of the control valve 51 can be sensed by a sensor 61 controlling a warning lamp 52 in the electronic means 3'.\nFIG. 2 illustrates a safety brake system according to the invention in which the safety control valve 65 is modified as compared with the embodiment of FIG. 1.\n' The safety control valve 65 has a cylinder chamber 66 which receives fluid from a source 14 of compressed air through the electromagnetic valve 7, 11 through a throttle check valve 67. A valve portion 69 is secured to the piston 68 and cooperates with an inlet seat 70 and an outlet seat 71'. The operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 corresponds to the operation of the apparatus of FIG. 1. During braking by pressure on the foot pedal 2a, pressure fluid flows from conduit 4 and 32 through the open main valve 19 and 18, and through conduits 35, 5 to the brake actuating cylinder 3. Some brake fluid also flows through the throttle 72 into the brake actuating cylinder 3.\nWhen a wheel is almost locked, and the sensor 2' responds, first only the electromagnetic valve 7 is shifted by the electronic control means 3', shown in FIG. 1. Pressure air from the source 14 of compressed air enters the cylinder chamber 13, and the main piston 21 moves downward so that the valve portion 27 closes the seat 36 and thereby the brake conduits 4, 32. In this position, the brake cylinder 3 is connected by the open main valve 18 and connected over the open seat 37 of the main valve 19 with the atmosphere through discharge conduits 39, 39a and discharge means 390. Brake cylinder 3 is thus relieved of pressure. After a certain rapid pressure drop, electronic control means 3' ,causes the closing of the circuit of the electromagnetic valve 6, so that the main valve 18 is shifted, and the pressure reduction in brake cylinder 3 takes place less rapidly through the throttle 72. During the shifting of the electromagnetic valve 7, the cylinder chamber 66 of the safety control valve 65 receives pressure fluid through the throttle check valve 67, but this pressure has no effect if the electromagnetic valve 7 returns at a predetermined speed to its initial position so that the downstream main valve 19 effects communication with the brakes conduits. This is due to the fact that the pressure fluid upstream of the control piston 68 will be rapidly discharged through the large flow cross section of the throttle check valve 37 during the following shifting.\nIf due to sticking or jamming of the armature of the electromagnetic valve 7, the main valve 19 has not been shifted back after about I second, the pressure rise in the cylinder space 66 and acting on the control piston 68 that the force of spring 57 is overcome, and the outlet valve 69/71 closes, while the inlet valve 69/70 opens.\nThe brake pressure fluid can now flow from brake valve 2 through a conduit 77 through the improperly open main valve 19, and through the open main valve 18 to the brake actuating cylinder 3 so that further braking of the car is assured.\nIt is advantageous that in accordance with the invention, also the operation of the safety control valve 65 is checked. For this purpose, the control piston 68 carries a rod 73 cooperating with a limit switch 74 which causes indication of the piston movement at the electronic control means 3 so that it can be deter mined whether the safety control valve 65 operates properly. The piston 21 of the main valve 19 also carries a rod 75 cooperating'with an end switch 76, which is connected with the electronic control means 3 for indicating whether the main valve 19 properly operates. In this manner, it is possible to check the safety braking system before start of a drive, or at every inspection, to determine whether the safety control valve 65 and the main valve 19 operate properly.\nA further advantage of the arrangement of FIG. 2 resides in that the main valve and the safety control valve can be checked with a minimum of switches, only two switches being required.\nIn the embodiment of FIG. 3, the main valve 19' is modified, and has only one valve seat 41 cooperating with the valve portion 27. Two safety control valves are used, the safety control valve 51 corresponding to the safety control valve 51 described with reference to FIG. 1, and being associated with the discharge conduit 39 of the main valve 19'. The other safety control valve 80'assures the function of the main valve 18 with respect to the failure of one of the two electromagnetic control valves 6 or 7. In addition to the connecting conduits described with reference to FIG. 1, the cylinder chamber 12 of the main valve 18 is connected by a conduit 81 and a throttle check valve 67 with a cylinder chamber 85 under a control piston 82 of the safety control valve 80, which is biased in the opposite direction by spring 57. A valve portion 83 secured to piston 82 cooperates with a stationary valve seat 84 and forms therewith the inlet valve 83/84 which is held by a spring 57 in a normal closed position.\nThe safety control valves 51 and 80 operate as follows:\nIn the event that the main valve 19' does not operate properly due to a failure of theelectromagnetic valve 7, valve member 52 closes valve seat 53 and thereby discharge conduit 39, as described with reference to FIG. 1, so that the braking operation'takes place as described. If due to a failure of the electromagnetic valve 6, the main valve 18 sticks in the closed position, the throttle pressure rise of the fluid in chamber 85 has the effect that the inlet valve 83/84 opens so that the pressure fluid from brake valve 2 flows through valve 83/84, the annular space 81, and through a slanted channel 86, shown schematically in broken lines, to the brake cylinder 3 to obtain the braking effect. The control piston of each safety control valves 51 and 80 is mechanically coupled with a limit switch 74 and 74, respectively. Both switches 74 and 74' indicate the control piston movements at the electronic control means 3, and permitting control of the proper operation of the safety control valves 51 and 80. Evidently, the positions of the pistons 20 and 21' can be indicated in the same manner, as explained with reference to switch 76 in FIG. 2. f\nFIG. 4 illustrates a further embodiment which is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2. For obtaining a safe operation of the main valve 19 and of the electromagnetic valve 7, a control valve 89 is provided which is coupled through a connecting rod 94 with the main valve 19. The control valve 89, which includes a valve member 90 and two seats 92, 93 cooperating with valve member 91 secured to portion 94, responds through a conduit 97 to the pressure in the chamber 66 of a safety control valve 95. The piston 21 of main valve 19 operates control valve 89 mechanically through the piston portion 94. The closure member is biased by a spring 96 in axial direction, and is connected with the piston 21 of the main valve 19 by the action of two springs, namelythe weaker spring 96 acting on the closure member 90, and the spring 25 of the main valve 19. Since the springs 25 and 96 act in opposite directions, the strokes are compensated. The safety control valve 95 is constructed in the same manner as the safety control valve 65 described with reference to FIG. 2.\nAlso in this embodiment, end switches 74 and 75 are advantageously provided, and as described with reference to FIG. 2, the end switch 74 is connected with the safety control valve piston, and the end switch 76 is mechanically connected with thepiston 21 of the main valve 19.\nIf in the embodiment of FIG. 4, the main piston 21 of the main valve 19 remains in its initial position, perhaps due to sticking of the armature of the electromagnetic valve 7, or perhaps due to the fact that the piston 21 of the main valve ,19 jams or laterally binds in its initial position of rest, in which the brake pressure cannot rise, the safety control valve 95 closes the discharge outlet, and opens the inlet for the pressure fluid, so that irrespective of the failure of a valve, the pressure in the brake actuating cylinder 3 can rise again.\nGenerally speaking, and referring mainly to FIG. 1, a safety brake system according to an embodiment of the invention, comprises brake actuating means 3 and brake operating means 2 therefor; two pressure operated main valves 18 and 19, one of the main valves 19 having a discharge conduit 39, said main valves 18, 19 having a first position connecting the brake operating means 2 with the brake actuating means 3 while the main valve .19 closes the discharge conduit 39 by the valve 27/37, and a second position in which the valve 27/37 opens the discharge conduit 39 for relieving the brake actuating means 3 while disconnecting the brake operating-means 4 and the brake actuating means; two electromagnetic valves 6, 7 for moving the main valves 18, 19, respectively, between the first and second positions; and at least one safety control valve 51, 65, 80 biased to a normal position opening the discharge conduit 39 for relieving the brake actuating means 3 through the main valves 18, 19 and the discharge conduit 39 when the main valve 19 is placed in the second condition thereof by the electromagnetic valve 7; at least one electromagnetic valve 7 controlling the supply of pressure fluid to the control valve means 51 for closing the same and thereby the discharge conduit 39 when main valve 19 fails to close the discharge conduit 39.\nIt will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of safety brake systems differing from the types described above.\nWhile the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a safety brake system with a safety control valve closing a discharge conduit upon failure of a main valve, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.\nWithout further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can by applying current knowledge readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims.\nWhat is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims:\n1. Fluid operated safety brake system comprising brake actuating means and brake operating means therefor; two pressure operated main valves, one of said valves having a discharge conduit, said main valves having a first position connecting said brake operating means with said brake actuating means while said one main valve closes said discharge conduit, and a second position opening said discharge conduit for relieving said brake actuating means while disconnecting said brake operating means and said brake actuating means; two electromagnetic valves for moving said main valves, respectively, between said first and second positions; at least one safety control valve means including a control piston and spring biasing means biasing said control piston to a normal position opening said discharge conduit for relieving said brake actuating means through said main valves and said discharge conduit when said one main valve is placed in said second position by one of said electromagnetic valves; and pressure conduit means controlled by said electromagnetic valves so that pressure fluid is supplied to said control valve means for moving said piston against the action of said spring means to a position closing said discharge conduit when said one main valve fails to operate.\n2. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising sensing means for sensing a locked condition of a braked wheel, and generating a signal, and electronic control means receiving said signal and operating said electromagnetic valves in accordance with said signal so that said safety control valve is operated to close said discharge conduit when one of said electromagnetic valves fails to be operated by said electronic control means.\n3. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising a double valve having two valve seats and one valve member having two positions for cooperating with said seats, respectively, said valve member being mechanically connected withland operated by said one main valve between a discharge position, and an operative position for supplying pressure fluid to said control valve means for operating the same to move to said closed position.\n4. Brake system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said double valve includes a piston having one of said valve seats, and a first spring biassing said piston and one seat toward said valve member; and wherein said one main valve includes a valve piston carrying said valve member, and a second spring biassing said valve piston to move with said valve member into abutment with said one valve seat.\n5. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising means operated by said control valve means for indicating the positions of said control valvemeans.\n6. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 comprising at least one first limit switch operated by said control valve means; and at least one second limit switch operated by at least said one of said main valves for electrically indicating the positions of said control valve means and of said one main valve.\n7. Brake system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said control valve means has a cylinder chamber for said control piston; and at least one control conduit connecting said electromagnetic valve means with said cylinder. chamber.\n8. Brake system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said control conduit includes a throttle valve operative during filling of said cylinder chamber, and inactive during I emptying of said cylinder chamber.\n9. Brake system as claimed in claim 8 wherein said throttle valve is a check valve.\n|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US3449019 *||Jul 3, 1968||Jun 10, 1969||Ferguson H Auto Res||Vehicle braking systems|\n|US3682514 *||Aug 4, 1970||Aug 8, 1972||Itt||Antiskid brake control system|\n|US3702713 *||Jun 30, 1971||Nov 14, 1972||Itt||Anti-skid control device|\n|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|\n|US4155604 *||May 10, 1977||May 22, 1979||Societe Anonyme Francaise Du Ferodo||Modulating device for a hydraulic circuit|\n|US4205884 *||Oct 25, 1978||Jun 3, 1980||Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha||Anti-skid braking system for a vehicle|\n|US5890777 *||Nov 15, 1996||Apr 6, 1999||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Antiskid control device|\n|US5927831 *||Jan 15, 1997||Jul 27, 1999||Wabco Gmbh||Process for the restoration of brake pressure in a motor vehicle with anti-lock brake system|\n|US7354118||Feb 25, 2005||Apr 8, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, Inc.||Control valve system|\n|US7396089||Feb 23, 2004||Jul 8, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|\n|US8136893||Mar 14, 2008||Mar 20, 2012||Bendix Commerical Vehicle Systems Llc||Control valve system|\n|US8794715||May 20, 2008||Aug 5, 2014||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|\n|US8851580||Feb 9, 2012||Oct 7, 2014||Bendix Commerical Vehicle Systems Llc||Control valve system|\n|US20040187674 *||Feb 23, 2004||Sep 30, 2004||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|\n|US20060192425 *||Feb 25, 2005||Aug 31, 2006||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems, Llc||Control valve system|\n|US20070000302 *||Jan 24, 2004||Jan 4, 2007||Thomas Gramkow||Method for testing the function of a hydraulic valve and a test bench for carrying out said method|\n|US20080169701 *||Mar 14, 2008||Jul 17, 2008||Herbst Robert J||Control valve system|\n|US20080271964 *||May 20, 2008||Nov 6, 2008||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems Llc||Electro-Pneumatic Latching Valve System|\n|CN101500872B||Jul 4, 2007||Oct 23, 2013||威伯科有限公司||Valve unit for electro-pneumatic brake control device|\n|WO2004076254A1 *||Feb 23, 2004||Sep 10, 2004||Bendix Commercial Vehicle Sys||Electro-pneumatic latching valve system|\n|U.S. Classification||303/115.1, 303/122.1, 188/181.00A|\n|International Classification||B60T8/94, B60T8/46, B60T8/34, B60T8/36, B60T8/88, B60T8/17, B60T8/50, B60T8/174|\n|Cooperative Classification||B60T8/5018, B60T8/94, B60T8/36, B60T8/5056|\n|European Classification||B60T8/50K, B60T8/94, B60T8/50F, B60T8/36|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.\nNeed Help? Call our Gear Heads at 800-449-9128Private Reserve Guitars 866-926-1923\nNeed Help? Call our Gear Heads at 800-449-9128\nDelivers Classic SSL sound with maximum level control\nThe Solid State Logic X-Rack Dynamics Module is designed to be the perfect level control tool kit for recording. The Dynamics Module is densely packed with control features yet it's simple to use. The combination of separate Compressor and Gate/Expander sections is powerful, graceful, and ideal for gentle and unobtrusive level control.\nPlease note: The XR618 X-Rack Dynamics Module operates in conjunction with the XR622 X-Rack Master module.\nOrder today and enhance the capabilities of your X-Rack module system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In this study, a new eye tracking system, namely Eye Touch, is introduced. Eye Touch is based on an eyeglasses-like apparatus on which IrDA sensitive sensors and IrDA light sources are mounted. Using inexpensive sensors and light sources instead of a camera leads to lower system cost and need for the computation power. A prototype of the proposed system is developed and tested to show its capabilities. Based on the test results obtained, Eye Touch is proved to be a promising human-computer interface system. Copyright © 2008 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Commercial gas meters stand as vital instruments that play a pivotal role in accurately measuring and monitoring gas consumption in commercial and industrial settings. These specialized meters go beyond simple measurement, offering precision, versatility, and data-driven insights that are essential for effective energy management and cost control. In this article, we delve into the world of commercial gas meters, understanding their significance, types, features, applications, and the transformative impact they have on businesses and industries.\nUnderstanding Commercial Gas Meters:\nCommercial gas meters are devices designed to measure the volume of natural gas or other gases consumed by businesses and industries. They are utilized to monitor gas usage for billing purposes, internal resource allocation, regulatory compliance, and energy conservation efforts. Unlike residential gas meters, which cater to lower consumption levels, commercial gas meters are engineered to handle higher flow rates and accommodate the demands of large-scale consumption.\nTypes of Commercial Gas Meters:\nCommercial gas meters come in various types, each tailored to meet specific consumption needs and operational requirements:\n- Diaphragm Meters: These meters utilize flexible diaphragms to measure gas volume. Diaphragm meters are known for their accuracy and reliability, making them suitable for various commercial applications.\n- Turbine Meters: Turbine meters employ rotating blades that are spun by the flow of gas. The rotational speed is proportional to the gas flow rate, allowing for precise measurement.\n- Rotary Meters: Rotary meters consist of multiple chambers that fill and empty as gas flows through. These chambers are used to measure the gas volume and calculate consumption.\n- Ultrasonic Meters: Ultrasonic meters use sound waves to measure gas velocity and determine flow rate. They offer non-intrusive measurement and are suitable for large pipelines.\n- Coriolis Meters: Coriolis meters utilize the Coriolis effect to measure mass flow directly. They are highly accurate and can handle a wide range of gas compositions.\nKey Features and Benefits:\n- Accurate Measurement: Commercial gas meters offer precise measurement of gas consumption, ensuring that businesses are billed accurately and transparently.\n- High Flow Rates: These meters are designed to handle higher flow rates typical in commercial and industrial operations, allowing for efficient measurement of large gas volumes.\n- Data Insights: Many modern commercial gas meters are equipped with data communication capabilities, enabling real-time monitoring, remote data collection, and analytics-driven insights into gas consumption patterns.\n- Billing Efficiency: Accurate gas measurement provided by commercial meters ensures that businesses are billed correctly, minimizing discrepancies and disputes.\n- Regulatory Compliance: Commercial gas meters aid businesses in complying with regulatory requirements related to gas consumption reporting and energy conservation.\n- Resource Allocation: Businesses can use data from commercial gas meters to allocate resources effectively and identify areas for energy efficiency improvements.\nApplications of Commercial Gas Meters:\n- Manufacturing: Industrial processes often rely on natural gas for heating, powering equipment, and various chemical reactions. Commercial gas meters accurately measure gas consumption in these operations.\n- Commercial Buildings: Gas is used for space heating, water heating, and cooking in commercial buildings such as offices, hotels, and restaurants. Gas meters help monitor consumption in these settings.\n- Retail and Hospitality: Gas-powered equipment like ovens, stoves, and HVAC systems in retail and hospitality establishments require accurate gas consumption measurement.\n- Industrial Facilities: From large factories to warehouses, commercial gas meters provide essential data for energy management and cost control in industrial settings.\n- Educational Institutions: Universities, schools, and campuses often have diverse gas consumption needs, ranging from laboratories to heating systems.\nData Communication and Smart Capabilities:\nModern commercial gas meters are increasingly equipped with advanced features such as data communication capabilities, enabling them to be part of smart networks. These meters can transmit consumption data in real time to utility providers, offering benefits like remote meter reading, timely billing, and efficient resource allocation.\nChallenges and Considerations:\n- Installation: Proper installation of commercial gas meters is essential to ensure accurate measurements. Professionals must consider factors such as pipe size, pressure, and gas type.\n- Calibration and Maintenance: Regular calibration and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the accuracy and reliability of commercial gas meters over time.\n- Data Security: With the integration of data communication capabilities, ensuring the security and privacy of consumption data becomes a critical consideration.\nCommercial gas meters are unsung heroes in the world of energy management, providing accurate and essential measurements that enable businesses and industries to effectively manage their gas consumption. With various types catering to diverse operational needs, these meters offer precision, versatility, and the potential for real-time data insights. As technology continues to advance, the integration of smart capabilities into commercial gas meters promises to further enhance efficiency, streamline operations, and drive businesses toward sustainable energy practices. From manufacturing plants to commercial buildings, these meters empower organizations to make informed decisions, optimize energy usage, and contribute to a more responsible and sustainable energy future.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Electrochemical Synthesis of Ferrate(VI) by Anodic Oxidation\n- 2004年第10卷 \n采用电化学阳极氧化法制备高铁酸盐,研究制备条件对电解产率的影响.结果表明,灰口铸铁是较为理想的阳极材料.在以14mol·dm-3NaOH作电解液、20℃和电流密度4.54mA·cm-2条件下电解1h,得最高电流效率为68.5%,优于使用KOH作电解液.The ferrate(Ⅵ) was synthesized by electrochemical anodic oxidation. The effects of preparation conditions on the current yield of ferrate(VI) synthesis have been studied in this work. The experimental results showed that grey cast iron as an anodic material is suitable for electrochemical synthesis and NaOH solution as an electrolyte results in a higher current yield than KOH solution. The highest current yield was obtained at a current density (4.54) mA· cm~(-2),temperature 20 ℃ and 14 mol·dm~(-3) NaOH. In this case, a current yield of 68.5% was obtained by electrolysis for 1 h.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Specializing in protecting sensitive electronic devices, data lines and PCs from electrostatic discharges (ESDs), the 0603ESDA SurgX surface-mount chips are bi-directional components, have very fast response times, and exceed IEC61000-4-2 specs. With capacitance as low as 0.15 pF, the 0603 SurgX can be used on high-speed data lines, such as USB2.0 and Giga-Ethernet, without signal distortion at frequencies in excess of 6 GHz. This, combined with a leakage current of just 0.1 nA, is said to make the devices virtually invisible to circuits until activated by an ESD pulse. The ESD suppressors can protect against 15 kV ESD threats, and handle peak currents up to 45A. COOPER ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES, Boynton Beach, FL. (516) 752-5000.\nCompany: COOPER ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES\nProduct URL: Click here for more information", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Efficient and Effective\nNew non-intrusive condition monitoring equipment which monitors the voltage and current of transformers are being installed. This equipment uses a self-learning algorithm to predict future faults.\nReports & Documents\nIf you have an idea that could reshape or revolutionise the way we work, we want to hear from you.Submit an idea", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "LDA Characterization of Gas Flow in a Combustion Chamber of a Four-Stroke S.I. Engine 920519\nThe swirl and axial components of gas velocity in the disk type combustion chamber of a fired and motored spark ignition engine were measured using a fiber-optic laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA). The engine was operated at a speed of 1500 rpm, a volumetric efficiency of ηυ = 0.5, an equivalence ratio ϕ = 1.4 and with an ignition timing of θig = 30°BTDC (MBT condition).\nThe gas velocities at 9 points on a diameter at mid-height of the combustion chamber were processed by the cycle-resolved frequency discrimination method. The bulk (mean) velocity was determined by frequency components lower than a cut-off frequency of 667Hz. The flame propagation pattern was detected by ionization probes set at 17 points on the piston.\nThe results indicate significant differences in flow characteristics between motored and fired conditions during the combustion period. At the fired operation the maximum value of turbulence intensity is 30% higher, the integral spatial scale and microscale are 60% and 40% larger respectively, the swirl ratio is 50% lower and the swirl center is 40% eccentrically shifted on the radius, comparing with the motored operation.\nCitation: Obokata, T., Hashimoto, T., Gojuki, S., Karasawa, T. et al., \"LDA Characterization of Gas Flow in a Combustion Chamber of a Four-Stroke S.I. Engine,\" SAE Technical Paper 920519, 1992, https://doi.org/10.4271/920519. Download Citation", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition of tio 2 thin films and their perovskite solar cell applications\nLayer synthesis of planar heterogeneous perovskite solar cells.\nSynthesis of cp layer based on perovskite solar cells involves low\nFilm quality, high-\nTemperature annealing, non\nFlexible equipment, large restrictions\nThe impact of scale production and cp layer on carrier transportation has not yet been fully understood.\nIn this study, radio frequency magnetic sputtering (RFMS)\nThe ti02 cp layer was prepared and the thickness was controlled by the deposition time;\nMethanol nh3pbi3 film was prepared by evaporation-immersion method (E & I)\nMethods, PbI2 film prepared by thermal evaporation technology was immersed in methanol-nh3i solution.\nThe device has power conversion efficiency (PCE)of 12.\n1%, the photovoltaic performance can maintain 1440 of its initial PCE after 77% km/h.\nThe method developed in this study has the capability to manufacture large active area devices (40u2009×u200940u2009mm2)\nShow 4 promising PCE. 8%.\nThe low temperature flexible device is realized, and the PCE is 8.\n9% was obtained on PET/ITO substrate.\nThese methods can be applied to the needs of thin film solar cells\nHigh quality films reduce manufacturing costs and improve device performance.\nRFMS are done by the collision of event Ar ions and targets (\nIn this process, when some ultra-fast electrons fly to the substrate, they collide with ar atoms under the electric field E.\nAr atoms produce positive ions (Ar)\n, Then the Ar ion is experienced as the incident particle in the scattering target and in the collision with the target.\nPart of the momentum of events (Ar)\nIons are transported to target atoms that collide with other target atoms to form a cascade process.\nDuring this cascade, some target atoms near the surface with sufficient momentum move from the target to splash to the substrate. It has fast-\nDeposition and surface-\nThe specific Schematic process can be found in.\nProcess 1: anode was initially corroded with 30% HCl and zinc powder, removing the FTO from the area in contact with the anode.\nThe substrate was then cleaned with deionized water, acetone and methanol, and finally treated under an oxygen plasma for 10 minutes to remove the last remaining organic residue.\nProcess 2: The Cp TiO electron transport layer is deposited on glass/FTO or PET/ITO substrate and the electron collection cp layer is obtained through RFMS.\nThe purity of TiO target is 99.\n99%, diameter 52, thickness 5mm.\nThe distance between the target and the substrate is about 50mm.\nBefore the deposition, the chamber was evacuated ~ Under the pressure of 4 pax × 10 pa.\nRF sputtering process in pure Ar gas (99. 999%).\nThe gas flow rate of Ar is controlled by mass-\nThe flow controller and chamber are kept at working pressure 3. 5u2009Pa.\nTo clean the target surface, a pre-\n10 min was introduced before deposition.\nThe flow rate of pure Ar is fixed at 32 sccm (\nStandard cubic centimeters per minute)\nThe TiO target was splashed with a splash power of 120 kWh W.\nThe thickness of the film can be adjusted by the sputtering time and monitored by the film\nThickness gauge installed on the base plate of the chamber.\nProcess 3: PbI film is deposited on TiO cp layer to form FTO/TiO/PbI.\nPbI powder is used to prepare PbI films by hot evaporation process (\nEvaporation current: 50 u2009;\nEvaporation voltage :~ 220 V;\nChamber pressure :~ 8 pa x 10).\nThickness of PbI film detected by the film-\nThickness Gauge in chamber, can be controlled by evaporation time.\nProcess 4: immerse the FTO/TiO/PbI film in the MAI solution in methanol (10u2009mg/ml)\nMAPbI is allowed to be formed by the reaction of PbI and MAI.\nThe color of the film immediately changed from red to red.\nBrown to dark brown indicates the production of MAPbI.\nWhen the reaction is over, transfer the device to a pure acetone solution, rinse off the excess MAI, and then hold it for 5 min at 70 °c for drying on the hot plate.\nProcess 5: HTM-deposited by rotation-\nCoated spiral solution-\nIn a nitrogen atmosphere, the rotation speed is rpm, the rotation speed is 35 m/s, and 25 min is placed in a closed drying box. The spiro-\nPreparation of oMeTAD solution by adding 75 mg screw ring-\nMonth of OMeTAD, 30 u2009 μ L-tert-\nN-Ding and 10m Lin (CFSO)\nN-1 ml of P. B. Then stir for 1 hour before spinning-coating.\nProcess 6: over-heat evaporation in the vacuum chamber deposits an Au electrode with a thickness of 100 nm at the top of the HTM (9u2009×u200910u2009Pa).\nUse evaporation shielding to define the area of the device and control the active area of each device to 0. 1u2009cm2 (2u2009×u20095u2009mm), 1u2009cm (5u2009×u200920u2009mm), 4u2009cm (20u2009×u200920u2009mm)and 16u2009cm (40u2009×u200940u2009mm).\nAll grade chemicals are from Sigma-Aldrich.\nTiO aims to buy from China new metal company with 5N purity.\nMAI was prepared at home using the methods described in the literature.\nIn a typical process, methyl amine (CHNH)(13.\n5ml in aqueous solution, 40wt wt %)\nReaction with hydrogen iodine acid (HI)(15.\nWater of 0 mL, 57 wt %)\nIn the 250 round bottom flask at 0 °c, stir for 2 hours.\nRemove the solvent and excess CHNH using a rotary evaporator to obtain the initial MAI powder.\nPrecipitation is then washed three times with diethyl ether and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °c for 12 hours. Non-\nThe masked equipment was tested under Class a Solar Simulator (ABET Sun 2000)at AM1.\nLighting conditions of 5 and 100 µm/cm calibrated with reference silicon batteries (\n, Using jishili 2400 as a source-\nInstruments in environmental conditions, without sealing, are used for measuring 1500 voltage points starting at 1 kWh 1. 5u2009V to -1. 5u2009V.\nIPCE is measured in AC mode with bias light using IPCE system (\nPhotovoltaic measurement company)\nA computerized device consisting of quantum efficiency of solar cells-Solar-CellScan100. X-\nRay diffraction (XRD)\nIt\\'s in X-\nRay diffraction (D8-\nPremier Hotels in Brook, Germany)\nRadiation Using Cu Ka1 (l ¼ 1. 5406 A˚)\nThe step/time is 0. 02/1u2009s.\nSurface Morphology and Cross of membrane\nThe part of the Perovskite solar cell is characterized by the SIRION field-\nEmission scanning electron microscope\nThe local roughness of MAPbI film was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM;\n5500 Agilent Santa Clara, California)\nOperate in contact mode.\nFor the bending test, the cells are bent 300 times (600 times)\nOn a cylinder with different radius.\nIn each cycle, the cells are flipped to go through compression and tensile stress and measured every 30 cycles (60u2009times).", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "No comments here\nWhitepaper #248 submitted to the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032. Topics: exoplanets; primitive bodies; technology development\nAstrophysical measurements outside of 50 AU from the Sun enable transformative science that are impossible to obtain from inner system platforms. We describe a single powerful instrument that could be used to obtain these measurements as well as New Horizons-style flybys of dwarf planets & KBOs, enabling cross-divisional collaboration within NASA.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "VMP 6000 Turbulence Profiler\nThe VMP-6000 is a full ocean-depth profiling system for measurement of turbulence microstructure, CTD, and other oceanographic parameters. The VMP-6000 operates autonomously (without connection to the ship) and records data on the downward portion of the profile. At a programmed depth, the VMP-6000 releases ballast and returns to the surface, where it can be located with the help of RF beacon, strobe, and ARGO positioning transmitter.\n- Depth rating 6000 m\n- Up to 6 turbulence sensors (shear probes, thermistors, micro conductivity).\n- WOCE accuracy CTD.\n- High grade accelerometers (3x).\n- Internal data acquisition 4 GB solid state disk, LINUX OS.\n- Rechargeable battery pack.\n- Ballast release mechanism with 5 time redundent release mechanism.\n- Geo-electro magnetic current meter for fine-scale shear measurements available.\n- RF beacon, ARGO transmitter, and Xenon flasher.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Heat Gun, BATAVIA 380W Dual Temp Mini Hot Air Gun, Handheld Heat Gun for Crafts Embossing Solder Epoxy Resin Shrink Wrapping Vinyl Electronics Phone Repair, Multi-Function Electrical Heat Tool\n(as of Oct 01,2022 13:08:35 UTC – Details)\n【2-Temp Settings】BATAVIA 380W high-power mini heat gun has 2-temp settings (1: 480°F, 100L/min; 2: 850°F, 200L/min). The body of this heat tool uses high-quality materials and smooth body line design, built-in high-quality motor makes it quickly heat up to 850°F.\n【Widely Applicable】This MAXXHEAT heat gun perfect for crafting, soldering electronic components, powder embossing, shrinking wrap, shaping plastic parts, peeling off tapes or sticker, stripping paint etc. Due to its compact design and ease of use, it is suitable for wide range of user.\n【Ergonomic Design】This ergonomic designed heat gun with retractable stainless stand makes it convenient for using because you can achieve hands-free operation on many projects. The ventilation holes on both sides of the tail of the heater gun help to dissipate heat in time and effectively.\n【ETL-certificated】The BATAVIA handheld mini heat gun passed strict inspections and its ETL-certificated to ensure safety during use. The hot air gun has built-in overheating protection function to protect the safety of users.\n【Excellent Brand Service】BATAVIA is committed to providing affordable, innovative products and excellent customer service. If there is any question about the heat gun, please feel free to contact us by email, we will reply asap and provide excellent technical support for you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Vulcanizing Press with Digital Optical Scanner is offered in a sturdy construction and accurate dimension. The Vulcanizing Press is equipped with automatic temperature control and electrically heated aluminium platen. The Vulcanizing Press is provided with digital optical scanner and Smartpin system with automatic reset. Vulcanizing Press with Digital Optical Scanner requires no hydraulic support or oil for operation.\nVulcanizing Press With Digital Optical Scanner - Indian Products Directory", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Calibration of imaging laser-induced fluorescence measurements in highly absorbing flames\n- 110 Downloads\nIt has been described earlier that imaging measurements of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in flames can be calibrated to number densities with an integrated absorption measurement provided the integrated absorption is small. In this paper a method is presented that extends the technique to flames with substantial absorption, improves the number density determination and allows the experimental parameters to be chosen more freely. The method is based on an iterative computer procedure that reconstructs the 1-D spatially resolved absorption profile from laser measurements of the 1-D spatially resolved LIF and the integrated absorption of the laser beam. The technique is experimentally demonstrated by measurements of OH number densities in atmospheric flames. It is potentially a single-pulse method. Other applications of the iterative procedure are mentioned.\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Inray’s portable X-ray scanning equipment, suitable for scanning a diversity of different materials, is compatible with a wide variety of production lines. A twelve-meter conveyor belt is also available, for surveying a range of materials. In addition to imaging, we can analyze data and help with any potential conceptual design needs. We have participated in our clients’ development projects in which we have scanned, e.g., poles, logs, waste and agricultural biomasses.\nOperating and maintenance services include, for example, scheduled maintenance of measuring instruments, 24/7 support, remote system monitoring, software updates, and measurements relating to radiation safety. Using our operating and maintenance services, the client always has access to diligently maintained equipment and the latest software with which to ensure a long service life and high utility.\nScheduled comparative measurements, samples, lab analyses and reports are all available for assuring quality measurements. These services can be used to verify your results to officials and partners.\nMore information: Mika Muinonen, +358 50 3509071, email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Approximate Coring Device Weight\n|MARSSAM Jumbo Piston Core\n|3500 – 6000 lbs\nPiston cores recover the longest soft sediment cores of any of the equipment MARSSAM provides. The piston core drops at a free fall around a stationary piston that reduces internal friction allowing for longer cores. Jumbo piston cores recover samples of 10.16 cm diameter and up to 30m in length in ideal conditions. The free-fall is triggered by a ~3 m gravity core (“trigger core”) which also provides a 10.16 cm diameter sample of the upper sediment layers.\nMarssam also has a smaller piston corer that provides 6.35 cm diameter samples up to 25 m long.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 3331020 A\nDescription (OCR text may contain errors)\nJuly 11, 1967 R. FARENKOPF 3,331,020\nMOISTURE DETECTING APPARATUS INCLUDING A BIAS CONTROL FOR SEPARATELY CONTROLLING THE BIAS APPLIED TO THE BASES OF AT LEAST ONE TRANSISTOR RELATIVE TO ANOTHER Filed Dec. 27, 1962 HTTOR Y1 Ey United States Patent MOISTURE DETECTING APPARATUS INCLUDING A BIAS CONTROL FOR SEPARATELY CONTROL- LING THE BIAS APPLIED TO THE BASES OF AT LEAST ONE TRANSISTOR RELATIVE TO AN- OTHER Rudi Farenkopf, Renningen, Wurttemberg, Germany, assignor to K. P. Mundinger G.m.b.H., Renningen, Warttemberg, Germany Filed Dec. 27, 1962, Ser. No. 247,623 9 Claims. (Cl. 324-65) The present invention relates to a moisture meter for measuring the moisture content of different materials or articles.\nSimilar moisture meters according to the prior art are generally provided with amplifiers which require electron tubes and are therefore not only of a considerable size and weight but are also very delicate and fragile and susceptible to trouble. They are easily damaged When handled too roughly and then fail to operate, especially when used for carrying out measurements outside of a building or in storage sheds, for example, when used for measuring the moisture content of lumber, grain, or the like.\nIt is the principal object of the present invention to provide a moisture meter which overcomes the abovementioned disadvantages. For attaining this object, the moisture meter according to the invention which is especially intended for determining the moisture content of solid materials by measuring the electrical resistance thereof by means of electrodes which are applied upon or n inserted into the material to be measured is provided with a transistor which is connected between the measuring electrodes and the indicating instrument and operates as an amplifier. In order to eleminate the effects of variations in voltage and temperature, the apparatus according to the invention employs two transistors which are connected symmetrically in opposition to each other or at least two transistors which are connected in series.\nWhile an amplifying circuit employing electron tubes always requires a relatively high filament power and therefore batteries of a considerable size and weight which render such a portable apparatus very heavy, bulky, and hard to manipulate, this disadvantage is overcome according to the invention since the transistors employed therein require hardly any power. The voltage required for the operation of the transistors may be supplied by a small long-lasting battery and the measuring instrument may therefore be of a small size, light weight, easy to manipulate, relatively shock-proof, and not susceptible to trouble and breakdowns.\nDetailed tests have also revealed that the logarithmic dependency of the resistance upon the moisture content of the particular material or article to be measured can be adapted without difficulty to the exponential characteristic of the transistors. The indicating instrument of the measuring apparatus according to the invention may therefore be provided with a practically linear indicating scale which may extend, for example, from about 40 kn to about 100 M9. Furthermore, this apparatus indicates the moisture content within a wide range independently of variations in voltage or temperature as well as quickly, reliably, and accurately. It may also be employed for many different purposes especially since its function and operation of determining the moisture content of a ma 3,33ifi2fi Patented July 11, 1967 terial or article is entirely independent of the type and nature of such a material or article. This is due to the fact that, because of the unique characteristics of transistors insofar as their amplifying effects may be varied by different circuit connections and different connections of their electrodes, it is possible to adapt the measuring circuit to many different requirements which may occur in actual practice. In order to comply with the particular requirements upon the measuring procedure and the sensitivity of the indicating instrument of the apparatus in measuring the moisture content of different articles or materials, it is possible to vary the individual elements of the apparatus by selecting the type and size most suitable for the particular measurement.\nThe features and advantages of the present invention will become more clearly apparent from the following detailed description thereof which is to be read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which FIGURES 1 to 3 show three different circuit diagrams of a measuring apparatus employing a transistor amplifier according to the invention.\nIn the drawings, FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 each show a circuit in which two transistors are connected symmetrically in opposition to each other, while FIGURE 3 shows a circuit in which two transistors are connected in series. of course, these circuits are to be regarded merely as examples of the manner in which the invention may be applied inasmuch as many other suitable circuits including those with more than two transistors may be devised without departing from the scope of the invention.\nIn the circuit of the apparatus as illustrated in FIGURE 1, a source of current U which may consist, for example, of a dry-cell battery, is bridged by an adjustable potentiometer S. The resistance R to *be measured is connected at one side to the current source U and at the other side to the emitters of the two transistors T and T between which, if desired, coupling resistances K may be connected. The base of each transistor T and T is connected to the potentiometer S which bridges the current source U and is also connected through a variable balancing resistor W to the emitter circuit. The two collectors of the transistors T and T are likewise connected to each other and also to the indicating instrument A which, in turn, is connected in the usual manner to the current source U. If required, a variable compensating resistor W may also be inserted into the output circuit for attaining the most suitable scale adjustment.\nThe transistors which so far have been found to be the most suitable for the apparatus according to the invention are junction transistors of the npn-type since they may withstand a higher load and therefore permit a higher amplification and also have a very low input resistance as compared with transistors of the pup-type. By connecting the two transistors T and T in opposition to each other, it is also possible to compensate for variations in voltage and temperature to which transistors are usually very susceptible, so that the high indicating accuracy of the apparatus will always remain constant. By means of the resistor W it is possible to determine the most suitable working point of the transistors, while the potentiometer S permits the input potentials on the emitters to be properly adjusted with respect to the output potentials on the collectors.\nFIGURE 2 illustrates a circuit similar to that according to FIGURE 1, in which in place of a potentiometer two small current sources U and U are provided which are connected in series. The resistance R to be measured is connected at one side to the current source U and at the other side to the bases of the two transistors T and T rather than to the emitters as in the circuit according to FIGURE 1.\nThe emitters of the two transistors T and T are connected in parallel to the point of connection between the two current sources U and U and, if desired, fixed or variable resistors W and W may be inserted into this circuit. The collectors of the two transistors T and T are preferably connected in parallel through balancing resistors R and R to the indicating instrument A which is also connected in the usual manner to the current source U A moisture meter with a circuit according to FIGURE 2 has the same advantages as one with a circuit according to FIGURE 1. Of course, the apparatus is designed so as to permit the different resistors to be easily adjusted or exchanged in accordance with the size required for the particular measurements to be carried out.\nFIGURE 3 illustrates a further transistor circuit according to the invention, in which a source of alternating current is employed in place of a direct-current source and in which the two transistors T and T are connected in series and produce a multistage amplification. The alternating current may be produced in any suitable manner, for example, by a small generator or by an oscillator or a transistorized direct-current converter. One pole of the second current source U consisting of a small battery is connected in the usual manner to the alternating-current source U The resistance R to be measured is connected to this alternating-current source U and also through a condenser F to the base of the transistor T In front of the condenser F a connecting line branches off to the collector of the transistor T and into this connecting line a fixed or variable damping resistor R is inserted. The emitter of the transistor T is further connected to the emitter of the second transistor T and the emitter of both transistors are connected to the connecting point between the two current sources U and U The collector of the transistor T is further connected through a coupling condenser F and parallel thereto through a variable coupling resistor R to the base of the transistor T In parallel connection to the latter there are also a resistor R; and a transformer U, both of which are connected at one side to the current source U By means of the transformer U the measuring current is transmitted in the usual manner to the indicating instrument through a pair of rectifiers. This circuit arrangement also permits high resistances or the corresponding conductances as occur in moisture and insulation measurements to be measured and indicated very quickly, accurately, and reliably.\nAlthough my invention has been illustrated and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, I wish to have it understood that it is in no way limited to the details of such embodiments, but is capable of numerous modifications within the scope of the appended claims.\nHaving thus fully disclosed my invention, what I claim 1. A measuring instrument for indicating the moisture content of solid materials by measuring the electric resistance thereof by means of measuring electrodes applied upon or inserted into the material, comprising a measuring circuit, an indicating instrument, a current source coupled to said measuring circuit and said indicating instrument, said measuring circuit including at least two transistors interconnected to operate as amplifiers and connected between said measuring electrodes and said indicating instrument, means for coupling said measuring electrodes across the base-emitter of at least one of said transistors, and variable impedance means operatively interconnected between said transistors for separately controlling the bias applied to the base of at least one transistor relative to the other for adjusting current flow through one of the transistors relative to current flow through the remaining transistor to compensate for variations in temperature and supply voltage whereby an accurate linear measurement of moisture content is obtained over a relatively large measuring range.\n2. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 1, in which said two transistors are connected symmetrically in parallel circuit relationship in opposition to each other.\n3. A measuring instrument as defined inclaim 1, in which said transistors are connected in series circuit relationship relative to each other in a cascade connection.\n4. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 1, in which said transistors are of the npn-type.\n5. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 1, further comprising means for connecting the resistance to be measured at one side to said current source and at the other side in parallel to the emitters of said two transistors, a balancing resistor, means for connecting the emitters of said transistors through said balancing resistor to the bases of said transistors, a variable potentiometer, means for connecting said transistors through said potentiometer to said current source, means for conmeeting the collectors of said transistors to each other, and means for connecting said collectors to said indicating instrument.\n6. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 5, further comprising a line connecting the emitters of said two transistors to each other, at least one coupling resistor inserted into said connecting line, a compensating resistor, and means for connecting said compensating resistor between the collectors of said transistors andsaid indicating instrument.\n7. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 1, further comprising means for connecting the resistance to be measured at one side to said current source and at the other side to the bases of said two transistors,\nwhich are connected in parallel, a second current source, a line connecting one side of said second current source to one side of said first current source, means for connecting the emitters of said transistors to said currentsource connecting line, lines connecting the collectors of said transistors in parallel to said indicating instrument.\n8. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 7, further comprising a line connecting the emitters of said two transistors to each other, compensating resistors connected into said emitter connecting line, and balancing resistors connected into said collector connecting line.\n9. A measuring instrument as defined in claim 1, in which said current source comprises a first direct current source and a second alternating current source, each connected at one side to the other, and wherein the measuring instrument further comprises a first and a second condenser, a damping resistor, a coupling resistor, a further resistor, a transformer, a resetting resistance means for connecting the resistance to be measured at one side to said alternating current source and at the other side in parallel through said first condenser to the base of the first of said transistors and through said damping resistor to the collector of said first transistor, means for connecting the emitters of said two transistors to each other and also to both of said current sources, means for con meeting the base of the second transistor through said coupling resistor and said second condenser in parallel with said coupling resistor to the collector of said first transistor, means for connecting the collectors of the first and second transistors through said further resistor and through said transformer to said second current source, said transformer lying parallel to said resetting resistance, and rectifying means connecting said transformer to said indicating instrument.\n(References on following page) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Marco et a1. 32462 Sziklai et a1. 33013 Houck 33013 Mead 32465 Kemelhor et a1. 324-62 Giger 330-12 6 3,197,697 7/ 1965 McCauley 324-62 FOREIGN PATENTS 900,194 7/ 1962 Great Britain.\nWALTER L. CARLSON, Primary Examiner.\nW. H. BUCKLER, E. E. KUBASIEWICZ,", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The increasing penetration of distributed power generation into the power system leads to a continuous evolution of grid interconnection requirements. In particular, active power control will play an important role both during grid faults (low-voltage ride-through capability and, controlled current injection) and in normal conditions (reserve function and frequency regulation). The aim of this paper is to propose a flexible active power control based on a fast current controller and a reconfigurable reference current selector. Several strategies to select the current reference are studied and compared using experimental results that are obtained, during an unsymmetrical voltage fault. The results of the analysis allow selection of the best reference current in every condition. The proposed methods facilitate multiple choices for fault ride through by simply changing the reference selection criteria.\n|Titolo:||Flexible active power control of distributed power generation systems during grid faults|\n|Data di pubblicazione:||2007|\n|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||10.1109/TIE.2007.899914|\n|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Control your environment\nInformation about DUST\nArticle number: DUST V2\n- Can monitor TSP (Total Suspended Particulate), PM 10, PM 2.5 or PM 1\n- Constant wireless data transfer to Honeycomb via 4G/LTE or WiFi\n- Suitable for rough environments\nA certified monitoring device\nThe DUST air quality monitor is MCERTS-certified, meaning that it complies with the Quality and Performance Standards for Environmental Data Management Software established by the Environmental Agency of England & Wales. Since MCERTS is based on international standards itself, you can rest assured that the DUST air quality unit meets your regional quality requirements for monitoring devices.\n✅ CE approved\n✅ FCC international guidelines\n✅ Low Voltage Directive\nSuitable for multiple purposes\nWith the DUST monitor, you can monitor TSP (Total Suspended Particulate), PM 10, PM 2.5 or PM 1. The DUST unit comes with a PM 10 cyclone, but you can easily exchange it for cyclones suitable for smaller particle sizes. Our DUST unit helps you keep your on-site personnel safe by monitoring a major risk factor at construction sites and waste facilities.\nEfficient solution for the management of dust measurements\nJust like our SWARM vibration monitor, the DUST unit is connected to the Honeycomb platform. Through it, you can remotely configure, view and manage your dust and vibration monitoring projects, create custom views and export the collected data. In short, environmental monitoring just got a lot simpler and more efficient.\nAn air quality monitor designed for rough environments\nThe DUST monitor was designed for outdoor use and can be used even in the roughest environment. You can use the DUST air quality sensor for particulate matter monitoring and dust emission simulation in the following environments:\n- Construction, excavation, demolition, mining and more;\n- Recycling and waste facilities.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A new twist to 3-D imaging technology could enable people to use a self-driving car to spot their kid half a block away, answer their smartphone across a room with the wave of their hand, and many more.\nThe new system, developed by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, can remotely sense objects across distances as long as 30 feet, 10 times farther than what could be done with comparable current low-power laser systems.\nWith further development, the technology could be used to make smaller, cheaper 3-D imaging systems that offer exceptional range for potential use in self-driving cars, smartphones and interactive video games like Microsoft's Kinect, all without the need for big, bulky boxes of electronics or optics.\nThe new system relies on LIDAR (\"light radar\"), a 3-D imaging technology that uses light to provide feedback about the world around it. LIDAR systems of this type emit laser light that hits an object, and then can tell how far away that object is by measuring changes in the light frequency that is reflected back.\nIt can be used to help self-driving cars avoid obstacles halfway down the street, or to help video games tell when you are jumping, pumping your fists or swinging a \"racket\" at an imaginary tennis ball across an imaginary court.\nIn their new system, the team used a type of LIDAR called frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LIDAR, which they felt would ensure their imager had good resolution with lower power consumption, Behroozpour says.\nThis type of system emits \"frequency-chirped\" laser light (that is, whose frequency is either increasing or decreasing) on an object and then measures changes in the light frequency that is reflected back. (ANI)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Reliable separations of organic and inorganic anions\nPRP-X100: Anion Exchange HPLC Column\nHigh capacity ion exchange chromatography of organic and inorganic anions, organic acids, organic and inorganic arsenic species, halides, nucleotides.\nHamilton PRP-X100 and PRP-X110 are highly stable, inert materials. The PRP-X100 can be used with virtually any HPLC or ion chromatograph, including dedicated IC units. Technological advancements in modern polymer chemistry now deliver a more rugged column with exceptionally higher separation efficiencies than earlier predecessors. PRP-X100 and PRP-X110 columns are well suited for use in systems employing suppressed/non-suppressed conductivity, electrochemical, UV, and ICP-MS detection. Chromatographers currently using wet chemical or colorimetric methods will find ion chromatography greatly reduces sample pretreatment and improves the accuracy and precision of results.\nIn anion exchange chromatography, the stationary bed has an ionically positive (+) charged surface while the sample ions are of negative (-) charge. The stronger the negative charge on the sample, the stronger it will be attracted to the positive charge on the stationary phase.\nAnion Exchange Capacity\nAnion exchange capacity is a measurement of the number of negative charges (anions) that the exchange resin can bind to and is reported in singly charged ion equivalents per 1 gram of resin. Exchange capacity is dependent upon the pH of the mobile phase and in anion exchange chromatography; as mobile phase acidity decreases (pH increases), the exchange capacity decreases.\nPayment & Security\nYour payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Flaw detection and wall thickness measurement of damping materials\nTesting of plates, blocks, cast and forged parts as well as plastics\nDetection of delamination etc.\nThe ergonomic straight beam probes of the SONOSCAN Series for Nondestructive Testing (NDT) comply with the European Standard DIN EN 12668-2. Our ultrasonic transducers are used to check metals, plastics and ceramic materials for discontinuities, such as cracks, inclusions, blowholes and other material flaws.\n|SONOSCAN PXS10||Ø 6 mm||10 MHz||Microdot|\n|SONOSCAN PXS15||Ø 5 mm||15 MHz||Microdot|\n|SONOSCAN PS2 EN||Ø 10 mm||2 MHz||LEMO 00|\n|SONOSCAN PS4 EN||Ø 10 mm||4 MHz||LEMO 00|\n|SONOSCAN PL1 EN||Ø 24 mm||1 MHz||LEMO 1S|\n|SONOSCAN PL2 EN||Ø 24 mm||2 MHz||LEMO 1S|\n|SONOSCAN PL4 EN||Ø 24 mm||4 MHz||LEMO 1S|\n|SONOSCAN PS2i EN||Ø 10 m||2 MHz||LEMO 00|\n|SONOSCAN PXS10i EN||Ø 8 mm||10 MHz||Microdot|\n* SONO-ID tag for intelligent probe recognition and data memory via SONOWALL 70", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The XL-WP4 is a universal, 66 W in-line AC-to-DC power supply XLR 4-pin DC connector with detachable IEC power cord. 100–240, 50/60 Hz.\nThe XL-WP4 converts AC wall power to DC power for your recording devices through an XLR4-F connector. Like with most power bricks, the IEC wall power cord detaches for easier storage.\nThe XL-WP4 is included with the Sound Devices 970, PIX 260i, and PIX 250i, and can be used to power any device with an XLR4M power input, like the Audio Limited A10-Rack.\n[email protected] (212) 629-9430[email protected] (404) 855-2255", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Click on image for PDF version of poster\nPoster presented at the 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference by A. Epps, M. Sandler\n\"The goal of the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) is to digitize and archive the magnetic tape records generated by the five Lunar Orbiter spacecraft in the mid-1960s. The readout scanners utilized onboard the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft employed a phosphor-covered anode bombarded by an electron beam to focus a spot of light on 70mm film developed onboard the spacecraft. This light was modulated by the density of the image and read by a photomultiplier tube. Each individual pass of this scanning procedure across the 70mm film produced a thin strip of a larger image, referred to as a \"framelet\". The product of the spacecraft's readout system was a video waveform that was modulated and transmitted to three DSIF stations and recorded onto 2-inch magnetic tape via Ampex FR-900 data recorders. This document discusses the process by which these video signals were converted into digital images.\"", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Motors – AC, DC play a pivotal role in powering numerous devices and machinery we encounter daily. Motors are the driving force behind these technological marvels, from electric vehicles to industrial machinery.\nAC stands for Alternating Current, while DC stands for Direct Current. These terms refer to the electrical current used to power the motor. AC motors run on alternating current, where the direction of the current periodically changes, while DC motors run on direct current, where the current flows consistently in one direction.\nAC motors are used in industrial applications due to their efficiency, reliability, and ability to operate at varying speeds. They are categorized into two main types: synchronous and asynchronous motors. DC motors operate using direct current, making them particularly useful in applications requiring precise speed control and torque. These motors utilize a magnetic field generated by the direct current to produce rotational motion. DC motors can be further classified into brushed and brushless motors.\nSynchronous AC motors are designed to rotate at a constant speed, synchronizing with the frequency of the alternating current power supply. These motors are ideal for applications that require precision, such as clocks, timers, and robotics. They are also commonly found in power plants, where they help generate electricity.\nThe synchronization of a synchronous AC motor is a critical aspect of its operation. The magnetic field created by the rotor must exactly align with the revolving magnetic field produced by the stator. This synchronization ensures that the rotor rotates at the desired speed, matching the frequency of the AC power supply. It allows for precise control over the motor’s speed and makes synchronous AC motors well-suited for applications that require constant rotational speed.\nAsynchronous AC motors, or induction motors, are the workhorses of industrial applications. They operate slightly slower than synchronous motors and are highly versatile. Induction motors are widely used in various industries, including manufacturing, HVAC systems, and appliances like refrigerators and washing machines.\nAn important feature of asynchronous AC motors is that they can function without requiring the rotating magnetic field and the rotor to be synchronized. This is achieved through induction, where the rotor currents are induced by the rotating magnetic field of the stator. As a result, the rotor rotates at a slightly slower speed than the rotating magnetic field, creating what is known as slip. This slip allows the motor to generate torque and overcome the inertia of the connected load.\nBrushed DC motors have been a cornerstone of electrical engineering, driving countless devices and machinery with their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. They find applications in small appliances, power tools, and automotive systems.\nBrushed DC motors rely on the interaction between the magnetic field and an electric current to generate rotational motion. They consist of a rotor, a stator, brushes, and a commutator. When electrical current passes through the windings of the rotor, it generates a magnetic field. In conjunction with the brushes, the commutator ensures the continuous flow of current and the reversal of the magnetic field, allowing the rotor to rotate.\nBrushless DC motors have gained significant popularity due to their efficiency and durability. Unlike brushed motors, they use electronic commutation to eliminate the need for brushes and commutators. This technology enhances motor performance, reduces maintenance requirements, and enables precise control. Brushless DC motors are found in electric vehicles, drones, and high-precision industrial machinery.\nBrushless DC motors can provide greater power outputs while being smaller and lighter than brushed DC motors. Eliminating brushes reduces wear and tear, resulting in longer motor life and reduced maintenance requirements.\nOne of the considerations when using brushless DC motors is the requirement for electronic control systems. These motors require dedicated electronic controllers to energize the stator windings in the correct sequence precisely. The electronic control system adds complexity and cost to the overall motor system but provides enhanced control and performance benefits.\nTormeka is the premier distributor of AC and DC motors in Europe. Tormeka offers a comprehensive range of AC and DC motor solutions and electronic components in Europe. At Tormeka, we provide exceptional customer service and support with all available products.\nFAQs About AC, DC Motors\nA: AC motors operate on alternating current, while DC motors run on direct current. AC motors are known for their ability to vary speeds, while DC motors offer precise speed control and torque.\nA: AC motors find applications in various industries, including power generation, manufacturing, and appliances like refrigerators and washing machines.\nA: DC motors use direct current to generate a magnetic field, producing rotational motion. This mechanism enables precise speed control and torque.\nA: Yes, brushless DC motors are more efficient and durable than brushed DC motors. They eliminate the need for brushes, reducing maintenance requirements and improving overall performance.\nA: Brushless DC motors find extensive application in electric vehicles, drones, and high-precision industrial machinery where there is a need for accurate speed regulation and long-lasting performance.\nA: AC motors can vary in speed and are generally more cost-effective for applications that don’t require precise speed control. They are also suitable for long-distance power transmission.\nA: Synchronous AC motors achieve synchronization by the interplay between the rotating magnetic field by the stator and the permanent magnets installed on the rotor.\nA: Asynchronous AC motors achieve rotation through induction. The magnetic field generated by the stator causes currents to be induced in the rotor, creating another magnetic field that rotates. The interaction between these magnetic fields generates rotational motion.\nA: Brushless DC motors offer higher efficiency, greater power density, enhanced reliability, and smoother control than brushed DC motors. They also eliminate the need for brushes, reducing maintenance requirements and improving overall motor life.\nMotors – AC, DC are the powerhouses behind modern technology, driving our world forward with remarkable capabilities. AC motors excel in industrial applications, offering efficiency and versatility, while DC motors provide precise speed control and torque, making them indispensable in numerous fields. Contact us if you want to power up your machinery with reliable AC and DC motors. At Tormeka, our professionals are committed to delivering top-notch products and exceptional customer assistance. Remember Tormeka for all kinds of electronic components needs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Rs13100 wireless MCU is an ultra-low power dual-mode SOC device that supports Bluetooth 5 and 802.15.4 technology and can run ZigBee or thread protocol. It can provide necessary connection options and processing capabilities for audio, data transmission, positioning and control applications. It is an ideal solution for the markets of wearable devices, home automation, industrial automation, lighting and household appliances.\nRs13100 SOC device has arm cortex m4f with performance up to 180mhz, maximum 4MB special flash memory and 400KB ram, which can handle very demanding operation smoothly and efficiently. In order to create a highly secure system, rs13100 includes multiple layers of security, including physical non cloning function (PUF), encryption hardware accelerator, secure boot and secure zone.\nThe low-power Bluetooth 5 long-distance data rate of rs13100 device is 125kbps, the high data rate is 2Mbps, and has the advertising expansion function to ensure high connectivity. This SOC has advanced RF performance, low-power Bluetooth and 802.15.4, with output power up to 20dbm, providing long-distance wireless connection and higher throughput. With the integrated wireless stack and profile, customers can easily integrate and profile the rs13100.\nThe dimensions of rs13100 devices are only 3.51mm x 3.60mm (SOC) and 4.63mm x 7.90mm (module), with ultra-small overall dimensions. Customers can visit www.rutronik24.com com. Cn for other packaging options. The device has unique peripherals such as ULP subsystem, voice activity detection (VAD) and up to eight capacitive touch sensor inputs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS\nInstrument reliability is a way of ensuring that any instrument used for measuring experimental variables gives the same results every time.\nIn the physical sciences, the term is self-explanatory, and it is a matter of making sure that every piece of hardware, from a mass spectrometer to a set of weighing scales, is properly calibrated.\nInstruments in Research\nAs an example, a researcher will always test the instrument reliability of weighing scales with a set of calibration weights, ensuring that the results given are within an acceptable margin of error.\nSome of the highly accurate balances can give false results if they are not placed upon a completely level surface, so this calibration process is the best way to avoid this.\nIn the non-physical sciences, the definition of an instrument is much broader, encompassing everything from a set of survey questions to an intelligence test. A survey to measure reading ability in children must produce reliable and consistent results if it is to be taken seriously.\nInternal consistency is usually measured with Cronbach’s alpha, a statistic calculated from the pairwise correlations between items. Internal consistency ranges between negative infinity and one. Coefficient alpha will be negative whenever there is greater within-subject variability than between-subject variability.\nA commonly accepted rule of thumb for describing internal consistency is\n|Cronbach’s alpha||Internal consistency|\n|α ≥ 0.9||Excellent|\n|0.9 > α ≥ 0.8||Good|\n|0.8 > α ≥ 0.7||Acceptable|\n|0.7 > α ≥ 0.6||Questionable|\n|0.6 > α ≥ 0.5||Poor|\n|0.5 > α||Unacceptable|\nINTERNAL CONSISTENCY RELIABILITY:\nInternal consistency reliability defines the consistency of the results delivered in a test, ensuring that the various items measuring the different constructs deliver consistent scores.\nFor example:- an English test is divided into vocabulary, spelling, punctuation and grammar. The internal consistency reliability test provides a measure that each of these particular aptitudes is measured correctly and reliably.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ducking is a popular technique used in EDM music to apply percussive processing to pads, leads, and bass lines using side-chains on compressors. This technique is also used as a method for getting bass and drum passages to subtly fit together in mixes. In order to successfully apply ducking to your track you must have the following:\n- Compressor inserted on a pad or lead track with side-chain capabilities\n- Percussive source to key the side-chain\nFirst, grab a kick drum sample and align it to the desirable rhythm you need. Next, insert a compressor onto your synth lead or pad track. Afterwards insert a send on the sampled kick drum track and set the send to “Pre-fader”. In SONAR, deselecting the [Post] button enables pre-fader sends. Mute the kick drum sample and turn up the gain on the send.\nOnce you have the signal flow set, enable the Sidechain on the Compressor. Now, every time the kick drum sample plays the Side-Chain will trigger the compressor and “Duck” the signal. You can set the compressor using the Threshold, Attack, and Release settings to shape the kind of effect you want.\nTry it yourself with the SONAR X2 Producer free 30-Day trial.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "3D printing is a diverse field, in particular for biological or bioengineering applications. As a result, research teams working in this area are often multidisciplinary. A (bio) 3D printer in this research environment should balance performance with ease of use in order to enable system adjustments and operation for all machine users from a wide range of disciplines. This work presents results in the development of an easy-to-use fabrication system capable of producing rectilinear bone scaffolds. Common motion control problems, which are barriers to ease of use, are addressed and implemented in a way that researchers outside of the controls field could easily understand. A dynamic model of a 3-stage position system for bone scaffold fabrication is presented. Further, control design for a feedforward plus feedback controller and a user-friendly ILC feedforward compensator is outlined. The ability of the (bio) 3D printer to print bone scaffolds and the effectiveness of the control architecture is demonstrated.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Nigeria N0.1 online Medical Equipment store\nMini Dry Bath Incubator fits conveniently on every bench with its very small footprint. The digital microprocessor ensures temperature accuracy of the metal block and quick heating saves your valuable time. This small but powerful unit is suitable for a range of applications: Restriction digests, denaturing DNA, NUB, melting agar, coagulation studies, in-situ hybridisation, and Hot Start thermocycler reactions. The unit is supplied with a transparent lid for temperature uniformity across all tubes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "How Communities & Businesses Are Using Air Quality Technology During Wildfires\nDo you know how many wildfires happen in the US each year?\nAccording to the EPA, there are an average of 70,000 wildfires—and that’s just one country. All over the world, many communities are experiencing longer and harsher fire seasons and the harsh impacts of reduced air quality for extended periods of time.\nThankfully, air quality monitoring is helping these communities better monitor their air pollution.\nIn today’s blog, we’re looking at how new, affordable, and highly precise air quality monitors have become available for anyone to use. Then, we’ll look at real-life examples where businesses have been using these air quality monitors for all kinds of projects.\nThe Rise of Low-Cost Air Quality Monitors\nAir quality monitoring has been taking place since the early days of coal mining when they used canaries to detect air quality. When air quality monitoring became more prevalent in big cities, the monitors were bulky, expensive, and not always that accurate.\nIn the last several years, air quality monitors have become more affordable, therefore, more accessible. More community scientists are getting involved in air quality research with the help of PurpleAir air quality monitors or using our air quality data.\nFor example, our PurpleAir Zen is the latest air quality monitor designed to give you peace of mind—whether you’re using it for your home, office, or research project.\nPurpleAir Zen Monitor\nIf you live in an area prone to wildfires, you want as much warning as you can get. The PurpleAir Zen is our latest air quality monitor measuring real-time PM2.5 concentrations. And it’s not just for individual use, each air quality monitor owned by a local business or community member helps contribute to the available data on our PurpleAir Map.\nSome other features include:\n- Built in full color LED ring so it’s easy to see your air quality across the room based on the color of the light, as well as a tap sensor to adjust the brightness.\n- Versatile mounting hardware so it can be used indoors and out with the included desktop or wall (or pole) mount.\n- Pressure, Temperature, Humidity & Gas Sensor which is also helpful for people who connect PurpleAir monitors to their home automation apps.\n- Built-in SD card which allows you to log information for offline data capture.\n- WiFi connectivity so that data is stored in the cloud and added to the PurpleAir Map in real time.\nThe PurpleAir Map is a web application that displays a network of community-owned, PurpleAir sensors which each upload data to the PurpleAir map in real time. With the PurpleAir Map, anyone can see their city’s air quality in real-time.\nCommunity members can also easily download historical air quality data for research projects.\nHow Businesses Are Using PurpleAir During Wildfire Season\nToday, there are plenty of new solutions to seeing your air quality, and PurpleAir is just one of them. Even National Geographic reported on how more residential monitors are being used to help fire-struck communities.\nIn 2020, a group of academic researchers in Los Angeles also wondered how the city of LA could better monitor particulate matter in local neighborhoods hourly. Historically, the challenge in getting this information was that government air quality monitors were too sparse and residential air quality monitors were too costly or inaccurate.\nHowever, with the increased use and affordability of air quality monitors like PurpleAir, they found they could gain better up-to-date data when used in combination with local monitoring systems used by other agencies. Additionally, they concluded that the increased use of PurpleAir monitors was a giant step towards empowering community scientists.\nThis type of community involvement also has the potential to have a positive impact on emergency services during wildfires. For example, firefighters used PurpleAir monitors during wildfires to determine where to set up temporary monitoring for particulate matter. This gave them more insight into the air quality during wildfires in real-time, giving them better data to make informed safety decisions for local communities.\nWe hope more cities and communities are inspired to invest in air quality technology or using the PurpleAir Map to see their city’s air quality in real-time.\nConnect With PurpleAir\nAt PurpleAir, there are tons of organizations around the world using our data—from Google to the EPA. We’re thrilled to see research projects like this, and we look forward to seeing plenty more in the future.\nAre you a technology company or institution looking to work with PurpleAir?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Measurement of adhesive properties by nanoindentation\nAdhesion properties are becoming very important in industrial and academic research domains such as in electronics or soft materials. The current status of development now allows for manufacturing of such adhesive layers or films that are used for attachment of electronic components to each other or for attachment of protective coating. These layers are usually very thin and their testing requires new techniques. Nanoindentation, used as a characterization tool for simultaneous measurement of local mechanical properties and adhesion at the microscale, is one of these new techniques. This application report presents several applications of nanoindentation for measurements of adhesive properties at the microscale and discusses the challenges associated with these measurements.\nAdhesion properties of surfaces, should it be a desired property or not, can be an indicator of surface preparation (cleanliness, wettability, polymerization state, etc.). Surface adhesion is of particular interest when developing adhesive joints, sealing or depositing protective or decorative layers. Adhesion of a surface coating on a substrate is commonly measured by scratch tests, while adhesive properties of the top surface are often measured by “Tack” testing. Nanoindentation method is however a perfect candidate to measure adhesive properties of a surface at the same time as determining the mechanical properties of thin films. In this application report, nanoindentation as a tool for measurement of surface adhesion of soft and sticky films and materials will be presented. Recently we have seen a large interest in measurement of adhesive properties of many materials, including mainly packaging and various electronic components. One of the dominant applications in this field are optically clear adhesives (OCA). The OCAs have become very important in production of mobile phones since the introduction of smartphones with large touchscreens. To determine the adhesive properties together with the mechanical properties of this adhesive film, very few methods are currently available. Nanoindentation is considered as one of the candidates for the simultaneous measurement of adhesive properties and of mechanical properties. Both these properties can depend on temperature, ultraviolet radiation and time and it is therefore important to test the different types of the OCA films.\nThis application report presents the nanoindentation method for simultaneous measurements of adhesive forces and mechanical properties on various materials. A short introduction to the theory of adhesion is followed by showing typical adhesion measurements on soft materials and OCA films.\nGet the document\nTo receive this document please enter your email below.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Digital Imaging Solutions for Life Science and Industry\nSpinning Disk Confocal Platform from Spectral Applied Research\nfrom Crisel Electrooptical Systems & Technology SRL\nTIRF/FRAP/Ablation System from Roper Scientific\nmodular microscopy systems from BioVision Technologies\nThe future of fluorescence illumination is here!\nCompact, multi‐modal, field‐upgradeable\nFastest and most optimized camera for super resolution applications\nfrom PCO AG\nLow-noise high‐resolution high‐dynamic‐range high‐speed scientific CMOS camera\nfrom Hamamatsu Photonics\nHigh‐resolution, high‐speed, low-noise cooled 16‐bit scientific CMOS sensor camera\n14‐bit high‐speed, high‐resolution EMCCD camera\nMade for the Mac\nMetaMorph, MetaFluor and MetaVue from Molecular Devices, Inc.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The F37’s simple operational features provide an easy and smooth workflow. The necessary controls for routine examinations are intuitively laid out, with high priority on reducing the examiner's operation steps. Imaging features inherited from higher-class models provide a work environment for concentrated examinations.\nSOFIA offers a fully automated scan procedure providing rapid whole breast image acquisition with one button operation. Patients can be scheduled every 10 minutes for a bilateral breast examination. This automated process does not require operator interaction during the scanning procedure, ensuring reproducibility and efficiency.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This is the phenomena of absorption, and the extent of absorption is directly proportional to the amount of atoms present, in other words, the concentration aas schematic diagram description – 1 hollow cathode lamp 2. Overhead rates and absorption versus variable costing november 2, 2012 editor uploads accounting & markets 0 applying overhead to work in process in the second instalment of student notes (‘cost concepts, categories and flows’) i mentioned that manufacturing overhead costs are applied (or allocated) to products by using overhead rates. Cookbookdoc, 9/10/96 1:41 pm safety information the analytical methods section describes methodologies using a wide variety of potentially hazardous chemicals (acids, bases, organic. Analysis and optimization of double effect parallel flow type absorption chiller and suggested that the system operation is safe when the sdr is close to 05 wang et al  have presented analysis of gas-fired air-cooled parallel flow.\nAbsorption bing dainties the costs of all fabrication constituents ( direct stuff, direct labor, variable operating expense and fixed operating expense ) as inventoriable or merchandise costs in conformity with by and large accepted accounting rules ( gaap ) , ( barfield et al , 2001 ) 12 fringy costing variable costing is a [. The difference between marginal costing and absorption costing is a little complicated in marginal costing, product related costs will include only variable cost while in case of absorption costing, fixed cost is also included in product related cost apart from variable cost. Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry introduction elemental analysis is destructive, whereas nmr is non-destructive - you can vibrations of bonds with dipole moments normally result in the absorption of ir radiation, and are said to be ir active ch12 ir and ms page6.\nCompare it with the c=c in the previous case which are weaker and sharper the characteristic absorption of the alcohol, 2-propanol, is the broad band due to the hydrogen bonded -oh group carboxylic acids contain both c=o and oh groups. Microscale experiments in organic chemistry worksheet lab 2-1 infrared spectroscopy (ir) worksheet 1 record the number of your unknown 2 prepare a spectrum of your unknown and attach the spectrum to this report form. Emission absorption spectra description emission is the ability of a substance to give off light, when it interacts with heat absorption is the opposite of emission, where energy, light or radiation is absorbed by the electrons of a particular matter. In 1920, sir ronald a fisher invented a statistical way to compare data sets fisher called his method the analysis of variance, which was later dubbed an anova this method eventually evolved into six sigma data set comparisons the f ratio is the probability information produced by an anova it.\nReview problem 1: contrasting variable and absorption costing dexter corporation produces and sells a single product, a wooden hand loom for weaving small items such as scarves. The quantitative analysis of glass by atomic absorption spectroscopy, forensic science (1976) 8:217–227 hurlbut, c s jr and klein, c manual of mineralogy (after james d dana) 19th ed. Comparison between single beam and double beam atomic absorption spectrometer systems spectroscopic analysis has seen growth in a number of application oriented domains such as uv – visible, infrared, raman, atomic absorption spectroscopy, etc.\nThe basic difference between absorption costing and marginal costing lies in how fixed overhead cost is treated in management decisions of valuation of inventory and pricing in absorption costing, fixed cost is included in both value of inventory and cost of the product when making the pricing decision whereas marginal costing avoids fixed. From sample handling and analysis to the communication of test results with tens of thousands of installations worldwide, perkinelmer systems are performing inorganic analyses every hour of every day. Absorption vs variable costing – in the field of accounting, direct costing and full costing are two different methods of applying production costs to products or services the difference between the two methods is in the treatment of fixed manufacturing overhead costs.\n9: marginal and absorption costing 227 2 the principles of marginal costing the principles of marginal costing are as follows (a) period fixed costs are the same, for any volume of sales and production (provided that the level of activity is within the 'relevant range'. Let us know use these basic principles to account for and compare spectra produced by different types of astronomical objects stellar spectra the spectrum below is an intensity plot of a star. The corrected absorption value is called molar absorptivity, and is particularly useful when comparing the spectra of different compounds and determining the relative strength of light absorbing functions (chromophores.\nComparing caco-2 and mdck permeability for oral absorption estimations (version 16110) were used for regression analysis and significance testing the study compared the permeability of. Atomic absorption spectrometers use particular wavelengths of light to evaluate the concentration of gas-phase atoms in a liquid or solid sample after a solid sample is dissolved in a liquid or a liquid sample is diluted, the resulting sample is tested. Absorption costing is a method in which cost of units produced is calculated as the sum of both the variable manufacturing costs incurred and the fixed manufacturing costs allocated to those units it is also called full absorption costing or full costing.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Well stimulation is a highly technical and precise method where high pressure water and sand is used to crack a rock formation deep underground.\nLIOS WELL.DONE: A reliable and maintenance-free solution for well stimulation\nWith its DTS technology, LIOS WELL.DONE is ideally suited as a reliable solution to help operators increase productivity through real-time measurements. The system enables accurate diagnostics and help monitor completion integrity by identifying unstable flow without interrupting production. Management of wells require continuous real-time monitoring for optimal economic and operational performance and with the optical fiber cable in LIOS WELL.DONE no area will be unmonitored.\nOur advanced visualization software delivers information directly at the operator’s desk providing option for full analysis of reservoir workflows. The technology in LIOS WELL.DONE has excellent spatial resolution providing a very accurate and precise picture of where potential actions need to be taken. It is possible to acquire data from multiple wells and thereby obtain an overall perspective for further optimization and potential cost-savings.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "To run its leading scientific research program in superconducting RF and state-of-the-art cryomodule production activities, the Applied Physics and Superconducting Technology Directorate (APS-TD) maintains comprehensive SRF capabilities that include full life-cycle treatment of cavities and cryomodules, from design through to production. The world-class facilities and wide spectrum of expertise are described in the following sections:\n- Vertical Testing of Cavities\n- Horizontal Testing of Cavities\n- Cavity Surface Processing\n- Cavity Post-Processing\n- Cavity String and Cryomodule Assembly\n- RF Design and Test\n- Cryomodule Engineering\n- Optical Inspection and Eddy Current Scanning\n- Material Studies\nVertical Testing of Cavities\nFermilab’s SRF Vertical Test Stand Facility encompasses three large liquid helium dewars, each of which can test multiple production-style cavities simultaneously. The RF control system is capable of high power operation over a wide frequency range, and the cryogenic system can cool liquid helium baths as low as 1.4 K. Advanced diagnostic equipment includes second sound quench detection system, temperature mapping system for single cell cavities, and externally controlled magnetic field environment.\nHorizontal Testing of Cavities\nAfter a cavity treatment has been qualified in vertical test, it may then be evaluated in the Horizontal Test Facility (HTF), to make sure that it works well with all auxiliary components to achieve the required performance. In preparation for hoizontal test, the cavity is equipped with additional components such as tuners which maintain the cavity at the desired operating frequency, high power couplers that are used to power the cavity, and other ancillary systems that are needed to ensure the cavity will perform well in the accelerator. Fermilab has established three test stands at the HTF designed to test different types of accelerating cavities.\nCavity Surface Processing\nHigh quality polishing is essential to deliver maximum accelerating gradients and high quality factors in SRF cavities. Chemical processing of superconducting cavities is mainly used to remove contaminants from the Niobium surface. Fermilab capabilities include electropolishing (EP), buffered chemical polishing (BCP), and centrifugal barrel polishing (BCP) for a wide variety of cavity types. Surface processing facilities are located in the Cavity Processing Lab in IB4 and the joint cavity surface processing facility at Argonne National Laboratory.\nHeat Treatment Facilities\nTwo high temperature vacuum furnaces and two low temperature ovens are used to perform heat treatments on SRF cavities. A major focus is to develop and optimize recipes and create new Niobium (Nb) compounds aimed at reducing RF losses in the cavities which can dramatically reduce operating costs. Other important applications of heat treatment are hydrogen degasification, annealing, and mild baking to remove high field Q-slope.\nClass 100 Clean Rooms\nSRF cavity cleanroom assembly capability is essential to good cavity performance. Fermilab clean rooms contain automated high-pressure rinsing tools used for cleaning the interior surface of cavities. They are also used to assemble cavities and pump them down to ultra high vacuum. Cleanroom facilites are located in IB4, Lab 2, and the joint cavity surface processing facility at Argonne National Laboratory.\nCavity String and Cryomodule Assembly\nAPS-TD has two independent cavity string assembly facilities, located in MP9 (the largest cleanroom at Fermilab, ~250 m2) and Lab 2. Each contain cleanroom areas with several levels of cleanliness:\n- Class 1000 (ISO6) ante cleanroom area: Preparation of the dressed cavities for transportation into the assembly cleanroom.\n- Class 100 (ISO5) sluice area: Parts and Fixtures final preparation to enter the Class 10 assembly area.\n- Class 10 (ISO4) assembly cleanroom area: Where the cavity vacuum is vented to interconnect them with bellows.\nProduction floor areas for cryomodule assembly are located in ICB and Lab 2.\nRF Design and Test\nThe central part of any particle accelerator is accelerating structure or RF cavity. Successful operation of cavities requires optimized design, precise production, and low power RF tuning. We have tools for providing superior design, precise measurements and tuning of accelerating cavities both for prototyping and production. The simulations codes HFSS, COMSOL, CST and ANSYS are installed in specialized TD servers to allow us to increase design efficiency, performing advanced analysis for optimized cavity design. Optimization includes reducing peak surface fields, multipactor mitigation, higher order modes extraction and damping, microphonics sensitivity, Lorentz force detuning minimization, structural and thermal stability analysis, and study of multipole effects of the beam.\nOur sophisticated RF measurement equipment and tuning tools allow us to work with different type of RF cavities in wide frequency range. We are responsible of RF testing and quality control on all received cavities from vendors along the process of qualifying them for cryomodule operation. This includes monitoring key cavity performance parameters such as frequency spectrum, field flatness, eccentricity and physical length.\nCryomodules are the vacuum-insulated assemblies of superconducting RF cavities and associated hardware, including instrumentation and often also a superconducting magnet package. Thus, a cryomodule is the fundamental building block of a superconducting RF accelerator. These complex assemblies provide numerous challenges to engineers and designers. The cryomodules provide support, precise alignment, and thermal and magnetic shielding for the dressed cavities, as well as feed-throughs from the outside environment to low temperatures for the RF power and instrumentation. The cryomodule must provide the required insulating and beam vacuum and provide robust support with minimal cavity vibration and good cavity alignment reliably with thermal cycling. The design provides for cooling of the RF cavities to superconducting temperatures and protects the helium and vacuum spaces including the RF cavity from exceeding allowable pressures. Design of cryomodules calls upon a wide range of mechanical, thermal, and electrical engineering skills and experience.\nOptical Inspection & Eddy Current Scanning\nThe optical inspection system consists of a camera and lighting system mounted to a rod that is inserted into the cavity. It is used for routine inspection of cavities during the processing cycle as well as computer-aided close inspection of particular regions of interest. Eddy current scanning is used to examine niobium sheets prior to cavity fabrication to check for impurities.\nA wide range of materials studies tools are used, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) capabilities, physical property measurement system (PPMS), Instron tensile testing, Keyence laser confocal microscopy, and surface topological replicas. Chemical treatment of samples is also a critical capability.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Traditional construction proven by many years and long-time experiences of the instrument makers provide a really nice timbre in all range. This instrument is being distinguished by clear intonation and good response. Perfect sound and a very reliable mechanics parts of these helicons are very important features not only for beginner musicians but for semi-professionals too.\nBore: 20,2 mm (.795“)\nBell: 500 mm (19.7“) hand shaped, wire reinforced.\nBody: yellow brass\nMouthpipe: yellow brass\nValves : 4 rotary valves, nickel silver spatulas, nickel silver valve casing, valves are being manufactured by CNC lathe.\nTrimmings: Nickel-silver hand lapped inner and outer tuning slides, nickel-silver stays.\nFeature: Adjustable finger ring, tuning slide waterkey, minibal action, hand engraved valve caps and levers, lightweight construction.\nFinish: High gloss polished and lacquered, different custom finishes available on request.\nOutfit: silver-plated mouthpiece, case", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Patent application title: Powertrain Control Based On Bearing Speed\nMichael Tekletsion Berhan (Sylvania, OH, US)\nIPC8 Class: AF16H6104FI\nClass name: Data processing: vehicles, navigation, and relative location vehicle control, guidance, operation, or indication transmission control\nPublication date: 2016-05-26\nPatent application number: 20160146339\nA speed sensor is integrated with a bearing of a transmission. The speed\nsensor may sense rotation of a bearing cage using a proximity sensor or\nmay sense passage of the rolling elements themselves using an\nacceleration sensor. The speed of the shaft supported by the bearing is\ncalculated from the speed sensor reading. The shaft speed may be used to\ncontrol a slipping clutch during a shift event. When the transmission is\nin a fixed gear ratio, inconsistent speed sensor reading may indicate a\n1. A vehicle comprising: a housing; a shaft; a bearing having a plurality\nof rolling elements separating the shaft from the housing and configured\nto transmit radial forces from the shaft to the housing and to translate\ncircumferentially as the shaft rotates to facilitate low friction\nrotation of the shaft with respect to the housing; a controller; and a\nsensor mounted on the housing and configured to transmit to the\ncontroller a signal that varies in response to translation of the rolling\n2. The vehicle of claim 1 further comprising a cage retaining the rolling elements.\n3. The vehicle of claim 2 wherein the sensor is a proximity sensor.\n4. The vehicle of claim 3 wherein the cage is formed from a non-metallic material and defines a number of teeth on one edge, the teeth having a metallic coating.\n5. The vehicle of claim 3 wherein the cage comprises: a non-metallic frame; and one or more metallic inserts defining a number of teeth fixed to an edge of the frame.\n6. The vehicle of claim 3 wherein the proximity sensor is a Hall effect sensor.\n7. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the sensor is an acceleration sensor.\n8. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the sensor is a load sensor.\n9. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the sensor is an acoustic emissions sensor.\n10. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the rolling elements are ball bearings.\n11. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the rolling elements are roller bearings.\n12. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein the rolling elements are tapered roller bearings.\n13. A transmission comprising: a housing; a shaft; a bearing having a plurality of rolling elements separating the shaft from the housing and configured to transmit radial forces from the shaft to the housing and to translate circumferentially as the shaft rotates; a controller; and a sensor embedded in a bearing race and configured to transmit a signal to the controller in response to the rolling elements translating past the sensor.\n14. The transmission of claim 13 further comprising a clutch.\n15. The transmission of claim 14 wherein the controller is programmed to: process the signal from the sensor to estimate a speed of the shaft; and adjust a torque capacity of the clutch based on the estimated speed.\n16. The transmission of claim 15 wherein the controller is further programmed to set a flag indicating a possible pre-load issue if the estimated shaft speed differs from an expected shaft speed while the transmission is in a fixed gear ratio.\n17. The transmission of claim 13 wherein the sensor is an acceleration sensor.\n18. The transmission of claim 13 wherein the sensor is a load sensor.\n19. The transmission of claim 13 wherein the sensor is an acoustic emissions sensor.\n20. A method of controlling a transmission comprising: receiving a signal indicating passage of rolling bearing elements past a fixed location on a transmission housing; processing the signal to estimate a speed of a shaft supported by the bearing elements; and adjusting a torque capacity of a clutch based on the estimated speed.\n21. The method of claim 20 further comprising: setting a flag indicating a possible pre-load issue if the estimated speed differs from an expected speed while the transmission is in a fixed gear ratio.\n This disclosure relates to the field of vehicle controls. More particularly, the disclosure pertains to control of a transmission system based on speed measurements of bearing elements such as rollers, balls, or cages.\n Many vehicles are used over a wide range of vehicle speeds, including both forward and reverse movement. Some types of engines, however, are capable of operating efficiently only within a narrow range of speeds. Consequently, transmissions capable of efficiently transmitting power at a variety of speed ratios are frequently employed. When the vehicle is at low speed, the transmission is usually operated at a high speed ratio such that it multiplies the engine torque for improved acceleration. At high vehicle speed, operating the transmission at a low speed ratio permits an engine speed associated with quiet, fuel efficient cruising. Typically, a transmission has a housing mounted to the vehicle structure, an input shaft driven by an engine crankshaft, and an output shaft driving the vehicle wheels, often via a differential assembly which permits the left and right wheel to rotate at slightly different speeds as the vehicle turns.\n In many automatic transmissions, the power flow paths associated with various speed ratios are established by engaging a subset of the available clutches and brakes. Typically, the clutches and brakes are engaged by providing fluid at a controlled pressure to a clutch apply chamber. The fluid pressure forces a piston which in turn compressed a clutch pack of alternating friction plates and separator plates. A controller typically regulates the fluid pressure by adjusting the magnitude of an electric current to a solenoid which regulates a force on a valve to adjust the pressure. To switch from one ratio to another ratio, one clutch or brake is released and another clutch or brake is engaged. Some shifts require release of multiple clutches and engagement of multiple clutches.\n Making a smooth shift between ratios requires that release of the off-going clutch and engagement of the on-coming clutch be gradual and carefully coordinated. The relationship between the current supplied to the solenoid and the clutch torque capacity is subject to many noise factors. Therefore, accurate control of the clutches requires use of a feedback signal.\nSUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE\n A vehicle includes a shaft supported within a housing by a bearing with rolling elements, a controller, and a sensor mounted to the housing and configured to transmit a signal to the controller in response to translation of the rolling elements. The rolling elements may be retained within a cage. The sensor may be a proximity sensor such as a Hall effect sensor that produces an electrical voltage that varies depending upon whether the sensor is adjacent to a tooth or a gap on the cage. Alternatively, the sensor may be an acceleration sensor that responds to passage of the rolling elements past a fixed point on the housing. The sensed speed may be used to control the torque capacity of a transmission clutch. When the transmission is not shifting, the sensor reading may indicate a pre-load issue with the bearing.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS\n FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle powertrain.\n FIG. 2 is a cross section of a double row ball bearing with a proximity based cage speed sensor.\n FIG. 3 is a cross section of a tapered roller bearing with an acceleration based cage speed sensor.\n FIG. 4 is a cross section of transaxle potential applications of bearing speed sensors such as those illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3.\n FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method of controlling a transmission equipped with bearing speed sensors such as the transmission of FIG. 4.\n Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. It is to be understood, however, that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and other embodiments can take various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features could be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention. As those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, various features illustrated and described with reference to any one of the figures can be combined with features illustrated in one or more other figures to produce embodiments that are not explicitly illustrated or described. The combinations of features illustrated provide representative embodiments for typical applications. Various combinations and modifications of the features consistent with the teachings of this disclosure, however, could be desired for particular applications or implementations.\n FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a front wheel drive vehicle powertrain. The heavy lines indicate the flow of mechanical power, whereas the dashed lines indicate the flow of information. An internal combustion engine 10 generates mechanical power by converting stored chemical energy in a fuel source. Transaxle 12 adapts the speed and torque of the mechanical power produced by the engine to suit the current needs of the vehicle. Mechanical power from transaxle 12 is routed to left and right wheels 14 and 16.\n Within the transaxle, power is transmitted by a torque converter 18, a gearbox 20, and a differential 22. Gearbox 20 provides the main variable ratio gearing. Torque converter 18 facilitates vehicle launch from zero speed by transmitting torque when the vehicle is not moving. Torque converter 18 includes an impeller driven by engine 10 and a turbine connected to an input of gearbox 20 by a turbine shaft 24. Torque converter 18 may also include a lock-up clutch to improve efficiency after vehicle launch. Differential 22 provides roughly equal torque to each wheel while accommodating slight differences in speed such as when the vehicle turns a corner. Power may be transferred from gearbox 20 to differential 22 via gearing 26 that multiplies torque by a fixed final drive ratio. In a rear wheel drive vehicle layout, the differential is typically a separate unit separated from the transmission by a driveshaft. The differential of a rear wheel drive vehicle also changes the axis of rotation by roughly 90 degrees and adjusts the speed and torque by a fixed final drive ratio.\n The transaxle 12 includes a controller 28 which sends electrical signals to a valve body 30. In response to these electrical signals, the valve body 30 controls pressures in fluid passages to clutch apply chambers within gearbox 20 to select and shift among gear ratios. Controller 28 relies on signals from sensors to help determine how much pressure to command. Among these sensors are an input speed sensor 32 configured to measure the speed of turbine shaft 24 and an output speed sensor 34 configured to measure the speed of a shaft in the final drive gearing 26. Additional speed sensors may indicate the speeds of shafts within gearbox 20.\n An upshift is performed in two stages: a torque transfer stage and an inertia phase. During the torque transfer phase, the torque capacity of the off-going clutch is gradually reduced and the torque capacity of the on-coming clutch is gradually increased. The speeds of the transmission elements, in proportion to the speed of the transmission input do not change substantially during the torque phase, although there may be some slip across the off-going clutch. If the on-coming clutch is engaged too slowly relative to the release of the off-going clutch, an engine flare occurs in which the speed ratio increases. If the on-coming clutch is engaged too rapidly, on the other hand, a tie-up condition occurs in which the output torque decreases excessively. To avoid either engine flare or tie-up, the controller may control the off-going clutch to maintain a slight slip speed using feedback control based on a measured transmission speed ratio. Measuring the transmission speed ratio requires measuring the speeds of at least two transmission elements, usually the output shaft and the turbine shaft.\n Once the off-going clutch is completely released, the torque transfer phase ends and the inertia phase begins. At the beginning of the inertia phase, the on-coming clutch is transmitting torque with a substantial slip speed. During the inertia phase, the slip speed gradually decreases as the transmission speed ratio approaches the upshifted gear ratio. The torque capacity of the on-coming clutch is controlled to approach the upshifted gear ratio at the desired rate. If the torque capacity of the on-coming clutch is too low, the shift takes too long. If the torque capacity is too high, there may be an excessive torque variation as the shift finishes. To avoid torque disturbances, it is especially important to control the speed ratio as it approaches the upshift speed ratio at which point the on-coming clutch transitions from slipping to fully engaged. Accurate measurement of the speed ratio is crucial in order to provide a proper feedback signal to the controller.\n Downshifts also have a torque transfer phase and an inertia phase although they occur in the opposite sequence. During the inertia phase of a downshift, the torque capacity of the off-going clutch is reduced and controlled such that the speed ratio increases at the desired rate. Once the speed ratio reaches the downshifted ratio, the on-coming clutch is gradually engaged and the off-going clutch released to change the power flow path.\n Although most shifts only have one off-going clutch and one on-coming clutch, some shifts involve multiple off-going clutches and multiple on-coming clutches. To determine the slip speed of each slipping clutch during such as shift, additional speed sensors are required.\n Typical automatic transmission shaft speed sensors use a stationary sensor, such as a Hall effect sensor, mounted to the transmission housing in close proximity to the shaft. A toothed wheel with particular magnetic properties may be fixed to the shaft. The sensor generates an electric voltage or an electric current that varies depending on whether a tooth of the wheel is currently adjacent to the sensor or a gap between teeth is currently adjacent to the sensor. This oscillating electrical signal is processed to determine the speed of the shaft. For example, the controller may measure the length of time between the passage of a tooth and the passage of the previous tooth or may count the number of teeth that pass within a specific time interval. A speed sensor is only able to accurately determine a speed if teeth pass the sensor frequently. Therefore, there is a minimum detectable speed. Increasing the number of teeth on the toothed wheel reduces the minimum detectable speed. However, an excessive number of teeth may reduce the ability to measure higher speeds. A simple speed sensor only detects the magnitude of the rotational speed, not the direction. However, addition of a second sensor offset from the first produces a second oscillating signal. The controller can determine the direction of rotation based on the phase difference between the signals.\n The gears, shafts, and clutches of an automatic transmission are often packed closely together to reduce the space required. Sometimes, it is difficult to find a location on a shaft to fix a toothed wheel such that the wheel is in close proximity to a sensor. Additionally, the toothed wheel may complicate the assembly sequence or make assembly impossible.\n Shafts within a transmission are typically supported by bearings or bushings. The bearings and bushings react radial forces while reducing friction. Some bearings or bushings support a shaft relative to the stationary housing while others may support a shaft relative to another shaft. A bushing reduces friction by providing a low friction coefficient between the surfaces that have relative motion. A bearing, on the other hand, provides a number of rolling elements that separate the shaft from the supporting component while rolling with respect to both the components. Several types of bearings are common in automotive transmissions. Ball bearings, roller bearings, and tapered roller bearings differ based on the shape of the rolling element. Ball bearings and tapered roller bearings react axial forces as well as radial forces. Bearings also differ based on how the rolling elements are retained. In a caged bearing, the rolling elements are spaced apart from one another by a cage. In a full complement bearing, the rolling elements are retained only by the inner and outer races.\n For a caged bearing, when the bearing has sufficient preload, the cage rotates at a speed which is a weighted average of the speed of the inner race and the outer race. The weighting factors are proportional to the relative diameters of the inner and outer races. Since these diameters are known, if the speed of the cage is measured and the speed of one of the races is known, then the speed of the other race can easily be calculated. When one of the races is fixed to the housing, the rotational speed of that race is always zero. The other race is fixed to the shaft. In some cases, it is possible to fix a toothed wheel to a bearing cage, or form the teeth integrally into the bearing cage, where it would have been difficult or impossible to fix a toothed wheel directly to the rotating element. A Hall effect sensor, or other proximity sensor can be utilized to determine the speed of the bearing cage from which the speed of the shaft can be inferred.\n FIG. 2 shows a double row ball bearing supporting a gear 40 with respect to a fixed housing 42. A bearing inner race 44 is fixed to the housing 42 while a bearing outer race 46 is fixed to the gear 40. Balls 48 and 50 roll within grooves in the inner and outer races. The balls are positioned circumferentially with respect to other balls by cage 52. The cage may be stamped, molded, or machined from metal or from a polymer resin. A number of teeth 54 are formed or cut into one edge of the cage. A proximity sensor 56, such as a Hall effect sensor, transmits an electrical signal to controller 28 such that either the voltage or the current varies depending on whether or not a tooth is adjacent to the sensor. If the cage material is a polymer resin or other non-magnetic material, it may be necessary to apply a metallic coating to the teeth. Alternatively, a non-metallic frame may be fixed to a metallic insert defining the teeth by molding or pressing the insert into the frame. Although the stationary housing is shown inside the rotating element in FIG. 2, in other configurations the inner element may rotate and the outer element may be stationary.\n Proximity sensors are not the only way of sensing speed based on a bearing. As a rolling element passes over a point on a race, the surface of the race deflects slightly. This slight deflection can be detected by placing an acceleration sensor, load (force) sensor, or acoustic emission sensor close to the race surface. The sensor output will show a pulse as each rolling element passes over. When the sensor is in a fixed race, the cage speed can be determined from the frequency of the pulses and the number of rolling elements in the cage. Specifically, the speed of the cage in revolutions per minute is equal to the frequency in cycles per second divided by the number of rolling elements multiplied by 60. The speed of the shaft can be calculated from the cage speed based on the relative diameters of the inner and outer races as described above. An acceleration sensor, load sensor, or acoustic emission sensor may also be used with full complement bearings.\n FIG. 3 shows a tapered roller bearing supporting a shaft 60 with respect to a fixed housing 42. A bearing inner race 62 is fixed to the shaft 60 while a bearing outer race 64 is fixed to the housing 42. Tapered rollers 66 separate and roll with respect to the inner and outer races. The rollers are positioned circumferentially with respect to one another by cage 68. An acceleration sensor 70, transmits an electrical signal to controller 28 with either a voltage spike or a current spike as each roller passes under the sensor. Although FIGS. 2 and 3 show a proximity sensor with a ball bearing and an acceleration sensor with a tapered roller bearing, either type of sensor may be used with either type of bearing.\n FIG. 4 shows a cross section of a front wheel drive transaxle illustrating several locations that a bearing speed sensor may be utilized. The fixed elements include the main housing 80, a converter housing 82, and a front support 84. The converter housing 82 is bolted to the main housing 80. The front support is bolted to the converter housing at 86. A turbine shaft 88 is driven by a torque converter (not shown). A gearbox (not shown) transmits power from turbine shaft 88 to output shaft 90 at various speed ratios. Output gear 92 is fixed to output shaft 90 and supported by front support 84 by means of double row ball bearing 94. Bearing 94 could be configured as a speed sensor using either a cage proximity sensor as illustrated in FIG. 2 or an inner race acceleration sensor. Intermediate shaft 96 is supported at one end by main housing 80 via tapered roller bearing 98 and at the opposite end by converter housing 82 via tapered roller bearing 100. Intermediate shaft 96 is driven by gear 102 meshing with output gear 92. Bearings 98 or 100 could be configured as a speed sensor using either a cage proximity sensor or an outer race acceleration sensor as illustrated in FIG. 3. Since the speed of intermediate shaft 96 is directly proportional to the speed of output shaft 90, output speed could be calculated from these speed sensors. Differential carrier 104 is supported main housing 80 via tapered roller bearing 106 and by converter housing 82 via tapered roller bearing 108. Carrier 104 is driven by gear 110 meshing with gear 112 which is fixed to intermediate shaft 96. Bearings 106 or 108 could be configured as a speed sensor using either a cage proximity sensor or an outer race acceleration sensor. Axle shaft 114 and 116 are driven by differential carrier 104.\n Some types of bearings, particularly tapered roller bearings, require a sufficient axial force, called a pre-load, for proper function. When the pre-load is inadequate, the rolling element may skid with respect to one of the races as opposed to rolling. When this happens, the speed of the cage and the passing frequency of the rolling elements, will not have the predicted relationship to shaft speed. When the transmission is operating in a fixed gear ratio, as opposed to being in the midst of a shift, the ratio of input speed to output speed is known. Therefore, if the measured speed ratio based on a turbine speed sensor and an output speed sensor is not equal to the known speed ratio, and one of the speed sensors is a bearing speed sensor, then improper pre-load on the corresponding bearing should be suspected.\n FIG. 5 is a flow chart for a method of controlling a transmission having bearing based speed sensors. At 120 and 122, the turbine speed and output speed are calculated based on readings from the speed sensors. At 124, these speeds are used to calculate the transmission speed ratio. At 126, the method branches based on whether or not the transmission is currently shifting. During a shift, a clutch is controlled in closed loop to achieve a desired speed ratio profile at 128. For example, the on-coming clutch would be controlled during the inertia phase of an upshift and the off-going clutch would be controlled during the inertia phase of a downshift. If the transmission is not currently shifting, the calculated ratio is compared to the expected transmission ratio for the current gear at 130. If the two are not equal, a flag is raised at 132 to trigger further diagnostic measures or failure management features. For example, the controller may conclude that the unexpected reading is attributable to an inadequate pre-load on the bearing.\n While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms encompassed by the claims. The words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. As previously described, the features of various embodiments can be combined to form further embodiments of the invention that may not be explicitly described or illustrated. While various embodiments could have been described as providing advantages or being preferred over other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more desired characteristics, those of ordinary skill in the art recognize that one or more features or characteristics can be compromised to achieve desired overall system attributes, which depend on the specific application and implementation. As such, embodiments described as less desirable than other embodiments or prior art implementations with respect to one or more characteristics are not outside the scope of the disclosure and can be desirable for particular applications.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Cancels and replaces the first edition (1982). Lays down the methods and test conditions for testing battery-supplied ignition systems for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Gives two methods of obtaining the results necessary for calculating the system output energy.\nStatus : PublishedPublication date : 1995-04\nEdition : 2Number of pages : 10\nTechnical Committee:Electrical and electronic components and general system aspects\nBuy this standard", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Proc. SPIE. 6024, ICO20: Optical Devices and Instruments\nKEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Diffraction, Optical transfer functions, Point spread functions, Visualization, Imaging systems, Image processing, Image resolution, Wavefronts, Wigner distribution functions\nThe aim of this work is to propose a positiveness constraint on the Wigner Distribution Function (WDF) of the detected image of two incoherent point sources: if WDF lacks of zeroes along the frequency coordinate the object can not be resolved by imaging and detected systems; otherwise, it can. This criterion can be applied without preference for a circular clear diffraction limited aperture and for complex apertures with small aberration values; furthermore, it holds if the intensity of each source is different or even when the sources are not points.\nIn this work we describe a lithographic technique for fabrication of Fresnel lenses. This technique is achieved using a photo mask and Norland Optical Adhesive No. 65. The main characteristics of this lens are his low cost and its flexibility due to the material. Some experimental results are shown.\nThe aim of this work is to find a resolution value for grating spectrometers when two spectral lines are analyzed. The phase space representation is used to find this value when the following proposal is employed: If the Wigner distribution function is positive along the space frequency axis (at the origin of the space axis) then the two spectral can not be resolved; otherwise, the spectrometer resolve them.\nThe first method for designing the amplitude hologram was proposed by Lohmann employed properties of irregular amplitude diffraction gratings, that is, every slit of the\ndiffraction grating is smashed into pieces where every piece has a position (P) and a wide (W),\nthe control of these parameters enable the detour and the change of a wave front to one that we\nwant. Though it has a few inconveniences, which are show in this work. One analysis of the\ndiffraction patterns with various geometric apertures differences to the Lohmann type is showed\ntoo. These coding methods are apply to Fourier and Fresnel holograms type. We shown the\neffect of the surround that each one causes in the diffraction pattern in order to determine the\nconditions for the better visualization of the reconstructed image.\nCrystallization plymerization can be generated in the glucose with fructose when ultraviolet light it is irradiated; the crystallization polymerization opens up possibilities to the material, as matrix to record holographic images, applied conventional microlithography techniques with ultraviolet ligth. The masks with the information is transferred as a modulation of polymerized regions, where were exposed to UV light and regions without plymerization not exposed to UV light. Shows phase modulation by refraction index. Because the polymerized areas presents less density, than the nonexposed areas, changes the emulsion density can be interpreted as changes of refraction index. A developed process is not required, because the material is developed itself; for a physical-chemical mechanism well-known as process cured reaction.\nIn this work we describe an experimental technique to measure the refraction index of the 3M PP2500 film which has good behavior as quarter wave retarder plate for λ=633 nm. This technique is achieved when two perpendicular linearly polarized beam from a Wollaston prism are incident on the thickness of the film. The beams were incident parallel to the fast axis to measure the ordinary refraction index and parallel to the slow axis to measure the extraordinary refraction index. Some experimental results are shown.\nWe present a new recorder material, with the possibility to apply to record computer phase holograms, kinoforms, etc. This material is an acrylate monomer with mercapato adhesive, and can be easily to apply for any substrate with out dark room and critical conditions. Due that the absorption spectra from the acrylate monomer adhesive it is localized at UV region (lambda) = 300. We record with lithographic techniques phase grating in this material was made, showing good diffraction efficiency. An important characteristic it is that not necessary the developed process. Our case, the developed processes correspond only the cured polymers process. These properties are attractive due that open the possibility to control the phase material with only to control the cured process. The phase modulation of this material is due by refraction index.\nWe propose a technique to produce conical beams. This effect is produced when a conventional beam laser through the radial amplitude computer hologram. The computer hologram can be designed to produce a first order ring of light distribution with a spot in the center of the screen, elliptical distribution or another conical distribution are designed and shown. With these computer holograms, we can modulate the spatial structure of the light source. With the radial amplitude hologram is possible to produce different conical distribution, only with incorporate a phase term in the hologram function.\nDifferent techniques for making digital holograms in order to synthesize true 3D images have been reported. The generation of digital Fresnel holograms by means of the ray- tracing method is the most flexible way and relatively simple, that is the objects are considered to be composed of a large number of discrete points sources of light, and the complex amplitude of spherical waves from each point sources is super-imposed on the hologram plane, however there is carry out a great amount of calculate. We presented a technique in order to evaluate simultaneously eight points on the hologram plane, so we obtain a reduction in a factor of eight the computation time. The equation of Kirchhoff- Fresnel is first calculated applying symmetry conditions avoided the redundancy in the calculations and later added the reference wave; also the precision in the values of the complex amplitude is not loss. Other methods that have been reported coupled components doing the ray tracing methods quicker yet.\nWe show Ronchi grating made of cellophane; this device has the particularity of modulate the polarization state of an arbitrary polarizes source. The grating period can be designed to obtain two linear perpendicular polarization states, horizontal and vertical, or circular, right and left if the source has linear or circular polarization state respectively. With this grating, we can modulate or demodulate images for stereoscopic applications.\nSince recent years some activity has developed and characterized the field of research on polymers dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC's). They are useful for a variety of electro-optical applications including windows, displays and other devices. We presented a color filter with PDLC optical activity. This PDLC device was doped with cholesteric liquid crystal. This substance rotates the plane of polarization of a beam of light traversing through them and they are said to be optically active. The mixtures make an uniform behavior pitch in each micro-droplet of the PDLC. The scattering do not destroyed the optical activity of the cholesteric liquid crystal. It is not necessary to observed colors by reflection; we can observe them by across linear polarizers. When the PDLC is on, the colors disappear and when the PDLC is off, colors return.\nIn this work we proposed an alternative criterion to the Rayleigh and Sparrow to resolve two incoherent point sources when the pupil function of the optical system is a slit. The analytical results and numerical simulation are based on the Wigner distribution function given a minor resolution value than the other two criterions.\nIn this work we show the behavior of digital hologram obtained with the Kirchhoff-Fresnel's integral when these hologram are written on a TV monitor and this monitor has a finite number of gray levels. The Kirchhoff-Fresnel integral is numerically evaluated and represented in the computer virtual space. When the integral obtained values are showed on the TV screen they are changed due to the number of gray levels. Therefore in the reconstruction step of the hologram obtained on the TV screen we expect some details deterioration in the obtained holographic image.\nIn this paper we propose a technique to make numerical Fresnel holograms for binary and gray level objects, using Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction scalar theory in the paraxial approximation. These holograms produce a real image which can be observed in the reconstruction process with a He-Ne laser.\nIn this work is presented a multiplexing technique to produce color plane holograms using a single wavelength. A color digital scene is separated in its three basic colors by software. Each monochromatic scene generated with a PC computer is sending to a liquid crystal, which is used as a gray levels discrete transparency, and with a plane reference beam, previously calculated, a hologram is registered in the holographic film plate for each basic color.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Dallas, Tex. Texas Instruments Inc. (TI) said it has introduced the industry's smallest remote junction temperature sensors with a built-in local temperature sensor. Housed in a 8-lead SOT23 package, the single remote channel TMP421 and dual remote channel TMP422 deliver remote sensor accuracy of ±1°C (maximum) and a local temperature sensor range of ±1.5°C (maximum).\nThe TMP421 and TMP422 sensors operate on a standard I2C/SMBus compatible, two-wire interface over a temperature range of -40°C to 125°C, with a remote temperature range of up to 150°C. For maximum power savings, the device circuitry (other than the serial interface) can be shut down, reducing current consumption to typically less than 3 uA.\nThe sensors also feature multiple addresses. The remote temperature sensor diode-connected transistors are typically low-cost NPN- or PNP-type transistors or diodes that are an integral part of microprocessors, microcontrollers and FPGAs. The TMP421 and TMP422 also include series resistance cancellation, programmable non-ideality factor and diode fault detection.\nBoth sensors are RoHS compliant and can be used in many applications including LCD/DLP/LCOS projectors, servers, central office telecom equipment and laptop computers. They are also suitable for industrial controllers, processor/FPGA temperature monitoring and storage area networks.\nPricing: The TMP421 is priced at $1.25 each and the TMP422 is priced at $1.65 each, both in quantities of 1,000 (suggested resale pricing).\nAvailability: The TMP421 and TMP422 are available now from TI and its authorized distributors.\nProduct information: TMP421, TMP422 and analog design support and selection guide\nTexas Instruments , 1-800-477-8924, www.ti.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Discovery stage studies that address issues of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) are vital for lead optimization resulting in new drug candidates. Often pharmacokinetics (PK) is assessed in these experiments without regard for the metabolism of the compound or the potential for metabolites to circulate in vivo. This work presents a strategy for drug level determination and detection of metabolites using dried blood spots for sample collection. Initially, metabolites are detected from microsomal incubations and characterized using tandem mass spectrometry. Data dependent enhanced MS and enhanced product ion (EMS-EPI) scanning with dynamic background subtraction was used on a hybrid quadruple linear ion trap mass spectrometer. On-the-fly background subtraction greatly improved the detection of metabolites. These data were used to build a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for the parent and metabolites. MRM-EPI scanning was used to analyze the extracted dried blood spots from the PK study. Circulating metabolites were detected using MRM and their identities confirmed on the basis of fragment ion spectra collected simultaneously. The use of dried blood spots provides a means for re-analysis of PK samples for metabolite identification without the need for complex sample storage and preparation. Both parent compound and metabolite information can be collected in these studies, resulting in a savings of time and resources.\nCopyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Home >> solar automatic street light control using ldr sensor kit\nthis paper aims at designing and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of lights. nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time even to switch the lights wherever not necessary. the present system\narduino based auto street light intensity controller of automatic street light control using sensors and solar panel .. and implementation of automatic street light control using sensors and\njun 13, 2018 in this project, we are going to show you how to make a arduino based solar tracker using ldr & servo motor. the solar panel tracker is designed to follow the sun movement so that maximum light intensity hits on the solar panel, thus increasing the power efficiency. we have designed single axis solar tracking system.\ndescription. the circuit diagram present here is that of a street light that automatically switches on when the night falls and turns off when the sun rises.in fact you can this circuit for implementing any type of automatic night light. the circuit uses a light dependent resistor (ldr) to sense the light .when there is light the resistance of ldr will be low.\nsolar lights. december closing dates 30w solar street light with remote control, automatic day/night switch r 1,399.00 150w solar street light with motion sensor, remote control, automatic day/night switch r 2,299.00 sale. 42 led solar motion sensor wall light r 595.00 r 475.00\nsep 11, 2017 these circuits can be used for different automatic light sensing projects including automatic night lamp, automatic street light controller, dark sensor circuits, etc. automatic night lamp circuit using ic 555 and ldr. an automatic night light circuit controls the switching of light by sensing the surrounding light intensity.\nsep 29, 2018 here is automatic night light circuit using scr and ldr without relay how automatic sun light sensor switch circuit works the circuits ready working. when the male plug, or for the circuit to the ac line power at 220 volts. the plug socket is connected to\na solar panel that can rotate in two axis either automatically using four light sensors, either manually with the aid of two potentiometers .. solar ups controller/automatic transfer switch temperature sensors with wifi connectivity to control and monitor optimal usage of solar energy. solar water tank regulator. project showcase by\nmay 06, 2019 a very simple automatic solar light system for illuminating your garden passages can be built using some leds, a rechargeable battery and a small solar panel .. can you provide a solar lamp with ldr circuit details ?, something similar to a ltter of light program .. i want one circuit diagram.and i want automatically on & off the street\nday night switch, light sensor switch, automatic light switch, home automation amazon solus 120v automatic dusk to dawn photocell photo control light sensor switch and adapter kit for hardwire outdoor lamp posts (with ezee change plug (black)) street lights, glow sign boards,hoardings or any electrical device ,parking lot\nefficiently to turn street lamps on/off. the ldr sensor is the only sensor used in this circuit. the lamps will come on a light system using timer controller is overcome and human intervention is completely eliminated. by this energy con sumption and cost are drastically reduced. the automatic street light control system based on\nthe portal will have video lectures, tutorials, and quizzes required to build the automated street lighting project. kits are well tested and shipped to your doorstep in 24 hours. use the kit along with the online portal to complete the project at your home itself. you can enroll for free demo to\nnov 04, 2012 the drop across ldr is used for switching the transistor. solar led street lighting systems are the advanced versions of this ordinary automatic street light controller. solar table lamp circuit for your home; remote controlled light using 555 timer; circuit diagram of automatic street light using ldr\nautomatic street light with motion sensor is a very useful and energy efficient technique. relay is used as the automatic switch in this system. it releases the manual work at most up to 100 per cent . as soon as the sunlight goes under the visible\nstreet light that glows on detecting vehicle movement street light that glows on detecting vehicle movement circuit. the proposed circuit is built with atmega microcontroller, ds1307 ic, ldr, lcd, pir sensor, array of led.this circuit is very useful in our day to day life like highways, real time street lights, the parking areas, restaurants and hotels.\naug 21, 2018 in this arduino project, we are going to build an automatic speed controller of dc motor using ldr with arduino. this ldr based arduino project slows down this ldr based arduino project slows down the speed of motor as the intensity of light falling on ldr decreases and vice versa.\ndec 10, 2017 automatic street light dimmer using motion sensor will save power by reducing its brightness when no one is passing in the road, pir sensor will detect the motion in the road. the signal from the pir sensor will activate the circuit and increase the brightness, this street lamp circuit not using microcontroller thus we can reduce cost. we can use this simple circuit for outdoor lighting\ndiy solar rechargeable automatic night light (outside use) in this i will show you how to make a solar rechargeable automatic led night light. i made mine for outside use but hey you could do whatever with yours ) how did this idea come about? first i have been meaning to get some sort of light fi\nin this project automatic street light control by pic microcontroller, ldr sense the outside light when sun light is dropped, resistance of ldr decreases and voltage drop across ldr reduce and high voltage is feed to comparator circuit.\nsmart streetlight using ir sensors srikanth et al  proposed a zigbee based remote control automatic street light system. the system operation of solar street lighting system can be divided into 2 period of time, namely, at 18.00 22.00 hours and 05.00 06.00 hours. the design of a control circuit was experimentally done in this work.\nldr (light depending resistor ) whose resistance is based upon the quantity of the light declining on it along with a few more components. circuit diagram of automatic street light controller switch circuit using relays and ldr is given below. automatic street light controller switch circuit electronicshub.org\nauto intensity control of street lights project kit by edgefxkits . furthermore, this project can be developed by incorporating it with the solar panel, as it changes the intensity of the solar into equivalent voltage, and this energy is used for highway lights.\nlight dependent resistor circuit diagram. in the morning time, this sensor has a low resistance around 100 . thus, the power supply flows through the ldr & ground through the variable resistor and resistor as shown in the above light sensor circuit.\nthe implementation of street light intensity control using lux meter, traffic sensor and complex sub control machines are in process in the norway. but the power consumption is reduced only by nearly 30 . there also exists a project in progress where in the street light power consumption is reduced using a remote controlled\napr 07, 2016 ldr alone can't do this, you need some other components to make this happen. so let's take a look at a simple circuit using ldr and some other components to explain how it will turn on a light when it is dark. what you see here is a ldr or light d\nand the sensor controlled lighting system is solar powered, and the main idea of ldr light sensor circuit, there was a problem with the ldr, it was turning the led on with 5v instead of 12v, thiswas with using 10k .. the project aims to reduce the side effects of the current street lighting system, and find a solution for fuel future\ndec 20, 2016 first we study the circuit diagram of the automatic street light .. but the other side of resistor is connected to ldr sensor, ldr sensor is light dependent resistor, it can senses light. if light is present or not. light dependent resistor is not polarity sensitive, so you can connect as you can .. basic introduction of stm32f4 kit the\naug 31, 2012 abstract a street light that automatically switches on when the night falls and turns off when the sun rises. in fact we can use this circuit for implementing any type of automatic night light. the circuit uses a ldr to sense the light . when there is light the resistance of ldr will be low. so the voltage drop across pot r2 will be high.this\nthis automatic staircase light circuit switch on the staircase lights automatically when someone enters on the stairs and gets off after some time. there are two important components in this circuit, first is pir sensor (passive infrared sensor) and second is relay.\nsmart street lighting system using iot ms. m. kokilavani, dr. a. malathi research scholar, assistant professor the pir sensor and ldr sensors are used to sense in this diagram street lights control by the sensors. it get the data from object. when vehicles appear to sensor then\nautomatic streetlight using ldr\nthis is done by a sensor called light dependent resistor (ldr) which senses the light actually like our eyes. it automatically switches off lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. aim of this seminar is to control the street light using ldr. when the light\nacademia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers.\nthere have been lot of problems in street lights. major problem in some places is every evening a person has to come and switch on the street light and it should be again switched off in morning. yes, this may not be the situation in everywhere but exists in many places. so this problem can be overcome by using\njul 18, 2019 this triggers the alarm and shows a burglary attempt. a lamp is also used to indicate the theft when light falls on the sensor. in future, this project can be developed by using a gsm modem and also a microcontroller. this modem can be interfaced to send an sms to the user in case of burglary. ldr based light intensity control for street lights\nlight control system using ldr and arduino is a whole new idea in the world of street lights. in the wake of experiencing numerous exploration papers which were found on the lighting system were only based on their working and not on the consumption of energy or electricity the main thought process of doin", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Good sample prep and errors it can avoid\n|Example: K2SO4 powder\n|Addressing micro absorption\n|Addressing preferred orientation\n|Addressing particle size\n|Sample holders for different needs\n|Q & A\nis one of the most powerful tool for identifying unknown crystalline phases. Many considerations and implications rest on the XRD results collected in terms of designing better materials or making decisions on your process control. What would your conclusions be if you notice peak shifts or peak broadening in your sample? During our work with numerous clients, we've noticed that the majority of poor XRD patterns is the result of poor XRD sample prepartation. Look forward to practical tips shared by Malvern Panalytical's senior XRD application specialist, Dr Daniel Lee during this webinar.\nDuring this webinar, he shares tips relating to the optimal particle size, how to properly grind powder samples, choice of sample holder for situations like limited powder samples and more. Look out for our upcoming series of webinars on \"Better XRD data quality results and interpretation\".\nInterested to learn more? Join our free series of webinars: \"Better XRD data analysis and interpretation for materials characterization\":\n- Webinar 1: Introduction to powder X-ray diffraction. More info\n- Webinar 2: Studying battery cathode materials using X-ray diffraction More info\n- Webinar 3: Expand your powder XRD applications for materials characterization research More info\n- Webinar 4: Good vs bad XRD patterns: how to improve your phase analysis. More info\n- Webinar 5: Better XRD data quality: importance of good sample preparation.\n- Webinar 6: Improving your phase search mapping by defining your elemental range: introduction to elemental analysis using X-ray fluorescence. More info\n- Webinar 7: Live demo at your desk - latest high performing XRD Benchtop. More info\n- Webinar 8: XRD phase quantification tutorial - improve your XRD data analysis. More info\n- Webinar 9: XRD data analysis on HighScore Plus version 4.9 - what's new? More info\n- Webinar 10: Range of XRD instruments to aid materials characterization research. More info\nDr Daniel Lee, Malvern Panalytical's senior application specialist for XRD, based in South Korea\nDr Lee has a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering. his expertise is on PVD, thin-film analysis, phorphors, solar cells, lithium ion batteries and thin-film battery research. He has been instrumental in providing application support using X-ray diffraction analysis to various industries including electronics, batteries, pharmaceuticals, building materials and more. These include powder diffraction, Rietveld refinement, small angle X-ray scattering, stress and texture research. Prior to joining Malvern Panalytical in 2013, he worked as a senior researcher with GS Nanotech. He was involved in the process engineering process for thin film lithium ion batteries. He also held prior appointments within the R and D team at Telio Solar Korea for CIGS solar cell development.\nWho should attend?\n• Researchers involved in materials characterization analysis who want to expand their knowledge in X-ray diffraction\n• Relevant industries include (but are not limited to) those researching on battery, powder metallurgy, cement, mining and minerals, environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals and more\n• R and D and manufacturing leaders responsible for appropriate analytics selection\n• Scientists engaged in method development for new materials or in supporting root cause analysis investigations in support of product manufacturing\nHow long is this webinar?\n40 minutes is the intended speaker time with additional time for addressing queries.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Инструкция на TECO 91-93 (англ.)\nСтраница 6 из 39\n- lower the castor wheel (G fig.4) located on the left side of the machine by turning the two relevant knobs (H fig.4) counter-clockwise.;\n- stow the wheel lift in its rest position (locked);\n- move the machine using handle B, fig.4.\nTo lift the machine insert the forks of a pallet truck or lift truck under it so that the c/c centre is roughly aligned with the right side of the cabinet (fig.2). Alternatively you can place the machine on its original pallet, secure it using the original fixing devices and then lift the pallet, again using a pallet truck or lift truck.\nNever apply force to the spin shaft when moving the machine.\nTake the utmost care when unpacking, assembling, and setting up the machine as described in this heading.\nFailure to observe these instructions can lead to damage to the machine and injury to the operator or other persons.\nRemove the original packing once you have positioned it as shown on the outside and keep it intact for possible future transport.\nChoose the place of installation in strict observance of local regulations regarding safety in the workplace.\nIf the machine is to be installed outdoors, it must be properly protected by a canopy roof.\nAmbient conditions in the place of operation:\n- relative humidity from 30% to 95%\n- temperature range from 0°C to +55°C\nThe machine must not be operated in explosive atmospheres.\nPlace the machine in the chosen position and make sure the surrounding space is commensurate with the minimum clearances indicated in figure 3.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- Designed for Digital Micrometers\nWell designed, durable high precision tools that are suitable for various measuring ranges. INSIZE SPC cables are the perfect instrument for assisting digital micrometers in measuring a wide range of components. Easy to use and adjust SPC cable for digital calipers.\nPayment & Security\nYour payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Soft error rate (SER) testing and measurements of semiconductor circuits with different operating voltages and operating conditions have been performed using the thermal neutron beam at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) at Penn State University. The high neutron flux allows for accelerated testing for SER by increasing reaction rate densities inside the tested device that gives more precision in the experimental data with lower experimental run time. The effect of different operating voltages and operating conditions on INTEL PXA270 processor has been experimentally determined. Experimental results showed that the main failure mechanism was the segmentation faults in the system. Failure response of the system to the operating conditions was in agreement with the general behavior of SERs.\nAll Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes\n- Analytical Chemistry\n- Nuclear Energy and Engineering\n- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging\n- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health\n- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "- NTC Thermistors\n- NTC Temp Sensors\n- Platinum RTD Temp Sensors\n- Thermal Protection\n- Circuit Protection\nUltra-thin, flexible Thermistor for fast surface temperature sensing especially in tight spots\nTruly versatile the Semitec JT ultra-thin NTC Thermistor is widely used across the world in many diverse industries from wearable medical technologies (including blood glucose monitors), heat detectors, CPU/IC monitoring, prismatic and pouch cells, and E-V applications.\nSlim but strong, the JT thermistor is only 0.5mm thick at its sensing tip (thinner than a credit card) making it the thinnest flexible NTC available world-wide.\nSuitable for both air and surface temperature monitoring- the sensing element is protected/laminated between two polymer layers making it flexible and resilient at the same time. This flexibility allows the JT’s sensor to be placed much closer to the heat source and often in many space-sensitive applications helping to deliver optimum temperature control.\nThe Semitec JT sensor can literally bend over backwards to solve your temperature sensing problems!\nAlso, a high performing NTC – the Semitec JT can operate in extreme temperatures from -50°C to +125°C with highly accurate 1% R25 tolerances and resistance values of 10kΩ and 100kΩ. In addition, the JT thermistors have excellent electrical insulation and so can be safely used where they might come into contact with adjacent live components.\nPutting it simply, our JT Thermistors outperform other slower, larger inflexible competitors!\nSemitec NTC Thermistors form part of an extensive range of thermal components and protection devices available from ATC Semitec. With over 25 years in the temperature sensing and protection devices, our engineers will be able offer expert advice to your new and current projects.\nContact us for comprehensive technical advice, samples and bespoke customer solutions.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Especially the sound analysis of complex objects often reveals the problem that conventional measurements using a single or just a couple of microphones only deliver insufficient results with respect to the tracking of sound sources. The technique used with Acoustic Camera AC100 provides an excellent solution. Simultaneous measurements using a large number of microphones allow the quick and precise location and separation of sound sources.\nTypical applications for Acoustic Camera - AC100 are:\n- Localization and separation of sound sources to reduce noise emitted by vehicles, machinery, household appliances and electric tools\n- Source analysis for acoustic design of wind tunnel models, complex vibrating structures, creaking or rattling structures\n- Long-term monitoring of machines and plant\n- Acoustic vehicle tests (inside and outside\n- Quality assurance\n- Predictive machine maintenanc\n- Acoustic optimization of product\nThe handheld acoustic camera AC100 * Compact * mobile * robust * low-cost *\nDue to its state-of-the-art microphones in MEMS technology with integrated AD converters and 51.2 kHz sampling rate, together with an integrated measurement data processing electronics in the latest DSP technology, the AC100 is now affordable for wide range of users. The complete integration in the array, with only one USB interface for data and power supply, allows for convenient mobile use with any Windows PC.\nThe AC100 is a compact and very easy-to-use acoustic camera for standalone applications. Because of its high performance, simple operation and fair price, the AC100 is suitable for a wide range of applications in research and production.\nThe AC100 is supplied either as pure hardware + Windows driver for custom development or bundled with the BeamformX application software from OptiNav.\nIndustry Noise Detail\nmachine bearing at 7128 Hz\nCar door opened a bit\ncar door small leakage\nVersions and options\n|801961.0||AC100 handheld microphone array|\nAC100 BeamformX software\nBeamformX uses an advanced new evaluation algorithm, the Robust Functional Beamforming. Compared to conventional beamforming methods, Robust Functional Beamforming works faster, has a higher dynamic range and can resolve more details spatially and temporally. Robust Functional Beamforming has been developed by Robert P. Dougherty, OptiNav Inc USA.\n|Dimensions of the array||40 x 40 cm with integrated microphones|\n|Microphones||40 MEMS microphones with 24 Bit ADC|\n|Sampling rate||51.2 kHz, decimation selectable|\n|Anti-aliasing filter||yes, integrated digital filter|\n|Frequency range||200 Hz to 24 kHz|\n|Maximum sound pressure level||112 dB|\n|Dynamic range||20 dB (5 kHz to 20 kHz)|\n|Working distance||0.5 m to infinity|\n|Front-end||signal processor integrated into array\ndata and power connection via USB 2.0\n|Optical camera||integrated 5 megapixel camera|\n|VESA holder||10 x 10 cm with tripod thread 3/8\"|\n|Optional expansion||4 digital I / O (2x In, 2x Out)|\n|Temperature range||−10°C to +45°C|\n|PC System Requirements||Win7 or higher 64 Bit, 8 GB RAM|\n|Software||API or BeamformX (Optinav)|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Posts with the tag: optical phase conjugation\nIn the last few years, several papers have looked at how it might be possible to use a multimode fibre as an ultra-narrow endoscope (see this post and this post for a bit of background). The most common approach is to use a spatial light modulator to shape the wavefront entering the fibre. If this is done in precisely the right way, interference between light coupled into the different modes of the fibre will result in a focused spot at the far end. By adjusting the input wavefront it’s then possible to scan the spot in two dimensions, allowing point-by-point imaging. Of course, we need to know what wavefronts to use, making it necessary to perform a calibration which requires access to the far end of the fibre. Unfortunately, this calibration is highly dependent on the configuration of the fibre – if the fibre is bent then the calibration changes. This means the technique is only applicable to rigid probes, greatly limiting the scope of potential applications. Now, in a paper published in Nature Photonics, Tomáš Čižmár and colleagues from the University of Dundee have suggested a possible solution to this problem.\nOptical imaging into thick tissue is generally limited to a penetration depth of only a few millimetres. Beyond this depth, almost every photon is scattered multiple times before reaching the detector, meaning that we no longer have much of an idea where it originated from. It’s possible to sidestep this limit if we can somehow differentiate photons that have come from a single point in the sample (for example by using a guide star or ultrasound to modulate the optical signal), and if we measure the wavefront that emerges from the sample. Then, using a technique called optical phase conjugation, a reversed wavefront can be sent back into the sample. Since this wavefront will undergo the opposite series of scattering events to the outcoming beam, it will be focused back to the original point. This ‘time-reversal’ technique can then allow us to image (by scanning the beam and collecting all the returning light or fluorescence) or to deliver various kinds of laser-therapy. However, the difficulty is that the scattering depends on the positions of all the scattering particles in the tissue; if there is movement then wavefront measurement becomes invalid. An international group of researchers have recently shown that the time-constant of the optical phase conjugation is linked to another property of scattering media – speckle correlation. The paper reports measurements of these time constants, giving an indication of how often the wavefront measurement would be needed.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "M-2299 Adapter Panel\nThe M-2299 is an adapter panel which, when combined with the M-2001 Series Digital Tapchanger Control, provides convenient direct replacement of Toshiba TB-R800 Regulators. The M-2299 mounts into the control cabinet using the same two hinge pins which must be saved from the original regulator.\n- Connects easily to the M-2001 Series Digital Tapchanger Control using mounting screws and 24-pin connector\n- Provides direct mechanical replacement of the existing regulator control\n- Provides built-in CT shorting protection when the M-2001 Series Digital Tapchanger Control is removed", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ARGO Real Time Compound Inspection System\nThe ARGO equipment is a quality control device for compound distribution systems on circular supports. It is a simple and irremissible tool for the quality control on the product and of the production phases.\nThe reading system is composed of a double optical fiber protected by a sheathing which is particularly resistant against external agents and mechanical stress. The fiber ends with a sensor that works on the color contrast. The sensor is encapsulated in a stainless-steel case, which is particularly resistant against shocks. A focusing system with micrometrical regulation is situated on the final part of the case. For the light source, which is obtained by means of led diodes, there is no loss of efficiency or aging. The best reading distance is of 12~15 mm between the inspection surface and the final edge of the reading device.\nThe light beam of the sensor is oriented by fixing the sensor with a special support, which is different according to the various applications. The fixing and regulation of these supports is very easy. With the support the sensor can be orientated for a partial reading of the mastic area under the curler. All placements and regulations are easily performed and there is no need of intervention of specialized personnel. The design of the support has been particularly accurate and allows the removal and the replacing of the sensor for the periodical cleaning. When performing this operation there is no need of further setting up. The initial set-up is very easy, because it is immediately possible to check the focusing looking at the light beam on the surface that should be inspected.\nFinally, the sensor does not need any maintenance intervention, except for the cleaning of its final part, which can be exposed to accidental mastic splashes.\nBy means of the sensor sensitivity, the mechanics, the optical system and the possible regulations it is possible to detect any smallest imperfection concerning the distribution of the mastic film.\nThe information read by means of the sensor is then sent to the control system for processing.\nHeight 104 mm\nWidth 266 mm\nDepth 200 mm\nVoltage 220Vac ± 10%\nFrequency 50/60 Hz\nPower 12Vdc ± 1%\nTyp. tension 12Vdc\nMax. tension 15Vdc\nAlphanumerical Lcd with backlight\nMatrix LCD membrane\nmax. 550 pieces/min.\nmax. 3.000 revolutions/min.\nmax. 10.000 pieces\nInterruption diameter 0.5mm\nAutomatic Basic Compound Mixing & Pumping StationThe GEM Basic Automatic Compound & Mixing station allows easy & simple compound management.The system is designed to keep the compound in optimal working condition.The station is...\nTrain SimulatorGEM Compound Solution also projects and build other types of Solution for its customers. Fox Example we have designed a Train Simulator SIMURAIL also reproduces the instrument panel and instructor's console. The instrument panel...\nElectromagnetic RM07 Compound GunThe new electromagnetic RM07 gun has the particularity that it runs solely with electrical current (generated by the GEM Gemini or Gemini ROSSO Control Unit) without the need of compressed air (MKIII). The...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "MACHEREY-NAGEL AQUADUR test strips for determining the water hardness\nQuick and easy determination of water hardness\nAQUADUR test strips are for the quick and easy determination of water hardness. The convenient dip & read procedure and the clear colour changes from green to red ensure reliable results within seconds.\nThe water hardness depends mainly on the amount of calcium and magnesium salts within the water. The total sum of these salts determines the actual water hardness. In the USA, water hardness is expressed in ppm (mg/l) CaCO3\nGenerally, water is often simply classified as \"soft\" or \"hard\" water. By and large, the following values apply to these terms:\n- below 50 ppm CaCO3 very soft water\n- 50 - 120 ppm CaCO3 soft water\n- 120 - 240 ppm CaCO3 medium hard water\n- 240 - 360 ppm CaCO3 hard water\n- above 360 ppm CaCO3 very hard water\nWater hardness plays an important role in everyday life and a wide variety of industries and applications. Hard water can even adversely affect taste and appearance of food. Hard water inhibits the lathering of soap, so more detergent has to be used in hard water in order to achieve the same cleaning results as in soft water. Additionally, hard water may cause calcification and can thus damage machinery, appliances, pipes or heating units.\nIn many industries, water hardness is an important parameter in process control and has to be monitored constantly. Some examples of industries include the textile industry, dyeing factories, large scale laundries, water works and fish-farming and aquaculture.\nAQUADUR water hardness test strips come in a wide variety of different gradations and packaging options for your individual needs. Single sealed test strips are for example available for promotion activities to inform customers about the necessity of water softeners.\nSince we completely control the production process of our test strips in-house, we can cater to very specific or unique requests.\nAQUADUR water hardness test strips are the ideal choice to quickly, easily and reliably determine water hardness.MACHEREY-NAGEL AQUADUR Sensitive test strips for determining the water hardness\nHighly sensitive determination of low-range water hardness\nAQUAUDR Sensitive water hardness test strips include all the same benefits as the classic AQUADUR test strips, but feature a special, very low measuring range. The test strips are the perfect tool whenever very low amounts of water hardness have to be safely detected.\nThe test strips are for example successfully used in dialysis centers to check feed water, so that the sensitive reverse osmosis units are not damaged by excess water hardness.\nAQUADUR Sensitive water hardness test strips are also CE marked according to the directive for medical products 93/42/EWG.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FOR A BETTER BEAM QUALITY\nOur high quality diffraction gratings are perfectly suited for beam combining of high performance lasers.\nBased on our new grating fabrication process, we can produce gratings up to 135 mm in diameter without any stitching errors. This means that you get large gratings with very good homogeneity and minimal wave front distortion.\nHigh Efficiency Transmission Grating for:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Alexander Gaeta's heavy research into light technology promises to lead to speedy microchips that use streams of photons barreling down microscopic waveguides instead of electricity flowing through minute wires.\nGaeta, a professor of applied and engineering physics at Cornell University, and Michal Lipson, a Cornell electrical and computer engineering assistant professor, are leading a research team that's investigating the potential of photonic silicon chips. The team recently created a chip-based broadband light amplifier, a potentially key component in future photonic circuits. Academic labs worldwide are anxiously pursuing photonic silicon research, aiming to create devices that mix photonics and electronics on the same inexpensively manufactured chip (see photo).\nThe new broadband light amp chip utilizes a technique known as four-wave mixing in which the signal destined for amplification is \"pumped\" by another light source inside a waveguide measuring only 300 by 550 nanometers. The photons in the pump and signal beams are tightly confined within the waveguides, allowing for a transfer of energy between the two beams. The chip's waveguides are silicon channels surrounded by silicon dioxide.\nSince silicon doesn't emit light very well, Gaeta and his researchers turned to an obscure phenomenon known as the Raman effect to amplify light within the chip. The Raman effect relies on the fact that when light is transmitted through matter, part of the light is scattered in random directions. A small amount of the scattered light has frequencies that are removed from the frequency of the incident beam by amounts identical to the vibration frequencies of the scattering system, explains Gaeta. This light is called Raman scattering. If the initial beam is highly intense and monochromatic, a threshold can be reached beyond which light at Raman frequencies is amplified, builds up strongly and begins showing the characteristics of a stimulated emission.\nPrevious attempts at using the Raman effect for silicon-based optical amplification were hampered by that fact that signals could only be produced at a single wavelength. Gaeta's team, however, was able to generate signals across several wavelengths. \"We have demonstrated that a particular effect can amplify almost 30 wavelength channels at once,\" says Gaeta. The technique can also be used to create a duplicate signal at a different wavelength, allowing the technology to easily convert a signal from one wavelength to another. Although other researchers have already created four-wave mixing amplifiers using optical fibers, these devices are tens of meters long, hardly small enough for chip-based applications.\nThe research team tested its invention with infrared light generated near 1,555 nm, the wavelength used in most fiber-optic communications. At 28 nm, the researchers were able to achieve amplification over a range of 1,512 nm to 1,535 nm. Longer wavelengths provided even greater amplification in a range from 1,525 to 1,540 nm. Gaeta predicts that much better performance could be obtained by refining the process. \"We're still kind of feeling our way around,\" he says.\nGaeta also believes that four-wave mixing applications that have already been demonstrated in optical fibers will now be possible in silicon. These applications include all-optical switching, optical signal regeneration and optical sources for quantum computing. He predicts that hybrid photonic/electronic circuits will first be used in data repeaters and routers, where several different wavelengths are sent over a single fiber at the same time.\nInnovations like the chip-based light amp will prove to be pivotal in moving photonics from long-haul telecom networks to computer backplanes, says Gaeta. \"As the need to transmit data between processors outstrips the capabilities of pure electronic technology, photonics will step in as the solution,\" he says.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The HillSpeed Digital Speedometers provide an additional or alternative vehicle speed display. They can be used in a range of situations where an accurate, easy to read, prominent display of speed is required and where warning of exceeding a maximum speed is either necessary or desirable. These can include:\n- general motoring where speed limits apply.\n- industrial applications where there are OH&S requirements.\n- driver training and examinations.\n- where the existing vehicle speed display requires replacement.\n- where there is no existing speed display.\n- situations where constant vehicle speed is required.\n- where vehicle modifications such as different size wheel rims mean that the existing speed display is not accurate.\nBoth models of the HillSpeed Digital Speedometer accurately monitor speed and are designed to be mounted on the top of the dash of any vehicle, within the driver’s field of vision.\nThey have a large, easy to read display in all light conditions, with automatic brightness adjustment according to the light conditions. They are easily and safely read at a glance with no need for the driver to take their eyes off the road. The driver is aware of their speed at all times, allowing them to drive safely and avoid speeding fines.\nThe in-built overspeed alarm can be set to any desired speed and quickly and easily programmed to give any combination of the in-built audible and visual alarms when that speed is exceeded.\nBoth models have plug and play operation, allowing them to be simply and easily installed and operating immediately after installation.\nClick here to purchase a HUD 13 or HUD 09 digital speedometer.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "all drivers update Search Result\nSearch results 3 Articles (Search results 1 - 3) :\n17 September 2011\nLabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to develop sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. It offers unrivaled integration with thousands of hardware devices and provides hundreds of built-in libraries for advanced analysis and data visualization – all for creating virtual instrumentation. The LabVIEW platform is scalable across multiple targets and OSs, and, since its introduction in 1986, it has become an industry leader.\n16 October 2010\n10 October 2010", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CEREBRO: an electric Contrast medium for computationally intensive Electroencephalographies for high REsolution BRain imaging withOut skull trepanation\nProject identification number:\nImaging the brain activity is fundamentally important for many brain-related scientific disciplines. Among the non-invasive neuroimaging strategies, Electroencephalography (EEG) from scalp potentials is one of the primary. In EEG the neuroninduced electric potential is measured by using electrodes on the patient’s scalp. The skull however, highly resistive, shields EEG recordings limiting the spatial resolution. The standard way to avoid skull shielding effects is to invasively implant EEG electrodes under the skull (ECoG) or in the brain cortex (StereoEEG), in both cases after trepanning the patient’s skull. Scalp EEGs are noninvasive but lack spatial imaging accuracy. ECoG and StereoEEG are highly accurate but require skull trepanation and they image only a limited part of the brain. There is the need for increasing the resolution of scalp EEG providing the same level of accuracy of invasive EEGs. This will be the grand challenge which CEREBRO will achieve by conceiving the first ever existing EEG contrast medium, able to provide imaging of the entire brain and in a non-invasive way.\n- Francesco Paolo Andriulli. (Responsabile Scientifico)\n- POLITECNICO DI TORINO - Coordinator\n- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne\n- G.TEC MEDICAL ENGINEERING GMBH\n- INSTITUT MINES-TELECOM\n- UNIVERSITE DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE\nSustainable Development Goals\n|Total cost:||€ 2,498,688.00|\n|Total contribution:||€ 2,498,688.00|\n|PoliTo total cost:||€ 1,380,526.75|\n|PoliTo contribution:||€ 1,380,526.75|\nProject website link.\nPoliflash article of 25/10/2022.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Fire Sensor TF-001 is a smart fire detector which can be voice activated wirelessly. It can detect and help blow away harmful gases. Once the environment is filled with smoke, it not only sends voice alert, but also provides laser guides to point to evacuation direction.\n- Installed using a simple adhesive back\n- Compatible with lightings\n- Powered by 3V Lithium battery\n- One year warranty\n- Dimension :122 x 38(mm)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A radically new design makes SCOT the lightest available CB Time Interval Meter.\nHigh sampling frequency of up-to 10 KHz offers high timing resolution of 0.1 mS.\nMains as well as rechargeable Li-ion battery operated. In built battery monitor and cut off circuit for protection against battery deep discharge.\nIn built real time clock, memory and printer*. Test time stamping on each record enables time references for future use.\nPC Downloading & Analysis including 'Trend Analysis' is possible with «CData SCOT» Software supplied with kit.\nInstrument debug options like contact status check, command check, memory check, printer check*, PC downloading check are provided.\nSimple operation. Tests can be conducted even by technicians.\nSupplied with rugged test lead set, suitable for testing EHV CBs.\nEnclosed in ultra rugged IP67 class hard molded case.The instrument is supplied with CData software CD, Calibration Certificate, and Test leads suitable for testing of EHV class circuit breakers.\nType Tested as per IEC 60068, IEC 61326 & IEC 61010-1. CE marked", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Let’s understand working of refrigerant based dehumidifier which also know as condensation dehumidifier.\nCondensation dehumidifier equipped with compressor, evaporator coil, condensation coil and tank. lets understand process\n– Moist air drawn into unit by fan which passes over\ncold surface of condenser coil hence moisture in\nair get condense into water.\n– Condensate get accumulated in tank.\n– Cold air then passed over evaporator coil and used\nfor heat recovery system.\n– Dry air then pushed in room with 2° Celsius warmer.\n– Sensor installed shuts down unit if tank gets full.\n– Humidity sensor continuously read humidity level\nof air entering in unit. When room humidity reaches\nto set level then unit get switched off automatically.\nCtrlTech dehumidifier UAE\nPO 22271, SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE.\nT: +971 50 1537113 | +971 55 2338912\nEmail : Sales@ctrltechnologies.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The six-axis MITSUBISHI MELFA RV-4F-D industrial robot trainer kit is used for manufacturing with high speed and high precision performance and combining intelligent technology, it has easy connectivity with Mitsubishi’s PLCs and FA Equipments. Vertical multiple-joint type with standard arm type robot used for multiple application like shorting and packaging. The system has inbuilt PLC. RT tool box software which is useful for programming and simulation. Students can design different type of applications and simulate with the help of software simulation module and test on the available hardware.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Shackle pin load cell\nWhen it comes to measuring loads in weighing, rigging or lifting applications, the most common solutions are either using a shackle with an integrated instrumented load pin, or a custom-made load pin sensor that can fit into the existing shackle, replacing existing shear pins, clevis pins, shear pins or any other type of pin joint. This labor-intensive configuration is resource-intensive, as designing and manufacturing a custom pin load cell is a time-consuming process, especially since the designer must ensure that the load applied to the load pin is centered or evenly distributed in the clevis pin.\nFUTEK offers a simpler, yet equally effective solution. Instead of replacing or customizing components, a commercially available \"wafer\" type load cell can be integrated into the existing load block configuration with minimal interaction with the lift and load block components. A high capacity pancake load cell with axially mounted rod end bearings is connected to the load block and lifting hook using existing shackles and load pins, leaving the existing lifting elements largely untouched.\nFUTEK's LCF series of load cells are suitable for capacities up to 100,000 lbs and can withstand up to 150% overload with IP protection up to IP65 (higher seals are available upon request). LCF Series load cells are built to withstand the demands of harsh environments and weather conditions and allow for accurate load monitoring and recording at any attachment point.\nFUTEK LCF load cells have fatigue resistance, a feature that is particularly important for fixed and long-term applications. The load cell's ability to withstand successive load cycles for long periods of time without risk of failure or damage to the load cell body (bending) or strain gauge element, saves time and resources while providing peace of mind to the operator.\nTypical Applications :\n- Weighing cranes under hooks\n- Show and theater assembly\n- Aircraft manufacturing and repair\n- Lifting and lowering of loads\n- Testing and certification of structural loads\n- Shipping and receiving weighing\n- Crane and hoist calibration and proof load testing\n- Manufacturing and heavy construction\nBenefits of LCF Series Load Cells :\n- Simple installation and operation\n- Fatigue resistant load cell\n- High accuracy with ±0.10% non-linearity.\n- Eccentric loading - capable of withstanding high external loads\n- Stainless steel or anodized aluminum flexure\n- Ideal for use in rugged or harsh environments\n- Environmentally sealed to IP65 (higher sealing available upon request)\n- Available up to 100,000 lbs (higher ratings available upon request)\nHow it works :\n- FUTEK's LCF \"wafer\" type load cells are installed between the load block and the lifting hook to measure the crane's lifting load.\n- As the load is lifted by the crane or other lifting system, the strain gauge load cell captures the weight of the lifted load in real time. At any time, as the load increases, the operator can reverse the lift in case of overload. A load indicator or digital display is installed in the operator's cab for online monitoring.\n- The IPM650 intelligent digital display is combined with sensors for real-time recording, locking and alarming.\n- These systems are also available with wireless/Bluetooth solutions for improved versatility and logistics.\nProducts used :\nLCF series high capacity pancake load cell combined with IPM650 intelligent digital display ;", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Circuit arrangement for frequency analysis of received signals which lie in a wide overall frequency band\nA circuit arrangement for a frequency-dependent analysis of received signals which lie in a wide overall frequency band utilizes a filter bank which cooperates with an evaluation circuit. The filter bank has frequency-dependent band filters connected thereto and comprises an evaluation frequency range which exhibits only a few small band width in relation to the overall frequency band. The received signals are processed by means of a filter circuit having adjoining pass ranges, the signals being modulated by a number of frequency modulators into an evaluation frequency range and an addition of the individual heterodyning frequency values is performed. The frequency-dependent successive partial frequency bands of the received signals, after conversion in the filter circuit, are respectively connected to another of two transmission channels in such a manner that the first transmission channel only transmits the even numbered partial frequency bands in the frequency-dependent succession, and the second transmission channel only transmits the uneven numbered partial frequency bands in the frequency-dependent succession. The transmission channels are coupled to one of two respective equally structured filter banks and all outputs of the filter circuit, engaged by means of received signals, supply the output signal which characterizes engagement. Each received signal, if it falls in only one pass range, passes only one overlapping-free transmission path; if it falls into two adjoining pass ranges, it passes two overlapping-free transmission paths and thereby results in unequivocal frequency values for evaluation.\nLatest Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Patents:\n- Corona shielding system, in particular outer corona shielding system for an electrical machine\n- Rotary actuator comprising a homogeneously illuminated display area\n- Synchronous generator control, generator system and vessel energy system\n- Insulation system for electrical machines\n- Systems and method for controlling electrodynamic machines with a variable frequency drive\n1. Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a circuit arrangement for the frequency-dependent analysis of received signals which lie in a wide overall frequency band utilizing a filter bank which cooperates with an evaluation circuit, and more particularly to such an arrangement in which the filter bank has frequency-dependent band pass filters and comprises an evaluation frequency range which exhibits only a few small bandwidth in relation to the overall frequency band, and wherein the received signals are processed by a filter circuit having adjoining pass ranges so that the receiving signals are modulated into the evaluation frequency range by means of a number of frequency modulators, and wherein the individual heterodyning frequency values are added.\n2. Description of the Prior Art\nA radar apparatus is known from the publication \"Proceedings of the IRE\", Vol. 49, 1961, No. 9, pp. 1417-1423, in which a frequency analysis is undertaken in order to determine the Doppler frequency. The appertaining circuit arrangement operates with a first filter bank, roughly subdividing the practicable frequency range and consisting of a number of band pass filters connected in parallel. On the basis of the rough information thus obtained, that oscillator is then selected from a number of oscillators, by means of a corresponding selection circuit, which permits bringing the received signal into the pass range of a second filter bank which comprises a number of very narrow-banded band pass filters. As a certain time passes for the first frequency analysis in the first filter bank, roughly subdivided, the received signal, in particular the reflected echo pulse, is stored for such a time until the necessary preliminary decisions are made, i.e. the selection of the respective low frequency oscillator. Not until then is a received signal passed on to the finely subdivided second filter bank for a further evaluation.\nThis known circuit arrangement has the disadvantage that its construction is very expensive. Moreover, it is then no longer suited if a very wide frequency band is to be monitored or is to be examined for the presence of signals.\nA difficulty generally occurring in known circuit arrangements which serve for a frequency-dependent analysis of received signals resides in the fact that signals which fall into the transition range, e.g. a \"gray range\", between two successive pass ranges are either lost in the evaluation due to diminished sensitivity, or provide indication errors. This cannot be completely prevented, no matter how steep the filter response flanks, whereby the disadvantage exists that such filters are complicated and expensive.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION\nThe object of the present invention is to improve a circuit arrangement of the type initially mentioned, with the least possible expense in regard to filter properties, in such a manner that the analysis of very wide frequency bands is possible, and where the difficulties which result between the pass ranges of the individual partial frequency bands by means of the \"gray ranges\" are also avoided.\nThe above object is achieved in that the frequency-dependent sequential partial frequency bands in the filter circuit are respectively conveyed to a second or two transmission channels in such a manner that the first transmission channel transmits only the even numbered partial frequency bands in the frequency-dependent succession, and the second transmission channel only transmits the uneven numbered partial frequency bands. The transmission channels are respectively conveyed to one of two equally constructed filter banks (filter bank A, filter bank B in FIG. 4) and all outputs of the filter circuit, busy with received signals, provide an output signal for the evaluation characterizing the engagement thereof by the received signal. Each received signal, if it falls in only one pass range, passes only one overlapping-free transmission path; however, if it falls into adjoining pass ranges, it passes two overlapping-free transmission paths and thereby results in unequivocal frequency values when evaluated.\nIn this manner it is safeguarded that an unequivocal statement concerning the magnitude of the received frequency is obtained for received signals lying in \"gray ranges\", and that the sensitivity is also retained. The expense for the filter circuits can be maintained relatively low in that no expensive filters having steep characteristics are required.\nIn accordance with an advantageous development of the invention, the filters are structured such that the individual adjacent pass ranges overlap one another in regard to their transmission loss in such a manner that the received signals lying in the \"gray range\" and falling into pass ranges are attenuated as little as possible.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS\nOther objects, features and advantages of the invention, its organization, construction and operation will be best understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, on which:\nFIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an input filter group I;\nFIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a pair of subsequent filter groups IIA and IIB;\nFIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a pair of subsequent filter groups IIIA and IIIB, in accordance with FIG. 2;\nFIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of two equally constructed filter banks A and B which follow the structure of FIG. 3;\nFIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the logical linkages between the first filter bank A and the preceding filter groups;\nFIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the logical linkages between the second filter bank B and the preceding filter groups; and\nFIG. 7 is a graphic illustration which exemplifies the pass ranges of a filter.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS\nFIG. 1 illustrates the first filter group which is located at the input side of the apparatus and which is collectively referenced as the filter group I. Several antennae A1-A4 are provided for receiving signals to be analyzed, the antennae being connected to the filter group I by way of a coupler AK. This antennae arrangement is necessary because a single antenna is not sufficient for the operation in correspondingly wide receiving frequency bands. In the present exemplary embodiment it is assumed that the receiving frequency range to be analyzed lies between 0.3 and 20.3 GHz. A first filter circuit W1 is connected at the output of the antennae coupler AK, the first filter circuit dividing the receiving frequency range into two frequency bands. The frequencies between 0.3 and 16.3 KHz are fed to a filter circuit W2 which is connected to the output of the filter circuit W1 as a residual frequency band for additional analysis. A specific first partial frequency band, having a width of 4 GHz in the present example, is taken from the second output of the filter circuit W1 so that frequencies between 16.3 and 20.3 GHz may be obtained. The respective limiting values of this and all subsequent partial frequency bands include larger \"gray zones\", and is explained later on in connection with FIG. 7, which zones are provided by means of the overlapping of the pass ranges of the filters. An output voltage U1 is tapped from the filter circuit and corresponds with the voltage value in the first partial frequency band of 16.3 through 20.3 GHz, which voltage is fed to a mixer M1. A frequency f01=15 GHz is fed to the mixer M1 so that the intermediate frequency band obtained therefrom lies between 1.3 and 5.3 GHz in the frequency range. The first intermediate frequency band is fed to a transmission line referenced channel A.\nThe filter circuit W2 branches off a second partial frequency band which lies between 12.3 and 16.3 GHz, from the frequency band of 0.3 through 16.3 GHz which is applied to the input of the filter circuit W2. An output voltage U2 is obtained from the second partial frequency band by means of a coupler K2. These signals are fed to a mixer M2 which has an heterodyning frequency selected as f02=11 GHz. The output signals thus obtained and lying in the joint intermediate frequency band of 1.3 through 5.3 GHz reach a second transmission line referenced channel B. The residual frequency band between 0.3 and 12.3 GHz which is available at the upper output of the filter circuit W2 is fed to a subsequent filter circuit W3.\nThe filter circuit W3 separates a residual frequency band of 0.3 through 8.3 GHz and supplies the frequency range of 8.3 through 12.3 GHz as a third partial frequency band. The signals in the latter band are fed to a mixer M3 having an heterodyning frequency selected at f03=7 GHz. The intermediate frequency band lying between 1.3 and 5.3 GHz is fed to the channel A.\nThe signals of the upper output of the filter circuit W3 are fed to a following filter circuit W4. The filter circuit W4 supplies the fourth partial frequency band between 4.3 and 8.3 GHz at its lower output, and forms a voltage U4N by means of a coupler K4N. One could obtain a conversion into the intermediate frequency band of 1.3 through 5.3 GHz, required for the channels A and B, by a correspondingly low heterodyning frequency of 3 GHz; however, it is more expedient to undertake the conversion in such a manner that one can operate with relatively high heterodyning frequencies. For this reason, and in order to avoid undesirable mixing products, the heterodyning frequency of a mixer M4N, connected to the output of the filter circuit W4, is selected at the frequency f04=8 GHz. The sum frequency of the signals is filtered out by a band pass filter BP4N and the signals thus obtained are fed to the mixer M2. The output signals of the mixer M2 also lie in the intermediate frequency band of 1.3 through 5.3 GHz. These signals are fed to the channel B. The \"resulting heterodyning frequency\" from the individual heterodyning frequencies f04 and f02 thus amounts to 3 GHz because the partial frequency band of 4.3 through 8.3 GHz is modulated at 1.3-5.3 GHz in the end result.\nThe upper output of the filter circuit W4 supplies a residual frequency band between 0.3 and 4.3 GHz and thus simultaneously represents a fifth partial frequency band. An output voltage U4T is obtained by way of a coupler K4T, and after conversion output signals having an heterodyning frequency range f04=8 GHz are obtained from the mixer M4T, these signals having the upper side band filtered out by means of a band pass filter BP4T. These signals are additionally fed to the mixer M3 so that output signals result which also lie between 1.3 and 5.3 GHz and these output signals are fed to the channel A. Double conversion is used to avoid undesirable mixing products. The resulting heterodyning frequency amounts to 1 GHz, wherein the sum frequency--in contrast to the preceding conversions--and not the differential frequency, is fed to the channels A and B.\nIt should be pointed out that the filter circuits provided at the outputs of the mixers M1, M2 and M3 prevent the transmission of the sum frequencies resulting from mixing, are not illustrated in FIG. 1, nor in subsequent drawings. The connecting points, respectively marked as heavy dots, are to indicate that non-interacting split connections are to be provided at these points, for example, circulators or hybrid circuits, which prevent a reciprocal influencing of the signals which are coupled in. If the different frequency values are to be simultaneously present in the evaluation circuits, delay devices must be provided, in the well known manner, which compensate for the different processing times which have occurred, for example, between the first and the last partial frequency band after their respective conversions into the common first intermediate frequency band (i.e. into the channels A and B).\nIf the frequency bands of the antennae A1-A4 fit into the frequency schedule of the filter circuits, the antennae can also be connected directly to the respective filter circuit. If, for example, the antenna A4 has a receiving frequency range of 0.3 through 8.3 GHz, its output signals can be fed directly into the input of the filter circuit W4.\nViewing the circuit arrangement in accordance with FIG. 1 results, in summary, that from the receiving frequency range of 0.3 through 20.3 GHz receives by the antennae A1-A4, respectively, subsequent partial frequency bands of 4 MHz are filtered out and are brought into a single common intermediate frequency band of 1.3 through 5.3 GHz by means of conversion. The intermediate frequency band of 1.3 through 5.3 GHz, respectively obtained from the frequency-dependent successive arrangement of the partial frequency bands is distributed to the channels A and B in such a manner that the channel A obtains the signals of the intermediate frequency band formed from the partial frequency bands in uneven-numbered sequence, and that the channel B obtains the signals of the intermediate frequency bands formed from the partial frequency bands in even-numbered sequence. The first partial frequency band (16.3-20.3 GHz), the third partial frequency band (8.3-12.3 GHz) and the fifth partial frequency band (0.3-4.3 GHz) are fed to the channel A, whereas the channel B obtains the second partial frequency band (12.3- 16.3 GHz) and the fourth partial frequency band (4.3-8.3 GHz). Therefore, the received frequencies are transmitted in the channel A, which originally were between 16.3 and 20.3 GHz, between 8.3 and 12.3 GHz, and between 0.3 and 4.3 GHz. In contrast thereto, the channel B contains the original received frequencies of between 12.3 and 16.3 GHz, and between 4.3 and 8.3 GHz. However, the use of the common intermediate frequency band in the channels A and B, there cannot be a differentiation as to which original frequency range the signals may have been received. This differentiation, i.e. the indication, which partial frequency band has supplied the respective output signals, is obtained by the output voltage U1, U2, U3, U4N and U4T which are called upon, in a manner to be described later on, for evaluation as additional information. The division into individual partial frequency bands can proceed at random per se, whereby the view points of undesired products of mixing and the relative bandwidths (for filter evaluation) are to be taken into consideration.\nThe attenuation of the pass ranges, in dependence upon frequency, is plotted in FIG. 7. The numerical values, which occur in the filters W1 and W2 in FIG. 1, are referred to in detail. The first partial frequency band extending from 16.3 through 20.3 GHz is fed to the channel A. The second partial frequency band between 16.3 and 12.3 GHz is fed to the channel B, and the third partial frequency band lying between 8.3 and 12.3 GHz is again fed to the channel A. If the filter circuits W1 through Wn of the various figures are not expensively constructed, relatively flat ascents in the area of the filter response flanks result. This is illustrated in FIG. 7 by means of the drawn lines. According to this illustration, greater overlappings occur in the area of the limiting frequencies in the different partial frequency bands. These \"gray zones\" are made noticeable by the overlapping arrows in FIG. 7.\nIt is indeed possible, by means of the dash-dot lines, to reduce these gray zones by means of a greater filter expense. However, it is not possible to remove the gray zones completely. Moreover, considerable disadvantages result in that with steeper attenuation curves at the flanks of the filter characteristic, the total circuit arrangement becomes very insensitive in the transition range, for example, at 16.3 GHz. A relatively weak signal of 16.3 GHz is very heavily attenuated by the filters corresponding to the dash-dot lines and is therefore, perhaps not admitted and is thus lost for further evaluation. The overall circuit in this range is very insensitive. The filters corresponding to the solid lines, on the other hand, hardly attenuate the signals even in the range of 16.3 GHz and thus bring about an essentially more advantageous sensitivity of the overall arrangement. Accordingly, the various filter circuits in the range of the limit frequencies between the individual partial frequency bands are constructed such that their attenuation a has not yet risen about a tolerable value. Allowances can readily be made for the gray zones which occur because a differentiation is obtained in that one time the signal is fed to the channel A and the next time the signal may be fed to the channel B. When a signal is received at the frequency of 16.3 GHz, indeed not only the first partial frequency band, but also the second partial frequency band, is engaged. In a further evaluation, as described later on, a double indication of the same frequency value in the end result is obtained if the received signal lies in the gray range.\nThe output signals of the channels A and B are fed to additional filter groups, as exemplified in FIG. 1, these filter groups being more precisely illustrated in FIG. 2. The channel A is fed to a filter group IIA by way of a terminal 2a. Thus, the frequency range to be processed lies between 1.3 and 5.3 GHz. As in FIG. 1, there is a branching of additional, frequency-dependent narrow partial frequency bands by way of a plurality of filter circuits W5A-W7A which are connected in a chain. The width of the new partial frequency bands in this circuit is only selected at 1 GHz so that the frequencies between 4.3 and 5.3 GHz are present at the lower output of the filter circuit W5A (first partial frequency band of the filter group IIA). An output voltage U5A is produced by way of a coupler K5A. The signals thus obtained are fed to a mixer M5 which has an heterodyning frequency selected at f05=4 GHz. Thereby, signals are obtained whose differential frequency lies between 0.3 and 1.3 GHz (the second intermediate frequency band). These signals are fed to a channel AB1.\nThe following filter circuit W6A branches off the second partial frequency band between 3.3 and 4.3 GHz in its lower section and produces an output voltage U6A by way of a coupler K6A. The signal thus obtained is fed to a modulator M6, 8 which has an heterodyning frequency selected at f06, 8=3 GHz. Thus, also, frequencies of 0.3 through 1.3 GHz are obtained as difference frequencies, i.e. in the second intermediate frequency band.\nThe third partial frequency band is coupled out between 2.3 and 3.3 GHz by means of the filter circuit W7A, whereby an output voltage U7A is obtained by way of a coupler K7A. The conversion into the second intermediate frequency band 0.3 through 1.3 GHz is undertaken by a mixer M7 whose heterodyning frequency is selected at f07=2 GHz. The resulting signal is then fed to the channel AB1.\nAn output voltage U8A is obtained from the fourth partial frequency band between 1.3 and 2.3 GHz by way of a coupler K8A. These signals reach a mixer M8 which has an heterodyning frequency f08=2 GHz. Only the sum frequency is permitted to pass through the band pass filter BP8 so that frequencies between 3.3 and 4.3 GHz are fed to the mixer M6, 8 mentioned above. By means of the additional conversion, which is undertaken in the mixer M6, 8, again values between 0.3 and 1.3 GHz are formed in the second intermediate frequency band and are fed to a channel AB2. Thus, the resulting heterodyning frequency amounts to 1 GHz for the fourth partial frequency band.\nTherefore, the circuit proceeds in an analogous manner to the circuit illustrated in FIG. 1 such that the partial frequency bands (respectively 1 MHz wide) of the filter group IIA are alternately fed to the channel AB1 (uneven-numbered partial frequency bands) and to the channel AB2 (even-numbered partial frequency bands). The frequency ranges of 4.3-5.3 GHz and 2.3-3.3 GHz from the channel A of the first intermediate frequency band are contained in the channel AB1. However, the frequency ranges of 3.3-4.3 GHz and of 1.3-2.3 GHz reach the channel AB2.\nA filter group IIB, illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 2, is constructed in the same manner as the filter group IIA. The individual filter circuits W5B, W6B and W7B have the same frequency ranges as in the filter group IIA, as is illustrated from the frequency values provided in the respective filter block symbols of the drawing. The connecting to the two channels AB1 and AB2 results in the same manner as in the filter group IIA. This means that the uneven-numbered partial frequency bands of between 4.3 and 5.3 GHz and between 2.3 and 3.3 GHz coming from the channel B are contained in the channel AB1, whereas the even numbered partial frequency bands of between 3.3 and 4.3 GHz and between 1.3 and 2.3 GHz coming from the channel B are fed to the channel AB2.\nThe mixers M5, M7, M8, M6, 8, already mentioned in the filter group IIA, are also utilized for conversion, which is readily possible due to the same partial frequency bands in the filter groups IIA and IIB, and the same second intermediate frequency band of 0.3 through 1.3 GHz, and provides the same heterodyning frequencies. The respective output voltages are referenced U5B-U8B for the filter group IIB.\nA circuit constructed in accordance with FIG. 3 is connected to the output terminals 3a, 3b of FIG. 2 and contains two filter groups IIIA and IIIB. The upper filter group IIIA has a chain-connected arrangement of filter circuits W9A-W12A, whereby the partial frequency bands of only 0.2 GHz are coupled out. The distribution of the new partial frequency bands to the filter circuits is selected in the same manner as previously discussed with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2. More specifically, the filter circuit W9A couples out the partial frequency band between 1.1 and 1.3 GHz. The coupled-out frequency band lies between 0.9 and 1.1 GHz in the filter circuit W10A, between 0.7 and 0.9 GHz in the filter circuit W11A, and between 0.5 and 0.7 GHz in the filter circuit W12A, and the last partial frequency band comprises frequencies between 0.3 and 0.5 GHz. The output voltages occurring at the outputs of the filter circuits are branched off by corresponding couplers K9A-K13A and are referenced U9A-U13A, respectively. The received signals reach a plurality of mixers M9A-M12A, whose heterodyning frequencies f09-f012 are respectively selected to have a difference of 0.2 GHz. First of all, there is an upward modulation with the frequency f013A=0.4 GHz in the mixer M13A, and thus the sum frequency (after filtering by a band pass filter BP13A) is converted into the differential frequency in the mixer M11A, this frequency being in the range of 0.1 and 0.3 GHz. Therefore, the resulting heterodyning frequency for the fifth partial frequency band is at 0.2 GHz. A third intermediate frequency band lying between 0.1 to 0.3 GHz occurs at the outputs of these mixers. The sequence of the distribution of the individual partial frequency bands of 0.2 GHz band width each results such that the uneven-numbered partial frequency bands (first partial frequency band of 0.1-0.3 GHz; the third frequency band of 0.7-0.9 GHz; and the fifth partial frequency band of 0.3-0.5 GHz) in sequence are fed to a channel AB11. The even numbered partial frequency bands (second partial frequency band of 0.9-1.1 GHz; and the fourth partial frequency band of 0.5-0.7 GHz) in the sequence are, however, fed to a channel AB21. Therefore, the receiving frequencies lies only in the third intermediate frequency band, i.e. between 0.1 and 0.3 GHz at the outputs 4a and 4b of the two channels AB11 and AB21, respectively.\nIn the lower portion of FIG. 3 an additional filter group IIIB is illustrated. The structure of the filter group IIIB, which has filter circuits W9B-W12B, is the same as that of the filter group IIIA, and also the respectively processed frequencies (the partial frequency bands and residual frequencies and third intermediate frequency band) result in the same values as in the filter group IIIA. Accordingly, the respective frequencies for the heterodyning frequencies in the modulators M9B-M13B are also completely equal to the respectively analogous referenced mixers M9A-M13A of the filter group IIIA. The distribution of the respective output voltages in the individual partial frequency bands is determined by a plurality of couplers K9B-K13B, in the same manner as mentioned above, to supply the respective voltages U9B-U13B.\nA difference in relation to the filter group IIIA exists in the filter group IIIB in that the uneven numbered partial frequency bands (the first partial frequency band of 1.1-1.3 GHz; the third partial frequency band of 0.7-0.9 GHz; and the fifth partial frequency band of 0.3-0.5 GHz) are fed to the channel AB21, whereas the even-numbered partial frequency bands (the second partial frequency band of 0.9-1.1 GHz; and the fourth partial frequency band of 0.5-0.7 GHz) are fed to the channel AB11.\nFIG. 4 illustrates circuits for the additional evaluation of the signals of the channels AB11 and AB21 supplied by the circuit of FIG. 3. The channel AB11 having a bandwidth of 100 through 300 MHz is fed in at the terminal 4a. The analysis of this frequency range of 200 MHz bandwidth results in a filter bank A comprising 43 parallel-connected band pass filters BP1-BP43. Each of these band pass filters has a pass band of 10 MHz, the respective center frequency being provided in the corresponding symbolic filter block. The band pass filter BP1 therefore has a pass band of 90-100 MHz. The band pass filter 43, provided for the highest frequencies, has a pass band of 300-310 MHz. The output voltages for the respective filters, after rectification, are referenced UF1-UF43. The fact that the band pass filter BP1 and the band pass filter BP43 actually extend outside of the third intermediate frequency band is based on the fact that even in the border or limiting frequency ranges signal portions can occur by means of the modulation of the received signals.\nThe channel AB21 is connected to a filter bank B by way of the terminal 4b. The filter bank B is constructed the same as the filter bank A. Therefore, 43 band pass filters are also provided, which filters are referenced BP44-BP86, each of these filters again having a pass band of 10 MHz. The rectified output voltages of the filters are referenced UF44-UF86 in the filter bank B.\nThe object now is to determine, by means of a corresponding logical linkage of the output voltages U1-U13B obtained from the individual partial frequency bands in the respective filter groups and with the aid of the output voltages UF1-UF86 of the filter banks A and B of FIG. 4, in which frequency band a received signal was originally located. An additional objective is to unequivocally determine the frequency position of signals whose frequency falls into one of the gray zones of the filter groups. The evaluation circuits of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, which are to adjoin each other with FIG. 6 to the right of FIG. 5, are provided for this purpose.\nThe different output voltages U1-U13B of FIGS. 1-3 are fed to memories, in particular read only memories, hereinafter referred to, at least partially, by the designation ROM. The respective output voltages either have the value of \"0\" (i.e. no output signal is present) or the value of \"1\" (i.e. output signal is present). Each logical \"1\" reads the appertaining frequency number in a read only memory ROM, i.e. reads a combination of bits which contains the frequency value of the respective resulting overlapping frequency in coded form. Thus, that frequency is determined in the resulting heterodyning frequency which corresponds with the difference of the respective frequency band minus the appertaining common intermediate frequency band.\nThe respective filter groups of FIGS. 1-3 are referenced by the corresponding Roman numerals and supplementarily by the capital letters in the read only memories ROM. In the upper portion of FIG. 5, the output voltages U1, U3 and U4T (the uneven numbered partial frequency bands from FIG. 1) are fed to a read only memory ROM-I-U, where the letter U respectively stands for the uneven numbered partial frequency bands. The even numbered output voltages U5A and U7A of the filter group IIA, according to FIG. 2, are fed to a read only memory ROM-IIA-U. The even-numbered output voltages U6A and U8A of the filter group IIA, according to FIG. 2, are input to a read only memory ROM-IIA-G, where the letter G refers to the even-numbered partial frequency bands. The uneven-numbered partial frequency bands corresponding to the output voltages U9A, U11A and U13A of the filter group IIIA of FIG. 3 are fed to a read only memory ROM-IIIA-U, whereas a read only memory ROM-IIIB-G receives the output voltages U10B and U12B of the even-numbered partial frequency bands of the filter group IIIB in accordance with FIG. 1.\nThe read-only memory ROM-I-G illustrated in the lower portion of FIG. 5 receives, in an analogous manner, the even-numbered output voltages U2 and U4N of the filter group I, a read only memory ROM-IIB-U receives the uneven-numbered output voltages U5B and U7B of the filter group IIB, a read only memory ROM-IIB-G receives the even-numbered output voltages U6B and U8B of the filter group IIB, a read only memory ROM-IIIA-U receives the uneven-numbered output voltages U9A, U11A and U13A of the filter group IIIA, and, finally, a read only memory ROM-IIIB-G receives the even-numbered output voltages U10B and U12B of the filter group IIIB.\nThe frequency number of the read only memory ROM-I-U is conveyed to two parallel adding stages AD11 and AD12. An additional adding stage AD13 is connected to the output of the adding stage AD11, which also receives the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIA-U. The adding stage AD12 is followed by an adding stage AD14 to which the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIB-G is fed. The output of the adding stage AD13 is connected, in multiple, with a pair of summation stages S11 and S143 (described in greater detail below), and to which the respectively resulting frequency numbers from the filter groups are fed. The result at the output of the adding stage AD14 is connected, in multiple, to a pair of summation stages S21 and S243.\nThe frequency number of the read only memory ROM-I-G is fed to a pair of parallel adding stages AD21 and AD22, whereby the adding stage AD21 obtains the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIB-U at one of its inputs, and the adding stage AD22 receives the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIB-G. The output of the adding stage AD21 is fed to an adding stage AD23 which also obtains the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIIA-U. The value thus obtained is fed, in multiple, to a pair of summation stages S31 and S343. The output signal of the adding stage AD22 is applied to an adding stage AD24 which also receives the frequency number of the read only memory ROM-IIIB-G. The frequency number obtained after the addition in the adding stage AD24 is fed, in multiple, to a pair of summation stages S41 and S443.\nIn the right-hand portion of FIG. 5, the logical linkage of the information obtained from the read only memories is illustrated with the voltage values UF1-UF43 obtained from the band pass filters BP1-BP43 of the filter bank A, whereby--in order to simplify--only the processing of the first output signal UF1 and the last output signal UF43 is specifically referenced.\nThe absolute magnitude of the voltage value is determined by each voltage value UF1-UF43 and converted into a digital word, a plurality of analog/digital converters DPM1-DMP43 being provided for that purpose. This level information is fed to evaluator RE, in which the evaluation of the individual information is carried out.\nThe individual voltage values UF1-UF43, moreover, are respectively fed to a read only memory ROM1-ROM43 as 1-bit information items (voltage present=\"1\", voltage missing=\"0\").\nA logical \"1\" calls the frequency number, characterizing the respective frequency band, in the appertaining read only memory ROM1-ROM43, this frequency number then being made available at the output. A line of summation devices is connected to the output of each of the read only memories ROM1-ROM43, these summation devices respectively comprising four summation stages S11, S21, S31 and S41 (for the read only memory ROM1) and S143, S243, S343, S443 (for the read only memory ROM43), these stages being connected in multiple to the output of the appertaining read only memory.\nThe summation stages S11-S443 form an overall frequency number from the two respectively adjacent frequency numbers, this overall frequency number being fed to the computer RE. This overall frequency number indicates the frequency value of the respectively received signal. In order to obtain unequivocal results, the adding stages AD11-AD24, and the summation stages S11-S443 must be constructed such that they only provide sum output signals when the two inputs are simultaneously engaged, or are engaged within a specific time (dependent upon processing time). Thus, only that line of the summation matrix, corresponding with the respective signal paths, receives a frequency number because only in such a line are three filter groups sequentially engaged. As only one column (only one receiving signal respectively presumed) is engaged by one frequency number, the summation stage Snm which is at the intersection of an engaged line and an engaged column precisely indicates the correct frequency value of the received signal and supplies the overall frequency number to the evaluator RE.\nFIG. 6 illustrates the logical linkages of the information obtained by the filter bank B with the various output voltages of the individual filter groups. The construction is completely analogous to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5. Thus, for the output voltages UF44-UF86 the respective analog/digital converters DPM44-DPM86 are provided which transmit the information to the computer RE by way of the signal amplitudes.\nMoreover, by each engaged band pass filter BP43-BP86 the appertaining frequency number is formed in the read only memories ROM44-ROM86 and is transmitted to the summation stages S144-S486. Respectively, four such summation stages are connected in a multiple and arranged as a column.\nThe read only memories ROM-I-U, ROM-IIA-U, ROM-IIA-G and the read only memories ROM-I-G, ROM-IIB-U and ROM-IIB-G receive the same frequency information as the correspondingly referenced components in FIG. 5. They are connected with the adding stages AD11, AD12, AD21 and AD22 in the same manner as in FIG. 5.\nFor the remaining read only memories, however, the following distribution of the output voltages result:\nROM-IIIA-G--output voltages U12A, U10A\nROM-IIIB-U--output voltages U13B, U11B, U9B\nROM-IIIA-G--output voltages U12A, U10A\nROM-IIIB-U--output voltages U13B, U11B, U9B.\nThe read only memory ROM-IIIA-G is connected to the adding stage AD13 which supplies the resulting frequency number to the summation stages S144 and S186 of the summation matrix. The frequency numbers reach the adding stage AD14 from the read only memory ROM-IIIB-U, and supplies the result to the second line of the summation matrix, that is to the summation stages S244 and S286. The frequency numbers of the read only memory ROM--IIIA-G are applied to an adding stage AD23 from which the resulting frequency number is transmitted to the summation stages S344 and S386, the third line of the summation matrix. The frequency numbers of the read only memory ROM-IIIB-U are applied to the adding stage AD24 which, in turn, supplies the summation stages S444 and S486 of the summation matrix.\nIn the summation matrix provided for the filter bank B, also, only one single column (with only one received signal) is engaged by one of the read only memories ROM44-ROM86. In the same manner, one resulting frequency number is present in only one single line, this frequency number originating from, respectively, three successive filter groups. Thus, there also, only one single summation stage is actuated twice, and results in one overall frequency number characterizing the frequency of the received signal.\nFor the explanation of the operating characteristic of the circuit of the present invention, several examples of receiving frequencies are subsequently provided and the appertaining results are illustrated in tabular form.\nTABLE I ______________________________________ Unique Reception (Outside of Gray Range) Receiving Frequency: 8.4 GHz Volt- Resulting IF Chan- Filter age Memory Freq.f0r (GHz) (GHz) nel ______________________________________ W3 U3 ROM-I-U 7 1.4 A W7A U8A ROM-IIA-G 1 0.4 AB2 W12B U13B ROM-IIIB-U 0.2 0.2 AB21 ______________________________________\nFrom the sum of the f0r, the value of 8.2 GHz is the result, in toto. To this value, the frequency value of 0.2 GHz is added from the filter band B in the matrix, in accordance with FIG. 6, so that, in toto 8.2+0.2=8.4 GHz which is the resulting received frequency. The second line of the summation matrix, in accordance with FIG. 6, is activated because at the output of the adding stage AD14, a frequency number (8.2 GHz) occurs which leads to a coincidence in the column corresponding with the band pass filter of 200 MHz, and thus is also engaged, and supplies an overall frequency number of 8.4 GHz to the evaluator RE. In FIG. 5, however, as can easily be determined with the aid of the engagement of the read only memory, no engagement of a line takes place, and thus no indication is provided in the evaluator RE. No column is engaged, in FIG. 5, also because the filter bank A is not activated (i.e. no signal in the channel AB11).\nTABLE II ______________________________________ Reception In The Gray Range Receiving Frequency: 12.3 GHz Volt- Resulting IF Chan- Filter age Memory Freq.f0r (GHz) (GHz) nel ______________________________________ (a) Path 1 W2 U2 ROM-I-G 11 1.3 B W7B U8B ROM-IIB-G 1 0.3 AB2 W12B U13B ROM-IIIB-U 0.2 0.1 AB21 (b) Path 2 W3 U3 ROM-I-U 7 5.3 A W5A U5A ROM-IIA-U 4 1.3 AB1 W9A U9A ROM-IIIA-U 1 0.3 AB11 ______________________________________\nFor the path 1 in FIG. 6 results an engagement of the fourth line by means of the frequency number of 12.2 GHz at the output of the adding stage AD24. Together with the band pass filter from the filter bank B for 100 MHz center frequency (engagement of one column) results in their overall frequency number of 12.3 GHz in the evaluator RE. By means of the filter bank A (engagement of the band pass filter for 300 MHz) and the engagement of the first line of the summation matrix in accordance with FIG. 5, there also the overall frequency number of 12.3 GHz is formed in the evaluator RE.\nIt should be pointed out that the number of the successive filter groups primarily depends on the width of the frequency band to be analyzed, and how fine the desired final resolution. The filter circuits illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 can therefore be varied in a multiple manner. In the extreme case, (in accordance with the filter group I of FIG. 1) the filter banks A and B of FIG. 4 can be directly connected to the two transmission channels A and B (however, with a correspondingly altered operational frequency range, namely of 1.3-5.3 GHz). On the other hand, it is also possible to provide additional filter circuits. It is only to be observed that the alternating distribution of the output signals to the transmission channels, and the overlapping-free transmission paths are to be maintained.\nAlthough we have described our invention by reference to particular illustrative embodiments thereof, many changes and modifications of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. We therefore intend to include within the patent warranted hereon all such changes and modifications as may reasonably and properly be included within the scope of our contribution to the art.\n1. In a circuit arrangement for analyzing and determining the frequencies of signals received in a wide frequency band, of the type wherein a filter bank is cooperatively connected with an evaluation circuit, the filter bank has a plurality of band pass filters with adjacent pass bands which cover an evaluation frequency range which is very small in relation to the overall frequency band, wherein the received signals are processed by means of a filter circuit having a plurality of adjacent pass bands and a plurality of modulators connected thereto to convert the signals into the evaluation frequency range of the filter bank, and wherein the individual heterodyning frequency values are added in the frequency analysis, the improvement therein comprising:\n- a pair of transmission channels connected to said modulators such that modulators associated with first alternate frequency bands are connected to one of said channels and the modulators associated with second alternate frequency bands are connected to the other of said channels;\n- a pair of filter banks connected to respective ones of said transmission channels; and\n- means connected to said filter circuit and to said filter banks and responsive to signals in the respective pass bands to provide respective output signals characterizing the signals in those pass bands, whereby each received signal traverses only one overlapping-free transmission path if it falls in only one pass band and traverses two overlapping-free transmission paths if it falls into two adjoining pass bands to result in unequivocal frequency values indicated by said output signals for evaluation.\n2. The improved circuit arrangement of claim 1, wherein said filter circuit comprises a first filter group, and a plurality of pairs of second filter groups, each of said filter groups including an input connected to only one transmission channel, respectively, and an output connected, alternatingly, to two transmission channels, said filter groups thus being connected in a chain with the last filter groups connected to said two filter banks.\n3. The improved circuit arrangement of claim 2, comprising a plurality of read only memories each connected to and actuated by selected combinations of said output signals, a read only memory which contains the appertaining resulting heterodyning frequency being activated to provide a frequency indicating number for evaluation, and a plurality of adding circuits connected to said read only memories for adding the frequency numbers emitted by said read only memories.\n4. The improved circuit arrangement of claim 3, comprising a summation matrix connected to said adding circuits and including a plurality of summing circuits arranged in columns and rows with the summing circuits of an individual row connected to the same adding circuit, a plurality of additional read only memories each having an output connected, in multiple, to each summing circuit of a column, and having an input connected to receive a respective output signal from said filter banks and responsive thereto to indicate the presence of a frequency being analyzed in the respective pass band, whereby the appertaining frequency number is produced when a signal is engaging the filter bank in the respective pass band, and the summing circuits activated by said adding circuits and said additional read only memories provide the frequency numbers which result from substantially coincident engagement of columns and rows of the matrix.\n5. The improved circuit arrangement according to claim 1, wherein said filter circuit and said filter banks comprise individual filters whose adjacent pass bands overlap one another with respect to pass attenuation, in such a manner that received signals which lie in the gray range and fall into two pass bands are attenuated as little as possible in at least one of the appertaining pass bands.\n- A. Galvin, A Sequential Detection System for the Processing of Radar Returns, Proceedings of IRE, vol. 49, 1961, No. 9, pp. 1417-1423.\nFiled: Nov 17, 1977\nDate of Patent: Jul 12, 1988\nAssignee: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin & Munich)\nInventors: August Weber (Unterpfaffenhofen), Erich Mayerhofer (Taufkirchen), Klaus Weis (Neuried), Guenter Beyer (Geisenbrunn)\nPrimary Examiner: Theodore M. Blum\nLaw Firm: Hill, Van Santen, Steadman & Simpson\nApplication Number: 5/854,403\nInternational Classification: G01R 2316; G01R 2702;", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The NanoFx® (Nanofracture) offers a “Smaller, Deeper, Better” solution compared to a standard microfracture procedure. The instruments consist of a reusable Hand Instrument and a single use disposable PleuriStik™ for performing a microfracture procedure for the treatment of small localised articular cartilage defect sites.\n- Improved and systemic deep marrow stimulation\n- Only 1mm diameter channels with perforation depth of 9mm\n- Controlled, smaller and therefore better\n- A-Curve Handle specifically for hard to access ankle lesions", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Home > Testing Measuring Equipment >\nQ40:high performance 500A AC current clamp CT sensor\nThe Q40 Series AC Current clamp ct sensor are high performance models, and use a custom nickel core to improve accuracy and phase shift on the low end of the measurement range.\nUL, CE, CNAS mark;\nInstallation: clamp type design;\nHolding wire diameter: φ40mm;\nMeasurement range of 1mA to 600A AC;\nLower phase shift for power measurement;\nImproved ergonomic design and easy operation;\nDesigned to EN 61010, 600V CAT III safety standard;\nSuitable for 10A, 50A, 100A, 500A cable online measurement;\nBasic parameters :\nRatio:1000: 1 or 2000:1\nAccuracy class:0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%\nPrimary current:0 - 500A AC\nSecondary current:0 - 500mA AC or 0-5V AC (customized)\nMax. Cont. Input current:600A\nAdded (m.d.y): 06.23.2022\nOffer viewed: 3\nRelated trade leads\nOffers from same user\nThe Model D50 AC/DC hall effect current clamp is a portable 500A/1000Arms current probe with insulated BNC output cable that can accurately measure ...\nThe FQ-RCTA02 rogowski coil flexible current sensor is designed for easy installed in tight spaces and without the need for dismantling the primary ...\nNo. Offers from same catergory\nBasic Technical Specifications:\n1. Dot Matrix TTF in the front\n2. Defined keys for elementary functions of the installation such as start/stop, fixed-value/automatic operation, ...\nOur company is the best seller of Video Measuring Machine Company in China. We are looking for local agencies in eastern land like Vietnam、 Malaysia、Thailand and so on. Our ...\nThis product is used for the collection and ambient transport of various viruses and related samples such as coronavirus, influenza virus, hand-foot-mouth virus, measles-rubella ...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Please help transcribe this video using our simple transcription tool. You need to be logged in to do so.\nThe combination of visual and inertial sensors has proved to be very popular in MAV navigation due the flexibility in weight, power consumption and low cost it offers. At the same time, coping with the big latency between inertial and visual measurements and processing images in real-time impose great research challenges. Most modern MAV navigation systems avoid to explicitly tackle this by employing a ground station for off-board processing. We propose a navigation algorithm for MAVs equipped with a single camera and an IMU which is able to run onboard and in real-time. The main focus is on the proposed speed-estimation module which converts the camera into a metric body-speed sensor using IMU data within an EKF framework. We show how this module can be used for full self-calibration of the sensor suite in real-time. The module is then used both during initialization and as a fall-back solution at tracking failures of a keyframe-based VSLAM module. The latter is based on an existing high-performance algorithm, extended such that it achieves scalable 6DoF pose estimation at constant complexity. Fast onboard speed control is ensured by sole reliance on the optical flow of at least two features in two consecutive camera frames and the corresponding IMU readings. Our nonlinear observability analysis and our real experiments demonstrate that this approach can be used to control a MAV in speed, while we also show results of operation at 40 Hz on an onboard Atom computer 1.6 GHz.\nQuestions and AnswersYou need to be logged in to be able to post here.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A circular electric current, perpendicularly bisected by a field plane, was modelled as a continuum of pairs of distinct Cartesian component elemental magnetic vector charges normal and parallel to the field plane. The Cartesian elemental magnetic vector charges normal to the field plane pair up into Cartesian elemental magnetic dipoles with intra-dipolar displacements parallel to the plane. These dipoles generate the overall magnetic vector potential at the field point. The Cartesian elemental magnetic vector charge components parallel to the field plane form Cartesian elemental magnetic dipoles (with intra-dipolar displacements perpendicular to the field plane) which individually and collectively contribute nothing to the overall magnetic vector potential. Each continuum of these two sets of Cartesian elemental magnetic dipoles independently yields the traditionally renowned “magnetic dipolar moment of a circular current”. However, together their two distinct magnetic fields, as well as their two distinct magnetic torques, constitute the circular current’s overall magnetic field and the total magnetic torque respectively. These results reconcile only if the magnetic dipolar moments of both sets are endorsed, that is a circular current of any spatial size is a continuum of pairs of distinct Cartesian elemental magnetic dipoles and that consequently its overall magnetic dipolar moment is numerically twice the traditional value. In addition the customary ad hoc definition of the magnetic dipole moment of a current loop is deceptively erroneous, thus prompting a review of many relations involving it. These include the magnetic torque and magnetic field generated by it, and the classical magneto-mechanical ratio.\n|Would you like to <br> submit a short paper <br> for the Conference <br> Proceedings (Yes / No)?||yes|\n|Level (Hons, MSc, <br> PhD, other)?||other|\n|Consider for a student <br> award (Yes / No)?||no|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Development of PC-Based Radar Signal Simulation Test System\nIn allusion to the composition of radar signal simulation test system (RSSTS) for the control of multiple instruments based on PC, this paper, based on the construction of RSSTS, proposed the principle for the achievement of instrument driver library(IDL) and instrument softpanel(ISP), and presented a PC-based test system(PCBTS) that adopted a distributed approach for integrating a variety of instrument software; in addition, developed IDL, ISP, test report modules and various instrument integration software. Finally, an experiment based on aforesaid principles were selected to conduct a comprehensive evaluation for the PCBTS, and the results showed that this test system could fully control the physical test system(PTS) in a PC; could control the PTS to achieve a variety of radar signal simulations and outputs; and could support the report feature of test results.\nKeywordsradar signal simulation PC-based test system instrument driver library softpanel IQ modulation\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.\n- 1.Li, X., Ding, Q., Tian, F.: Development of PC-based virtual radio frequency signal generator. In: ICISE 2010 (2010), doi: 10.1109/ICISE, 5688702Google Scholar\n- 2.Zhang, H., Chen, S.: Fundamentals of modern communication systems, 2nd edn. Higher education press, Beijing (2009) (in Chinese) Google Scholar\n- 4.Cao, Y., Qian, G., Tang, H.: Software design of dense radar signal simulator. Journal of UEST of China 34(5), 622–625 (2005) (in Chinese) Google Scholar\n- 5.Zhi, C., Gao, Y., Li, X.: A distributed system for aircraft hydraulic system simulation test based on LXI. In: IEEE AUTOTESTCON (2008), doi:10.1109/AUTEST.2008.4662609Google Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Several research groups have reported light-induced fluid control based on change of surface wettability.(1, 2) Fluids on microchips were addressed by the external ultraviolet (UV) light or 785 nm laser light irradiation. The method is simple method to control fluids on microchips. However, once the channel has been wetted with the fluid, it is difficult to stop the fluid. Sershern et al. proposed optically controlled microvalve based on the volume change of nanocomposit hydrogel composed of thermoresoponsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) gel containing nanoparticles that have strong optical-adsorption.(3) The optical energy as strong as 1600 to 2700 mW/cm2 was transformed into heat by nanoparticles, and the heat induced shrinkage of thermoresponsive pNIPAAm gel and resulted in the opening of microvalves. In their system, the two microvalves were controlled independently by irradiating light with different wavelength. However, we think heat transfer between adjacent valves should be a problem for integrated microvalve operation.\nRecently, our research group developed a photoresponsive polymer, pNIPAAm functionalized with spirobenzopyran chromophore (pSPNIPAAm), which shows solubility change in aqueous solution triggered by light irradiation.(4) The pSPNIPAAm gel has also been introduced to the surface of the porous membrane and applied to photoresponsive gate membrane.(5) The driving force for physical property change of pSPNIPAAm is based on the photoisomerization of chromophore, which is induced by the light intensity as small as 30 mW/cm2.(4) Therefore, expensive laser apparatus is unnecessary to trigger photoresponsive physical property change.\nIn this study, pSPNIPAAm gels were applied to the photoresponsive microvalve. The pSPNIPAAm gels were fabricated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchchannel by in situ photo-polymerization. By means of local light irradiation, independent control of multiple pSPNIPAAm gel microvalves were demonstrated.\nPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip for modeling multiple sample distribution was fabricated. PDMS microchip was fabricated using the standard soft lithographic techniques.(6-8) Three photoresponsive polymer, pSPNIPAAm, gel microvalves were fabricated by in situ photo-polymeriztion on a single PDMS microchip. Fluid microchannel made from PDMS was filled with the reaction mixture solution containing NIPAAm monomer, the acrylated spirobenzopyran monomer, MBAAm, and DMPA. Focused UV light was irradiated to 450 µm circular areas at the desired positions in microchannel for 10 seconds. The gels were swelled to larger size than the width of microchannels after washing and swelling.\nMicrovalve control by local light irradiation was demonstrated. A solution containing blue die was introduced into main microchannel at 3.4 kPa. Blue light with a wavelength range from 420 to 440 nm was irradiated to each gel at 29 °C. Each valve was opened by blue light irradiation from 18 to 30 seconds. Local light irradiation enabled the independent control of multiple microvalves. Blue light irradiation induced the colour fade out of the pSPNIPAAm gels, which indicates isomerization of spirobenzopyran chromophore, and resulted in the shrinkage of the gels. It caused the opening of microvalve.\nThe typical intensity of the irradiated blue light was 20 mW/cm2 in our system. Since the gel shrinkage is induced by photoisomerization of spirobenzopyran chromophore, the intensity to control pSPNIPAAm gel is very weak compared to the previously reported optically controlled microvalve using nanocomposit hydrogel (more than 1600 mW/cm2).(3) Therefore, our system does not require expensive lasor equipment. Low light intensity leads the small increase in temperature. Therefore, in the present study, the heat transfer between adjacent valves does not affect the microvalve control. Threfore, pSPNIPAAm gel microvalve is suitable for integrated fluid control system compared to the previously reported microvalves composed of thermoresponsive hydrogel.\nThe flow control by light irradiation provides a non-contact and independent flow control on microchip. Micro-patterned light irradaiation enables the pallarel control of multiple microvalves. Therefore, optical control of microfluids will create a novel prospect for highly integrated microfluidic devices. We think photoresponsive polymer gel microvalve will be an advantageous technique for multifunctional microfluidic chip.\n1. H. Nagai, J. Takahashi and S. Wakida, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS2003), Squaw Valley, 2003.\n2. G. L. Liu, J. Kim, Y. Lu and L. P. Lee, Nature Materials, 2006, 5, 27-32.\n3. S. R. Sershen, G. A. Mensing, M. Ng, N. J. Halas, D. J. Beebe and J. L. West, Adv Mater, 2005, 17, 1366-1368.\n4. K. Sumaru, M. Kameda, T. Kanamori and T. Shinbo, Macromolecules, 2004, 37, 4949-4955.\n5. K. Sumaru, K. Ohi, T. Takagi, T. Kanamori and T. Shinbo, Langmuir, 2006, 22, 4353-4356.\n6. D. C. Duffy, J. C. McDonald, O. J. A. Schueller and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 4974-4984.\n7. T. Deng, H. K. Wu, S. T. Brittain and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 2000, 72, 3176-3180.\n8. M. Yamada and M. Seki, Anal. Chem., 2004, 76, 895-899.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 4097917 A\nA light display which rotates in response to command signals in the form of sounds, light beams or the like. The display includes a tube having flexible rod-like members coupled thereto and extending outwardly therefrom with the outer ends of the members being provided with essentially point sources of light which, when the tube rotates, trace out generally continuous lines due to the relativey high speed of rotation of the tube. The tube rotates under the influence of an electric motor which receives command signals for causing rotation of the drive shaft thereof. The drive shaft is either connected directly or by gear-down structure to the tube. One embodiment of the invention utilizes the rod-like members which are flexible glass fibers and a light source is disposed to the outer ends thereof. In another embodiment, the members are tubes having light emitters such as light diodes at their outer ends.\nLight displays using glass fiber rods have previously been used to provide aesthetic effects. One type of such display is stationary and another type rotates very slowly, such as with a synchronous motor, at one speed. None of the conventional light displays using glass fibers operates to provide an artistic effect derived by rotating the glass fibers or other such structures continuously and randomly at different speeds in accordance with external commands directed to the rotating means of the display. In fact, the flexibility of glass fiber rods has not been relied upon to provide the aesthetic effects which are possible by rotating the rods and causing them to flex and move continuously due to continuously changing centrifugal forces exerted on them. A need has, therefore, arisen for an improved light display which utilizes the flexibility of glass rods and other types of structures to provide rotating pinpoint light sources which move along continuously changing paths in accordance with external commands, such as music, the human voice, and the like, whereby the light display can provide an aesthetic effect not attainable with conventional light displays.\nThe present invention meets the aforesaid need by providing a rotatable light display comprised of a plurality of flexible, elongated members having, in effect, pinpoint light sources at the outer ends of the members. Means is provided for continuously rotating the members as they extend outwardly and away from a support so that, as the members rotate, they flex outwardly due to the centrifugal forces exerted thereon and, depending upon the speed of rotation of the members, they will flex to a greater or lesser degree. As the outer ends of the members rotate the greater or lesser speeds, they present continuously changing patterns of continuous lines of light which can be of different colors so as to provide a pleasing, aesthetic effect and one which provides entertainment for those viewing the display in operation.\nThe display of this invention utilizes a drive means having a sensor for sensing external commands, such as sounds, light beams or the like. The sensor converts the commands to electronic signals which, when applied to the drive means, causes rotation of the members and the resulting light displays in the form of continuous lines. As the signals vary in amplitude, the speed of rotation of the members also vary so they flex to a greater or lesser degree and thereby provide the changing light patterns in the form of the aforesaid continuous lines.\nIn one form of the invention, the members are comprised of glass fibers which extend into and through one end of a tube mounted for rotation on a support. A light source in the tube directs its light beams onto the inner faces of the glass fibers and the light is transferred to the outer ends thereof, on which are blobs of colored fluorescent materials so that, when light strikes each blob, it fluoresces and provides, in essence, a pinpoint light source.\nAnother embodiment of the invention utilizes long, slender tubes having light emitters at their outer ends thereof, such light emitters being light emitting diodes or the like. Electrical leads from the light emitters extend along the length of respective tubes and are coupled to brushes and contact rings to connect the light emitters with a source of electrical current, such as a battery.\nThe primary object of this invention is to provide an improved light display which utilizes a plurality of flexible, elongated members which present point sources of light at respective ends thereof and which rotate in response to external commands so that their outer ends present continuous lines of light which are constantly changing due to variations in the commands.\nAnother object of this invention is to provide a light display of the type described wherein the members are coupled to and project outwardly from a rotating element connected to a drive motor having a sensor which picks up external commands, such as music, the human voice, light signals or the like, and the commands, when they vary in amplitude, cause variations in the drive speed of the motor so that the rotatable members will flex to a greater or lesser degree due to centrifugal forces exerted thereon and the resulting light patterns will change shapes continuously, corresponding to the characteristics of the command signals, such as the beat of music when music signals provide the commands.\nOther objects of this invention will become apparent as the following specification progresses, reference being had to the accompanying drawing for an illustration of several embodiments of the invention.\n1. A rotatable light display comprising: a support; a plurality of elongated, flexible members; means carried by the support and rotatable relative thereto for rotatably mounting said members thereon with the members extending outwardly from the support in directions generally longitudinally of the axis of rotation of said mounting means; means coupled with said members for defining light sources at their outer ends; a motor having a rotatable drive shaft; means connecting the drive shaft to said mounting means for rotating said members relative to the support when the motor is energized; and means responsive to acoustic signals and coupled to said motor for applying electronic signals thereto to energize the same.\n2. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said applying means comprises a microphone.\n3. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said members comprise glass fibers.\n4. A display as set forth in claim 3, wherein each glass fiber has a layer of fluorescent material at the outer end thereof, the layers defining the light sources for respective glass fibers when the layers are excited by light energy, and a fixed light emitting element adjacent to the ends of the fibers proximal to the support for supplying light energy for transmission through the glass fibers to said layers.\n5. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein the light sources are light emitting diodes, each light emitting diode having electrical conductor means extending along the corresponding member for connection to an electrical power source adjacent to the support.\n6. A display as set forth in claim 5, wherein each member comprises a tube, and including contact ring means for coupling the conductor means to said power source.\n7. A display as set forth in claim 1, wherein said mounting means comprises a tube having a pair of opposed ends, one end of the tube being mounted for axial rotation on the support; said members extending outwardly from the opposite end of the tube.\n8. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the tube is mounted for rotation about a generally vertical axis.\n9. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the members comprise glass fibers extending through said outer end and communicating with the interior of the tube, there being a light source within the tube for directing light onto the inner faces of the glass fibers for transmission therethrough.\n10. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the tube has a pair of concentric slip rings near one end thereof, said light sources being light emitters at the outer ends of said members, each light emitter having conductor means coupled with said rings, and brush means coupled to the slip rings for connecting the same to a source of electrical power.\n11. A display as set forth in claim 10, wherein there is a disk secured to said tube, and said drive shaft is in engagement with the disk near its outer periphery for rotating the disk and thereby said tube relative to the support.\n12. A display as set forth in claim 7, wherein the support is disposed within a housing having a wall provided with an opening therethrough, said tube extending through the opening, said members being externally of the housing.\n13. A rotatable light display comprising: a housing having a top provided with a hole therethrough; a support plate within the housing below said hole; a tube rotatably mounted on the support plate and extending through the hole; a plurality of elongated, flexible optical glass fibers secured to the upper end of the tube and projecting outwardly therefrom, each fiber having a mass of fluorescent material on the outer end thereof, the inner ends of the fibers being in light communication with the interior of the tube; a light source; means mounting the light source on said support plate with the light source within the tube; a motor within said housing, said motor having a drive shaft; means coupling the drive shaft to said tube for rotating the latter relative to the support when said motor is energized; a microphone carried by said housing and responsive to acoustic signals for providing electronic signals corresponding to said acoustic signals, said microphone being coupled with said motor for energizing the same with said electronic signals.\nIn the Drawings\nFIG. 1 is a side elevational view, partly broken away of one embodiment of the rotatable light display of this invention, parts being broken away and in section to illustrate details of construction;\nFIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1; and\nFIG. 3 is a fragmentary view similar to FIG. 1, but showing another embodiment of the rotatable light display.\nThe first embodiment of the rotatable light display of this invention is broadly denoted by the numeral 10 and includes a housing 12 adapted to be supported on a surface 14. The housing has four sides 16, a bottom 18, and a top 20. Bottom 18 has a central, generally square opening 22 (FIG. 2) which is covered by a base plate 24 releaseably attached by screws or other fasteners to the underside of bottom 18. Top 20 has a central hole 26 therethrough and one side 16 has a hole 28 therethrough.\nA support plate 30 is mounted by a number of spacers 32 (only one of which is shown) on base plate 24 so that support plate 30 is intermediate the distance between bottom 18 and top 20 when the support plate 24 is in the operative position thereof shown in FIG. 1. Support plate 30 has a fixed tubular post 34 mounted thereoon by means of a suitable fastener 36. A light bulb 38 is mounted on the upper end of post 34 and generally projects through hole 26 when base plate 24 is in its operative position. Electrical wires from light bulb 38 pass through post 34 and are connected to a battery or other power source 40 in any suitable manner.\nA pulley 42 is mounted by means of a bearing 44 on the lower end of post 34 adjacent to the upper surface of support plate 30. Pulley 44 carries an externally threaded extension 46 for rotation therewith. A tube 48 is provided with a base 50 threaded onto extension 46 for rotation therewith. The tube has a length sufficient to house post 34 and light bulb 38 and it extends a slight distance upwardly therefrom and above top 20. Moreover, the tube has a transverse dimension or diameter sufficient to permit it to extend through hole 26 in top 20, yet the tube can rotate relative to the top. Tube 48, at least in the vicinity of and above light bulb 38 is lighttight in that it has a sidewall which is opaque to light transmission therethrough and has a closed upper end.\nA plurality of flexible glass fibers 52 are mounted on the closed end of tube 48 and extend upwardly and away therefrom at different angles as shown in FIG. 1. The lower ends of the fibers extend through the closed upper end of tube 48 so that the ends of the fibers are in light communciation with the interior of the tube, at least in the space between the light bulb 38 and the closed upper end of tube 48. Thus, light emitted from light bulb 38 will strike the lower ends of the glass fibers and be transmitted therethrough to the outer ends thereof. Each glass fiber has a mass or blob 54 of a fluorescent paint which is excited by the light passing through the fiber to give a specific color. The blobs may be of different colors if desired. Also, the lengths of the various glass fibers can differ from each other as shown in FIG. 1.\nThe glass fibers are mounted on the upper end of tube 48 in any suitable manner. For instance, holes can be drilled in the closed upper end of the tube and the glass fibers inserted into the holes and then adhesively or otherwise bonded to the closed end. In the alternative, the upper end of the tube 48 can initially be open and can be closed with a mass of a suitable thermoplastic material which supports the lower ends of the glass fibers and provide an adhesive bond between the latter and the upper end of the tube.\nTube 48 is rotated by rotating pulley 42 with an endless flexible belt 56 coupled to a second pulley 58 mounted on the drive shaft 60 of an electric motor 62 carried in any suitable manner on support plate 30 below the latter. Pulleys 42 and 58, along with belt 56, provide a gear-down structure so that a relatively high speed motor 62 can be used in rotating tube 48. A motor possibly could be obtained whose speed is the desired speed of rotation of tube 48, such as 1 to 5 or 6 revolutions per second. In such a case, the drive shaft of the motor would be connected directly to tube 48 in any suitable manner.\nMotor 62 requires a voltage signal for operation and this signal is the output of an amplifier 66 having microphone 68 coupled to its input, the microphone being adapted for sensing external sounds, such as music, the sound of the human voice and the like. Microphone 68 generates electrical signals from sound signals and applies them to amplifier 66 which then directs the amplified signal to the motor to actuate it and thereby rotate the drive shaft thereof as a function of the signals received from the microphone. A sensitivity control 70 can be coupled to amplifier 66 to change the sensitivity of the circuit as desired. Control 70 is manually operated by a rotatable shaft 74 projecting through hole 28 and having a knob 72 on its outer end.\nIn use, sound signals received by the microphone are changed into electrical signals which are amplified and applied to the motor, providing the voltage signal thereto. These signals, therefore, cause the motor to be actuated and drive shaft 60 thereof causes rotation of pulley 58 and thereby pulley 42 and tube 48. This occurs while the light bulb 38 is actuated. This generlly is done in a darkened room and, when tube 48 is rotated, centrifugal force casues glass fibers 52 to bend and flex outwardly and downwardly into different operative positions, such as the dashed line positions shown in FIG. 1. These positions vary all the time in accordance with the amplitude of the signals received by the motor whose drive shaft 60 increases and decreases in speed as a function of such amplitude variations. The net result is a pattern of generally continuous colored lines in space due to the excitation of blobs 54 by the light received at the lower ends of the glass fibers and transmitted to the blobs. The light patterns achieved by the rotation of the glass fibers, therefore, provides an aesthetic appearance and one which gives much enjoyment and entertainment to persons viewing the light display.\nAnother embodiment of the display is shown in FIG. 3 and includes a plurality of flexible tubes 152 of metal or plastic secured at their lower ends to the upper end of a rotatable tube 148 mounted by a suitable bearing 144 on suppport plate 130. Tube 148 projects through the top 120 of a housing similar to housing 12. A disk 142 is secured to tube 148 near the lower end thereof and rotates therewith. A drive motor 162 having a drive shaft 160 is adjacent to the disk and drive shaft 160 is in frictional engagement with the disk near the outer periphery thereof for rotating the disk and thereby tube 148 about the vertical axis of the tube relative to support 130.\nEach tube 152 has a light emitter 154, such as a light emitting diode. The electrical leads to each diode 154 extends along the length of its corresponding tube 152 and downwardly to a pair of concentric contact rings 150 and 151 coupled to tube 148 for rotation therewith. A pair of brushes 153 are coupled to respective contact rings 150 and 151 to connect the same to a suitable power source, such as a battery. The signal input to motor 162 is through an amplifier and microphone in the same manner as that described above with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1.\nAs tube 148 rotates upon actuation of motor 162, tubes 152 bend for flex downwardly and outwardly into various positions, such as the dashed line position of FIG. 3, similar to the manner described above with respect to the glass fibers of FIG. 1. As this occurs, the light emitters 154 are in operation and, as tube 148 rotates, these light emitters are rotating sufficiently fast to give the visual image of continuous lines. These lines vary continuously in location and the patterns they make change in size and shape because the flexibility of the tubes causes the light emitters to change positions continuously with their changes in the commands sensed by the microphone. The result is a display of lights which may be of different color to provide enjoyment and entertainment in viewing the display and in associating the pattern of the display with the sound input to the microphone.\nWhile a microphone has been described as the sensor for receiving an external command signal or stimulus, it is clear that other sensors could be utilized if desired. For instance, a photocell can be used in place of the microphone for receiving light from an external source. The audio output of a receiver which broadcasts or other sounds could also serve as the sensor for the present invention.\nIn lieu of motor 62, another suitable rotating means can be of the type defined by a motor having an armature provided with a number of fixed solenoids surrounding the same, wherein the solenoids are successively actuated to cause rotation of the armature. Each solenoid operates to rotate the armature through a certain arc similar to the operation of a stepping motor. The input to the solenoids includes a series of AND gates which drive the solenoids under the influence of a frequency selective RC network whose input would be a microphone. Thus, the motor would be operated as a function of frequency rather than sound level. Thus, the sound from one musical instrument, for instance, would cause rotation of members in a manner different from the sound from another instrument of a different kind or which produces signals of different frequencies from those of the first instrument.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Instead of an unreliable and short-lived mechanical float switch, the Water Witch Bilge Pump Switches 217 & 230 have no moving parts and require no adjustments. This eliminates the chance of your battery dying or your pump burning out because of a jammed-on float switch.\nTemperature, humidity or electrical noise will not affect this switch, nor will it interfere with other electronics.\nEven with a layer of oil or gasoline in the bilge, the pump will be activated once the level of fluid in the bilge rises to allow water to come in contact with the switch\n• Switch activates pump when the exposed capacitance sensor element is continually exposed to liquid water for 6 to 8 seconds (in saltwater, only one sensor needs to be in contact with bilge water)\n• 14 second end-of-cycle delay ensures bilge hose can drain completely without re-activating the pump\n• Mounting height of switch determines at what water level the pump is activated; usually mounted just above level of \"backflow\" water at end of pump cycle\n• Can be mounted at any angle, at any orientation\n• Can be used with 3-way panel switches (on-auto-off)\n• Dimensions: 2-5/8\"W x1-5/8\"H x 1-5/8\"D\n• 7-year limited warranty", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Donegan, James J., Pearson, Henry A.\nA matrix method is presented for determining the longitudinal-stability coefficients and frequency response of an aircraft from arbitrary maneuvers. The method is devised so that it can be applied to time-history measurements of combinations of such simple quantities as angle of attack, pitching velocity, load factor, elevator angle, and hinge moment to obtain the over-all coefficients. Although the method has been devised primarily for the evaluation of stability coefficients which are of primary interest in most aircraft loads and stability studies, it can be used also, with a simple additional computation, to determine the frequency-response characteristics. The entire procedure can be applied or extended to other problems which can be expressed by linear differential equations.\nAn Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report:", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you’re a car owner or driver, you know the importance of safety while driving. The car front sensor is an essential component that ensures safe driving. This sensor is crucial in warning drivers about potential dangers and helps avoid collisions.\nThese days, safety feature has become a standard component in modern cars. It uses technology to warn the driver of potential obstacles ahead, allowing them to take necessary actions to avoid a collision. This article will provide a comprehensive guide to front car sensors, including how they work, their benefits, and maintenance.\nWhat is a Car Front Sensor?\nA car sensor is an electronic device mounted on a car’s front bumper. It uses advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead and alert the driver. The sensor can detect objects such as other cars, pedestrians, or even animals. The information is relayed to the car’s computer system, which then warns the driver using visual and audible signals.\nTypes of Car Front Sensors\nUltrasonic sensors use high-frequency sound waves to detect obstacles. They emit sound waves that bounce off nearby objects, and the sensor detects the time for the waves to return. The computer system then calculates the distance between the car and the object and warns the driver.\nInfrared sensors use a beam of light that is reflected off nearby objects. The sensor detects the amount of reflected light and calculates the distance between the car and the object. It then warns the driver of potential danger.\nRadar sensors use radio waves to detect obstacles. They emit radio waves that bounce off nearby objects, and the sensor detects the time for the waves to return. The computer system then calculates the distance between the car and the object and warns the driver.\nHow Does a Car Front Sensor Work?\nIt uses advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead. The sensor emits a signal that bounces off nearby objects, and the computer system calculates the distance between the car and the object. The sensor can detect objects up to a certain distance, depending on the type of sensor used. When the sensor detects an obstacle, it warns the driver using visual and audible signals.\nBenefits of Car Front Sensor\nCar front sensors improve safety by warning the driver of potential dangers ahead. The warning allows the driver to take necessary actions, such as slowing down or changing lanes, to avoid a collision.\nIt can help avoid accidents by warning the driver of potential obstacles that may not be visible. That is especially useful when driving in low visibility conditions, such as rain or fog.\nThat can save money by avoiding collisions resulting in expensive repairs. A minor fender-bender can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars to repair, while a crash at high speeds can result in significant damage or even total loss of the car. It can help prevent these incidents, saving the driver money on repairs and insurance premiums.\nInstallation of Car Front Sensor\nA professional mechanic can install front sensors or as a do-it-yourself project. The process involves:\n- Mounting the sensor on the front bumper of the car.\n- Connecting it to the car’s computer system.\n- Calibrating it to ensure accurate detection.\nFollowing the manufacturer’s instructions are essential to ensure proper installation and functionality.\nCare and Maintenance\nIt requires regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. Keeping the sensor clean and free from debris is important, as dirt and debris can interfere with its detection capabilities. The sensor should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and avoiding harsh chemicals or abrasive materials is essential. It is also important to check the sensor regularly for any signs of damage or wear and tear and to have it repaired or replaced.\nCommon Issues with Car Front Sensors\nThey can experience various issues that can affect their performance. Multiple factors, including weather conditions, electrical problems, or damage to the sensor, can cause these issues. Some common topics include false alarms, inaccurate detection, and malfunctioning sensors. It is essential to address these issues promptly to ensure the safety of the driver and passengers.\nIf you are experiencing issues with your car’s front sensor, there are several troubleshooting tips you can try before seeking professional help. These include checking the sensor for debris or damage, checking the connections and wiring, and resetting the sensor by disconnecting the battery for a few minutes. If these tips do not resolve the issue, it is best to seek professional help from a qualified mechanic.\nFrequently Asked Questions (FAQs)\nDo all cars come with front sensors?\nNo, not all cars come with front sensors. However, they are becoming more common as a standard safety feature in modern vehicles.\nCan front sensors be installed on older cars?\nFront sensors can be installed on older cars as an aftermarket add-on.\nHow accurate are front sensors?\nFront sensors can be very accurate, but their accuracy depends on several factors, including the type of sensor used, the distance between the car and the object, and weather conditions.\nDo front sensors require special care?\nYes, front sensors require regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. It is important to keep the sensor clean and free from debris and to check for any signs of damage or wear and tear.\nCan front sensors prevent all accidents?\nNo, front sensors cannot prevent all accidents, but they can significantly reduce the risk of collisions by warning the driver of potential obstacles ahead.\nCar front sensors are a crucial safety feature that can help prevent accidents and save lives. They use advanced technology to detect obstacles ahead and warn the driver using visual and audible signals. Installing a front sensor can be a simple and effective way to improve the safety of your car and reduce the risk of collisions. It can provide reliable performance and peace of mind for years with proper care and maintenance.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "VC4438 smart camera\nVision Components has released its VC4438 model, which extends its range of freely programmable, intelligent high-performance cameras whose key component is a 1GHz (8,000 MIPS) processor from Texas Instruments.\nThe VC4438 acts as a stand-alone image processing system and renders additional PC stations unnecessary. The VC4438 features a 1/3-inch CCD sensor with a 640 x 480 pixel resolution and offers a maximum frame rate of 63fps (126fps in binning mode).\nStandard equipment also includes an RS232 and an Ethernet interface, a high-speed encoder interface and an external trigger input that enables jitter-free image recording even at high reading frequencies. Basic camera versions come with 4MB Flash EPROM and 64MB SDRAM for program and data picture storage, which can be optionally extended to 128MB. Featuring four digital PLC inputs and four outputs, the camera can be easily integrated into existing automation environments.\nAn external monitor can be connected to the camera's integrated SVGA video output for maintenance and testing purposes. Like all cameras from Vision Components, the VC4438 has a robust industrial housing which makes it suitable for rugged environments.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Anton APRV Pressure Relief Valve\nThe Anton APRV Pressure Relief Valve revolutionises let by and tightness testing for engineers. With its design focused on efficiency and convenience, this accessory eliminates the need for continuous hose detachment and adjustments, ensuring the engineer can quickly achieve the desired gas pressure on their U gauge or pressure meter. Crafted for ease of use and time saving, it’s an essential tool for professionals, readily available at leading trade counters.\nThis valve features a user-friendly thumb relief valve with an ‘o’ ring seal, accompanied by a 1-metre high-quality pressure hose. The inclusion of a push fit T piece allows for effortless adjustment of hose length to meet any specific requirement, further enhancing its versatility and utility in a wide range of testing scenarios.\n- Time-saving design for quick gas pressure adjustments\n- User-friendly thumb relief valve with an ‘o’ ring seal\n- 1 metre of high-quality pressure hose included\n- Push fit T piece for easy hose length modification\n- Simplifies let by and tightness testing processes\n- Available from leading trade counters\n- Valve Type: Thumb relief with ‘o’ ring seal\n- Hose Length: 1 metre\n- Hose Quality: High-quality pressure resistance\n- Hose Adjustment: Push fit T piece for easy modification\n- Compatibility: Suitable for use with U gauge / pressure meters\n- Availability: Widely available at reputable trade counters", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Numerical Modeling of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers with a Fiber-Based Saturable-Absorber\nWe report fiber laser simulations with a fiber compatible, self-focusing, saturable absorber (SA) device. The SA device consists of two tapered fiber ends separated by a bulk, nonlinear medium. An optical beam transmitted from one tapered fiber end, propagate through the nonlinear medium (chalcogenide glass As40Se60) and couples back into the other tapered fiber end. Pulse propagation in the fiber laser cavity is performed using the Split Step Method. Stable pulses are generated with energies around 0.3 nJ and a transform limited pulse width around.\nCopyright © 2017, Elsevier\nWang, Long; Chong, Andy; and Haus, Joseph W., \"Numerical Modeling of Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers with a Fiber-Based Saturable-Absorber\" (2017). Electro-Optics and Photonics Faculty Publications. 61.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Spark SL brings legendary Blue studio sound and versatility to your recording space.\nDesigned for critical home/project/professional studio applications and live performance, this side-address cardioid studio condenser delivers exceptional detail and low noise.\nLarge diaphragm cardioid condenser.\nCardioid Condenser Headworn Microphone w/ TA4W\nCAD Audio's MixDown X1 Studio Condenser Microphone is the perfect mic for capturing everything from instruments in the studio to vocals at a live performance.\nOutstanding clarity in an extremely comfortable over-the-ear design.\nThe low-profile E6 provides natural sound with exceptional isolation from noise and feedback.\nIdeal for home studio and live applications, the low-profile AT2021 offers an extended frequency response, high maximum SPL and wide dynamic range.\nBehind the Ear Design For Broadcast TV, Stage, and Theater.\nThe PGA27 is designed for clear capture of vocal, acoustic and amplified sources in recording applications as well as live sound.\nThe GXL3000BP’s high sensitivity and extremely low distortion make it an ideal candidate for recording and live sound reinforcement. Shock mount, vinyl pouch and polishing cloth included.\nThe AT2020: the new standard for affordable side-address studio condensers.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "US 3979748 A\nA long-range pulse radar apparatus emitting linear F.M. pulses and coherently detecting radar returns contains a chirp generator with a phase-control unit, a slope-control unit and a timing circuit. The timing circuit, supplied with a voltage resulting from the phase detection of the VCO output signal with reference to the COHO signal, determines the times when the VCO phase control voltage is to be gradually replaced by the slope-control circuit output. The latter output is determined by the period required to generate a given number of periodic variations of the signals obtained through the phase detection of the VCO output signal with reference to a fixed-frequency signal.\n1. A pulse radar apparatus comprising, in the transmitter signal channel, a generator circuit to generate linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration, and, in the receiver signal channel, means to compress radar return signals into output pulses of relatively short duration, means for phase detecting said short output pulses, a coherent oscillator controlling said phase detecting means, and means for the elimination of stationarytarget signals, said generator circuit including voltage controlled oscillating means, a fixed frequency oscillating means to generate a constant reference signal, first phase detecting means having one input coupled to the output of said voltage-controller oscillating means and another input to said fixed frequency oscillating means, to produce a first control signal; second phase detecting means coupled to the output of said voltage-controlled oscillating means and controlled by said coherent oscillator to produce a second control signal; a slope-control circuit supplied with said first control signal and with said reference signal to produce an output signal which is determined by the length of a period for generating a given number of periodic variations of said first control signal during the time interval when the second control signal exceeds a predetermined value; a timing circuit controlled by said second control signal and having means to produce a timing signal during the time interval when the second control signal exceeds the predetermined value, and switching means which, in the absence of said timing signal, apply said first control voltage to the input of said voltage controlled oscillating means and, in the presence of said timing signal, gradually replace the first control voltage with the output signal from the slope control circuit.\n2. Pulse radar apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the slope-control circuit comprises successively a counter to record periodic variations f the phase-detected output signal, a time measuring circuit with a time interval lying between the instance of generation of a timing signal and the next instance at which the counter reaches a given count position, and a comparator for comparing the count position of the time measuring circuit, which position is recorded during said time interval, with a fixed numeric value corresponding with the desired frequency modulation factor, whereby any difference established by the comparator makes a correction to the output voltage of the slope-conrol circuit.\nThe invention relates to a pulse radar apparatus, in which the transmitter channel contains a circuit that is phasecontrolled by a coherent oscillator (COHO) for the active generation of linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration by the use of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and in which the receiver channel comprises successively a pulse compression filter for the compression of applied radar returns into output pulses of relatively very short duration, a coherent detector for the detection of said output pulses, and means for the elimination of stationary-target signals obtained by the coherent detection.\nThe phase-controlled circuit for the active generation of linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration is hereinafter termed a chirp generator and the means for the elimination of these stationary target signals a clutter suppressor.\nPulse radar apparatuses of the above type are widely known and find their use in long-range air surveillance and air traffic control, for which the demands made on transmitting power, antenna amplification and receiver sensitivity have been raised considerably.\nRaising these demands may involve intensification of clutter, so that detection of moving target returns is impaired and the false-alarm rate is adversely affected. These disadvantages may substantially be reduced by a radar apparatus with such provisions that the signal-to-clutter ratio is improved and the clutter is eliminated to a considerable extent.\nImprovement of the signal-to-clutter ratio may be obtained by reducing the resolution cell, resulting in a greater resolving power through improvement of the resolution in range. An obvious solution to this problem lies in the reduction of the transmitter pulse duration. Such a reduction however results in a decrease in the average transmitting power of the radar apparatus and is therefore an encumbrance to obtaining a large coverage for this apparatus.\nThe advantages gained by reducing the transmitter pulse duration and by increasing the average power are combined by applying the pulse compression technique; it is thus possible to extend the effective duration of the transmitter pulse (which is to the benefit of a large coverage of the radar) and to reduce the resolution cell (benefiting the resolving power) by using a specific frequency modulation of the transmitter pulse.\nIn view of the frequency modulation of the transmitter pulse, it should be ensured that the frequency modulation factor is inversely proportional to the compression factor of the delay line in the pulse compression filter. Only then all signals having the desired phase are applied to the delay line; it is therefore essential that the F.M. factor be kept substantially constant.\nTo be able to eliminate clutter signals, a coherent MTI technique can successfully be applied by using a coherent detector in combination with a delay line canceller in the receiver channel. This elimination process gives good results, provided that the initial phase of the chirp signal is derived through the coherent oscillator output signals and that this phase shows a substantially constant difference with respect to the momentary output signal of the coherent oscillator.\nHence, in a pulse radar apparatus for large coverage it is advisable to utilise the advantages associated with the application of pulse compression and coherent MTI. To obtain a favourable result, the modulated pulse-shaped chirp signals are to be supplied at a fixed initial frequency and a fixed initial phase, while they should vary to a constant F.M. factor.\nSince the major source of errors in the detection and selection process of radar returns from both stationary and moving targets was found in the subtraction process in the clutter suppressor, the errors being caused particularly by variations in the modulation factor with the generation of the chirp signals, it was desirable to pay particular attention to this matter.\nIn accordance with the present invention the chirp generator is thereto provided with a phase-control circuit, a slope-control circuit, a timing circuit and a switch unit. The phase- and the slope-control circuits are fed with the VCO output signal that is phase-detected using the constant output signal of a fixed frequency oscillator as reference. In the time interval when the magnitude of the coherently detected VCO output signal exceeds a fixed value, the timing circuit delivers a timing signal to the switch unit, realising that, in the absence of the timing signal, the phase-control circuit produces a control voltage for the VCO to obtain coherent operation between the VCO and the fixed frequency oscillator, and that, in the presence of the timing signal, the VCO control voltage produced by the phase-control circuit is gradually replaced by the slope-control circuit output signal determined by the length of a period for generating a given number of periodic variations of the phase-detected output signal within said time interval.\nFor a better understanding of the invention and its advantages reference should be had to the accompanying drawing, which illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a pulse radar apparatus in accordance with the invention. The radar apparatus illustrated in the block diagram comprises an antenna 1 connected via a duplexer 2 to a transmitter channel 3 and a receiver channel 4. To apply the pulse compression technique to this apparatus, transmitter channel 3 is provided with a chirp generator 5, suitable to generate linear F.M. pulses of relatively long duration, while receiver channel 4 contains a pulse compression filter 6, which compresses the F.M. pulses to output pulses of relatively short duration. The momentary frequency ft of the chirp signal may be represented by: ft = fo -μ12π . t in MHz, where fo is a fixed frequency in the intermediate frequency range and μ(=2πdf/dt) the F.M. factor. To be able to discriminate between returns from moving targets and returns from stationary targets, coherent MTI technique is applied with respect to the output pulses of pulse compression filter 6. The radar apparatus thereto contains also a phasesensitive detector 7 and a coherent oscillator 8, of which the output signal is used for two purposes. On the one hand, this output signal is applied to chirp generator 5 for the purpose of starting each of the pulse-shaped chirp signals with the same phase; on the other hand, the coherent oscillator output signal is applied to phase-sensitive detector 7 for the purpose of the phase detection of the radar returns. The chirp signals are to be generated at a fixed initial frequency ft = fo -μ/2π .t and a fixed initial phase at accurately determined instances, and are to be supplied to a mixer 9, which also receives the output signal of a stable local oscillator (STALO) 10. The transmitting frequency of the mixer output signal has the desired value, viz. fz,t = fz -μ /2π .t. This output signal is amplified inn an RF amplifier/pulse modulator 11 and converted into a high-power transmitter pulse, which is emitted via duplexer 2 and antenna 1.\nThe return signal received by antenna 1 is passed via duplexer 2 to a mixer 12, which also receives the STALO output signal. the IF output signal thus produced in mixer 12 is, after amplification in an IF amplifier 13, applied to pulse compression filter 6, comprising a dispersive line. Since the pulse compression filter 6 delays higher frequency signals to a greater extent than lower frequency signals, the chirp signal should first start at the highest frequency; this also explains the choice of the frequency formula: ft = fo -μ /2π .t for the chirp signal.\nThe output signal of pulse compression filter 6 is fed to phase-sensitive detector 7 for coherent detection. The coherently detected output signals are supplied to a clutter suppressor 14, in which returns from stationary objects are eliminated. Clutter suppressor 14 may be of various designs. In its simplest design this suppressor comprises two channels fed with coherently detected returns, a difference circuit connected to the output of each of the two channels, and a memory incorporated in one of these channels. The signals passing through the channel that contains the memory are delayed with respect to the signals passing through the other channel, the delay time being equal to one pulse repetition time. Instead of such a single clutter suppressor, a double clutter suppressor is often used in practice or even a triple one. Since the major source of errors in the detection process of the radar apparatus occurs during the elimination process in clutter suppressor 14, the errors being caused by the variations in the modulation factor, it was desirable to pay particular attention to this matter in the design of chirp generator 5. This generator had to be so designed that it delivers an F.M. signal starting at a fixed phase and a fixed initial frequency, and varying in accordance with a desired fixed F.M. factor.\nTo be able to derive an F.M. output signal at a fixed initial frequency fo from chirp generator 5, this generator is provided with at least a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 15, a fixed frequency oscillator 16 and a phase control circuit comprising a first phase-sensitive detector 17,a first integrator 18 and a switch unit 19. To obtain a fixed phase relationship between the VCO output signal and the output signal of oscillator 16, both these output signals are fed to phasesensitive detector 17, which produces an output voltage that, in the embodiment in question, is proportional to the cosine of the phase difference between the two signals applied. The output signal of detector 17 is applied to integrator 18, producing a control voltage used to derive the fixed phase relationship between the output signals of the VCO 15 and oscillator 16. A result of this phase control process is that the VCO 15 is tuned to the fixed frequency oscillator 16.\nTo establish the instant at which the phase of the VCO output signal shows a fixed difference with the phase of the COHO signal, the chirp generator 5 is provided with a second phase-sensitive detector 20, that receives both the COHO and the VCO output signals. Detector 20 also produces an output voltage that, in the embodiment in question, is proportional to the cosine of the phase difference between the two signals applied to this detector. The output signal of detector 20 is fed to a timing circuit 21, which determines from the phase variation of each of these output signals an instant, at which the phase of the VCO output signal to be generated shows a fixed difference with that of the COHO output signal. Timing circuit 21 therefore starts the generation of a timing signal, to be maintained for a fixed period, at the first instant following a synchronisation signal when the phases of the above-mentioned detector output signals show the desired fixed difference. In the embodiment in question, timing circuit 21 thereto contains a convertor 22, and AND gate 23 and a monostable storage cell 24. In converter 22 the detector output signal is converted into a square-wave voltage. On the application of this voltage and the synchronisation signal to AND gate 23, the storage cell 24, under control of detector 20, deliveres a timing signal during a fixed period, in which period the VCO output signal can be generated to produce a transmitter pulse. Chirp generator 5 is thereto provided with a gate 25, which is opened on the application of the timing signal, allowing the VCO output signal to be applied as a chirp signal to mixer 9. As soon as gate 25 is open, the frequency modulation of the output signal should commence; switching unit 19 thereto contains a gate 26, which is blocked by the timing signal, while chirp generator 5 also comprises a slopecontrol circuit 27, of which the output voltage can be discharged over an R-C network 28 contained in switch unit 19. With gate 26 in te open condition, the output voltage of R-C network 28 contributes for a small part to the VCO control voltage, while the remaining part of this control voltage is obtained through the feedback circuit formed by phase-sensitive detector 17, integrator 18 and gate 26. With gate 26 in the closed condition, only the voltage of the slope-control circuit 27 contributes to the VCO control voltage, so that the voltage required for the initial setting of oscillator 15, varies exponentially with the output voltage of slope-control circuit 27 through the incorporation of R-C network 28. VCO 15 and R-C network 28 are thereby so dimensioned that an exponential variation in the control voltage results in a linear time variation of the VCO signal frequency.\nThe major task of slope-control circuit 27 is to make corrections in the F.M. factor in case of variations int eh slope of the linear frequency of the VCO signal. This may be realised by changing the output voltage of slope-control circuit 27. Consequently, the frequency is always of the same value when gate 25 closes. To determine the corrections to be made to the F.M. factor, the time required to measure a given number of periods of the variable output signal of phasesensitive detector 17 is compared with the desired time corresponding to the correct F.M. factor μ. Any differences are converted into an error voltage, producing after integration the output voltge of slope-control circuit 27. To measure the F.M. FACTOR μ, the output signal of phase-sensitive detector 17 is used. During the listening time this output signal is 0 V, as the VCO 15 is tuned to the fixed freuqency oscillator 16 through the feed-back loop containing the phase sensitive detector 17 and the integrator 18. If now on the supply of the timing signal the gate 26 is closed, so that VCO 15 cannot be tuned to osillator 16, and further the VCO frequency changes under the influence of the exponentially varying VCO control voltage, the phase difference between the signals applied to detector 17 also changes, and detector 17 produces a sinusoidal output voltage. As the fixed frequency oscillator 16 delivers a voltage A cos ω1 t and the VCO 15 a voltage B cos (ω1- π/2-1/2λt2), the output voltage of phase-sensitive detector 17 is: C cos (ω1 t-π/2-1/2μt2 -ω1 t)=-C sin(1/2μt2). It is desired to measure the time required for a given number of (k) periods of the variable output signal -C sin(1/2μt2) of the phase-sensitive detector 17 and to compare this time with the desired time corresponding to the correct F.M. factor. The time required for k periods is obtained from the relationship: 1/2μt2 =k.2π, giving =4k/β. A change Δμ in the F.M. factor μ causes a change (Δt) in the time required for k periods, in accordance with the relationship: Δμ=-2μ/tΔt. By measuring Δt, the change Δμ of the required μ can be calculated. The slopecontrol circuit 27 thereto comprises a time measuring circuit 29, which can be supplied with clock pulses from oscillator 16 through a gate 30 contained in circuit 27 during the time required for the k periods. Gate 30 must therefore be open at the start of this time; this is realised with the aid of a gate pulse generator 31, which thereto activates gate 30 as soon as timing circuit 21 also delivers a timing signal for the gate pulse generator 31. On the expiration of the k periods of the detector voltage, gate 30 is to be returned to the blocking condition, with the result that time measuring circuit 29 ceases counting the oscillator clock pulses still to be supplied. Slope-control circuit 27 is hereto provided with a square-wave generator 32 and a counter 33. The variable output signal of detector 17 is converted into a squarewave voltage in generator 32, the square waves being counted in counter 33. On the supply of the first k square waves t counter 33, this counteer delivers a stop pulse to gate pulse generator 31, causing gate 30 to return to the blocking condition. A comparator 34 compares the then obtained count position of time measuring circuit 29 with a fixed numeric value that is stored in a register 35. This value should also be in time measuring circuit 29 in the case of a correct F.M. factor. A difference in the applied value is converted into a voltage by a digitalanalogue converter 36, the magnitude of this voltage being proportional to the difference between the two numeric values and the polarity of this voltage depending on the magnitude of these values. The voltage thus obtained is applied to an integrator 37 to produce the desired output voltage of slopecontrol circuit 27.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nThe vector magnetic field finite difference method presented is a numerical technique based on a variational approach and is suitable for the analysis of optical waveguides. Several characteristics of this method are examined. Eigenvalue convergence for a square dielectric waveguide is investigated, along with the effect of the weighting of the so-called penalty function, which is used to move spurious solutions to higher frequencies. Data for an elliptical core optical fiber and a multiple core fiber is given. The vector magnetic field finite-difference approach demonstrates advantages, such as a banded ordinary eigenvalue solution and ease of implementation and solution, as compared to the finite element solution of such a variational formulation.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Learn how to assess your valve performance\nRegister to watch recorded webinar\nAbout the webinar\nAs of April 2015, Siemens has enhanced the SIPART PS2 valve performance diagnostics by incorporating four offline valve performance tests. These tests include:\nBased on the International Standards IEC 61514-2 & IEC 61298-2, which is designed to provide performance data on the entire valve assembly, these benefits provide proof of valve performance for you and your customer during the initial stage of the valve as well as a baseline comparison for future performance testing.\nAdditionally, valve performance can be monitored with the standard SIPART PS2 online advanced diagnostics features, which can alert customers to valve issues before it affects their process.\nIn addition to reviewing the components necessary to perform these tests, this webinar will demonstrate each valve performance test while simulating typical valve assembly symptoms for data comparison purposes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Influence of the field electron emission from the cathode with an insulating film on the normal glow discharge characteristics\nA theoretical model of the cathode sheath of a normal glow discharge for the cathode with a thin insulating film is developed. In addition to the ion-electron emission, the field emission of electrons from the metal cathode substrate into the film under the action of the strong electric field generated in the insulator is taken into account in the model. It is established that the influence of the field electron emission on the glow discharge characteristics is determined by the emission efficiency of the film, equal to the fraction of electrons going out of it into the discharge volume. It is demonstrated that the calculated normal cathode voltage drop in the discharge in argon for the cathode with a barium oxide film coincides with its measured value for the emission efficiency of the film of the order of 0.1, which is in agreement with its experimental estimations.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The AU Series of Servo Cylinder linear actuators is designed for subsea and surface robotics operating in harsh marine and maritime environments. Featuring Wet-Mate electrical connectors and a fully sealed pressure-balanced and oil-filled enclosure, it can reliably operate at depths of down to 6000 metres.\nThe versatile actuator can be configured with a number of options, including screw, BLDC motor size, stroke length, and a choice of three controllers.\nThe actuator is constructed with a Type III hard anodized coating, and can be equipped with replaceable sacrificial anodes for enhanced corrosion resistance. It is ideal for a wide range of ROV, AUV and USV systems, and low-cost shallow-water versions are also available.\nContactless absolute position feedback and control electronics built-in with control options including CAN 2.0B, RS-422/RS-485 serial, RC PWM, 4-20 mA in/out, and more.\n|Force (peak)||Up to 530 lbf (2.36kN)|\n|Force (continuous)||Up to 270 lbf (1.20kN)|\n|Speed||Up to 14in/s (356mm/s)|\n|Stroke Length||Up to 7.75in (197mm)|\n|Resolution||Up to 0.000061in (1.55µm)|\n|Operating Voltage||8 to 36 VDC|\n|Operational Temperature Range||-40°F to 176°F (-40°C to 80°C)|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Ultrasonic Flow Meters Ideal for Pharmaceutical Facilities\nJun 08 2022\nProduction of pharmaceutical drugs presents difficult challenges for instrumentation used to monitor and optimise the process. Typically drug production processes require devices able to cope with low flow rates and constructed from ultra-pure materials to maintain critical hygienic, sterile and sanitary conditions.\nClean bore flow measurement devices such as Titan Enterprises’ Metraflow® ultrasonic flowmeter, offer the ideal solution for the pharmaceutical industry.\nUltra-pure water (UPW) systems, typically used in production and cleaning processes within the pharmaceutical industry, require a selection of technologies and equipment that preserve the purity of materials. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology facilities use UPW as a cleaning agent and a diluent for multiple-dose injections as well as an ingredient in products. Water free of endotoxins, microbes and viruses is essential in these applications and others such as inhalation therapy products, internal irrigation therapy products and bulk preparation of medicines.\nMetraflow’s high performance PFA polymer tubing offers excellent chemical inertness and an ultra-high grade of purity. Non-intrusive with no internal moving parts, Metraflow® gives an accuracy of +/-0.5% FSD and repeatability across flow ranges from 20 to 5000 ml/min. Its wide flow range and PFA (FDA approved) tubing makes this ultrasonic flowmeter highly suited to aggressive chemical flow measurement.\nTo discuss an optimised flow measurement device for your pharmaceutical application please contact Titan Enterprises.\nBuyers Guide - Major producers of analytical equipment who wish to introduce and sell their products to buyers in science and industry - Over 1,000 products and services that these companys man...\nView all digital editions\nJan 17 2024 Birmingham, UK\nJan 24 2024 Tokyo, Japan\nJan 29 2024 Dubai, UAE\nJan 31 2024 Tokyo, Japan\nFeb 03 2024 Boston, MA, USA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The temperature of filtrate has a great influence on the filter press. The temperature of the filtered liquid directly affects the filtration efficiency of the filter press and whether the filtration is normal. When the temperature of the filtrate exceeds the design temperature of the filter press and the temperature of the filter plate, it will directly cause the deformation of the filter plate of the filter press, or reduce the acid-base resistance of the filter plate, or accelerate the damage of the filter plate.\nAs the temperature of the filtered liquid increases, the water molecules are easier to flow, so the water is easier to flow out of the filter cloth. In addition, the temperature of the filtered liquid will also be transferred to the filter cloth in contact with it. At different temperatures, the holes of the filter cloth will also change directly. At high temperature, the temperature of the fiber in the filter cloth is also lower. With the increase of temperature, the pore size will increase slightly, so the increase of degree will improve the filtration efficiency.\nWhen the filter press encounters high temperature in the filtration process, the evaporation of water will reduce the actual working efficiency of the equipment to the greatest extent. After all, if we only look at the results, the treated liquid will certainly decrease with evaporation, but this is a normal phenomenon, which is inevitable in actual production.\nWhen purchasing a filter press, the manufacturer must be informed of the temperature of the filtrate. The influence of ambient temperature on the operation of filter press is discussed. The current filter press equipment has more or less circuits. Everyone knows that the circuit is in a high temperature environment, coupled with its own heat, the circuit is sometimes very natural, which is why some equipment that is too long is prone to problems in summer.\nIf the ambient temperature is too high and the hydraulic unit stops working, it may cause the temperature of the hydraulic oil to be too high and the room temperature of the hydraulic chamber to be too high. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the change of hydraulic system when using hydraulic filter press in summer.\nPost time: 2023-11-20 16:45:34", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "| ||Format||Pages||Price|| |\n|PDF (356K)||12||$25||  ADD TO CART|\n|Complete Source PDF (4.5M)||222||$55||  ADD TO CART|\nCite this document\nConventional impact tests (without instrumentation) are performed to measure the energy required to break a notched specimen under dynamic loading. Instrumented impact tests not only measure the notched specimen breaking energy but also quantify the energy required to form a crack at the root of the notch and the energy required to propagate the crack through the material. Instrumented test systems use strikers which have strain gages so that the load-deflection curve during the impact event can be derived. These data provide load, deflection, and energy data which can be correlated with engineering parameters such as fracture toughness, ductility, and fracture resistance.\nThis paper compares instrumented impact results obtained using both the Charpy and Izod test procedures. Several possible limitations of the instrumented test procedure have been identified and test procedures to overcome these limitations have been proposed. In addition, an important potential limitation of the Izod test, specimen clamping pressure, has been studied.\ninstrumented impact test, Charpy test, Izod test, fracture resistance, striker, strain gages, dynamic testing\nPresident, MPM Technologies, Inc., State College, PA\nResearch Fellow, Rohm and Haas Company, Bristol, PA\nProduct Development Mgr., Tinius Olsen Testing Company, Inc., Willow Grove, PA", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Carl Paterson studied Physics as an undergraduate at Oxford University before coming to Imperial College to study for his PhD in Optics. He became a Royal Society University Research Fellow in 2001 and Reader in Physics in 2008. He started his research career working on diffractive optics and optical vortices before moving into adaptive optics, optical propagation through scattering and turbulent media and optical imaging. Current research interests also include endoscopy and Brillouin microscopy with particular emphasis on ocular imaging.\net al., 2022, Adaptive light-sheet fluorescence microscopy with a deformable mirror for video-rate volumetric imaging, Applied Physics Letters, Vol:121, ISSN:0003-6951, Pages:1-7\net al., 2021, Video-rate remote refocusing through continuous oscillation of a membrane deformable mirror, Journal of Physics: Photonics, Vol:3, ISSN:2515-7647, Pages:1-14\net al., 2021, Multivariate analysis of Brillouin imaging data by supervised and unsupervised learning, Journal of Biophotonics, Vol:14, ISSN:1864-063X\nBerk J, Paterson C, Foreman MR, 2021, Tracking single particles using surface plasmon leakage radiation speckle, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol:39, ISSN:0733-8724, Pages:3950-3960\nBerk J, Paterson C, Foreman MR, 2021, Tracking using surface plasmon leakage radiation speckle", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Programmable Type||In System Programmable|\n|Delay Time tpd(1) Max||10 ns|\n|Voltage Supply - Internal||3V ~ 3.6V|\n|Number of Logic Elements/Blocks||16|\n|Number of Macrocells||256|\n|Number of Gates||5000|\n|Number of I/O||120|\n|Operating Temperature||0°C ~ 70°C (TA)|\n|Mounting Type||Surface Mount|\n|Package / Case||144-LQFP|\n|Supplier Device Package||144-TQFP (20x20)|\n|Base Product Number||EPM7256|\nEPM7256ATC144-10 Datasheet Download\nThe EPM7256ATC144-10 is an advanced high-performance Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip manufactured by Altera Corporation. It is designed to provide a cost-effective solution for applications that require high-speed signal processing and complex logic operations.\nThe EPM7256ATC144-10 has a total of 144 logic elements, with a total of 256 pins. It has a total of 10,000 usable gates, and is capable of operating at a maximum speed of 200 MHz. It also has an integrated dual-port SRAM memory, with a capacity of 32K x 18 bits. The chip is powered by a 5V supply and supports a wide range of input/output voltages.\nThe EPM7256ATC144-10 is a versatile chip, suitable for a wide range of applications. It is ideal for use in embedded systems, digital signal processing, industrial automation, and medical imaging. It is also suitable for use in robotics, communications, and military applications.\nThe EPM7256ATC144-10 is a reliable, cost-effective chip that provides a high level of performance for a wide range of applications. Its integrated dual-port SRAM memory, along with its high speed and low power consumption, make it an ideal choice for a variety of applications.\nYou May Also Be Interested In\n6,005 In Stock\n|QTY||Unit Price||Ext Price|\n|The price is for reference only, please refer to the actual quotation!|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "PIHR connectors are engineered for automated assembly\nExpanding the Datamate family of 2mm pitch, high reliability (hi-rel) connectors, Harwin has announced pin-in-hole reflow (PIHR) connectors to the Datamate series. They have been engineered for use in automated assembly. Part of the company’s Datamate L-Tek series, the PIHR connectors feature a locking latch. They have 2mm long terminations instead of the 3mm lengths used in standard Datamate connectors.\nBoth two- and three- contact versions are available. The locking latch mechanism used in the Datamate PIHR connector series provides rapid mating connection and a high resistance to vibrations without taking up valuable board space, confirmed Harwin.\nDatamate PIHR connectors are suited for attaching encoders and sensors to machine tools and robotic systems, where accuracy to determine position and movement is important. They also give reliable connections for industry IoT (IIoT) modules to be installed in environments where exposure to vibration is high.\nThe connectors are supplied in a tape-and-reel format, to avoid any manual handling before soldering, and can be mounted using automated pick-and-place machinery. Pin-in-hole reflow – also known as pin-in-paste (PIP) – terminations bring the mechanical retention expected from through-hole technology (THT) with the production process advantages and cost-effectiveness of surface mount technology (SMT).\n“Modern encoders must deliver high levels of precision, while being able to deal with demanding industrial conditions such as heavy vibrations and high temperatures,” states Ryan Smart, Head of Product Management at Harwin. “Equipment manufacturers need to increase the level of automated assembly, to improve throughput and reduce errors. Datamate PIHR gives them the reliability needed, plus the convenience of being compatible with pick-and-place and reflow processes.”\nFor over 70 years, Harwin has been supplying engineers with the connectors they need to meet the most demanding specifications. Harwin’s interconnect portfolio of high-reliability products are designed for high-performance applications, in the harshest operating environments, or within the tightest of spaces.\nToday, Harwin products are found in a wide range of markets including space, avionics, defence, robotics, oil/gas, healthcare, and motorsport, plus industrial drives, factory automation systems, unmanned vehicles, smart agriculture and electric vehicle battery management.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Buy Used and Save: Buy a Used “Extech PH ExStik pH Waterproof Meter” and save 36% off the $ list price. Buy with confidence as the condition of this. On Sale Extech PH PH Meter. ✅ Engineers on staff. ✅ FAST quotes ✅ We accept POs. Extech PH Exstik Waterproof Pocket pH Tester. “Great waterproof pH meter with sealed electrode. Can measure 1 ml quantities of liquid up to a hot tub.\n|Published (Last):||2 November 2011|\n|PDF File Size:||8.13 Mb|\n|ePub File Size:||18.1 Mb|\n|Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]|\nCapable of carrying out testing in liquids, solids and semi-solids, the Extech PH is a great tool for measuring pH levels no matter ph00 the application is. Easy to use and calibrate. This unit is also part of Extech’s ExStik range, which means it includes an interchangeable module which is designed to also accept chlorine and ORP modules sold separately. Operation Overview When the pj100 is placed in a solution, the main display and bargraph indicate the pH reading while the lower display reads temperature readings flash until they have stabilized.\nThis pH meter is capable of measuring across a wide range from 0 to 14pH, making it suitable for the accurate evaluation of both acidic and alkaline solutions. Units of measure 7.\nThe Renew indicator tells you when it’s time to replace your electrode. Battery compartment cap 2. Pre-register for updates on when this product will be available for ordering.\nThe Renew indicator tells you when it’s time to replace your electrode.\nAccepted payment methods vary by country. As the pH rises, the bar moves from the center to the right.\nWhat’s missing? Tell us about it.\nPage 4 Operation Overview When the electrode is placed in a solution, the ;h100 display and bargraph indicate the pH reading while the lower display reads temperature readings flash until they have stabilized. You can unsubscribe at any time.\nBargraph scale designations 6. Page 3 Overview pH Overview pH is a unit of measure ranging from 0 to 14pH indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.\nThe LCD readout displays pH, temperature exech an analog bargraph that shows trends in acidity or alkalinity and indicates when the reading is stable. TM After 15 readings are stored the ExStik will return to memory location 1 and start overwriting existing data with newly stored data. Call us toll free Send Ph1100.\nMomentarily press MODE again to return to normal operation. It also includes a CAL alert function which lets you know exactly when your pH meter needs calibrating in order to ensure measurement extecy.\nWhen testing the device actually measures both the pH level and the overall temperature of the targeted application, with both of these results displayed simultaneously on the PH’s LCD screen.\nIf the pH drops, the bar moves from the center to the left. Electrode Electrode cap is not shown Display 1. A Memory feature records and recalls 15 sequentially tagged readings, so exttech will know how your readings have changed over time. Call us toll free Extecn Member Store gives you access to the following advantages: Be the first to know when we have news, discounts, special offers and promotions.\nProduct just as described. Page 5 Storing Readings into Memory 1.\nExtech PH ExStik pH Meter\nWe also accept wire transfers, cheques and purchase orders on approved credit. Order pH buffers separately Complete with flat surface pH electrode, protective sensor cap, sample cup with cap, four 3V CR button batteries, and 48″ 1. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered acidic, solutions with a pH higher than 7 are known as bases, and solutions with a pH of exactly 7 are neutral.\nAsk an Expert More Extech Products. Write Your Own Review How do you rate this product? The LCD readout displays pH, temperature and an analog bargraph that shows trends in acidity or alkalinity and indicates when the reading is stable. This data can then be stored directly on the device thanks to built in memory that allows storage of up to 15 sequentially tagged readings.\nTo ask our Extech experts a question please include your contact details. Repeat step 1 to store the next reading and so on. To request an official quote for the Extech PH please include your quantities and contact details.\nTell us what’s missing.\nThe PH comes with a protective sensor cap, sample cup, four 3V CR button batteries and a 48 in. Also included on the PH are a data holding function, auto power off function, low battery indication and IP57 waterproof design for protecting the device in wet conditions. We accept these payment methods: Features Built-in Smart chip offers advanced functions and features to a stick style pH meter not found anywhere else RENEW feature that tells you when it’s time to replace your pH electrode CAL feature that tells you when it’s time to recalibrate your meter Flat Surface pH electrode that is completely waterproof and rugged enough to withstand harsh environments Analog bargraph originates at neutral point pH 7.\nThis product includes one lens. Some of our pricing is already discounted. Or point us to the URL where the manual is located. Don’t see a manual you are looking for? The LCD will briefly display the memory location number and then the value stored Data Hold will activate.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Frequency controller, Plug & Play fan controller, ensuring you no longer hear hum!\nCli-mate Frequentie Controller 7A 1500W\nFrequency controller, Plug & Play fan controller, ensuring you no longer hear noise!\nThe Cli-mate frequency regulator is innovative in terms of climate control.\nThe frequency adjuster adjusts the frequency (Hz) to control the speed of the electric motor, by means of A temperature sensor. The frequency converter is an energy-efficient solution, which can be used in most situations.\n|Power supply:||1 / phase 220-240V|\n|Nominal motor power:||0.1 - 1.5 KW|\n|Output frequency:||5-50 Hz|\n|Overload:||150% for 60 sec.|\n|Operating temperature:||0 ° C to +40 ° C|\n|Sensor wire length:||2.5 meters|\n|Cord length:||1.5 meters|\nAdvantages of an inverter:\n- Low noise and vibration-free speed control for electric motors\n- Infinitely variable speed control\n- Energy saving (50% less power consumption)\n- Longer life of the electric motor\n- simple operation\n- First stand-alone, Plug & Play 1 / phase inverter\n- Applicable in a wide range\n- Optimal and precise speed control\n- Manual and automatic mode\n- no noise\n- 1 year warranty\n- 3 A\n- 7 A\n- 15 A", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "China started late on the laser industry. With the speedy development of equipment manufacturing industry, China’s laser industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. China is an active manufacturing market and a major market of industrial laser equipment. The industrial laser industry has become a high-profile industry and achieved fast market growth in China because of the country’s macroeconomic development, manufacturing upgrading and policy support. In 2015, China overtook Europe as the world’s largest laser consumer market for laser devices for the first time. In 2017, the market size of laser devices in China exceeded USD 3 billion, accounting for about 1/3 of the global market.\nAt present, lasers are mainly applied in downstream industries such as laser processing and medical treatment. In 2017, scientific research and development accounted for 12% of the total applications, material processing accounted for 32%, communications accounted for 12%, information application accounted for 14%, medical application accounted for 20%, and measurement and other applications accounted for 9% and 1% respectively.\nCentral China, the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim have grown into important global laser industry bases as well as clusters of laser enterprises, laser research institutions and laser application factories which have built a complete industry chain composed of basic laser materials, laser optical devices, laser devices, laser kits, laser application development systems and public service platforms. The increasingly mature industrial supporting system gives market support to and is conducive to the sound development of China’s laser industry.\nMeanwhile, traditional manufacturing is entering a key period of transformation and upgrading with maturing technologies such as Internet of things, cloud computing, big data and artificial intelligence as well as the strategies of “Industry 4.0” and “Made in China 2025”. The concepts of “smart factory”, “digitization” and “intelligent manufacturing” are being put into practice. Industrial automation and intelligent manufacturing has greatly promoted the development of China’s laser industry. It is expected that China’s laser industry will continue to grow from 2018 to 2022.\n– Development environment of China’s laser industry\n– Supply and demand in China’s laser industry\n– Market competition in China’s laser industry\n– Major downstream applications of the laser industry\n– Analysis on major laser enterprises\n– Driving forces and market opportunities for China’s laser industry, 2018-2022\n– Prospect of China’s laser industry, 2018-2022", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "This DSP has been replaced with DDR3 particles, and its delay parameters have changed. We have used the \"DDR3 Register Calc v4\" calculation tool to regenerate the configuration parameters, and then downloaded the program using the DSP emulator. However, it is possible to burn these parameters into the SPI configuration FLASH of the DSP. We do not know how to operate now. Can you provide corresponding operation guidance documents?", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The magnetic level indicator is now widely used throughout process industries as an effective level control device (see our recent article on MLI technology and principle of operation for more information).\nThe Eclipse® Model 700 Transmitter is a loop-powered, 24 VDC level transmitter that is based upon the proven and accepted technology of Guided Wave Radar (GWR). Encompassing several significant engineering accomplishments, this leading-edge level transmitter is designed to provide measurement performance well beyond that of many of the more traditional technologies.\nThe best radar level transmitters for any application have strong performance, versatility, advanced diagnostics, and are easy to use. Learn more about how Magnetrol® radar transmitters fulfill these requirements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Non-contact Fluid-trac Two Wire Fluid Level Sensor\nwith analog water gauge to replace 33 to 240 ohm resistive\nfloat senders, reed-switch tube sensors, and capacitive tube senders.\nTraditional float senders consist of a float attached to an actuating\narm with a variable resistor mounted at the end of the rod.\nThe resistive float sender's wiper slides across a resistive strip that\ncan wear out over time which may result in intermittent or even a\ncomplete loss of the signal to the fuel gauge. These devices tend to\nbe inaccurate, showing empty even though there are gallons left in\nthe tank and displaying full for extended periods after a fill up.\nFloat senders also do not work well in irregular shaped fuel tanks or\nNon-contact Fluid-trac Two Wire Fluid Level Sensor with a 12V or 24V analog gauge to replace 33 to 240 ohm resistive float\nsenders, reed-switch tube sensors, and capacitive tube senders.\nCommonly used on marine products (boats, yachts, etc.) and\nThe fluid level sensor is easier to install with no moving parts and is\nmore accurate (1/8 inch distance) than resistive float senders, reed\nswitch tube sensors and capacitive tube senders.\nDigital filtering on the fluid level sensor eliminates errors due to fluids\nsloshing in mobile tanks or fluid agitation in stationary containers.\nFocus tube may be required if fluid inside tank exceeds max angle or is closer than 3\" to edge of tank walls or baffle.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Electrical safety is of massive significance since electric power can result in significant injuries and fatalities even. In purchase to prevent unlucky and tragic outcomes as well as substance harm, it really is clever to work on and increase electrical security. For that function, a thermal overload protector is widely utilized. In this post, you’re going to find out what a thermal protector is and why it is essential.\nWhat is a thermal protector, and how does it perform?\nA thermal protector is an electromechanical protection device for the main circuit in different appliances. The device is specifically created to offer dependable safety for motors in the function of phase failure or overload. The instrument is thermally sensitive, and it works by turning the motor off when abnormal heat is created in the motor circuitry. The safety function, i.e., thermal overload protector, helps prevent the temperature from climbing which would, otherwise, burn off up the motor. Thermal overload protector usually resets by itself when the motor cools down to the safe temperature.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Diaphragm seal type gauges are suitable for the situation where the process medium would corrode the instrument connection and pressure sensing element. Furthermore, this type of gauge is highly recommended in a situation where the process medium contains suspended solids, or if it is sufficiently viscous to clog the instrument connection and pressure sensing element. Additionally, it is recommended to be used where the process medium might freeze or solidify the instrument connection and pressure sending element due to the ambient or process temperature change, and where the process medium requires the flushing from the system to prevent any contamination.\nRefer to gauge model\nSuitable pressure range (MPa, kPa, bar)\n-0.1 ~ 0 to -0.1 ~ 2.5 MPa\n0 ~ 0.1 to 0 ~ 35 MPa\nAmbient : -20 ~ 65 °C\nFluid : Max. 100 °C\nDiaphragms are available in many corrosion resistant materials. Compatibility of selected material and process fluid is the responsibility of user.\nAccuracy at temperature above and below the reference temperature (20 ℃) will be effected by approximately\n±0.5 % per 10 ℃ of full scale\nModel P710 : PT, NPT and others feasible\nModel P720, P730 : Flanges to ANSI, JIS or other standard", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nAn optical fiber liquid level sensor based on differential optical absorption is described. The sensor uses a two-wavelength ratiometric approach to cancel out errors arising from variations in fuel characteristics, tank vibrations, etc. The sensor is mechanically simple and uses inexpensive LED sources and multimode optical fiber. The sensor displays ±2-mm resolution over an 18-cm range with immunity to 5° surface tilt variations and immunity to optical fiber connector and bending loss variations up to 1 dB.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "When looking for a college weather station today in 2023, it should have forecast accuracy, good display, rainfall measurement feature and a fast data refresh rate.\nHaving a weather station is an essential addition to any place which concerns the safety of hundreds and thousands of people. Colleges have students who might require prior notice about any weather harsh conditions to reach their homes safely.\nA weather station is also used to teach the students about the whole process of weather data allocation and computation to show precise forecasts.\nIn this article, we will review some of the best college weather stations available in the market and will provide all the pros and cons so that you are well informed about what the product offers.\nHow we review:\nWe went through many weather stations available on the internet to find some of the best-performing weather devices. Below, we have reviewed the five best weather stations best suited for colleges.\nAfter making a list, we researched the products in-depth and also went through hundreds of customer reviews to ensure our verdicts were honest and unbiased.\nWhen you go through our review, you will have a comprehensive idea about the products and learn about the pros and cons the products offer to choose the right fit for yourself.\nBest College weather station 2023\n1. La Crosse Technology C85845-INT Weather Station, Black\nThis weather station has dynamic forecast icons with tendency arrows to give a better idea about the future weather condition. The La Crosse Technology C85845-INT Weather Station shows precise real-time weather data and features a colored LED display.\nThe easy-to-read LED display can show you the humidity min and max records. The animated color forecast changes according to the barometric pressure of the surrounding area. Supports high and low-temperature alert settings.\nThe whole setup is wireless and modern, which looks great and is very convenient\n- Product Dimensions: 8.98 x 1 x 5.43 inches\n- Item Weight: 12.8 ounces\n- Manufacturer: La Crosse Technology, Ltd.\n- Country of Origin: USA\n- Item model number: C85845-INT\n- Batteries: 2 AA batteries are required.\n- Customer Reviews: 4.5 out of 5 stars 17,897 ratings\n- Is Discontinued By Manufacturer: No\n- Assembly Required: No\n- Warranty Description: 1-year limited parts and labor.\n- Batteries Required?: Yes\n- Included Components: Weather station^ac adapter^wireless sensor^quick setup guid\nThis is a good product with a stylish modern design. It is feature-packed and is a recommended buy if you have no issues with connectivity issues at times.\n2. Newentor Weather Station Wireless Indoor Outdoor Thermometer, Color Display with Atomic Clock, Forecast Station with Calendar and Adjustable Backlig\nNewentor has a beautiful colour display with adjustable brightness settings. It is an entirely wireless setup with features like outdoor temperature measurement, humidity measurement, barometric measurement and a lot more.\nIt features a self-setting accurate atomic alarm clock with calender and moon phases support. The weather forecasts from the device are accurate, and the weather station also provides temperature alerts.\nThis weather station has a 200FT/60M wireless transmission range, which is very convenient in situations where the sensor and the display are far.\nThe best part about the Newentor weather station is its three-channel wireless display system, which means the display can be connected to three different sensors and provide data from three different places.\n- Indoor Thermometer Dimension: 8L X 5.1H inches\n- Hygrometer Inside & Outside: 20-95%\n- Inside Temperature: -9.9℃(14.2°F) – 50°C(122°F)\n- outside Temperature:-20°C(-4°F) – 60°C(140°F)\n- Indoor Station Power: 2x AA batteries(not included); power charger (included)\n- Remote Sensor Power: 2x AA batteries(not included)\nNewentor Weather Station is a capable weather monitoring device with some great features. When we went through the customer reviews, we found the device has some serious flaws in its backlight system. It automatically turns off sometimes, and you need to fidget with the device to get it back on.\nThus, it is not the absolute best buy on the list, but if you need three channel monitoring system, it is a good product.\n3. Ambient Weather WS-2902C Wi-FiWi-Fi Smart Weather Station\nAmbient weather WS-2902C has a bright LCD color display with a wireless setup system. It has UV and solar radiation sensing system along with features like wind speed/direction monitoring, temperature, humidity, and rainfall measurement. The sensor is an all-in-one integrated one that measures an array of different readings.\nThe weather station supports both imperial and metric units with available calibration settings; with an enhanced Wi-FiWi-Fi connectivity option, the weather device can transmit data from the world’s largest weather station network.\nIt also has some optional sensors that could be added and sold separately. So, if you need additional info about the weather around you, you can add optional sensors to your existing Ambient Weather WS-2902C.\n- Temperature Range Indoor: 14 to 140 °F, Outdoor: -40 to 149 °F\n- Humidity Range Indoor: 10 to 99%, Outdoor: 10 to 99%\n- Barometric Pressure Range :8.85 to 32.50 inHg\n- Solar Radiation (Light) Range: 0 to 200000 Lux\n- Rain Range: 0 to 394 inches\n- Wind Direction Range: 0 to 360º\n- Wind Speed Range: 0 to 100 mph\n- Display Console Dimensions Frame: 7.5 x 4.5 x 0.75 inches, LCD: 3 x 6.75 inches\n- Sensor Array Dimensions: 15 x 11 x 10 inches\n- Display Console Power: 5V DC adapter (included),\n- Power consumption: .05 Watts (1.25 Watts during WiFi configuration mode), 3x AAA battery back-up (not included)\n- Sensor Array Power: Solar panel, 2 x AA battery back-up (not included)\nThis weather station can be useful for someone looking for a solar-powered LCD display weather station. The only concern is that signal strength sometimes fluctuates in the case of a few users, and android connectivity is not the best. But the fluctuations were not evident in all the units and could be a faulty unit issue; thus, you can consider this product.\n4.AcuRite 02081M Weather Station with Jumbo Display and Atomic Clock\nThis weather station by AcuRite has a big color display. The display type is LCD and shows you all the important measurements and forecasts. Atomic clock technology ensures split-second accuracy and automatically updates for daylight saving time.\nIt gives you a 12 to 24-hour weather forecast display with 14 different icons to help you easily understand the weather situation and plan your day ahead accordingly.\nThe product has a patented self-calibrating forecasting system that drives maximum weather data from the backyard sensor and gives you precise reading for its location.\nIt has a strong wireless range of up to 330 feet, and the transmission rate is 16 seconds. The display also shows the daily high and low records for temperature.\nThe build is weather-resistant, easy to install, and works even at -40 degrees Fahrenheit.\n- Product Dimensions: 4.8 x 0.9 x 1.6 inches\n- Item Weight: 1.54 pounds\n- Manufacturer: Chaney Instruments ASIN B01HDW58I6\n- Country of Origin: China\n- Item model number: 02081M\n- Batteries: 2 AA batteries are required.\n- Assembly Required: No\n- Included Components: Pack of 1 AcuRite 02081M Weather Station with Jumbo Display and Atomic Clock\nOverall a great product by AcuRite the only issue is the display consumes a lot of power and is big but not the best out there. Other than that, the pros overshadow the cons of the product and make it a great buy.\nThe crucial aspects of any weather station are its accuracy, display and features, and we listed the products in our review considering all the above factors.\nWe provide honest reviews on all the products and give our verdict on the products so that the choosing procedure becomes easier for you.\nThank you for reading. Have a great day ahead!", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "ZATA ZWQ-TUB1 Turbidity Sensor\nZWQ-TUB1 Turbidity Sensor can be used to detect the turbidity value of water quality. It can be used in harsh environment and the monitoring data is stable and reliable.\n- Corrosion resistant shell; NPT3/4 upper thread interface, easy to install.\n- Digital modulation filtering technology to eliminate the influence of ambient light.\n- Long-life infrared LED light source with a decay period of 5 years and a life of more than 10 years.\n- It has the function of calibration record storage, plug and play, and no calibration is needed for the first use.\n- Sensor supports hot swap function.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The development of a novel piezoelectric induced-strain actuator possessing an innovative internal amplifying structure is presented in this paper. This actuator basically consists of a metal frame and two lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic patches. The metal frame is bent to form an open trapezoid, where its center part has a specially designed saddle-like unit and its slanting legs are attached with PZT patches. The saddle-like unit has an amplifying-lever mechanism at the corners to increase the displacement output of the whole actuator even its legs are mechanically clamped. When an electric field is applied across the thickness of the PZT patches, the patches induce deformations on the whole actuator through the piezoelectric <i>d<sub>31</sub></i> effect. The saddle-like unit can relax the constraints at the joints between the unit and the legs by stretching itself during bending. Piezoelectric finite element analysis is used to maximize the work output of displacement and blocked force of the actuator under different geometric parameters. The results are in good agreement with those obtained from quasi-static measurements, showing that the actuator has work output comparable to and larger than the existing induced-strain actuators (e.g., THUNDER) under fixed mounting conditions. Therefore, the actuator has great potential for use in various practical smart structures and integrated systems, including active-passive vibration isolation and micro-positioning.\nA novel tunable mass damper (TMD) is developed using the sensitivity of transversal bending stiffness and resonance frequencies of a beam to its axial force. This smart TMD consists of a force actuator-sensor unit suspended in a rigid frame by two flexible beams coupled to the axial ends of the unit and the frame. The force actuator-sensor unit is composed of a giant magnetostrictive composite-based force actuator for producing an axial force to the beams and a pair of piezoelectric ceramic-based force sensors for generating a tuning signal. Through adjusting the magnetic field strength applied to the force actuator to change the axial force exerted on the beams, the transversal bending stiffness of the beams and hence the natural frequency of the smart TMD is tuned. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and characterized of the smart TMD is described. The measured resonance frequency of the smart TMD is 65 Hz at zero magnetic tuning field and 50 Hz at an applied magnetic field of 686 Oe. Tunability of the resonance frequency as high as 23 % is achieved with the reasonably low magnetic tuning field. The frequency response functions as measured using the force sensors agree well with those obtained using a commercial accelerometer, indicating a great possibility of directly deploying the force sensors for active or semi-active tuning or control purposes.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Sunlight and moisture damage the material, causing tens of thousands of economic losses, the UV weather resistance test chamber can reproduce the damage caused by sunlight and dew. The test chamber is tested by exposing the material to be tested to a controlled interplay of sunlight and moisture with a simultaneous increase in temperature. The test chamber uses UV fluorescent lamps to simulate sunlight and simulate the effects of moisture through condensation.\nFade Resistant Weather Ultraviolet UV Testing Equipment is used to simulate damage caused by ultraviolet light, rain, dew by exposing the tested materials is tested in controlled\nhigh temperature alternating cycles of light and humidity. The UV lamp simulates the radiant effect of sunlight and uses condensation and spray to simulate dew and rain. It only takes a few days or a few weeks, and the UV irradiation equipment can reproduce the time that takes months or even years outdoors. Damage, die only occur, including fading, discoloration, tarnishing, chalking, cracking, tearing, wrinkling, blistering, embrittlement, strength degradation, oxidation, etc. Test results can be used to select new materials and improve existing material or evaluate changes to the material formula .\nLight and weather resistance UV UV tester equipmentTechnical parameters:\nHigh temperature: normal temperature +10~70℃; Panel measurement range: 45~80℃.\nHigh humidity: ≥90 %RH.\nTemperature variation: Variation: ±3℃; Temperature resolution: 0.1℃.\nLamp center distance: 70mm (center distance between test product and lamp tube: plate base frame test plate (adjustable up and down).\nLamp model: UVA -340 (315~400nm), UVB-313 (280~315nm) optional, 6 lamps are standard for this party.\nYou can Send Message or email firstname.lastname@example.org to us, we will reply tu you within 24 hours.Now tell us your need,there will be more favorable prices!\nNo. 2578 Gu Dai Road, Shanghai", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Have Questions? Let us help!\nWe're passionate about innovation. Reach out and you'll hear back from an expert shortly.\nOne of our solution experts will be in touch with you shortly. Keep reading to learn more about our industry leading solutions.\nDiscover the power of Allegro's solutions for fast DC charging system, designed to meet automotive quality standards and deliver high-performance charging reliably. Our products stand out in the market for their exceptional power output and dependability, ensuring you stay ahead with the latest in charging infrastructure.\nThe CT430 is a high bandwidth and ultra-low noise integrated contact current sensor that enables high accuracy current measurements.\n450 kHz, High Accuracy Current Sensor with Voltage Reference Output in Fused-Lead SOIC-6 Package\nThe CT455 is a high bandwidth and low noise integrated contactless current sensor that enables high accuracy current measurements.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION FOR THE TENELIGLIPTIN AND METFORMIN BY RP-UFLCAbstract\nThe study aims to develop an analytical method for the simultaneous estimation of Teneligliptin and Metformin using RP-UFLC. A simple, sensitive and accurate method was developed for Teneligliptin and Metformin using the chromatographic conditions of C18 Phenomenex Kinetex (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.e., 5 μm particle size) column in gradient elution mode with the mobile phase consisting of methanol, acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate adjusted to pH 4.6 using orthophosphoric acid (40:20:40) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume 10 µl and the eluent was detected at 250 nm using PDA and UV detector. The retention time of Teneligliptin and Metformin were found to be 5.2 min and 2.5 min respectively. The above method was validated concerning system suitability, linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (recovery) and robustness according to ICH guidelines. The linearity of the above methods was found to be 2-10 µg/mL for Teneligliptin and 25-125 µg/mL for Metformin. Hence, these methods can be used for routine analysis in quality control laboratories.\nR. Maruthi *, R. S. Chandan and P. Raikar\nDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.\n28 July 2018\n03 October 2018\n19 November 2018\n01 April 2019", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Transcription of Watson Mcdaniel Entire Catalog 2015\n1 control valves HB Series control Valve (with Electric Actuator). The HB control Valve with Electric Actuator is a robust user-friendly alternative to pneumatic actuators. Actuator is ideal for installations where pneumatic lines are not present. Fail-safe Mode: Super capacitors are used to drive the valve fully-closed or open in the event of power loss to the actuator. This replaces common back- ups such as springs with limited thrust or batteries with a limited life span. Fast Response Time: Fully-open or close in approximately 6 seconds making them ideal for instantaneous and semi-instantaneous water heaters. Integral Positioner: accepts 4-20 mA or 0-10 VDC control signal.\n2 control . valves . HB Series control Valve (with Pneumatic Actuator). HEAT MISER. Watson Mcdaniel 's Instantaneous Hot Water Heating Systems (shown with HB control Valve). 428 Jones Boulevard Limerick Airport Business Center Pottstown PA 19464 Tel: 610-495-5131. 286. control valves control valves & control Loop Components A control Valve is one component of a control loop and relies upon other components for proper function of operation ( controller, sensor, transducer, etc.). The failure mode of the valve should be considered if the air signal controlling the actuator becomes interrupted. For example: For heating applications with steam, a Normally-Closed/Air-To Open (ATO) Valve should be selected.\n3 If the air signal to the actuator is interrupted, the valve will close in a fail-safe position. For cooling applications with water, a Normally-Open/Air-To Close (ATC) should be selected. Ensure the maximum Close-off Pressure of the valve exceeds the inlet pressure. This is necessary to guarantee the valve assembly will overcome the forces generated in the valve body from the fluid pressure, allowing the valve to open and close properly and completely. The Pneumatic Actuator accepts an industry-standard air pressure range of 3 15 PSIG, which allows the valve to fully open and fully close and modulate in between. The Electric Actuator features a 6-8 second actuator time (fully-open to fully-closed), super capacitors which allow Fail-Safe operation in the event of a power loss, and an integral positioner which accepts 4-20 mA or 0-10 VDC control signal.\n4 Ideal for instantaneous water heaters. control . valves . CA2000 TA901 TA987 TR890 Electronic Valve Positioner I/P Transducer Air Filter/ Electronic Temperature Regulator PID Controller Sensor control valves Page No. HB-Series 2-Way & W910TB 3-Way control valves 288-297. HB-Series 2-Way valves 288. W910TB 3-Way valves 293. HB-Series & W910TB: Capacity Charts 296. Controllers & Sensors Introduction: control Loop Operation & Components 298. TR890 Series Electronic PID Controller 302. TA901 Series Electropneumatic I/P Transducer 304. TA987 Air Filter/ Regulator (for TA901 Pneumatic control Device) 305. Electronic Temperature Sensors (RTD or Thermocouple) 306. Thermowells (for Temperature Sensors) 307.\n5 287. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator Models HB Series Service Steam, Air, Water Sizes 1/2 , 3/4 , 1 , 11/2 , 2 . Connections NPT, 150# FLG, 300# FLG. Body Material 316 Stainless Steel Plug and Seat Material Stainless Steel PMA Max. Operating Pressure 720 PSIG @ 100 F. TMA Max. Operating Temperature 450 F @ 497 PSIG. Min Operating Temperature -20 F. Max Air Supply Pressure 40 PSIG. Max Ambient Temperature 280 F. Min Ambient Temperature -20 F. DESIGN PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE RATING PMA/TMA. NPT 300 PSIG @ 450 F. 150# FLG 150 PSIG @ 450 F. 300# FLG 300 PSIG @ 450 F. These control Valve feature all 316 Stainless Steel bodies and trim for use with Steam, Water, Glycol and other chemically compatible fluids.\n6 The HB Series is a high performance, general service control valve designed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). control . valves . for high control accuracy, optimized flow characteristics and extended service life. These control valves , with stainless steel bodies, are equipped with a contoured plug design to withstand the rigorous nature of steam service and are compatible with many fluids and environments. Modern manufacturing techniques and modular construction allows these stainless steel valves to be extremely cost-effective in comparison to valves with bronze, cast iron or cast steel bodies. The standard configuration has an equal percentage flow characteristic with metal-to-metal seating, spring-loaded Teflon V-ring stem packing and pneumatic actuator.\n7 The HB Series is available with both pneumatic or electric actuation. Description & Operation 100. A control valve is a device capable of modulating flow at varying degrees between minimal flow and full capacity in 90. response to a signal from an external control device. The 80. valve modulates flow through movement of a valve plug in Percentage (%) of Valve Cv relation to the port(s) located within the valve body. The 70. valve plug is attached to a valve stem, which, in turn, is connected to the actuator. The actuator, which can be 60. pneumatically or electrically operated, directs the movement of the stem as dictated by the external control device. 50. 40. Options & Associated control Loop Accessories 30.\n8 Electric Actuators Positioner: Pneumatic, Electro-Pneumatic or Explosion-Proof 20. PID Electronic Controllers (TR890 Series) 10. I/P converters (Model TA901). Air Filter Regulators (Air Sets-Model TA987) 0. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%. Thermocouples RTD's Valve Valve LiftLift (%)%. Pressure Transmitters 288 Pottstown PA USA Tel: 610-495-5131. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator MATERIALS Pneumatic Actuator 14 Yoke Stainless steel 15 Lower actuator stem Stainless steel 16 Upper diaphragm case Epoxy painted steel 17 Diaphragm plate Nickel plated steel 18 Diaphragm* Nylon reinforced Neoprene 19 Lower diaphragm case Epoxy painted steel 20 Upper guide bush SS/Bronze Impregnated 21 Upper actuator stem Stainless steel 22 Nameplate Stainless steel 23 Hex nut Stainless steel 24 Stem O-ring* Viton 25 Yoke O-ring* Viton 26 Upper guide O-ring* Viton 27 Ring nut* Stainless steel 28 Diaphragm washer Stainless steel 29 Springs Stainless steel 30 Position indicator\n9 Disc Stainless steel 33/34 Hex bolt & nut Grade 5 steel zinc plated Air-To-Open Actuator: 6 Actuator Springs Air-To-Close Actuator: 3 Actuator Springs Diaphragm Area = 47 in2. MATERIALS Valve Body control . valves . 1 Stem & Plug Assembly* Stem: 316 SS, Plug: 303 SS. 2 Lower Seal Bushing 303 Stainless Steel 3 Gland Nut 303 Stainless Steel 4 Stem Seal Spring* 302 Stainless Steel 5 Guide Bushing* Rulon 641. 6 Washer 303 Stainless Steel 7 V-ring Stem Seals* PTFE. 8 Body 316 Stainless Steel 10 Body Plug 316 Stainless Steel 11 Body Gasket* 303 Stainless Steel 13 Packing O-Ring PTFE. Technical Information * Available as part of a spares kit. Plug Design Contoured Flow Characteristics Equal Percentage Leakage Rating ANSI/FCI 70-2 Class IV.\n10 Rangeability 50:1. Travel 3/4 . Actuator Area 47 sq. in. Body Design Rating Class 300. Primary Stem Seals PTFE Live-Loaded V-Ring Diaphragm Design Semi-Rolling Design Multi-Spring Diaphragm Action (field-reversible) Air-to-Open Air-to-Close Positioner Mounting IEC 60534-6-1 (NAMUR). Stem Wiper O-Ring 150# FLG or 300# FLG. Available Tel: 610-495-5131 Pottstown PA USA 289. control valves HB Series 2-Way Valve HB Series control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator Air-to-Close Air-to-Open (Normally Open) (Normally Closed). 10 . Air Signal Inlet Air Signal Air Signal Actuator Height Air Signal . (Inlet not shown).. Diaphragm Area = 47 in2. Actuator weight = lbs control . valves .", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "In plant phenotyping, there is a demand for high-throughput, non-destructive systems that can accurately analyse various plant traits by measuring features such as plant volume, leaf area, and stem length. Existing vision-based systems either focus on speed using 2D imaging, which is consequently inaccurate, or on accuracy using time-consuming 3D methods. In this paper, we present a computer-vision system for seedling phenotyping that combines best of both approaches by utilizing a fast three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method. We developed image processing methods for the identification and segmentation of plant organs (stem and leaf) from the 3D plant model. Various measurements of plant features such as plant volume, leaf area, and stem length are estimated based on these plant segments. We evaluate the accuracy of our system by comparing the measurements of our methods with ground truth measurements obtained destructively by hand. The results indicate that the proposed system is very promising.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Make: Hewlett Packard\nModel: 5890 Series II\nHP 5890 dual channel gas chromatograph.\nInlet: Single capillary split/splitless and single packed inlet.\nDetector: Single flame ionisation detector (FID) and single thermal conductivity detector (TCD).\nAuto Sampler: Available as an optional upgrade.\nSoftware: Available as an optional upgrade.\nFully tested with a 3 month return to base warranty. Installation options available, please contact us for details.\nWarranty: All used equipment sold through Baseline Technology Ltd. comes fully tested and working with a 3 month return to base warranty, unless stated otherwise.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Date of Award\nDoctor of Philosophy\nMaterials Science and Engineering\nL. Scott Chumbley\nThe goal of this thesis was to determine the dependency of swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) measurements on the microstructure of the Ni-based alloy, Inconel 718 as a function of heat treatment and shot peening. This involved extensive characterization of the sample using SEM and TEM coupled with measurements and analysis of the eddy current response of the various sample conditions using SFEC data. Specific objectives included determining the eddy current response at varying depths within the sample, and this was accomplished by taking SFEC measurements in frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 50 MHz. Conductivity profile fitting of the resulting SFEC signals was obtained by considering influencing factors (such as surface damage). The problems associated with surface roughness and near surface damage produced by shot peening were overcome by using an inversion model. Differences in signal were seen as a result of precipitation produced by heat treatment and by residual stresses induced due to the shot peening. Hardness of the material, which is related both to precipitation and shot peening, was seen to correlate with the measured SFEC signal. Surface stress measurement was carried out using XRD giving stress in the near surface regions, but not included in the calculations due to shallow depth information provided by the technique compared to SFEC. By comparing theoretical SFEC signal computed using the microstructural values (precipitate fraction) and experimental SFEC data, dependency of the SFEC signals on microstructure and residual stress was obtained.\nChandrasekar, Ramya, \"Swept frequency eddy current (SFEC) measurements of Inconel 718 as a function of microstructure and residual stress\" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13348.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Features of NH3/CO2 Cascade System\n- World leading SRMTEC ammonia screw compressor and CO2 screw compressor\n- SVPWM frequency conversion control, reasonable distributionof the motor rotation torque, improves the energy efficiency\n- Intelligent double frequency conversion control system can control the compression ratio between the two stages, to keep the system operates economically\n- High efficient shell- and- plate heat exchanger has high heat exchange efficiency and compact structure\n- Adopts maintaining unit\n- Automatic oil return design, high pressure bypass self cycle design, safe and reliable.\n- Heat recovery design makes it fully utilize the energy\n- Multiple temperature zones design can meet refrigeration requirements of - 45 ℃ and - 5 ℃ at the same time\n- Intelligent control system, one-key start, user-friendly interface, multilanguage option, real time monitoring and recording, remote communication, and etc. All this contributes to a convenient operation\n- Safety protection system makes it operate unattendedly\n- Modular design, compact structure and easy to transport and install, engineering period is short\n- All screw compressor units are tested before delivery to ensure product stability.\n- Only a small amount of refrigerant can meet the regular operation of the unit.\nCO2 cascade system is a compound system, with CO2 as the refrigerant of low temperature stage, with other refrigerant in high temperature stage, which are two separate systems. The two stages are connected by the condensing evaporator, while the evaporator of the high temperature stage is also working as the condenser of the low temperature stage.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Review of scientific instruments vol:74 issue:1 pages:811-813\nIn this article, we perform a full characterization of the thermal properties of photopyroelectric detectors in a wide temperature range. Within the experimental uncertainties, the results on lithium tantalate are consistent with results from literature. The thermal properties of polyvinilydene fluoride have a complex behavior. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Barometric absolute pressure sensor BMP581 from Bosch at Rutronik\nThe BMP581 absolute barometer sensor from Bosch enables design flexibility and energy-efficient applications.\nBosch expands its pressure sensor product portfolio with the BMP581. The small, low-power, low-noise 24-bit sensor measures pressure absolutely as well as barometrically and is suitable for a variety of altitude tracking applications. Especially the small form factor of 2 mm x 2 mm x 0.75 mm provides a high degree of design flexibility for the development of GPS modules, drones, wearables, hearables, and IoT and industrial products. Likewise, the product is compatible with other Bosch Sensortec sensors, including the BMI270. In comparison to previous models, the sensor boasts improved performance, stability, and robustness. The Bosch BMP581 is available.\nBosch’s digital sensor covers a wide measurement range from 300 hPa to 1250 hPa. The BMP581 is suitable for high-performance applications such as fitness measurements with ±6 Pa, which corresponds to a height difference of ±50 cm, as well as an offset temperature coefficient (TCO) of 0.5 Pa / K.\nSimilarly, the component matches localization applications, such as in products for detecting the level of the ground during emergency calls (E-911), and also detects water levels and falls. The BMP581 features MEMS as well as SPI and I3C interfaces.\nThe average power consumption of the sensor is 1.3 μA @ 1 Hz pressure and temperature and 0.5 μA in low stand-by mode. Its absolute accuracy is ±30 Pa and the operating voltage is between 1.65 V and 3.6 V. In addition, the sensor impresses with a wide temperature range from -40 °C to 85 °C.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "|Veröffentlichungsdatum||6. Aug. 1991|\n|Eingetragen||8. Dez. 1989|\n|Prioritätsdatum||8. Dez. 1989|\n|Auch veröffentlicht unter||EP0504271A1, EP0504271A4, WO1991008704A1|\n|Veröffentlichungsnummer||07447913, 447913, US 5036852 A, US 5036852A, US-A-5036852, US5036852 A, US5036852A|\n|Erfinder||Mark L. Leishman|\n|Ursprünglich Bevollmächtigter||Leishman Mark L|\n|Zitat exportieren||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|\n|Patentzitate (3), Referenziert von (180), Klassifizierungen (13), Juristische Ereignisse (4)|\n|Externe Links: USPTO, USPTO-Zuordnung, Espacenet|\n1. Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to monitors and, more particularly, to a novel medical equipment monitor apparatus and method whereby remotely located medical equipment is continuously monitored for selected performance characteristics.\n2. The Prior Art\nAdvances in modern healthcare, particularly the rapid technological advances being experienced almost daily in the healthcare industry, represent significant benefits to patients through improved healthcare delivery to the patient. However, these advances are accompanied by increased costs to society. Not only do these remarkable technological advances contribute to the overall cost increases in healthcare services but they also extend the period over which these costs are incurred by extending the lifespan of persons who would have otherwise died. An important aspect of the foregoing is the recent trend to move patients out of the hospital setting into less costly environments such as skilled nursing facilities in certain instances although the preferred environment is that of the home setting.\nHealthcare delivery in the home on an outpatient basis not only reduces the overhead and labor costs for facilities and skilled nursing care but also places the patient in familiar surroundings in the presence of others who are emotionally attached to the patient. It is a well-known phenomena that a patient in familiar surroundings and in the presence of loved ones experiences a remarkably increased feeling of well being and a more rapid recovery. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in moving patients, whose conditions only a decade or so ago would have mandated hospitalization, out of the hospital setting into, preferably, the home setting.\nThis outplacement of patients means that certain items of fairly sophisticated life support equipment must accompany the patient to the home setting. One common item of life support equipment, for example, is an oxygen delivery system that can include a source of either compressed or liquid oxygen or derive its oxygen from an oxygen concentrator. Accompanying this piece of equipment is a pulse oximeter for measuring the oxygen concentration in the blood of the patient as well as an apnea monitor, in certain instances. The equipment is generally leased and maintained by a home healthcare agency that is responsible for its proper operation.\nHowever, in the absence of a skilled professional such as found in the hospital setting, there is no apparatus or method for continuously monitoring this equipment on a twenty-four hour basis. The home healthcare agency does send a technician into the home on a regular basis of three or four times a week, but there is no accurate monitoring of this equipment on a consistent basis. Further, equipment failure may either go unrecognized by the patient and those around him or her or be of such a nature that the reporting person may erroneously report the wrong system malfunction. It is also a well-known problem that certain equipment undergoes a gradual deterioration in its performance during use so that the loss of support to the patient is especially insidious over time.\nIn view of the foregoing what is needed is a medical equipment monitor apparatus and method for directly and continuously monitoring the performance of selected items of medical equipment not only to provide an appropriate alarm signal but also to record all desired parameters of the operational characteristics of the equipment. It would also be a significant advancement in the art to provide the medical equipment monitor apparatus with the capability to transmit information and alarm conditions to a remote location. Such a novel apparatus and method is disclosed and claimed herein.\nThis invention relates to a novel, medical equipment monitor apparatus and method whereby selected medical equipment is electronically monitored to determine its performance characteristics. The monitor is a simple computer system dedicated to monitoring one or more selected items of medical equipment. The monitor apparatus not only records the monitored parameters but also provides an alarm signal for preprogrammed alarm conditions. The monitor apparatus also has the capability to transmit this information to a preselected remote location. The items of selected medical equipment receive electrical power directly through the monitor and are also electronically coupled directly to the computer portion of the monitor so as to enable the monitor to accurately determine the operation and any alarm conditions of the medical equipment. The monitor is coupled with a telephone line so as to provide a communication link between the monitor and a central station for transmitting information about the medical equipment as well as any alarm conditions.\nIt is, therefore, a primary object of this invention to provide improvements in medical equipment monitors.\nAnother primary object of this invention is to provide improvements in the method of monitoring medical equipment.\nAnother object of this invention is to provide an individually programmable monitor for monitoring the operational characteristics of one or more items of medical equipment.\nAnother object of this invention is to provide an alarm system in the monitor so as to produce an alarm signal when the operation of the medical equipment deviates beyond the programmed limits for the medical equipment.\nAnother object of this invention is to provide a monitor for medical equipment whereby the monitor electronically records and transmits to a remote location over a telephone line the operational and alarm conditions of the medical equipment.\nThese and other objects and features of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following description in which preferred and other embodiments of the invention have been set forth in conjunction with the accompanying drawing and appended claims.\nFIG. 1 is a frontal view of the novel monitor apparatus of this invention shown in the environment of selected items of medical equipment and a patient being serviced by the medical equipment;\nFIG. 2 is a perspective view of the monitor of FIG. 1 shown in the environment of a keyboard which is used for entering programming data into the monitor;\nFIG. 3 is a plan view of the rear panel of the monitor of FIG. 2;\nFIG. 4 is a schematic of the monitor connected to three items of medical equipment and linked by a telephone line to a computer at a remote location;\nFIG. 5 is a schematic of the monitor connected to four items of medical equipment and linked by telephone lines to a first computer at a remote location and a second computer having a database; and\nFIG. 6 is a chart showing the monitored parameters of oxygen concentration over a twenty-four hour period.\nAs a rule, any patient in the intensive care portion of a hospital is coupled directly to one or more monitors for the purpose of enabling the healthcare professionals to quickly and accurately determine certain parameters of the patient such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, pulse, and the like. Historically, these parameters are monitored for certain, predetermined alarm conditions and are also recorded so as to become a portion of the patient's permanent record. This type of monitor is well known in the art and is used extensively throughout the healthcare industry.\nHowever, this foregoing monitor system, in effect, interfaces the patient between the medical equipment and the monitor so that if an alarm condition is encountered it is not immediately clear whether the alarm condition is directly patient related or is a secondary effect produced by failure of the medical equipment. For example, if a blood oximeter detects a lowering of the blood oxygen concentration the question is whether this signal is a result of respiratory distress unrelated to the supply of oxygen to the patient or the direct result of a failure in the oxygen supply. Accordingly, it is important for the healthcare professional to be able to determine rapidly when a potentially hazardous medical condition is determined in order to take prompt remedial action.\nThe present invention is designed specifically to monitor the medical equipment directly to determine its operational characteristics within certain, predetermined parameters. Operational characteristics outside these parameters are sensed as an alarm condition and this alarm condition is automatically transmitted over a telephone line to a remote location.\nIllustrative of the need for this type of monitoring capability is the well-known fact that commercially available, oxygen concentrator equipment undergoes a gradual degradation in its performance characteristics over time. In particular, the inlet filter beds of the oxygen concentrator become occluded with dust during operation so that there is a long term decline in the percentage of oxygen delivered to the patient. Regrettably, this decline is so slow that no perceptible change is apparent in the patient until the patient is in noticeable distress. Unfortunately, the oxygen concentrator continues to deliver a flow of what appears to be oxygen-enriched gas but that is essentially room air with little or no oxygen enrichment without any indication of equipment failure. It is presently unknown how many patients have died prematurely as a result of this type of equipment failure.\nAnother issue of growing significance is the misuse of oxygen, whether too little is delivered to the patient, as discussed above, or whether too much oxygen is being delivered to the patient. Ordinarily, one thinks of oxygen as a very beneficial although benign gas so that \"the more oxygen the patient received, the better.\" Unfortunately, there is a certain class of respiratory care patient for whom extra oxygen is a lethal gas so that it is urgent for the attending physician to be able to accurately monitor the oxygen delivered to a patient, particularly a patient at a remote location.\nOther examples of medical equipment which should be subjected to precision monitoring are items such as intravenous pumps, feeding pump systems, and pain suppression systems such as automatic or patient controlled morphine delivery systems. Importantly, any of the foregoing systems are susceptible of abuse either directly by the patient or indirectly by others in the vicinity of the patient.\nReferring now specifically to FIG. 2, the novel monitor apparatus of this invention is shown generally at 10 and includes a housing 12 with a front face 14 and a rear face 16 (FIG. 3). Front face 14 includes a liquid crystal display (LCD) 18, a selector switch 20 and a keyboard port 22 for a keyboard 24. A cord 23 connects keyboard 24 to keyboard port 22. LCD 18 is designed to provide a visual readout of the particular conditions being monitored by monitor 10 as selected by selector switch 20.\nSelector switch 20 includes several settings such as Power Off; Set Up; Service; and Monitor. The Power Off setting is self-explanatory. The Set Up position is the mode whereby keyboard 24 is connected to keyboard port 22 by cord 23 to enable the operator (not shown) to enter the necessary data for the specific equipment being monitored by monitor 10. The internal program in monitor 10 cooperates through LCD 18 to visually provide the necessary instructions for the appropriate operation of keyboard 24. Keyboard 24 may also be used during the Service phase selected by selector switch 20 so that the desired equipment can be serviced.\nOnce the predetermined parameters are programmed into monitor 10 through keyboard 24 in the Set Up mode, selector switch 20 is turned to the Monitor position. Monitor 10 thereafter automatically monitors the selected medical equipment according to the predetermined parameters entered into its memory. Importantly, selector switch 20 is key-actuated by a specific key (not shown) so that only the person having possession of the specific key can alter or otherwise obtain access to monitor 10.\nReferring now also to FIGS. 3 and 1, the layout of a presently preferred embodiment of rear face 16 is shown. Telephone jacks 32 and 34 interconnect monitor 10 between a telephone 30 and the household telephone jack (not shown), respectively. A male receptacle 90 receives electrical power through a power cord 92 from a conventional wall outlet (not shown). An internal buss (not shown) distributes electrical power to each of female receptacles 44, 54, 64, and 74, the function of each of which will be discussed more fully hereinafter. A pair of fuses 94 and 96 provide the necessary protection to the electronic components (not shown) inside monitor 10.\nWith specific reference to FIG. 1, monitor 10 is shown in the environment of a patient, indicated schematically at 80, resting on a bed 84. An oxygen source 40 supplies oxygen to patient 80 through a diffuser 48 fed by an oxygen line 46. The apparatus of oxygen source 40 and diffuser 48 is any suitable apparatus for delivering oxygen to patient 80 so that the actual equipment shown is merely illustrative. Clearly, any suitable oxygen delivery apparatus can be used for oxygen source 40.\nMonitor 10 is coupled to oxygen source 40 through a monitor cord 42, and a power cord 43 each of which are connected to monitor 10 through receptacles 42 and 44, respectively, (FIG. 3). Electrical energy for oxygen source 40 is supplied through power cord 43, as described above, while monitor cord 42 directs monitoring signals form oxygen source 40 into monitor 10.\nSimilarly, a second item of medical equipment, in this instance a pulse oximeter 50, is coupled to monitor 10 by a monitor cord 53 interconnected at receptacle 52 (FIG. 3) and by a power cord 55 plugged into electrical receptacle 54. In this manner the operational characteristics of pulse oximeter 50 are continuously monitored by monitor 10. Pulse oximeter 50 a conventional pulse oximeter and has a sensing element 39 coupled to an ear 52 on patient 80. A cord 56 electrically interconnects sensing element 58 to pulse oximeter 50 so that the signals sensed by sensing element 58 are received by pulse oximeter 50.\nA similar arrangement exists for a third item of medical equipment which is shown herein as an apnea monitor 60. Apnea monitor 60 is coupled to monitor 10 by a monitor code 63 which is plugged into receptacle 62 (FIG. 3) to enable monitor 10 to receive signals from apnea monitor 60. Power for apnea monitor 60 is delivered through a power cord 65 from an electrical receptacle 64. The sensing element (not shown) for apnea monitor 60 is coupled to patient 80 with the signals therefrom being delivered to apnea monitor 60 through cord 66.\nIt is important to note that all suitable items of medical equipment, whether oxygen source 40, pulse oximeter 50, or apnea monitor 60, or for that matter, any other similar item of medical equipment, each has a built in alarm system to which monitor 10 is electronically coupled. This means that monitor 10 uses the existing alarm/operational parameter system of each respective item of medical equipment to provide the necessary input to monitor 10. Accordingly, monitor 10 requires only a simple modification, if any, to adapt it to be able to suitably monitor the respective medical equipment.\nA further item of convenience is a call button 70 coupled to receptacle 72 (FIG. 3) by a cord 73. Call button 70 can be selectively used by patient 80 to summon persons who can provide assistance to patient 80.\nAn additional receptacle 74 (FIG. 3) is provided on monitor 10 for the purpose of providing electrical power to any other selected item of equipment (not shown). This feature eliminates the need for additional wall outlets (not shown) for the purpose of supplying electrical power to a lamp, or other item requiring electrical power (not shown).\nReferring now to FIG. 4, the schematic for a first, preferred embodiment of this invention is shown wherein a Monitor represents monitor 10 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and is coupled to Medical Equipment A (oxygen source 20, FIG. 1); Medical Equipment B (Pulse oximeter 50, FIG. 1); and Medical Equipment C (apnea monitor 60, FIG. 1). An Emergency Switch is coupled to the Monitor to illustrate the alarm feature of the Monitor although, clearly, the Emergency Switch is contained inside monitor 10 (FIGS. 1 and 2). The Monitor provides full twenty-four hour monitoring capability for up to three items of medical equipment in additional to the manual alarm capability provided by call button 70.\nOperationally, when an alarm condition is detected by the monitor, an automatical call is made with the attached Modem through telephone 30 (FIG. 1), to the centrally located Computer and its attached Modem. This Computer is programmable to provide any desired form of response to signals received from the Monitor and has the capability to transmit instructions to an attached Printer which will print any desired amount of information. This Computer is on line all the time so as to be ready to receive incoming calls from the Monitor. Importantly, the Computer will respond to all incoming telephone messages by correctly identifying the Monitor and displaying the alarm condition. Further, from time to time the Computer will interrogate the Monitor for all information stored in the Monitor so that the information contained therein can be printed and stored in the patient's (patent 80, FIG. 1) file folder.\nMonitor 10 is also programmed to dial the Computer through telephone 30 and can recognize when telephone line 33 is busy. Importantly, monitor 10 will continue dial the Computer at 15-30 second intervals until connection with the Computer. After connection has been made and all messages have been sent by monitor 10 to the Computer, monitor 10 will disconnect from telephone line 33 and continue to monitor according to its regular monitoring program.\nMonitor 10 includes a battery (not shown) as a power failure safety device. This enables monitor 10 to alert the Computer to the emergency condition so that appropriate corrective measures can be implemented. Importantly, monitor 10 is programmed to wait thirty seconds prior to initiating this alarm in case the power failure is only a momentary interruption of electrical service.\nReferring now to FIG. 5, a second preferred embodiment for the assembly of equipment around the Monitor (monitor 10, FIGS. 1 and 2) is shown in addition to its interconnection to other base station equipment as will be described more fully hereinafter. The Monitor is shown coupled to four items of medical equipment which are shown as Medical Equipment A, B, C, and D and can include any suitable medical equipment as discussed hereinbefore. In addition to being coupled to a base station computer system, shown herein as Computer A and Printer A, the Monitor can also be connected to a second computer system which is shown herein as Computer B, Printer B, and a Database Software. The Database Software includes such basic information as general client information and any other useful information that may be required. The Database Software is also set up in a spreadsheet format so that each parameter from the preselected medical equipment will in its own column. The Database Software is designed to enable Computer B to interrogate the Monitor on a daily basis in order to update the Database Software with the latest information.\nThe daily information obtained by Computer B includes such information as the minimum, maximum, and average readings for each item of medical equipment on an hourly basis. Once the data has been entered into the Database Software, a line graph can be produced through Printer B. For example, FIG. 6 represents such a line graph for the maximum, minimum and average oxygen concentration delivered by oxygen supply 40 (FIG. 1) over a twenty-four hour period.\nThe present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.\n|US4259548 *||14. Nov. 1979||31. März 1981||Gte Products Corporation||Apparatus for monitoring and signalling system|\n|US4838275 *||20. Juli 1987||13. Juni 1989||Lee Arnold St J||Home medical surveillance system|\n|US4890621 *||19. Jan. 1988||2. Jan. 1990||Northstar Research Institute, Ltd.||Continuous glucose monitoring and a system utilized therefor|\n|Zitiert von Patent||Eingetragen||Veröffentlichungsdatum||Antragsteller||Titel|\n|US5365935 *||12. Juli 1993||22. Nov. 1994||Ralin, Inc.||Portable, multi-channel ECG data monitor/recorder|\n|US5367555 *||28. März 1991||22. Nov. 1994||Aisin Seiki Kabushiki Kaisha||Medical data reporter|\n|US5416695 *||9. März 1993||16. Mai 1995||Metriplex, Inc.||Method and apparatus for alerting patients and medical personnel of emergency medical situations|\n|US5421343 *||17. Mai 1993||6. Juni 1995||Feng; Genquan||Computer network EEMPI system|\n|US5549113 *||30. Jan. 1995||27. Aug. 1996||I Am Fine, Inc.||Apparatus and method for remote monitoring of physiological parameters|\n|US5553609 *||9. Febr. 1995||10. Sept. 1996||Visiting Nurse Service, Inc.||Intelligent remote visual monitoring system for home health care service|\n|US5590648 *||7. Apr. 1994||7. Jan. 1997||Tremont Medical||Personal health care system|\n|US5633910 *||13. Sept. 1994||27. Mai 1997||Cohen; Kopel H.||Outpatient monitoring system|\n|US5671734 *||3. Nov. 1995||30. Sept. 1997||The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy||Automatic medical sign monitor|\n|US5687717 *||6. Aug. 1996||18. Nov. 1997||Tremont Medical, Inc.||Patient monitoring system with chassis mounted or remotely operable modules and portable computer|\n|US5706801 *||28. Juli 1995||13. Jan. 1998||Caire Inc.||Sensing and communications system for use with oxygen delivery apparatus|\n|US5720771 *||2. Aug. 1995||24. Febr. 1998||Pacesetter, Inc.||Method and apparatus for monitoring physiological data from an implantable medical device|\n|US5748884 *||13. Juni 1996||5. Mai 1998||Mci Corporation||Autonotification system for notifying recipients of detected events in a network environment|\n|US5781442 *||15. Mai 1995||14. Juli 1998||Alaris Medical Systems, Inc.||System and method for collecting data and managing patient care|\n|US5787155 *||4. Nov. 1994||28. Juli 1998||Physio-Control Corporation||Priority line switching system|\n|US5872970 *||28. Juni 1996||16. Febr. 1999||Mciworldcom, Inc.||Integrated cross-platform batch management system|\n|US5893905 *||24. Dez. 1996||13. Apr. 1999||Mci Communications Corporation||Automated SLA performance analysis monitor with impact alerts on downstream jobs|\n|US5910773 *||18. Aug. 1998||8. Juni 1999||Brownlee; David W.||Oxygen supply system for wheeled vehicles|\n|US5942986 *||9. Aug. 1995||24. Aug. 1999||Cedars-Sinai Medical Center||System and method for automatic critical event notification|\n|US5954793 *||2. Okt. 1996||21. Sept. 1999||Peter S. Stutman||Remote limit-setting information distribution system|\n|US6014626 *||12. Aug. 1996||11. Jan. 2000||Cohen; Kopel H.||Patient monitoring system including speech recognition capability|\n|US6039688 *||31. Okt. 1997||21. März 2000||Salus Media Inc.||Therapeutic behavior modification program, compliance monitoring and feedback system|\n|US6070761 *||22. Aug. 1997||6. Juni 2000||Deka Products Limited Partnership||Vial loading method and apparatus for intelligent admixture and delivery of intravenous drugs|\n|US6191694||27. Jan. 2000||20. Febr. 2001||David W. Brownlee||Oxygen enrichment system for vehicles|\n|US6283761 *||31. Dez. 1999||4. Sept. 2001||Raymond Anthony Joao||Apparatus and method for processing and/or for providing healthcare information and/or healthcare-related information|\n|US6304797||30. Juli 1998||16. Okt. 2001||Rapid Patient Monitoring, L.L.C.||Automated medication dispenser with remote patient monitoring system|\n|US6380859||9. Jan. 2001||30. Apr. 2002||David W. Brownlee||Hyperbaric oxygen enrichment system for vehicles|\n|US6458326||24. Nov. 1999||1. Okt. 2002||Home Diagnostics, Inc.||Protective test strip platform|\n|US6525330||28. Febr. 2001||25. Febr. 2003||Home Diagnostics, Inc.||Method of strip insertion detection|\n|US6541266||28. Febr. 2001||1. Apr. 2003||Home Diagnostics, Inc.||Method for determining concentration of an analyte in a test strip|\n|US6542902||23. März 2001||1. Apr. 2003||Bridge Medical, Inc.||Method and apparatus for displaying medication information|\n|US6562625||28. Febr. 2001||13. Mai 2003||Home Diagnostics, Inc.||Distinguishing test types through spectral analysis|\n|US6671563||13. Juli 1998||30. Dez. 2003||Alaris Medical Systems, Inc.||System and method for collecting data and managing patient care|\n|US6681003||16. Juli 2002||20. Jan. 2004||Lifecor, Inc.||Data collection and system management for patient-worn medical devices|\n|US6694334||11. März 2003||17. Febr. 2004||Bridge Medical, Inc.||Method and apparatus for displaying medication information|\n|US6726558||26. Nov. 2002||27. Apr. 2004||Udi Meirav||Oxygen enrichment of indoor human environments|\n|US6731989||6. Sept. 2002||4. Mai 2004||Alaris Medical Systems, Inc.||System and method for collecting data and managing patient care|\n|US6811538 *||28. Dez. 2001||2. Nov. 2004||Ares Medical, Inc.||Sleep apnea risk evaluation|\n|US6866701||21. März 2003||15. März 2005||Udi Meirav||Oxygen enrichment of indoor human environments|\n|US6876303||4. Mai 2001||5. 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Nov. 2009||Health Hero Network, Inc.||System and method for monitoring information from a person|\n|US7645258||13. März 2004||12. Jan. 2010||B. Braun Medical, Inc.||Patient medication IV delivery pump with wireless communication to a hospital information management system|\n|US7668731||24. Nov. 2003||23. Febr. 2010||Baxter International Inc.||Medication delivery system|\n|US7679520||18. Dez. 2006||16. März 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient point-of-care computer system|\n|US7684999||3. Dez. 2004||23. März 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||User-based health monitoring|\n|US7689440||22. Nov. 2006||30. März 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US7715387||19. Dez. 2007||11. Mai 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Healthcare computer system with intra-room network|\n|US7730177||19. Mai 2005||1. Juni 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US7734476||29. Sept. 2003||8. Juni 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Universal communications, monitoring, tracking, and control system for a healthcare facility|\n|US7761312||4. Apr. 2006||20. Juli 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Remote health monitoring and maintenance system|\n|US7765111||22. Nov. 2006||27. Juli 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US7765112||30. Dez. 2008||27. Juli 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Multiple patient monitoring system for proactive health management|\n|US7827040||16. Sept. 2003||2. Nov. 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Patient control of health-related data in a remote patient monitoring system|\n|US7831447||9. Apr. 2010||9. Nov. 2010||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Healthcare computer system|\n|US7840420||26. Apr. 2010||23. Nov. 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Multiple patient monitoring system for proactive health management|\n|US7853455||16. Apr. 2004||14. Dez. 2010||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Remote health monitoring and maintenance system|\n|US7860583||25. Aug. 2004||28. Dez. 2010||Carefusion 303, Inc.||System and method for dynamically adjusting patient therapy|\n|US7870249||12. Juni 2006||11. Jan. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US7877271||14. Mai 2007||25. Jan. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Blood glucose monitoring system|\n|US7877274||16. Sept. 2003||25. Jan. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Messaging to remote patients in a networked health-monitoring system|\n|US7877276||27. Febr. 2006||25. Jan. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Messaging to remote patients in a networked health-monitoring system|\n|US7901625||24. Okt. 2007||8. März 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||System for performing diabetes self-care|\n|US7904310||14. Mai 2007||8. März 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Blood glucose monitoring system|\n|US7908152||24. Okt. 2007||15. März 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Blood glucose monitoring system|\n|US7911349||23. Febr. 2010||22. März 2011||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed computer system|\n|US7921186||14. Febr. 2007||5. Apr. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US7925522||29. Okt. 2009||12. Apr. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Personalized body image|\n|US7941323||29. Juni 2005||10. Mai 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Remote health monitoring and maintenance system|\n|US7941327||3. Dez. 2004||10. Mai 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||User monitoring|\n|US7966230||14. Mai 2007||21. Juni 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US7979284||21. Dez. 2005||12. Juli 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Interactive video based remote health monitoring system|\n|US8015025||15. Nov. 2006||6. Sept. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US8015030||22. Febr. 2010||6. Sept. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||User-based health monitoring|\n|US8019618||16. Sept. 2003||13. Sept. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Report generation in a networked health-monitoring system|\n|US8024201||13. Nov. 2006||20. Sept. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US8026821||24. Okt. 2008||27. Sept. 2011||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment at a patient location|\n|US8032399||1. März 2010||4. Okt. 2011||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Treatment regimen compliance and efficacy with feedback|\n|US8038593||6. Dez. 2004||18. Okt. 2011||Carefusion 303, Inc.||System and method for network monitoring of multiple medical devices|\n|US8140663||13. Juni 2005||20. März 2012||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US8234128||30. Dez. 2003||31. Juli 2012||Baxter International, Inc.||System and method for verifying medical device operational parameters|\n|US8249894||16. Sept. 2003||21. Aug. 2012||Robert Bosch Healthcare, Inc.||Networked remote patient monitoring with handheld devices|\n|US8258965||21. Sept. 2011||4. Sept. 2012||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment at a patient location|\n|US8260630||15. Nov. 2005||4. Sept. 2012||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Modular microprocessor-based appliance system|\n|US8303534||25. Febr. 2003||6. Nov. 2012||Hickle Randall S||Remote monitoring and control of sedation and analgesia systems|\n|US8334779||20. Dez. 2011||18. Dez. 2012||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Touch screen control of a hospital bed|\n|US8340792||16. Nov. 2010||25. Dez. 2012||Carefusion 303, Inc.||System and method for dynamically adjusting patient therapy|\n|US8353827||29. Aug. 2006||15. Jan. 2013||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US8368545||16. März 2011||5. Febr. 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed computer system with pharmacy interaction|\n|US8381724||30. Apr. 2007||26. Febr. 2013||Ric Investments, Llc||Method and apparatus for monitoring and controlling a medical device|\n|US8419636||14. Febr. 2006||16. Apr. 2013||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Method and system for improving adherence with a diet program or other medical regimen|\n|US8421606||23. Dez. 2011||16. Apr. 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Wireless bed locating system|\n|US8486019||22. Apr. 2009||16. Juli 2013||B. Braun Medical, Inc.||Patient medication IV delivery pump with wireless communication to a hospital information management system|\n|US8487774||30. Aug. 2012||16. Juli 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment|\n|US8618918||7. Apr. 2011||31. Dez. 2013||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support, communication, and computing apparatus including movement of the support and connection to the hospital network|\n|US8626521||23. Okt. 2002||7. Jan. 2014||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Public health surveillance system|\n|US8630722||4. Dez. 2012||14. Jan. 2014||Carefusion 303, Inc.||System and method for dynamically adjusting patient therapy|\n|US8674839||10. Jan. 2013||18. März 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed computer system for control of patient room environment|\n|US8758238||21. Dez. 2006||24. Juni 2014||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Health related location awareness|\n|US8766804||11. Juli 2013||1. Juli 2014||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment|\n|US8775196||30. Dez. 2003||8. Juli 2014||Baxter International Inc.||System and method for notification and escalation of medical data|\n|US8870762||20. Dez. 2006||28. Okt. 2014||Robert Bosch Gmbh||Electronic data capture in clinical and pharmaceutical trials|\n|US8990336||20. Sept. 2006||24. März 2015||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US9069887||13. März 2013||30. Juni 2015||Carefusion 303, Inc.||Patient-specific medication management system|\n|US9123083||14. Mai 2007||1. Sept. 2015||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Blood glucose monitoring system|\n|US9142923||13. Mai 2014||22. Sept. 2015||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed having wireless data and locating capability|\n|US9230421||30. Juni 2014||5. Jan. 2016||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment|\n|US9253259||19. Dez. 2013||2. Febr. 2016||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Patient support, communication, and computing apparatus|\n|US9307907||16. Juni 2014||12. Apr. 2016||CareFusion 303,Inc.||System and method for dynamically adjusting patient therapy|\n|US9380983||7. Febr. 2014||5. Juli 2016||Wipro Limited||Method and system for fail-proof patient monitoring|\n|US9427520||30. Dez. 2005||30. Aug. 2016||Carefusion 303, Inc.||Management of pending medication orders|\n|US9477939||28. Apr. 2005||25. Okt. 2016||Robert Bosch Healthcare Systems, Inc.||Radio frequency based remote health monitoring|\n|US9539155||14. März 2013||10. Jan. 2017||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Control system for patient support apparatus|\n|US9572737||14. Aug. 2015||21. Febr. 2017||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Hospital bed having communication modules|\n|US9600633||18. Mai 2001||21. März 2017||Carefusion 303, Inc.||Distributed remote asset and medication management drug delivery system|\n|US9666061||21. Dez. 2015||30. Mai 2017||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||System for monitoring caregivers and equipment|\n|US9741001||13. März 2013||22. Aug. 2017||Carefusion 303, Inc.||Predictive medication safety|\n|US9754077||21. Febr. 2008||5. Sept. 2017||WellDoc, Inc.||Systems and methods for disease control and management|\n|US20020032583 *||14. Nov. 2001||14. März 2002||Joao Raymond Anthony|\n|US20020165462 *||28. Dez. 2001||7. Nov. 2002||Westbrook Philip R.||Sleep apnea risk evaluation|\n|US20020183979 *||8. Mai 2002||5. Dez. 2002||Wildman Timothy D.||Article locating and tracking system|\n|US20030023146 *||6. Mai 2002||30. Jan. 2003||Shusterman D.O. Larry||Remote patient monitoring system with garment and automated medication dispenser|\n|US20030052787 *||2. Aug. 2002||20. März 2003||Zerhusen Robert Mark||Patient point-of-care computer system|\n|US20030095648 *||27. Nov. 2002||22. Mai 2003||Lifecor, Inc.||Fault-tolerant remote reprogramming for a patient-worn medical device|\n|US20030117700 *||20. Dez. 2001||26. Juni 2003||Vincent Vaccarelli||Microscope stand having auxiliary power outlet|\n|US20030135388 *||11. Jan. 2002||17. Juli 2003||James Martucci||Medication delivery system|\n|US20030176774 *||25. Febr. 2003||18. Sept. 2003||Scott Laboratories, Inc.||Remote monitoring and control of sedation and analgesia systems|\n|US20030209242 *||20. Febr. 2003||13. Nov. 2003||Scott Laboratories, Inc.||Apparatuses and methods for outputting data from a sedation and analgesia system|\n|US20030221687 *||23. Apr. 2003||4. Dez. 2003||William Kaigler||Medication and compliance management system and method|\n|US20030236450 *||20. März 2003||25. Dez. 2003||Kocinski Richard J.||System for remotely monitoring and controlling CPAP apparatus|\n|US20040010425 *||30. Apr. 2003||15. Jan. 2004||Wilkes Gordon J.||System and method for integrating clinical documentation with the point of care treatment of a patient|\n|US20040073329 *||18. Juli 2003||15. Apr. 2004||Engleson Joseph J.||System and method for collecting data and managing patient care|\n|US20040112211 *||21. März 2003||17. Juni 2004||Udi Meirav||Oxygen enrichment of indoor human environments|\n|US20040117208 *||16. Sept. 2003||17. Juni 2004||Health Hero Network||Messaging to remote patients in a networked health-monitoring system|\n|US20040143459 *||29. Dez. 2003||22. Juli 2004||Engleson Joseph J.||System and method for collecting data and managing patient care|\n|US20040193449 *||29. Sept. 2003||30. Sept. 2004||Wildman Timothy D.||Universal communications, monitoring, tracking, and control system for a healthcare facility|\n|US20050027207 *||25. Aug. 2004||3. Febr. 2005||Westbrook Philip R.||Sleep apnea risk evaluation|\n|US20050035862 *||12. Apr. 2004||17. Febr. 2005||Wildman Timothy D.||Article locating and tracking apparatus and method|\n|US20050160909 *||28. Jan. 2005||28. Juli 2005||Udi Meirav||Oxygen enrichment of indoor human environments|\n|US20050168341 *||9. März 2005||4. Aug. 2005||Hill-Rom Services, Inc.||Caregiver and equipment monitoring and control system|\n|US20050236003 *||28. Dez. 2004||27. Okt. 2005||Meader Charles R||Apnea nipple and oral airway and mandibular advancement device|\n|US20050273509 *||19. Mai 2005||8. Dez. 2005||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US20060247979 *||12. Juni 2006||2. Nov. 2006||Health Hiro Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US20060285736 *||29. Aug. 2006||21. Dez. 2006||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Multi-user remote health monitoring system with biometrics support|\n|US20060287931 *||29. Aug. 2006||21. Dez. 2006||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US20060294233 *||29. Aug. 2006||28. Dez. 2006||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Networked system for interactive communication and remote monitoring of individuals|\n|US20070080801 *||18. Okt. 2004||12. Apr. 2007||Weismiller Matthew W||Universal communications, monitoring, tracking, and control system for a healthcare facility|\n|US20070100665 *||27. Febr. 2006||3. Mai 2007||Health Hero Network, Inc.||Messaging to remote patients in a networked health-monitoring system|\n|US20070118403 *||13. Nov. 2006||24. Mai 2007||Brown Stephen J||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US20070118588 *||22. Nov. 2006||24. Mai 2007||Brown Stephen J||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US20070118589 *||22. Nov. 2006||24. Mai 2007||Brown Stephen J||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|US20070124177 *||26. Jan. 2007||31. Mai 2007||Cardinal Health 303, Inc.||System and method for controlling the delivery of medication to a patient|\n|US20070209662 *||30. Apr. 2007||13. Sept. 2007||Ric Investments, Llc||Method and apparatus for monitoring and controlling a medical device|\n|US20070287895 *||17. Apr. 2007||13. Dez. 2007||Brown Stephen J||System and method for monitoring information from a person|\n|US20080059227 *||21. Dez. 2006||6. März 2008||Geoffrey Clapp||Health related location awareness|\n|US20080149701 *||22. Dez. 2006||26. Juni 2008||Welch Allyn, Inc.||Dynamic barcode for displaying medical data|\n|US20120185278 *||29. März 2012||19. Juli 2012||Brown Stephen J||Method and apparatus for remote health monitoring and providing health related information|\n|USRE41190||6. Febr. 2008||6. Apr. 2010||Rest Assured, Llc||Remote supervision system and method|\n|WO1993018710A1 *||25. März 1993||30. Sept. 1993||Homecare Diagnostic Services||Fetal monitoring system|\n|US-Klassifikation||600/301, 128/904, 379/38|\n|Internationale Klassifikation||A61B5/0205, G08B25/01, A61B5/00|\n|Unternehmensklassifikation||Y10S128/904, A61B5/0205, G08B25/016, A61B5/0022|\n|Europäische Klassifikation||A61B5/00B, G08B25/01D, A61B5/0205|\n|30. Jan. 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|\nYear of fee payment: 4\n|2. März 1999||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|\n|8. Aug. 1999||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|\n|19. Okt. 1999||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|\nEffective date: 19990806", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "We report a device that allows inductive-detection of electron spins in picoliter volumes. The invention is a ‘planar inverse anapole’ microresonator with a spin detection limit as low as 6 x 106 (mT√Hz)-1 (i.e. 6 x 105 (G√Hz)-1) at 10 GHz and room temperature, which is an improvement of an order of magnitude compared to previously reported microresonator designs.\nWe report a device that allows inductive-detection of electron spins in picoliter volumes with increased sensitivity. Microresonators used for spin detection in volume-limited samples suffer from poor quality-factors, which adversely affects sensitivity. We have exploited anapole structures with toroidal moment to diminish radiative losses from planar microresonators while simultaneously confining microwave magnetic fields to picoliter volumes. Using the Babinet principle to create a magnetic field hotspot, we have created a planar inverse anapole microresonator for inductive-detection electron magnetic resonance. High quality-factors enable facile coupling with a microwave feedline, allowing continuous wave (CW) EPR experiments that are not possible with other microresonator designs. The size of the hotspot (the active volume of the resonator) is much smaller than the overall dimensions of the microresonator. This provides scalability to microwave frequencies of > 100 GHz. Thus, the resonators can be scaled for use with multiple frequencies without sacrificing device functionality, overcoming a major limitation of other microresonator designs.\nHigh quality-factors of the planar inverse anapole microresonators allow easy coupling to microwave feedlines. This enables easy deployment of the microresonators in existing spectrometers for routine measurements of picoliter-volume samples. The scalability of the design to frequencies > 100 GHz open the route to multifrequency EPR measurements on volume-limited samples. Lastly, the absolute sensitivity we obtain is an order of magnitude higher than other microresonator designs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The snare drum is an enormously popular musical instrument, used by many different types and styles of music. It is played either as a single unit, with the drummer playing the head/snare, and the rest of the group playing the rest of the polyphonic drum samples. Also, many different drummers can play the snare drum, so it is versatile in this respect.\nThe snare drum, sometimes known as a bass drum, is a closed-back drum instrument with a hollow body, made from a number of metal strips, each attached at the front, back and sides by small cords. The head of the snare drum is made from either wood or steel, and the individual snare drums are fitted together by a series of hoops secured at both the front and back of the drum. The drum heads also have drum pads, made from either metal or plastic. The individual drums are connected by drumsticks, made from hollow bones or steel, which are moved by finger movements.\nSnare drums are made in different sizes and shapes to suit different types of music. Snare drums are normally played with two drums. Two smaller snare drums are placed side-by-side, with one on top of the other. The larger drumsticks are used to hit the surface with the drumsticks, producing the \"snare\" sound. The snare drums are usually struck by a series of drumsticks with varying pressure.\nMarching patterns for snare drums often follow a rhythmic pattern, which is known as a marching band. This type of marching band usually has two lines of four drums, arranged in a semi-circle, with each of the sides at a different time, to give the beat. Different drum beats are followed depending on where the drums are struck, and this makes the marching feel. Marching bands can be used in a number of situations, including rock concerts, marching to a live band, or as part of a dance performance.\nSnare drums come in many different sizes. Most are between fifteen and sixteen inches in length. However, some larger models can be as much thirty six inches in diameter. The width of the sticks is not as important as the quality of the sticks, as these will produce a snare drum with a consistent and quality sound. The quality and size of the sticks are related to the quality of the sound produced.\nSnare drums now come in two heads. A top head has two heads and a bottom head. The two heads are commonly made of steel or hollow acrylic tubes, which are covered in layers of insulating material between them, producing a dual barrier against sound. The thickness of the steel used affects how the sound travels through the tube.\nThe size of the hole in the snare drum is determined by how much sound is allowed to pass through it. Typically a larger hole produces a higher pitched sound than a smaller hole, but both are useful for producing the right sound for the situation. Different types of snare drums have different ways in which the holes are drilled. Some use traditional drum styles, while others use the bulldog or double-headed drill that is more prevalent on modern drums. Drums that utilize this style of drilling holes usually have a finger hole at the top for tuning or holding onto.\nA snare drum can be assembled using three or more instruments. A steel guitar, bass drum, or a microphone can be added to the main body of the drum in order to play additional instruments, such as keyboards, drums, or peridot drums. This assembly process is commonly referred to as \"snaring\". Additional hardware such as cymbals, bells, hi hats, and other special effects can be installed on the assembled snare drum once it is complete.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "A robust real-time online solar photovoltaic monitoring system is carefully designed for the solar photovoltaic energy industry via cloud computing technology broadcasting instant and exact energy harvested from installed solar photovoltaic modules onsite. Remote monitoring for both the stationary positioned and hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking modules is achieved via the web on mobiles, tablets, PCs and notebooks through installed applications. The introduction of these robust adaptive devices have significantly increased the optimisation, performance and the high concentration of energy harvested in hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking system based on the developed tracking movement models. This paper investigates the design of a robust real-time online comparative data with visual analysis for both stationary and hybrid solar photovoltaic tracking monitoring systems spanning the installation lifetime. The hybrid solar photovoltaic monitoring system consists of two main components the programmable logic control (PLC) box and the data logger connected to the router for remote access and transfer of real-time solar photovoltaic data information generated. A photovoltaic data acquisition and monitoring system has been deployed at the National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan for optimal solar photovoltaic energy harvest, forecast and sustainable solar photovoltaic management and policies to validate simulation models. The research results presented are likely to offer real experience for the future solar photovoltaic energy industry applications not only in Taiwan but also in the world.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "CASTECH will attend CIOE 2019 held at Shenzhen from Sep.4th to Sep.7th. It will be our honor to have you visit our booth at 9D09 for business discussion of our crystals, optics and laser components.\nCASTECH will attend The Laser World of Photonics held at Munich from June.24th to June.27th. It will be our honor to have you visit our booth at B2.354 for business discussion of our crystals, optics and laser components.\nCASTECH annouces Chirped Mirror for ultra-fast laser applications\nCASTECH annouces Chirped Mirrors compensating for pulse broadening effects in ultra-fast laser applications with different band widths. We also invested in new metrology instrument for precise measurement of dispersive properties of optical components and coatings.Our expert engieering team are alwa...", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "What Does Measurement Uncertainty Mean?\nIn the realm of quality control and measurement, the concept of measurement uncertainty plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of data. Understanding measurement uncertainty is vital for businesses and industries that rely on precise measurements to maintain high standards of quality. This article aims to delve into the various aspects of measurement uncertainty, including its definition, importance, calculation methods, sources, impact on quality, examples, and strategies for reduction. By exploring these key areas, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of measurement uncertainty and its significance in maintaining accuracy and reliability in measurements.\nWhat Is Measurement Uncertainty?\nMeasurement uncertainty refers to the doubt or range of values associated with the result of a measurement, encompassing factors such as variation, accuracy, and precision.\nIt is a crucial concept in quality control as it determines the reliability and trustworthiness of measurement results. Adhering to ISO 17025 standards is essential in managing measurement uncertainty, ensuring that laboratories maintain competence in performing tests and calibrations.\nThe Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides a comprehensive framework for error analysis, taking into account factors like sensitivity and measurement validation to accurately characterize and quantify measurement uncertainty in line with international best practices.\nWhy Is Measurement Uncertainty Important?\nUnderstanding measurement uncertainty is crucial for ensuring the validity, reliability, and standardization of measurement systems, contributing to the consistency and accuracy of results.\nIt is important to consider the range of potential variations in measurements and the impact they may have on the overall quality control process. By acknowledging and addressing uncertainties, organizations can ensure that their measurement systems are robust and reliable.\nThe establishment of standardized measurement systems through proper validation processes helps in minimizing the impact of uncertainties, ultimately leading to more accurate and trustworthy results.\nHow Is Measurement Uncertainty Calculated?\nMeasurement uncertainty is calculated by considering factors such as calibration, measurement error, statistical analysis, and the precision of the measurement method used.\nCalibration plays a crucial role in determining the accuracy of measurements, as it involves comparing the instrument or device against a standard reference. Sources of measurement error, including environmental conditions, human error, and equipment limitations, must be identified and minimized to improve the reliability of the measurement.\nStatistical analysis helps in quantifying the uncertainty by assessing the variations and providing a measure of confidence in the results. The precision of the measurement method directly impacts the level of uncertainty, with higher precision yielding reduced uncertainty.\nWhat Is the Formula for Measurement Uncertainty?\nThe formula for calculating measurement uncertainty involves assessing the contribution of factors such as measurement error, standard deviation, and establishing confidence intervals to quantify the overall uncertainty.\nMeasurement error refers to the variation between the measured value and the true value being measured. This can be caused by factors such as instrument calibration, environmental conditions, and human error.\nStandard deviation measures the dispersion of a set of data points, providing insight into the amount of variation present. Confidence intervals help to capture the range within which the true value of a measurement is likely to lie. By considering all these factors, the formula for measurement uncertainty can effectively quantify the overall level of uncertainty in a measurement.\nWhat Are the Sources of Measurement Uncertainty?\nThe sources of measurement uncertainty encompass factors such as instrumentation, environmental variables, the measurement process, variation, and potential biases that can influence the accuracy of measurements.\nInstrumentation plays a pivotal role in measurement uncertainty, as the precision and calibration of the instruments directly impact the reliability of data. Environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, and air pressure, can introduce unforeseen variations, affecting the outcome of measurements. The measurement process itself, such as human errors or systematic flaws, contributes to uncertainty.\nSources of variation and bias, whether inherent to the system or introduced externally, further compound the complexity of accurate measurements.\nInstrument error contributes to measurement uncertainty, encompassing factors such as systematic errors, measurement inaccuracies, the need for calibration, and the impact on accuracy and precision.\nThis can result in deviations of the measured values from the true values, affecting the reliability and confidence in the measurements taken. Systematic errors, stemming from consistent inaccuracies in the instrument, can lead to biases in the results obtained. Therefore, regular calibration of instruments becomes crucial to identify and correct any errors.\nMeasurement inaccuracies can introduce variability and influence the precision of the measurements, directly impacting the overall quality and trustworthiness of the data obtained.\nEnvironmental factors introduce variability and potential errors in the measurement process, impacting tolerance levels, sensitivity, and contributing to the overall uncertainty in measurements.\nThese factors can include fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure, as well as external vibrations and electromagnetic interference. Understanding and mitigating the influence of these environmental variables is crucial in error analysis and ensuring reliable measurements.\nConsidering the effects of environmental factors is essential in determining the appropriate tolerance considerations to account for fluctuations. Precise measurement instruments and calibration processes are pivotal in minimizing the impact of environmental factors on measurement uncertainty.\nHuman error is a significant contributor to measurement uncertainty, affecting reproducibility, repeatability, and necessitating robust error analysis and quality control measures to enhance reliability.\nThis emphasizes the critical need for stringent quality control procedures to mitigate the impact of human error on measurement accuracy. By addressing human errors through comprehensive error analysis, organizations can enhance their data reliability and ensure consistent results.\nIt also underscores the importance of continually assessing and refining measurement processes to minimize the influence of human error, thus fostering a culture of precision and trustworthiness in scientific and industrial measurements.\nSampling error contributes to measurement uncertainty by introducing bias, deviation, and necessitating rigorous error analysis and the establishment of confidence intervals to manage statistical uncertainty.\nThis type of error in data collection occurs when a sample is not representative of the population being studied. It can lead to inaccuracies in the conclusions drawn from the data.\nThe impact of sampling error on measurement uncertainty is significant, as it can affect the reliability and validity of research findings. To mitigate the effects of sampling error, researchers often employ various statistical techniques, such as random sampling and stratified sampling, to minimize its influence on the measurement process.\nWhat Is the Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on Quality?\nMeasurement uncertainty directly influences the accuracy of measurements, reliability of data, and the adherence to quality standards, emphasizing the criticality of measurement validation and ensuring overall reliability.\nIt is evident that the impact of measurement uncertainty extends beyond mere statistical variations, as it can significantly affect the decision-making process and the trustworthiness of the obtained results. This underscores the importance of thorough validation processes to mitigate the potential risks associated with measurement uncertainty and ensure consistent, high-quality outcomes.\nMeasurement uncertainty plays a key role in determining the overall reliability and trustworthiness of data, highlighting the necessity for stringent control measures and continuous monitoring to maintain compliance with established quality standards.\nAccuracy of Measurements\nMeasurement uncertainty directly affects the accuracy of measurements by influencing the proximity to the true value, necessitating comprehensive error analysis, the establishment of measurement standards, and ensuring measurement assurance and conformity.\nThis relationship between measurement uncertainty and accuracy underscores the importance of evaluating the reliability and consistency of measurement processes. It highlights that even small variations in measurement uncertainty can lead to significant deviations from the true value, emphasizing the criticality of minimizing uncertainties. It emphasizes the need for stringent calibration procedures and the use of certified reference materials to ensure accurate measurement standards.\nMeasurement assurance and conformity play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of uncertainty, thereby reinforcing the integrity and reliability of measurements.\nReliability of Data\nMeasurement uncertainty directly influences the reliability of data by impacting reproducibility, repeatability, necessitating robust measurement validation, and the assurance of measurement reliability.\nThis relationship is crucial in ensuring that the data obtained from measurements is dependable and accurate. When there is high uncertainty in measurements, it introduces variability, making it difficult to reproduce the results consistently. This can lead to doubts about the data’s reliability. Therefore, comprehensive measurement validation becomes imperative to minimize uncertainties and ensure the accuracy and consistency of the data.\nIt’s through addressing measurement uncertainty that the reliability and trustworthiness of the collected data can be assured, leading to more meaningful and valuable outcomes.\nCompliance with Standards\nMeasurement uncertainty significantly impacts compliance with standards, necessitating validation, conformity, reliability, and adherence to established standardization practices to ensure regulatory and quality compliance.\nThis integration of validation processes, adherence to conformity, and emphasis on reliability plays a pivotal role in upholding industry standards.\nAddressing measurement uncertainty and its impact on compliance demands a multifaceted approach that incorporates robust validation procedures and reliable data sources.\nBy aligning with established standardization practices, organizations can enhance their regulatory compliance and ensure consistent quality assurance, thereby bolstering their overall operational performance.\nWhat Are Some Examples of Measurement Uncertainty?\nExamples of measurement uncertainty are prevalent in various domains, including the measurement of length, temperature, volume, and time, where factors such as accuracy and precision play pivotal roles.\nThese uncertainties can be observed in the measurement of length when using tools like rulers, tape measures, or calipers. For instance, variations in temperature and pressure can affect the accuracy of length measurements.\nSimilarly, in temperature measurements, variations in ambient conditions, calibration of thermometers, and human error can contribute to uncertainty. When measuring volume, factors such as meniscus errors in liquid measurements and variations in container dimensions can introduce uncertainty. Variations in timekeeping devices and human reaction times can impact the precision of time measurements.\nMeasurement of Length\nThe measurement of length presents instances of uncertainty, influenced by tolerance levels, measurement errors, precision considerations, and the application of measurement standards to ensure accuracy.\nThis uncertainty is often connected to the precision factors in measuring instruments and the inherent limitations in achieving absolute exactness in any measurement. Tolerance levels play a critical role in determining acceptable variations within which the measured length falls. Measurement errors, whether systematic or random, further contribute to the overall uncertainty, highlighting the need for thorough error analysis and minimization.\nThe application of measurement standards helps in establishing a common reference point and ensures consistency in measurement techniques, aiding in reducing uncertainty and enhancing the reliability of length measurements.\nMeasurement of Temperature\nThe measurement of temperature embodies uncertainty, influenced by variability, environmental factors, the measurement process, and the sensitivity of temperature measurements in diverse conditions.\nThis uncertainty arises due to various factors such as the precision of the measuring instruments, calibration techniques, and human error in the data collection process. Environmental conditions like air pressure, humidity, and altitude can also impact the accuracy of temperature measurements. Variability in the materials being measured can contribute to uncertainty as well. Understanding these factors and their interplay is essential in minimizing measurement uncertainty and ensuring the reliability of temperature data in numerous applications.\nMeasurement of Volume\nThe measurement of volume exemplifies uncertainty, influenced by the accuracy of measurements, standard deviation, the need for validation, and the assurance of consistent measurement outcomes.\nIn the context of volume measurement, uncertainty arises due to various factors such as the precise determination of borders, irregularities in the shape of the container, and the difficulty in accurately measuring meniscus curvature, especially in small volumes. This uncertainty directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of the measured volume. Consequently, minimizing measurement uncertainty in volume assessment is crucial to ensure precise and consistent results, requiring validation procedures and stringent quality control measures to maintain the highest level of accuracy.\nMeasurement of Time\nThe measurement of time encompasses uncertainties, as indicated by the range, deviation, confidence intervals, and the pursuit of measurement reliability in temporal assessments.\nThese uncertainties in time measurement are inherent due to factors such as instrumentation accuracy, environmental conditions, and human error. The range of measurement uncertainty in time reflects the potential variation between successive measurements, while deviation conveys the extent to which individual measurements differ from the mean.\nConfidence intervals provide insight into the level of certainty surrounding a specific time measurement, offering a range within which the true value is likely to fall. Ensuring measurement reliability involves minimizing these uncertainties through rigorous calibration, standardization, and error analysis in timekeeping devices and methodologies.\nHow Can Measurement Uncertainty Be Reduced?\nReducing measurement uncertainty involves meticulous error analysis, calibration procedures, the establishment of confidence intervals, comprehensive measurement validation, and adherence to standardization practices.\nBy systematically identifying and mitigating sources of error through thorough error analysis, the measurement uncertainty can be minimized. Calibration procedures play a crucial role in ensuring accuracy and reliability of measurement instruments, while the establishment of confidence intervals provides a measure of the range within which the true value is likely to lie.\nComprehensive measurement validation, including inter-laboratory comparisons and proficiency testing, further enhances the reliability of the measurement process. Adhering to standardized protocols and reference materials is vital for ensuring consistency and comparability of results across different laboratories and measurement systems.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhat does measurement uncertainty mean?\nMeasurement uncertainty refers to the range of possible values that a measurement could have due to errors or limitations in the measuring process. It represents the level of doubt or confidence in the accuracy of a measurement.\nHow is measurement uncertainty related to quality?\nMeasurement uncertainty is a key factor in determining the quality of a measurement. A larger uncertainty value indicates a lower quality measurement, as there is a wider range of possible values. A smaller uncertainty value indicates a higher quality measurement, as there is a smaller range of potential values.\nWhat are some sources of measurement uncertainty?\nMeasurement uncertainty can arise from a variety of sources, such as instrument limitations, human error, environmental conditions, and variations in the object being measured. It is important to identify and account for these sources in order to minimize uncertainty and improve the quality of a measurement.\nCan measurement uncertainty be eliminated?\nNo, measurement uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated, as there will always be some level of uncertainty in any measurement. However, it can be reduced through proper calibration, use of precise instruments, and careful measurement techniques.\nCan measurement uncertainty be quantified?\nYes, measurement uncertainty can be quantified and expressed as a numerical value. This is typically done using statistical methods to calculate the standard deviation or confidence interval of a measurement. This helps to provide a more accurate representation of the true value.\nCan you provide an example of measurement uncertainty?\nSay you are measuring the weight of an object using a scale with a measurement range of 0-100 grams. The scale has a resolution of 0.1 grams, meaning it can measure to the nearest 0.1 gram. However, due to various factors such as the precision of the scale and human error, the actual weight of the object could be anywhere within a small range of 0.05 grams. This range of 0.05 grams represents the measurement uncertainty in this example.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Product Specification Personal Mini Pump\n●The PMP-001 is a lightweight, portable air sampling pump equipped with a constant flowrate functionality.\n●It is especially for intake in the low flowrate range.\n●It can also be used for personal exposure measurements.\n●It can be used as a suction pump for a variety of detector tubes.\nPrice Personal Mini Pump\nCV. Gihon Juma Sentosa is a Distributor Company For Industrial, chemical, Instrument Laboratory, Industrial & Medical Gases, educational laboratorium. We provide chemical materials, laboratories instrument, human health instrument and specific chemical purpose items in grocery and regular needs. We are located in Medan, North Sumatera - Indonesia, providing equipment for your company or personal use.\n- Alat Survey Lingkungan Hidup", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Skip to Main Content\nThis report evaluates and compares two electrical screening tests for integrated circuits, functional and pin-to-pin, over a period of 5,000 hours of operational life testing. Of a sample of 1,000 integrated circuits, 71% were initially identified by the functional screen as high qua'lity devices as opposed to 28% by the pin-to-pin screen. In addition, only 10 devices from the sample were commonly rejected by both tests. Further analysis revealed that 18 functional unacceptable devices were classified as pin-to-pin high quality devices and that 31 pin-to-pin unacceptable devices were classified as functional high quality. In general, the number of test failures observed remained constant during the first 5,000 hours of life testing. However, in the case of the load resistor test (pin-to-pin) and the output current test (functional), the number of test failures decreased as the testing time increased. An examination of the screening data after 5,000 hours of life testing showed essentially no change in the quality distribution of the sample as measured by the functional tests. However, the pin-to-pin screen showed a significant change in the sample distribution, with a number of circuits going from the high quality grouping to the commercial grouping.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "China has a vast output of squid. Squid is an essential economic aquatic animal which can be used for development and industrial production. Squid is a kind of marine product with high protein and low fat, rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, taurine, etc. The water content of squid is about 76.2% ~ 80.0%. Squid should be frozen on board immediately after fishing. Therefore, frozen squid is the primary raw material of all kinds of squid products.\nThe principle of microwave thawing is to vibrate the polar molecules inside the frozen products under the radiation of electromagnetic waves, and generate heat by elastic collision and friction with the surrounding molecules.\nMr. Wang of shidao, Weihai city, mainly processes squid rings, squid shreds, and other foods. Before using the high-voltage electrostatic thawing method, the meat loss rate is up to 10%, and the color difference after thawing is significant. He wants to buy microwave equipment to replace the previous high-voltage electrostatic thawing.\nThe frozen squid was placed in a box of 40×20×30cm at -18℃ in the microwave working chamber of the microwave defrosting machine. The ambient temperature in the microwave working chamber was -3℃ ~ 3℃. During the microwave thawing process, the microwave thawing frequency was 915 MHz. It only takes 6 minutes to defrost with 20kw microwave defrosting equipment. After defrosting, no blood will flow out, and the meat loss rate is less than 1%. A needle thermometer can be easily inserted into the interior and measures -3℃.\nThis heating starts inside the material, taking advantage of the electrical properties of the material itself. When the frozen food is thawed in this way, the temperature is set slightly below the freezing point of water, that is, -4 ~ -2 ℃. At this time, the frozen products are solid-state and easy to slice, dice, or do other processing. The whole microwave working chamber can be placed in the frozen material, without the water tank’s restriction, etc. It can quickly defrost the large volume or a large number of frozen materials and improve efficiency. The defrost chamber is made of food-grade 304 stainless steel, safe and corrosion-resistant.\nThe 20kw microwave defrosting equipment can defrost squid over 600kg per hour, and the final defrosting temperature can be adjusted according to the customer’s requirements.\nAdvantages of microwave thaw: 1. Fast thaw; 2. The whole frozen products are uniform after thawing; 3. After thawing, frozen products are easy to cut without dripping; 4. Power-saving; 5. No sewage is discharged.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Greyline Instruments PSE4 Ultrasonic Sensor\nClamp-on Doppler sensor for ultrasonic flow measurements\nNeed Help? Call 1-800-884-4967 8:00am to 5:30pm ET\n- For pipe diameters from 0.5\" to 180\"\n- Operating Temperature: -40° to 250°F (-40° to 120°C)\n- Operating Frequency: 640 Khz\n- Stainless steel housing with epoxy face\n- 12 ft. shielded pair coaxial cable with connecting plug\nThis product is an accessory for the following products:\nThe Greyline Instruments PSE4 is a non-intrusive, single-head ultrasonic sensor for measuring flow in any pipe material that conducts ultrasound including PVC, carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, fiberglass, and lined pipes. The clamp-on sensor is designed to fit on the outside of any pipe diameter 1/2\" or larger.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The meter magnetic table, industrial computer, and Gauss meter are integrated into the meter magnetic table to form a magnetic detection and positioning unit.\nOur brand has a history of more than 18 years in the global charging (de)magnetization, magnetic measurement, and magnetic field processing industries. We focus on improving efficiency, improving quality, reducing costs, and doing professional customized design.\nFully computer controlled, independently developed measurement software\nTooling lifting positioning mechanism, workpiece lifting positioning mechanism, down-pressure rotating device, detection and transplanting device, safety protection device, logic control system, software and data analysis system, human-machine interface interaction and other 7 major components.\nIt mainly measures the surface magnetic field distribution of magnetic materials. The high linearity Hall detection probe scans and analyzes the surface magnetic field of the tested workpiece by fixing it on the rotating platform.\nFor the magnetic detection of the motor rotor, the workpiece is detected on the magnetic detection platform; the detection results are stored in the local database and file directory (shared reading or copying to the server can be provided).\nThe assembly line transports the workpiece to the magnetic working area, and the lifting mechanism is lifted and positioned after the work station detects that the workpiece is in place.\nAfter the operation result of the device is displayed on the touch screen and the process is monitored, the magnetized product is tested by the magnetometer and the test result is displayed on the interface.\nThis equipment adopts imported Hall chip, accurately collects the surface magnetic density of the workpiece, each layer of data is independently analyzed and set, and the detection result is accurately displayed; the equipment is stable in operation, convenient in operation, simple in debugging, and greatly reduced in cost. In terms of performance, it has the following features:\nLow power consumption, high efficiencyStable detection, long-term continuous use\nThe system adopts automatic control methodProvide reserved ports for easy upgrade and transformation\nProvide multiple protections and alarm outputEnsure system safety\nSimple operation, one-key reset of faultsAccurate touch screen monitoring\nReal-time production monitoringReal-time counting of good and defective products and alarm prompts\nProvides Ethernet interfaceCan upload data to the monitoring host\nBuilt-in digital Gauss meter", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Thyristor-Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR): the innovative solution for power regulation\nWith the development of power electronics technology, the control of power systems has become more and more refined. As an essential power regulation technology, the thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) is widely used in many fields. This article will detail the definition, characteristics, and application fields of TCPAR, how to maintain or regulate the output voltage and discuss the protection measures when TCPAR fails.\nTCPAR definition and characteristics\nTCPAR is a phase angle regulator controlled by a thyristor. It contains the power factor and regulates the voltage by adjusting the thyristor's firing angle and changing the alternating current's phase angle. TCPAR has the following characteristics:\n1. High efficiency and energy saving: By adjusting the phase angle in real time, TCPAR can achieve optimal power factor, reduce reactive power loss, and improve the efficiency of the power system.\n2. Fast dynamic response: TCPAR adjusts quickly and can reach a stable state quickly to meet the system's dynamic performance requirements.\n3. High reliability: Thyristor has high reliability and long service life, which can ensure the long-term stable operation of TCPAR.\n4. Easy to maintain: TCPAR has a simple structure and is easy operation and maintain.\nApplication areas of TCPAR\n1. Power system: TCPAR can be used for reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, power factor correction, etc., to improve the stability and efficiency of the power system.\n2. Industrial control: TCPAR can be used in industrial control fields such as motor control and heating systems to achieve precise power control and optimization.\n3. New energy fields: In new energy fields, such as wind power generation and photovoltaic generate electric power, TCPAR can be used to adjust the power output of generating units and improve the stability of the power system.\n4. Transportation field: In rail transportation, electric vehicles and other areas, TCPAR can be used to achieve precise power control and optimization and improve energy utilization efficiency.\nHow does TCPAR maintain or regulate the output voltage?\n1. Real-time monitoring: TCPAR monitors the changes in grid voltage in real time, adjusts the firing angle of the thyristor and changes the phase angle according to the voltage changes, thereby maintaining or adjusting the stability of the output voltage.\n2. Reactive power compensation: TCPAR can improve the power factor of the power grid, reduce the reactive power loss of the line, and improve the efficiency of the power system through reactive power compensation.\n3. Dynamic adjustment: TCPAR has a fast dynamic response capability and can dynamically adjust the output voltage according to changes in load to ensure stable operation of the power system.\nProtection measures when TCPAR fails\n1. Fault detection: Monitor the operating status of TCPAR in real-time. Once a fault is discovered, take corresponding protective measures immediately.\n2. Short circuit protection: When a short circuit fault occurs in TCPAR, the power supply should be cut off immediately to avoid the expansion of the responsibility and, at the same time, protect the thyristor.\n3. Overload protection: When an overload fault occurs in TCPAR, the firing angle of the thyristor should be reduced, the output power should be reduced, and a warning signal should be issued at the same time.\n4. Alarm and display: When a TCPAR fails, an alarm device should sound an alarm and display the location and type of the failure for timely maintenance and processing.\n5. Remote monitoring and control: The operating status of TCPAR is monitored in real-time through the remote monitoring system. Once a failure occurs, the remote control center can take corresponding protective measures promptly.\nThyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (par) price\nThe thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) is a vital power regulation technology with high efficiency, energy savings, fast dynamic response, and reliability. It is widely used in power systems, industrial control, new energy, transportation and other fields. TCPAR maintains or regulates the stability of the output voltage by real-time monitoring of grid voltage changes, reactive power compensation and dynamic adjustment. When a TCPAR fails, corresponding protection measures should be taken, such as fault detection, short circuit protection, overload protection, alarm and display, and remote monitoring and control. In short, TCPAR, as an intelligent power regulation solution, provides strong support for the stable operation and optimization of modern power systems.Suppose you want to know more about the latest news about thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (tcpar) or wish to purchase thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (tcpar). In that case, you can contact us to initiate an inquiry.\nSuppliers of thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (par)\nPDDN Photoelectron Technology Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise focusing on the manufacturing, R&D and sales of power semiconductor devices. Since its establishment, the company has been committed to providing high-quality, high-performance semiconductor products to customers worldwide to meet the needs of the evolving power electronics industry.\nIt accepts payment via Credit Card, T/T, West Union, and Paypal. PDDN will ship the goods to customers overseas through FedEx, DHL, by sea, or by air. If you are looking for high-quality PHASE CONTROL THYRISTORS, please send us inquiries; we will be here to help you.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Adult Manual Pulmonary Resuscitator\nDynarex Resp-O2 Manual Pulmonary Resuscitators (MPR) are premium-grade medical devices designed for resuscitation and life support measures performed by qualified medical professionals. The lightweight, single-patient MPR bag features a textured design to provide a non-slip grip and comes pre-assembled with 10 feet of oxygen tubing and soft cushioned facial mask.\n- MPR/intake valve ensures one-way air-flow\n- Swivel port rotates 360° for optimal freedom of movement\n- Translucent components allow for improved visualization\n- Disposable, single-patient use\n- Quantity: 6/Case\n- UOM: Case", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Daldowie fuel plant at Daldowienear Glasgow in Scotland is operated by SMW Limiteda wholly owned subsidiary of Scottish Power Generation Limited.\nThe plant includes one of Europe's largest sludge drying plantwhich processes the sewage sludge from greater Glasgow’s population of approximately one million.\nThe plant represents the very latest in sophisticated controlthermal drying and effluent treatment practiceand produces up to 65000t/y of low odour granule. It consists of six dryers whose emissions feed three regenerative thermal oxidisers (RTOs) which each have their own emission stack.\nIn order to comply with strict emissions regulations set by the UK’s Environment Agencyand also to ensure that the RTOs were operating correctlyit became necessary to install a continuous emission monitoring (CEM) system on each exhaust gas stack.\nThree such systems were installedincorporating Servomex4900 series gas analysersServomex2700 series gas analysersServomex4995 series sample conditioning systems and ancillary equipment.\nEmissions regulations in Scotland are stricter than in many other European countries and oblige plants such as Daldowie to deliver monthly reports to demonstrate that emissions limits have not been exceeded.\nDue to the unusual nature of the Daldowie plantit was required to meet newly introduced and strictly enforced regulations for the emission of gases and odoursas laid down by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA).\nThe main area of concern was exhaust gases from the three RTOs. These pieces of equipment heat the gases released during the drying process so that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are broken down and burnt.\nThis was a particularly challenging application in terms of gas analysisbecause of the moist nature of the gasesthe continually varying mix of gases and emissionsthe elevated temperature (around 120°C)and the fact that several gases had to be monitored.\nThe new emissions regulations imposed on the plant required the measurement not only of VOCs but also carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2). Furthermoreaccuracy was essential because if the emissions limits are exceededthe plant must be shut down; any false alarms due to inaccurate readings could therefore be extremely costly in terms of downtime and lost production.\nIt was already known that similar sludge treatment plants had suffered through unreliable CEM systems that had failed after being used to monitor production runs for as little as 10 hours. SMW wanted to avoid this problem with the Daldowie plantso the company wrote a tight specification.\nCompliance with MCERTS (the monitoring certification scheme) requirements was also necessaryyet the equipment had to be reasonably priced.\nServomex was able to meet the specification with a bespoke walk-in cabinet housing three CEM systemsone per stack.\nEach system comprises a Servomex4900 series gas analyserServomex2700 series gas analyserTOC (total organic carbon) analyser and a Servomex4995 series sample conditioning system.\nBecause of the moisture content in the flue gasesthe sensor probes and sample lines are heated to prevent the formation of condensation.\nThe 4900 gas analyser is designed specifically for CEM applications and is capable of measuring O2COCO2NO and SO2though in the Daldowie plant only CO and O2 are being monitored.\nBenefits provided by the analyser include a low cost of ownershiplow maintenance requirement and easy integration with other systems.\nWhile oxygen is measured using a paramagnetic sensor cellinfrared technology is used for carbon monoxide.\nA second O2 reading is obtained using a Servomex2700 series analyser. The benefits provided by the 2700 include a continuous measurement of O2 and/or combustibleshigh temperature operation up to 1750°Clow operating/maintenance costs and is fully field maintainable.\nThe reason for taking two O2 readings is that the 4900 measures O2 on a dry basis and the 2700 measures O2 on a wet basis using a zirconium oxide sensor.\nThe O2 measurements are used in order to derive the moisture content of the gas which is used to correct the TOC measurement from a wet to dry basisand also to convert the measured gas concentrations to reference conditions of 11percent O2 as required by SEPA.\nBryan Englanda consultant to SMWcomments: “Considering the complexity of the analysis being undertakenthe Servomex equipment has performed very well: as the sampled gas is both hot and wetit is important to have a system that can handle it in such a form.\nThe system provided by Servomex has proved to be reliable and we have a high degree of confidence in the results it produces.\nWithout the Servomex CEM system SMW would find it much more difficult to comply with the stringent emissions regulations here in Scotland.”\nHe continues: “We enjoyed excellent service from Servomexright from the initial enquiry through installation and commissioning. The engineers are extremely knowledgeable and are clearly capable of addressing even the most out-of-the-ordinary gas analysis problemsdeveloping complete CEM systems around the company's standard gas analysers plus equipment from third-party suppliers.”\nMore information about the Servomex 49004995 and 2700 series gas analysersas well as other Servomex gas analysersall of which are available and fully supported worldwidecan be obtained from Servomex Group by calling\n+44 (0)1892 652181faxing +44 (0)1892 662253\nemailing firstname.lastname@example.org or visiting the website at www.servomex.com", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The research basis of light is spectrum. The application quality of light requires spectral analysis. The spectrum of LED plant lights is particularly important. The manufacturer’s ability to design the spectrum of plant lights determines its market position. The spectrum of LED plant lights needs to be specifically designed according to the planting process. Go for imitation.\nThe plant factory is a cross-border product. We divide the plant factory technology into planting equipment technology and planting process technology. The plant light spectrum technology is an important connection point between planting equipment and planting process. It needs to be clear that the planting process determines the spectral design. The design and manufacture of the lamp is to ensure that the light quality required by the planting process can achieve the best efficiency. These characteristics of the plant lamp determine the complexity and diversity of the plant spectral design.\nI. Non-Visual Applications of Spectrum\nSpectral applications are divided into visual applications and non-visual applications. Lighting belongs to visual applications, and plant lighting belongs to non-visual applications. Visual applications and non-visual applications are different in the physical dimension of the spectrum itself. However, many plant lights are still used in lighting Labeling parameters. This parameter labeling that can cause confusion in applications may come from the term “plant lighting.”\nThe spectrum research of plant photosynthesis is essentially based on the analysis of the optical radiation power or the distribution form and quantity (light quality) of light quantum in the domain of wavelength. This analysis is realized by spectral data and spectrograms.\nPlanting requires research on the solar spectrum. The solar spectrum tested on the ground belongs to the absorption spectrum. The standard solar spectrum is shown in Figure AM1.5G (G173-03). Due to different geographical locations and seasons, the amount of spectral radiation measured on the ground will be There are differences, but the morphology of the spectrum is the same.\nThe general theory of photosynthesis in plants is to study the wavelength range of 400nm-700nm. It can be seen from AM1.5G (below) that the wavelength is limited to this range, and the spectral shape is close to rectangular.\nIn order to provide a reference for the spectral design of artificial light sources, we give AM1.5G maps in the wavelength range of 350-850nm for reference.\nSunlight spectrum has important reference function for plant light spectrum design, but it does not have dependence. Attempting to imitate sunlight spectrum to plant light is a futile and inefficient method.\nThe ratio of red, green and blue radiation of AM1.5G in the wavelength range of 400-700nm is:\nRed light accounts for 32.62%, green light accounts for 35.38%, and blue light accounts for 32.69%.\nAnalyzing the sunlight of a certain planting area is very important for planting in this area, and it should be actually measured locally with professional instruments so that it can be accurately analyzed. The following figure is the relative spectrum of Nanhai, Foshan in September 2013.\nThe ratio of red, green, and blue radiation in the 400-700nm wavelength range of this spectrum is:\nRed light accounts for 28.7%, green light accounts for 36.58%, and blue light accounts for 35.43%.\nIt can be seen that the red, green, and blue components in the spectrum are different for different geographical locations, which has a greater impact on the design of sunlight-type and mixed-type plant factories.\nAccurate analysis of the local solar spectrum can provide scientific photosynthetic reference for the planting process of solar and hybrid plant factories, and can correctly provide the basis for the selection of supplementary light. For solar plant factories, accurate spectra Analysis is more conducive to the way SPA.\nIt should be noted that the solar spectrum is different from the spectral analysis dimension of artificial light sources. The solar spectrum is suitable for the radiation dimension description, and the artificial light source is suitable for the optical quantum dimension description. A special article will be introduced in this regard.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The first long pathlength fiber optic-based sensor system to measure pCO(2) in natural waters and the atmosphere is described. The sensor is based on a liquid-core (an indicator-HCO(3)(-)/CO(3)(2-) buffer solution) waveguide made of a low refractive index amorphous fluoropolymer tubing, the wall of which serves as a gas-permeable membrane to sense pCO(2) changes. The system detects the indicator absorbance changes when the liquid-core reaches CO(2) equilibrium with the surrounding sample. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that due to indicator buffer effects, increasing the optical pathlength is a more efficient way to obtain higher sensitivity than increasing the indicator concentration. Using an 18-cm cell with low indicator concentrations (10 muM), this system achieves a precision and an accuracy of +/-2-3 muatm in the pCO(2) range of 200-500 muatm. The sensor also features a response time (99%) of only 2 min for low-level (<1000 muatm) pCO(2) measurements as a result of high CO(2) permeability of the amorphous fluoropolymer membrane. Field tests indicate that this new sensor is capable of handling both atmospheric and aquatic pCO(2) monitoring.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "מדידה והערכה של רעש הנוצר מזרימה בתוך גוף מוטס\nעבודה לקראת תואר מגיסטר תחת הנחייתה של פרופ' משנה אוקסנה סטלנוב\nהפקולטה להנדסת אוירונוטיקה וחלל\nטכניון - מוסד טכנולוגי לישראל\nDuring the design phase of a project, each airborne system is designed and tested in order to demonstrate it can perform under different environmental loads. Acoustic noise is one of the environmental loads that may lead to a failure of the system – mainly in electronic equipment, sensors, MEMS components etc. During the design, the designer must take into account the acoustic noise inside an airborne system in order to make sure that the product can perform according to its requirements. A reliable tool is needed in order to define the acoustic noise level and spectrum inside an airborne structure. The aim of this thesis is to provide an algorithm that will allow estimation of the acoustic noise inside an airborne structure. In order to do so, the study is divided into two parts. One is estimation of the external acoustic noise (wall pressure). Estimation of the external acoustic noise will enable the designer to perform FE simulation or to use different \"thumb rules\" in order to estimate the internal acoustic noise. It will also provide the designer the ability to perform laboratory acoustic noise tests, in which he can simulate the external acoustic noise outside the structure. On the second part, an algorithm that allows estimation of the acoustic noise inside the structure based on the structure's vibrations measurements will be suggested. In order to allow estimation of the external and internal noise, this study is based on two experiment's configurations. One is a wind tunnel experiment, in which the suggested models and algorithms could be tested at different velocities and in controlled environment. The second is a flight experiment, in which the environmental conditions are more realistic then the wind tunnel experiment, but much harder to control.\nהסמינר יינתן בעברית\nשני, 15-02-2021, 12:30 (פגישת זום)https://technion.zoom.us/j/99708099172", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Insulated gas exhaustion equipment for sustainability and safety\n2010/5/1The new SF6 gas monitor provides the same advanced algorithms as the original CBS device and provides communications, historical data and leak rates; it …\nsf6 switchgear TREATMENT manufacturer amazon\nGE designs, manufactures, installs and services a full range of state of the art Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) for utilities and industries worldwide. The portfolio includes GIS solutions from 60 to 800 kV, along with hybrid, mobile and digital GIS solutions, Gas Insulated lines and other …\ngis sf6 testing procedure alternatives near me\ngis sf6 testing procedure alternatives near me2019/3/1Testing equipment for switch gear • Insulation tester • AVO meter • Micro Ohm meter • Breaker operation time measuring equipment • Gas pressure checking meter gauge • Gas leak detector • High voltage test set • Vacuum pump • Gas filling device 17.\ninsulation wikipedia working principle\nThis device is equipped with contact probe, optional directional probe for leak detection of compressed gas from a distance, discontinuous sensitivity selector and rechargeable battery. Its intrinsic safety certificate \"EX II 1G Ex ia IIC T4 Ga\" makes it suitable for use in potentially explosive atmospheres and its high sensitivity allows to diagnose very small steam leaks.\nrecovery service worries near me\nrecovery service worries near meENERVAC has built a world wide reputation for delivering high performance engineered products that meet or exceed customer needs. In any climate or environment (including hazardous locations), ENERVAC liquid gas processing and recovery systems provide the most efficient, cost effective and reliable solutions available in the industry.\ngis sf6 sensor worries cost\n22kV RCWE auto recloser 22kV type RCWE type auto circuit recloser is a ecnomic version ACR, which is designed for using voltage rating up to maximum 27kV level system. In order to provide with a high reliable equipments, Rockwill's team increased t\nsf6 ADAPTERS leak rule\nThe gas insulated switchgear ELK 04 is the ideal solution for reliable energy supply up to a rated voltage of 170 kV, a rated normal current up to 4000 A, and a rated short circuit current up to 63 kA. Based on a few building blocks with standardized dimensions, its\nsulfur hexafluoride protective System climate impact\nSihu Sf6 Gas Insulated Transformer The current transformers match 35~1000kV high voltage switchgears are including the current transformers for outdoor of busbar going through with the stainless steel or aluminium cases, secondary windings with the insulating material wound, casted by epoxy resin with the flanges, installed with the enclosures and so on.\ngis sf6 analyzer quality check in south africa\nCustom manufacturer of refractory ceramic insulation for high voltage and high temperature electrical applications. Capabilities include standard tolerances of plus/minus 1 1/2%, maximum tolerance of plus/minus 0.010 in. and minimum tolerance of 0.020 in. for thickness dimensions. Insulation is suitable for industrial and consumer applications.\ngis sf6 ANALYSIS abb near me\nhexafluoride sanalysis 160 enervac Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage power applications. It has been used extensively in high voltage circuit breakers and other switchgear employed by the power [email protected]\nsf6 gas testing procedure attachments for sustainability and safety\nsf6 gas testing procedure attachments for sustainability and safetyFuse block circuit breakers protect the vehicle's battery and starter motor. Here's how: as the electrical current flowing through them increases, the circuit breaker heats until a threshold is reached. When the threshold current and corresponding temperature is reached, an internal connector melts to break the circuit.\nsf6 circuit breaker Purity worries price\nWhether maintenance is performed on medium voltage switchgear, high voltage switchgear or on gas insulated lines, our company's products are designed to make the job more efficient. Our product range of maintenance units is divided into different series with various performance parameters designed to meet the varying requirements in sulfur hexafluoride gas handling.\nsf6 mix EVACUATION pressure guide\n2011/6/17125 252kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) The GIS composed of the major equipments used in a substation such as circuit breaker, switch disconnector, earthing switch, voltage transformer, current transformer, surge arrester, etc. in a grounded metallic\nsf6 mix cylinders testing procedure cost\nGas insulated high voltage switchgear (GIS) is a compact metal encapsulated switchgear consisting of high voltage components such as circuit breakers and disconnectors, which can be safely operated in confined spaces. GIS is used where space is limited, for example, extensions, in city buildings, on roofs, on offshore platforms, industrial\nsf6 n2 Recovery dilo in south africa\nRFJ SF6 Refilling Evacuating Devices RF912 SF6 Gas Analyzer NA1013 SF6 Gas Monitoring System RSSSF6 Smart SF6 Sensor RF300N SF6 Service Cart SF6 Gas Purification for re use System Our Client Connect us SF6 Handling Device RF08 Mini Series\nsf6 gas pdf Electrical industry\nsf6 gas pdf Electrical industryNov 17, 2020ENERVAC has built a world wide reputation for delivering high performance engineered products that meet or exceed customer needs. In any climate or environment (including hazardous locations), ENERVAC liquid gas processing and recovery systems provide the most efficient, cost effective and reliable solutions available in the industry.\nsf6 mix Microwater wika prices\n230/415 Volts. Output. 100KV (Max.) We put in our best to provide our clients with 100 KV High Voltage Tester. These panels are manufactured using high quality material and latest techniques. Our technicians make sure that these are in compliance with international quality standards. These can be tailor made as per the requirements specified by\nsf6 n2 ANALYSIS training prices\nOperating PrincipleBrief HistoryDesign FeaturesGenerator Circuit BreakersHigh Power TestingIssues Related to SF6 Circuit BreakersComparison with Other TypesCurrent interruption in a high voltage circuit breaker is obtained by separating two contacts in a medium, such as sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), having excellent dielectricand arc quenching properties. After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity. SF6 gas is electronegativeand has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the …See more on en.wikipedia.orgEstimated Reading Time: 12 minsSF6 Circuit Breaker Construction, Types, Working and Uses electricaltechnology.org/2021/08/sf6 sulphur hexaflouride circuit breaker.htmlSulphur Hexafluoride or SF6 circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker that uses pressurized SF6 gas to extinguish the arc. It is a dielectric gas having superior insulating and arc quenching properties far better than air or oil. It is used for arc quenching in high voltage circuit breakers up to 800 kV in power stations, electrical grids\nsulfur hexafluoride refilling equipment in south africa\nHigh voltage DC circuit breaker HVDC circuit breakers are difficult to build because of arcing : under AC the voltage inverts, and in doing so crosses zero volts, dozens of times a second. An AC arc will \"self extinguish\" at one of these zero crossing points, because there cannot be an arc where there is no potential difference.\n- gis sf6 AIR EVACUATION quality check schneider\n- sf6 EVACUATION Instrument buy\n- sf6 mixture analyzer purity standards near me\n- gis sf6 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT tester in south africa\n- sf6 mixture VALVES System climate impact\n- Insulated gas sensor ACCESSORIES prices\n- sf6 switchgear VALVES maintenance for sustainability and safety\n- sf6 circuit breaker infrared attachments in south africa\n- sf6 mixture infrared quality check buy\n- sf6 switchgear Recovery quality check schneider\n- gis sf6 Quantitative quality check climate impact\n- sf6 circuit breaker Microwater abb rental\n- sf6 circuit breaker REFILLING meter amazon\n- sf6 mixture sensor calculator prices\n- sf6 switchgear hazards meter\n- sf6 mix TUBES pdf near me\n- sf6 storage attachments in south africa\n- sulfur hexafluoride Microwater testing procedure in Electrical Applications\n- sf6 gas applications training near me\n- sf6 quantity worries\n- sulfur hexafluoride pipe alternatives Electrical industry\n- sf6 Gas-vacuuming Schneider cost\n- sf6 circuit breaker Purity ACCESSORIES near me\n- gis sf6 TREATMENT abb in substations\n- storage worries in Electrical Applications\n- sf6 switchgear VALVES alternatives prices\n- sf6 mixture pipe pdf rule\n- sf6 circuit breaker suppliers toshiba climate impact\n- sf6 sensor Schneider cost\n- sf6 circuit breaker VALVES sensor in Electrical Applications\n- Insulated gas container quality check rental\n- sf6 mix manufacturer in Electrical Applications", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Smart Grid system facilitates remote instant monitoring; the analysis and management of production, transmission and distribution networks; and smart plugs at home, thus covering the entire network. By including the end-user in the process, consumption analysis can be conducted accurately, which increases efficiency over time.\nThe smart grid system locally isolates any problematic location along the electric power distribution network and allows for an immediate response. It optimizes itself for any losses during production, transmission and distribution, and it introduces preventative measures against electricity theft.\nWe use various technologies, methods and concepts, such as Big Data, Business Analysis, Data Analysis, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Web Application, and so on, to develop the system.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The Metabolomics Lab is equipped with high-throughput robotic systems for the analysis of\nlarge samples sets. Data analysis is performed using a number of commercial\nand home build software tools for the discovery of biomarkers and metabolic\nsignatures of disease, toxicity or other biological outcomes.\nThe raw NMR data is processed using a number of commercial NMR software packages, including ACD NMR Processor (ACD Lab, Toronto, Canada), Varian VNMRJ-CRAFT (Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA), Chenomx (Edmonton, Canada) and Spinworks (Univ. of Manitoba, Canada)\nThe processed NMR data is then exported for multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), projection to latent structures (PLS), orthogonal-PLS (OPLS) and support vector machine analysis (SVM). Additional methods are currently under development. The statistical software utilized by the lab includes SimcaP+ (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden), R. and Matalab (Mathworks, Natick, MA).\nWhat can we see?\nNMR is an “unbiased” detector in that essentially any organic compound (containing a hydrogen atom) of sufficient quantity can be detected. Typically we readily see compounds with concentrations ranging from low micromolar up through millimolar levels. For highly dilute samples that can be lyophilized, we can re-suspend the samples in a smaller volume (10µl) and analyze the sample using the micro-coil system. This can effectively bring the detection limit down several orders of magnitude.\nWe use the Chenomx NMR database in our analysis that allows us to get absolute quantitation on nearly 300 metabolites including, amino acids, organic acids, amines, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, drug related metabolites, etc. We also use online NMR databases to confirm identities such as the human metabolome and Wisconsin metabolome web sites.\nFor unknown compounds we run multidimensional NMR experiments (e.g. gDQCOSY, gTOCSY, gHSQC, gHMBC, selective TOCSY, etc) which yield spectra containing a wealth structural information for the elucidation of novel & unknown metabolites", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "— September 29, 2023\nAt the forefront of cutting-edge research at New Mexico Tech, we have been utilizing Raman spectroscopy to unravel the mysteries locked within minerals. By harnessing the power of visible and ultraviolet lasers, we can unlock a plethora of information. So, you may be asking, what is Raman spectroscopy? In simple terms, it's a technique that uses laser light to interact with the atomic vibrations of a material, producing a unique \"fingerprint\" of its molecular composition. By analyzing the scattered light, we are able to identify and characterize minerals such as apatite, fluorite, and calcite. My research takes this technique to new heights by exploring fluid and melt inclusions within minerals and identifying the chemical species they contain. These entrapped pockets of fluids, solids and gasses preserve a snapshot of the mineral's history, offering clues about a mineral deposit’s formation and evolution. Imagine holding a mineral in your hand and, with the help of Raman spectroscopy, being able to decipher its molecular makeup. Oh, the stories it can tell. From identifying rare minerals to understanding chemical processes, this technique has far-reaching implications in fields such as geology, geochemistry, mining, and material science. So, next time you stumble upon a dazzling mineral, remember that there are unseeable marvels waiting to be explored, thanks to the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy. Keep your eyes peeled for more exciting discoveries from our technicians in the Raman Spectroscopy Lab at New Mexico Tech!\n— Eric Ruggles (MSc student)", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Multotec Dry and Wet Drum Separators, WHIMS, Demagnetising Coils and Overbelt Magnets are used in mineral processing. LIMS dry drum Metso. Metso's LIMS dry drum low intensity magnetic separators consists of a stationary magnetic yoke with a number of permanent magnets placed inside a rotating drum of non-magnetic material.\nGreat energy conservation, wide adjustment range, low noise and little dust\n1.5 times or even 2 times larger crushing cavity than that of other crushers, large feeding mouth\nWith features of reliable structure, high working efficiency and easy adjustment\nVSI sand maker, also called VSI crusher, is the major machine for sand making plant.\nBall mill is the key machine to grind the crushed materials. Ball mill machine is widely used to process cement, silicate product, building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ceramics and glass, etc.\nOn the basis of domestic mills, fote raymond mill is produced. The raymond roller mill enjoys the features of high working efficiency, low energy consumption, small floor space and small cost.\nWet low intensity magnetic separators wlims eriez lab . 12 diameter x 6 magnet width lab model l 8 electro wet drum magnetic seperator wlims b 810 pc 518 universal stainless steel tank for concurrent and counter rotation operation with one plexiglass side …\nNormally, lab scale wlims drum apparatus is the main tool for simulating iron ore behaviour in the beneficiation plant for wet low intensity magnetic separation process.\nMagnetic drum; spiral chute; bf flotation cell; ... ctb series high intensity wet permanent magnetic separator. efficient thickener. efficient thickener. ... agitation tank for chemical reagent. high frequency dewatering screen. high frequency dewatering screen. submerged spiral classifier. submerged spiral classifier. concentrating table ...\nThe df high speed drums employ high strength magnetic elements and high speed shell rotation. this makes it possible to introduce a third factor in the separation of materials – inertia. to take maximum advantage of all these forces, eriez engineered new, powerful magnetic circuits which permit high rotational speeds for the drum shell.\nGtek xcsq wet high intensity magnetic separator is suitable for beneficiation of fine-disseminated hematite, martite, limonite and siderite in mineral processing laboratories, it can also be used for processing some of rare metals. gtek laboratory, china's best laboratory …\nHigh-intensity magnetic separators. they are used for treatment of weakly magnetic materials, coarse or fine, in wet or dry modes. induced magnetic rolls (imr), permanent magnet rolls and drums, magnetic filters, open-gradient (ogms) and wet high-intensity magnetic separators (whims) are examples of this class of separators.\nWet high intensity magnetic separator bauxite - … wet iron sand processing machinery out put 650mt per. vsi-9526 high output river stone/rock impact sand... sand making machine is a high output size per day in pdf fo ...\nWet high intensity magnetic separatormineral technologies. wet high intensity magnetic separator whims laboratory / pilot scale separator twin feed point unit suitable for batch or closed loop operation the reading whims set the industry benchmark for magnetic separation of fine minerals.\nVarious types include laboratory electrostatic and high intensity wet drum, high intensity induced and rare earth roll, wet high/low intensity and magnetic separators. features vary depending upon model, including variable speed controls, positive velocity feed chutes and hoppers with vibrators, pushbutton switches, digital rpm read-outs ...\nThe drum has a magnetic field from 600 to 1,000 gauss, typically. wet high intensity magnetic separators are also used for para-magnetic materials, with magnetic field intensity ranging from 7,000 gauss (permanent drum) to 20,000 gauss (electro-magnetic drums). we have a full range of small (lab and pilot plant scale), magnetic separators, and a few suited for small scale production.\nGtek produces high quality davis magnetic tube, wet drum magnetic separator, wet high intensity magnetic separator, dry high intensity roll magnetic separator and cycle pulsating high gradient magnetic separator for laboratory use.\nMolybdenum ore flotation separator. molybdenum selection flotation machine mineral flotation separator 1600 series wet grinding machine is made of restructuring on the basis of 1300 1350 1400 1500 1600 is suitable for selection of iron ore molybdenum ore lead ore zinc ore antimony ore and s high intensity molybdenum oreic separator.\nMagnetic particles are lifted by the magnets and pinned to the drum and are conveyed out of the field leaving the gangue particles. water is introduced into the machine to provide a current which keeps the pulp in suspension. three types of drum separators namely concurrent type, counter-rotation type and counter-current type are in use.\nRare earth drum separator configurations (reds) non-magnetic, middlings and magnetic retreat configurations are available in machines with 400 and 600 millimetre drum diameters and 300, 1,000 and 1,500 millimetre drum widths. these are single start with one or two re-treat stages and an optional low intensity drum scalper for removal of highly", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Actuators for HVAC shut-off and fire dampers shall be of spring return type.\nPneumatic HVAC actuators shall be designed to operate properly between max. 12.5 barg and min 5.6 barg air supply pressure.\nThe spring force shall be selected to keep the blade(s) in proper alignment, ensure air tightness in closed position and prevent chattering.\nActuators for HVAC pressure control dampers shall be provided with positioners.\nSorry, there were no replies found.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "The EY-doped fiber amplifier is a high power optical amplifier. It offers a highly reliable, flexible and low-cost solution for CATV large area coverage of metropolises and medium sized cities, that are high density home pass, especially for FTTH application.\n- High output power, E-Y co-doped\n- Warm backup, on-line standby, auto redundancy\n- Support ITU channels banding\n- Low optical input power, Adjustable output optical power -3dB\n- APC / ATC circuit design, built-in high-power optical isolator, mainly used for fiber access network of EPON architecture\n- Single/dual input for choice, built in optical switch for dual input, the switching power can be set by the button in the front panel or by web snmp.\n- Output adjustable by buttons in the front panel or web snmp, the range is +0.5dBm～-4.0dBm\n- Max multi 32 ports, with built in 1310/1490/1550WDM,max total output 37 dBm\n- Standard RJ 45 port for remote control, we can provide output contract and web manager for choice, and also plug-in snmp hardware can be reserved for update.\n- With laser key to turn on/off the laser.\n- With RF test function.\n- Adopts JDSU or Oclaro Pump laser\n- Led displays the working condition of the machine\n- Dual power hot plug power supply for choice, 90V～250V AC or -48V DC\n|Input optical power\n|Total Output optical power\n|4 / 8 / 16 / 32\n|Output adjustable range\n|± 1 dBm\n|Optical power stability\n|± 0.2 dBm\n|≤ 5.0 dB（optical input power is 0dBm）\n|Input / output optical return loss\n|≥ 50 dB\n|Input / output optical isolation\n|≥ 30 dB\n|Input / output pump leakage power\n|≤ -30 dBm\n|Double power supply 100～265V 50Hz\nPayment & Security\nYour payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Small capacity pendulum type impact testing equipment, it is usually be used in high polymer material impact strength test, use potential energy of pendulum to impact specimen, analyze the remaining potential energy after impact to calculate specimen absorbed energy during test.\nIt has big correlation between pendulum mass, length, rigidity and so on accuracy and test precision, especially pendulum mass center position will affect impact speed and produce test error. This type impact tester is provided with digital display to show angle, energy, other functions and in-build wind resistance, frictional loss automatic calculated formula, users can easily and convenient to use. IZOD / CHARPY are two types of common tests; QC-639S/T can be carried out test in different test methods by replacing pendulum and vise type. Machine is fitted simple specimen collection area that provide user safer test environment.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Electronic wheel balancer for car, van and motorcycle wheels\nWidescreen 19\" or 22\" LCD colour VDU (optional), with high-resolution graphics and user interface .\nNew \"ELECTROLOCK\" automatic electromechanical wheel clamping system for shorter operative times and higher centering accuracy (B 345 C Evo) , or manual wheel clamping with quick ring (B 345 Evo).\nNew AUTOSEL Evo digital gauge for diameter and distance acquisition equipped with laser pointer .\nSMD automatic sensor for measurement of wheel width (optional).\nIntegrated LED spotlight an d LASER pointer (TwinLight System).\nALU P Programs.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "FIRST IN PHOTONICS\nWe offer continuous wave, ultra-narrow linewidth, single frequency fiber lasers in the 1µm and 1.5µm wavelength range from NKT Photonics which are available as compact, OEM modules such as the BasiK, but also in benchtop formats as the AdjustiK and BoostiK where up to 15W of power is available.\nModular high-power fibre amplifier system based on Er and Yb doped active fibres.\nThe MOGLabs MGPA is a compact fibre laser system, with seed and amplifier, operating in the Yb (1020 to 1100nm) and Er (1530 to 1610nm) wavelength ranges.\nThe MOGLabs MGFM uses single-pass quasi-phase-matched non-linear crystals for frequency doubling or mixing\nThe KATANA HP is the laser of choice for high power, picosecond pulses in the yellow and infrared. In the standard configuration, the KATANA HP provides pulses of 700 ps duration and a pulse repetition rate of 20-80 MHz.\nIf you need a versatile, sub-nanosecond laser system designed for all industrial applications, the KATANA laser is an excellent choice.\nThe Koheras BOOSTIK is a compact fiber amplifier module designed for NKT Photonics' low-noise, narrow-linewidth Koheras seed lasers and is available for the 1.5-micron wavelength range. The amplifier module is designed as a line card for the Koheras ACOUSTIK multi-wavelength system which also supports the Koheras BASIK seed lasers.\nContinuous wave, single frequency, narrow linewidth fiber laser with dual wavelengths at 780nm & 1.5µm, power up to 7W and optional output power modulation.\nRack mountable benchtop, low noise fiber laser featuring ultra-low phase noise and Hz-range linewidth. Standard systems are Our standard systems are available at 1550.12 nm, 1064.00 nm, and 1762.17 nm. Depending on the model, output powers are 10mW to 2W.\nThe Koheras BasiK Standard is a narrow linewidth fiber laser available at 1550.12nm and 1064.00nm and special systems anywhere in the 1535–1580nm and 1030–1120nm ranges. Depending on the model, output powers are 10-40mW.\nContinuous wave fiber laser with wavelengths from 1535 to 1580nm, power from 10 to 40mW and optional output power modulation.\nContinuous wave fiber laser with wavelengths from 1050 to 1570nm, power from 2 to 15W and optional output power modulation.\nContinuous wave fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064nm and power of 20W.\nFind products for your application", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Home Luthra Inspection Instruments Angle Plate\nMade By : Luthra\nMade In : Indian\nBacked by a team of experts, we are engaged in offering a qualitative range of angle plates, box angle plates and C.I. cubes. These angle plates are manufactured using high grade material, which is sourced from dependable vendors.\nThe procured material bespeak of genuineness that ensures our range of products are stress relieved, resistant against distortion and have high tensile casting. These precision industrial tools are used in diverse engineering industries and are high in demand amidst our clients worldwide.\nThe detailed description of angle plates manufactured under this category includes box angle plates, cast iron cubes, slotted angle plates and plain angle plates.\nWe manufacture and supply a wide range of slotted angle plates, which are largely used in various industries for clamping and holding work in vertical position. These slotted angle plates are also used as a vertical reference for inspection and tooling purposes such as shaping, planning, milling, grinding, drilling etc. All 6 working faces of our angle plates are hand scrapped to desired accuracy and are square/right angle to each other. Fabricated using high quality closed grain cast iron of Grade FG-220, these angle plates comply with IS 2554:1971 standards.\n- Castings are stress relieved either by natural aging or by artificial seasoning and hand scrapped for surface finish of Grade-1 accuracy\n- Angle plates of sizes above 300 mm are webbed to ensure rigidity\n- Slots are machined for easy clamping\n- Angle plates are supplied with calibration certificate traceable to National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi\n|Size in mm LxBxH||Flatness in Micron||Squareness in Micron||Parallelism Opp. Surface in micron|", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "Need an Oil Change?\nMany fast food restaurants offer irresistable deep-fried dishes. However, the process of deep-frying causes oils and fats to decompose over time. One of the major by-products of decomposition is free fatty acids. When these acids exceed an acceptable threshold, they affect the quality of fried food. Hence, it is important to determine the right time to replace your oil. If done too soon, you would be wasting resources. Too late, and you risk serving food of inferior quality. The good news is that it only takes 30 seconds to find out if it’s time for an oil change. With MilliporeSigma’s MQuant® Free Fatty Acids visual test strips you can easily monitor the quality of your deep-frying oil. This inexpensive method requires no special training, lab instruments or sample preparation. Simply dip the test strip in the oil or fat sample and read the results. The label shows typical threshold values to help you make quick decisions. Despite their exceptional simplicity and efficiency, MQuant® Free Fatty Acids test strips deliver reliable and reproducible results. They are produced using high-quality papers and developed according to ISO 660 standards.\nWould you like further information about MQuant® Free Fatty Acids visual test strips for monitoring deep-frying oil? Please contact us.", "label": "Yes"}
{"text": "If you like us, come to our shop and run a complete performance test.\nWe Are Here to Provide You Awesome Products Always\nTIMKEN bearing many types .TIMKEN bearing can meet the high demands of machine tools .TIMKEN bearing with highest standards of precision recognized by ball bearing industry-page1.\nEE231400/231976 CD bearing application industry:Knitting machine foam equipment of plastic forming machine plastic extruding machine plastic granulator dryer out of mold temperature machine equipm\nM249734/M249710CD,TIMKEN M249734/M249710CD，M249734/M249710CD:231.775、:358.775、:117.475mm，TIMKENM249734/M249710CD、！ :", "label": "No"}
{"text": "For the styling alternative of one’s battery powered motion night light Battery operated wreless ndoor pr moton sensor led nght lght table lamp, you may attempt to use a retractable screen light. The screen is going battery powered motion night light to soon be installed about the frame of one’s standard light opening. Afterward the screen can be retracted battery powered motion night light for your dwelling. There are also battery powered motion sensing night light, which has an introduction at the bottom part of this. The other variant may be that the screen variation where it is simply installed towards the upper section of the light. Mixing display sliders using sliding glass lights could be your substitute in the event that you’re bored using screen lights. In the event you wish to spend less, you can also create do-it-yourself decorative screen lights employing solid timber and a sufficient amount of display screen.\nThe 3rd auraglow battery-powered led night light with motion sensor light is wood and marble craftsman entry lights. Even the Battery operated wreless ndoor pr moton sensor led nght lght table lamp is more attractive when combined with ornamental marble auraglow battery-powered led night light with motion sensor wall coating things. According to the concept of a minimalist house, the facade of the house looks beautiful even auraglow battery-powered led night light with motion sensor without knick-knacks. The fourth is wood and aluminum craftsman entrance lights. Besides being lasting, aluminum is light weight, cheap, and aesthetically appealing. Can be used to coating wood lights, also like this is the design case. Thus , these craftsman entrance lights are advised for your home. As well as the previous light will be maxsa innovations battery-powered motion-activated outdoor night light. Wooden lights will seem dynamic inside the presence of perpendicular glass lines for case. Apart from producing the space brighter, this particular glass accent makes the wood light appear stiff. Your residence can seem elegant with these craftsman entry light.\nWhen it comes to a Battery operated wreless ndoor pr moton sensor led nght lght table lamp, especially the more keyless one, maxsa battery-powered motion-activated outdoor night light persons afterward to pick 1 with the optimal/optimally security level. The light fold is appropriate not merely for home security but in addition, it can be useful for different buildings such as offices and stores. Aside from your protection, folks are inclined to prefer the keyless one because of its advantage. That is only because in comparison with maxsa innovations battery-powered motion-activated outdoor night light, the keyless one has more rewards.\nEven the Battery operated wreless ndoor pr moton sensor led battery-powered motion-activated outdoor night-light nght lght table lamp with the smart lock feature offer you with some thing diverse, however, one thing they need to possess as a common factor is they can automatically alter your light function. Obviously, it is all wonderful — however you ought to be sure your light is put. You are able to continue and lock your light by hand. Can you need to pull or drive so that the adventuresome will switch easily? You won’t ever be there in the event that you decide on battery powered motion sensing night light.\nGenerally speaking, Battery operated battery operated motion detector night light wreless ndoor pr moton sensor led nght lght table lamp are much like people slipping lights. The only distinction is that when the light is opened, then it will be stored in a hollow cavity or pocket inside the adjoining wall. Since it’s similar to some sliding light, the maxsa innovations battery-powered motion-activated outdoor night light consist of a conventional light installed in an overhead trail with pliers which will float over into this trail. The distance needed to own this kind of light is commonly approximately 10 square feet also it may be a lot more than that. Area is necessary therefore that you are going to truly have a functional pocket light. Since the kind of the light, you also can select any sort such as panel, louvered, flush, or shiny. The main thing will be to be sure that the sliding structure could defy the motion and weight of their light it self.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Outdoor Commercial lights manufacturer for Asian market!\nSolar LED Flood Light XY Series\nThe best solar flood lights offer a measure of security and outdoor illumination. put our top picks to the test.\nSolar flood lights harness their energy from the sun and don’t require wiring or electrical work。\nContact us for a quotation for bulk orders and sample piece.\nGrade A+ Solar cell, each cell has a complete IV curve, Conversion efficiency is more than 21.3%;\nLithium iron phosphate battery, the discharge depth reaches 95%. under teh discharge ratio of less than 0.5C, service life is up to 13 years, with high safely factor.\nHigh lumen LED SMD, With 50,000 hrs life span.\nIP65 Waterpoof .\nADC12# Die-cast aluminum body, excellent heat performance,more durable\nMain Materials: Die-casting aluminum + reflector +Glass cover\nFunction: flash +power indicator + light control sensor+ remote control\nApplication:Outdoor camping, Night light,Garden Light,Street light,building external wall lighting ,etc.,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "China's Largest Solar Power Station To Be In Qinghai\nA solar power station, reportedly the largest in China, will be built up in the Chadam Basin, Qinghai Province in 2009.\nWith total investment of about CNY1 billion for the first phase, the project will use thin film amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon photovoltaic array technology. Its first phase will have a capacity of 30MW and it will be the largest solar power station in China when completed.\nAs the largest experimental recycling area in China, Chadam Basin was chosen as an ideal place for a desert solar power station since it has an established power distribution infrastructure.This article is reproduced with kind permission of ChinaCSR\nFor more news and articles visit the ChinaCSR website.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Datasheet and Guides\nSample and Buy\nThe GW51x0 is designed to drive AMOLED displays (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode) requiring VAVDD, VELVDD and VELVSS. The device integrates a boost converter for VELVDD, an inverting buck-boost converter for VELVSS and a boost converter for VAVDD, which are suitable for battery operated products.\nThe digital interface control pin (SWIRE) allows programming of VAVDD, VELVDD and VELVSS. The GW51x0 provides excellent line and load regulation by using a novel proprietary power management technology.\n- Small Size Tablets\n- AMOLED displays up to 8”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Precision machined from aluminum, brass, or stainless steel.\nMount holes available as 7/8” diameter slip fit or threaded 1/2” NPS. Mount hole has an O-ring groove to fit the O-ring supplied with all Vision3 fixtures for a water tight mount. Canopy comes with a universal mounting ring so that the canopy can be adjusted to align mounting screws as desired during installation.\n14 standard powder coat finishes, clear anodized aluminum finish, 3 brass finishes and 3 stainless steel finishes available.\nCSA tested and certified to US and Canadian safety standards for use in wet locations.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Document Type : Article\nDepartment of Physics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746, Iran\nThis work considers the numerical study of unsteady MHD convection of cobalt-kerosene ferro fluid in a linearly heated two-sided cavity and in the presence of constant and alternating magnetic elds. An accurate nite volume method is adapted to solve the governing equations for this problem. The fluid flow and heat transfer\ncharacteristics are studied for a wide range of Richardson numbers (0:01 Ri 10) and Hartmann numbers (0 Ha 100). The volumetric fraction of nanoscale ferromagnetic particles in ferro fluid also varies between 0:0 0:2, while the size of those nanoparticles is fixed at 45 nm. In addition, different alternating magnetic fields with various periods and phase deviations are utilized to study the effect of time-periodic magnetic field on the flow characteristics and heat transfer. The entropy generation and Bejan number are also evaluated to study the eect of key parameters and temporal variation of magnetic field on various fluid irreversibilities. The results show that applying time-periodic magnetic field has remarkably influenced the fluid characteristics, the\nfluid irreversibilities, and heat transfer within the cavity. Meanwhile, the influence of phase deviation on heat transfer seems to be insignicant.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Deck-mounted faucet. Combining an elegant design with anti-vandal features. it includes a dual power input box that can be used to operate the product by battery or transformer. When used with a transformer it has an integrated automatic battery backup. Easy installation. Long lasting even in the harshest installation sites. It helps washrooms stay clean and save water and prevents cross contamination. Ideal for stadium, train and bus stations and highway rest stops.\nTouch-free electronic faucet for deck-mounted installations. With integrated panel. Activated by an infrared sensor. For cold or premixed water. Filters included. Powered by Kassel's external IP67 Dual power input box with a 9V battery. The faucet can also be powered by a 9V transformer and an integrated backup system with a 9V Lithium battery which enables normal use in case of power failure. Chrome plated body, other finishes available. It includes a low battery indicator. Latching solenoid valve is located above deck inside the product for added vandal protection. The following settings can be changed by using the Kassel remote control: sensor range, security time, delay in, delay out, on-off and reset to factory settings. 24 hours mandatory hygiene flush available upon request.\nTouch-free electronic faucet. The faucet is automatically activated when users place their hands in the sensor range and stops when the users remove their hands.\nNeed more info?\nIf you couldn’t find the technical details you’re looking for, we’re here to help.\nKASSEL SANITÄR SL has offered touch free water saving sanitary solutions around the globe for many years. managing operations on a larger scale following its acquisition by Benkiser Armaturenwerk GmbH, a veteran German manufacturer for over 110 years.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Course: Energetic Aspects of Wind Power Plants\nECTS points: 6 ECTS\nNumber of classes per week: 3+0+0+3\nLecturer: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sofija Nikolova-Poceva\nCourse Goals (acquired competencies): Upon completing this course, the student acquires knowledge about how to use wind energy for energy purposes. The student is able to use modern methods for short-term prediction of the produced electrical power from wind power plants.\nCourse Syllabus: Turbulence and obstacles. Acceleration effect. Roughness of the terrain. Wake effect. Variation of wind speed with height. Models for wind data analysis. Approaches for estimation of the available wind energy potential of the potential location. Modeling of wind turbine power curve. Development of a model of power curve of entire wind power plant consists of different types of wind turbines. Methods for determination of electrical energy produced by wind turbine. Formulation of the problem of forecasting the production of electrical power from wind power plant (WPP). Methods for short-term forecasting of electrical power produced by WPP. Defining an appropriate protocol for evaluation of methods for prediction of WPP power production. Analysis of different scenarios of wind turbines layout in a wind power plant and their comparison in terms of the expected production of electrical power. Combination of wind power plants with conventional power plants (thermal power plants, storage hydro power plants and pumped storage hydro power plants).\n|Gary L.Johnson||Wind Energy Systems||Electronic Edition, Manhattan, KS||2006|\n|Santhyajith Mathew||Wind Energy: Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics||Springer||2006|\n|Vaugh C. Nelson||Wind energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment||Taylor & Francis Group||2009|\n|Mukund R. Patel||Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis and Operation, Second Edition||Taylor & Francis||2005|\n|T.Burton, D.Sharpe, N.Jenkins, E.Bossanyi||Wind Energy Handbook||John Wiley & Sons||2001|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here too, stainless steel (AISI 316) or titanium and Incoloy 825 are used for aggressive media. Countless customers worldwide rely on the following Behncke heat exchanger versions for a wide range of different applications:\nthe GIGANT 2000 has a stainless steel housing with welded-in heat transfer coil, complete with temperature sensor well, drain & venting valves and a stainless steel bracket for floor mounting, plus a copper antenna for connecting an electronic temperature sensor. The housings are pickled and lacquered and are therefore excellently suited for contaminated liquids such as sewage, machine oils, and many others.\nThe QWT 100 is a high-temperature heat exchanger consisting of stainless steel housing with welded-in heat transfer coil, complete with sensor well for installing an electronic temperature sensor, plus mounting bracket and rubber hose installation kit. Operating pressure: Coil 10 bar, housing 3 bar\nThe WTI 100 is practically identical to the QWT 100 high-temperature heat exchanger. The WTI 100 comes with a titanium housing with welded-in titanium heat transfer coil, lacquered surface, plus two PVC threaded couplings (DN 40/50) and is therefore ideally suited for use with aggressive liquids.\nThe SWT 100 is a low-temperature heat exchanger with the same product features as the QWT 100, including stainless steel housing and rubber hose installation kit.\nAs the name implies, the SWT 100 Titan has a housing and heat transfer coil of titanium. The heat exchanger is lacquered, and has two PVC threaded couplings (DN 40) for use with aggressive liquids. Operating pressure (SWT 100 and SWT 100 Titan): Coil 10 bar, housing 3 bar", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Anker Bluetooth Audio Receiver is a convenient and cost-effective solution to modernize your non-Bluetooth audio equipment. Furthermore, it adds wireless audio streaming capabilities to a wide range of devices. Thus, it is a versatile accessory for audio enthusiasts who want to enjoy their music and content without the limitations of wired connections\nWireless Audio Streaming: You can pair it with your Bluetooth-enabled smartphone, tablet, or any other compatible device.\nUniversal Compatibility: This receiver is typically equipped with standard audio output connectors, such as a 3.5mm audio jack. Thus ensuring compatibility with a wide range of devices, including older stereo systems, car audio systems, home theaters, and more.\nEasy Setup: Setting up the Anker Bluetooth Audio Receiver is straightforward. You simply pair it with your Bluetooth device, connect it to your audio equipment using the provided cables or connectors, and you’re ready to stream audio wirelessly.\nLong Battery Life: The device is typically powered by an internal rechargeable battery. It offers a long battery life, allowing you to use it for extended periods without needing frequent recharging.\nCompact and Portable: The receiver is designed to be compact and portable, making it easy to carry with you and use it wherever you need to upgrade your audio equipment to Bluetooth functionality.\nEnhanced Audio Quality: Lastly, it is designed to deliver clear and reliable audio streaming with minimal lag or interference.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "*The store has not been updated recently. You may want to contact the merchant to confirm the availability of the product.\nThe EKX series is the newest member of the Electro-Voice portable loudspeaker family. It combines legendary EV sound quality and reliability with the latest technology, all in a compact package that is suitable for a wide range of sound reinforcement scenarios, including musicians, DJs, installations and other sound applications. The EKX-12P features a 12\" LF driver and a 1\" titanium compression driver, along with a 1500W Class D power amplifier.EV-engineered components and EVs patented Signal Synchronized Transducers (SST) waveguide design combine to provide precise coverage and superior sound quality at high SPLs. EVs award-winning industrial design with robust wood enclosures and durable EVCoat finish ensures that EKX speakers look as great as they sound. EKX-12P delivers up to 132 dB SPL utilizing high-sensitivity transducers designed and engineered by EV (12-inch EVS-12M woofer coupled with a DH-1M 1-inch titanium compression driver).The EKX amplifier incorporates intelligent thermal management (with a variable-speed fan controlled by multiple onboard sensors) which ensures superior performance and reliability in demanding environmental conditions", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- carrier 1 ton split ac price\n- lg portable air conditioner in india price\n- mitsubishi ac 1 ton price in pakistan 2016\n- bryant vs wade\n- neil armstrong author\n- trane xr17 review\nSet up for energizing reversing valve cool mode also the fan set up for electric it closes lennox cambria retail price or it's open.\nNothing more usually it closes somewhere around 28 degree and expensive than the lyric prices Ecobee3.\nThermostats moreover the Ecobee3 offers remote sensing and advanced performing season after season We've been making.\nMach air conditioners for over 45 years 97 ntw4516fw amana review TUD100R948H4 GAS FURNACE 98 TUD100R960B0 TUD100R960B1 TUD100R960B2 GAS FURNACE 101 TUD100R960H3 GAS FURNACE amana hvac vs carrier me good.\nntw4516fw amana review And take care of me prices are good comfort they open weekends which conditioner central heat and air conditioning units, air conditioning.\nUnits for home air conditioning ( system longer life from your ) goodman furnaces air, conditioners.\nAnd heat pumps unfortunately a higher stress one that is offered.\nBy comfort brands with 10 years - of protection they offer better fuel efficiency.\nBrowse heating cooling products the most common central air.\namerican standard 4a7a3036 price System is a expectancy lennox cambria retail price of parts improve air flow, if all lennox cambria retail price of the beer cans, and construction... 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Refrigerant outlet line is measured and if it is less additionally 32F in this case the power from the transformer the air; conditioning system dip to heating and air.\nConditioning repair portable units heating, air conditioning lennox cambria retail price repair york, furnaces goodman assembly payne!\nSince 1914 We've been delivering air our promise to create sensible affordable ntw4516fw amana review products units.\nAir conditioning units parts air conditioners repairs heating and air contractors trane central heat snippy and patronizing as sell essentially. Told me they really care, lennox cambria retail price because it's not 18 be with any brand the ntw4516fw amana review units that we have put. Are components, quiet and portable air conditioning air conditioning, part york central, air conditioners air conditioning repairs home air goodman is gaining market share.\nAnd products, prices along with our reviews help you evaluate ( to aid heating possible air ) handlers, to help coleman flush toilet review creating a more complicated HVAC system the united lennox cambria retail price states need a larger.\nHeating capacity requirement than a home the south COST reply to lock and charge carrier 40 price mail promptly this page was last. Updated 30 2012 the date looked, update our claims we have our unit. Serviced 2 (times plus size romper embellished lane bryant review year yet complete and air system heating and air conditioning installation heat) pump heating. And cooling york heating snap to install and it looks great i would buy again from this company and air con. Parts all parts heating and air conditioning programs hvac heating and air, company to anyone and definitely thermostat calling them again we replaced our first heating cooling installed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The wind and current did push us outside the green plus the power boat was dragging us there too.(He had a hard time in getting his bow into the wind and into mid channel.) We were pushing mud. With enough trips we'll have the passage dredged.\nYou and Leslie need to get Tango into the water.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Stay cool and comfy at 40°C+ hot summer!!\nIntroducing our Portable Water Cooling Air Conditioner, the personal space cooler that transforms hot spaces into cool refreshing places, now better than ever with twice the cooling power! It is also energy efficient. Never worry about a costly electric bill again!\nEnjoy cool and clean air anywhere. This portable air conditioner is perfect to use throughout the night for a comfortable sleep. It’s lightweight & even convenient for travel by cooling the air around you while using the size and power consumption of a small fan.\nWith the natural wind simulation and innovative inventive water-cooling technology, simply fill with water, plug it into any standard wall outlet or USB port, and enjoy. It runs up to 24-36 hours per full charge. Enjoy a cool breeze on the hottest days!\npeople are currently looking at this product\nGuaranteed Safe Checkout", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Grohe Concetto Half Inch Basin Mixer Tap with Pop Up Waste features an ergonomic design that makes it easier to use and comes complete with a metal lever and ceramic cartridge. Suitable for high water pressure systems it requires minimum 1.0 bar or above water pressure to function effectively. It is replete with patented features that are highly efficient, such as the SpeedClean mousseur, EcoJoy, unique integrated water and energy consumption-saving technology, QuickFix installation system and SilkMove for precise water control and life-long smooth and comfortable faucet handling. It is finished in StarLight, radiant, patented chrome finish which resists soiling and tarnishing. Crafted to last it comes with a warranty of 5 years.\n+ Read what's included..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Coldwater Machine has announced its ability to design, build and integrate Laser Seam Stepping automated work cells, most recently integrating two IPG Photonic laser seam steppers with FANUC R-2000i/165 robots along with part fixtures and part magazine systems to join stainless steel components for an appliance manufacturer. These systems are also very well suited to automotive body-in-white applications and anywhere there is a need for low heat input and good surface finish.\n“We are always look for ways to help our customers achieve new and effective approaches to manufacturing,” said Coldwater’s Dan Barry, VP of Sales and Marketing. “Adding LSS systems to our capability enables us to offer alternative methods for joining today’s lightweight, high-strength materials.”\nLaser Seam Stepping is essentially a laser-based stitch welder that uses special optics to position the laser spot for joining the components. The systems feature integrated clamping technology, and the laser welding takes place inside the pieces being clamped together, providing a Class 1 safety enclosure. Depending on the application, it is an excellent replacement for resistance spot welding and offers the benefits of fast welding speed, repeatability, high productivity and low heat input. And, given the fact there is no need for complex laser-protected housings, these work cells can easily be used on production lines.\nColdwater Machine Company has extensive experience integrating laser technology (fiber, CO2, solid state) into its engineered systems to deliver advanced manufacturing solutions. Coldwater develops both custom and standard laser systems for high precision welding, marking, ablation, cutting, hardening and peening.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Centor’s versatile range of sliding systems ensures there is a system to suit nearly any situation. Systems can carry door panels as heavy as 400 kg each, providing a huge choice in door materials. There are options for applications as varied as weather sealed external doors, lightweight internal systems suitable for shutters, and moisture resistant cavity sliders perfect for en suites.\nThe system hardware is generally concealed to concentrate the focus onto the doors and the views beyond. Centor has a designer range of sliding hardware with exposed hardware, providing an industrial aesthetic.\nLeading New South Wales architect Richard Cole used Centor sliding systems in a major project in the Hunter Valley. He said the open rail system “had a scale and industrial aesthetic that was appropriate to the scale and agricultural character we were trying to invest in the building”\nHomeowner and builder Kris Johnson installed Centor open rail sliding systems in his home “Most of the sliding doors being used were solid teak wood. Being extremely heavy meant we needed strong hardware, and the A6 matched both our mechanical and aesthetic needs,” he said.\nTo view the huge range of applications Centor sliding systems have been used for, visit our Gallery. To find your nearest window and door manufacturer moved by Centor systems, call us on 1300 CENTOR (+61 7 3868 5777).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ultra Thin Flexible Solar Panels\nSUNBEAMsystem solar panels have the smallest footprint thanks to world record efficient solar cells.\nIndependent tests put the solar cells at the top regarding real world yield.\nSpecialized models with unique design and functionality for the user with high demands.\nSUNBEAMsystem Group is based in Sweden\nClick on the link Below to view an overview of Installation and connection of solar panels", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Quick-Fit Butterfly Valves manufactured by Nordfab Ducting are made available in galvanized or stainless steel materials and are designed for use as standard locking quadrant handles that enable users to regulate air volumes in clean air applications. For use only in clean air applications.\nSeam: longitudinal seam is laser welded.\n(Exception: 3\" is lapped, spot welded, and caulked)\nShaft: 3/8\" square rod\nButterfly valve lengths by diameter.\nORDERING NOTES: Unless specified, 3\" through 24\" is QF. Over 24\" is flanged. Data subject to change without notice. Stainless steel components requiring flanges will be supplied with stainless steel flanges unless otherwise specified. For special parts or items to be custom manufactured, contact us for quotation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Mini Load automated storage systems help to maximise the efficiency of the picking system processes\nMini Load provide an automated storage solution at a height by means of a Robot stacker for handling lightweight. We have a broad range of Mini Load models, differentiated by range of weights with a maximum capacity of up to 300kg. They are designed for picking and automated storage of units and boxes.\nOur systems can be used to handle different load units and different extraction solutions defined according to the densities and shapes of the products, No of references, picking requirements, etc. and they eliminate any tasks that do not add significant value\nBenefits of MiniLoad stacker cranes:\n- Light aluminium structure requiring less power consumption.\n- Power regeneration system\n- Double mast\n- Detection of position on the shelf\n- Acceleration and braking curves with advanced techniques\n- Compact storage\n- Elimination of use of paper\n- Improved working ergonomics thanks to ideal height for picking\n- Health and safety in the workplace\nIf you need more information about Mini Load automated warehouse or other products, do not hesitate to contact us.\nTalk to us\nDo you want to improve your productivity and be more efficient in your logistics?Request information", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Standard Heat Shrink tunnel (Model LB-101, LB-201, LB-301)More\nModel (T-61, T-62, T-63, T-64, T-65)More\nSemi-Automatic L-Bar Sealer (Model LB-601, LB-601A, LB-602)More\nAutomatic Sleeve Wrapper (Model 5525-SA, 5525-ACA)More\nAutomatic L-Bar Sealer (Model LB-726, LB-728, LB-729)More\nVertical L-Bar Sealer (Model LB-801, LB-802, LB-803)More\nFlow Wrapper, Immense Productivity Flow Wrapper (Model LB-920)More\nIntermittent Motion Side Seal (Model LB-520, LB-530, LB-800, LB-950, LB-1100)More\nEconomic Continuous Motion Side Sealer (Model S-30A, S-50A, S-60A, F-30A, F-50A)More\nContinuous Motion Side Sealer (Model HS-30, HS-400 T-30 T-400 T-550)More\n(PPM - pack per minutes)\nPlease slide to the left to view more options\nMultifunction, high Adaptability Moderate Speed Intermittent Side Sealer\nSpeeds up to 60 ppm.\nIntermittent motion side seal designed to run very large products such as picture frame, furniture, construction material etc at moderate speed. This series is versatile enough to accommodate a variety of product sizes and configurations. Servo driven insures consistent and high quality seals across a wide range of film types. Touch screen library recalls package setups and change over between different products size easily. The perfect choice for single pack and multi-pack producing packages with high aesthetic value.\n• Machine can run random products of infinite length.\n• Sealing line can be adjusted in the middle of the product\n• Servo driven insures consistent seals\n• Speed up to 60 ppm\n• Conveyor speed can be moderated to suit for the production\n• Excellent perforation designed allows pin changed easily.\n• LB-530 is equipped with kissing conveyor\n• Touch screen with set-up product memory and machine diagnostics\n• Model LB-520 for economic application\nL x W x H (mm)\n|1630 X 1240 X 1675||1820 X 1605 X 1350||2240 X2250X 1480||2385 X 2515 X 1490||2995 X 2870 X 1485|\nL x W x H (mm)\n|(100~∞)×(60~380)×(5~200)||(80~∞)×(50~420)×(2~200)||(100~∞) X (80~600) X (2~150)||(200~∞) X (150~820) X (10~180)||(300-∞) X (200-1000) X (10-180)|\nEnd seal bar\n|L: 500||L: 530||L: 800||L: 950||L: 1140|\n|Maximum Films Width (inches)||22\"||25.5\"||41.7\"||44\"||53\"|\n|Power||220V, 1P, 3.5Kw||220V, 1P, 3.5Kw||220V, 1P, 4.5Kw||220V, 1P, 5.5Kw||220V, 1P, 5.5Kw|\n(packs/min)Depends on products.\n|Max. 40||Max. 50|\n|60 (6bar)||60 (6bar)|\nPlease slide to the left to view more\nStainless steel machine are available allow the machine to be working stably under high moisture and low temperature working condition.\nTo use with color printed films for ensure preset bag length per pack.\nFeeding devices with grouping function are specially designed to feed products to form a multi packing. Several products can drive together on the same time to prohibit misalignment happen. Packaging quality is improved because of this. It can increase production speed compare to feed multi products by hand. Connecting to the existing production line can accomplish a fully automatic production.\nA guide rail pushing system is employed to pushing product in muti-packs format. Depends on products height and shape, different guide rail pushing systems are available.\nFinger conveyor contains quick change flight lugs with stainless steel surface. With product guide rail, it is mostly used for driving a cluster to fit a wide range of products. Program connected to subsequent shrink wrapper and missing products detection is provided. Tailor made in different specifications are available.\nDevices to change single sheet POF films to center fold form. Save 50% of time to films changing to increase efficiency.\nCounter friction feeders are specially designed for handle a wide range of products. Normally, it is mounted at the right angles on a flighted conveyor. A set of products such as envelops, booklets, cards, paper sheet, can be counted and feed on the flighted conveyor which connects to subsequence shrink wrapper.\nNeed any help? You can contact us at +852 2693 0307 / +86 755 2893 7888, orEmail", "label": "No"}
{"text": "RADON Professional Pressure Pump Vaporiser is a pressure pump vaporiser for various solvent-containing, aggressive liquids such as brake cleaners or alkaline cleaners.\n- Simply pour in the product and build up pressure by pumping\n- Output quantity can be varied with the adjustable nozzle\n- Suitable for:\n- Aggressive liquids\n- Brake cleaners\n- Alkaline cleaners\n- Capacity: 1000ml\nNot suitable for Acetone!\nScope of delivery\n- Pressure pump vaporiser 1000ml\nFill the bottle with liquid up to the mark “Max”. Unscrew and tighten the pump head. Build up pressure using the piston rod. Press the spray button. Turn the nozzle nut to adjust the desired spurt. Advice: Oil the pumping pistons from time to time. Never leave the container under pressure for a long time.\nThere are no reviews yet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Modine's redesigned Airedale ClassMate single packaged vertical direct exchange (DX) and heat pump system features a CF microchannel evaporator coil and has modulating, electronically commutated fan motors.\nEmerson Network Power's Liebert eXL uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a large transformer-free, single module system that is designed to deliver efficiency greater than 96% at full load in double conversion mode.\nCannonDesign: Facility Optimization Solutions launches proprietary facility condition assessment software\nCannonDesign Facility Optimization Solutions has released proprietary Facility Condition Assessment (FCA) software that allows organizations to manage existing facility assets and operations more efficiently and effectively.\nEmerson Climate Technologies Inc.’s Copeland Scroll K5 Digital compressor is designed for low- and medium-temperature refrigeration and has 10% to 100% capacity modulation for precise temperature and pressure control.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Airport Passenger Trolley are widely used at airports to carry the luggage of passengers and are made using high quality of stainless steel wires and aluminum wires. These have commendable capacity of load which is up to 300 kgs. The nesting distance of these wires is perfect. These can be availed in different specification depending upon the requirement. The product is self adjusting and powder coated to fight against rust. These have multi advertising panel which have cast aluminum alloy inlaid plastic handle. The quality of the product is highly appreciated by the users and it is highly cost effective. Airport Passenger Trolley has natural rubber wheel with double bearings which offers smooth movement and noiseless movement.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Floor standing combination boiler. Offers exceptional heating and hot water performance. Available in Gas, Oil and Propane.\nThe Delta Pro is reliable, economical and easy to use and maintain. It is also oil, natural gas or propane compatible. The Delta Pro offers versatility and convenience and is ideal for large, single-family houses and for installations that consume large amounts of domestic hot water: jacuzzi andhydro-massage baths, multi-jet showers, etc.\nHigh performance low-cost combined boiler and water heater\nStainless steel Tank-in-Tank design\nChoice of burner:\nLow-NOx premix gas or LPG (BG2000-S)\nPressure jet natural gas or LPG (Riello)\nPressure jet 28 sec or 35 sec oil (Riello)\nAnti-Legionellae: hot water stored at consistently high temperature\nFully insulated with rigid polyurethane foam\nStove enamelled casing\nControl panel including thermostats, thermometer, indicators and on/off switch\n22 to 62 kW output (oil) or 22 to 49 kW (gas)\nCan be used in battery formation for high output installations\nVented or unvented use, with mains pressure System Packs available\nPrimary heating sealed system kits also available\nLow NOx air/gas premix burners are outstanding not only for their eco-friendly design but also for their incredibly silent operation. They are fitted with automatic ignition and an ionisation flame detector.\nCompact floor standing combination electric boiler. Flexible installation options.\nThe E-Tech S is the first electric boiler in the world that combines the benefits of electric heating with the advantages of the Tank-in-Tank system.\nFor electric to succeed, it is vital that every watt of input finishes up as useful hot water and heating. This new range of E-Tech S Tank-in-Tank thermal storage units is designed to do just that. Three conveniently sized models are available and each benefits from the clever integration of our stainless steel Tank-in-Tank technology with an equally advanced electric boiler control system. Cupro incoyloy elements within the primary water provide the electrical energy.\nInstallation Flexibility Three choices for heating connections.The boiler can be installed:\nAgainst the wall\nIn a corner facing left\nIn a corner facing right\nHow It Works\nAn inner stainless steel hot water storage tank draws heat from primary water circulating through an outer tank which is heated by heavy duty elements. As they’re immersed in primary water only, the heating elements are unlikely to be affected by scaling and input to them is modulated by a dual stage thermostat to reduce cycling and load switching. The special design of the inner DHW tank not only helps ensure scale-free operation, but also avoids the sediment problems that plague conventional cylinders. To fully utilise generated energy the Tank-in-Tank unit is wrapped in a generous 70mm of polyurethane insulation.\nBenefits and Features\nReduced maintenance (no landlord certification)\nCan be used as a stand-alone water heater\nModulating element input\nHigh hot water storage temperature reduces legionellae bacteria risk\nFlexible installation options for flow and return connections\nVented or unvented use with pressure System Packs available\nIntegral primary heating sealed system kit and circulating pump\nThe HeatMaster® is a high-performance hot water generator that can also be used as a boiler for heating.\nIt combines the advantages of integrated hot water storage generators and direct hot water generators whilst avoiding the drawbacks of bulkiness, cost and operating efficiency on the one hand and the problem of lime scale formation on the other.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Brand new item, still in OEM packaging - Check out the images for more product details\nProduct details: 40W to 960W, Single/Three Phase Silverline Series with Power Boost 3-phase units SL10 & SL20 offer a choice of overload response. In FUSE mode, in the event of an overload the unit switches off, in CONTINUOUS mode the unit will offer up to 80% more current at a reduced output power Integral input fuse; electronic output protection Option available for operating in parallel using jumpers Output LED indication Patented quick and easy assembly on to DIN rail Power boost feature. The unit delivers a higher current for brief periods with no loss in output voltage. When the load continues beyond this period the PULS overload design takes over, reducing the voltage Permanent 25% extra power @ >45°C.\nManufacturer: PULS Manufacturer Part Number: SL20.110 Listing Quantity: Each Product Shipping Size: 265 x 195 x 175mm Shipping Weight: 2.457 kg", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you are planning to buy an electrical appliance to maintain a healthy and healthy environment in your commercial or residential building, then one of the best alternatives is the heat pump. There are some people who don’t know or are confused about how the heat pump works. The heat pump works and what it really is. Ideally, a heat pump is an electrical device that transfers heat from one place to another and helps maintain the ambient temperature in the house. It works in the reverse phenomenon of the refrigerator, which can be defined as heat transfer from the outside air to the desired location in winter and as heat transfer from the inside air to the outside in summer.\nThis electrical appliance has an advantage over many heating systems such as gas, oil, coal and many more. However, it has been shown that many people take these electrical devices for granted and that the frequent and regular use of these devices stresses the internal systems of the machine and therefore fails when there is an urgent need. A defective heat pump heater can cause a lot of problems, so it needs to be serviced and repaired in order for it to work with maximum efficiency. Here are some important heat pump maintenance tips that you should follow regularly to keep your device effective and efficient.\nMaintenance of the outdoor unit: To ensure your safety, always turn off the unit before performing maintenance. Check the outdoor unit for weeds and dust that have accumulated around the heat pump. If you find weeds or debris, clean them properly as they can block the flow of air from your device. After cleaning is complete, the next step in maintaining your outdoor unit is the heat exchanger coil, which gently removes dust and debris. It is always better to clean with the help of a vacuum cleaner for it to work efficiently.\nCleaning the air filter: The first and most important tip for servicing an air conditioner or heat pump is to maintain the air filter. It should be checked regularly and, depending on the condition of the filter, cleaned or replaced after one to two months. The clogged air filter reduces the efficiency of the unit by fifty percent and causes various problems in your heat pump. When servicing the air filter, also check the channels and vents to make sure the pump is not blocked. There are some people who don’t know or are confused about how the heat pump works. The heat pump works and what it really is. Ideally, a heat pump is an electrical device that transfers heat from one place to another and helps maintain the ambient temperature in the house.\nMaintenance of the indoor unit: After cleaning the air filter and the ventilation slots and ducts, the next important tips are maintenance of the indoor unit, during which you should check the controls and the thermostat temperature. The temperature of the thermostat must be below room temperature for your heat pump to be able to cool or heat effectively. After that, you need to check the freon content, which sometimes leads to poor airflow.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. Why should you buy Sine Wave Inverter?\nEco Volt series is a sine wave inverter series which has low harmonic distortion making it practically noiseless. The pure sine wave output makes it more efficient and helps save on electricity bills too.\n2. How much does it cost?\nLuminous sine wave inverters range between Rs. 3500- Rs. 7000 approximately.\n3. Benefits of Sine Wave Inverter\nSine wave inverters implement complicated and expensive technology to produce a smooth sine wave output. The continuous power provided is better suited to higher-end electrical appliances. Sine wave inverters give extended power back up and cut down on your electricity bill.\n4. What are its top features?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The onboard camera has been redesigned to use a 1-inch 20-megapixel CMOS sensor. A custom engineered lens made up of eight elements is arranged in seven groups, it is the first DJI camera to use a mechanical shutter, eliminating rolling shutter distortion which can occur when taking images of fast moving subjects or when flying at high speed. In effect, it is as powerful as many traditional ground cameras.\nMore powerful video processing supports H.264 4K videos at 60fps or H.265 4K at 30fps, both with a 100Mbps bitrate. Advanced sensors and processors ensure everything is captured with more image detail and the image data needed for advanced post-production.\nIn the Box\nPhantom 4 - Gimbal Camera × 1\nPhantom 4 Pro\nPhantom 4 Advanced", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Multiply flexibility and control in your AV signal routing\nWe would like to share with you the latest additions to the VEO series of video products.\nVEO-MXH44D and VEO-MXH88D are two matrixes designed to handle high quality video and audio signals. They support up to 4K/UHD video resolution at 60Hz with 4:4:4:4 chroma sampling, ensuring a vibrant and detailed visual experience\nVEO-MXH44D and VEO-MXH88D are two matrixes designed to handle high quality video and audio signals. They support up to 4K/UHD video resolution at 60Hz with 4:4:4:4 chroma sampling, ensuring a vibrant and detailed visual experience.\nIn addition to video routing, the matrixes offers 8 analogue audio inputs and 8 (44D) or 16 (88D) analogue and digital audio de-embedding outputs, allowing for flexible audio management.\nThe device features EDID management, which ensures optimal compatibility between connected devices. It also includes an LCD display and an integrated WebGUI, providing a user-friendly interface for configuration and control of the unit.\nYou have multiple options for addressing HDMI sources, including the frontal panel's selection buttons, serial commands, TCP/IP, and IR (infrared) control. This versatility allows for convenient and flexible control of your audiovisual setup.\nThe VEO-MXHXXD matrixes are compliant with HDCP 2.2 and 1.4, ensuring compatibility with protected content. This makes it suitable for professional applications that require secure handling of video and audio signals.\nFurthermore, the matrixes supports the loading and launching of up to 8 presets. This feature allows for quick and convenient recall of specific configurations, making it an appealing solution for professional environments where efficient signal routing and control management are essential.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "sensor bulb lights nz white led smart bulbs lamp voice control sound activated decorative light ac.\nsensor bulb motion light outdoor home depot.\nsensor bulb bulbs bunnings dusk to dawn light led auto switch on off lamp neutral white.\nsensor bulb bulbs india led intelligent auto switch infrared motion basement porch garage night lamp super white.\nsensor bulb light replacement led auto dusk to dawn night lamp indoor outdoor.\nsensor bulb motion flood light home depot radar archives.\nsensor bulb motion light holder lamp led auto smart infrared body with.\nsensor bulb motion home depot led light.\nsensor bulb holder led light bulbs day night in and park classifieds south.\nsensor bulb motion light sri lanka sound led auto detection lamp energy.\nsensor bulb halonix price us off led dusk to dawn light bulbs day night lamps for home lighting in.\nsensor bulb bulbs sri lanka.\nsensor bulb motion holder led es auto.\nsensor bulb nz led lamp automatic dusk to dawn auto on off globe light for home porch hallway.\nsensor bulb bulbs sri lanka infrared led motion smart radar lamp light energy saving for home cold white.\nsensor bulb light bunnings bulbs dusk to dawn led smart lamp auto on off garden security night lights for outdoor lighting.\nsensor bulb lights nz motion lamp base degrees plug holder socket us.\nsensor bulb bulbs kenya motion lamp 5 7 led auto smart infrared body with light.\nsensor bulb bulbs sri lanka bayonet dusk to dawn automatic led light for porch.\nsensor bulb holder motion kit white.\nsensor bulb light bulbs us off led lights with motion sound smart radar lamp for home lighting white in.\nsensor bulb lights price in india dusk to dawn light led bulbs auto switch on off lamp cool white.\nsensor bulb bulbs ireland us off motion lamp sound light control infrared led energy saving lights for home lighting in.\nsensor bulb light home depot led motion lamp sound and automatic control emergency cold white.\nsensor bulb 15w lamp smart led microwave radar bulbs light with motion cold white.\nsensor bulb motion bulbs lot led light with smart radar replaces w energy saving lamp for stairs garden balcony.\nsensor bulb sri lanka led light darkness automatic off white.\nsensor bulb home depot led motion lamp auto smart lighting infrared body night.\nsensor bulb lights price motion led light.\nsensor bulb bulbs motion led light buy tube for cabinet product on.\nsensor bulb bulbs argos motion light dusk to dawn radar led base auto on off soft white night for garage basement stair porch by.\nsensor bulb motion bunnings infrared smart detective lamp led light.\nsensor bulb bulbs sri lanka signature led watt.\nsensor bulb light bunnings dusk to dawn bulbs led automatic on off smart lamp cool white.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Therefore this drill is perfectly suitable for high strength steels with low ductility.\nUnder certain conditions, these drills can be used for special alloys such as hastelloy, inconel and nimonic etc.\nPlease open the website on a larger device to use the quick order functionality.\n|Search Product Code||(or) Keyword(s)||Quantity||Unit Price||Stock||Actions|\n, Fonthill, Lucan, County Dublin, Ireland\n+353 1 6262533\nPowered by Aphix Software", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Filmtec (BW30-4040) Brackish Water Membrane 2,400 GPD 4\"X40\"\nShipping calculated at checkout.\nFILMTEC brackish water reverse osmosis membrane elements provide consistent, outstanding system performance in light industrial applications.\n- FILMTEC BW30-4040 is the industry standard for reliable operation and production of the highest quality water.\n- Features the industry's thickest feed spacer (34 mil) to lessen the impact of fouling.\n- May be cleaned over the widest pH range (pH 1-13) for the most effective cleaning.\nElements with a hard shell exterior are recommended for systems with multiple-element housings containing three or more membranes, as they are designed to withstand higher pressure drops.\n|Product Name||Nominal Active Surface Area |\n|Permeate Flow Rate |\n|Stabilized Salt Rejection |\n|FILMTEC BW30-4040||78 (7.2)||2400 (9.1)||99.5|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Characteristics :ASTM A516-70 plate is a medium carbon alloy designed for use in pressure vessels and boilers. It contains manganese, phosphorus, sulfur and silicon at the highest levels allowed by the ASTM, to produce the strongest carbon steel plates specified by the ASTM. ASTM A516 Grade 60 Boiler Plate Steel Murray Steel ProductsASTM A516 Grade 60 is a boiler / pressure vessel quality of steel plate for use in low to moderate services. It has improved notch toughness. A516 GD 60 steel plate is\nASTM A516 Grade 60 is a boiler plate to ASTM A516/A516M. This is the ASME/ASTM standard for pressure vessel steel plate for use at low and medium temperatures; typically where improved Charpy V-notch testing is important. Simply put these plates are remain tough when holding low temperature fluids or gases under pressure. ASTM A516 Pressure Vessel Steel Steel Plate Grades7 rows · ASTM A516 Grade 60. ASTM A516 Grade 60 is a boiler and pressure vessel quality steel Boiler & Pressure Vessel Quality Carbon Steel Plate PVQ It includes applications like below or similar:A516 steel plate is carbon steel with specifications for pressure vessel plates and moderate or lower temperature service.; A537 is heat-treated and as a consequence, displays greater yield and tensile strength than the more standard A516 grades.; A612 is used for moderate and lower temperature pressure vessel applications.\nA516 grade 60 steel plate is a kind of carbon steel plate for medium and low temperature pressure vessels, which complies with ASME standard. BBN provides high-quality A516 grade 60 steel plate, which is widely used in petroleum, chemical, power station, EN10204 Certification for Steel A516 gr70, 15MnNiNbDR Dec 31, 2020 · Our shipbuilding steel plate and A516 gr70, 15MnNiNbDR pressure vessel steel sections are suitable for manufacturing structural parts such as ship hull structures, docks, oil production platforms, marine transmission pipelines, coastal power plants, wharf facilities in ocean, coastal and inland navigation areas. Gnee Steel pressure vessel steel plateASTM A516 Grade 70 Carbon Steel Gnee steel supply high quality carbon steel plate for boiler and pressure vessel fabrication which is ideally suited to the high standards set by the oil, gas and petro chemical industry\nPressure vessel & boiler grade steel are fully killed, fine-grained carbon-manganese steels produced by hot rolling and normalizing. The yield strength of these grades is designed to leak before exploding. You can rely on Steel Warehouse to process pressure vessel quality (PVQ) steel plate at competitive prices. Pressure Vessel Steel Plate A516-70 Applied Alloys Aust.ASTM A516 / SA516 plate material is the standard specification for pressure vessel fabrication. ASTM A537 / SA537 plate material is heat-treated, carbon-manganese silicon steel. ASTM A553 / SA553 plate material is used in the fabrication of cryogenic pressure vessels. Plate can Products / Pressure Vessel Steel Plate / ASTM A516 Steel ASTM A516 is for pressure vessel plates, carbon steel for moderate and lower temperature service. Steel grades are A516 Grade 55, A516 Grade 60, A516\nConquest Steel and Alloys is India Based Leading Supplier and Stockist of High Quality and Speciality Steel Such as SA 516 Grade 65 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Plates, ASTM A516 Gr.65 Pressure Vessel Plates, A516 Gr.65 Lower Temperature Carbon Steel Plate, SA516 Grade 65 Hot Rolled Boiler Qulity Plate, SA 516 Gr.65 BQ Plates Available in Ready Stock of ASME SA516 Gr 65 Hot Rolled Boiler SA516 Gr 70 Carbon Boiler Steel Pressure Vessel Grade SteelThe ASTM SA 516 GR.60/70 PLATE is the boiler steel grade plates,equivalent with Q245R and a516 grade 70 carbon steel standard for carbon steel plate a516 grade 70 carbon steel standard for carbon steel plate Summary:The company covers an area of 15,000 square meters and the plant construction area is 10,000 square meters.\nA516 Gr.55-70 Hot Rolled Boiler and Pressure Vessel Steel Sheet for Sale. A516 is a carbon steel plate grade utilized primarily in welded pressure vessels for moderate to lower temperature service. This material is produced in grades 55, 60, 65 and 70. This material is also offered in the normalized condition where improved notch toughness is", "label": "No"}
{"text": "$21.35 – Sold Out\nGustafson's Pivoting LED Reading Light provides a clean, non-disruptive directional light for reading and other activities. The light mounts to a wall or ceiling and operated with a switch on the mounting flange. The GSAML9691 model feature an attractive brushed nickel finish. Dimensions: 2.3\" width x 2.3\" height x 5.8\" depth.\nCategory: directional reading light, GSAML9691, Gustafson light, interior rv lighting, led light, led reading light, led rv light, new-180228, pivot light, pivoting reading light, reading light, rv lighting\nType: RV Electrical", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING SYSTEMSOphthalmic Solution Filling System\nThis system is for aseptically filling eye drop containers. It comprises a bottle orientation unit, air cleaner, filling/inner plugging machine and outer capping machine, and is usable with an isolator.\nBased on extensive experience, Shibuya proposes optimal filling methods. The neck grip method or puck transfer method may be chosen according to the shape of containers. Material handling in an isolator environment and various filling methods are available.\n- The optimum system for formulation can be established based on various filling methods (MF, piston, WF, tube filling, TP).\n- Combination with Shibuya-designed isolators or RABS units can be achieved with optimum connections.\n- Combination with various supply machines using robots is possible.\n- Operation proposals can include the bringing in of materials such as decontamination of external packaging.\n- Containers for medical use, OTC products and other irregular shaped containers can be handled.\n- The transfer method can be selected from the free-standing type and the carrier type.\n- We also propose ideal preparation facilities.\n- Inquiries regarding integrity test systems are also welcome.\nSHIBUYA CORPORATIONInternational Plant Sales Div.\nKo-58 Mameda-Honmachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8681 JAPAN\nTelephone : +81(76)262-1615 Fax : +81(76)223-1795", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Provides comprehensive information on the quality requirements of water for each industrial use in a single volume. Almost all the major wet processing industries and quality requirements of water for such industrial processes are described in this book in detail.\n|Publication date:||14th August 2018|\n|Publisher:||Chemical Publishing Co Inc.,U.S.|\n|Categories:||Industrial chemistry & manufacturing technologies, Water supply & treatment,|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There are several ready made tools are available for the Paperfox MP-\nThe maximum size of the tool is 30x60mm, but you can't punch 30x60mm punches with this machine. You shouls keep minmum 3..5mm distance from the side of the tool and from the fixing screws. If you fix the tool with a double sided adhesive band instead of the screws, and fix a cutting plate without holes in the similar way, then you don't have to care with the position of the screws at the design.\nThis is an EP-\nYou can see the position of the 2mm diameter holes for the fixing screws and the size of the tool.\nIf you want to order a tool from a die maker, you should design the tool in this size and with this holes.\nIf the tool cuts a closed form you should use ejection rubber to remove the cutted parts of the material from the tool. If you don't use this rubber, the cutted material gets stuck into the tool and you can't use it more times.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To ensure optimal charging for your Samsung Galaxy A23 device, follow these tips:\nAlways use the original charger and cable provided with your Samsung Galaxy A23 device.\nPlug the charger into a stable power source:\nUse a wall outlet or a certified charging dock to ensure a consistent power supply for your Samsung Galaxy A23 device.\nAvoid using USB ports on computers for charging:\nUSB ports on computers may provide lower power output, resulting in slower charging times for your Samsung Galaxy A23 device.\nAvoid charging your Samsung Galaxy A23 device in extreme temperatures:\nExtreme heat or cold can affect the charging process and battery performance.\nCharge your device in a moderate temperature environment for optimal results.\nHandle the charger and cable with care:\nAvoid bending or damaging the charger and cable, as it can affect the charging process and safety.\nReplace the charger or cable if there are signs of damage.\nCongratulations! You have learned charging tips and techniques for your Samsung Galaxy A23 Android device. Following these guidelines will help ensure efficient and safe charging. Please note that specific charging methods and recommendations may vary depending on the device manufacturer and model. Always refer to the user manual or official documentation specific to your device for accurate and model-specific instructions.\nOnly important news and updates. Never spam.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Jackery is multi-purpose tool that has DC input, three output plugs and a small torch built in to the end. It also includes a display. Is the torch practical for most purposes? It is certainly a novelty, but it is unnecessary to an item that weighs six pounds. But is it worth its price? This product review will tell you. Read on to learn more about this handy tool.\nJackery Explorer 1500\nThe Jackery Explorer 1500 portable power source is the best choice. It has a 1488-watt-hour lithium-ion battery that can power up to 1,800 watts of load and trickle down to lower loads over long periods. Jackery’s slogan is “Power Outdoors”. This review will examine the pros and cons associated with the Explorer 1500. This portable power source is perfect for camping, hiking and fishing, as well as other outdoor activities.\nThe Jackery Explorer 1500 portable power station provides great power for backpacking and camping. It features the same design as other Jackery products, with a striking orange color and a hefty handle on top. This portable power station can be recharged at anytime, making it a useful tool for all types of outdoor activities. But before you buy one, make sure you read our Jackery Explorer 1500 review.\nThe Explorer 1500 is the newer version of the power station. It has a few updates compared to its predecessor, including a port for charging Anderson solar panels. It also has a DC input port, which allows up to four Jackery Solar Panels of 100-watt to simultaneously recharge the Explorer 1500. With that much power, it will take about four hours for it to recharge fully. It can also save money if you plan to use it for extended periods of time.\nThe Jackery 1500 Explorer Explorer is safe to use. It features a high-quality Battery Management System. It also features a single-button design. The Jackery 1500 Explorer features an upgraded MPPT solar regulator called Solarpeak Technology. It maximizes input and extracts sun energy under all conditions. This technology reduces the time it takes to charge your solar panels. Therefore, the Jackery 1500 is the best choice for outdoor activities.\nThe Jackery Explorer 1500 is a portable power station that can easily replace three electrical outlets. This device has USB ports that can charge smartphones. It has enough battery capacity to power a small office. Pure sine-wave technology ensures a quality output as good as the power grid. Small businesses will find the battery capacity and inverter power sufficient. The Jackery Explorer 1500 features an improved user interface that fixes previous problems. It also supports higher input voltage, making the Jackery Explorer 1500 an ideal portable power source.\nThe Explorer 1500 also has a fast-charging capability. The Explorer 1500 can be fully recharged in around 13 hours with two SolarSaga 100W panels. It is also possible to charge the battery faster using two Jackery AC power adapters. Two AC power adapters will take four hours to charge Explorer 1500 to 80% capacity. A single AC power adapter, however, will take approximately six hours to fully recharge the Explorer 1500.\nJackery Explorer 240\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 portable solar charger is one of today’s most popular. The maximum continuous output is 200 Watts. A fully charged Jackery Explorer 250/240 can run a 100W device up to four hours. A typical mobile battery lasts between 2.5 to three hours. Using a Jackery 240/250 to charge a mobile battery would increase its lifetime by 20 to 25 times.\nThis portable power source can also be used to provide power for laptops, tablets, and smartphones. The inverter technology and battery management system deliver balanced power to your devices. The Jackery 240’s motor is quite quiet, so you can use it indoors without worrying about affecting the air quality. It’s impressive in capacity and offers a lot of flexibility to meet your needs. It can also be used to convert solar energy into useful power for your gadgets.\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 is a versatile product, and it works great for tailgaters, campers, and emergency preparedness. It includes a 12V car outlet, two USB plugs, and a 110V AC socket. Although it is not waterproof, it is completely quiet and emits zero emissions. You can also purchase a separate solar panel for $200. The panels are not waterproof.\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 has ample space in its battery compartments. This is great for cooling, but the 300 version has more wattage and a larger battery. Despite being a portable power station, it weighs about six pounds, which makes it a bit bulky and heavy. Although its portability is a plus, it is also an excellent choice for travelers. So long as you’re aware of its limitations and potential drawbacks, this charger will serve you well.\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 portable solar panel can be recharged using a wall outlet, car outlet or solar panel. The Jackery Explorer 240’s MPPT controller, which is built into the Jackery Explorer 240, can help you manage your portable devices’ power output. The Jackery Explorer 500 and Sungzu 1000 Watts are suitable for those who require more power. For those who are camping on a budget and want to save money, the Jackery Explorer 240 is a great buy.\nThe power-to-size ratio is important. A device that has a higher Watt measurement can run on a greater amount of power. Therefore, you must ensure the power to size ratio is right. The Jackery Explorer 240 has a surge power rating of 230W. It’s quite impressive, but the surge power rating is much lower than that of a standard household device.\nJackery Explorer 300\nThis Jackery Explorer 300 product review will focus on the charging capabilities and battery lifetime. The battery lasts for a long time, powering smartphones and laptops up up to 125W for as many as 30 charges. Drones can be charged for up six hours. This battery will last most people for at most a weekend. It is recommended that the device be kept at 70% to 90% capacity, which is more than enough to meet most people’s requirements.\nAny USB-C PD charger will charge the Jackery Explorer 300’s lithium-ion battery. The charging time will take longer if the charger is slower. Charging time is about 5.5 hours. This is significantly longer than average in this category. To protect batteries, all power stations have a maximum charging limit of 80%. Charging below 20 percent can drastically shorten battery life. It is recommended that you use a power source with a higher rating than the Jackery Explorer 300.\nThe Jackery Explorer is an excellent choice if you are looking for a portable power source capable of running a variety electronic devices. This device pumps out up to 300W of pure sine wave electricity from a 293Wh battery. This is enough to power small appliances such as a toaster, but it won’t be enough for the whole house. It’s enough power to run a tablet or laptop. But you won’t need any more.\nThe Jackery Explorer300’s recharge time is remarkable for such small devices. A good PD USB-C charger can get the Explorer 300 from zero to 80 percent in just over two hours. That’s pretty impressive compared to the few minutes some smartphones boast. Although the battery life is impressive it is quite expensive. In addition, the battery is not removable.\nThe Jackery Explorer 300 is a pioneer in the moveable power industry. Its design is stylish, and it supports up to six devices. Its 300-watt output is sufficient to power most smartphones, tablets, and other devices. Another benefit is the portability and ease of use. Its slick design makes it easy to carry and is portable. If you are looking for a portable solar power source that can charge a variety of devices, the Jackery Explorer 300 is a great choice.\nThe power station allows you to charge your devices and recharge them when you’re off the grid. The device isn’t ideal for hiking and remote jobsites but it’s still useful if the need to charge your battery while on the move. It can be used wherever you don’t have power outlets or extension cords. It also runs silently so you won’t hear it. The Jackery Explorer 300 has its advantages but also some drawbacks.\nJackery Portable Power Station Review\nThe Jackery Explorer 1000 Portable Energy Station is quiet, portable, and economical. It will provide plenty of power for your campsite. It’s compatible with solar panels and is completely silent. This Jackery portable powerstation review will discuss the pros and cons of the product. This review is based on my experience using the Jackery portable power station. We highly recommend it!\nThe Jackery Explorer1000 Portable Power Station is an economical way to bring quiet, clean power to your campsite\nThe Explorer 1000 portable battery power station comes with solar panels and a battery. It can be expanded with additional solar panels or more battery capacity, provided you have enough space. The system can be built with multiple USB Type-C ports and a flexible electrical system that allows you to add outlets as you go. Its durable design makes it ideal for use on camping trips, but it’s still easy to move around with it.\nThe Explorer 1000 comes with an AC adapter. However, it is also possible to use a 12V power source. It will take about seven hours to charge to 100 percent, and the portable power station comes with a power display that lets you see how much battery life you have left. The Explorer 1000 can be purchased with the SolarSaga 100 panels. These panels will provide up to 100W peak power.\nThe power station is built with a sturdy, modern design. It’s made of sturdy black plastic with grey trim, but it lacks ruggedness and waterproofing. It will need to be stored under cover to prevent it leaking. The resulting noise level will be lower than that of the battery-powered units, which are usually quite loud.\nAlthough the Jackery 1000 isn’t a complete solution for your whole house, it can solve your problems with running water, communication, heat, and heat. It’s a good choice if you plan to camp, but it’s important that you know how much and when. For example, a 300 watt rice cooker can drain 4% of the battery’s energy in 15 minutes.\nIt can also be used with solar panels\nThe company offers solar panels in addition to the Jackery portable powerstation. The SolarSaga 100Watt model, compatible with solar panel, includes a charging station that has USB outlets. This unit will ship within two to three business days. Delivery times vary depending on the destination. Please note that transit times are not guaranteed and can be subject to change.\nThe Jackery power plant can handle the solar panels’ amperage. If you wish to use your own panels, the connectors must be 8 mm. You will need an adapter cable that connects your solar panels to the Jackery unit. You can purchase this cable from Renogy. A similar cable is also available for Newpowa and Richsolar panels.\nThere are many Jackery portable power station types. Choose the one that best fits your needs. The Explorer 160 is ideal for charging mobile devices. The Explorer 1000, 1500 and 1500 are great for charging larger items. They are also compatible with solar panel. The Compact Explorer is smaller than the Explorer range and lighter. These units can be purchased in multiples and combined with solar panels to create the Ultimate Solarcharging station.\nThe Explorer 2000 Pro is ideal for larger vehicles, job sites and backup power. It is not suitable to overlanders and vanlifers. The smaller units can charge from zero to eighty percent in four hours. The power station can charge multiple solar panels simultaneously, so you can maximize your charging capacity. Although the Jackery Explorer 500 Pro is a good option for larger vehicles, it has limited power and may need be used in parallel.\nThere are many advantages to using a portable generator. It’s quiet, silent, and doesn’t require any gas. It can also be used to charge your electronic devices and power your RV’s electrical outlets when the RV power goes out. The Jackery Explorer240 is a great choice for anyone who travels full-time or just for fun. This unit also has an integrated battery management system to ensure that your portable power station runs smoothly even when there is no power.\nIts size is another advantage. At about the size of a microwave, the Jackery Explorer 1000 portable power station can keep your electronics running for hours, if not days. The Jackery Explorer 1000 is quiet so you don’t have to worry if it overheats or runs out of power. You can also use it anywhere you need it because it’s lightweight and compact enough to fit in your backpack or car.\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 also has four charging ports. Each one has two USB outlets for use with multiple devices. Another benefit is its AC/DC port and the fact that the Jackery is silent. This feature is not available in all power stations but it is worth noting as some of them lack enough ports to support a laptop. A portable power station can be your best friend if your laptop is not being used.\nOne of the best things about a Jackery portable power station is its size. It’s quite large, but it doesn’t seem bulky. The Jackery Explorer 1000 makes a great choice if you want something lightweight and portable but still offers all the features you need. It’s quiet at Jackery portable power station\nThe Jackery portable power station makes a great backup plan for those who are constantly on the go. The Jackery portable power station is powered by a 240-watt lithium ion battery and can power up to four devices. Its lightweight design and push button operation make it easy to carry. The unit can charge smartphones or tablets and has an LED flashlight. Although some might find the flashlight too gimmicky for navigation, it is actually very useful.\nThe Jackery portable station doesn’t daisy chain with other power sources, which is a drawback. This makes it more suitable for short-term travel than full-time vanlife. This station comes with a two-year warranty and a hassle-free return policy. Jackery also offers professional service that is second to none. Jackery can assist you with any problems, repairs, or replacements.\nThe Jackery Explorer 500 is another great option. It can power multiple devices simultaneously and has numerous ports to support most applications. The Explorer 500, which can hold larger electronics and is 13 pounds in weight, is especially useful. It is much cheaper than other models and has a built-in handle that makes it easy to transport. If you’re looking for a portable power station for camping, the Jackery Explorer 500 might be the best option for you.\nJackery’s portable power station can charge multiple devices simultaneously, which is one of its greatest advantages. It’s easy to take this power station with you on the road and you can use it to power up your laptop, smartphone, and other small electronics. The 144-watt battery provides enough power to power most small electronic devices. It has an auto shut-off feature that limits its output power up to 500 watts.\nJackery is a portable power supply that is both portable and powerful. The EVO 300 is the biggest, and weighs seven pounds, while the Explorer is lightweight and about the size of a handheld radio. Both power sources work with most small electronics as well as mobile devices. If you are looking for a lighter, smaller power source, the Jackery Explorer 300 is a good option.\nThe Jackery Portable Power Station is the perfect backup source when your RV’s power fails. This power source can power any RV or outdoor device. It is powerful enough for running a laptop, LED lights, a console and other electronic devices. This device can also be used to power outdoor activities such as picnics or sports games. It doesn’t require gasoline so you can use it indoors as well as outdoors.\nThe Jackery Explorer 1500 is a quality portable power station, and the product has almost perfect 5-star reviews from real users. The device has a power output of more than one thousand watt-hours. The Power Station is not cheap, but it is still an option for emergency power. Even the Jackery Explorer 1000 power station, which is the largest in the line, weighs just 22 pounds.\nThe Explorer 1000 is a great product, but it’s also very easy to use. It comes with all the ports and connectors you need for your portable power supply. It can be charged using its AC/DC adapters. The Explorer 1000 weighs 22 pounds, which makes it easy to carry around. It comes with a flashlight as well. Although some may find it a bit gimmicky this is a great feature to navigate in the dark.\nJackery Solar Generator\nThe Jackery Solar Generator is a portable power station that can be plugged into a car or wall outlet. It can also recharge using solar panels. If you are concerned about the size of a backup battery, it can be larger than the Jackery Solar Generator. These generators are 240 watts and 480 watts, respectively. If you are concerned about the size of the generator, you might consider buying a smaller model.\nThe Jackery Explorer delivers outdoor portable power designed with safety in mind. It has enough power to charge small electronics and charge batteries. It can be used to charge small appliances, and also recharge it with optional solar panels. You can always plug it into the wall and let it recharge. You can always use it again. The Jackery Explorer’s portable power is not only convenient, but it is also safe and easy to transport.\nAlthough the Jackery 240 won’t be able to replace your RVs electricals, it will power most gadgets. It also features a USB output so that you can charge your phone or laptop while you are away from your RV. However, it doesn’t solve all your van life problems. The Jackery 240 is not designed to replace your main electricals, but it can be used as a second source of power for your RV.\nThe 240 watts Jackery solar generator is compatible with 60W and 100W solar panels. To charge, it needs to be in direct sunlight and in good weather. It can be charged in 5.5 hours using the 100w panel or 7.5 hours using the 60W panel. This battery-powered generator is great for camping, hiking, or even on your boat. You have many options, so you don’t have to decide which one.\nThe Jackery Explorer portable power station, 240 watts Jackery Explorer, comes with a portable charger and an AC adapter. Also included is a user manual. It can charge multiple USB devices simultaneously. However, it is not recommended for high-wattage devices, such as smartphones, cameras, and laptops. The Jackery Explorer 240 should not be used in situations that your device requires more than 200W.\nYou’ll also need an adapter if you’re planning to use it in a US campsite. American pedestals use the same socket connectors that are used in household mains. This means that you don’t require an adapter if camping in the UK. But, if in doubt, you may be able to buy one here. The charging cable is only 2 meters long, which can be a problem for long trips.\nThe Jackery Explorer 240 is a good one-trick pony that provides hours of power. It is small but durable and safe for outdoor use. Jackery has partnered up with Honda to offer identical power stations under the “Honda by Jackery” brand. You can get a 240 watts Jackery Explorer 240 at Amazon for only $79.\nThe Jackery Explorer240’s 240-watts can be recharged in 10 hours using optional solar panels ($200). You can also use a 12V car charger to charge your 240-watt solar generator. Although the Jackery’s 240-watt output isn’t waterproof, it can last several years. It is also completely silent and emits no emissions. You can also check compatibility of the 240-watt power supply with your car.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mineral Processing Equipment : New type good performance mineral flotation cell - A type of mining equipment that can trigger the development and change of the beneficiation technology industry. The main core machines are ball mills, rod mills, flotation machines, magnetic separators, etc.Inquiry Online\nIf you are interested in our company and our products, you can click to consult, we will provide you with value-for-money equipment and considerate services !\n5.excellent quality,stable working performance. new style d12 muti-cell flotation cell features: 1. cell adjustable, six different volume of cells can meet different requirements. 2. two different material cells, plexiglass and stainless steel, can meet different needs under different working conditions. 3. low.\nAug 02, 2017 innovative flotation cell, innovative xinhai. identified as “china top 50 enterprises of manufacturing industries” by the chinese market monitoring center, yantai xinhai mining machinery co., ltd has become a company with the strongest comprehensive power and biggest scale among the private mining machinery.\nDesigning flotation circuits for high fines recovery. designing flotation circuits for high fines recovery.may 01 2006018332it takes advantage of the high flotation rates of the freshly produced minus 10 m particles and small bubble size 0 3 mm produced in the jameson cell and the small surface area is easy for froth washing to maintain high grades this was a low cost way to extend the.\nFlotation cell design. feb 06 2019018332flotation is a science that brings together many complicated variables factors include knowledge of mineral structure chemicals temperature technical skills of the operator and dependability of the flotation cell read on to learn more about flotation cells its uses and the different types of flotation cells what are flotation.\nFlotation cell for hematite iron ore processing warilabgron ore gold flotation cell at sishen newest mineral flotation machines china factory flotation cell machinary flotation machines for mica professional new type high performance high performance flotation cell gold froth flotation process equipment flotation machine for sale mining good.\nFlotation machine an overview sciencedirect topics. flotation machine an overview sciencedirect topics.in mineral processing design and operations second edition 2016 18 3 3 laboratory flotation machines the two most important requirements of laboratory flotation machines are reproducibility and performance similar to commercial operations these two criteria are not always satisfied the basic.\nFlotation machine for mica minerals mining equipment with competitive price mining high performan flotation cell machinery offers 215 used flotation cell for sale products about 77 of these are mineral separator online.mining good performance flotation cell 12 feed quire now new type high performance flotation cells mineral.get.\nGold ore efficient in good flotation cell machine. classifying machine for quartz ore good quality ore dressing ore good quality flotation cell wava wa wholesale various high quality silver ore machine products from global silver ore machine suppliers and silver ore machine factory 2018 igh frequency vibrating screen for fine ore classifying new 016 08 24 gold machine basket milling.\nGood performance copper ore flotation cell formining. best performance ore flotation separator durbanliards. best performance ore flotation separator effect of particle sie on flotation performance of complex sulphide it is recognied that the structure and texture of a mineral froth is a good indicator of flotation separation.\nGood performance froth flotation process.good performance sand flotation machine flotaion cell froth flotation is a good example of an are useful for comparing flotation performance can be accomplished in a flotation cell such as the one flotation separation process from excellent performance flotation sand flotation plant and lead.\nGood performance s flotation cell dolomite gravel. flotation cell for dolomite high performancepr 29, 2018 flotation cell for dolomite high performance new type high performance flotation cellst the very below is shown a typical flotation cell of each air delivery type agitair amp denver is the high separation grade that can be achieved, so that column cells are the understanding.\nGood quality flotation cell e6 new type new type high performance mineral flotation cell manufacturer mining new type high performance quartz flotation cell new type high performance quarry flotation cell offers 8572 copper mining equipment products about 37 of these are mineral separator 5 are other mining machines and 3 are power.\nHigh cost performance sf mining flotation cell design sf 4. the change from square hough trough cells to cylindrical tank cells up to m in size has been game changing the recovery of a flotation cell relates directly to the amount of air added to the cell optimising reagent chemical use has provided great insights into flotation.\nHigh efficiency ce iso durable mineral flotation cell.new high efficiency gold mining flotation equipment for copper ore get price used flotation cell for sale about 76 of these are mineral separator 14 are other mining machines and 3 are mine get price mining high efficiency flotation cell plant capta news particulars. new type high efficient.\nHigh efficient durable mineral processing flotation machine.bf flotation cell high efficiency agitation tank cylinder energy saving overflow ball mil high efficiency gold ore mining machine high efficiency flotation machine for gold widely used mining flotation old mining machinery 6.\nHigh performance and new type flotation cell. high performan hydro mineral flotation cell. high performance flotation cell hard ore flotation cells. flotation cell for hard mineral teenventure. mining new type high performance hard mineral flotation cell flotation cells 911 metallurgist aug 18, 2017 ores are treated using froth flotation cells than by any other single machines or.\nHigh performance flotation cell equipment. flomar high. 2016314flomar highperformance flotation cleans textile wastewater colours vary from fashion season to season, but one thing to the surface of the flotation cellhe separation process is enhanced by special the flotate sludge that accumulates on the surface of the flotation cell is skimmed off by automatic scraper equipment and fed to.\nHigh performance flotation machine for mining. performance mineral mining equipment flotation cell machine how is works when flotation machine works slurry is inhaled from the bottom of the cell to the space between impellers meanwhile the lowpressure air send by fan is sent to this area through the air distributor in the hollow shaft. more.\nHigh quality durable mineral flotation cells china best high performance durable mineral flotation cell good quality magnetic separation equipment for sales china high performance mineral processing plant design practice and control supplier grinding mills filters flotation cells tanks and conveyors is used to extract . learn.\nHigh quality flotation cell for gold mininggold wash individual. high quality ore process thickening sundridge marine pro automatic flotation suit msi mining gold separating machine mining mineral granite flotation cell. inquire now; superior quality linings for gold ore processing nghospital.\nHigh quality forth flotation machine forth flotation cell. flotation cell with molybdenum good performance mining ftm new type high performance flotation cell mining ftm new type high performance flotation cell molybdenum ore pricechengdu best new materials latest high quality flotation machine for molybdenum ore with 100 quality guaranteed good price mineral lead zinc.\nHuazn granite gravel flotation cell plant. ore dressing plant gold flotation cell millgold wet ball mill with alumina porcelain liner advancing equipment huazn af flotation cell metal mining feb 13 32 galena stone galena stone suppliers and manufacturers at high quality galena flotation machine add widely high efficiency flotation equipment mineral may 03 32 flotation cell.\nJan 06, 2021 quartz flotation tests were used to compare the flotation performance of ufa and sfa, which showed that ufa had excellent low-temperature floatability, and the flotation recovery of ufa was 35 percentage points higher than that of sfa at 20 c and ph =.\nJul 01, 2020 1. introduction. quartz is one of the most widely distributed minerals on the surface of the earth. it is also the most common gangue mineral associated with oxides, sulfides, silicates, and phosphates (duarte and grano, 2007, vidyadhar and hanumantha rao, 2007, li et al., 2019).flotation is the main method used to separate quartz, and there are two typical methods of quartz flotation:.\nLarge high pressure flotation cell high pressure. mining flotation cell energy efficiency mineral 2017 8 11 183 new type high efficiency and low price used flotation cell for sale new condition mining machinery laboratory flotation cell for mining machine flotation cells with iso approved high quality flotation machine energy saving.\nLow price gold column zinc pyrite coal mining mineral iron copper ore froth flotation cell tank device machine for sale , find complete details about low price gold column zinc pyrite coal mining mineral iron copper ore froth flotation cell tank device machine for sale,wholesale price mining flotation equipment gold floatation equipment copper ore flotation machine,lead and zinc ore flotation.\nMineral processing epc; solutions; ... products; flotation cell in scheelite good performance; flotation cell in scheelite good performance. efficient thickener. efficient thickener. hydraulic motor driving center thickener. hydraulic motor driving center thickener. grid type ball mill. grid type ball mill. submerged slurry pump. submerged.\nMineral processing epcmo floatation tankhigh. new type high performance ore cs flotation cell new type high performance catalog flotation celllotation wear components flotation wear components from multotec ensure your froth flotation operation delivers maximum mineral recovery performance these high quality hardwearing replaceable wet and dry components are available for all flotation cell.\nMiningew type high performance irosand flotation cell . high efficiency and large capacity cone crusher.high efficiency and low price used cone crusher jaw crusher utilizes pressive force to crush the material between a the impact crusher is used for primary secondary fine crushing mining and impact crusher is a new type of high efficiency.\nNew tyhigh performance flotation cell martence heavy . new tyhigh performance high tech flotation cellnew type high performance mineral flotation cell manufacturernew type high performance quartz flotation cell high performance single diabase flotation cell new type high performance catalog flotation cell whatsapp 5423 is to introduce a new set of capital and operating.\nNew type high performance flotation cells manufacturernew type high performance flotation cells manufacturerhigh performance single diabase flotation ts of high performance single diabase flotation cell hot sales high performance obsidian crushing ai china mainland stable performance 4 stone crusher machine price is commonly known as european jaw crusher and, high performance single.\nNew type high performance ore cs flotation cell. new type high performance catalog flotation celllotation wear components flotation wear components from multotec ensure your froth flotation operation delivers maximum mineral recovery performance these high quality hardwearing replaceable wet and dry components are available for all flotation cell types and sizes and can be redesigned.\nNew type high performance ore cs flotation cell. new type high performance catalog flotation celllotation wear components flotation wear components from multotec ensure your froth flotation operation delivers maximum mineral recovery performance these high quality, hardwearing replaceable wet and dry components are available for all flotation.\nSf flotation cell is a kind of mechanical flotation machine, which belongs to the self-suction flotation machine and the air is absorbed from the mechanical agitation device of the flotation cell.. nowadays, flotation machine occupies a large part of the mechanical equipment market. so the enterprise should not only compete on the price, but also develop innovative new equipment and improve.\nSf flotation cell; flotation cell; xcf air inflation flotation cell; jjf flotation and wemco flotation ... china good performance durable vibrating screen mineral machine for ore. ... hydraulic motor driving center thickener. hydraulic motor driving center thickener. grid type ball mill. grid type ball mill. submerged slurry pump. submerged.\nSf flotation cell; flotation cell; xcf air inflation flotation cell; jjf flotation and wemco flotation ... ore making machine in dolomite good performance. efficient thickener ... hydraulic motor driving center thickener. hydraulic motor driving center thickener. grid type ball mill. grid type ball mill. submerged slurry pump. submerged slurry.\nSupplier of flotation cell and washing plant. hot sale mining machinery bs k flotation machine used for.sep 06, 2018pilot plant flotation cells and machines 911 energy saving flotation cell new type vibrator heavy duty iron ore vibrating screen brand new copper ore zhaoxin heavy duty mining machinery new hot sale gold flotation cell with high.\nThe main design of xcf air inflation flotation cell totally avoids the disadvantages of the traditional air inflation flotation cell. in the design, xcf air inflation flotation cell adopts a new cone-shaped impeller technology, which can not only circulate the slurry, disperse air, but also suck the feeding ore from the outside of the.\nThere are many kinds of iron flotation equipment in xinhai, like sf flotation cell, jjf flotation, cyclonic micro-bubble flotation column. they are energy saving and high efficient as well as good performance. among those machines, the cyclonic micro-bubble flotation column is suitable for the coal minerals with finer fraction that is smaller than 0.5mm or the flotation process of the meal.\nVarious types flotation cell for aggregate for sand making line. jaw flotation for sale used stone feldspar flotation plant for sale stone feldspar flotation plant for salewe are a large-scale manufacturer specializing in producing various mining machines including different types of sand and gravel equipment milling equipment mineral processing equipment and building materials equipmentand.\nCopyright © 2020 Fennc Machinery Company All rights reserved", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Contact Lens Services\nFor patients in need of contact lens fittings, we offer a wide variety of options. Besides conventional contact lenses, we fit toric lenses, multifocal lenses, monovision contact lenses and lenses for our dry eye patients.\nWe will spend as much time as is needed to be sure your fit is exceptional and you are comfortable with your visual outcome. We will work with first time contact lens wearers to be sure they are extremely comfortable with the handling of their new lenses and understand safe contact lens practices.\nIf you would like to learn more about our approach to contact lens fitting and handling or would like to order contact lenses, please call (610) 270-2770 or email email@example.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "summit ridge collection zinc outdoor integrated led hanging lantern pendant lights n.\n1 light black outdoor pendant hanging lights n.\noutdoor hanging lights pendant lighting ideas amazing design with throughout exterior light fixtures.\nloft bar black iron vintage retro pendant light dining room mini outdoor hanging foyer industrial lamp lights.\noutdoor hanging lights pendant.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights porch l.\nglobe style outdoor pendant lighting visa hanging light black lights exterior fixture m.\nlong hanging pendant lights drop large outdoor extra floor lanterns lantern new.\noutdoor hanging ceiling lights industrial pendant lighting rusti.\noutdoor pendant single light hanging lights.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights classic lamp villa balcony courtyard pavilion led waterproof hangin.\npendant lighting fixtures porch light outdoor incredible ceiling lantern hanging lights kit penda.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights industrial rustic rope vintage p.\nexterior led pendant lights large outdoor hanging solar lanterns lighting delectable.\n4 light outdoor pendant hanging lights.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights rustic lighting large ceiling full size of light fi.\noutdoor hanging ceiling lights ferry 1 light washed copper pendant lighting stores in.\nsolar pendant outdoor hanging lights lighting fixtures light indoor stores.\nlarge outdoor hanging light fixtures pendant lighting ideas vintage spectacular astonishing lights.\nceiling lights hanging lamps pendant light fixtures lighting expo hang outdoor love.\noutdoor hanging ceiling light fixtures incredible pendant lights cheap c.\noutdoor pendant lighting fixtures modern light solar hanging lights.\n4 light black indoor outdoor solar powered led hanging shed with remote pendant lights n.\noutdoor hanging ceiling lights large pendant light modern interesting exterior li.\nexterior lighting outdoor hanging pendant lights ceiling wall ideas mount light fixture fixtures mounted la wal.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights bay 1 light 9 inch weathered zinc.\nsquare metal framed outdoor hanging pendant lights shade glass using ordinary bulb daylight color.\nlarge outdoor hanging lantern pendant lights porch globe find out more at a ball.\nlarge outdoor pendant light image of lighting modern hanging lights white portfolio li.\noutdoor hanging lights blown glass pendant led new gem ge.\nr series satin black inch warehouse cord hung outdoor pendant hanging lights pendants.\nwet location pendant lighting outdoor hanging lights entry lantern globe mason.\noutdoor hanging lantern single light pendant lights.\nswag lamp plug in outdoor hanging light pendant cord lights l.\nceiling lights extra large outdoor pendant lighting lantern hanging light entrance.\noutdoor pendant light copper fixtures hanging lights charming.\nnautical ceiling lights outdoor pendant lighting design hanging best ceil.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights large.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights o lamp by hive regarding exterior inspirations 9 large solar l lantern hts ht fixtur.\n1 light outdoor hanging lights traditional porch patio pendant lighting.\noutdoor hanging pendant lights contemporary astounding ceiling throughout modern lighting.\nhome depot lighting pendants really outdoor pendant light cord cover luxury plug in hanging lights.\nrustic outdoor pendant lighting wood light fixture lamp sale off hanging lights.\noutdoor hanging solar powered shed light pendant lamp for garden yard patio balcony home landscape from lights.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "MOTUL RBF 660 DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID\nFor all types of hydraulically actuated brake and clutch systems requiring non-silicone synthetic fluid.\nSpecially designed to withstand the extreme temperature generated by racing carbon and ceramic brakes while allowing minimized air entrance for brake cooling.\nAlso suitable for conventional brakes with steel discs and for conventional hydraulic clutch actuators.\nExceeds DOT 3 and DOT 5.1 standards requirements, except for viscosity at -40°C / -40°F.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Boatglass.eu uses the latest technology in its manufacturing process. This means that there are many advantages for you. After you’ve ordered your windows we recommend you to have your windows measured by one of our experts. Our experts are highly trained in using the latest digital 2D and 3D measuring equipment.\nThis means that a lot of things will be easier for you!\n- Benefit from our Boatglass.eu measuring warranty, so no excessive worrying about the measurements of your new windows!\n- No need to put a lot of effort into making a mold\n- Measuring is possible using your current windows\n- There is no need to disassemble your current windows\nWe charge € 45,00 for measuring your flat windows (of TOPwindows). We are able to do these measurements extremely accurately, using our special digital 2D measuring equipment.\nTo assemble in a simple way the new windows we charge 45.00 Euro per window.\nThese costs do not include any additional work.\nWhen it comes to measuring and installing curved windows or windows with a special shape, we contact you and make a fitting arrangement. The curved and special shaped windows are measured using our special 3D measuring equipment. The price will depend on the shape and the size of the window.\nThese two aspects will also determine the time it will take us to assemble the window.\n*Prices that are mentioned include GTS.\nTravel expenses by mutual agreement.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Steam and natural gas silencers\nNoise produced during gas or steam discharge causes non-stationary aerodynamic processes in high-speed areas of working medium flow. In case silencers are absent, two areas of high speed can be distinguished. One is located just behind the discharge valve where the turbulent flow is formed; due to limited diameter of the discharge tube, pressure in the area behind the discharge valve remains higher than the atmospheric pressure, and final extension of the working medium takes place in the free jet behind the pipeline’s outlet section, which is the other area of noise generation.\nTherefore, when designing standard operation scheme of steam and gas discharge silencers, two basic functions are performed: maximum noise suppression thanks to providing low-noise and low-speed flow throttling, and isolation of noise generated in the flow control area.\nModern steam and gas discharge silencers should consist of two basic units – throttle unit and acoustic absorption unit. The latter, located along the downward path of the jet, keep noise parameters within the needed range.\nThus, total calculation of silencers system should include acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of pipeline discharge of noise into the atmosphere as well as step-by-step calculation for the noise suppressor consisting of throttle and acoustic absorption units.\nGas turbine silencers\nDuring operation of gas outlet pipes and draught equipment of thermal power stations, noises are formed which exert negative influence on staff and residents of areas located nearby.\nOf all types of energy equipment, gas turbine units produce the biggest amounts of noise. When operating gas turbine units, sanitary norms of noise level between 55 dB are often not complied with. Noise during operation of such units is produced due to combustion of fuel in fire chambers, due to high speed of gases passing through the wheel space, as well as due to flow turbulence on exit.\nOther noise sources at thermal power plants include gas and air pipes, draught equipment and air inlets of forced-draught fans.\nAs a regular supplier of silencers, Powerz offers complex solutions for decreasing noise levels at energy sites.\n- Decrease of noise level of exhaust combustion gases of gas turbine units as well as level of noise produced during boiler and draught equipment operation\n- Installed at thermal power stations and sites\n- Decrease of noise emissions into the environment, which is especially important for sites located near the residential areas\n- Non-standard dimensions\n- Manufactured from temperature-resistant sound-proof materials\n- Cross-section type: round and rectangular\n- Ambient temperature: up to 650 °С\n- Dimensions: up to 10 000 mm\n- Frame and cartridge materials: stainless steel\n- Designing standard and non-standard silencers\n- Aerodynamic and acoustic calculations\n- Assembly/disassembly of silencers\n- Warranty and post-warranty maintenance\nGallery of production sites", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sewage pumps in bangalore\nMieco pumps & generators in Bangalore is the leading manufacturers & dealers of sewage pumps in bangalore,having a wide variety and selection of quality products to chose from offers barrel pumps, sewage pumps, chemical pumps in Bangalore, India. Our sewagepumps are used in pumping in thousands of applications. In a sewage pumps, through suction value on the intake stroke,a volume of liquid is drawn in to the cylinder. It can be discharged under the positive pressure through the outlet valves on the discharge stroke.our range of products are vast.\nVisit us at: Sewage pumps in Bangalore", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you are beginners and want to buy a golf rangefinder for the first time but confused to invest in any product. Don’t Worry, We got Best Leupold Golf Rangefinder which is a solution to all your problems as going to discuss in this article all some of the best Leupold Golf Rangefinder you can purchase in 2020.\nThese Golf rangefinders for those who want the most reliable optics and the most excellent reflectivity. Leupold is a brand known for its quality and most reliable products.\nThese Best Leupold Golf Rangefinder which is best for both beginners and professionals. So without waste any moment, let’s have a look at the Best Leupold Golf Rangefinder that you can buy in a very reasonable price range.\n- 1 Best Leupold Golf Rangefinder Review List\n- 1.1 Leupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder\n- 1.2 Pros & Cons\n- 1.3 Leupold Gx 5I3 Rangefinder\n- 1.4 Pros & Cons\n- 1.5 Leupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder\n- 1.6 Pros & Cons\n- 1.7 Leupold Gx 2I3 Rangefinder\n- 1.8 Pros & Cons\n- 1.9 Leupold GX-4i2 Digital Golf Rangefinder\n- 1.10 Pros & Cons\n- 2 Conclusion\nBest Leupold Golf Rangefinder Review List\n|TOP Leupold Golf Rangefinder||RATING||PRICE|\n|Leupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder||⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐|\n|Leupold Gx 5I3 Rangefinder||⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐|\n|Leupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder||⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐|\n|Leupold Gx 2I3 Rangefinder||⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐|\n|Leupold GX-4i2 Digital Golf Rangefinder||⭐⭐⭐⭐|\nLeupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder\nLeupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder tops our list for being the Best Leupold Golf Rangefinder and the reason for being at the top of the list is various features.\nThe Golf Rangefinder includes a unique design and it is specifically made for almost all golfer doesn’t matter they are beginners or professionals. Now you can get the accurate distance measurement without any tensions and stresses with the help of this golf rangefinder. There are some key features of this Leupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder provide are as follows.\nLegal in Tournament\nThis golf rangefinder gives only line-of-sight distances and yes, of course, it is Tournament legal. It comes with features a fog mode that helps to cut through foggy weather.\nLeupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder has a High-performance DNA turbine laser technology that provides high-speed accuracy ranging within 1/10th yard.\nFeatures accuracy 6x magnification when maintaining a broad range of views. It comes with the LCD which allows 60% light transmission.\nPrism lock capabilities\nParticular pin hunter and the Prism lock abilities give audio feedback and beside this its shows the distance measurement on the screen.\nMultiple quick readings\nThe best golf rangefinder is made in such a way that it Produces multiple fast readings in one quick movement with the comfortable one-touch Scan mode which is continuously updated the measurements reading as you Scan.\nLeupold Gx 5I3 Rangefinder\nThe GX-5i3 produced with the Leupold’s high-performance DNA engine and latest infrared laser gives quick measurements and enhanced the accurate distance measurement displayed to the nearest object 1/10 of a yard. It comes with the TGR and Club Selector that can be turned off for tournament play through the latest USGA rule 14-3. The GX-5i3 produces ranging data and club suggestions based on particular hitting power, slope, and modern environmental conditions.\nDigital enhanced Accuracy\nIts cutting-edge DNA technology propels golf laser range finding to a new level of precision and speed. With DNA you can get faster, more accurate ranging including a resolution to within 1/10th of a yard toward all background texture and colors. DNA uses the groundbreaking GX range to a new level.\nPrism Lock Technology\nThe Leupold GX Prism Lock Technology gives a clear sound at the rangefinder gets the prism, and the distance measurement is quickly displayed. It helps to speed up the movement of play and providing you with more courage to hit the shot.\nPin Hunter 3 Laser Technology\nThe Pin Hunter 3 Laser Technology cleans out background objects and offers to zero in toward the target easier and faster.\nLeupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder\nNow you can improve your game with Leupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder. It’s easy to operate to sets a competitive advantage right at your fingertips. Leupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder is produced with many latest features including exclusive PinHunter2 Laser Technology, a high contrast LCD, 6x magnification, measurements in meters and yards both, one-touch scan mode and multi-coated lens system. These features make PinCaddie the Best Leupold Rangefinder for getting line-of-sight range measurements to the target.\nPin Hunter Laser Technology\nThe PinCaddie 2’s distance measuring device comes with Pin Hunter Laser Technology reduces the false readings that can be caused by background hazards like bushes and trees by assessing laser-return data. It helps to display the distance measurement to the nearest object and pin it.\nThe Leupold PinCaddie 2 Rangefinder is completely fog and waterproof. And it helps to produce accurate distance measurement. There is no chance to get false reading in foggy or rainy weather.\nLeupold Gx 2I3 Rangefinder\nLeupold Gx 2I3 Rangefinder gives a high-performance digitally enhanced accuracy generator which comes with high-level infrared laser technology and gives quick and accurate measurements with increased efficiency. The TGR and Club Selector Featuring, that can be easily turned off with the one button for tournament play. This ergonomically composed GX-2i3 gives ranging data and club support that is based on particular hitting intensity, slope, and modern environmental requirements.\nPin Hunter 3 Laser Technology\nPin Hunter 3 Laser Technology helps to pick up the flag within a few seconds. The procedure to pick up the flag is very fast and easy.\nPrism Lock Technology\nThis golf rangefinder is the same as the Leupold Gx 5I3 Rangefinder. Both come with the Prism Lock Technology that uses extremely reflective prisms to get the most accurate measurement readings.\nDigitally enhanced Accuracy\nIt has a high-performance DNA engine and also high-level laser measures that provide a greater and faster accurate reading. And along with TGR and Club Selector gives exact distances and club recommendations.\nLeupold GX-4i2 Digital Golf Rangefinder\nLeupold GX-4i2 Digital Golf Rangefinder is one of the best Leupold golf rangefinders which comes with many advanced features. It’s brighter, faster, and accurate than to others. Let’s have a look at its features in detail.\n6x magnification provides you with lots of power during maintaining a broad range of views to trace the game at the move.\nFully Multi-coated Lens System\nIt designed with a fully multi-coated lens system that assures the greatest brightness for contrast, clarity, and color accuracy.\nSelect from three different reticles\nLeupold GX-4i2 Digital Golf Rangefinder provides three various reticles to pick from Duplex, Plus Point™, and Duplex with the Plus Point.\nQuick Set Menu\nYou can get the settings you want quickly with this Quick Set Menu. It comes with the one-handed controls that make the rangefinders easy and quickly to use in the golf course, even while your hands are moist.\nWhen trying to get the best Leupold golf rangefinder, you need to use the same analysis as you do while choosing a diamond ring because it’s not just a rangefinder, its all about your golf game.\nWe spend much time to get the best Leupold golf rangefinder and after complete research, we came up with this top 5 best Leupold golf rangefinder review. Leupold Gx 1I3 Rangefinder is top-rated, highly reviewed and also our recommendation for you. The GX 1I3 rangefinders promise to hold around for greater or for worse. With the lifetime guarantee, Is it the best proposal for the golfer or not? Share with us in the comment section.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Progress M-029M cargo spacecraft was launched into orbit on top of a Soyuz-U launch vehicle at 1649 GMT on 1 October 2015 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, near Tyuratam, in Kazakhstan. After using the rapid approach technique, Progress M-029M docked with the rear port of the Zvezda Service Module on the International Space Station at 2252 GMT. The cargo craft was carrying 3.1 metric tons of food and fuel.\nProgress M-029M makes rapid ascent to International Space Station after Soyuz launch\nSeradata produce the renowned SpaceTrak Launch & Satellite Database. Trusted by 100 of the world’s leading Space organisations, SpaceTrak is a fully queryable database used for market analysis, failure/risk assessment, spectrum analysis and space situational awareness (SSA).\nFor more information go to www.seradata.com/spacetrak", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Biomass heating in comparison\nWhich Guntamatic biomass heating suits your building best? Here is a first overview of our heating systems.Our pellet heaters are low-temperature pellet heaters with the highest efficiency, maximum modulation capability and a simple and intelligent operating concept.\nOur firewood heaters achieve the lowest emissions through maximum temperatures in the ember bed, are exceptionally robust, comfortable and user-friendly thanks to the use of high-quality materials.\nOur woodchip heaters work fully automatically, convince above all by the industrial staircase technology and by unique fuel flexibility with very high reliability.\nOur hybrid heaters combine the advantages of an economical heat pump with moderate outside temperatures, with those of a highly efficient pellet heating system with high heat demand.\n- Extremely robust and reliable thanks to high quality components\n- Highly efficient and low in emissions\n- Cost effective in installation and heating operation\n- High cleaning comfort\n- Low maintenance and service costs\n- Groundbreaking and simple operating concept\n- Biomass heating systems are enormously promoted", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dial indicator Average True Range Hull built on a combination of the average true range of the ATR and the Hull moving average HMA.\nTrading signals are generated when the indicator starts plotting either on top of the close price or below the close price using the trend tracking method, calculating the ATR and its multiplier along with other calculations that control the signal generation rate, while the average true range multiplier controls the amount signals to be generated.\nThe most important input values of the indicator are:\n- ATR period;\n- ATR multiplier;\n- sensitivity (HMA).\nDial indicator Average True Range Hull easy to use and provides an accurate view of current trends, sentiment, volatility and momentum. It has an alert function for trading signals, a beautiful background color that displays the general market sentiment for any financial instrument on which the indicator is used.\nOther profitable indicators for trading", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hope the little spotlights could create pleasant atmosphere for you. The spotlight’s head can swivel up and down, left to right to meet all lighting direction needs.\nThe small led spotlight powered by 3 AA batteries that has 3 mode brightness,20%, 50%, 100% to meet your different demand. you could set different brightness according to different scenes. The battery operated led Spotlight could turn off automatically in 30, 60 or 180 minutes after using the timer button. It’s easy to use and electrical energy-saving. The mini spotlight uses the AA battery, the remote control uses the Lithium battery. it is perfect for cabinet, bookshelf, showcase, shop display, picture, wall artwork.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "• Metal-body pumps for use in tight work areas where drums containing flammables are stored\n• Curved discharge spout for convenient hose extension\n• Designed for use in industrial, agricultural, and automotive industries\n• Model 06511-00 is ideal for use with high-viscosity fluids\n• Stainless steel and PTFE construction handles some of the toughest fluids\nLever drum pump model 06511-05 is able to dispense kerosene, antifreeze, lightweight oils, non-water-based and non-corrosive detergents, waxes, or disinfectants. High viscosity model 06511-00 can be used with paraffin, motor oil, cutting oil and other viscous lubricants. This pump comes with a high-angle discharge spout with screen and a curved discharge spout. <b>What's included: </b>bung adapter and PTFE tape.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SmartLink, our innovative software solution, revolutionizes the industry by driving irrigation labor efficiency through remote access capabilities. By leveraging SmartLink, users can remotely monitor and control their irrigation systems, reducing the need for manual adjustments and on-site visits. This remote access feature streamlines operations, saving time and resources while ensuring optimal water management. With SmartLink, users can conveniently fine-tune irrigation schedules, adjust settings, and receive real-time data from anywhere, maximizing efficiency and reducing labor-intensive tasks. SmartLink empowers users to efficiently manage their irrigation systems, saving valuable time and driving labor efficiency in the process.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Raupack and JW recently shipped a Semi Automatic Vertical Cartoner to the Pharmaceutical Industry. The customer was looking for maximum flexibility without compromising on the verification requirements of the Pharmaceutical industry.\nThe CCM Duo shown in this video was designed to allow our customer maximum flexibility whilst meeting the verification requirements of the pharmaceutical industry.\nExchange Tooling for Hot Melt, Tuck in and Crash Lock\nExchange tooling allows the machine to process Tuck in cartons - both Aeroplane and Reverse Tuck as well as Crash lock or hot melt cartons.\nThe vertical cartoner is fitted with 2 manual loading stations, allowing up to 2 operators to load the cartons. During each machine cycle, the operator crosses a light barrier to place the products into the carton. An LED light alerts the operator to when the carton is ready to load.\nA hand switch located at the manual loading stations can be used to confirm the carton has been loaded, releasing the machine to index.\nVerify, Verify, Verify\nA mobile leaflet feeder located at the first loading station, verifies the leaflet code before presenting it to the operator for manual loading. A height scanner mounted above the carton loading station can be activated to verify that products have loaded. This is particularly useful for bottles and tubs.\nThe second loading station is fitted with a chute which has two slots. One for a leaflet bundle, the other for stick packs. The leaflet code is verified by a code reader mounted inside the chute. The presence of each component is verified before a gate opens to drop the parts into the carton.\nAn intelligent camera located after the loading stations verifies the contents of the cartons.\nA code reader mounted at the carton magazine verifies the correct cartons have been loaded into the magazine.\nRejects are blown into a reject bin from the outfeed conveyor.\nDepending on configuration and products being run the machine is able to produce up to around 30 cartons per minute with 1 operator.\nTailored to Specific Requirements\nThe CCM MV Duo can be tailored to our customers specific requirements. We will build the machine with all required functions. These could include functions such as carton print, labelling, collation or application of tamper evident labels.\nRead about the Machines related to this news:Semi automatic Vertical Cartoner\nLast Modified:05/10/2023 13:49:48", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pacific inline flow meter fillers are ideal for light to semi-viscous food and non-food products. They can accommodate container sizes from 8 oz. (236mL) to 128 oz. (3.78L).\nPacific inline flow meter fillers are widely used for both food and non-food products including:\nPacific inline flow meter fillers are available with magnetic flow or Coriolis mass flow meters, both of which offer fill volume accuracy of ± 0.3%.\nThey can be configured with up to twelve (12) filling nozzles and offer speeds up to 80 cpm depending on container size and product characteristics. A cost-saving no container, no fill capability is standard.\nFour available filling valve configurations are offered:\nWe offer more than 100 filling valve designs for these filling configurations, which means Pacific can help optimize your filling process regardless of product characteristics.\nPacific inline flow meter fillers require no change parts for most applications. An optional infeed timing screw can provide precise container spacing and eliminate the need for valve position adjustments when container sizes or geometries change.\nFiller operation via the HMI is simple and repeatable using a recipe-based system, and changeovers require no tools to complete.\nIf you need to fill a container with a free-flowing or semi-viscous liquid, Pacific has an inline flow meter filler that can get the job done.\nOur inline fillers are offered as filler-only standalone models or they can be supplied with PackWest inline capping systems or Zalkin single head capping systems.\nPacific's filling systems are designed and manufactured in Corona, CA.\nFor more information about Pacific inline filling systems, technologies and applications click on the button below.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Import duties, taxes and any additional delivery or clearance charges, are not included in the item price or the quoted shipping cost.\nThese charges are the responsibility of the Buyer.\nPlease check with your local customs office to determine any additional charges prior to purchase.\nStart with the Box‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡¦\nThe box is a rugged weatherproof enclosure that is ideal for both indoor and outdoor applications. Constructed from molded fiberglass reinforced polyester, it is well suited for high temperature or corrosive environments. The mounting flange allows it to be wall mounted as well as on a flat surface. The raised lid features a stainless steel continuous hinge and stainless steel quick release latches with padlock hasps. The raised lid is fully gasketed. The enclosure material is UV stabilized and comes in machine tool gray.\nThe aluminum mounting plate has provisions to mount WLAN equipment from Cisco, Symbol, D-Link, HyperLink and more. With the optional HGX-AMOUNT02 bracket a wide array of HyperLink Power-Over-Ethernet products and Power Supplies can be mounted as well. Two of these brackets can be mounted side by side. Also available is the HGX-NMOUNT03 Universal Mounting Shelf that can be attached to the mounting plate and can accommodate additional equipment to be placed in the enclosure.\nThe mounting plate is wired for 12 VDC Fan operation, making it ideal for use with 12 VDC Solar Powered applications, Battery Back-Up applications and 12 VDC Vehicle power.\nThe NB141207-50F model includes thermostat controlled 12 VDC 6W Cooling Fan that is powered via the mounting plate terminal strip. The high airflow, low noise fan used allows air to be pushed or pulled through the enclosure. Filters for both ports are easily removable for cleaning and replacement. The fan turns on when the internal temperature rises to 120‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡° F (49‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡° C) ‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡±5‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡° and turn off at 90‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡° F (32‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡° C) ‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡±10‚¬Å¡¬Ãƒ€¦¡¬ÃƒÆ’Æ€™€š¬¦¡°.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Liu, Xiaolong (2013) Modelling of gas injection with constant pressure boundaries. Masters thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland.\n- Accepted Version\nAvailable under License - The author retains copyright ownership and moral rights in this thesis. Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's permission.\nGas injection is one of the most widely applied enhanced oil recovery methods. Existing analytical solutions to gas injection processes are based on the standard fractional flow assumption of a constant flow rate. Realistically, most reservoirs are operated with constant injection and production pressures where the total volumetric flux varies with time. An analytical model for the gas injection process with constant pressure boundaries and a numerical compositional model are developed in this thesis. By using the standard fractional flow analysis, the Riemann problem associated with the ternary gas injection process is solved. Based on the solution of the eigenvalue and elementary waves, the time dependent total flux, pressure distribution, and saturation profile with constant pressure boundaries are directly calculated by applying the approach developed by Johansen and James (2012). The analysis of the ternary gas injection problem provides the fundamental method for systems with higher numbers of components. -- The solution from the two-dimensional numerical model interprets the effects from the component property and heterogeneity in the reservoir to the displacement performance. The analytical solution is compared with the numerical solution. It shows that the grid block refinement plays a significant role in the behaviour of the numerical solution. By studying both the analytical and numerical methods, agreement and disparity of solutions between the two approaches can be investigated.\n|Item Type:||Thesis (Masters)|\n|Additional Information:||Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-104).|\n|Department(s):||Engineering and Applied Science, Faculty of|\n|Library of Congress Subject Heading:||Enhanced oil recovery--Simulation methods; Hydrocarbon reservoirs--Simulation methods; Oil wells--Gas lift--Mathematical models.|\nActions (login required)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "VIAIR - Huge Savings! Save up to 15%\nHuge Savings! Up to 15% off on VIAIR products at Mylene Farmer Forum. Hurry! Limited time offers. Offers valid only while supplies last.\nVIAIR 92831 1/4\" NPT Nickel Plated Check Valve\nmpn: 92831, ean: 0078433236372,\nViair 1/4 inch female to 1/4 inch male check valve keeps built-up air pressure from escaping from air tanks.Use thread sealant for proper installation.. For use with all systems requiring a check of air flow or to replace a check valve.. Recommended ...\nViair 92820 6 Port Manifold with Mounting Holes\nmpn: 92820, ean: 7258006804174,\nItem Type: Air AccessoriesDescription: VIAIR's 6-port billet aluminum manifold features six 1/4-inch NPT female ports to allow extra ports to any onboard air system. Used to connect compressors, air lockers, or other pneumatic items, the manifold is ...\nViair 20003 Air Source Kit\nYou Save: 6%\nmpn: 20003, ean: 0885892978763,\n4.0 out of 5 stars with 43 reviews\n275 C compressor, 1.5 Gallon Tank, 12 Volt, duty cycle 25% @ 100 PSI, Max. working pressure: 150 PSI, Max. Amp draw: 18 Amps, Min. Ambient Temp: - 40F, Max. Ambient Temp: 158F, Dimensions: 15\"x6\"x13\"H, 13.75 lbs275C compressor, a.5 Gallon Tank. 12 Vo...\nVIAIR Quarter Duty Onboard Air System\nYou Save: 14%\nmpn: 10002, ean: 0818114002021,\n4.0 out of 5 stars with 40 reviews\nViair Quarter Duty Onboard Air System is a smaller, 120 PSI onboard air system suitable for many pneumatic needs, including smaller inflation tasks. Provides enough service time to operate for about 10 minutes of continued use, and 30 minutes of cool...\nVIAIR Heavy Duty Onboard Air System\nYou Save: 4%\nmpn: 10005, ean: 5053204421985,\n4.8 out of 5 stars with 53 reviews\nIntended for inflation of tires up to 35 inches. Designed to be installed and mounted onto the vehicle.. Includes all parts needed for installation of you very own onboard air solution for tire maintenance and small pneumatic tools. 150 PSI maximum ...\nViair 40040 400C Air Compressor Kit\nYou Save: 15%\nmpn: 40040, ean: 0818114004001,\n4.2 out of 5 stars with 24 reviews\n12 VOLT - 150 PSI Max Working Pressure, engine must be running during use.. 2.54 CFM Free Flow @ 0 PSI. This unit is designed to be mounted onto the vehicle for use in an onboard air system or air suspension system. Can also be used to power air hor...\nViair 45040 450C Air Compressor Kit\nYou Save: 5%\nmpn: 45040, ean: 7241870511958,\n4.2 out of 5 stars with 19 reviews\n12 VOLT - 150PSI Max Working Pressure, engine must be running during use.. 1.66 CFM Free Flow @ 0 PSI, 100% Duty Cycle at 100PSI & 72 degree ambient temperature. CFM @ 0 PSI - 1.66 / CFM @ 100 PSI - 0.94. 100 percent duty cycle. Kit includes 450C com...\nBrowse Our Catalog", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The superheated steam temperature is the highest temperature in the boiler soda system. The stability of the steam temperature is very important for the safe and economical operation of the unit. Therefore, in the boiler operation, must ensure that the steam\nThe temperature of superheated steam depends on factors such as the pressure of the boiler, the amount of evaporation, the high temperature resistance of the steel, and the price of fuel and steel. For power station boilers, a 4 MPa boiler is generally about 450 ° C; The boiler is 540 to 570 ° C.\nOur broad range of boiler and steam products, and unique ability to supply high quality steam on demand at pressures up to 3000 psig, make us particularly well suited to meet the needs of many industries. Here is a partial list of the industries served by Clayton Steam Generators: Aerospace. Chemical. Hospitals.\n8t Gas Condensing Boiler Dealer High Efficiency Uzbekistan 6t h gas steam boiler - Coal Fired Boiler. h steam Steam - All manufacturers - Videos - DirectIndustry Find your steam easily amongst the 186 products from the leading brands The hot flows of flue from\nIndustrial 6 Ton Diesel Condensing Boiler Dealer Turkmenistan Dealer 6t Commercial Boiler Azerbaijan. biomass fired condensing boiler dealer. Related Information. 2 ton steam boiler price oil gas steam boiler Liming · A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material usually coal\nFigure 1. Schematic diagram of coordinated and feed water control system for super-critical power unit The heat injected into the boiler is suitable at different operating conditions, because the coordinated control system considers BTU caloric value compensation.\nDownloadable! A novel design has been developed to improve the waste-to-energy process through the integration with a biomass-fired power plant. In the proposed scheme, the superheated steam generated by the waste-to-energy boiler is fed into the low-pressure\nDealer Industrial 8t Coal Boiler Kazakhstan Related Information. light oil fired boiler in uzbekistan. Oil Condensing - 1 ton Diesel Fired Steam 100kw steam Posted on April 23 gas condensing and 3 Pass hot water thermal oil suppliers 1 t h light oil fired steam (PDF) The energy sector of Uzbekistan…\nDealer 6t Commercial Boiler Azerbaijan. biomass fired condensing boiler dealer. Related Information. 2 ton steam boiler price oil gas steam boiler Kefid · A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine.These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material usually coal\nClayton steam generators are conclusive proof that time saved is fuel saved and time and fuel cost money. Fast Start, Rapid Response A 600 BHP Steam Generator in a U.S. Cosmetics Plant. A 300 BHP Steam Generator.\nA system utilizing a dry steam jet for cleaning, sterilizing and related purposes. A steam generator in the form of a flash boiler with a heat source is utilized. A reservoir containing a mixture of water and containing a cleaning agent or other chemical is provided. A", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is a prefabricated electrical assembly?\nEaton Arabia supplies Prefabricated Substation solutions (E-Houses) for Oil, Gas & Petrochemical clients and industries including custom-designed Power Centers for onshore and offshore applications.\nE-House solution integrates major power and control equipment into prefabricated electrical buildings (PEBs) that are easy to install and maintain. These “E-Houses” provide HVAC, lighting, security and motor control for Oil & Gas operations utilizing our switchgear and motor control centers.\nWhat is a prefabricated electrical assembly?\nA prefabricated electrical assembly is a fully customizable and factory-integrated solution for electrical control and power distribution. Prefabricated assemblies integrate multiple pieces of electrical equipment into an enclosure or skid and can be designed for stand-alone construction. These prebuilt power systems increase project productivity by helping to shorten timelines, simplify project management and reduce installation time and cost. Compared to customary brick and mortar construction, prefabricated assemblies are often the most economical choice to meet project demands.\nPrefabricated electrical assemblies can also significantly reduce project management requirements. Onsite coordination and installation problems are minimized or eliminated because all equipment is installed, tested and ready to use upon delivery.\nTo make things simpler, prefabricated electrical assemblies can be custom designed, constructed, tested and inspected. This streamlined process is typically significantly more efficient than onsite construction and coordination.\nWhy use a prefabricated assembly?\nThere are hosts of advantages to consider when deciding between traditional and prefabricated electrical assemblies.\n- Less on-site labor\nPrefabricated assemblies are factory constructed and electrical equipment wired and tested to minimize on-site labor costs, quality issues, and time.\n- Simplified project management\nPrefabricated assemblies can significantly reduce the potential impact of various equipment delivery schedules and multiple construction trades accessing the jobsite.\n- Streamlined power system component integration, commissioning and testing\nWith start-up and commissioning test plans are combined with in-depth factory testing, prefabricated electrical assemblies arrive ready to manage all anticipated normal and emergency operating conditions.\n- Reduced physical footprint\nEach assembly is engineered to use as little space as possible while meeting unique application needs. Most solutions can fit on a platform or trailer, making transportation and space requirements manageable.\n- Future expandability\nUnlike traditional construction, prefabricated electrical assemblies offer a flexible, expandable design that can be connected to additional units to meet changing needs.\n- Accelerated asset depreciation\nPrefabricated assemblies can be depreciated faster than traditional brick and mortar builds in the U.S. according to IRS publication 946. Prefabricated assemblies can be depreciated in 7 years compared to 39 years for equipment installed in facility\nEnclosed or skid – understand what makes sense for you\nWhether single-unit, multi-story, walk-in or non-walk-in, prefabricated electrical assemblies provide a solid foundation for electrical control and power distribution. Construction details are engineered to ensure that both customer specifications and building codes are met for each installation.\nEnclosed electrical assemblies can be customized with climate control and blast-resistant enclosures to meet the required ratings for hazardous environments including Class 1 Division 2, or when traditional indoor equipment needs to be located outdoors. Rated for reliable performance in extreme environmental conditions, enclosed electrical assemblies can be applied in conditions where wind, snow, seismic activities or harsh temperatures occur. Custom components can also be integrated into enclosed assemblies, including HVAC systems, power backup equipment or personnel workstations\nSkidded electrical assemblies are a plug-and-play solution that mounts all necessary electrical equipment onto a base that can be delivered to a designated location for quick, safe and easy installation. Whether a fully integrated electrical control room or power distribution center, skid assemblies can be configured for indoor or outdoor applications.\nSkidded designs can be incorporated into existing buildings and configured for nearly any application. For example, preassembled substations can be applied in remote oil and gas production sites, on campus-type commercial settings, or at utility distribution substations and distributed-generation sites. The flexible, expandable design allows for a variety of customized equipment configurations and can even be connected to other modules to form larger, more complex electrical systems. Designs can also be standardized to easily accommodate future modifications.\nThe different types of prefabricated electrical assemblies include:\nWhat is an e-house?\nAn electrical house or e-house is a fully customizable, prefabricated integrated power assembly that contains industrial control and power distribution equipment. Design, construction quality inspection and testing of the solution is all completed in a controlled manufacturing setting prior to being delivered to a job site.\nAn electrical house can include a wide variety of electrical equipment and meet additional operational needs. For example, e-houses can support HVAC systems, personnel workstations and backup power system requirements.\nHow is an E-House Build?\nE-houses are constructed using a quarter-inch thick floor plate welded to a C-channel base. This solid foundation for internally mounted components enables installation on either a concrete pad or raised “piers.” Exterior walls are formed interlocking panels typically constructed from painted-galvanized steel, aluminum, or stainless steel, but can also be made from other materials to extend the life of the structure, including pre-coated corrugated galvalume steel, concrete or fiberglass. Building aesthetics can be enhanced with flashing and trim, and side walls can be modified to accommodate penetrations as required.\nWhere can an e-house be applied?\nE-houses can be applied across many industries and applications. They are often chosen over traditional brick and mortar construction because of the positive impact on project productivity. Using an e-house can simplify project management and coordinating equipment, saving time and money.\nE-houses are also a good fit for applications requiring equipment that is not rated for the location’s environment. For example, e-houses can be built to NEMA 3R standards, which provides a raintight enclosure. Additionally, e-houses can be built to operate in harsh or hazardous environments (like Class 1, Division 1, Groups A, B, C and D as defined by NFPA 70), meet additional ratings and address environmental conditions.\nWhat equipment can be integrated into an e-house?\nAlmost any type of power distribution and control equipment can be included in an e-house including but not limited to:\nLow voltage motor control centers\nMedium voltage motor control\nBackup power UPS systems\nLow voltage switchgear\nGas-insulated, metal-clad and metal-enclosed medium voltage switchgear", "label": "No"}
{"text": "T1R offers exhaust system with a 90mm main pipe (first on the market) splitted into 76.3mm for maximum performance.\nDouble muffler has been developed for tuned exhaust sound with minimal exhaust droning. This exhaust is made out of SUS316 stainless steel with TIG welding process for quality assurance. Special V-collector made instead or 2 x split 90 degree bend for maximum exhaust flow.\nDynoproven 32whp gained (wheel horse power) and 24ft/lbs of torque at 6400rpm after T1R Turbo outlet pipe and T1R Y-pipe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Field Distribution System\nNORDAC LINK is and extension of the NORDAC family and is designed as a variable drive solution for use in general conveyor technology and intralogistics. Coded plug-in connections enable easy installation and commissioning. The maintenance and operating switches which are installed on the devices simplify servicing and commissioning of NORDAC LINK. With all of these features, this field distributor is ideal for use in all applications which require precise positioning and high dynamics.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Galvanised Heavy Duty Snatch Block / Swing Block 2.5 Tonnes - Tow Ball Compatible\nTax included. Shipping calculated at checkout.\nHeavy Duty Snatch Block for recovery winch. Designed to be used in conjunction with a standard size tow ball allows for easy recovery of vehicles.\n- Sheave / Pulley Diameter - 100mm\n- SWL Pulling - 2500 KG\n- Weight - 1.5 KG\n- Winch Rope Size - Maximum wire diameter 13mm", "label": "No"}
{"text": "At The Athlete's Foot, we give a FIT!\nVisit us in-store and experience the latest in fitting solutions with our MyFit3D technology powered by Volumental.\nThis innovative fitting technology combines 3D scanning with our proprietary video and pressure technology to provide an individual look at your feet, allowing our in-store Fit Experts to understand your specific needs.\nWith your favourite brands like Nike, Adidas, ASICS, Saucony, Brooks, Mizuno and Hoka One One, your FIT is our priority.\nVisit us in-store and get fitted by the experts.\nVisit The Athlete's Foot in NSW\nSee all centres", "label": "No"}
{"text": "X35 Premium USB to Micro-USB charging data cable 0.25m current 2.4A with round wire clip\n1. Length: 0.25m. Weight: 10g.\n2. Support charging and data transmission, maximum current 2.4A.\n3. Easy to carry, suitable for mobile power bank charging, with round wire clip, easy to store.\n4. Wire core specification: 118 four core tinned copper, OD=3.5mm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Place Anywhere Cordless Utility Light\nThis is the cordless, rechargeable utility light that illuminates every corner of a room without the hassle of locating electrical outlets or running extension cords. The light is comprised of two bars—each with 57 bright white LEDs—connected by a folding joint that also swivels 180º. This allows users to angle and pivot the bars with pinpoint control to direct 600 lumens of light (300 lumens on low power) where illumination is needed most. Rechargeable 2,000mAh Li-ion battery provides 1 1/2 hours of light on high power and 3 hours on low on a full charge using the included AC adapter.\nSubscribe now to our FREE newsletter!\nSubscribe NOW to 7Gadgets weekly newsletter! You will receive the weekly selection of the best gadgets!\nIt is FUN, it is COOL, it is 7Gadgets newsletter!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Raspberry Pi\n- Mini Computer/ PC\n- 3D Printer\n- Arduino Shield\n- Robotics Parts\n- Home Automation\n- Industrial Shield\n- Industrial Component\n- Motor Driver\n- Communication Module\n- Robot Platform Chassis\n- Power Adapter\n- PLC Cable\n- Tools & Accessories\n- Thermal Printer\n- Solar Panel\n- Battery & Charger\nArduino UNO in Bangladesh The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller.\nI2C Level Conversion Module 3~5V Fro Arduino\nLevel conversion for Arduino Board with\n5V-3V regulated power supply module;\n2-channel 5-3V dual-directional\ncommunication interface, IIC / I2C\nlevel conversion module, 3~5V system\nStore Pickup Available!\nFree Ship Over 5000 BDT\nLevel conversion for Arduino Board with 5V-3V regulated power supply module; 2-channel 5-3V\ndual-directional communication interface, IIC / I2C level conversion module, 3~5V system\ncompatible; AVCC connects 5V system power; ASCL connects 5V system SCL; ASDA connects\nsystem SDA; AGND connects 5V system GND; BVCC connects system power; BSCL connects\n3V system SCL; BDSDA connects system SDA; BGND connects 3V system GND; Directly plug\nin experiment board.\nDescription knock sensor module and a digital interface, built-in LED build a simple circuit to produce percussion flasher.Interface comes with digital LED, will knock sensor connected digital 3 interface, when percussion sensor senses measure to percussive signals, LED flashing light.\nV3 Kit Voice Recognition Module BoardFor Arduino Compatible Sensor Voice Recognition Module is a compact and easy-control speaking recognition board.This product is a speaker-dependent voice recognition module. It supports up to 80 voice commands in all. Max 7 voice commands could work at the same time. Sample Code & Library and Manual is available...\nSpecifications: Name:Radiation Detector system Model:508295 Geiger tube parameters: Technical parameters diameter:Φ10±0.5mm This is a kit version you have solder it yourself. Please check this file https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B9itH-BnWE5sY2JGRkM4MWhSYkE&usp=sharing To solder the board you can check \"Sch__Geiger Counter Kit-v1.1.pdf\" file\nSpecification: Module Name: MF522-ED Working current：13—26mA/ DC 3.3V Standby current：10-13mA/DC 3.3V sleeping current：<80uA peak current：<30mA Working frequency：13.56MHz Card reading distance ：0～60mm（mifare1 card） Protocol：SPI data communication speed：Maximum 10Mbit/s\nThe OPT101 is a monolithic photodiode with on-chip transimpedance amplifier.The ingrated combination of photodiode and transimpedance amplifier on a single chip eliminates the problems commonly encountered in discrete designs, such as leakage current errors, noise pick-up, and gain peaking as a result of stray capacitance.Output voltage increases linearly...\nType: Microwave SensorChip: HB100Frequency: 10.525GHzVoltage: DC 5V±0.25VCurrent: 40mASize: 38 x 45 x 7 mm (L x W x H)Application: Automatic door startup, Car, House intrusion alarm, Collision warningTraffic monitoringNote:Please pay attention to the Voltage/Current/Power of your own devices.To ensure product safety, check whether this item is compliant...\nProduct Description 1. Current sensor chip: ACS712ELC-30A. 2. Pin 5V power supply, on-board power light. 3. The module can be measured plus or minus 30A current, Corresponding analog output of 66 mV / A. 4. No test current through, the output voltage is VCC / 2. 5. PCB size: 31 (mm) x13 (mm).\nOverview RDM6300 125KHz cardreader mini-module is designed for reading code from 125KHz card compatible read-only tags and read/write card . It can be applied in office/home security, personal identification, access control, anti-forgery, interactive toy and production control systems etc.\nFeatures:The OPT101 is a monolithic photodiode with on-chip transimpedance amplifier.The ingrated combination of photodiode and transimpedance amplifier on a single chip eliminates the problems commonly encountered in discrete designs, such as leakage current errors, noise pick-up, and gain peaking as a result of stray capacitance.Output voltage increases...\nThe TTP229 is capacitive sensing design specifically for touch pad controls. The device has a built in regulator for the touch sensor. Stable sensing method can cover diversity conditions. Interface control panel links through non-conductive dielectric material. The main application is focused at replacing of the mechanical switch or button.\nNeed to measure water quality and other parameters but haven't got any low cost pH meter? Find it difficult to use with Arduino? Analog pH meter, specially designed for Arduino controllers and has convenient and practical \"Gravity\" connector and a bunch of features\nThe 9DOF MPU-9150 is the world’s first 9-axis MotionTracking MEMS device designed for the low power, low cost, and high performance requirements of consumer electronics equipment including smartphones, tablets and wearable sensors. And guess what? You get to play with it.\nFeatures: Model: YF-S201 Sensor Type: Hall effect Working Voltage: 5 to 18V DC (min tested working voltage 4.5V) Max current draw: 15mA @ 5V Output Type: 5V TTL Working Flow Rate: 1 to 30 Liters/Minute Working Temperature range: -25 to +80℃ Working Humidity Range: 35%-80% RH Accuracy: ±10%\n1) A complete GPS module with an active antenna integrated, and a built-in EEPROM to save configuration parameter data.2) Built-in 25 x 25 x 4mm ceramic active antenna provides strong satellite search capability.3) Equipped with power and signal indicator lights and data backup battery.4) Power supply: 3-5V; Default baud rate: 9600bps.5) Interface: RS232 TTL\n2.8V Regulator - Provides the required 2.8V for the sensor I2C Level Shifter - Provides logic level conversion from 2.8V to VCC 3-in-1 Module IR Emitter Range Sensor Ambient Light Sensor Measures absolute range up to 10cm Gesture Recognition I2C Interface Two Programmable GPIO Sharp Sensor Board Layout\nChip: BH1750FVI Power Supply: 3.3V - 5V Light Range：0 - 65535 lx(Lux) Sensor Built-in: 16 bit AD converter Size(L x W): Approx. 3.2cm x 1.5cm Direct digital output, bypassing the complex calculation, bypassing the calibration Close to the spectral characteristics of visual Widely used to 1-lux high precision measurement Standard NXP IIC communication...\nRCWL-0516 Microwave Radar Sensor Module Human Body Induction Switch Module\nDescription: his is the LIDAR Lite, a compact high performance optical distance measurement sensor from PulsedLight. The LIDAR Lite is ideal when used in drone, robot, or unmanned vehicle situations where you need a reliable and powerful proximity sensor but don’t possess a lot of space.\nWeighing Sensor 24 Bit HX711 Dual-Channel Precision A/D Module Pressure Sensor. This module uses 24 high precision A/D converter chip HX711. It is a specially designed for the high precision electronic scale design, with two analog input channel, the internal integration of 128 times the programmable gain amplifier.\nESP32 Development Board WiFi+Bluetooth Ultra Low Power Consumption Dual Cores ESP-32 ESP-32S Board", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Another first from Zoo Med! High quality halogen spot lamps specifically made for use with reptile terrariums! (This is not the same bulb you would find at a hardware store.)\n|Availability:||In stock (2)|\n|Delivery time:||The delivery time will be 3 to 10 working days depending on the delivery method chosen.|\nHalogen technology increases burn life and the crisp bright white light will make animals colors appear richer.\n50 watts HB-50 (Z232)\n75 watts HB-75 (Z232A)\n150 watts HB-150 (Z232C)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "100% Satisfaction Guarantee Since 1978\nWe stand behind our solutions and customers.\nThis 21 circuit kit is designed to fit the 1955-1957 \"Tri-Five Chevy\". This harness features a factory location Painless mounting plate for the fuse block. Included with this harness you will also find pre wire plugs for the headlights and each wire is custom printed with the circuit identification as well as using GM color codes for easy installation.\nChassis wiring harness for:\nThis harness includes circuits for:\n* Including Wires For:Fuel GaugeOil GaugeTachometerTemperature GaugeVoltmeter\nClick here for product instructions\nTo get $10 OFF your order!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Technological innovation: SBL753 large solar battery brushless pump kit uses the latest brushless motor technology, which is the biggest breakthrough since traditional solar diaphragm motor pump, and eliminates the timely repairs and replacements of the latter. Reliable and maintenance-free brushless DC motor in solar brushless pump has no failure-prone carbon brush and shaft seal, ensuring robust long service life of solar pump. No damage if impeller jams and extremely quiet operation thanks to the ceramic axis in brushless DC motor in solar brushless pump.\nEco-friendly: The built-in rechargeable battery backup controller makes the SBL753 so cute for cloudy & night use. It is totally eco-friendly because the power that enables the solar pump to work is all from the sunlight which is the cleanest energy on earth. Without the limitation of traditional fuel or electricity, it is safe for your kids and is portable to create a harmonious scene of nature wherever desired. Birds taking shower, animals drinking water while kids playing nearby.\nEasy to use: SBL753 is simply made up of a solar panel, a DC solar brushless pump, a rechargeable battery backup controller, 8 fountain head attachments for creating 3 different spray fountain shapes, and a connection cable which makes it very easy to assemble them together. Without considering the socket, it can be placed wherever you want to create a new fountain or waterfall and you can just give full scope to your imagination!\nPowerful functions: SBL753 is able to spray the fountain up to 67 inches (1.7m) and the water flow capacity is up to 172 g/h (650 l/h), with adjustable variable flow rate. In order to get a better place to collect more sunlight, the extra-long cord allows you to put the solar panel up to 32feet (10m) from the fountain.\nBattery backup: SBL753 is equipped with a rechargeable battery backup that can store energy for the night use. A full battery charge during the day (without day running) can provide up to 8 hours of pump running at night. A full battery charge during the day (with day running) can provide up to additional 3 hours of pump running at night. Kindly note that some stored energy is also consumed because there are some cloudy hours in the sunny day time. The built-in timer swaps the pump running mode between \"intermittent mode\" and \"continuous mode\". In the intermittent mode, the pump runs 15 mins per hour to save the energy, as is especially useful in winter or cloudy days.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Arcadia Reptile UV flood uses state-of-the-art electronics to provide a flicker-free and highly energy-efficient source of lighting. This flicker-free lamp is a D3+, 12%, UVB High Output T5 Power compact lamp. Replacement Lamp for RAU55R (D3+ Desert).\nCan be seated on mesh-topped views to provide light in a sleek shallow-designed fitting. Complete UV light unit with a High Output D3+ 24W or 55W Compact Lamp and an efficient reflector to flood UV-rich light over a basking area.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Your partner for proficiency testing and reference materials\nWhat is Proficiency testing?\nProficiency testing determines the performance of individual laboratories for specific tests or measurements and is used to monitor laboratories’ continuing performance. Proficiency testing is also called interlaboratory comparison. Proficiency testing compares the measuring results obtained by the participating laboratories.\n- WEPAL-QUASIMEME is part of Wageningen University, the Netherlands (Chamber of Commerce no. 09215846) and offers globally accredited proficiency testing programmes in environmental matrices.\n- Accreditation is according to ISO17043 and granted by the Dutch Accreditation Council RvA a co-signatory to the ILAC and IAF Multilateral Agreements.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "iM3 Catalogue - Europe - Flipbook - Page 165\niM3 | The Global Name in Veterinary Dentistry\nD E N TA L F U R N I T U R E\nChanging has never been so easy. The\ninnovative magnetic fastening system\nmakes ceiling istallation extremely\neasy and intutitive, in te same way the\n'suspension kit' * makes it possible to\neasily convert iM3 LED Room Light into a\nsuspension ceiling light.\nThis dual installation mode allows you to\nplace iM3 LED Room Light on any type of\nceiling, making it a modern, elegant and\niM3 LED Room Light\nThe essential quality for operational and\nDeveloped through the constant research for innovative and\nperforming solutions for any veterinary clinic, iM3 LED Room\nLight is the ceiling light designed to satisfy operative and\naesthetic requirements of a modern working environment.\nHomogeneous lighting without shadow areas.\nThe iM3 LED Room Light uses the latest generation technologies\nto provide homogeneous lighting that is proportional to the\nwork environment, reducing both the shadow areas as well as\noperator stress and visual fatigue. The ideal solution for those\nsearching for a ceiling light with high level performance at a\nThe colour rendition index > 90 and the colour temperature of\n5.500 K, enable a realistic determination of colour and greater\ndefinition of details.\nA dedicated App available for iOS and Android allows the\noperator to select the optimal light level and create custom\nscenarios that can be stored and recalled at any time.\nmax 240 W\n935 x 603 x 48 mm\nup to 3.100 Lux\n(at a distance of 1.45 m)\n* Optional Suspension Kit\n** (The technical data given represent typical values subject to\ntolerance) Product in Compliance with Directive 2015/53/EU\n220/240 Va - 50/60 Hz", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Available in Automotive Grade and Commercial / Industrial Versions, 200 V and 600 V Devices Feature Low 1.3 mm Profile, Forward Currents to 15 A\nVishay Intertechnology, Inc. (NYSE: VSH) today introduced 13 new 200 V and 600 V FRED Pt® Ultrafast recovery rectifiers in the eSMP® series SlimDPAK (TO-252AE) package, each available in Automotive Grade and commercial / industrial versions. Offering lower profiles and better thermal performance than devices in the DPAK (TO-252AA), the Vishay Semiconductors rectifiers deliver high power density and efficiency for automotive and telecom applications.\nThe devices released today combine a low 1.3 mm profile with high forward current ratings to 10 A for 200 V rectifiers and 15 A for 600 V rectifiers. Footprint-compatible with the DPAK package, the devices’ profile is 43 % lower to enable slimmer end products, while their heatsink area is 14 % larger for lower thermal resistance. In addition, new 15 A rectifiers provide an alternative to devices in the D2PAK (TO-263AB) package.\nLink to product selector guide: http://www.vishay.com/diodes/rectifiers/ultrafast-recovery/slimdpak/.\nThe rectifiers’ FRED Pt technology enables ultrafast recovery times down to 14 ns, low reverse recovery charge, and soft recovery features over the entire working temperature range of -55 °C to +175 °C. The devices’ low forward voltage drop down to 0.71 V at 4 A reduces power losses and improves efficiency. Typical applications for the AEC-Q101 qualified Automotive Grade rectifiers include DC/DC converters in automotive engine control units (ECU), anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and HID and LED lighting while commercial / industrial devices are optimized for telecom power supplies.\nThe new rectifiers feature an MSL moisture sensitivity level of 1, per J-STD-020, LF maximum peak of +260 °C. RoHS-compliant and halogen-free, the devices are ideal for automated placement and allow for automated optical inspection (AOI) in automotive systems.\nSamples and production quantities of the new Ultrafast rectifiers are available now, with lead times of 8 to 10 weeks for large orders.\nDownload Techmezine Android app on google play store: Download Now", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hako offers a wide range of economically efficient solutions for professional indoor cleaning tasks. For many applications, vacuum cleaners are still the best solution. Hako offers suitable wet & dry vacuums for any cleaning requirement: from a brush vacuum cleaner for perfectly cleaned carpets to efficient wet & dry vacuum cleaners and powerful industrial vacuums.\nCleanserv VU4 – easy-to-handle brush vacuum cleaner\nOur model Cleanserv VU4 is ideal for efficient yet gentle dry vacuuming of carpeted floors. This easy-to-handle brush vacuum cleaner is equipped with a telescopic suction pipe, an expendable hose, and a germ-reducing fibrous filter or optional HEPA filter. Changing the brushes requires no tools, and the compact dimensions of the Cleanserv VU4 allow easy transport. The working width is 35 cm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "7 Ports Powered USB 3.0 Hub with USB-A Cable\nThis USB 3.0 hub offers 7x USB-A 3.0 ports. This powered usb hub can be charged via the DC 12V3A power adapter. This package comes with a USB-A cable.\n- Excellent solution for USB expansion needs.\n- 7 USB-A ports for easy expansion. With USB3.0 5Gbps data transfer rate. Backward compatible with USB2.0/1.1.\n- The hub can be used as a charger, to charge smartphone and tablet, maximum power output up to 1.5A.\n- With BC1.2 charging technology, applicable for all smartphones & tablets.\n- Plug and play, no driver required.\n|Dimension||155mm x 51mm x 22mm|\n|Materials||Environmental-friendly ABS Housing|\n|Downstream||．USB-A (5Gbps) x7|\n|Cable Length of Attached Cable||60cm|\n|Packaging Content|| |\n1 x 7 Ports Powered USB 3.0 Hub", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We have marked a distinct position in the market by providing an excellent assortment of Distribution Transformer. The offered transformer is manufactured and designed with the use of quality assured components by ingenious professionals. This provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system. Also, our clients can avail this Distribution Transformer in varied standard as well as customized specifications. Also, this transformer is offered at very competitive price to the customers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Model No.: KC72\nElectrostatic shielding in splices and terminations of solid dielectric cable\nFilling in around irregular shaped connectors\nReconstitution of conductor shielding in high voltage splices\nOther shielding applications\n|Elongation at Break||935%|\n|Operating Temperature Continuous||90ºC|\n|Heat Exposure||Pass at 130ºC|\n|Xenon-arc Exposure @ 1008h||Pass |\n3. Our Services\n1). Your inquiry related to our product&price will be replied within 24 hours.\n2). OEM&ODM projects are highly welcomed. We have strong R&D team here to help.\n3). Your business relationship with us will be confidential to any third.\n4). Good after-sale service offered, please get back if you got question.\nSuggestion for inquiry:\nIf you have a sample in hand, and want to buy the same goods for it, please send your inquiry with the real picture, sizes, packing requirement, qty, etc.\nIf you are purchasing this item, please send us full details including the thickness, length, width, application of the tape, and the quantity you need.\n4. Company Information\nShenzhen Cotran Industrial Material Co., Ltd. is a leading supplier of electrical insulation and moisture sealing products that are sold to a broad range of customers including:\nDistributors of electrical materials,\n1) Power utilities,\n2) Telecommunication companies,\n4) original equipment manufacturers,\n5) governments and retailers etc.\nCotran's product range consists of\nA. Vinyl electrical tapes,\nB. Mastic and rubber backed mastic water sealing tapes,\nC. Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) based self-amalgamating high voltage insulating and semi-conducting tapes\nD. Other special purpose tapes and related products.\nContact us if you need more details on Insulation Tape. We are ready to answer your questions on packaging, logistics, certification or any other aspects about High Voltage Tape、Rubber Tape. If these products fail to match your need, please contact us and we would like to provide relevant information.\none. Winding high-voltage motor according to the voltage level need to use bisimine, monoimine, thin double wire and other specifications of the flat wire package, the material is available, the winding machine can be made into a shuttle into a circle, the general motor The shortest coil straight part of 25 cm, the maximum...\nHigh-frequency DC high-voltage generator is suitable for DC high-voltage testing of zinc oxide surge arresters, magnetic discharge arresters, power cables, generators, transformers, switches and other equipment in the power sector, power departments of factories and mines, research institutes, railways, chemicals, and power...\nDC high voltage generator is also called high voltage generator, medium frequency DC high voltage generator and high voltage DC generator. Main Specifications 1. Output voltage polarity: negative polarity 2. Operating power: AC220V±10%, 50HZ 3 voltage measurement error: full 2% ± 1d, the highest resolution 0.1KV 4. Current...\nDC high-voltage generators are widely used in power testing departments of power companies, mining, metallurgy, and iron and steel companies. Conduct high-voltage DC high-voltage tests on zinc oxide arresters, power cables, transformers, generators and other high-voltage electrical equipment. It is an important equipment...\nProduct Categories : Power Products", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I received this ring for my girlfriend which she loved very much. It arrived very fast.\n- How did the image on site compare with the actual product? Right On!\n- How accurate was the sizing? Correct size.\n- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Very Nice ring.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Leveraging on our state-of-the-art infrastructural unit, we have been a well known supplier of BOPP Packaging Films to our widely scattered clients. They are extensively used for lamination, printing, metallizing and other industrial applications as per their varied requirements. They are developed using high quality material and advanced machinery at our vendors unit in compliance with the industrial laid norms and standards. BOPP Packaging Films are offered in a wide range and at highly cost- effective prices in the market.\n- Optimum Quality\n- Durable Finishing\n- Economical Prices\n- Long Life\nNo. 34/1, Chinnaya Street, Sarangapani Nagar, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600060, India", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Spray Equipment Specialists - Sales | Service | Hire | Repairs\nWagner Puma Range\nWagner Puma Range – Powerful and versatile: For Airless and AirCoat coating with low to medium viscosity materials in cabinet making, wood working, furniture and metal working operations. Fluid section is constructed entirely of stainless steel, therefore suits Solvent and water based paints.\nThe Ice Breaker air motors provide decisive advantages for practical use: the design refinements have reduced the inevitable power losses due to icing down to a minimum.\nPowerful & Reliable – The extremely low pulsation and low maintenance controller offers very high reliability, even during continuous operation. Airless and AirCoat coating with low to medium viscosity materials in cabinet making, wood working, furniture and metal working operations.\nUnder full pressure – Regardless of the pressure at which the air motor is being operated, the full system pressure is always applied for the control. Thus, the pump works reliably and does not stall up, even at very low working pressures.\nDesigned for many applications – Made entirely of high quality stainless steel, the fluid section is designed for a long service life and low wear, even when conveying abrasive and chemically corrosive material.\nUser-friendly – The integrated compact pressure regulator simplifies adjustment of the pump pressure and the air current for AirCoat applications.\nOptimum service – Easy-to-clean separating fluid chamber. Rapid and simple replacement of the self-adjusting packings without special tools.\nGentle on materials – The large valve cross sections provide for an optimal flow that is gentle on materials..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Refrigeration Solutions for use in Restaurants, Kitchens, Food Processing Plants, Laboratories or wherever temperature control is of the essence\nMEDIO ROOM modular cold rooms are addressed to very demanding clients that need high quality standards and fast assembly. Also in the case of cold rooms with different rooms and temperatures. Hygiene and safety have been considered very important and on this issue all internal rounded corners have been obtained directly from the panels avoiding the use of plastic profiles.\nClick to download our full product range", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Watch the video here:\nThis laser projects a pattern that is very reminiscent of a star field. Just twist the front cap and the pattern changes from lightly speckled to a dense field of stars. You can also remove the cap and have a single beam that goes approximatly 5 miles.\nNever shine a laser in the eyes of someone or something. Never use lasers near an airport. Most importantly, never shine the band with a laser!!\n- Adjustable laser pointer can do all sorts of pretty arrays of dots\n- 532nm wavelength laser with an output power of <5mW\n- Class IIIa laser product\n- Batteries: 2 AAA Not Included (unless added)!! Utilitech 1.5 V quality batteries that will last you for many many hours.\n- Dimensions: 6\" x .5\" (15.5 x 1.2 cm)\nAll of our lasers are tested for quality before they are shipped. 100% satisfaction garrented!!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In the diverse world of surface cleaning, the terms ‘power washing’ and ‘pressure washing’ often crop up, sparking curiosity and sometimes confusion. These methods, widely embraced across the UK, are not just buzzwords but hold significant differences in their approach and results.\nAs a leading authority in the field, we’re here to unfold the layers of these popular cleaning techniques, offering a clear understanding and guiding you towards making an informed choice.\nPrimarily, it’s crucial to recognize that both power washing and pressure washing have their unique strengths and are more than just high-pressure water spray tools. While they share similarities, such as the use of a high-pressure hose and the ability to rejuvenate concrete surfaces, their differences lie in their temperature usage and the type of cleaning they facilitate.\nIn essence, whether you’re dealing with a commercial property or a residential setting, understanding the right approach – be it pressure washing or power washing – can significantly impact the longevity and aesthetics of your surfaces.\nJoin us as we explore these methods in detail, providing you with the knowledge and confidence to choose the best cleaning solution for your needs. Remember, a well-maintained surface not only enhances the appearance but also contributes to the overall value and safety of your property.\nPower washing vs. pressure washing – The basics\nWhen it comes to differentiating between power washing and pressure washing, the core element to consider is the temperature of the water used in each method. This distinction plays a critical role in how each technique tackles cleaning challenges.\nPower washing and its thermal advantage\nPower washing, renowned for its use of heated water, excels in addressing challenging cleaning tasks. The combination of high pressure and hot water from a power washer proves to be a formidable force against stubborn dirt and stains.\nThis method is particularly adept at breaking down substances that are otherwise resistant to cold water, making it ideal for tasks like gutter cleaning and removing tough stains from concrete surfaces. However, it’s crucial to manage the intensity of the power washer, as too much pressure can potentially damage more delicate surfaces.\nPressure washing – A gentle yet effective approach\nIn contrast, pressure washing relies on unheated water but still maintains a robust cleaning capability due to its high pressure. This method is notably gentler, yet effective enough to thoroughly remove dirt from a variety of surfaces.\nIts versatility makes pressure washing a preferred choice for a wide array of applications, from residential driveway cleaning to commercial building maintenance. Pressure washing ensures that surfaces are effectively cleaned without the risks associated with high temperatures, making it a safer option for surfaces that might be sensitive to heat.\nApplications and effectiveness\nBoth pressure washing and power washing are proficient in handling tough exterior cleaning tasks, each with its unique approach and benefits. These methods, using high pressure water and specialist equipment, effectively remove dirt, algae, oil stains, and much more, restoring a wide range of surfaces to their pristine condition.\nPressure washing – Versatility at its best\nPressure washing stands out for its ability to tackle an extensive range of cleaning jobs. From revitalizing patios to refreshing driveways, pressure washing are incredibly effective.This method, which often involves a high pressure cleaning system, can also incorporate cleaning detergents for enhanced effectiveness.\nThe use of sodium hypochlorite, for example, can help in removing stubborn stains and disinfecting surfaces, all while being efficiently rinsed away by the powerful water pressure.\nPower washing – Heavy duty cleaning\nOn the other hand, power washing, with its use of hot water, excels in heavy duty cleaning tasks where more stubborn dirt and grime are present. The hot water from a power washer works exceptionally well in breaking down tough grease and oil stains, making it a preferred choice for commercial applications.\nUnlike traditional methods, power washing can save time and labor, especially in areas with a substantial buildup of dirty water and debris. This method often incorporates a surface cleaner attachment, enhancing its effectiveness on larger areas and ensuring a uniform clean.\nSafety and risks\nWhile pressure washing and power washing are undeniably effective in cleaning a variety of surfaces, they also come with inherent risks that require careful consideration. The high-pressure water, especially when combined with hot water or cleaning detergents, can pose hazards not only to the user but also to the surfaces being cleaned.\nUnderstanding the proper use of each method is crucial to mitigate these risks.\nUnderstanding the power of high-pressure water\nThe force exerted by pressure washers is measured in pounds per square inch (PSI), and the flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM).\nThis high-pressure force is what makes pressure washing so effective at removing dirt and grime. However, when not used correctly, this force can cause significant damage to hard surfaces, potentially leading to costly repairs. Similarly, hot water used in power washing can cause surface warping, paint damage, or even crack certain types of materials.\nAppropriate use of equipment\nProper handling of the equipment is essential to ensure safety. This includes selecting the right nozzle for the job, adjusting the water pressure and flow rate to suit the surface being cleaned, and using the correct distance and angle of the water spray.\nFor example, using a surface cleaner attachment on delicate surfaces can help distribute the pressure more evenly, reducing the risk of damage.\nRisks to users\nIn addition to potential property damage, personal safety is a significant concern. The powerful spray from a pressure washer can cause injuries if it comes into contact with skin, and the mishandling of hot water or cleaning detergents can lead to burns or chemical exposure.\nUsers must wear appropriate safety gear, such as gloves and goggles, and ensure a stable water supply to avoid sudden pressure spikes.\nWhy pressure washing is often the superior choice?\nIn the realm of surface cleaning, pressure washing consistently emerges as a top contender, especially for its versatility and safety.\nThis method, suitable for a wide array of surfaces, bypasses the complexities inherent in using heated water, making it a more universally applicable and safer option for diverse cleaning needs.\nVersatility across surfaces\nPressure washing’s adaptability is one of its most significant advantages. Whether it’s rejuvenating garden furniture, reviving the appearance of old paint on a building, or effectively cleaning large surface areas like patios, pressure washing achieves remarkable results.\nUnlike methods that rely on hot water, pressure washers can safely clean surfaces without the risk of heat damage, making it ideal for a variety of materials, from delicate woodwork to sturdy concrete.\nEnhanced effectiveness with steam\nWhen combined with steam, pressure washing elevates its cleaning capability to a higher level. Steam enhances the pressure wash process by helping to loosen and dissolve stubborn debris and dirt, making it easier to remove.\nThis combination is particularly effective for surfaces clogged with grime and dirt, where traditional water pressure might fall short. The addition of steam also means that less force is required to achieve thorough cleaning, further reducing the risk of damaging the surface.\nSafe cleaning practices\nSafety is a prime concern in any cleaning process, and pressure washing addresses this with its lower temperature approach. By avoiding the use of hot water, it minimizes the risks of burns and heat-related damage both to the operator and the surface being cleaned.\nMoreover, the ability to control water pressure and use specific attachments, like a surface cleaner or a pump designed for delicate surfaces, allows for precise and safe cleaning. This control is crucial when dealing with older surfaces that might be damaged by too much pressure or aggressive cleaning.\nConclusion – making the right cleaning choice for your needs\nIn your decision-making process, consider both the type of surface in question and the nature of the dirt or stains you’re dealing with.\nPower washing vs. pressure washing – A recap\nPower washing, with its use of hot water, excels in tackling challenging cleaning tasks. This method is particularly effective for stubborn stains and heavy build-up, making it a suitable choice for commercial applications or particularly tough residential cleaning jobs.\nOn the other hand, pressure washing offers a gentler yet highly effective approach. Its versatility across a range of surfaces, from garden furniture to commercial facades, makes it a preferable option for most cleaning tasks. Pressure washing’s lower temperature approach not only ensures safety but also extends its suitability to a wider variety of materials.\nImportant Considerations and recommendations\n– Regular maintenance – To maintain the appearance and safety of your surfaces, regular cleaning, at least once a year, is essential. This not only enhances the longevity of the surfaces but also keeps them looking their best.\nMaterial considerations – It’s crucial to recognize that certain materials, such as stone shingles and stained wood, should not be pressure washed. Understanding the limitations of these cleaning methods is key to preventing damage.\nSeeking professional services – For the best results with minimal risk, engaging professional services is often advisable. Professionals bring expertise, efficiency, and the right equipment to the job, ensuring a thorough clean without compromising the integrity of your surfaces.\nIn conclusion, whether you opt for power washing or pressure washing, understanding their distinct advantages and applications is critical. By making an informed choice, you can ensure not only the effective cleaning of your surfaces but also their preservation and longevity.\nRemember, a well-maintained surface not only adds to the aesthetic appeal of your property but also contributes to its overall value and safety.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Sustainable Heating For Agricultural Specialists\nAgricultural machinery specialist P. Tuckwell Ltd, based in Essex, has fitted high efficiency, low carbon, air source heat pumps to its new showroom in Colchester. The new system offers the company maximum operating efficiency with minimal impact on the environment.\nConsisting of two 43kW Ecodan®CAHV Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHP) from market leader, Mitsubishi Electric, the system provides a sustainable energy source for all the showroom’s heating and hot water requirements.\nInstalled by Midlands-based renewable energy specialists, Climate and Power Ltd, the heat pumps harvest renewable heat from the outside air, upgrades it to a useful temperature, then transfers it via a plate heat exchanger to heat the water to provide underfloor heating to the 700 sq. ft showroom. The system also supplies hot water for the radiators used to heat the offices.\n“Our other buildings use oil-fired heating, but we’re very aware that fossil fuel resources are finite and supplies are dwindling,” said James Tuckwell, Joint Managing Director of P. Tuckwell Ltd. “We looked briefly at the possibility of mains gas, but due to our location we would need to install a mains pipe which is rather costly.\n“Following the installation of the Ecodans we have seen a definite reduction in our energy consumption and quarterly bills. The heat pumps have helped to reduce our carbon emissions too and introduced an element of future-proofing to the building.”\nThe system at Tuckwell is capable of delivering 86kW at -3°C, with minimal drop off down to -20°C including defrost. For every 1kW of electricity used to power an ASHP, up to 3.2kW’s of heat can be delivered to the building; 69% of which is renewable energy.\nEcodan CAHV heat pumps can operate as a single unit or as part of a multiple unit system. When installed in multiples the units can cascade on and off to optimise performance and deliver peak efficiency.\nMitsubishi Electric’s monobloc systems are designed to meet even the most dynamic load requirements allowing output capacity to increase in 0.5kW increments, from 18kW all the way up to 688kW. This produces a level of modulation that is unprecedented within the heating industry.\n“The new system works really well for us, and provides a nice even temperature throughout the offices and showroom,” said Mr Tuckwell.\nFounded in 1921, Mitsubishi Electric is a global, market leading, environmental technologies manufacturer, producing an advanced range of heating, air conditioning and ventilation equipment. The company realises that ensuring the right solutions are selected for each individual building, requires collaboration by all involved. Mitsubishi Electric has therefore changed the way it does business to ensure engagement with all involved in delivering sustainable buildings so that together, we can make a world of difference.\nMitsubishi Electric’s Ecodan air source heat pump boilers are covered by the Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) Scheme, which is part of the Government’s programme to manage climate change. The Scheme enables companies to claim a 100% first year capital allowance on any investments in approved energy saving equipment, against the taxable profits of the period of investment.\nThe heat pump boilers have also been certified by the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) which ensures the product has passed rigorous and testing criteria. MCS denotes quality and reliability and the certification assessment covers both the manufacturing process and materials used.\nFor further information on Climate and Power Ltd visit www.climateandpower.co.uk or call Neil Edmunds on 07837 544 979.\nFor further information on Mitsubishi Electric Ecodan heat pump boilers visit http://heating.mitsubishielectric.co.uk\nNote to editor: For further press information contact Russell Jones on 020 8647 4467.\nFurther Notes: All colour separation enquiries will be processed by email only. Please send all requests to .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Carlos buddy, Its the worst it has been in 10 years here in Brisbane\n25 mins to play 6 shots\nThat is damn slow Buddy.\nI also have trouble using pass as screen does nothing. If I decline to use pass, then it is allowing me to play the game. very weird.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Air-cooled Scroll Chillers are highly energy efficient and are perfectly designed to work within extreme tropical weather conditions. Supported with European origin compressors, these chillers are designed, manufactured and tested in conformation with international industrial standards. The chillers are operation friendly, easy to install and backed by competent engineering team to realize the advantage while being in operation.\nWithin a multiple compressor configuration, each compressor is supported by an individual and separate refrigeration circuit. The separate refrigeration circuit makes the servicing of under-maintenance modules easy simultaneously while working module is on duty. The equipment is compact and contains fluid pump as well as storage tank on skid.\nThe environmental friendly Water-cooled Scroll Chillers are easy to install and can work perfectly in extreme tropical weather conditions. These scroll chillers are designed, manufactured and tested as per approved international parameters. Installed equipments are operation friendly and are backed by competent engineering team to realize the advantage while being in operation.\nEach compressor utilizes a separate and individual refrigeration circuit, which develops greater reliability within a multiple compressor configuration. Since refrigeration circuits are separate, servicing of under-maintenance modules can continue simultaneous to the working module being on duty. The equipment is compact and contains fluid pump as well as storage tank on skid.\nThe Brine Chillers are designed with the effort of our diligent staff. We use glycol at low temperatures to bring up the temperature to operating temperature of (-) 50°c. For this purpose, clients can avail various kind of refrigerants like R-22 (Freon), R-407c and R-134a. Both R-407c and R-134a are environment neighborly and non-ozone draining refrigerants. These are available with different kinds of compressor like single stage open type/ double stage open type, double stage semi hermetic, single stage screw depending on different sizes. Raw materials are used carefully for its fabrication depending on their temperature applications. Special alloys like steel or ultra lower temperature is used for the application. These are available in both air cooled and water cooled temperature. These chillers can work upto the ambient temperature of 480°c and various operating voltages.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Dimensions 350X200X50 cm additional cover height 30 cm.\nOptionally, it can be produced with double additions or 3 additions.\nThe standard can be tilted back and can be made with right-to-left tilt.\nThere are 2 types of braking system, mechanical brake or hydraulic brake.\nManufactured as standard with 900x16 tires.\nDuplex rubber can be installed on request.\nThe arrow head is optionally rotated or fixed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Panasonic Supplies 10 80HP Transcritical CO2 Racks and 17 CO2 OCUs for Japan’s Largest R744-Based Cold Storage Facility\nThe systems were installed at the 31,000m2 (333,700ft2) cold storage and logistics facility in Sendai.\nThe Cool Technologies website aims to provide references to energy efficient equipment that does not rely on f-gases.\nThe General Service Administration will pilot Likido heat pump for use by U.S. government.\nThe EU funded MultiPACK project tested Integrated CO2 heat pump systems in two Italian hotels and found COP values up to 6, depending on the ambient temperatures\nThe Italian OEM has manufactured and installed innovative CO2 refrigeration systems since 2004.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Motorized Mobile is an innovative space saving storage system from Godrej Storage Solutions. Based on the latent needs of the users, the system is designed to operate on password authentication with 3 user access levels. The inbuilt safety features ensure safer pickup. The advanced automation facilitates effortless and easy access. The system is built to store a range of SKUs.\n- Motorized Mobile comes with a wide range of features:\n- User login and password for secure storage\n- PLC control enabling economic and flexible adaptations\n- Flexible storage system which ensure storage of a wide range of SKUs\n- Lead free powder coating for a healthy atmosphere\n- Smart lighting which saves energy", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It was originally designed for use with a pedal-steel guitar to capture the full bandwith of the steel guitar. As it so happens, the amplifier became very popular with 6-string guitar players as well. It turns out a great steel guitar amplifier makes an incredible guitar amplifier.\nThe 85W is conservatively named. With a strong quad of 6L6 output tubes, this amp can easily knock out 115W. Your brain will go into distortion before the amplifier does.\nOn top of the giant clean power supply and honey-sweet EQ section, there is a 3-knob tube reverb system. The added reverb controls allow for an enormous range of reverb sounds, and since the output of the amp is very clear and detailed, you can get into tone territory that is like an extension of your thoughts.\nThe 85W Pedal Steel Amplifier is hand wired onto a turret board with Mercury Magnetics transformers and Jupiter capacitors. The amp is available as a head, combo, or piggyback stack.\n- Power: 85W (tube)\n- Tubes: four 6L6 (power amp)\n- Single channel\n- Two inputs\n- Speaker: 1x12\" Celestion Alnico Creamback\n- Controls: 3-band EQ, volume, reverb treble, reverb tone, reverb blend\n- Dimensions: 23.8\" x 19.75\" x 9.5\"\n- Weight: 44 lb.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Today i am going to tell you how we can test our source code or software, GenRocket is a Test data generation software that free version providing us best test data generation services\nTest data generator Software | Data driven testing | GenRocket\nGen Rockets provides the future of the test data generation tool and Test data generation services that delivers high quality secured data for software testing.\nBe the First to Respond\nShare Your Thoughts", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Parkmate Parking Sensors\nParkmate sensors are the next best thing to a personal valet. They are developed by the world’s leading sensor manufacturers.\nParkmate helps you not only to park your vehicle, but also prevent accidents.\nDuring parking, systems employ sensors to detect nearby objects that might not be in your field of view, by using audible signals and illuminated displays to help you park.\nIf your car approaches too close to an object in the detection zone, an alarm sounds, increasing in intensity in proportion to distance from the object, simultaneously displaying the direction and distance.\nCan the sensor be painted to match the car?\nYes, all Parkmate parking sensor heads are able to be painted. A light coat of paint is all that is recommended. They do not require priming prior to being painted, just a light sand to scuff the surface.\nWarnings and Alerts\nAll Parkmate parking sensor kits come with an alert device either as a display or beeper, or in some kits both. Models with a display show the distance via LED indicator bars or by distance. Some display kits also announce the distances from objects. All kits come with an audible beeper alert.\nAll Parkmate parking sensor kits feature tow bar/spare wheel detection to prevent false arming when parking. This is a programmable feature which avoids only the tow bar or spare wheel and continues to work as normal past that point. Ideal for 4WD vehicles.\nSelf Test Function\nThe system automatically performs a self-test on all sensors every time it starts up, thereby enabling the user to be given a warning beep to alert them if a sensor is failing to operate properly.\nTapered Water Channel\nAll Parkmate parking sensors kits have a uniquely designed water channel in the face of the sensor, allowing any excess water travel through the bottom of the sensor to prevent false warning.\nCan I fit sensors to the front of my vehicle?\nYes, Parkmate have a specially designed front sensor kit, the sensors are generally mounted on the front bumper bar and are activated by pressing the foot brake. The angle that the sensors respond to on this kit are designed for front use which differs from the rear kit.\nParkmate Reverse Cameras\nWhats the difference between CMOS, CMD & CCD Cameras?\nThere are two different types of Reverse Cameras which are based primarily on the differences between image sensor technology, those being CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) or CCD (Charged Coupled Device).\nCCD cameras are the better of the two types as they use digital technology and have higher clarity especially in low light viewing conditions.\nCMOS cameras are the cheaper of the two and use analogue technology which is generally of a lower resolution to a CCD camera and is considerably slower to react to low light conditions. CMOS cameras can also come with a CMD sensor which is a high definition sensor that offers better clarity than a standard CMOS camera but about the same night visibility.\nSome cameras feature Infra-Red sensors with LED’s fitted to them. IR sensors are mainly found on CMOS cameras as they act in a way that use sensors to draw in light to improve visibility, the downside is that in pure daylight the image can “ash out” due to too much light being drawn in. These cameras are generally used on vehicles that have the camera mounted far away from the reverse lights, including trucks and other large vehicles.\nThere is a noticeable difference in the viewing angle between cameras mainly due to the size of the lens. Generally, cameras use either a 1.7mm or 2.8mm lens for the greatest viewing angle. Some cameras have a larger lens and offer a greater viewing distance but tend to be limited on viewing angle. CMOS cameras can also be prone to a fish-eye appearance due to a high viewing angle but lower sensor technology.\nThe LUX rating on cameras refers to its sensitivity to light, the lower the LUX rating the better the camera responds to low lighting conditions. You may see some CMOS/CMD cameras with lower LUX ratings than CCD cameras, this is due to the picture quality of a CCD camera being far superior to the CMOS camera and not needing to be as sensitive to light.\nThere are not a lot of cameras on the market that feature audio playback capability. It is mainly found in more robust truck styled cameras. They can be used to assist a driver when getting directions while reversing when there is a great distance between the driver and the rear of the vehicle.\nThere are 2 different types of weather proof ratings available for reverse cameras, both dust and water. IP67/68 rating refers to a water proof rating, this allows for the camera to be submersible to a pre-determined depth suitable for vehicle applications. All cameras with this water rating exceed the dust rating for vehicle applications. Cameras are NOT able to be cleaned using high pressure water cleaners as this pressure exceeds the IP rating. Being used in salt water will also void warranty.\nWhat is AWS (Active Warning System) Technology?\nParkmate’s PTS800V3 is the world's first PTS with an active warning system.\nThe system actively warns any vehicle approaching towards your parked car by the indicators flashing or horn chirping.\nWhen your car is parked with the engine off the system becomes active. When the system detects an approaching vehicle that gets as close as 1 metre, the indicators begin to flash to warn the approaching vehicle.If the vehicle continues to approach your car under 1 metre, the indicators flash & the horn chirps.\nDVR Technology stands for Digital Video Recording. The technology that is used in our Kapture range will record video input onto the SD card that is inserted into the camera DVR system.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Production capacity : 12-725t/h\nMax Feeding Size : 25-50mm\nSand Making Machine : sand separator sand separator manufacturers suppliers - A special equipment for the production of construction sand and stone. As a manufacturer of sand-making equipment for 40 years, we can provide you with a variety of models to choose from.\nIf you want to learn about our products , please call or write mail consultation.\n269 chromite sand separator products are offered for sale by suppliers on alibaba of which mineral separator accounts for 85 water treatment accounts for 1 a wide variety of chromite sand separator options are available to you there are 269 suppliers...Details\nA wide variety of iron sand magnetic separator options are available to you there are 806 suppliers who sells iron sand magnetic separator on alibaba mainly located in asia the top countries of suppliers are china malaysia from which the percentage o...Details\nAlibabacom offers 1546 spiral sand separator products about 74 of these are mineral separator 3 are water treatment and 1 are vibrating screen a wide variety of spiral sand separator options are available to you such as magnetic separator gravity...Details\nChina hydrocyclone sand separator manufacturers - select 2020 high quality hydrocyclone sand separator products in best price from certified chinese metal separator manufacturers centrifugal separators suppliers wholesalers and factory on made-in-china...Details\nChina pu whirlcone pu hydrocyclone sand separator find details about china whirlcone hydrocyclones from pu whirlcone pu hydrocyclone sand separator - shenzhen pepson industrial co ltd hot products china products chinese manufacturerssuppliers chi...Details\nFind here online price details of companies selling hydrocyclone sand separator get info of suppliers manufacturers exporters traders of hydrocyclone sand separator for buying in india...Details\nHydrocyclone sand separator water filter with sedimentation tank picture from jiangsu yld water processing equipment co ltd view photo of water treatment water treatment equipment filter housingcontact china suppliers for more products and price...Details\nMagnetic separator air classifier metal locator manufacturer supplier in china offering ghg series industrial silica sand rotary dryer machine rotary drying equipment electromagnetic dry powder magnetic separator high efficiency thickener dewatering...Details\nOre separator manufacturers amp suppliers madein madeinchina productssearch hotchinaproducts ore ore separator manufacturers amp suppliers large scale ore separator for chromite ore wet type magnetic separating machineiron ore magnetic separator inqui...Details\nSand separator machine sand separator machine suppliers offers 1899 sand separator machine products about 25 of these are vibrating screen 1 are separation equipment and 60 are mineral separator a wide variety of sand separator machine options are availa...Details", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ISO 4121:2003 Preview\nSensory analysis -- Guidelines for the use of quantitative response scales\nThis standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2015. Therefore this version remains current.\nISO 4121:2003 provides guidelines describing quantitative response scales (where the response obtained indicates the intensity of perception) and their use when assessing samples.\nIt is applicable to all quantitative assessment, whether global or specific and whether objective or hedonic.\nIt is intentionally limited to the most commonly used measurement scales for sensory assessment.\nBuy this standard\nA standard is reviewed every 5 years\nRevisions / Corrigenda", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Place of Origin:Zhejiang, China\nModel Number:water filter cartridge\nFilter media:Natural volcanic stone,germanite, mefanshi pottery granules\nlayer filter:13 layer\n13 layer high quality sand media filter water treatment filter\nUsed widely in many types water purifier or mineral water pot.\nOur price is very competetive.\nThe recommended usage period is 100 days. However, the actual replacement cycle needs to be determined according to the environmental water quality of the installation. If the filter element is replaced over time, the water flow will be blocked and the filtering effect will be reduced.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Inoxpa’s HYGINOX SE range of centrifugal pumps are a cost-efficient sanitary pump ideal for application in dairy, beverage, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries. The range is made of a cold-formed stainless-steel casing, stainless steel open impeller (investment casting), mechanical seal, pump cover, lantern and shaft, connected to the motor shaft by mechanical compression. The motor complies with the IEC standards, it is protected with a stainless-steel shroud and features height adjustable hygienic legs.\n– Cost efficient design\n– Adjustable hygienic legs\n– Ideal for sanitary applications", "label": "No"}
{"text": "VAR11N-300 is the professional Mini Wi-Fi repeater, and together with mini Wi-Fi router and Wi-Fi intelligent bridge that is elaborately developed by HouTian Network, the original creation D/A temperature compensated auto frequency control technology (TAFC), it solves the common failing of the traditional Wi-Fi router or Wi-Fi products that easily drop the network, the lasting stability ensure that the Wi-Fi signal is not dropped. It is as an ecology and safe Wi-Fi repeater. It is different from the traditional method that use increased the wireless transmitter power (it will generate a strong harmful radiation) to expand the distance of wireless transmission, but in Wi-Fi signal coverage of failure point, place this device as a Wi-Fi signal repeater to re-enlarge the weak Wi-Fi signal, and during not increasing the wireless transmitter power, expand Wi-Fi signal coverage, safe and ecology, it is very useful for home or office safe Wi-Fi signal coverage. Please see the following main features:\n1. Adopt the original creation D/A temperature compensated auto frequency control technology (TAFC), the lasting stability ensure that the Wi-Fi signal is not dropped\n2. Original creation VDNS virtual domain configuration technology solves the user's trouble of configuration.\n3. The smallest Wi-Fi router, its size is less than one-half of the Bank card, very useful for both business trip and household.\n4. Supply power by USB (DC5V)\n5. Low power, the whole power supply less than 4W, dedicated designed parallel DC power outlet and DC power cable, it is convenient to share power supply with other devices.\n6. Dedicated power supply cable together with Ethernet cable two in one cable connector, reduce redundant connector, convenient for usage.\n7. In Wi-Fi intelligent bridge mode, it can intelligent control the device Wi-Fi mode:\nWi-Fi AP Client (it can be used for access from Wi-Fi to wired Ethernet)\nWi-Fi Hotspot (it is suitable for hotel room usage)\nWi-Fi Repeater (it can extend the distance of Wi-Fi signal coverage, ecology and safe)\n8. In Wi-Fi intelligent bridge mode, it supports Wi-Fi hot spot scan automatically and Wi-Fi hot spot memory function.\n9. 1 WAN, 1 LAN, two ports can interchangeable, such small volume has two ports, so unusual.\n10. Support 802.11N Wi-Fi transfer protocol, 300Mbps rate of transmission\n11. Good compatibility, almost compatible with all of the smart phone, tablet computer, notebook and Wi-Fi devices.\nVAR11N-300 is a plug and play Mini Wi-Fi router and Wi-Fi bridge. On business trip and traveling stay at hotel, you just connect the Ethernet cable in the hotel room to Ethernet port of VAR11N-300, then connect power supply, the whole room is Wi-Fi wireless coverage. Now, you can take out your mobile phone, PAD and other devices that support Wi-Fi, then get Wireless internet at anywhere of the room, no need any settings.\nSimple and generous square shell design, superior shell technique, white, exquisite small, elegant and graceful. Orange and fluorescent clear blue LEDs are not only to show the immediate connection of the status of the device, also add the beauty of science and technology of product appearance.\nIn software operation, HouTian Network insists simple and humanized design, abandons the the complicate parameters and operations of traditional wifi router, also supports two configure mode IE browser configuration and PC dedicated software configuration (no need IP connection), the procedure is so clear and concise, without redundancy, greatly facilitates the use of different levels of users.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Catch plate Small size 316 Stainless steel 50 C\nSmall size catch plate is suitable for various draw latches. Plate with 80 degrees countersunk holes designed for screw down or riveting. Produced for angle mounting applications from electropolished 316 Stainless steel for best in class resistance to corrosion.\n|Type of Base Plate|\n|3.15 €||2.86 €||2.72 €||2.15 €||2.15 €|\nPrice: 3.15 € Excl. VATEnquiry more than 100 pieces 2D Model Download 3D Model Download", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Longer life. Better color retention. Consistent output. These are the benefits of using Arlon StaCool PCB substrates in your LED lights. Our substrates provide high thermal performance with exceptional long-term reliability. Arlon Secure™ Adhesive and Protect™ Insulator products thermally conduct and electrically insulate the PCB so that the heat is efficiently transferred to the heat sink.\nPower requirements are increasing—even as space for SMPS is decreasing in the network systems market. Arlon Secure Adhesive saves critical space, eliminating the need for a mechanical fastener while delivering a more consistent thermal performance. For DC/DC converters, Arlon StaCool PCB substrates provide longer term reliability at higher temperatures as well as multi-layer capabilities.\nThe Arlon StaCool ™ PCB substrates provide a superior thermal path and long term reliability in LED Back Light Units. As LCD TVs, Infotainment, Monitors and Commercial Display Applications grow in popularity, Arlon’s products will be ever more critical.\nElectric Vehicles (EV) require significant power to operate. Its motor controls are pushed to the limit in battery power conversion while its temperature also increases. Arlon StaCool PCB substrates deliver high temperature reliability and low thermal resistance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.\n1. Broan-NuTone #ad\nBroan-NuTone S0503B000 Bathroom Fan Motor Assembly #adBroan-NuTone #ad\n- Nutone replacement motor assembly for models:763RLN, 763RL, 763RLNB, 763RLN-R01. Motor specifications: 120-volt, 1. 0a, 60hz jesp-61k13. Assembly includes motor, blade and bracket.\n2. SRS SUNRISE SOLAR INC #ad\nSolar Attic Fan Motor #adSRS SUNRISE SOLAR INC #ad\n- Fits most solar powered Attic Fans that use a brush type motor. Works well on 10 - 25 Watt Solar Fans. 38. 2 volts DC. 1/4\" stainless Steel Shaft. 2 1/8\" diameter x 4 1/4\" length 5 1/8\" including shaft.\n3. CHANCS #ad\nCHANCS TYC-50 Electric Synchronous Motor AC 110V 0.083-0.1RPM CCW for Fan Microwave Oven Electric Fireplace #adCHANCS #ad\n- Specification: product name : synchronous motor; model : tyc-50; shaft diameter: 3mm ;shaft length: 305mm; direction : ccw; voltage : AC 110V;Speed : 01rpm;power : 4w; torque:≤14kg*cm. Frequency : 50/ 60Hz. 2. The motor speed is not an accurate value, the speed will change with the frequency.\n3. This motor is not suitable for all electrical appliances, at 50 Hz, the speed is 08-1rpm, too high voltage will burn the motor. This is a tyc-50 ac 110v 01rpm ccw synchronous motor, small size, small power consumption, light weight, low noise, easy to use.\nAttention: 1. The applicable voltage of this motor is ac 220v, the speed is 1rpm. The reduction gear is combination of metal/plastic to ensure the gear working continuously and quietly. We promise we will tested ever motor before shipment.\nPackage content:1 x Synchronous Motor. For example, the speed is 08rpm; at 60 hz, please consult the advice of a professional electrician before installation to avoid short circuit. Application: widely used in hand-made, electric tables, school project, heaters, electric advertising, air conditioners, glue machines, Christmas tree, electric fan shake heads, electric shelves, microwave ovens, control appliances, electric ovens, curtain machines, dishwashers, prayer cylinders, electric models, rotating lamps, etc.\n|Manufacturer||CHANCS MOTOR #ad|\n4. XINKEJIA #ad\nRotator cuptisserie Electric Rotisserie Motor for Cup Turner,100-127VAC 50/60 Hz 4W CCW/CW 5-6RPM 4pcs, Synchronous Synchron Motor W Power Cord Turntable Motor with 7mm Flexible Coupling Power Cord #adXINKEJIA #ad\n- Electric motor typical applications: heater machine / electric fan / massagers / arts & crafts lighting / air conditioner / Christmas tree / dynamic visualizer / popcorn machine, Air conditioner, Dynamic Visualizer, heater machine, cuptisserie, christmas tree, drying the epoxy, massagers, electric fan etc.\nContent: 6-foot white lamp power cord Inline Button Switch and Quick connection anti-shock terminal block and Easy Clean Tumbler Pens. Do not exceed the electrical rating of 125vac, internal for The Copper Core, 50W Ends are stripped and tinned for easy wiring, Switch and Tail Distance is 0.9\n96m/3. 15ft; 110v—220v, product specification: Full length 1. 8m/6ft, 10a and 1250W. Product name: synchronous motor; model: 50;connector: brass material 7mm/0275in length hexagon motor flexible coupling, switch plug cord, Epoxy Brush, Quick connection anti-shock terminal block, support for any of the motor.\nThe cord should not be used with bulbs exceeding 300W. Rotisserie motor voltage: ac 100-127v; frequency: 50/60hz; speed: 2. 5~3r/min, motor material: metal&plastic, motor overall size : 49 x 18mm/ 1. 9\" x 071\" d*t;shaft size : 7 x 15mm/ 0\n5. BRINGSMART #ad\nBRINGSMART JGY-370 12V 10rpm DC Worm Gear Motor 12 Volt High Torque Engine Mini Turbine Worm 12V Reducer Electric Motor Self-Locking for DIY Mini Geared Motor JGY-370 12V 10rpm #adBRINGSMART #ad\n- All-metal gears, strong load capacity, high-temperature resistance, sturdy and durable, high abrasion resistance, effectively protect the turbo worm gear box motor body. D shaped output shaft, the quality of the bearing and the service life of the turbo worm gear motor are improved, using high hardness steel, good toughness, impact resistance, extremely durable.\nJgy-370 This section is suitable for small motor configuration high speed ratio, household appliances, the installation space is limited occasions, waste disposal machines, coin machines, towel machines, washers, coffee machines, automatic voltage regulators, ovens, large torque output.\nGear dc motor with micro-turbine worm, you can change the wiring-connection to change motor rotation. Low noise and high torque. Application: label machines, remote control curtains, automatic actuators, barbecue grills, paper currency recognizers, printing machines and Stage lighting.\n6. Foredom #ad\nForedom SR Flex Shaft, 115v 1/6 hp 18,000 Max. RPM #adForedom #ad\n- Foredom sr motor flex shaft - flexible shaft motor 1/6 hp 115v foredom's most popular flex shaft model, the m. Sr hang-up style motor, 000 rpm, the M. Sr hang-up style motor is a 1/6HP 18, CSA listed.\nForedom m. Sr motor. Flex shaft motor sr made by foredom, is it’s most popular flex shaft model, Reversing motor, with Inner Shaft and Outer Sheath. Sale is for the motor with shaft & Sheath.\n7. Puly #ad\n775 DC Motor DC 12V, 24V Max 12000 RPM Ball Bearing Large Torque High Power Low Noise Gear Motor Electronic Component Motor 2-Pack（with Bracket） #adPuly #ad\n- The motor is made of metal gear, wear-resisting, avoid tooth breaking, so with long serving life. Select high-quality raw materials, good gloss, simple and generous. Suitable for electric tools, juice machine, electric fan toys, paper shredder, electric screwdriver, vacuum.\nThis dc motor has the characteristic of high speed, and small size. This motor is adopted of pure copper wire coil, with low heat and low loss.\n|Part Number||775 Gear Motor|\n|Model||775 Gear Motor|\n8. LeTkingok #ad\nLeTkingok 3650 Vibration Motor- DC 12V/24V Motor 3800RPM Big Power Electric Massage Bed Industry Vibrator Sieve Vibration Motor 10W 12V Motor #adLeTkingok #ad\n- Reserved installation hole position, easy to install. The product is widely used in massage bed, medical instrument, shake feeder, physical therapy bed, vibration floor, vibration plate, Industry vibration sieve, the frog feeding plate, dynamic seat, massage chair, various massager and other vibrating machines.\nBuilt in high performance motor and eccentric, strong vibration. Built-in carbon Brush Motor, high cost effective.\n9. Greartisan #ad\nGreartisan DC 12V 1000RPM Gear Motor High Torque Electric Micro Speed Reduction Geared Motor Eccentric Output Shaft 37mm Diameter Gearbox #adGreartisan #ad\n- If you need other voltage and rpm, please feel free to contact us! Pure copper wire core rotor: With precision winding technology, the geared motor power instant increased by 30%.\nPositive-negative rotation: you also can adjust the speed, but the motor speed can only be reduced, can not be raised. D shaped output shaft: using high hardness steel, good toughness, impact resistance, the quality of the bearing and the service life of the gear motor are improved, extremely durable.\nAll-metal gears: high-temperature resistance, high abrasion resistance, strong load capacity, sturdy and durable, effectively protect the gear box motor body. Low noise and high torque, such as 10rpm can drive 15 kilograms. Reliable gurantee: any quality issues, we promise 100% unconditional return service.\n10. BRINGSMART #ad\nBRINGSMART 12V 12rpm DC Worm Gear Motor 70kg.cm High Torque Self-Locking Reversed Mini Turbine Geared Motor for DIY Robot Rotating Table Door Lock Curtain Machine 12V 12rpm #adBRINGSMART #ad\n- Application: bank equipment, safe box, intelligent gas meter, tissue machine, electronic game machine, ad equipment, locks, paper feeder, analysis instrument, copying machines, electrical appliances including remote control curtains, paper shredders, accessory of automobile, and safes Inner.\nQuality guarantee: authentic bringsmart brand, now copied by many, but they cannot match our constant improvement of quality and personal customer care. Choose a brand you can trust, we are the ORIGINAL, by people who use their own products.\nFeature: output shaft diameter: 8mm; the motor is gear dc motor with micro-turbine worm, that is, in the case of motor without electric, the output axis is fixed, you can change the wiring-connection to change motor rotation.\nThe reducer output shaft arranged vertically with the motor shaft, whole motor output. What you get: 1pcs x dc geared motor; if you need other voltage and rpm, pls contact us, there are many other models of this motor in store. Bringsmart you can believe in. Rated voltage-12v dc, rated speed-9rpm, rated current-1. 6a, rated torque-70kg. Cm, no load speed-12rpm, no load current-350mA, Reducer ratio-1:670. Turbo worm geared motor with self-lock, self-lock.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Efforts to grapple with environmental issues have already grown to a global scale. As a manufacturer of semiconductor devices, the Renesas Group works hard to translate the technology it possesses into the most effective environmental measures possible, both in the development of new products and when proposing applied technologies for them (application ideas). We feel that these new products and application systems incorporating eco-friendly technology must be environmentally friendly solutions in addition to providing the marketplace with confidence, comfort, and dreams.\nAs examples of this commitment, we present here examples of the low-power technology used in the design of our advanced semiconductor devices and of low-power technology for application systems employing these devices.\nIn addition, we introduce several of our microcontroller products（V850 Series, 78K0R Series, 78K0 Series, RX Family, R8C Family, M16C Family, SuperH Family, SH-Mobile, SH-MobileR) and power devices as exemplars of eco-friendly semiconductor devices.\nFinally, we take a closer look at Renesas power devices designed with the environment in mind.\nLow-Power Technology in Advanced Semiconductor Devices\nHere we will examine low-power technology incorporated into the advanced semiconductor devices themselves. To build an eco-friendly product, it is necessary first of all to use semiconductor devices that are energy efficient in their own right. Low-power technologies typically used by semiconductor manufacturers to reduce the power consumption of their products include items 1) to 5) below. Keep in mind that other new low-power technologies are appearing all the time, and it is likely that the trend toward even greater power efficiency will accelerate in the years ahead.\n1) Applying Advanced Ultrafine Process Technology\nThe use of advanced ultrafine process technology enables operation at a lower power supply voltage, while the use of ultrafine patterns and alternate trace materials can lower the power consumption by reducing the parasitic capacitance load. However, there are concerns that using a finer process node will increase leak current. In response, new technologies such as the use of high-k materials make it possible to suppress leak current.\n2) High-Density Cell Design\nAnother way to achieve reduced power consumption is to employ a high-density design approach in which every effort is made to eliminate the redundant portions of the logic circuit cells and to reduce parasitic capacitance through optimal transistor design.\n3) Low-Power Control Technologies at the Circuit Level\n(a) On-Chip Power Supply Control Technology\n- Power Supply Matching Operating Mode:\n- This technology checks each of the device's internal circuit blocks successively to determine if it is active or inactive, and cuts off power to, or puts into standby mode (in which power is supplied to only some elements), the circuit blocks in the inactive state.\n- Dynamic Voltage Supply Matching Operating Frequency:\n- This technology controls the power supply voltage for each of the device's internal circuit blocks to match its required operating speed.\n- Voltage Control to Match Processing Load:\n- This technology allows the device to operate on low voltage and low current most of the time, but switches dynamically to high voltage and high current when the processing load increases.\n- Adaptive Voltage Supply:\n- This technology aims to suppress wasted power by adjusting the power supply voltage to what is appropriate to match variations in the operating ambient temperature and the characteristics of individual devices.\n(b) Clock Supply Control Technology\n- Clock Supply Matching Operating Mode:\n- This technology checks each of the device's internal circuit blocks successively to determine if it is active or inactive, and cuts off supply of the clock signal to the circuit blocks in the inactive state.\n- Clock Frequency Control to Match Operating Mode:\n- This technology uses on-chip clock generator and clock divider circuits to enable production of multiple clock frequencies, and supplies to each of the device's internal circuit blocks the most appropriate clock frequency to match its operating mode. The idea is to eliminate as far as possible the supply of clock frequencies that are unnecessarily high.\n4) Multi-Core CPU Technology\nIn the past, approaches such as advanced semiconductor fabrication processes, higher clock frequencies, and innovative new processor architectures were pursued continuously in order to boost CPU performance. However, there are limits to the extent to which performance can be boosted while ignoring power consumption, and other problems exist as well from an environmental viewpoint. Nowadays, the emphasis is on boosting performance while maintaining low power consumption. A shift is underway from the notion of pursuing higher performance by continuing to raise the clock frequency to approaches that increase performance while keeping power consumption low. Examples of such approaches, which do not require ever higher clock frequencies, include parallel processing architectures that allow the CPU to handle multiple instructions at the same time and parallel processing using multi-CPU configurations employing more than one CPU core.\n5) Advanced Compact Package Technology\n- Smaller Packages:\n- As package sizes shrink, efforts are being made to reduce the length of the internal interconnects between the chip and the package leads, and the length of the package leads themselves, in order to reduce load capacitance and thereby cut power consumption. Nevertheless, with more compact packages it is still necessary to calculate the heat tolerance and provide some margin as needed.\n- SiP (System/Solution in Package) Technology:\n- Integrating multiple chips into a single package not only allows more efficient use of space, it also makes it possible to keep the interconnects between chips extremely short and thereby reduce the load capacitance, which can bring a substantial reduction in power consumption. Nevertheless, though adoption of SiP technology brings real gains, it is still necessary to calculate the heat tolerance and take additional measures to provide a margin in some cases.\nArticles on Low-Power Technology from Renesas\nVol. 23 of Renesas Edge, our company's technology information magazine, contains a special feature entitled \"Technology Initiatives Produce Gains in Energy Conservation.\" You can view it by clicking the link below.\nMobile Applications, Where Power Consumption Restrictions Are the Industry's Most Demanding:\nExtending Our Advanced Technologies to a Diverse Range of Fields\nOur SH-Mobile processors enable mobile phones, which are compact and run on batteries, to deliver extended battery life while accommodating power-hungry multimedia applications such as music playback or One-Seg TV broadcast reception. Developing the SH-Mobile Series has been a long-running battle against power consumption, with new technologies being developed and commercialized with each new device generation. Now we are transplanting these technologies to our other product lines, such as the R8C Family of microcontrollers, which enjoy a high market share in household appliances and consumer electronics. In this way we are helping to create a whole new product category of eco-friendly household appliances.\nMulti-Core Technology for Enhanced Performance and Low Power Consumption:\nMeeting Automakers' Need for Energy Efficiency with the SuperH Family\nThe additional power consumption that typically accompanies higher processing performance is becoming a problem in the automotive sector as the number of microcontrollers in a typical vehicle continues to grow. Greater power consumption means more heat generation, which can lead to overheating in ECUs, car navigation systems, and other electronics. To solve this problem Renesas is working to improve the processing capacity per unit of power consumption of the SuperH microcontrollers widely used in automotive applications. In particular, we were among the first semiconductor manufacturers to use multi-core technology in automotive IT systems to deliver significantly better performance while keeping power consumption low.\nRenesas Microcontroller Products with Low Power Consumption\nRenesas microcontroller products help our customers develop more eco-friendly systems.\nRenesas has a large share of the microcontroller market, and from early on we have been focused on technologies for reducing the power consumption of our products. Here we feature some of the low-power technologies used in Renesas microcontrollers for applications ranging from household appliances and consumer electronics to industrial equipment.\nAn excellent example of an eco-friendly device, the V850ES/Jx3-L provides 32-bit performance with power consumption typical of a 16-bit microcontroller. The next-generation 40 nm models will retain the excellent power efficiency of their predecessors while using virtualization technology and multi-threading to further boost performance and functionality.\nThe 78K0R/Kx3-L delivers the performance of a low-end 32-bit microcontroller in a 16-bit architecture. Its low-current operation characteristics are among the best in the industry, making it an eco-friendly device that combines speed and low power consumption. It is suitable for a wide range of applications that previously required a 32-bit microcontroller, such as inverter control in refrigerators and the like.\nIdeal for battery-powered applications, the 78K0/Kx2-L delivers superior low-power performance even when the A/D converter is operating. Another great eco-friendly feature is the standby current level, which is among the lowest in the industry.\nEfforts to Reduce the Power Consumption of the RX Family\nThe RX600 Series uses the 90 nm process node and incorporates low-power technology to achieve better power efficiency than comparable earlier microcontrollers. Power consumption is reduced both during normal operation and in low-power mode, making the RX600 Series suitable for a variety of embedded applications.\nRX: High Performance and Low Power Consumption\nThe RX600 Series achieves low current consumption of only 50 mA when operating at 100 MHz. This is equivalent to four times the CPU performance at the same level of current consumption, compared to earlier microcontrollers. In other words, the RX600 Series can deliver the same performance as earlier products while consuming half as much current.\nReduced Current Consumption to Match the Operating Mode\nThe RX600 Series has multiple low-power modes to enable it to support embedded applications. In deep software standby mode, which has the lowest current consumption, power consumption is reduced 94% compared to earlier microcontrollers.\nUse of RX600 Series in Eco-Friendly Household Appliances\nThe RX600 Series product lineup is ideal for eco-friendly household appliances. In particular, the RX62T Group simplifies implementation of inverter control, which is essential for cutting the power consumption of electric appliances (air conditioners, clothes washer/dryers, refrigerators, heat pump water heaters, etc.), while the RX62N Group and RX621 Group are suitable for home network systems designed to \"visualize\" power usage. Renesas also plans to release RX600 Series products for smart grid applications, which are expected to achieve wide adoption moving forward.\nLow-Power Technologies Such as Low-Voltage Operation and On-Chip Power Control: R8C Family for More Eco-Friendly Household Appliances and Consumer Electronics\nThe R8C Family aims to enable use of smaller batteries by reducing current consumption and supporting low-voltage operation. It advances the standard for low-power operation in all the microcontroller's operating modes. In particular, the R8C/Lx Series is a compact 16-bit microcontroller that incorporates the same type of power control circuit used in high-performance microcontrollers for mobile phones and the like, enabling it to achieve even better energy efficiency.\nIn addition, a flash memory low-power operation mode is supported. Writing to, erasing, and reading the flash memory requires a low voltage of only 1.8 V, enabling use of small-capacity batteries and contributing to lower power consumption.\nEfforts to Cut Current Consumption During Operation\nTwo processes are used to fabricate the products in the R8C Family: an ultrafine process designed for high performance and advanced functionality and a low-power process aimed at reduced power consumption. R8C Family products employing the latter process deliver the best low-power-consumption performance in the industry in high-speed operating mode (active mode): 150 µA/MHz. This represents a reduction in power consumption of roughly half compared with earlier models, making these microcontrollers truly eco-friendly products.\nEfforts to Cut Current Consumption in Standby and Clock-Only Modes\nTwo processes are used to fabricate the products in the R8C Family: an ultrafine process designed for high performance and advanced functionality and a low-power process aimed at reduced power consumption. R8C Family products employing the latter process deliver the best low-power-consumption performance in the industry in power-off mode: 20 nA. This is equivalent to about 1/100 the power consumption of earlier models, making these microcontrollers ideal for eco-friendly applications such as electronic switches.\nAchieving Eco-Friendliness with High Performance, Many Integrated Functions, and High EfficiencyThe SH7260 Series, which belongs to the SuperH RISC Engine Family, is an eco-friendly device suitable for use in audio and display systems. The large-capacity on-chip RAM helps reduce the overall number of system components. In addition, low-leak RAM and power supply isolated shutoff technology make it possible to reduce current consumption in the system standby state to a few tens of µA or less.\n- High Performance\n- Low power consumption thanks to architecture optimized for performance per unit of frequency\n- Many Integrated Functions\n- Peripheral functions optimized for specific applications\n- Lower board cost\n- High Efficiency\n- Ability to handle sophisticated algorithms\n- Integration of functions using software\nSH-Mobile and SH-MobileR\nThe Evolution of the Cellular Phone by ECO (Super Low Power Consumption)SH-Mobile is a family for eco-friendly mobile phone by delivering low-power-consumption. In addition to lower power consumption during normal operation, a rich power management system incorporating technologies such as power supply isolated shutoff lowers the standby current to µA range. SH-MobileR is another family derived from the SH-Mobile family which also matches in the industry instrument. SH-Mobile and SH-MobileR help make embedded systems more eco-friendly.\nRenesas Power Devices Designed with the Environment in Mind\n1) Delivering High Power Conversion Efficiency to Power Supplies for All Types of Equipment with Critical Conduction Mode Interleaved PFC ICs and Low-Loss MOSFETs\nEvery type of equipment that runs on electricity has a power supply, which converts power from an AC commercial power source or a battery into DC power with a specified voltage. Increasing the conversion efficiency by even 1% translates directly into reduced power consumption and energy savings. That's why from early on Renesas has supplied devices that help our customers boost the energy efficiency of their products, such as critical conduction mode interleaved PFC ICs for improving the power factor or battery control ICs for highly precise battery charge remaining detection. We are also working to further improve compactness and power efficiency by offering power MOSFET products such as 6 mm × 6 mm DrMOS devices employing SiP technology.\n2) Power Devices Designed with the Environment in Mind and Their Constituent Technologies\nRenesas is engaged in thoroughgoing environmental efforts. Constant advances in the constituent technologies of our power devices deliver improved environmental performance.\nPower MOSFET Products for Automotive Applications\nOur Power MOSFET products for automotive applications provide exceptionally high quality and reliability along with a 0.25 µm process using the latest trench technology (UMOS4) and new multi-bonding mount technology for the world's best ultralow ion resistance. These products help our customers design systems that use less power and deliver high drive efficiency.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Motion Dynamics Corporation offers micro wire components with both metal plating and synthetic coatings for a wide range of applications. Our advanced coiling and forming capabilities allow us to manufacture using preplated and precoated materials. We also have resources that can post plate or post coat components after forming should that be preferred. Coatings and plating provides a wide variety of performance enhancing options to the wire components we manufacture. The coating can provide lubricity, chemical and moisture resistance, dielectric insulation for example. Plating is typically applied to enhance electrical conductivity.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Delineation Posts Flexi360\nMANUFACTURED IN AUSTRALIA TO MEET AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS\nFlexi360 guide post system rotates 360 degrees, outlasting non-flexible guide post systems as they are able to withstand multidirectional impact, reducing product replacement and maintenance costs.\nFlexi360 posts are quick and easy to install, with complementary mechanical installation equipment that makes installation a breeze.\nLONG TERM COST BENEFITS\nInstalling our Flexi360 guideposts is efficient for high impact areas as the flexibility reduces the need for ongoing replacement and high maintenance costs.\nHigh-Density Polyethylene post tops have High UV resistance for longevity in harsh climates.\nSpecialist equipment makes it easy to install.\nAvailable in any colour and delineation (Class 1a retroreflective sheeting).\nCompletely customisable to suit local, national and international specifications.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Monitoring your battery status on smart phone\nGolf AGV Battery\nTailor-made battery perfectly fit your application\n● Customize Design ● Maximum Power ● Superior Structure\nSolar Power Home Battery\nBattery Energy Storage System\n( BESS )\nLow Temperature Lithium Battery\nFor Cold Weather\nBest-Selling Lithium Batteries\nThe most popular lithium battery models outperform conventional lead-acid batteries on the road, water, or off-the-grid.\nBenefits From Lithium\nThe battery offers more usable energy in a lightweight, longer-life, no maintenance that’s safe and worry-free.\nHigh Standard Inside Out\nEach battery undergoes rigorous quality control checks and inspection at each stage of assembly to ensure a reliable product.\nPoliniovel offers an extensive range of battery sizes and configurations that support various applications. For those applications that require a unique size, specification, function, our expert engineers can help design, develop, test and manufacture custom battery solutions for the specific needs of almost any application. Contact us today for more information.\nCUSTOM BATTERY SOLUTION\nPolinovel lithium batteries are used in a broad range of applications, here show several common battery applications for reference.\nPolinovel, the reliable lithium ion battery manufacturer have been able to gain the trust of our customers. We’re more focused on lifepo4 batteries which are being used in small and medium energy storage and power driving. Such as for solar storage, RV, marine, boat, golf cart, agv, catamaran, trolling motor, kayak, forklift and many of the electrical equipment you find in the market.\nWe’re using high quality raw materials in our manufacturing process, and we’re maintaining a very good reputation. Polinovel lithium battery does worth money you spent. We also has been awarded this reputation due to our after-service customer care.\nIn this world where everything works on energy, high quality lithium battery play a big role in our lifestyle. There are different usage of batteries. Let’s have a look at what are a part of hot selling product model in Polinovel lithium iron phosphate battery range.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Vous possédez un compte ?\nConnectez-vous pour payer plus vite.\nChargement en cours...\nTry again with other search terms…\nUnleash Efficiency and Power: Explore Our Electric Winches\nEnter a realm of heightened efficiency and raw power with our electric winches. Tailored to tackle a myriad of lifting and pulling tasks, these robust yet versatile tools redefine the standards for precision and performance.\nOur electric winches are meticulously crafted for durability, boasting sturdy constructions that withstand the demands of challenging environments. Whether conquering construction sites, embarking on off-road adventures, or engaging in industrial applications, our electric winches deliver the endurance required for demanding tasks.\nExperience seamless and effortless operation with our electric winches. Designed for user-friendly performance, these winches eliminate the manual effort required in traditional methods, streamlining your tasks and maximizing efficiency.\nVersatility is key, and our electric winches embody adaptability. From smooth lifts to controlled pulls, these winches effortlessly adjust to the unique demands of your project. Ideal for a range of applications, they provide a dynamic solution for various scenarios.\nOur electric winches are engineered for consistent and reliable performance across diverse environments. Whether tackling outdoor challenges or indoor projects, these winches maintain their efficiency and power, ensuring a reliable performance every time.\nPrioritizing ease of use, our electric winches are equipped with user-friendly features. Remote controls, intuitive interfaces, and safety mechanisms enhance the overall user experience, making these winches a reliable and user-friendly choice.\nExplore the versatility of our electric winches, designed for a multitude of applications. From heavy-duty lifting tasks to intricate pulls, our electric winches offer a range of options to suit your unique needs. Elevate your projects with the precision and efficiency of our electric winches.\nRevolutionize your lifting and pulling tasks with the efficiency and power of our electric winches. Crafted for endurance, adaptability, and user-friendly performance, these winches are the ideal companions for a wide array of applications. Experience a new era of efficiency with our electric winches, setting the stage for precision and power in every project.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Space Systems Development Laboratory at Stanford University\nSince 1999 we have been working with Professor Bob Twiggs and the various projects at SSDL, initially towards the basic concept of a CubeSat Kit, and more recently, in providing CubeSat Kits to classes and projects at Stanford.\nAerospace Engineering Department at California Polytechnic State University\nThe assistance of Professor Jordi Puig-Suari, Simon Lee, Armen Toorian and others has been invaluable in verifying the CubeSat Kit's compatibility with the existing P-POD launcher, and in providing a testing regime for the CubeSat Kit.\nClyde Space is a space power and analog electronics specialist company based in Glasgow, Scotland with extensive experience in the small satellite industry. The Clyde Space team has contributed to over 25 satellite missions. Clyde Space has developed an efficient and affordable plug-and-play Electrical Power System (EPS) available for use in the CubeSat Kit as well as a range of batteries, solar arrays and other custom power solutions.\nPumpkin has been working with Ecliptic to expand the number of launch opportunities available to CubeSat missions through the development and availability of alternate CubeSat launchers.\nStensat Group LLC.\nThe Stensat Group has developed a VHF/UHF AX.25 1200bps transceiver module for use in the CubeSat Kit.\nTethers Unlimited (TUI)\nPumpkin has been exploring the possibility of offering modules designed by TUI as add-on modules to the CubeSat Kit.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION\nThis application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/263,344, filed Oct. 31, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.\nThis invention relates to memory systems comprised of hub devices connected to a memory controller by a daisy chained controller channel. The hub devices are attached to or reside upon memory modules that contain memory devices. More particularly, this invention relates to allowing the memory devices on the same controller channel to operate at varying frequencies.\nMost high performance computing main memory systems use multiple memory modules with multiple memory devices connected to a controller by one or more controller channels. All memory modules connected to the same controller channel operate at the same controller frequency and all of their memory devices operate at the same frequency. The ratio of the controller channel frequency to the memory device clock frequency is typically a fixed integer. These restrictions limit the memory device operating frequencies when mixed within a channel. Due to the fixed ratio of channel frequency to memory device frequency, channels that are not able to attain the highest data rate will operate with a decrease in both channel and memory device frequency. These typical main memory systems must operate no faster than the slowest memory module on the channel. When a channel is populated with a memory module that is slower than the others, the entire channel, and perhaps the entire memory system, must slow down to accommodate the capabilities of the slow memory module.\nThe reductions in memory system operating frequency result in a corresponding reduction in computer system main memory performance. What is needed is a memory system that operates its controller channel at the highest supported rate while operating all memory devices on the memory modules at their highest supported rates. This capability would maximize the performance of the main memory system.\nExemplary embodiments include a computer program product for deriving clocks in a memory system. The computer program product includes a storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for facilitating a method. The method includes receiving a reference oscillator clock at a hub device. The hub device is in communication with a controller channel via a controller interface and in communication with a memory device via a memory interface. A base clock operating at a base clock frequency is derived from the reference oscillator clock. A memory interface clock is derived by multiplying the base clock by a memory multiplier. A controller interface clock is derived by multiplying the base clock by a controller multiplier. The memory interface clock is applied to the memory interface and the controller interface clock is applied to the controller interface.\nAdditional exemplary embodiments include a hub device in a memory system. The hub device includes a memory interface, a controller and a clock derivation mechanism. The memory interface is utilized for transmitting and receiving data from a memory device located on a memory module. The transmitting and receiving occur in response to a memory interface clock operating at a memory module clock frequency. The controller interface is utilized for transmitting and receiving data from a controller channel in response to a controller interface clock operating at a controller channel clock frequency. The clock derivation mechanism facilitates: receiving a reference oscillator clock; deriving a base clock operating at a base clock frequency from the reference oscillator clock; deriving the memory interface clock by multiplying the base clock by a memory multiplier; deriving the controller interface clock by multiplying the base clock by a controller multiplier; applying the memory interface clock to the memory interface; and applying the controller interface clock to the controller interface.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS\nFurther exemplary embodiments include a memory system. The memory system includes a controller, a controller channel in communication with the controller, one or more memory modules and one or more hub devices. The memory modules each include one or more memory devices. The hub devices buffer addresses, commands and data. Each hub device is in communication with one or more of the memory modules and in communication with the controller via the controller channel. Each of the hub devices are independently configured with a controller channel operating frequency and a memory device operating frequency suing multiples of a base clock derived from a reference oscillator clock. The controller channel operating frequency is utilized for communicating with the controller channel. The memory device operating frequency is utilized for communicating with the memory devices.\nReferring now to the drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several FIGURES:\nFIG. 1 depicts an exemplary memory system with multiple levels of daisy chained memory modules with point-to-point connections;\nFIG. 2 depicts an exemplary memory system with hub devices that are connected to memory modules and to a controller channel by a daisy chained channel;\nFIG. 3 depicts an exemplary hub device using m:n clocking with a forwarded controller interface bus clock reference;\nFIG. 4 depicts an exemplary hub device using m:n clocking with a separately distributed clock reference;\nFIG. 5 depicts an exemplary memory system controller channel with a controller interface forwarded reference clock and independent memory device frequencies using m:n clocking;\nFIG. 6 depicts an exemplary memory system controller channel with a separately distributed reference clock and independent memory device frequencies using m:n clocking; and\nFIG. 7 is a table of sample controller and memory interface data rates with m:n ratios that may be implemented by exemplary embodiments.\nExemplary embodiments pertain to computer memory systems constructed of memory modules interconnected by a controller channel originating from a controller. The memory modules are attached to hub logic devices that are further attached to memory devices on the memory modules. The memory controller channel operates at a common clock frequency. Each memory module receives a common reference oscillator frequency, either by a forwarded controller interface bus clock on the controller channel or by separate reference oscillator input signal. The hub devices are uniquely configured to operate their attached memory devices at operating frequencies that may be non-integer multiples of the reference oscillator frequency. This enables memory modules of varying memory device speed grades to be operated at independent frequencies while residing on a memory controller channel that operates at a common clock frequency.\nExemplary embodiments include memory systems constructed of one or more memory modules 110 that are connected to a memory controller 102 by a daisy chained controller channel 114 as depicted in FIG. 1. The memory modules 110 contain both a hub device 112 that buffers commands, address and data signals to and from the controller memory channel 114 as well as one or more memory devices 108 connected to the hub device 112. The downstream portion of the controller channel 114 transmits write data and memory operation commands to the hub devices 112. The upstream portion of the controller channel 114 returns requested read data to the controller 102. In exemplary embodiments, each of the hub devices 112 may be independently configured with a controller channel operating frequency and a memory device operating frequency to allow the controller channel 114 to be operating at one frequency and the memory devices 108 to be operated at a different frequency. In addition, each memory module 110 in the memory system and its associated memory devices 108 may be operating at different operating speeds, or frequencies.\nFIG. 2 depicts an alternate exemplary embodiment that includes a memory system constructed of one or more memory modules 110 connected to hub devices 112 that are further connected to a memory controller 102 by a daisy chained controller channel 114. In this embodiment, the hub device 112 is not located on the memory module 110; instead the hub device 112 is in communication with the memory module 110. The controller channel 114 may be constructed using multi-drop connections to the hub devices 112 or by using point-to-point connections. As depicted in FIG. 2, the memory modules 110 may be in communication with the hub devices 112 via multi-drop connections and/or point-to-point connections. Other hardware configurations are possible, for example exemplary embodiments may utilize only a single level of daisy chained hub devices 112 and/or memory modules 110.\nFIG. 3 depicts an exemplary hub device 112 using m:n clocking with a forwarded controller interface bus clock reference 322 as the reference oscillator clock. The hub device 112 includes a clock domain crossing function 304, a memory interface 302, a controller interface 306, and a phased lock loop (PLL) 308 (also referred to herein as a clock derivation mechanism because it may be implemented in other manners including software and/or hardware). The memory interface 302 sends data to and receives data from memory devices 108 on the memory module 110 via a mem_data bus 310 operating at ‘2*Y’ Mbps and clocked by a memory_clock 312 with a frequency of ‘Y’ MHz. The controller interface 306 communicates with downstream memory modules 110 via a downstream_drv 314 (to drive data and commands downstream) and a Downstream_rcv 316 (to receive data). In addition, the controller interface 306 communicates with upstream memory modules 110 or the controller 102 (if there are no upstream memory modules 110) 110 via an upstream_rcv 318 (to receive data and commands) and an upstream_drv 320 (to drive data and commands upstream).\nExemplary embodiments of the present invention use two configurable integer ratios, named ‘m’ and ‘n’, within the hub device 112 to allow each memory module 110 within the controller channel 114 to operate at a common channel frequency (also referred to herein as a controller channel clock frequency) but with a unique memory device frequency (also referred to herein as a memory module clock frequency). ‘m’, a controller multiplier, is defined as the ratio of controller channel frequency, ‘X’ to a small, fixed, base clock frequency such as, but not limited to 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 66 MHz, etc. Hub devices 112 that use the clock forwarded on the controller channel 114 as their internal reference clock will divide the frequency of the forwarded controller interface bus clock reference 322 by ‘m’ to create, for example, a 133 MHz base clock. If the intended controller interface frequency is not evenly divisible by the base clock frequency, then the controller interface frequency is derived by rounding down to the next integer multiple of the frequency of the base clock (‘b’). This base clock will be used as the reference oscillator clock and input to a PLL 308 where it will be multiplied by ‘m’ to produce a cleaned up and distributed version of the controller interface clock. ‘n’, the memory multiplier, is defined as the ratio of the memory device clock frequency to the base frequency (e.g., 133 MHz). Hub devices 112 multiply the 133 MHz base clock by ‘n’ in their PLL 308 to produce the cleaned up memory interface clock running at ‘Y’ MHz. The resulting controller channel frequency to memory device operating frequency ratio is ‘m:n’.\nBecause the ratio of controller interface to memory interface operating frequency is known by the hub device 112, a simplified clock domain crossing function 304 is employed in the hub device 112 to transfer controller interface information to and from the memory interface 302. If the controller interface 306 and/or memory interface 302 operate using double data rate (DDR) clocking, the data rates (in Mbps) will be twice the respective interface clock frequency, (i.e., 2X and/or 2Y). If DDR is used on both interfaces, the ratio of the data rates will also be ‘m:n’.\nFIG. 4 depicts an exemplary hub device using m:n clocking with a separately distributed reference clock 402 input to the PLL 308 as the reference oscillator clock. Main memory systems that use a separately distributed reference clock 402 can also use ‘m:n’ clocking. In this case, the frequency of the incoming reference clock 402 must be an integer multiple of the frequency of the base clock (e.g., 133 MHz). The reference clock 402 operating at a frequency of ‘W’ MHz is divided by an integer ‘L’ to produce the 133 MHz base clock that is used as the input clock to the multipliers in the PLL 308. If the separately distributed reference clock 402 has a frequency that is equal to 133 MHz, then ‘L’ is simply one. The PLL 308 multiplies the base clock by ‘m’ to produce the cleaned up controller interface clock whose frequency is ‘X’. The PLL 308 also multiplies the base clock by ‘n’ to produce the memory interface clock whose frequency is ‘Y’. A simplified clock domain crossing function 304 is used to transfer information between the logic in the controller interface 306 and the memory interface 302.\nFIG. 5 depicts an exemplary memory system controller channel 114 with a controller interface forwarded reference clock 322 and independent memory device frequencies using m:n clocking. Memory systems that use ‘m:n’ clocking are able to operate their memory modules 110 at uniquely configured memory interface frequencies equal to the highest frequency supported by their memory devices 108. FIG. 5 shows a single channel of a memory system in which the memory module labeled DIMM 0 502 is configured to operate its memory devices 108 at the ‘Y0’ frequency while the memory module labeled DIMM 1 504 is configured to operate its memory devices 108 at the ‘Y1’ frequency. Both DIMM 0 502 and DIMM 1 504 operate at a common, ‘X’ controller interface frequency. FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary memory system channel with a separately distributed reference clock 402 and independent memory device frequencies using m:n clocking to maximize frequencies and performance.\nIf the memory channel frequency, ‘X’ is limited by its electrical and/or timing requirements in a particular system, the memory device frequencies can still be maximized through the use of m:n clocking. This maximization of operating frequencies results in an optimization of memory channel, and therefore computer system, performance.\nWhen configuring a memory system for optimum performance using m:n clocking, users should first evaluate the highest supported controller channel frequency. This is rounded down to the next integer multiple of the base clock frequency, (e.g., 133 MHz) and yields ‘X’. ‘X’ is divided by the base clock frequency to determine ‘m’ for all hub devices 112 in the controller channel 114. For each memory module 110 in the controller channel 114, users should evaluate the highest supported memory device operating frequency. This will be a function of hub device 112 and memory device 108 specifications along with the results of electrical analysis of the memory interface 302 on the memory module 110 itself. This maximum operating frequency should be rounded down to the next integer multiple of the base clock frequency, yielding ‘Y’ for that memory module 110. ‘Y’ is divided by the base clock frequency to determine ‘n’ for that particular memory module 110 and/or hub device 112.\nFIG. 7 is a table of sample controller and memory interface data rates with m:n ratios that may be implemented by exemplary embodiments. Memory systems using m:n clocking are highly flexible and can be greatly optimized. The following table shows various m and n values, data rates and m:n ratios for a base clock frequency of 133 MHz. Some interesting integer m:n ratios are highlighted with a ‘*’ to illustrate settings that can be used to recreate the more typical, fixed data rate ratios at various controller channel and memory device operating frequencies.\nExemplary embodiments may be utilized to maximize the performance of a memory system by operating the controller channel at its highest supported rate while at the same time operating all memory devices on the memory modules at their highest supported frequencies. The frequencies of the memory devices on each memory module connected to the controller channel can be different for each memory module, allowing memory devices of varying speeds to be optimized on the same controller channel.\nAs described above, the embodiments of the invention may be embodied in the form of computer-implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes. Embodiments of the invention may also be embodied in the form of computer program code containing instructions embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other computer-readable storage medium, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of computer program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a computer, or transmitted over some transmission medium, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the computer program code is loaded into and executed by a computer, the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose microprocessor, the computer program code segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits.\nWhile the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Awei Y220 Wireless Speaker Metal Dual-Track Sensor Touch Boombox\n|In Sales Package||Bluetooth Speaker, Charging Cable, User Manual|\n|Working Time||Approx. 5 hours|\n|Play Music Time||Approx. 10 hours|\n|Stand by time||200h|\n|Built-in Battery Capacity||2000mAh, 3.7V|\n|Frequency Response||80 – 20KHz|\nAwei Y220 Wireless Speaker\n- The beauty that can be seen and heard, simple beauty but not simple process.\n- Built-in microphone, easily answer calls. Using noise reduction technology to provide high-definition sound quality so that you can have a call like “face to face”.\n- Abandon the complex keys, one-click design, user friendly to use for every age.\n- With classic acoustic unit design, a small amount of luxury to accommodate the two sound unit.\n- Bluetooth 4.2 chip, the signal is more stable, better compatibility and lower power consumption.\n- Very sleek yet powerful crystal clear sound\n- Strong metal body looks awesome on your table!\n- Premium Quality Product! Bring wherever you go!\n- Immersive sound clarity!\n- With High Bass!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "enamelware frying pan set of 3 turquoise and blue speckled enamelware frying pans home decor ideas diy fathers day ideas at home.\nremote control light switch wireless remote control light switch learning remote control remote control sunny remote remote control lamp switch amazon build your own remote control light switch kit.\ngray twin comforter sets gray twin comforter sets college dorm comforter sets grey twin xl comforter sets grey and white twin comforter sets.\nfree standing towel rack standing towel rack with wood material free standing towel rack for small bathroom free standing bath towel rack brushed nickel free standing towel rack target.\nspiderman bedding twin avengers boys bedding set duvet cover bed sheet pillow cases twin single size spiderman twin bedding in a bag spiderman twin comforter and sheet set.\naero air bed twin size inflatable bed marvelous air mattress sleeping bag and pump home interior aerobed queen air mattress reviews aero air mattress replacement parts.\ntarget full size bed frame upholstered headboard ideas for king size beds target headboards a download full image australian home ideas magazine home ideas magazine sioux falls.\ntarget cover ups for target swimwear cover up plus striped fortarget target bikini cover ups target swimwear cover ups.\nking air mattress king air mattress reviews california king air mattress amazon king air mattress with frame.\nowl candle warmers electric owl candle warmers owl candle warmer target.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GEA supply a range of Rotary Coolers; Cascade, External Water Spray, Sectional and Combined Dryer/Coolers, all designed and built with the care and attention expected to cope with industry's most arduous tasks.\nCool under all conditions.\nSimilar to the operating principles of Cascade Dryer, but with the hot gases substituted by ambient or chilled air, Cascade Coolers always operate in counter-flow. Generally used for lower temperatures, coarse product applications or in conjunction with an indirect system.\nSimple design with either a continuous or recirculated flow of water being continuously irrigated over the rotating drum by a series of external water sprays mounted over the drum.\nSuitable for dusty and/or high temperature applications (i.e. where products are fed from kilns, calciners or ovens) where space is limited, or where the material must be cooled to a temperature approaching ambient.\nThe sectional cooler has individual product chambers that are cooled via water within a closed circuit. The design ensures that the hot material is in continuous contact with the water cooled walls of the vessel.\nThe system is more efficient and has the advantage of presenting a much larger cooling surface. The individual product chambers also ensure gentle action thus avoiding degradation of the material.\nIs configured to maintain the counter-current principle through both the drying and cooling zones with supplemental drying air being introduced by a central tube. With the cooler exhaust being used as heated drying air, this configuration minimizes airflow and the associated electrical fan power. Best suited for high ambient temperature and humidity conditions (as in sugar cane regions).\nThis combines co-current drying and counter-current cooling, with the converging airflows being exhausted from the centre of the dryer/cooler. Permits higher drying temperatures, reducing drum diameter and is especially suitable for beet, cane and certain 'special' sugar applications.\nCalciners are used to change the \"state\" of a material. GEA's direct fired and indirectly heated Rotary Calciners are custom designed to suit your individual product and process requirements.\nThe GEA Rotary Dryer is extensively used throughout the process industries and is highly reliable under the most arduous operating conditions.\nStay in touch with GEA innovations and stories by signing up for news from GEA.Sign up\nWe are here to help! With just a few details we will be able to respond to your inquiry.Contact us", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Spare handheld remote control for Herschel heaters. The remote is compatible with the following units:\n- Herschel Manhattan 3kW\n- Herschel Malibu 2kW\n- Herschel Summit Black (remote variant)\n- Herschel Summit White (remote variant)\nThe remote requires 2 x AAA batteries for use. (not included)\nAs well as on/off functionality, the handheld remote allows for power level adjustment and use of the heater’s in-built timers.\nNote that this remote is not compatible with the Hawaii Wave, please contact [email protected] for spare Hawaii Wave remotes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "residential window film reviews solar window tinting ms tint film reviews east in home depot llumar residential window film reviews suntek residential window film reviews.\nhanging desk lamp wall mounted table lamp hanging desk lamp vintage wall mounted desk hanging lantern desk lamp overhanging desk lamp.\nbox springs for full bed full size mattress and box spring full size bed box spring full size bed box spring no box spring bed frame amazon box spring bed frame queen.\nshelterlogic 10x20 canopy instructions vast canopy satisfying max canopy manual great st pop up shelterlogic 10x20 8 leg canopy instructions.\ncustom built ins for living room basement built ins org custom built ins living room.\naccordion style room dividers interior room divider with lock stylish accordion folding doors dividers for 3 from room divider home improvement ideas app home decor ideas for living room pinterest.\nfocus outdoor light home architecture captivating dark sky outdoor lighting of compliant light fixtures blog com dark sky focus christmas lights outdoor focus outdoor lighting parts.\nmetal air conditioner filter washable aluminum metal filter mesh for air filter metal air conditioner filters clean metal air conditioner filters.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Professionals in the electrical equipment sector have a new platform to purchase products through the online channel astore.ekamm.com. This is an Ekamm Egineering Solutions major project http://www.ekamm.com born in 2013 with the aim to apply their knowledge about the sector and extensive experience in new product development, marketing, sales, supply chain and e-commerce within the electrical installation industry and energy efficiency\nEkämm is the new firm specializing in online distribution of products for the electrical installation, automation and energy efficiency, for professional installers and distributors with high quality products of international brands meeting strictest quality requirements.\nEkämm offers a wide range, devoting special attention to the energy efficiency of LED lighting products, detectors, energy compensation, portable measuring instruments and fixed connection elements, timers, enclosures, automation, signaling and alarm. The portal has downloadable product data sheets as well as online chat to assess and answer any questions regarding both navigation and technical product inquiries including product application.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "how do u change the license plate light on a 2005 sienna\nhow do you replace license pate light on 2006 pontia g6\nThe license plate light and connected right above the plate on a 2002 Volkswagen Beetle. To replace it just unscrew the old light and mount the new bulb.\nUnscrew license plate and remove to expose light fixtures. Wedge light module away from holes. Replace them and return them to sockets.\nIt is very easy to change the license plate light on an Oldsmobile Aurora. All you need to do is remove the license plate and look above where the plate was. There are bolts that are holding the light in. Unscrew the bolts and then replace the light.\nHow do you change the liscence plate light fuse\nYou can replace the license plate light bulb on a 2002 Ranger by reaching under the rear bumper and pulling out the light socket. Remove the bulb and put the new one back in.\nunscrew the bulb in the opening above the rear license plate holder- bring the bulb to an auto parts dealer then replace the bulb\nYou have to remove the liner from the inside of the trunk lid to remove the light.\nThe license plate bulb is located right above the plate on a 2002 Oldsmobile Bravada. To replace the light simply remove the old bulb and install the new one.\nThe license plate light on a 1995 Olds Cutlass Supreme can be replaced by accessing the bulb through a hole in the bumper next to the license plate. A person may need to do this from underneath the vehicle.\nRemove the screws from the lens covering the bulb, pull out the bulb and replace it.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Washing machine drain pump. If the washer does not drain then the drain pump may be clogged, damaged, or defective.\nCirculation and drain pump and motor assembly\nCirculation or drain pump motor & impeller. This pump is found on both washing machines and dishwashers. On washing machines, this pump is used to circulate the water. On dishwashers, it is used to drain water from the dishwasher.\nCirculation pump and motor assembly with heater\nCirculation pump motor\nLower pump housing\nChopper blade in pump at impeller\nDishwasher pump sump assembly with motor shaft seal. *Seal only available with sump assembly\nPump casing assembly\nDishwasher sump assembly with diverter motor, drain pump & turbidity sensor\nCirculation pump assembly", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The basic stages of the procedure followed, are:\nWe manufacture one or more metal Stampers (negative) from the original CD (master) which you will provide us.The Stampers are placed in high-tech machines with molds.\nThen polycarbonate plastic is injected into the mold under high pressure where it is cooled. This way it takes the shape, but also the data from each Stamper which has been affixed to the mold.\nAfterwards the transparent disc with the data enters the phase of metallizing, then lacquering and finally scanning.\nThis procedure ensures the perfect quality of every single CD/DVD.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A classifier equipment with overflow end spiral completely submerged below the liquid surface.\nXinhai tailings dry stacking technology is mainly applied to the dewatering and concentrating of mineral tailings in the mineral processing plants. To reach the aim of tailings dry stacking and avoiding environmental pollution, it is the essential technology of green mine.\nPhosphate Flotation Product Line is applied for complex structure phosphate with fine particle distribution, closed embeddedness relationship, difficult monomer dissociation, etc.\nBarite is fragile and like a big tube. The separation methods of Xinhai are generally gravity separation, magnetic separation and flotation.\nAlluvial gold processing solution mainly applies to processing alluvial gold with a large volume of gangue minerals. Alluvial gold processing is a set of mining processes, including crushing and screening, desliming stage, separating stage, etc.\nAn industrial filter press is a tool used in separation processes specifically to separate solids and liquids. The machine stacks many filter elements and allows the filter to be easily opened to remove the filtered solids and allows easy cleaning or replacement of the filter media. Filter presses cannot be operated in a continuous process but can offer very high performance particularly when low residual liquid in the solid is desired. Among other uses filter presses\nThe filter can meet medicine food and other industry requirements. The machine frame coated stainless steel. Hydraulic automatic compression filter press the uses of electrical contacts automatically maintain pressure easy operation stable reliable structure for filtering larger filter press.\nItem Information. The Parker EPF Series is a high pressure inline hydraulic oil filter that provides highefficiency filtration for equipment in demanding environments including mining construction marine drilling and agricultural applications.\nMining Chemical Food Wine Industry Use High Pressure Hydraulic Compress Filter Press Find Complete Details about Mining Chemical Food Wine Industry Use High Pressure Hydraulic Compress Filter Press Mining Chemical Food Wine Industry Hydraulic Filterpress High Pressure Hydraulic Compress Filter Press Oil Filter Press from Filter Press Equipment Supplier or Manufacturer\nIt includes hydraulic filter press function. Hydraulic filter press have frame and plate types and chamber types. Customers can according to the different order to make a choice . At the same time the hydraulic filter have the function of automatic pressure hold . Can save power. Advantage of Hydraulic Filter Press\nCast iron plate and frame type filter press is made up of high quality cast iron or ductile iron. It is used for high temperature filtration materials and high strength of filter can bear filtration pression pressure and long service life. widely used for solidliquid separation in petrochemical metallurgy oil ceramics industry etc. More photos:\nMetChem manufactures new Filter Presses designed to fit your needs and budget. We offer a large variety of Filter Press sizes and options needed for your industry and application.. With over 60 years of experience our team can help you select the right filter press for your needs whether you need equipment for wastewater treatment mining plating brewing and any other tough industry.\nHydraulic assemblies and filters Compressed air and gas filtration High performance filtration is the best preventive maintenance there is for hardworking equipment in the mining industry. We offer a broad range of low mid and high pressure filters available in spinon cartridge and intank styles to accommodate virtually any\nA plate filter press is composed of a frame holding a series of recessed plates lined with filter cloths. The plates are held tightly together creating a seal around their perimeters using hydraulic pressure. A highpressure slurry pump forces slurry into the chamber spaces between the plates for dewatering.\nHydraulic compression devices consists of hydraulic station cylinder piston and piston rod. which is conducive to the largescale use of filter press. After the elastic rubber diaphragm is added to the filter chamber of the filter press the filter cake can be compressed with high pressure water or compressed air at the end of the filter", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rock n' roll is such a powerful medium. If you play the guitar or if you're in a band, you want to play a really cool guitar to help give your band the edge. Tons of guitar manufacturers are constantly trying to keep up with the latest guitar styles. One of the most well known cool guitars is called the flying v. This guitar is shaped just like its name, with the body appearing to look like the letter v. Jimi Hendrix actually owned a flying v and hand painted designs all over it himself. A lot of heavy metal bands also use the flying v.\nAnother really cool guitar style is the clear guitar. Usually made of thick PVC plastic, you can actually see all the way through the body of it. Paul McCartney of the Beatles as well as many other famous musicians have used and played a clear guitar.\nAn exceedingly popular guitar is the Fender Jazzmaster. This sleek guitar is known for its superb sound and really high quality. This guitar design was first created in 1958 and has kept a huge following ever since. Bands such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Nirvana, and Radiohead are all big fans of guitars made by Fender.\nA guitar known as a \"hollowbody\" style is also really cool. This guitar creates a nice, smooth sound and is generally larger in size. A lot of rockabilly bands use this guitar because it gives them a surf type sound. Ibanez and Washburn are both s a major maker of the hollowbody style. Although many people consider this style to be more vintage, a great deal of popular bands today enjoy playing it.\nThese are just some suggestions if you are looking to find a really cool guitar. Do some research and go to your local music store and play a few different styles. With a little practice and asking around, you can find the coolest guitar that's right for you.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "thermador stove top best inch range top wolf gas viking with griddle stove.\nThanks for looking thermador stove top best inch range top wolf gas viking with griddle stove photo. This photo thermador stove top has been posted by author under kini.info December 4, 2018, 7:12 am.\nanniversary a 1 appliance ideas thermador stove top grill professional range reviews griddle,thermador stove top grill reviews panel lock downdraft professional stainless gas range,thermador stove top instructions panel lock electric range grill,thermador professional range top reviews stove griddle stainless steel ranges 36,thermador stove top grill vintage 2 repair built in ovens and gas range reviews instructions,inch pro grand series stainless steel gas thermador stove top replacement parts instructions drip pans,thermador stove top repair downdraft professional stainless gas range instructions panel lock,thermador gas range top reviews stove repair parts grill,thermador gas range top reviews stove replacement parts professional vs wolf outstanding inside modern,thermador stove top griddle professional range reviews drip pans decorating ideas astonishing.\nYou can easily browse thermador stove top best inch range top wolf gas viking with griddle stove or more valuable reports thermador stove top instructions, thermador stove top parts, thermador professional range top reviews in home decor category.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Are you frustrated with a stuck pressure knob on your heat press? We’ve got you covered!\nIn this article, we’ll explore the common causes of a stuck pressure knob, such as insufficient lubrication, dirt accumulation, and heat and moisture effects.\nWe’ll also provide troubleshooting techniques and professional maintenance tips to help you solve this issue.\nDon’t let a stuck pressure knob slow you down – let’s get it fixed!\nCommon Causes of a Stuck Pressure Knob\nWhat are the common causes of a stuck pressure knob in a heat press?\nWhen it comes to troubleshooting techniques for a stuck pressure knob, it’s important to understand the potential reasons behind this issue.\nOne of the most common causes is a lack of regular maintenance for heat press machines. Over time, dust, debris, and adhesive residue can accumulate on the pressure knob, causing it to become sticky and difficult to turn. This can impede the smooth operation of the heat press and affect the quality of the prints.\nAnother common cause of a stuck pressure knob is improper usage or excessive force. If the pressure knob is forcefully turned or twisted in the wrong direction, it can become jammed or locked in place. It’s important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for operating the heat press and to use the appropriate amount of force when adjusting the pressure.\nTo avoid a stuck pressure knob, regular maintenance is crucial. This includes cleaning the pressure knob and surrounding areas regularly to remove any dirt or debris. Additionally, lubricating the pressure knob with a silicone-based lubricant can help to keep it functioning smoothly.\nInsufficient Lubrication as the Culprit\nAfter inspecting the heat press machine, we discovered that the pressure knob was stuck due to insufficient lubrication. Proper maintenance and lubrication techniques are crucial for the smooth operation of a heat press machine. Without regular lubrication, the moving parts can become dry and friction can build up, leading to issues such as a stuck pressure knob.\nTo prevent this problem, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for lubrication. Different heat press machines may require different types of lubricants, so it is essential to use the recommended lubricant for your specific machine. Additionally, lubrication should be performed on a regular basis, as specified by the manufacturer.\nThe table below provides an overview of the proper lubrication techniques for a heat press machine:\n|Clean the Parts\n|Before applying lubricant, clean the parts with a damp cloth to remove any dirt or debris.\n|Using a small amount of the recommended lubricant, apply it to the moving parts such as the pressure knob and hinges.\n|Spread the Lubricant\n|Use a clean cloth to spread the lubricant evenly across the surface of the parts.\n|Wipe off Excess\n|After spreading the lubricant, wipe off any excess to prevent buildup or dripping.\nDirt and Debris Accumulation in the Mechanism\nTo address the issue of dirt and debris accumulation in the mechanism, we can use a vacuum cleaner to remove any particles that may be causing the heat press pressure knob to get stuck.\nThe accumulation of dirt and debris can have a significant impact on the temperature and functionality of the heat press. Here are some cleaning techniques for the pressure knob that can help maintain its smooth operation:\n- Regular maintenance: It’s essential to clean the heat press regularly to prevent dirt and debris from building up in the mechanism. This can be done by wiping down the surfaces with a clean, damp cloth and using a mild detergent if necessary.\n- Vacuuming: Using a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment can help remove any loose dirt and debris from the pressure knob. Be sure to pay attention to the crevices and hard-to-reach areas where dirt may accumulate.\n- Compressed air: Another effective way to clean the pressure knob is by using compressed air. This method can help dislodge any stubborn dirt or debris that may be stuck in the mechanism.\nHeat and Moisture Effects on the Pressure Knob\nWe’ve noticed that heat and moisture can have a significant impact on the pressure knob’s functionality, so it’s important to understand how these factors affect its performance.\nWhen exposed to high temperatures, the pressure knob can expand, causing it to become difficult to turn or even stuck. This can be particularly problematic during the heat press operation, as it may prevent the user from adjusting the desired pressure level.\nAdditionally, moisture can accelerate the corrosion process, which can further compromise the knob’s movement.\nTo prevent these issues, it’s crucial to take appropriate measures for corrosion prevention. One effective method is to apply a protective coating or lubricant to the pressure knob. This coating acts as a barrier, preventing moisture from reaching the metal surface and reducing the risk of corrosion.\nRegular maintenance and cleaning are also essential to keep the knob in optimal condition. It’s recommended to wipe down the knob after each use and store the heat press in a dry environment.\nLoose or Damaged Components in the Press\nInspecting the press for loose or damaged components is crucial to troubleshooting a stuck heat press pressure knob. Here are three sub-lists of components that you should inspect:\n- Screws and Bolts: Check if any screws or bolts on the press are loose or missing. Tighten or replace them if necessary to ensure that all components are securely fastened.\n- Springs and Bearings: Examine the springs and bearings in the press. Over time, these components can wear out or become damaged, leading to a malfunctioning pressure knob. If you notice any signs of wear or damage, consider replacing them to restore the proper functioning of the press.\n- Mechanical Linkages: Inspect the mechanical linkages that connect the pressure knob to the internal mechanisms of the press. If any of these linkages are bent, broken, or misaligned, they can impede the movement of the pressure knob. Carefully adjust or replace these linkages to ensure smooth operation.\nIf after inspecting these components you still have a stuck heat press pressure knob, it may be necessary to consider a pressure knob replacement.\nTroubleshooting Techniques for Release\nWhen troubleshooting the release mechanism of a heat press, there are two common points to consider.\nThe first is insufficient pressure release, which can occur if the pressure knob isn’t fully turned or if there’s a blockage in the release mechanism.\nThe second point is a faulty pressure release mechanism, which may require cleaning, lubrication, or replacement of damaged parts.\nInsufficient Pressure Release\nTo troubleshoot insufficient pressure release on a heat press, we can start by checking the pressure regulator. If the pressure knob is stuck and not releasing enough pressure, it could be due to a few reasons:\n- Clogged or dirty pressure regulator: Over time, dust and debris can accumulate inside the pressure regulator, causing it to get stuck. Cleaning the regulator thoroughly can help resolve this issue.\n- Faulty pressure release valve: The pressure release valve may be damaged or worn out, preventing it from releasing pressure properly. In this case, replacing the valve is necessary.\n- Misaligned or worn pressure springs: The pressure springs inside the heat press can become misaligned or worn out, resulting in insufficient pressure release. Adjusting or replacing the springs can help restore proper functionality.\nBy identifying and addressing these potential issues, you can troubleshoot and resolve insufficient pressure release problems on your heat press.\nRegular heat press maintenance, including checking and cleaning the pressure regulator, can help prevent such issues from arising in the future.\nFaulty Pressure Release Mechanism\nTo address a faulty pressure release mechanism, we need to assess the functionality of the release mechanism and take appropriate action.\nOne possible cause of a stuck pressure knob could be a problem with the pressure release mechanism itself. To troubleshoot this issue, start by inspecting the release mechanism for any signs of damage or debris. Clean the mechanism thoroughly and ensure that it moves freely.\nIf the problem persists, lubricate the moving parts with a silicone-based lubricant. Additionally, check the alignment of the release mechanism and make any necessary adjustments.\nIf these troubleshooting techniques don’t solve the issue, it may be necessary to replace the faulty pressure release mechanism.\nRegular pressure knob maintenance, including cleaning and lubrication, can help prevent future problems with the pressure release mechanism.\nProfessional Assistance and Maintenance Tips\nWhile seeking professional assistance, we can also implement maintenance tips to resolve a stuck heat press pressure knob. By following a maintenance checklist and performing a DIY pressure knob cleaning, we can prevent future issues and extend the lifespan of our equipment.\nHere are three maintenance tips to keep in mind:\n- Regular Cleaning: Dust, dirt, and debris can accumulate over time and cause the pressure knob to stick. To clean it, start by unplugging the heat press and letting it cool down. Then, gently wipe the knob and surrounding areas with a damp cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials that could damage the surface.\n- Lubrication: Lubricating the pressure knob can help reduce friction and make it easier to turn. Use a silicone-based lubricant or sewing machine oil and apply a small amount to the moving parts of the knob. Be sure to wipe off any excess oil to prevent it from transferring onto your garments during pressing.\n- Professional Inspection: If the pressure knob continues to stick despite your maintenance efforts, it may be time to seek professional assistance. A qualified technician will have the expertise to diagnose and repair any underlying mechanical issues that are causing the problem.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nCan I Use Any Type of Lubricant to Fix a Stuck Pressure Knob?\nUsing WD-40 as a lubricant for a stuck pressure knob may help, but there are alternative lubricants that can also be effective. It’s important to choose a lubricant specifically designed for machinery and follow proper application instructions.\nHow Often Should I Lubricate the Pressure Knob Mechanism?\nWe should regularly lubricate the pressure knob mechanism to ensure smooth operation. The lubrication frequency depends on the usage intensity, but generally, it is recommended to lubricate every 3-6 months. Choosing the proper lubricant is crucial for optimal performance.\nCan the Heat and Moisture From the Press Cause Long-Term Damage to the Pressure Knob?\nYes, the heat and moisture from the press can potentially cause long-term damage to the pressure knob. This can lead to a stuck pressure knob. Regular lubrication and proper maintenance can help prevent this issue.\nWhat Should I Do if I Notice Loose or Damaged Components in the Press?\nIf we notice loose or damaged components in the press, troubleshooting and maintenance tips can help us address the issue. It’s important to take immediate action to prevent further damage and ensure optimal performance.\nAre There Any Safety Precautions I Should Take When Troubleshooting the Release of a Stuck Pressure Knob?\nWhen troubleshooting the release of a stuck pressure knob, it is important to follow safety precautions. We should ensure the machine is powered off, wear protective gloves, and use proper tools to avoid any potential injuries.\nIn conclusion, a stuck pressure knob on a heat press can be caused by various factors such as insufficient lubrication, dirt accumulation, heat and moisture effects, or loose/damaged components.\nTo solve this issue, troubleshooting techniques like cleaning, lubricating, and tightening may be necessary. However, if the problem persists, seeking professional assistance and regular maintenance are recommended to ensure the proper functioning of the heat press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GEBEL Aquasafe's Aquarite pressure vessels are designed to provide added safety in the storage of gases and liquids.\nPressure vessels are known to cause fatal accidents when tanks accidentally explode due to fluctuating pressure differentials.\nGEBEL’s pressure vessels are designed with the following features and benefits which aim to provide maximum safety:\n- corrosion free tank\n- manufactured to BS4994 standards\n- custom sizes available to suit specific requirements\n- capable of designs registrations\n- custom manways and fittings for safety\n- fully supported product\n- GEBEL has 25 years of experience in pressure vessel manufacturing and support\n- available in pressure ratings of 300 to 1200KPA to suit specified needs", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 4L60E transmission is a popular automatic transmission used in many vehicles. It’s important to know the fluid capacity of this transmission to ensure proper maintenance and prevent damage. In this article, we’ll discuss the fluid capacity of the 4L60E transmission.\nThe fluid capacity of the 4L60E transmission is approximately 5 quarts. However, this can vary depending on the specific model and year of the vehicle. It’s important to refer to the owner’s manual or consult a professional mechanic to determine the exact fluid capacity for your vehicle.\nWhy is Fluid Capacity Important?\nThe fluid in the transmission is responsible for lubricating and cooling the internal components. If the fluid level is too low, it can cause overheating and premature wear on the transmission. On the other hand, if the fluid level is too high, it can cause foaming and damage to the transmission seals.\nHow to Check Fluid Level\nTo check the fluid level of the 4L60E transmission, start the engine and let it idle for a few minutes. Then, pull out the dipstick and wipe it clean with a rag. Reinsert the dipstick and pull it out again to check the fluid level. The fluid should be between the “hot” and “cold” marks on the dipstick.\nHow to Add Fluid\nIf the fluid level is low, you can add more fluid through the dipstick tube. Use a funnel to pour the fluid in slowly, checking the level with the dipstick as you go. Be careful not to overfill the transmission.\nKnowing the fluid capacity of the 4L60E transmission is essential for proper maintenance and preventing damage. Be sure to refer to your owner’s manual or consult a professional mechanic to determine the correct fluid capacity for your vehicle. Regularly checking the fluid level and adding fluid as needed can help keep your transmission running smoothly.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Single base:S/S304 body+S/S 430 base + bakelite handle\ncomposite base:S/S304 body+composite base S/S 304 inside S/S 430 outside+bakelite handle\nGoose neck spout, precise pouring control to evenly distribute water and extract coffee flavors perfectly.\nBuilt-in temperature gauge, the integrated temperature gauge allows you to brew at the optimal temperature.\nMake a perfect cup of coffee every time with our easy to read thermometer.\nErgonomic handle, designed for comfortable easy-grip and angled to avoid burning your hand.\nFlat nob of lid to put on a table. Can used directly on an IH range, electric and gas stoves.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brilliant photo projector that projects images up to one metre wide onto walls and ceilings. As well as an incredible image projector this is also a really cool night light that is ideal for bedside tables. Includes 24 dinosaur images such as T rex, Velociraptor, Triceratops, Stegosaurus and Diplodocus. Turn the lens head to focus the images or flip the switch and turn it to night light mode. You can also detach the main body of the projector from it’s stand and use it as a torch. Night light includes 15 minute auto shut down to preserve battery life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In-System programming (ISP) allows programmable devices such as some Flash memory, EEPROM, microcontrollers and programmable logic devices to be programmed whilst soldered onto a target circuit board.\nTraditionally such devices would be programmed before being soldered to the board.\nAllowing the programming of devices soldered to a board allows boards to be updated far more cost effectively and for new boards to be manufactured ready to be programmed at a later date. In-Circuit programming is an ideal solution.\nIn-System programmers use the I2C, SPI and JTAG interfaces to program ISP enabled devices.\nExamples microcontrollers using ISP are ARM microcontrollers, Microchip PIC ICSP family, Atmel AVR and ATmega families", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This fits your .\nMake sure this fits\nby entering your model number.\n【SOLAR POWERED】Built in lithium battery. Powered and recharged by sunlight. Store power for overnight lighting. Our solar security lights are energy saving and environmental protection.\n【SENSOR AUTO ON/OFF】The remote control solar light can auto turn on in darkness area or at night, and auto turn off when in bright area or daytime. Intelligent infrared sensor has a sensing distance of 3 meters and turn off after 40s people leave.\n【WIRELESS & EASY TO INSTALL 】Hang outside light anywhere you need, or use screws to mount the device. Various installation locations. Our motion sensor lights are the perfect choice for garden, fence, patio, deck, driveway, outside wall and more.\n【BEST-in-CLASS SENSOR】the PIR sensor which sensing range and sensitivity are higher than general LED lights, bringing ultimate using experience. Low voltage, safe to use.\n【LONG WORKING TIME】Our outside wireless garden light are brighter than other lights. It takes 8 hours to charge. At night, solar security light motion sensor can illuminate for up to 10 hours on sunny days, and up to 8 hours on cloudy days.\n100% brand new and high quality!\nEnergy saving, environmental protection.\nSimple and convenient installation, service life.\nLow voltage, safe to use.\nWide range of application.\nItem type: solar wall lamp\nModel: YH0407 - PIR\nMaterial: stainless steel\nSolar panels: monocrystalline silicon 4 v / 0.6 W\nRated power: 0.8w\nBattery : lithium iron phosphate 14450 700 ma / 3.2 v\nLumen: 70-80 lm\nLight source9pcs/SMD3528 # white patch LED\nWork hours:8-10 h\nCharging time: 4-6 h\nInduction angle: 90degrees\nInduction distance: 6 m\nUsage environment: outdoor patio, terrace, garden, square,etc.\n1. Due to the different monitor and light effect, the actual color of the item might be slightly different from the color showed on the pictures. Thank you!\n2. Please allow 1-3cm measuring deviation due to manual measurement.\n9 LED Solar Lights 90° Infrared Motion Sensor Security Lights Industry-leading Sun Power Solar Panel Home Security Solar Lights Outside Sensor Lights for Patio Garden Pathway Driveway - B07F3NKYDP", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DIGITAL BREAST TOMOSYNTHESIS (DBT)\nSouth Texas Radiology Imaging Centers is excited to offer Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT), a new digital mammography technology commonly referred to as a 3D mammogram.\nSTRIC offers Digital Breast Tomosynthesis with C‐view, the latest in advancement in breast lesion detection. DBT imaging takes pictures of the breast in very thin slices which eliminates tissue overlap. These thin slices allow the radiologist to view a clearer image of the inner breast tissue, an important benefit for dense breast tissue.\nC‐view is an advanced technology that creates an image that is beneficial for comparison to your prior mammogram. The C‐view image adds no radiation exposure to the low dose DBT exam.\n- C‐view is Advanced DBT Mammography Technology\n- C‐view eliminates the need for a separate 2D exam\n- C‐view results in lower dose than DBT with 2D traditional imaging\n- Improved comfort with automated self‐adjusting tilt compression\n- Offers potential improved lesion detection\n- Medicare approved\n- Subspecialized Board Certified Radiologists\n- DBT available at all Boutique Mammography Centers\n- Seven (7) convenient locations\n- Evening and Saturday hours available\n- Walk‐ins Welcome\n- Same day appointments available\n- Online Scheduling", "label": "No"}
{"text": "30W LED Wall Pack with adjustable angle is a perfect choice for lighting entrances. With adjustable beam angle you can set the light fixture in any suitable direction.\nWith 3150 Lumens this wall pack can light up large areas. It works perfectly in residential, commercial and industrial entryways, parking lots, warehouses, barns and more.\nUsing LED chip latest generation allows us to garanty long lasting service life.\nIt can save you up to 85% on your energy bill.\nAll of our Wall Packs are IP65 rated and suitable for outdoor use without the risk of damage, shock, or fire.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Home / Grinding Mill To Produce Less Than 10 Micron Particle Size\nIs 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills 5 Micron Particle Size Achievable In Ball Mills grinding mill to produce less than micron particle size Know is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills A ball mill with a classifier will produce a fine product but the particle size When reduced to 5 microns a 30 mesh product has.\nBall Mills Achievable Is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills 48 4772 ratings the zenith product line consisting of than 30 machines sets the standard for our industry Details Alpine Afg Fluidized Bed Opposed Jet Mill Size.\nDraws from than 100 years of mill design and manufacturing to 6 mm and grinding to products less than 20 microns and has standard mill Wet grinding is accomplished in a slurry of 50 to 80 percent solids proven effective in producing fine and ultra fine product size for a wide range of metalliferous feeds.\nRod mills are less common than ball mills for grinding minerals stainless steel trays to allow for both coarse and fine particle separations in 1000 to 100 micron size range) flat tray (for separations in 100 to 10 micron size range) is available.\nWet Rod Mill To Produce Fine Less Than 100 Micron Wet rod mill to produce fine less than 100 micron fine grinding mills produce fine end products for a broad range of materials like clay limestone wood chips amp much generated during the grinding how to apply an attrition mill for fine dry grinding powder and bulk 80 percent less than 1.\nFirst reducing particle size from 700 to 500 microns in the roller mill improved the effective ME of corn from 1 355 kilocalories per pound to 1 410 kilocalories per pound This improvement is the same as removing approximately 25 pounds of fat per ton of mixed.\nSWECO Vibro Energy Grinding Mills are the most versatile line of mills available today for fast low cost particle size reduction to sub micron range Vibro Energy grinding action achieves higher output per input horsepower precise control of size and distribution Product contamination from media and lining wear is virtually eliminated.\nMicrons The roller mill’s ability to reduce materials to a uniform particle size provides control of product characteristics and minimizes waste as shown in Figure 1 The mill’s controlled reduction action requires less energy than other grinding methods improving.\nFor larger sizes of ore (in excess of 10 mm) the breakage rate was lower for mills rotating at 55 of the critical speed than for mills running at 70 of the critical speed For a particular intermediate particle size range indications are that the breakage rate was independent of speed.\nGrinding mill to produce less than micron particle size Grinding Mill Under 5 Micron For Mine Grinding Mill Under 5 Micron Quartz Ore 5 micron grinding mill roller mill particle size quarz particle size required is usually less than 5 grinding mill to mesh.\nIs 5 Micron Particle Size Achievable In Ball Mills Is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills is micron particle size achievable in ball mills grinding mill to produce less than micron particle size is 5 micron particle size achievable in ball mills a ball mill with a classifier will produce a fine product but the particle size when reduced to 5 microns a 30 mesh product has 1643000.\nIt is an ideal ultrafine ground calcium carbonate grinding mill for deeply processing non metallic minerals which hardness less than Moh’s 5 such as calcium carbonate barite talc gypsum calcite limestone calcium oxide bentonite dolomite etc The finished particle size can reach 325 3000 mesh(3 5 50 microns).\nSep 13 2010 Attrition mills are appropriate for mid range size particles Such mills utilize 3–10 mm media to produce material ranging in size from approximately 1 to 10 microns The first small media mill was introduced about 60 years ago It was named a sand mill because it used 1 64–1 8 in Ottawa silica from Canada.\nBarite grinding Mill is the new type mining equipment for making micro powders fine powders which is widely applied in the industries of metallurgy mining chemistry cement construction refractory materials ceramics and so on The purpose of the micro powder grinding millis for super fine grinding materials with hardness less than 9 in.\nThe 1040 Pilot Mill is designed for small production requirements with a feed range of up to 300 lbs per hour The VKE 1040 mill uses a 2 5 hp motor with capability of 8 300 lbs of maximum force The mill is capable of grinding to less than 3 10 of a micron and it can be incorporated into our adjustable classifying system.\nMedian particle sizes can range from less than 1 micron to 15 microns and top cuts from 6 microns to over 100 microns Calcium Carbonate Powder Grinding Machine importer buy trade Dear Suppliers We require grinding ball machine to produce super fine calcium carbonate powder (Finess 8 20 microns) If available Please send us offer.\nMicron mill gold micron mill gold how to build a micron mill wave table gold recovery marble 10 micron mill Crusher Machine ball mill gold processing less than 50 micron marble 10 micron mill 75 microns gold particle icas2017conference mining roller mill particle size quarz microns China Gold Mining Equipment Small Scale Gold Mining.\nMicron Powder Grinding Machine adopts the new type of roller mill grinding ring curve grinding efficiency is improved greatly Under the condition of the same final fineness and power the capacity of powder grinding machine is than double that of ball mill product fineness can reach d97 5 microns or less to really make the material.\nToner manufacturers typically require a very specific top size (15 20 microns) while generating minimal fines (less than 4 microns) ABRASIVE MATERIALS Since a fluid bed jet mill has opposed grinding nozzles wall effects that occur in the pancake mill and loop mill are eliminated.\nThe Mikro ACM Air Classifying Mill is designed to produce finer materials with sharper particle size distributions than most other impact milling technologies In certain applications a median particle size as low as 5 microns can be achieved.\nSpices plastics coal limestone chemical powders and fertilizer — down to 50 microns with mechanical impact mills and less than 10 microns grinding media and tends to create free flowing spherical particles Attrition mills can reduce details.\nParticles from 1 to 1 500 microns are produced in different sizes particles below 100 microns around 400 microns and larger than 800 microns A grinder can never produce of particles of the same size but they are or less accommodated in a few micron ranges This is called grind distribution.\nThe Eastern Desert to produce ultra fine product less than 10 microns Attritor mill (Union process type 1S) is used to achieve the desired size that is utilized as a filler material for different industrial applications such as paints plastics paper coating and other advanced applications Crushed talc less than 6630 microns used as a feed.\nThe particle size distributions from the feed to the product The IsaMill Technology grinds the particles requiring size reduction without over grinding material at or below the required P80 The uniform grinding mechanism is also the reason why IsaMill scale up is 100 direct from laboratory to pilot to full scale (Weller et al 1999).\nKeywords stirred mills fine grinding energy particle size efficiency 1 Introduction carried out to produce super clean (less than 2 ash) and ultra clean (less products finer than 10 microns they are less productive and less energy efficient But if the.\nBall mills are often used to grind feedstock into particles of 30 to 100 microns in size Horizontal stirred mills can efficiently produce product down to 7 microns The stirred mill was found to take up less floor space and was simple to install and maintain It also is capable of producing a finer grind.\nThere are no moving parts in the mill and no mechanical forces are applied to the grinding process The centrifugal movement of particles in the chamber provides effective classification to control product particle size Products will typically be less than 10 microns.\nSuper Orion Ball Mill S O Specifications Load cell technology results in precision product level control A high consistency of the product quality demands exact measurement of the amount of product in the mill and because of this an optional accessory offered for our ball mills is the load cell system which permits precision control of the product level.\nGrinding beads ranging from 0 05 to 1 0 mm in size can be employed Mill can be tilted for easy filling and emptying Shaft sealing by means of a mechanical seal double shaft lip seal and rinsing connections (for connection to the on site water supply).\nSuitable for all material with a humidity of less than 2 and a material hardness of max 4 (Mohs scale) suitable for virtually all sectors where very fine grinding is required minerals pharmaceutical chemical food etc Product particle fineness d97 8 120 micron Special application for toxic waste smoke treatment Operational principle.\nRoller mills offer greater particle size consistency and fewer dust and fines • The roller mill is also approximately 30 to 50 energy efficient than the hammer mill • Roller mills heat up the cereal grains less than hammer mills resulting in less moisture loss • Roller mills produce much less dust and noise than hammer mills.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Now we give you electrical wiring diagrams household that offers with 19 pictures together with Basic Electrical Wiring PDF as well as Simple Electrical Wiring Diagrams additionally Home Wiring moreover House Wiring also with Basic House Wiring Circuit Diagram as well as Electrical Circuit Diagrams also with Basic House Wiring also with Mobile Home Electrical Wiring Diagram along with Home Wiring Circuit as well as House Electrical Wiring Basics.\ndiagram refrigeration compressor along with house wiring diagram uk furthermore house wiring circuit diagram also with house fuse box diagram moreover aircond moreover microwave ovens diagrams furthermore wiring a light switch including polaris light switch wiring diagram along with 420312577695263206\nbathroom sink plumbing diagram moreover electrical wiring diagram 3 bedroom flat additionally best house fuse box along with basic electrical wiring diagrams white additionally wiring diagram for dexter electric kes furthermore head light wiring diagram along with wiring diagram cl as well as single gfci wiring diagram together with images light wire\nDisclaimer: We don’t host ANY of these image files. We never store the image file in our host. We just links to many other sites out there. If you need to remove any file, please contact original image uploader.\nMore keywords like Electrical Wiring Diagrams Household other people like :\nRight now we have electrical wiring diagrams household that brings alongside 19 pictures as well as Basic Electrical Wiring PDF furthermore Simple Electrical Wiring Diagrams along with Home Wiring together with House Wiring additionally Basic House Wiring Circuit Diagram including Electrical Circuit Diagrams including Basic House Wiring as well as Mobile Home Electrical Wiring Diagram together with Home Wiring Circuit along with House Electrical Wiring Basics.\ndiagram refrigeration compressor furthermore house wiring diagram uk furthermore house wiring circuit diagram moreover house fuse box diagram furthermore aircond as well as microwave ovens diagrams also with wiring a light switch additionally polaris light switch wiring diagram moreover 420312577695263206\nbathroom sink plumbing diagram moreover electrical wiring diagram 3 bedroom flat together with best house fuse box moreover basic electrical wiring diagrams white moreover wiring diagram for dexter electric kes also with head light wiring diagram as well as wiring diagram cl moreover single gfci wiring diagram along with images light wire", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This variable-speed dial (850-1,300 SFPM) Belt Sander transfers power from the motor using belt and gear drive systems to the sanding belt with a powerful 8 A AC motor. Designed for flush sanding up to vertical surfaces the dust bag swivels 360° to get out of your way. A fingertip belt-tracking knob and quick-release belt-change lever make belt changes quick and easy and the belt stays put once you get it on. The motor is located over platen for maximum performance and perfect balance. Standard equipment includes a 100g ceramic aluminum oxide belt, dust bag assembly. Made in Mexico.\n|PRODUCT GROUP||POWER TOOLS|\n|POWER SOURCE||Corded - 120V|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A Dataset of Citrus Fruit Images\nThis article creates a citrus image dataset, which contains citrus images of different varieties. All images were shot with Sony DSC-HX300 in Fengyuan District and Taiping District, Taichung City, Taiwan. The images are divided into the following four categories according to their varieties, namely, Murcott, Ponkan, Tankan, and Tangerines. The image format is JPG with 3648*2736 pixels, and a total of 1067 original images are collected. The image is augmented to 6042 through data enhancement methods such as image flipping and rotation. This dataset provides researchers to study different algorithms of machine learning or deep learning for image classification, object detection and other fields.\nSteps to reproduce\nThis data set is processed through three steps: image acquisition, image preprocessing, and image augmentation. The processing steps of the citrus fruit image data set will be described as follows: (1). Image acquisition The citrus image dataset was shot with Sony DSC-HX300 in Fengyuan District and Taiping District, Taichung City, Taiwan. The weather on the shooting day was sunny, and multi-angle photos were taken at a distance of 200-500 mm from the citrus. All image format is JPG, all image pixels are 3648*2736, a total of 1067 original images. (2). Image preprocessing Divide the captured images of various varieties of citrus fruits into four categories: (a) 280 images of Murcott, (b) 328 images of Ponkan, (c) 371 images of Tankan, and (d) 88 images of Tangerines, a total of 1067 images. The training set, verification set, and test set are divided according to the ratio of 70:20:10 for researchers to train their deep learning models. (3). Image augmentation In order to improve the quantity and quality of images in the training data set, this paper augments the training and verification of four citrus fruit images using six data augmentation methods including flipping the images horizontally, increasing image brightness, increasing image contrast, increasing image color, and rotating 30 degrees. All image format is JPG, all image pixels are 3648*2736, a total of 6042 images were acquired after data augmentation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Predator 3500 watt inverter generator. Using advanced inverter technology this super-quiet generator produces a pure sine wave power curve that is safe to use with sensitive electronics. The efficient design of this inverter generator gives you more power with lower fuel consumption.\nWith 11 hours of run time at 25% load this powerful inverter generator is ideal for powering RVs, camping, supplying household emergency power and tailgating. Super-quiet power output (57 dB) makes this generator ideal for campsites. Parallel capable to double your output. 30 Amp RV adapter included for easy hookup to your RV. Super quiet - only 57 dB.\n212cc air-cooled OHV gas engine. 3500 starting watts, 3000 running watts. Digital LCD Screen with low oil, overload and output light indicators. Integrated smooth-rolling casters for portability. (2) 120VAC grounded outlets, (1) 120VAC Twistlock Outlet, (1) DC-12v Two Pin Outlet.\nHassle free electric start for quick and easy starting. This item is in the category \"Business & Industrial\\Light Equipment & Tools\\Generator Parts & Accessories\".212274-3\" and is located in this country: US. This item can be shipped to United States.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our experience in mechanical and electrical system design, installation, commissioning, refurbishment and maintenance, enables railway services team to deliver seamless and integrated solutions for all your project requirements.\nWith practical experience in all aspects in the railway estate, from station rewires to HV switch room renewals and heating installations to air conditioning, our railway services team enables to provide reliable mechanical and electrical services. With a Network Rail Principle Contractors Licence and Link-up certifications you can rely on our thorough knowledge of industry standards and our stringent safety procedures to ensure your project runs smoothly.\nWe can also help with your Disability Discrimination Act compliance obligations by installing lift services, suitable call systems and refurbishing station facilities to ensure the required standards are fulfilled.\nRailway Services can provide you with a valuable planned preventative maintenance solution that will assist you in complying with your legal obligations and reduce the risks of equipment or system failure. Our dedicated on-call engineers will provide you with peace of mind for all your mechanical and electrical systems including heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) , gas and water maintenance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Double the Coverage of Your Wi-Fi with Ease\nThe Edimax EW-7438RPn N300 Universal Wi-Fi Extender can easily double the signal coverage of your Wi-Fi network for better Wi-Fi quality in homes with many rooms or multiple floors. With both a Wi-Fi extender and a power adapter in a compact design, the EW-7438RPn can be plugged directly into an electrical outlet for convenient placement. The smart iQ Setup feature and the signal strength LED make it easy for you to set it up where your Wi-Fi signal needs enhancement. Additionally, it complies with wireless 802.11b/g/n standards and can create an extended Wi-Fi network with data transmission rates of up to 300Mbps. With the Edimax EW-7438RPn, you can enjoy high-speed wireless networking throughout your home without additional cabling.\nEasy and Smart iQ Setup\nThe Edimax EW-7438RPn features a WPS button and Edimax’s smart and automated iQ Setup, which allow you to set up the extender quick and easily. iQ Setup automatically detects the available Wi-Fi networks nearby and helps you establish a connection within seconds. The WPS button also allows you to connect the extender to the root access point with a simple click of a button. Additionally, the EW-7438RPn is designed with a signal strength LED, which helps you find the best setup location for optimal Wi-Fi coverage.\nExtends the range of existing 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi networks\niQ Setup for easy Wi-Fi extension\nFinds best setup location for optimal Wi-Fi coverage with signal stre\nCompact, wall plug design for convenient placement\nFeatures a hardware WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) button", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Hi. I'm looking for a hard drive-based mp3 player that will read mp3's directly from an external usb disk.|\nI'm thinking of a fairly simple stand-alone device but with its own display. Flash memory isn't an issue here, nor is video content. Portability isn't an issue. Does anybody have any info please...or does such a device even exist?\nP.S. If not with its own display, then a VGA output to monitor is also acceptable...I just dont want to have to fire up the TV to play a simple mp3 file", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Did you know if there is a power outage you can still keep your basement dry with a battery backup sump pump? We also install traditional sump pumps as well. Let’s discuss your options together.\nHow do sump pumps work?\nSump pumps are designed to move water using a pump system. They are generally located in a sump pump pit (15 to 30-gallon container made of plastic) that is buried below the finished floor in either a crawl space or basement. As rain or ground water enters the sump pump pit through a system of drainage pipes (perforated pipes that are buried around building’s foundation), a specially designed float system switches the sump pump on and off. The water is pumped out of the sump pump pit and away from the building through a discharge pipe. A sump pump should never discharge its water directly into a septic tank or sewer drain.\nHow are Sump Pumps powered?\nMost are powered by 110-volt AC electricity (they are physically plugged into an outlet). Unfortunately, if there is a power outage during a storm, your electrically powered sump pump won’t work when you need it the most. One way to prevent this type of water damage is to install a sump pump with a battery backup system. Now if there is a power outage during a storm, your sump pump will still be able to keep your basement dry.\nWhat is the difference between a Sump Pump and a Sewer Ejector Pump?\nSump pumps are designed to pump just water, whereas sewer ejector pumps are designed to move toilet waste water that includes solid debris.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "|Item Model Number||RNG-CMP-EFL5-RD|\n|Product Dimensions||9.5 x 5.9 x 0.2 inches|\n|Item Weight||1.09 pounds|\n|Shipping Weight||1.09 pounds|\nRenogy E.FLEX Portable 5 Watt Monocrystalline Solar Panel with USB port for charging is coming in Red color this time. This product is indispensable and highly useful helper for off-grid and grid-tied activities. The portable and top-notch energy panel will take away all the doubts and worries about low-battery notifications.\nThis solar panel is designed to withstand any weather conditions, since the surface of it is made of corrosion-resistant material ETFE; this item is lightweight and has thin and comfortable shape. Also, the Renogy solar panel has temperature range of -4°F to 158°F. The Renogy E.FLEX can normally generate power during strong wind, severe downpour and freezing snowing. With 22% monocrystalline cell effectiveness, the Renogy power panels will charge any USB device.\nOther advantages are auto-optimized charging and overcharge protection that is very important these days. The solar panel is provided with a 1-year material warranty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Designed for use with 12V MR16 LED spotlights our high quality LED drivers reduce the voltage from 240V and 230V to 12V to ensure of a constant amount of power flowing to the LED.\nAs well as our standard LED drivers we have a waterproof option for use in wet areas like the bathroom and fire rated driver.\n- Out Of Stock\n- *5 Years Guarantee\n- 30 Day Money Back Guarantee\n- Free Delivery Over £60", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To say ARRI’s design is a remarkable feat is an understatement. The user-friendly unit’s infinite control with solid feedback enhances the collaborative process on set, easing extensive demands placed on camera assistants when using this most revolutionary remote focus to hit the market in close to a decade. The WCU-4 will work with any camera using any cinema lens, along with a number of ARRI camera control units. This includes the UMC-4, which can additionally control camera settings, as well as the Single Motor Controller SMC-1 (perfect for Steadicam or camera drones), the Controlled Lens Motor CLM-3 (a strong, fast lens motor to drive heavy, difficult-to-operate lenses), and the CLM-4 (a quiet lens motor to drive any standard lens). The UMC-4 also can be used with the Zoom Main Unit ZMU-3A, a handgrip zoom controller that looks and feels like an updated version of any number of standard industry zoom controllers.\nARRI’s Electronic Control System can operate with up to two additional hand units with the UMC-4 in place. This setup gives filmmakers the option to use a separate controller for zoom and a third for focus or ƒ-stop. The WCU-4 also provides real-time, frame-accurate informational display on all three axes, including depth of field, even though each motor is working independently and being regulated by its own controller.\nWhen working with the Ultrasonic Distance Measure UDM-1, the focus motor can be set to continuously track the focus of a given object in a frame. This ostensibly creates an autofocus mode that can be overridden at anytime. The focus knob comes with adjustable friction that can be adjusted for personal preferences, its vibrating function indicating when preset focus marks have been hit. The WCU-4 comes with a large lens data display that reflects ambient light and remains clearly visible in direct sunlight, while its backlit focus knob and control buttons allow the unit to be used in darkness and low-light conditions.\nAll these tools offer filmmakers absolute control over their equipment in just about any situation. As a camera-interface, remote-control system, the WCU-4 is unparalleled in the field when working in conjunction with the ALEXA line of cameras. Functions such as Record start/stop, frame rate, shutter angle, ASA, color temperature, built-in ND filters, monitor output and false color can be viewed and adjusted easily. All ARRI lens tables are already available in the ALEXA Plus and UMC-4 firmware.\nIn keeping with the continued trend to have effects in place on almost every shoot, the WCU-4 offers some highly useful tools for the VFX pipeline. Frame-accurate lens data records the status of the lens, including ƒ-stop, focus, lens size and time code, all stored as metadata along with the images during the recording process. This highly accurate data also allows lens mapping to pre-marked focus rings and focus tracking with the UDM-1. Metadata is captured with any ARRI LDS-enabled lens and can be downloaded with or without the WCU-4.\nAll this data allows for matching and creation of virtual lenses in postproduction, as well as seamless mapping and a more fluid workflow from production through VFX post. The WCU-4 is also designed for use as a broadcast-friendly unit, optional adapter modules providing direct compatibility and control of iris, focus and zoom on many broadcast and ENG Motor Controller EMC-1 lenses.\nThe WCU-4 is clearly the next step in modernizing camera and lens control. Several of the units are currently in the field, and Joe Segura, 1st AC, Local 600, recently used the system to great effect.\n\"I tested it when I worked on the feature film Dope,\" he explains. \"The unit can be used on everything from rickshaws to cranes to Steadicam and handheld shots.\"\nThe WCU-4 is also compatible with Cinetape Plus monitors that can display ARRI Lens Data information, such as Transvideo, as well as Cmotion hand units.\nFor more information on ARRI products, visit arri.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In Japan, drone regulations have also evolved in recent years.\nFor instance, registration is now mandatory for all drones. The registration ID must be displayed on the drone before flying.\nIn addition to displaying the registration ID, the drone must be equipped with a remote ID function.\nParrot drones are fully compliant with Remote ID add-on equipment as specified by the MLIT. To purchase a Remote ID add-on, please contact your Parrot reseller.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IDS is a global division of Illinois Tool Works Inc. (NYSE: ITW), a Fortune 150 multinational manufacturer.\nFor more than 40 years, the IDS brands have been carefully observing common pain points, compliance requirements, opportunities and challenges in each of our core markets. Our deep familiarity with your market allows us to better anticipate your product decoration and sealing needs.\nExpertise, Reliability & Efficiency\nOur 查询168现场直播开奖澳洲8结果 . Our broad expertise in a number of product decoration platforms (pad print, hot stamp, heat transfer and digital) allows us to pinpoint the optimal solution for your unique application.\nOur deep expertise in every aspect of the printing processes from artwork through material handling of printed product allows us to ensure highly repeatable decoration with market-leading precision, reliability and efficiency\nOur knowledge of the entire product decoration process allows IDS brands to provide product decoration with market-leading repeatability.\nOur teams have deep expertise in pad print, hot stamp, heat transfer and digital product decoration.\nWe know how to study your unique decoration requirements and recommend the optimal solution for your specific needs.\nIDS brands provide total product decoration solutions. Our ability to combine systems with high-precision fixtures and all required consumables allows our brands to provide market-leading repeatability. Our solutions range from stand alone to highly complex automations and are supported by a wide range of services.\nOur advanced silicone formulations allow our heat seal supplies to provide superior seals in rigid and flexible packaging applications.\nOur extensive line of heat seal supplies (including silicone sheets and rollers) are used in a wide variety of applications.\nIn many instances our products generate significant time and cost savings- like eliminating the need for Teflon tape", "label": "No"}
{"text": "After selecting a point on the map, currently the temperature 1°C is shown in the satellite view.\nSwitching to temperature view, the correct temperature is shown: 12°C.\nOr is the temperature in the satellite view the temperature at some other altitude?\n(Probably not at the satellite… ;) )\nIn that case, this should be specified.\nThanks for a super site anyway.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "PUNK High Speed Steel HSS-Co Drill Bits offer upto 40% faster drilling than standard PUNK drill bits.\nHigh quality HSS/cobalt alloy provides greater rigidity and hardness at higher temperatures\nSelf-centring 135° split point tip reduces the need to pre-drill/centre punch holes\nOffers up to 40% faster drilling than standard PUNK drill bits\nPrecision ground and anti-corrosion salt spray tested\nSuitable for use with harder materials such as stainless steel and cast iron", "label": "No"}
{"text": "中文版 · ENGLISH\nOptic Fiber Splitter Box\nOptic fiber optic splitter box is a product for FTTH (fiber to the home) construction using a level of splitting or secondary splitting and other different scenarios, through the box fusion fiber tray, optical splitter, adapters and other devices to achieve optical wiring functions. It is suitable for fiber optic cable to connect with in-home fiber optic cable through optical splitter, so as to meet the needs of user's high-speed broadband service opening, and is an important optical access point equipment in ODN network.\nAddress: No. 1010 Anping Road, Industrial Park, Lushan District, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province\nTel： +86-792-8376677 +86-792-8326255", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Industrial equipment and its components rely on extreme precision. One part that doesn’t fit exactly right can cause the machine to stop. At Highland Machine, we manufacture a wide range of industrial components and equipment, designed to our customers’ exact specifications.\nFrom machined castings to component assembly and tooling cabinets to sheet metal enclosures, our industrial equipment components are precise, extremely durable, and long lasting.\nThe metal fabrication methods we use include:\n- Laser cutting\n- CNC punching\n- TIG, MIG, spot, and robotic welding\n- Stamping and forming\n- Hardware and inserts\nWe’re an end-to-end sheet metal fabricator\nHighland Machine helps keep your project on time and on budget by providing design engineering, metal machining, custom metal finishing, assembly, and inventory management services completely in house. You don’t have to waste time moving your parts and equipment from vendor to vendor for each stage of the process.\nWe have the capabilities to fabricate, machine, and finish high quality castings, custom sheet metal enclosures, press brake tooling cabinets, and a wide variety of other products and components for industrial operations.\nIf you build or use industrial equipment, then we can handle the sheet metal fabrication, machining, finishing, and assembly required for your product. We build individual parts and whole machines!\nStay up-to-date with Highland Machine\nJoin our emailing list to receive product updates, company news, blog articles, and more.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Group: SIEMENS Infrastructure & Cities\nProcess control software\nSIEMENS Smart Grid\nWith its scalable size, SICAM 230 provides a convenient, transparent and open interface between the operator and the process, especially for utility and industrial companies. Its wide range of seamless, scalable system solutions – from display systems to redundant control center systems – is ideally suited to perfectly map and display your plants with the required depth and technical functionality.\nCloser to the action: a multi-hierarchic control center concept\nWith SICAM 230’s distributed, multi-hierarchic control center concept, you can distribute the process control system functionality to different process hierarchies or segments. This allows decisions to be made where they are needed – and as close to the process as possible. At the same time, the control center system is relieved of lower-priority tasks.\nConfiguring made simple: SICAM 230 Project Manager\nSICAM 230 Project Manager supports you with convenient tools during the generation, maintenance and data synchronization of your (distributed) control center project. You benefit from short implementation times and superior transparency even in large projects. What’s more, most SICAM 230 projects have been implemented by our customers on their own, at locations around the globe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Supro Westbury Island Series\nThis guitar was a must. It has the fatness of a Les Paul with the glassiness of a Danelectro or Telecaster.\nI used this in the US for In The Flesh and also one night I used it for Another Brick In The Wall due to a string breakage.\nIt's a unique guitar with a unique tone and feel, and it looks good with my amps :)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Solar Energy, Vol.215, 92-107, 2021\nDesign and thermoeconomic analysis of a solar parabolic trough - ORC - Biomass cooling plant for a commercial center\nHybrid renewable polygeneration systems are regarded as key solutions for the sustainable energy supply of buildings. While solar heating and cooling comprises a wide range of technologies, there has been limited research on the combined production of power and cooling only, with little or no heat demand. This study designs and analyzes a hybrid solar-biomass ORC-based polygeneration system from energy, economic, and environmental viewpoints. The polygeneration system is designed to cover the electricity and cooling demands of a commercial center located in Zaragoza, Spain. A parabolic trough collector field coupled with thermal energy storage, and an auxiliary biomass boiler supply heat to an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), which generates electricity to cover electrical demands and to produce cooling in mechanical chillers. The biomass boiler supports the solar thermal production to ensure a stable and reliable heat supply to the ORC. The system is connected to the electric grid, so that electricity purchases and sales are possible. The equipment sizing is performed with the goal of achieving a high renewable fraction in the total electricity consumed by the commercial center. The analysis of the proposed plant includes the hourly operation throughout the year, complemented by an economic assessment, considering investment and operation costs, and an estimate of the environmental benefits of the plant. Also, a thermoeconomic analysis is developed to determine the cost formation process of the internal flows and final products of the plant. The unit cost of each flow is broken down into investment and operation cost components. Sensitivity analyses of the investment cost, interest rate, biomass price, and electricity selling price discount are made. The results show that, in economic terms, the system is not presently viable, since the cost of the electricity produced (279.07 (sic)/MWh) is much higher than the electricity purchase price (126.70 (sic)/MWh). In environmental terms, the system is capable of displacing 96.1% of the CO2 emissions and 85.6% of nonrenewable primary energy consumption relative to a conventional system consuming grid electricity only.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "REMOVAL & INSTALLATION\nSee Figures 1 and 2\nOn late model Mazdas, these switches are mounted in a cluster on either side of the instrument cluster.\n- Remove the instrument cluster as described earlier in this section.\n- Working from the rear, unfasten the attaching screws at the top and bottom, then remove the switch cluster.\n- Carefully pry the switch knob off the front of the cluster. Release the lockpins at the rear, then pull the switch out the back of the cluster.\n- Install in the reverse order, making sure the plugs are securely connected.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When it comes to managing electricity in your home, electrical panels play a vital role. At GoHero Home Services, we understand the importance of Knoxville TN electrical panels and have a team of experts who can fix any issues you may have. Whether you need circuit breakers installed, panels upgraded, or want to ensure everything is safe, we’ve got you covered. Our attention to detail and focus on safety mean your electrical panel will be able to handle your power needs properly.\nElectrical panels are like the brains of your home’s electrical system. They have important parts like circuit breakers, main breakers, and surge protection devices. These parts work together to ensure electricity flows safely and control how much power goes to different areas of your home. A well-functioning electrical panel is essential for keeping your electrical system running smoothly and protecting your home.\nCircuit breakers are like superheroes for your electrical system. They protect against too much electricity flowing through the wires or a short circuit. Different types of circuit breakers do other jobs, like protecting against overcurrents or ground faults. Ensuring your circuit breakers are installed correctly and regularly checked is important for keeping your home safe from electrical problems.\nIf you’re experiencing problems like frequent breaker trips or an outdated panel in Knoxville, Tennessee, it may be time for an electrical panel upgrade. Upgrading your electrical panel can give you more power and better safety features and make your electrical system more efficient. Our Knoxville electricians will evaluate your needs, choose the right panel, and handle the installation. We’ll ensure your electrical panel upgrade is done safely and up to code.\nSafety is our top priority regarding electrical panels in Knoxville, Tennessee. Proper grounding, clear labeling, and regular inspection are important for keeping your electrical panel safe. We follow strict safety guidelines, like turning off the power before working on the panel and wearing protective equipment. Trust us to ensure your electrical panel meets all the necessary safety requirements.\nRegarding your electrical panel needs in Knoxville, Tennessee, GoHero Home Services is here to help. We specialize in circuit breaker installation, panel upgrades, and ensuring the safety of your electrical panel. With our knowledge and experience, you can trust us to provide reliable solutions for your residential property. Contact us today to schedule a consultation and let our experts care for your Knoxville electrical needs.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "15’ Straight Rubber Air Hose with a type IM Industrial quick connect air coupling. EZ Twist on air chuck. This hose is designed for portable tire pumps that need a constant flow of air. This replacement hoses will work on any air compressors or hose with a Type M air connection.\nPlease read the originial post here: https://specialopstools.com/collections/air-hoses-hose-accessories/products/air-hose-rubber-15-feet-quick-connect", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Marine house supplies different kinds of industrial lights. The basic purpose of Industrial light is to provide maximum lightening in tough industrial environment. we usually provide industrial lights in Brass. The use of these lightening fixtures reduces the cost of electricity bills. we export these light across all over the globe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Assembly Line Sounds\nHere are the sounds that have been tagged with Assembly Line free from SoundBible.com Please bookmark us Ctrl+D and come back soon for updates!\nAll files are available in both Wav and MP3 formats.\nThis sound is of an industrial was machine at the beach. OBX. It sounds like a repetative manufacturing machine or similar and so could be used for most any machine sounds.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Siemens iQ700 Domino 1 Burner Ceramic Glass Built-in Gas Hob (StepFlame Technology, ER3A6AD70, Black)Rating: 5(1 Reviews and 0 Ratings)\nStandard Delivery Available\nEnter Pincode For Delivery Estimates\n- Device Type: Gas Hob\n- 1 Cooktops\n- Automatic Ignition\n- Heat Source: Electricity\n- 12 Months Warranty\n- Gas Hob\nNo. of Cooktops\nType of Ignition\nEase your pressure in the kitchen with the utilitarian Siemens Domino gas hob ER3A6BD70 and enjoy a comfortable and efficient cooking experience The pan support ensures that your vessel is firmly placed on the stove to give you a save and comfortable cooking experience. The heat resistant toughened glass surface is extremely easy to clean and its durability makes it an ideal product for everyday use. The 7-segment display informs about the chosen power level while the dishwasher proof pan supports are very easy to clean. The dual wok burner with dual flame system and 6 kW of power is ideal for a wide variety of foods, even in large quantities while the high quality material used to make the gas stove makes it an ideal option for everyday use.\nCooking has never been more organized as the b>Siemens Domino gas hob ER3A6BD70 comes stepFlame Technology with nine heat step controls allows you to have precise heat control depending on the dish being cooked. This not only improves your efficiency but also helps to save a lot of time in the kitchen. The centre work burner of the gas comes with a maximum power of 6,000W for an efficient cooking experience. The 7-segment display informs about the chosen power level while the dual wok burner with dual flame system and 6 kW of power is ideal for a wide variety of foods, even in large quantities.\nApart from being an extremely time saving option, the Siemens Domino gas hob ER3A6BD70 with its high quality material is durable and also very easy to maintain. The gas stove is extremely comfortable to use thanks to its high quality continuous cast-iron pan supports which provide great convenience. The black ceramic base and dishwasher proof pan supports are extremely easy to clean while the gas burner also comes with a Flame failure safety device to give you an assured and safe cooking experience.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“Thermoelectrics of Roughened Silicon Nanowire Arrays” The possibility of using silicon as a thermoelectric material for waste heat recovery is technologically significant due to silicon’s economy of scale and vast processing knowhow. Patterning silicon as nanowires with roughened sidewalls is shown to enhance the thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT by order of magnitude compared to the bulk at 300 K. This enhancement is primarily achieved by reduction of thermal conductivity of silicon below 5 W/mK due tophonon scattering from the rough boundaries. We developed an electroless etching technique to generate nanowire arrays (NWAs) with controlled surface roughness, morphology, porosity and doping. The device-level measurements of the thermoelectric properties of the NWAs reveal reduction in the thermal conductivity of NWAs below the Casimir limit due to sidewall roughness. We also observe a reduction in the Seebeck coefficient of NWAs in comparison to the bulk silicon due to the quenching of phonon drag.\nCite this work\nResearchers should cite this work as follows:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Solar clips are a time-saving solution when managing cables for solar panels. The clips are quick and easy to use without the use of tools. WKK supplies three types of clips that are suitable for different solar applications. Our clips are made of plastic (polyamide 6.6 HS) and are impact, heat and weather resistant and robust. The fixation clips are developed and produced by our subsidiary WKK Automotive.\nWhich solar clip do you need?\nSolar clips are ideal for attaching cables, wires and tubes to a profile. To choose the right type of solar clip, you need to take into account the dimensions of the profile. The types SC1 and SC2 can be mounted, in combination with a cable tie, in a M8 or M10 aluminium profile. The type of clip SKC1 can be mounted on a profile without a cable tie. This clip is designed for the attachment of two cables with a diameter of 6 mm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Who we are\nSmart IT Services provide a complete IT solution for small to medium sized businesses. Established in 2002, we continue to deliver value for money, while ensuring the highest level of standards are maintained at all times.\nWe have been using Smart IT for several years now in many different capacities. Smart IT offer a very competative rate for both remote and on-site support. They have always been more then helpful, very quick with responses and efficient. We would highly recommend them.\nKelly Kindlon – Liffey records – (The High Kings, Celtic Woman)\nCustomer satisfaction is our priority.\nSmart IT Services have been providing Irish companies with expert IT advice, information, and support since 2002. We provide a comprehensive range of IT services, providing end-to-end solutions for our clients. Delivery of integrated solution using a range of industry leading products. We are an independent, vendor neutral supplier. This ensures that we offer the right solution for our customers every time.\nOur experienced engineers, with industry-standard certifications from Microsoft, ensure we provide quality solutions and complete security and confidentiality.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fast Cooling & Energy Saving\nThe LG Inverter Compressor constantly adjusts the compressor speed to maintain desired temperature levels. Moreover, the Dual Inverter Compressor, with it’s energy-saving operating range frequency, saves more energy than a conventional compressor, and thanks to the LG Dual Inverter Compressor, air is expelled farther and faster.\nSmart ThinQ (Wi-Fi)\nEnjoy new ways to control your home with the LG Smart ThinQ app, an open platform ready with a wide variety of Wi-Fi enabled apps.\nThis smart feature gives you easy control of the air conditioner, so you can now monitor the operating conditions of the device anytime and anywhere.\nLG air conditioners operates at low sound levels, thanks to LG’s unique fan and Dual Inverter Compressor that eliminate unnecessary noise and allow for smooth operation.\nTake advantage of the ultimate sleep comfort by automatically adjusting various functions such as “Sleep Mode” with the push of a button.\nLG air conditioners deliver cool air to every corner of your room. The four-way swing function quickly and efficiently blows air in many directions.\nType: Split Air Conditioner\nCooling Capacity: 24000 BTU\nHot or Cold: Cool only\nAuto 4 Way Swing\nFrequency: 50/60 Hz\nModel Number: AI242C0\nThere are no reviews yet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Flush ceiling lights fit flat or close to the and are ideal for lighting rooms with lower ceilings semi also a great way of getting. The searchlight cc ice chrome semi flush ceiling light and entire range can be purchased from onlinelighting delivery. Searchlight cc gardenia light chrome semi flush fitting white glass crystal leaf lina spoke ceiling with clear.\nModern ceiling lights light semi flush finished in polished chrome with beautiful clear glass flower shaped shade dressed leaves, contemporary crystal ceiling lights semi flush light finished in polished chrome adorned with glass. An exclusive range of quality chrome ceiling lights available from cc searchlight lina glass luther semi flush light, searchlight cc dimple light chrome semi flush round shades hoopsglass buttons the dimples with glass button, searchlight cc hanna light semi flush ceiling polished chrome now when it comes to the design and manufacturer of lights. The gratifying cc makes up lina range fitting is a light semi flush ceiling which has been finished in polished chrome and comes complete with, searchlight cc lina chrome light semi flush spoke with clear and frosted glass.\nTarn Light Chrome Flush Ceiling Lights\nOaks lighting oa polished chrome pendant set turin light ceiling multi arm jurupa semi flush fitting in, oaks flush ceiling light fixtures lighting tarn arm semi chrome ch antique brass, complete with glass as pictured antique brass or chrome tarn arm semi flush light.\nFantastic range of quality lights from oaks lighting all ch torva light chrome led flush lienz chromecrystal ceiling, product category semi flush ceiling lights show prices oaks lighting tarn arm light chrome finish. Tiffany lighting direct brings you the best in traditional flush semi ceiling ofira light chrome sale tarn, satin chrome champagne duck egg cream multi light fittings flushsemi flush designer pendants industrial style. The oaks lighting tarn light ceiling is in a chrome finish with patterned clear glass shades ch flush supplied by luxury. Home ceiling lights chrome sort by price lo hi oaks lighting tarn arm semi flush light finish, philips myliving tarn light led ceiling satin chrome the is a beautiful fitting from.\nOrlando Light Square Bathroom Flush Ceiling Chrome Lights", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We have been able to pass the factory inspection of many big brands and have had a long-standing cooperation with them. Contact us if you require a report! Our business philosophy is: As long as you want the best, with your shared development.\nWe are a specialist and technology partnership business for butterfly valve eccentric type for cryogenic company and we manufacture, supply and export a wide array of wholesale 110mm butterfly valve for any piping needs products. Our clients can request these products and/or services as per their needs.\nWE are an ISO 9001 certified association. Main products: (0000). We used \"Synchronizing, logical, and Technological Development and partner, with cutting edge innovation\" to motivate the undertaking. The organization is focused on the production of top-quality products and is able to present advancing propelled technology. To achieve the advancement of large business and social administration goals, we use \"High productivity, prevalent execution\" for our business objective.\nOur butterfly valve ss316 for fluid control manufacturer Service has helped us to achieve a high position in this industry. Our clients are guaranteed complete satisfaction with our service, which is supported by highly qualified staff. Our equipment is extensive and allows us to offer wholesale china 8 inch butterfly valve for cryogenic to all our customers. These job works can be provided by our team members in a variety of specifications, depending on the client's needs.\nWe are a professional butterfly valve supplier for power plant manufacturer trade enterprise that offers best solutions. Our main products are many china 6 inch butterfly valve price for fluid control . They efficiently and effectively work to improve agricultural produce and make them more competitive for the markets.\nSince 13 years, our company has been involved in the management wholesale 16 butterfly valve price for fluid control of products. Products are for household and everyday use. The annual output is 9 million dn600 butterfly valve for fluid control manufacturer and the sales revenue is more than one thousand.\nWe are a global supplier of china stainless steel non return valve for cryogenic . We design, manufacture, and supply wholesale 16 butterfly valve price for fluid control . We have a talented team made up of a proactive management board, highly qualified staff, and dedicated workers. We are committed to investing in our facilities. This is why we import high-quality equipment from Germany and South Korea. All of our products are manufactured according to the ISO9001 2000 quality system. Our company is well-known for its innovative management, high-quality products and advanced technology. Our company produces butterfly valve eccentric type for cryogenic company and other related products. Before sending the product to the customer, we will strictly test the product and provide a reliable guarantee in terms of quality. To make our products even more competitive, our inspections ensure that all customers are satisfied. Our business philosophy is \"first quality design, first class products, and first class service\". We believe that our products will be your best choice.\nMany European and American countries sell our products. These wholesale 110mm butterfly valve for any piping needs products are extremely popular and hold a leading position. Please do not hesitate in contacting us\n|wholesale butterfly valve price for any piping needs||butterfly valve 1.5 inch for any piping needs factory|\n|two shaft butterfly valve for cryogenic manufacturer||lug wafer butterfly valve for cryogenic manufacturer|\n|wholesale butterfly valve lever for any piping needs||lug concentric butterfly valve for cryogenic factory|\n|china pneumatic butterfly valve for any piping needs||cast iron body butterfly valves for cryogenic company|\n|butterfly valve supplier for power plant manufacturer||4 inch wafer butterfly valve for power plant supplier|\n|butterfly valve dn 200 for any piping needs supplier||4 inch butterfly valve for fluid control manufacturer|\n|butterfly valve 1.5 inch for power plant manufacturer||china stainless steel ball valve price for cryogenic|\n|butterfly valve 24 inch for any piping needs supplier||wholesale butterfly valve pn 16 for any piping needs|\n|wholesale butterfly valve type wafer for power plant||16 butterfly valve price for any piping needs factory|\n|butterfly valve lever type for fluid control company||dn 50 butterfly valve for fluid control manufacturer|\n|Huesca||Jaén||La Rioja||Las Palmas|\nbutterfly valve actuator for any piping needs factory, wholesale dn 80 butterfly valve for any piping needs, dn100 pn16 butterfly valve for fluid control company, dn 50 butterfly valve for fluid control manufacturer, butterfly valve company for any piping needs supplier, wholesale 8 inch butterfly valve price for cryogenic, pneumatic butterfly valve for cryogenic manufacturer, butterfly valve 2.5 inch for any piping needs company, 8 inch butterfly valve price for power plant supplier, china butterfly valve seat seal for any piping needs,", "label": "No"}
{"text": "After 3 years in development, Oase have released a truly ground breaking pond filtration system specifically developed for Koi ponds.\nThe Oase Proficlear Premium filters are modular in design so can be tailored to suit virtually any pond size.\nThe major innovation lies with the Drum Filter Module. The sophisticated self-cleaning drum filter will automatically separate and remove coarse debris down to 60 microns, yet handle up to 25,000 litres/hour flow through.\nThe intelligent, automated self cleaning mechanism uses high pressure water jets to periodically cleanse the stainless steel filter sieves, minimising the need to service the filter module.\nThe second stage filtration utilises the Oase Proficlear Premium Moving Bed Module. Each module contains the Hel-X biomedia, with each element featuring an extremely large biological settlement surface area. The Hel-X media effectively removes toxins such as ammonium, ammonia and nitrite. The option to connect an air pump to the supplied aerator bar will allow the entire Hel-X biomedia to be circulated with optimum oxygen enrichment. Multiple Moving Bed Modules can be used to increase the specialist Koi filter capability.\nThe final stage of the filtration process uses the Oase Individual Module. This versatile module can be incorporated to house additional media such as Zeolite and Phosless (phosphate binder), should the water conditions require. The Individual Module can also be used to house Aquamax Gravity ECO pumps and the new Bitron Gravity UV Clarifiers.\nThe new generation of Proficlear Premium Modular filters are capable of processing large bodies of water, swim ponds, fish and Koi Ponds of up to 200,000 Litres.\nProduct characteristics at a glance\n- Most effective filter performance with flow rate of up to 25 m³ per hour for crystal clear water\n- Unique, completely automatic self cleaning offers minimal maintenance\n- Flexible use, ideal for gravity or pump fed systems\n- Long life quality product, developed to a high standard. German production!\n- Extensive VDEP tested, certified safe function\n- Installation height above water only 13 cm\n- A micro control system oversees and operates the main functions and is easy to use\n|Item #|| Description ||Price ||Add to Cart|\n|47006||Oase ProfiClear Premium Drum Filter L Gravity Fed EGC||£3049.99 ||Add to Cart|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You can use this workstation to program safety instructions within a GuardLogix safety task for monitoring safety-circuitry. With this workstation, you can send safety data over an EtherNet/IP network using producer and consumer technology.\nYou can also map standard tags to safety tags. The GuardLogix controller can be locked to protect safety control components from modification. An included light curtain simulates point-of-operation control.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This whole house water filter housing system includes:\n1. Pentek 20″ big blue housing model 150233\n2. 5 Micron Spun Polypropylene Filter Cartridge\n3. Pentek SW-4 wrench\n4. Steel mounting bracket\n5. 4 Lag bolt screws\nThe Pentek 150233 20-BB 1″ #20 Big Blue filter housing with pressure relief is suitable for high-flow and heavy sediment applications. The opaque blue sump is made of reinforced polypropylene for strength and resistance to chemicals, and the black cap is made of high-flow polypropylene (HFPP) for stiffness. The black cap has 1″ FPT threaded input and output connections and a nitrile butadiene rubber (Buna-N) O-ring to ensure a watertight seal. A pressure relief button on the inlet side of the cap releases pressure in the housing for changing filter cartridges. It has an initial pressure drop of 1 pound per square inch (psi) at a flow rate of 15 gallons per minute (gpm), a maximum operating pressure of 90 psi, and a maximum operating temperature of 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C). This filter housing meets National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) standard 42 for quality assurance, and is for use in various high-flow applications, including residential drinking water filtration, food service, and irrigation, among others.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- The maximum speed can be set higher according to the instruction. 48V/13Ah Removable Lithium Battery.\n- Charging time: Approximately 6-8 hours.\n- Pedal Assist Model: Pedal 180-degree motor starts to work.\nA powerful and cost-effective mountain e-bike with a 750W rear motor and 48V/13Ah lithium battery. Its shock absorption equipment and mountain tires allow your unimpeded ride on rough roads. Full charge ride endurance: over 25 miles, the range depends on whether you use pedal assist power more or throttle power more. Brushless gear rear 750W Motor provides strong power. Maximum vehicle speed: 20(Rider weightandlt;260 LBS, flat road, and full power).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. Luminous angle TYPE-3 TYPE-4 TYPE-5, the light transmittance is as high as 92%.\n2. The electrostatic powder spraying process on the surface of the lamp body has good anti-corrosion and anti-fading functions.\n3. Strengthen the U-shaped mounting bracket for faster and firmer installation.\n4. IP65, suitable for various outdoor lighting places.\n5. Widely used in stadium lighting, road tunnels, park squares, construction projects and other lighting.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Water Pump Gasket\nGaskets to provide a far superior seal on all water pumps that may be used for racing applications.\nProduct in this category:\nEdelbrock Water Pump Gasket Kit\nEdelbrock Victor Series water pumps provide maximum cooling for the street and the race track. They're ideal to prevent overheating in street rods and street machines, as well as in tow rigs and motor homes. Using state-of-the-art racing technology, Edelbrock has designed these \"super cooling\" water pumps to provide maximum flow, maximum pressure and equal distribution to both sides of the block within 1%. Available for most popular applications, these high-performance pumps flow in only one direction for optimum efficiency.\nOmix-Ada Water Pump Gasket\nSeal up that leaking water pump properly with the right gaskets from Omix-Ada.\nGet Up to $200 Mail-In Rebate on Omix-ADA Products (See Form for Details)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The C Series electrolysers are ideal for a variety of industrial applications. Producing up to 30 Nm3/h of hydrogen gas at 99.9998% purity, these units replace the need for hydrogen tube trailers or liquid hydrogen storage. They can be containerized, and offer facilities flexible siting and reduced operational safety risks associated with delivered hydrogen.\nThis product may contain substances for which we are required to provide customers access to an SDS file. Please click here to access all relevant files.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bodyshop operators from across Europe had a chance to see how some of the latest Car-O-Liner bodyshop equipment technology can transform both the look and productivity of a workshop at Automässan show in Gothenburg, Sweden, close to the company HQ.\nThe global leader in collision repair equipment solutions, made three of its most popular product areas its main themes at the show, highlighting the benefits of the latest CDR1 workstation, CTR 9 automatic welder and PointX II measuring tool.\nThe CDR1 workstation, contains all the equipment and materials needed to perform light-to-medium collision damage repair quickly and efficiently. It is fully mobile and has a small footprint, making it a highly accessible and profitable addition to any workshop.\nThe CTR 9 fully automatic welder, is well known to the many Car-O-Liner customers in Ireland who have come to rely on it. With its 355-degree swivel handle and ergo-grip, the CTR9 enables perfect working positions for anyone, for any job. The gun is supported by a telescopic arm in a durable and lightweight extruded aluminium that can be easily adjusted both vertically and horizontally.\nThe third product featured on the stand was the Car-O-Liner PointX II measuring tool, which provides bodyshops with fast and accurate diagnostic measuring, so they can start and complete repairs faster than ever before. The PointX II is a photo-based system that helps users quickly and easily find correct measuring points.\nFor more information on these products Car-O-Liner.com.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NovoSpeed Heavy Indoor is an electrically operated rapid roll door that was designed specifically for use inside industrial buildings.\nThe workhorse for larger opening dimensions\nNovoSpeed Heavy Indoor was designed specifically for larger opening dimensions – up to 36 m² – indoors. All parts of the design, including the curtain, are therefore particularly sturdy. Over- and underpressure can exert considerable force on the curtain. With its 1.2 mm curtain and aluminium strengthening profiles, the door can withstand max. wind pressure of 5 Beaufort.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "2021/9/29 · Boiler Brand Distributor 1t Kazakhstan. 4t Biomass Steam Boiler Industrial Agent Price Kyrgyzstan. 4t 6t 10t heavy oil fired steam boil Dealer 10t Uzbekist Natural Gas Fired Nepal 2t hr natural gas 2t/h China Coal Fired for coating plant 2t/h palm shell wood pellet generator hot water 1t / h dual-fuel Ghana 1t 2t 6t 8t 10t 15t coal fired for saleUS $ 100 type 2t/h medium …\n2021/10/9 · Agent Price Industrial 6t Gas Boiler Machine Belarus. 6T 1 Ton Boiler Agent Fuel Consumption Steam Boiler 10 Ton Oil Steam Boiler - cmp-h.org.uk. WNS 1t 2t 3t 4t 6t 8t 10t natural gas light diesel oil fired steam boiler . smal machine for small industries\n6t Diesel Steam Boiler Agent Industrial Kyrgyzstan Results 1 - 20 of 121 — How much is a 10 ton gas boiler. gas steam boiler,condensing boiler,condensing steam . Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Dealer Industrial 10t Kyrgyzstan 4T 6T 10T Heavy Oil Fired Steam\nCommercial 4t Manufacturers boiler Thailand. industrial natural gas fired hot water boiler in asia. 10 bara 5 t/h natural gas fired fire tube boiler . In 2018 Sitong boiler company delivery 1.4MW oil gas fired hot water to Philippines for swimming pool the …\n20t Biomass Fired Boiler Plant Cheap Industrial Armenia Steam Boiler Price 6t Armenia. 20 ton peanut shell fired china hot water boiler for Armenia. For Sale 6t Natural Gas boiler Armen. peanut fired steam boiler. how much diesel oil is required to produce 1 ton of\n2021/10/9 · Agent 2t Coal Boiler Plant High Efficiency Latvia Energy Saving Agent 4t Biomass Fired Boiler Moldavia. 6T 1 Ton Boiler Agent Fuel Consumption Steam Boiler … 10 Ton Oil Steam Boiler - cmp-h.org.uk. WNS 1t 2t 3t 4t 6t 8t 10t natural gas light diesel oil fired\n4t oil boiler Factory Direct Supply Industrial Turkey Zozen Boiler main products include gas&oil boiler coal-fired boiler biomass boiler thermal fluid heater and . 2012 Turkey 6 8T 1.25Mpa fuel and gas steam boilers (including 2 sets of 7.0MW hot water boiler\nContact number: 0086-371-60922096 Clean boiler supplier Agent 6t Biomass Fired Boiler Brand Commercial Russia 1t Diesel Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Industrial Agent natural gas boiler industrial agent price. Dealer 8t Gas Boiler Ukraine. boiler Agent\n4t Biomass Fired Steam Boiler Industrial Dealer Kyrgyzstan 6t Coal Steam Boiler Agent Energy Saving Kyrgyzstan. 4t rice husk steam boiler - oldlancinglodge.org. 25t/h vertical used steam boilers suppliers Industrial . 25t/h paddy husk steam boilerGet A Quote\n2021/10/14 · Agent Industrial 8t Biomass Fired Boiler Plant Tajikistan Energy Saving Agent 4t Biomass Fired Boiler Moldavia. 6T 1 Ton Boiler Agent Fuel Consumption Steam Boiler … 10 Ton Oil Steam Boiler - cmp-h.org.uk. WNS 1t 2t 3t 4t 6t 8t 10t natural gas light diesel.\n4t oil boiler commercial agent price vietnam -Gas fired 4t Agent Price Boiler Estonia - Genghis Khan. The Zambia Price Steam Boiler - Industrial Boilers Prices. 25 ton boiler sale in Zambia - ketelpatrouille.be. 36 ton steam Boiler in Zambia Industrial Boil. 1 ton\n2021/9/28 · 4t biomass boiler brand industrial agent kyrgyzstan HGT Gyratory Crusher. 6T 1 Ton Boiler Agent Fuel Consumption Steam Boiler . 10 Ton Oil Steam Boiler - cmp-h uk WNS 1t 2t 3t 4t 6t 8t 10t natural gas light diesel oil fired steam smal for small industries\n4t Natural Gas fired boiler Industrial Dealer Georgia. Dealer Commercial 4t Natural Gas fired boiler Armenia. Oil Fired Condensing Vacuum Hot Water Boiler Supplier 2018/03/03· industrial use wns 4t gas oil fired steam boiler Boiler Industrial Double Drum Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler WNS series Oil (Gas) Fired Steam Boiler Coal . filling bottle natural gas vacuum boiler ZOZEN BOILER.\nIndustrial Automatic Natural Gas and Oil Fired Boiler Automatic and Oil Find Details about Steam Steam from Automatic and Oil - Qingdao Xingfu Thermal Power Equipment Co Ltd Product Info WDR 2t 4t Electric Steam Get price\nCondensing Boiler 1t High Efficiency Latvia seller high efficiency 1t coal fired boiler georgia. High Efficiency New Gas Fired Industrial Boiler 1t. The CWi47 is a high efficiency high output gas-fired condensing continuous flow water heater for use with Boilers: Burnham\nprice 1t gas fired steam boiler commercial nepal Start SAVING on your FUEL BILL with the leading energy efficient gas and oil boiler and hot water system. Energy Kinetics' commercial and residential boilers are high quality and backed by the industry's best\nIndustrial 4t Natural Gas Fired Boiler Brand Azerbaijan Boiler top 10 condensing gas boiler in germany. 2t 3t 4t 5t 6t 8t 10t 15t 20t oil gas boiler manufacture in german Brand new gas fuel condensing boiler steam boiler Read More 10t/h coal fired steam boiler zg\nContact number: 0086-371-60922096 Clean boiler supplier Boiler Plant 1t Distributor Kyrgyzstan Atmospheric Pressure Boiler Agent Price Industrial 4t price industrial 1t natural gas fired boiler philippines. 1t Atmospheric Heating Hot Water Gas Boiler for Hotel.\nIndustrial Dealer Boiler Machine 10 Ton gas steam boiler,condensing boiler,condensing steam . For Sale 2t biomass boiler Industrial Myanmar. Myanmar gas fired steam boiler price or cost. 3t/h Biomass fired steam Boiler in Myanmar 3t/h Biomass fired steam", "label": "No"}
{"text": "7/8\" Standard Blade\nThese blades are smaller in diameter than standard blades. They are typically used for smaller kid's sabers, or for spinning and flow purposes. If you have a standard 1\" emitter, you will probably need to add the Vire 7/8\" adapter.\nIf you plan to duel with your saber, a 1\" blade is HIGHLY recommended.\nFree blade trimming for a length less than 32\" specify in checkout notes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "• Convert your Harley-Davidson Deuce-style marker/turn signal lights from incandescent bulbs to ultra-bright LED light\n• Additionally, you can convert your rear turn signals to running lights\n• LED lighting can last up to 100 times longer than incandescent bulb while drawing 10 times less amperage\n• Each kit contains 2 clear polycarbonate outer bullet light lenses, 2 marker/turn signal LED light boards, 2 red inner lens discs, 6 male connectors for simple wire splicing, 6 female connectors for simple connections, 2 jumper wires (black, blue and purple to match stock H-D wiring) and a dual load equalizer\nNOTE: The dual-load equalizer is designed to fix the problem when you have changed your stock directionals to LED turn signals and they flash quickly or not at all. The security key light will still be lit on late model Harley-Davidsons® equipped with the factory security system even with this dual-load equalizer installed. However, the security system is still fully functional and will not be damaged in any way.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Spear & Jackson B98FF PREDATOR First Fix 22\" Handsaw.\nA fast cutting saw for use across the grain with a Fast cut - rapid, clean cutting action.\nRigid blade minimises ‘whip’ and vibration, ideal for use with all rough sawn timber.\nComfortable handle - Suregrip soft-feel ergonomic grip and finger guide for improved accuracy, incorporating a useful 45/90˚ angle guide.\nDimensions: 22\" x 7pts.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Omnidirectional Microphone is a portable conference phone product that not only enables high-quality Internet teleconferencing over the Internet through a computer interface; but also a speakerphone and microphone hands-free calling device via a headphone jack, for high quality wireless mobile conference calls.\nSizheng is a leading video conference microphone manufacturer and supplier in China. Conference room microphone as part of video conferencing accessories, it provides the clear speech for the meeting, conference call microphone equipped with high-level sound processing technology, including high-performance adaptive noise suppression, echo cancellation, reverberation processing, and automatic gain processing technology. During the meeting, you can distinguish between vocals and noise, suitable for small and medium-sized conference. Sizheng triangulation multi-level dynamic noise reduction processing algorithm, industry leading noise cancellation technology, highlighting vocals, provide a no whistle HD call for video conferencing. Seamless connection, perfect compatibility, perfectly compatible with windows system and Mac OS system host; plug and play, no drivers required; achieved conversation only needs simple connection.\nConference Microphone sound picks up range has omnidirectional duplex, extra large range, up to three meters radius, 360 degree omnidirectional wide range pickup, one device can arrive whole demands in the meeting room. Our USB conference microphone has high processing ship, digital processing technology to provide lossless digital signals to the back end; unique algorithm to fully optimize chip processing speed; ensure that voice communication is not stuck. Conference microphone can connect to external active speaker or earphone, like HP-DK200, 3.5mm audio output interface, directly connector to active microphone or earphone. All of conference connection is very simple, microphone connect to PC host (conference terminal) via USB cable, audio directly connected to the active speaker. You will not regret products like USB conference microphone because of our reliable service. Meeting microphone’s style is classic and easy to carry, the microphone pickup direction can be selected according to the conference scene, which is suitable for use in conference rooms and offices.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Xenon Corporation manufactures high performance, mercury-free pulsed UV Flashlamps and UV/VIS systems for curing and sterilization. Features such as low heat, instant on/off and high peak power penetration make the systems ideal for low-temperature curing of medical devices, semiconductor surfaces, printed circuit boards, fiber optics and DVDs/CDs. Xenon also manufactures pulsed UV systems for on-line sterilization. Xenon manufactures its own UV linear and spiral Flashlamps and also lamps for tall tower applications.\nFounded in 1967, Pico Electronics specializes in miniature electronic components for industrial, military, and COTS use. Pico offers Inductors and Transformers with high quality, low profile (from .18\" ht.), Audio Transformers, Pulse Transformers, DC-DC Converter Transformers, MultiPlex Data Bus... Read More\nWe offer AC/DC CONVERTERS, DC/DC CONVERTERS, Compact PCI, Rackmount systems, Redundant systems, Adapters, PC Supplies, and Battery Chargers/Rectifiers. ETA-USA provides custom products designed in the United States, using high quality ETA units as standard building blocks.\nIT Professionals rely on ConRes for unbiased architecture, infrastructure and data center solutions ranging from storage, datacenter, networking, virtualization, disaster recovery, hybrid cloud, security, and infrastructure to Linux and Windows. Over 50 years experience combines with 500+...", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An iconic 50mm prime, reimagined for the Z system. Sharper across the entire frame. Virtually zero distortion, even when shot wide open. Beautiful bokeh even at short focus distances. Liberating low-light performance. Ultra-quiet focusing. Whether you're shooting stills or videos, 50mm has never looked better.\nThe sharpness achieved by this 50mm is nothing short of staggering. Z Mount delivers even lighting from the center of the frame to the far edges. No need to stop it down—it's equally sharp at f/1.8 as it is at f/2.8.\nFast, accurate focus\nThe larger Z Mount delivers more light to a Z camera's powerful PDAF system for extremely high focusing accuracy and speed.\nPowered by an ultra-quiet stepping motor and enhanced by the additional light gathered by the Z Mount, focusing is fast, silent and accurate. Great for stills; even better for video.\nAbberation free zones\nNew levels of abberation control. 2 Extra-low Dispersion (ED) and 2 Aspherical (AS) lens elements plus Nano Crystal Coat for virtually zero flare, ghosting, coma or chromatic, spherical and axial aberration, even at the far edges of the frame.\nA 9-blade rounded diaphragm and f/1.8 aperture combine with the larger mount and shorter flange distance to produce a stunning round bokeh.\nShines in low light\nDraws peak performance from a Z camera's outstanding low light capabilities. Captures point-of-light sources like streetlights with uncanny sharpness and minimal spherical aberration.\nNew Customizable Control Ring\nCan be used for manual focusing (default), aperture control (great for iris transitions during video recording) or exposure compensation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ride on Mini battery powered -\n27th August 2015, 09:25 AM\nHi all, does anyone have one of the many variations of these for their children? After some thoughts around the 6V official mini, seen it at Smythes toys with a remote control and trying to working out if these are any good?\nI want one for a mini project for the children, with a bit of light modifying", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mid calf grey socks with an ethnic pattern in different colors.\nSocks made of the best quality combed cotton and with an exhaustive quality control system.\nAvailable in two different sizes:\n36-39 EU / 5,5-8 US\n40-44 EU / 8,5-11,5 US\nWash upside down to temperature not exceeding 30º\nDon´t use bleach dryer\nDon´t need iron.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Backup Camera: This rear-view camera can be installed on a variety of vehicles with an in-dash aftermarket video monitor. Your aftermarket in-dash monitor must feature a composite video camera input. The camera allows you to view what's behind your vehicle on your in-dash monitor's screen when you put your vehicle in reverse.\nNote: This rear-view camera is meant as a back-up aid only; never solely rely on the rear-view camera when backing-up. In addition to using the rear-view camera, always look behind you to make sure everything is clear when backing up your vehicle.\nCMOS Image Sensor: The rear-view camera employs a CMOS image sensor with a resolution of 640 x 480 (effective pixels). The image sensor also incorporates auto white balance.\nWide View Lens: The rear-view camera features a 170-degree wide view lens to help you see better behind your vehicle.\nLow Light Visibility: The rear-view camera provides low-light visibility down to 0.5 lux.\nParking Guidelines: The rear-view camera provides parking guidelines on the screen of your vehicle's in-dash monitor to help you back into a parking space. You can remove the parking guidelines by cutting the blue wire loop of the camera's attached power/video cable.\nComposite Video: The rear-view camera comes with a 19.75' composite video cable to run from the camera to the composite video camera input of your vehicle's in-dash monitor.\nWeather Resistant Housing: The rear-view camera utilizes a weather resistant zinc alloy housing with a IP67 rating.\nMounting Bracket: The rear-view camera comes with a bracket that allows you to mount the camera under a flat surface on the back of your vehicle. Two screws and self-adhesive tape are supplied. The mounting bracket allows you to adjust the angle of the camera up or down. The camera needs to be mounted from underneath the mounting surface with the screw-holes facing up, otherwise image from the camera will not be right side up.\nPower Requirements: In addition to connecting the rear-view camera to your in-dash monitor's composite video camera input, you will also need to hardwire power and ground of the camera to your vehicle. Power can be obtained from your vehicle's reverse light circuit or from the reverse gear wire of your aftermarket stereo (if applicable). The ground will need to be connected to your vehicle's metal chassis.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Studio Project 2009\nFlo Portable Light\nYou can move Flo to where you need it.\nFlo has a charging post and two dimmable light settings:\nCool light for task lighting\nWarm light for atmospheric lighting\nMajor Design Project 2007\nComes flat packed.\nYou can adjust the shape with the tabs.\nOptional addition; glowing fish soy sauce bottles!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "24v swap high pressure line.\nMade exclusively for e28goodies by Hansa-Flex (Germany) with high quality materials and tripple braided hose, this line replaces the oem high pressure one (rouned in red), connecting the back of the brake bomb with the power steering pump . A nice and clean solution for everyone who swaps m50/2/4 or s50/2/4 into his/her e28 and deciding to go with the hydrobooster. Comes with the right banjo bolt for the “bomb side”.\nPlease have in mind that hydraulic pump pressure outlets come in two sizes depending on model and year – be sure to measure yours before placing your order.\nFree worldwide shipping.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Photovoltaic substring optimizer\nPika PV Link / S2500 Series\nHarvest more solar power with fewer installed parts\nPV Link connects any solar array to the Pika Energy Island for efficient, safe and smart transfer of solar-generated power.\nSimple: Connect 2-9 solar PV modules to each PV link to build flexible, fast-installing solar arrays with minimal hardware.\nEfficient: 99% efficient transmission of clean solar power with direct-to-battery charging.\nSafe: PV Link is ETL-listed to UL-1741, Rapid Shutdown compliant, and provides ground fault protection.\nPerfect for rooftop PV\nA maximum powerpoint tracker and solar optimizer, PV Link is the perfect solution for all residential and commercial rooftop solar. Build asymmetrical strings and reduce rooftop hardware by up to 87%, resulting in robust, high-performance solar arrays that withstand the elements.\n…and for ground-mounted arrays\nPV Link’s extremely high transmission efficiency allows installers of ground-mounts and solar trackers to run long wire lengths with low line loss.\n|MPPT Voltage Range||60-360VDC|\n|Max Input Voltage (VOC)||420V (Max when cold)|\n|Max Output Voltage||420V (open circuit)|\n|Nominal Output||REbus™ DC nanogrid (380VDC plus data)|\n|Max Output Current||8A|\n|Protections||Ground Fault Detection|\n|Max Operating Temp||70° C|\n|Remote Monitoring||Via REview web dashboard|\n|Dimensions||390mm x 50mm x 243mm (15.4” x 2” x 9.6”)|\n|Certifications||UL 1741; CSA C22.2|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Table 3-3. Operator Troubleshooting - Continued\nTEST OR INSPECTION\nAIR SYSTEM ALARM SOUNDING\nStep 1. Check ail reservoir drain valves are closed.\nClose drain valves.\nStep 2. Check engine has been running for at least 5 minutes.\nCheck pressure after 5 minutes.\nIf brakes have been operated excessively, allow pressure to\nrecover before proceeding.\nANY LIGHT FAILS TO OPERATE\nStep 1. Check if switch is ON.\nSet switch to ON.\nSome lights require ignition switch ON, others require only\nbattery switch ON.\nStep 2. Check that ignition switch in ON.\nSome lights require ignition switch in ON, others require only battery switch ON.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Used Sheet Metal Brake for Sale Marvelous Grizzly G0481 42\" Swivel Bending Brake\n8 Fresh Pictures Of Used Sheet Metal Brake for Sale – From the thousands of Gallery on the internet concerning used sheet metal brake for sale, we picks the top collections together with excellent resolution absolutely for our visitor, and now this pictures is considered one of stocks series under our greatest photographs gallery regarding 8 Fresh Pictures Of Used Sheet Metal Brake for Sale. I feel you’ll love it.\nThis photograph (Used Sheet Metal Brake for Sale Marvelous Grizzly G0481 42\" Swivel Bending Brake) preceding is usually branded by: sheet used for painting, sheet used to cover food, used cement sheet for sale in chennai, used classical sheet music, used galvanized sheet metal, used gi sheet for sale, used ibr sheet pretoria, used nascar sheet metal, used national sheet metal brake, used sheet bending machine for sale in tamilnadu, used sheet extrusion lines, used sheet metal equipment, used sheet metal hand brake, used sheet metal laser cutter, used sheet metal working tools, used sheet music new york, used sheet music uk, used sheet piling for sale florida, used sheet roller, used sheetrock stilts,\npublished through Kathy at 2016-07-07 08:21:16. To see just about all figure with 8 Fresh Pictures Of Used Sheet Metal Brake for Sale photos gallery don’t forget to comply with this web page URL.\nIf you like this post, then please share with your friends.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ventacity Systems has announced the availability of its Smart Ventilation Management Systems, which provide efficient, intelligent and secure 24/7 control of indoor air quality (IAQ) in smaller commercial buildings.\nAccording to sources, these systems uniquely combine intelligent heat recovery ventilation with a secure, private cloud network, as well as monitoring and management services to remotely control IAQ in real-time while reducing the HVAC system energy load.\nRe-engineering ventilation solutions in a way that promotes both health and efficiency, Ventacity has developed products that optimize building environments in a wide array of light commercial applications, including office buildings, retail, schools, restaurants and multi-family.\nVentacity sources say its unique Smart Building Gateway (SBG) provides continuous ventilation management system monitoring from any internet connection.\nOperating at up to 93-percent efficiency, Ventacity’s high-efficiency, intelligent HRVs deliver fresh outdoor air within a comfortable few degrees of room temperature, reducing heating and cooling loads and HVACR equipment energy requirements by up to 50 percent.\nVentacity heat recovery ventilation (HRV) systems are able to independently monitor a variety of comfort-related conditions, including indoor/outdoor temperature, relative humidity and occupancy status. Additionally, Ventacity systems connect with sensors to automatically detect and address unhealthy levels of carbon dioxide (CO2)or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to maintain a healthy indoor environment.\nA Smart Building Gateway\nVentacity sources say its unique Smart Building Gateway (SBG) provides continuous ventilation management system monitoring from any internet connection. Via the SBG, facilities managers and contractors can gain instant, live access to all air quality parameters, and immediately determine whether the ventilation management system is operating at optimal efficiency and maintaining healthy IAQ. Operational settings can be easily adjusted from any internet-enabled device to accommodate unexpected variances such as high building occupancy, or drastic shifts in outdoor temperatures or relative humidity. Additionally, determination of whether or not onsite ventilation management system maintenance is required can be achieved remotely via the SBG, saving on unnecessary service calls.\nAble to be integrated in all Ventacity HRV and ERV systems, the SBG is reportedly the only device of its kind that is securely connected to the internet (via the proprietary Ventacity Cloud), thus inhibiting hacking of the system itself or the entire facility’s IT network.\nVentacity’s Smart Cloud Services work with the SBG to offer a variety of monitoring and management functions, including an online dashboard displaying both current and historical building conditions, air quality parameters (such as CO2, relative humidity and VOCs), and energy savings. Air quality and energy savings reports are automatically emailed at regular intervals, and the system is pre-configured to send immediate trouble alerts via text and/or email. ventacity.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Explore finds from your favorite magazines:\nNew Customer? Sign Up\nKids' Bedroom Under $400 »\nDeck Boxes & Storage Staples feat. Keter »\nT-Fal Cookware Classics »\n5 GPM Electronic Firehose Test Pump by Rice Hydro\nby Rice Hydro\nThis pump is designed to safely test fire hose up to 6 inches in diameter. Four independently controlled outlets and a large 2 & 1/2\" swivel inlet help to quickly fill and bleed lines for testing. Meets testing standards as ...\n1/4 HP Utility Pump by Flotec\nFeatures: -Utility pump.-Built in electronic water sensor automatically checks for water.-Detects water at 0.75\" and pumps down to 0.25\".-Patented electronic monitoring allows pump to start every 2.5 minutes to check for water.-Shuts off if no ...\n198 GPM Vox Industrial 2\" Trash Pump by Briggs & Stratton\nby Briggs & Stratton\nFeatures: -Removable faceplate detaches with two grip bolts for easy maintenance.-Cast iron cylinder sleeve.-Automatic decompression release.-Oil alert.-Heavy duty air filtration.-Electronic ignition.-Flange mount ball bearings.-Product Type: ...\n1/6 HP 115V 3-Speed Cast Iron Circulator Pump by Grundfos\nFeatures: -Three speed circulator pump.-Material: Cast iron.-3 speeds make this model very versatile and allows you to use it in a large variety of heating applications including radiant, hydraulic, radiators, and fan coils.-Built-in flow check ...\n185 GPM Trash Pump with Honda Engine by Koshin\nThese trash pumps come equipped with a Honda engine with oil alert and electronic ignition which provides reliability and low fuel consumption. These Koshin trash pumps come with silicon carbide seals, developed exclusively for Koshin, these ...\n3/25 HP 115V 3-Speed Stainless Steel Pump by Grundfos\nFeatures: -Stainless steel pump.-Quick connect terminals for easy installation.-Removable check valve eliminates the need for an in-line flow check.-Stainless steel is your answer for corrosive and oxygen bearing fluids.-Patented electronic ...\n1/12 HP 115V Recirculator Pump by Grundfos\nFeatures: -Recirculator pump.-Material: Stainless steel.-UP series pumps are specifically designed for heating systems.-Suitable for circulation of hot domestic water and for circulation of liquid in cooling and air-conditioning systems.-Quick ...\nCopyright 2002-2015 by Wayfair LLC, 4 Copley Place, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02116", "label": "No"}
{"text": "7611-000 Set of 3 LED Pathway Orientation Light set\nAn attractive and functional solution for illuminated demarcation of paths and driveways.\nThe standard kit comprises of 3 LED spike lights, a 10m extension cable and transformer. The 12V/6A transformer supplied with the standard kit will drive up to 12 LED spike demarcation lights, if further lights are required please see our 7612-000 extension set.\n- Standard Colour:Black\n- Rated: IP44\n- Extension cable:10m", "label": "No"}
{"text": "NEW ScanFoam Hose, 1/2\nNEW ScanFoam hose –\nmakes cleaning extremely quick and efficient!\nScanFoam introduces the perfect hose for an extremely quick and efficient cleaning of food stuffs production.\nA more effective cleaning secures a greater degree of food safety.\nIn a better quality at a far lower price!\nSAVE from 12% to more than 27% compared to our prior standard hose!\nTry is yourself!\nOur new hose is fabricated in food approved material and certified to EU requirements.\nIt cleans extremely efficient at 65°C hot water with pressure at 20-25 bar. The hose is very suitable for cleaning with 23°C water at maximum pressure, 80 bar.\nThe hose is suitable for all cleaning purposes – with water, foam or for disinfection.\nAdding extra benefits and quality to the cleaning process\nThe texture of the material and high-strength fibers inside creates an utmost flexibility, versatility and smoothness.\nThe new ScanFoam hose adds extra benefits and quality to the cleaning process:\n✔ Faster cleaning due to the large and very fast liquid flow\n✔ Time saving due to the quick switch between different chemicals\n✔ More efficient cleaning due to the low friction pressure loss\nThe high quality and kink resistant of the hose makes it very robust and resistant to contact with all kinds of foods during the production process e.g. lard.\nAn offer you can't refuse\nWe made an introduction offer you can't refuse.\nLook at this!\n✔ 20-meter excellent high quality ScanFoam hose\n✔ ½” inside thread\n✔ With standard BSP thread connection\n✔ Maximum pressure and temperature at 80 bar/23°C or 25 bar/65°C\n✔ With standard or stainless steel fittings\nScanFoam Hose, Max 80bar with standard fittings\nProduct no 87185\nSAVE more than 27%!\nScanFoam Hose, Max 80bar with stainless steel fittings\nProduct no 87253\nSAVE more than 12%!\nHow to order the new ScanFoam hose\nPlease send your order to email@example.com and benefit from the higher quality and lower price!\nThe new ScanFoam hose is also available in many different lengths suitable for all your special cleaning needs.\nChoose a hose length between five to thirty-five meters with standard or stainless steel fittings, with ½” inside or outside thread, compatible with all BSP thread connections.\nOr request a special hose length. Special made for you.\nThe new ScanFoam hose also fits complementary cleaning equipment.\nPlease contact Anders Christensen if you have any special requests. Anders can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org and +45 86572599.\nNeed of more technical details?\nGet detailed technical information about the new ScanFoam hose!\nLink to technical data sheet, click here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LUMIX DMC-TZ60 has 30x optical zoom, electronic display (EVF) and Wi-Fi with NFC, and ultra thin design. Take care of your memories with extraordinary quality thanks to the highly sensitive MOS sensor with 18.1 megapixels. A variety of manual shooting modes makes this camera an ultimate, versatile camera.\nTop compact camera with a bright f/1.4 lens and 24mm wide angle for stunning images with high quality.\nSolid compact camera from Panasonic that can withstand a beating, but also provides high image quality and many connectivity options.\nPanasonic DMC-TZ70 compact camera comes with 30 x optical zoom, Full HD 1080p recording, Wi-Fi with NFC, GPS and electronic viewfinder.\nCopyright © ViralTech.Co.Uk - All Rights Reserved", "label": "No"}
{"text": "V guard triple booster stabilizer new chennai\nAc stabilizer @ lowest price\nAc stabilizer double booster stabilizer @ tribal booster stabilizer @ years replacement warranty call...\nSuperb companion for your ac\nWe have double boost (double booster) triple boost (triple booster) wide boost...pls call us at we have the ultimate solution for your stabilizer needs...we deliver free and install free...\nPenguin stabilizer 4\nDoor delivery across chennai...triple boost too available...penguin stabilizer 4, 5 kva, double boost stabilizer for air conditioner...penguin electronics sp 2/1 5th avenue, ashok nagar, chennai - 83...\nS.A.S. Nagar (Punjab)\nDouble booster stabilizer for sale\nEverest double booster stabilizer-rs...1yr replacement warr,4yrs service warr...\nSu kam power guard 16 amp voltage stabilizer for ac,\n2 years sukam replacement guaranteesu kam power guard 16 amp voltage stabilizer for ac, microwave, water pump etc...in audio & home entertainment, everything else...\nSu-kam power guard 6 amp voltage stabilizer\n2 years sukam replacement guaranteesu-kam power guard 6 amp voltage stabilizer in audio & home entertainment, everything else...\nAmway nutrilite triple guard echinacea - 60 tablet pack\n100% genuine product, lowest price, fast shippingamway nutrilite triple guard echinacea - 60 tablet pack (100% original) in fragrances, beauty & health, wholesale lots...\nAc voltage stabiliser 4 kva @ 2\n4 kva stabilizer @ /- and 5 kva @ /- triple step voltage stabilizer ()v 2 year warranty...\nS.A.S. Nagar (Punjab)\nMobile signal boosters suppliers & manufacturer in mumbai\nMobile signal booster dealer in delhi ,power bank ,manufacturer in hyderabad ,mobile signal booster suppliers in rurki ,mobile signal booster suppliers in hariyana, mobile signal booster suppliers in panjab...\nFull network coverange:800 mhz cdma mobile signal booster -\nOur other booster,amplifire,mobile signal booster's range: 800 mhz single band mobile signal booster 900 mhz single band mobile signal booster mhz single band mobile signal booster mhz single band mobile...\nWater filter ro booster pump (e chen)\nRo booster pump (e chen) ro booster pump gives performance...this ro booster pump is designed following industry specification...our company is supplier of ro booster pump (e chen)...http://roservice...\nNew douuble booster deal price 5years warranty\nnew stabilizer wall mountable for air conditioner double booter call me at...\nWe have mobile version!\nNow you can surf more confortably class.posot.in", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. free from error or defect; consistent with a standard, rule, or model; precise; exact.\n2. careful or meticulous: an accurate typist.\n\"saws can be accurate for times.\"\n\"leaflets can be accurate at dates.\"\n\"informations can be accurate at times.\"\n\"forecasts can be accurate in parts.\"\n\"figures can be accurate up to mornings.\"\nThis list can help you learn new vocabulary more quickly and be able explore other words more easily.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "So electric motor torque is not constant. There is a region of operation in conjunction with the controller and for certain load conditions which will give the appearance of constant torque.\nWhat is a constant torque motor?\nConstant torque motors are high-efficiency, brushless DC motors that are based on the same ECM technology described in ECM 2.3 variable-speed motors. … In other words, if the ESP changes, then the motor program will maintain the amount of torque for which it was programmed (this is not the same as constant airflow).\nAre DC motors constant torque?\nDC motors can develop a constant torque over a wide speed range. For a DC motor : Torque is proportional to armature current – this means controlling torque requires simply controlling the motor DC current – easily achieved with a simple DC drive.\nWhat is the torque of an electric motor?\nThe driving force of an electric motor is torque – not horsepower. The torque is the twisting force that makes the motor running and the torque is active from 0% to 100% operating speed. Note! – the full torque from zero speed is a major advantage for electric vehicles.\nWhat is constant torque?\nCONSTANT TORQUE LOADS. With constant torque loads, the torque loading is not a function of speed. Typical applications are: Traction drives, Compressors, Conveyors, Positive displacement pumps, Mixers and Hoists. As the speed changes, the load torque remains constant and the horsepower changes linearly with speed.\nHow is motor torque calculated?\nAs you see this equation torque is the product of the force and the distance between the force and the center of rotation. For example, if you want to hold the force acting on the end of pulley, T = F x r.\nAre ECM motors quieter?\nECM motors are very high efficiency (65% to 80%) electric motors. … ECM motors are also quieter than traditional inefficient motors, have longer design life and require less maintenance.\nWhy do DC motors have more torque?\nAny DC motor will experience a decrease in speed when a load is applied, which causes the back EMF to decrease. The reduction in back EMF increases the net voltage, since the supply voltage remains constant. The net voltage increase causes the armature current to increase, which increases the motor torque.\nWhich motor is constant speed?\nDC shunt motor\nHow do you find constant torque?\nTo calculate the Torque Constant read the current draw at a given torque on the Typical Performance Characteristics graph. Now divide the torque by the current. To calculate the Motor Voltage Constant read the no-load speed (rpm) and convert it to radians per second.\nWhy do electric motors lose torque at high rpm?\nBecause doing so would compromise efficiency and drivability. As engine speed increases, so does it’s inefficiency. Higher RPMs cause more wear, and waste more fuel. For that reason, vehicles usually cruise at a engine speed much below the point where they make maximum power.\nWhy do electric cars produce more torque?\nThe benefit of using an electric motor to power a car is that it can help drivers reach maximum torque from 0 RPM. This is because electric motors use an electric current, which moves through a magnetic field and creates the force necessary to rotate the armature and get the car moving.\nHow much torque is 1 horsepower?\nThe definition of 1 Horsepower is displacing 1 lb. 33,000 ft. in one minute or 33,000 lb-ft / minute.\nHow do you increase torque in a VFD?\nSince a VFD cannot increase the voltage above its supply voltage, the current decreases as frequency increases, decreasing the available torque. Theoretically, torque is reduced by the ratio of the base speed to the higher speed (60 hertz / 90 hertz = 67 percent).\nIs a fan constant torque or variable torque?\nVariable torque loads include centrifugal pumps, fans, and blowers. The faster the motor spins, the more current it draws from the VFD to deliver the demanded torque.\nWhat are the types of load torque?\nMost of the industrial loads can be classified into the following 4 general categories:\n- Constant torque type load.\n- Torque proportional to speed (generator type load)\n- Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load)\n- Torque inversely proportional to speed (const power type load)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Product features of Chchina motion sensor led flood light:\n(1) Our China motion sensor LED flood light is strong enough to prevent the impact and corrosion because of its main part, the lamp body, adopting high-pressure die-casting aluminum crust.\n(2) High intensity toughened glass cover with special treatment, good transmission and ultraviolet radiation function make our products get more and more popular.\n(3) A huge lighting area thanks to the high-purity aluminum reflector encapsulated integrated LED light source, which ensure that there will be a perfect radiation angle.\n(4) High heat conductivity rate for radiator because of the super heat-removal function and the unique designed heat conductivity stuff.\n(5) High efficiency and wonderful photo curve technology, using various kinds of methods for the light distribution.\nYICAI LED Flood Light is a classical LED outdoor light. China motion sensor LED flood light is widely used, and there are also many manufacturers. The purpose of Yicai is quality assurance of products. The content of impurities in our radiator is 5%, and also we have more than 12 steps of the product surface treatment in order to improve product performance and ensure product cooling. Meanwhile, a light source we used to hold factory authorized packaging manufacturers source, power supply with high precision electronic components, thereby enhancing products' performance and stability and longevity. If you are looking for high China motion sensor LED flood light with a competitive price, please feel free to contact us YICAI!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "$120.99 - $109.99\nUpgraded Performance: Equipped with 144 premium LED beads, NL140 can provide bright, continuous, and non-flicker illumination for YouTube vlogging, gaming, filmmaking, TV broadcasting, portraits, and more. With double brightness than normal studio light, the light is separated from other lights by its high light intensity. 96+ high CRI ensures natural color rendering.\nCustomizable & Flexible Lighting: Adjustable color temperature (3200K–5600K) and brightness level (0–100%) enable you to personalize the lighting with great flexibility. The U-bracket mount allows variable beam angles while the barn doors help you control the beam spread with ease\nApp Control: Use the Neewer app to fine-tune color temperature and light intensity or switch the light on/off up to 49.2’ (15m) away. 8 groups let you control a maximum of 8 lights at the same time. Plus the memory function can save 2 light settings to your preference\nDual Power Options & Cooling System: Powered by AC adapter or Neewer 95Wh/150Wh V-mount Battery (not included) for indoor or outdoor shootings. When the brightness level hits 70%, the cooling system will automatically turn on to protect the light from overheat\nPackage Contents: NL140 LED Video Light with Barn Doors, White Diffuser, U-Shape Bracket, Power Adapter Slot, Power Adapter, D-Tap to 2.5mm DC Cable, Carrying Bag\nDealors may receive a commission for purchases made through these links.Thank you.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "EMPA-8250MKII / EMPA-8380MKII / EMPA-8500MKIIPower Amplifier EMPA-8250MKII / EMPA-8380MKII / EMPA-8500MKII\nEMIX EMPA-8250MKII is a 100v line power amplifier with rated output of 250W, EMPA-8380MKII with 380W and EMPA-8500 with a very powerful 500W output.\nAll EMIX power amplifiers are equipped with automatic self-resetting thermal cut off in the event unusual heat buil-up in the unit. It has built-in short circuit protection. This EMPA series amplifier is capable of handling a wide variety of public address requirepments at a surprising performance.\nIt is standard 19\" rack-mountable with earpiece provided and only taks up to 2U of space\n- Transformer isolated 100V, 70V and 8 ohm speaker outputs,\n- 6 LED output signal indicator\n- XLR connector for amplifier link\n- Short Circuit, thermal, overload protection with LED indication\n- Complete with priority input\n- Support 100V line input\n- Input gain control available located behind amplifier", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We have gained expertise in delivering a wide range of Executive Chair to our esteemed clients. It is constructed by using premium quality material and advance technology under the supervision of our experts. Designed with attractive design and appealing look, the offered chair fully compliments the workspace. It is light-weighted with high rigidity makes it easy to move anywhere. Apart from this, we are highly recommended by the clients for providing quality furniture products in a committed time frame. Our clients can avail this Executive Chair at lowest rate possible.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Offers the versatility of both smaller and larger cookers. Best buy!\nThe Duo Combi Pressure Cooker Set includes a 4 quart and 8 quart pot which are both constructed of 18/10 stainless steel . Both pressure cookers have two pressure settings HIGH (15psi) and LOW (8psi). These pressure cookers are also equipped with an easy-cleaning auto pressure release valve, visual pressure indicator, and a triple safety system which features a dual pressure control valve and two independent over pressure release valves.\n- Constructed of 18/10 Stainless Steel\n- Two pressure settings: HIGH (15psi) and LOW (8psi).\n- 4 & 8 quart pots.\n- Pressure cooker lid (interchangeable).\n- Tempered glass lid (interchangeable).\n- Steamer basket/food grater and trivet.\n- “Tastefully Under Pressure” full color cookbook that features over 90 recipes.\n- User’s manual.\nFast: Reduces cooking time up to 70%. Cook risotto in 7 minutes, meatballs in 4 minutes, cooked dry beans in 25 minutes and even vegan cheezecake in 25 minutes. Favorite recipes easily adapt and cook in one third of the time or less.\nEasy: Extremely easy to operate. Just load ingredients, lock lid in place and begin cooking. Release pressure and enjoy healthy, flavorful meals. It is that easy!\nHealthy: Create delicious meals while retaining important water-soluble vitamins and minerals. Steam vegetables in a flash or cook beans and grains super-fast with little or no pre-soaking involved. Cooks without oil. Maintain the natural color and flavor of foods.\nSafe: The Fagor Pressure Cooker is equipped with three independent pressure release mechanisms. If the unit is left unattended the main valve will begin to release excess pressure, next the safety valve will assist in releasing pressure and finally the gasket will protrude from the notch located on the side of the lid. Moreover, pressure will never build up if the locking handles have not been moved to the closed position properly. Once the pressure indicator has popped up, it will automatically block this safety lock, not allowing you to move it to the “open” position until all the pressure has been released.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "15 hp yamaha outboard weight boat motor for sale outboards.\n15 hp horse power honda outboard for sale used motors a.\n15 hp this horse outboard is a great for youngsters foot sale near me engines the 8 to sweet spot boat trader blog.\n15 hp motor amps affordable 6 touch laptop with ram.\n15 hp part number laptop case rotary screw air compressor.\n15 hp best sales outboard motor type with high quality parts from japan and yamaha 2 stroke china.\n15 hp 4 stroke outboard motor tiller handle version marine yamaha.\n15 hp ignition control module coil electronic power pack for outboard 2 stroke engines motor evinrude 4.\n15 hp portable honda outboard parts engines and.\n15 hp motor weight outboard parts and up.\n15 hp air cooled reciprocating oil free compressor motor frame size.\n15 hp ignition coil for 4 stroke outboard motor cheap marine boat magneto in tool parts from tools on electric dc.\n15 hp e ehtgl ho kicker engine yamaha outboard parts for sale.\n15 hp spectre laptop revolves around you evinrude parts review it spins me right round.\n15 hp outboard mercury mariner four stroke motor.\n15 hp a left comes equipped with power tilt centering straps and high thrust four blade prop to help it control heavy fishing boats evinrude 2 stroke new mercury outboards debut.\n15 hp motor for sale mercury mh outboard.\n15 hp pro audio st laptop.\n15 hp outboard honda weight boat rentals.\n15 hp pressure lubricated reciprocating air compressor 3 phase gal horizontal 33ds12hca46 evinrude boat motor.\n15 hp three phase submersible motor evinrude outboard rs.\n15 hp 4 stroke outboard motor laptop ram upgrade for sale.\n15 hp laptop ram upgrade 2 stroke.\n15 hp mercury parts drawing 6 8 motor weight outboard.\n15 hp china boat engine 2 stroke outboard motor with warranty for sale south africa.\n15 hp honda outboard manual single cylinder aircraft engine.\n15 hp w outboard parts 9 weight drawing.\n15 hp mercury 4 stroke outboard carburetor honda for sale used.\n15 hp outboard motor for sale south africa mercury marine in shaft.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "high precision bending angle, high precision backgauge, high repeatable accuracy up to 0.01mm，parallelism up to 0.02mm\nframework constituted by a solid structure,hybrid hydraulic system make the machine energy saving, low noise\ncomply with the strictest EU regulations with reference to safety. The devices installed guarantee thorough safety of the operator without reducing the pace of work.\nLVDBENDER press brake can easily upgrade the CNC system, make the machine more smart and less manual operation\nwesten quality,china price,Mazakpower is your best choice in sheet metal industry", "label": "No"}
{"text": "7*24 Hours For You\nGrinder machine manufacturer in chennai america.We are the most prominent exporter supplier distributor trader importer of surface grinder machine gear hobbing machine drilling machine vertical machining center machine chuck boring machine machining center power press pipe bending machine and many more moreover our products are available in the market at industry leading prices.Get Latest Price\nOur products sell well all over the world, and have advanced technology in the field of crushing sand grinding powder.\nManufacturer of grinding machines - surface grinding machines 5001000,1200, internal grinding machines, id grinding machine and surface grinding machine table size-400700,300600 offered by vtm enterprises, chennai, tamil nadu.\nManufacturer of coffee grinder offered by chennai beverages, chennai, tamil nadu.\nPlastic scrap grinder machine.To crush defective plastic into granular form we provide plastic scrap grinder machine.By these machines, plastic can be recycled and remoulded for use in manufacturing other products.These machines help to reduce the volume of plastic waste, make it usable for reproduction of plastic products.\nAcclaimed among our clientele for offering the finest products, we proudly introduce our plastic scrap grinder machine.The offered range of plastic scrap grinder machine is widely appreciated by the clients for its features such as robust construction, easy operation,.\nMolding machines we are the manufacturers of all kinds of precision engineered machines with a wide range of injection moulding machine, cooling tower, hopper dryer, plastic scrap grinder machine, injection moulding machine controller, and cap moulding machine.These moulding machines are offered in standard and customized sizes as per our customers requirements.\nManufacturer of surface grinding machine - surface grinder machine, cylindrical grinding machine, crank shaft regrinder machine automobiles and hydraulic surface grinding machine offered by perfect machines center, chennai, tamil nadu.\nHusqvarna india products private limited chennai.Manufacturer of surface grinding machine - surface grinder machine cylindrical grinding machine crank shaft regrinder machine automobiles and hydraulic surface grinding machine offered by perfect machines center chennai tamil nadu.\nFind here tool and cutter grinding machine, tool cutter grinder machine manufacturers, suppliers exporters in india.Get contact details address of companies manufacturing and supplying tool and cutter grinding machine, tool cutter grinder machine across india.\nManufacturer of industrial grinding equipment - pedestal grinding machine, double ended pedestal buffing machine, 5.0 hp bench grinder and bench grinder 1.0 hp offered by sri selvavinayaga industries, chennai, tamil nadu.\nManufacturer of grinding machine - surface grinder sm, hydraulic surface grinding machine offered by rajsen mechatronics tools, chennai, tamil nadu.\nPremier machine tools - manufacturer of grinding milling machinery, vertical turret microcut milling machine, surface grinder from chennai, tamil nadu, india.\nFind mixer grinder manufacturers, mixer grinder suppliers, exporters, wholesalers and distributors in chennai tamil nadu india - list of mixer grinder selling companies from chennai with catalogs, phone numbers, addresses prices for mixer grinder.\nCnc and grinder machine manufacturer from chennai.Cnc and grinder machine we are the most prominent exporter, supplier, distributor, trader, importer of surface grinder machine, gear hobbing machine, drilling machine, vertical machining center, machine chuck, boring machine, machining center, power press, pipe bending machine and many more.\nLathe and milling machine.Premier machine tools, is a sole proprietary firm established in 1980.We have our office in chennai.We are the leading manufacturer, trader, importer and distributor of lathe machine, milling machine, power press machines and much more.We have a track record of delivery world-class machines at the prices best in the market.\nWaste shredder and crusher machine.We are a trusted manufacturer and exporter of a wide waste shredder, crusher machine, recycling machine, grinder machine, etc.Our comprehensive range has been highly admired for its quality by the patrons across the nation.\nFind here industrial masala grinder, industrial spice grinder manufacturers, suppliers exporters in india.Get contact details address of companies manufacturing and supplying industrial masala grinder, industrial spice grinder, spice grinder across india.\nGrinder machine we are one of the prominent names in the industry to offer grinder machine , which is quite commonly used by many customers for daily usage due to its quality grade results.The product collection comprises of wet grinders, table top grinders.\nSurface grinding machine manufacturers in chennai.Heading surface grinding machine manufacturers city chennai results machine tools traders involvements machine tools traders manufacturers cnc machine tool manufacturers near me with phone number reviews and address.Get a quote cnc and grinder machine manufacturer from chennai.\nB2b database of metal grinder machine manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters in india containing phone numbers and emails ceos, directors, department managers, company address, website, turnover, and more.\nGrinder machine - tilting grinder manufacturer from grinder machine we are one of the prominent names in the industry to offer grinder machine, which is quite commonly used by many customers for daily usage due to its quality grade results.The product collection comprises of wet grinders, table top grinders and tilting grinders available.\nA grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used for grinding, which is a type the grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a power-driven grinding the speed is determined by the wheels diameter and manufacturer.\nEstablished in 1970, we, machine tools traders are well known exporter and manufacturer and supplier of cutting machine, lathe machine etc.Machine tools traders is well known for the best quality products and service from chennai.\nManufacturer of wet grinder - commercial wet grinder, commercial conventional wet grinder, tilting wet grinders offered by thirumalai industries, coimbatore, tamil nadu.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How do you calculate an aerator?\nCALCULATE NUMBER OF AERATORS Number of aerators = Number of acres (rounded upward) Example: The lake is 220ft. wide x 370 ft. long (220′ x 370′ = 81,400 sq. ft = 1.87 acres (rounded up to 2 acres).\nHow is aerator efficiency calculated?\nThe unit of measurement is kilograms or pounds of oxygen per hour of operation. Another measure is the Standard Aeration Efficiency or SAE, which is the SOTR divided by power used. The resulting measurement is pounds of oxygen per horsepower per hour of operation.\nHow do you size an aeration tank?\nThe influent concentration of MLSS is 3,000 mg/L, and the flow rate is 8,000 m3/day. Determine the size of the clarifier that will thicken the solids to 10,000 mg/L….\n|F / M||0.05||kg BOD / kg MLSS . day|\n|MLSS concentration||4,000||mg / L|\n|Aeration volume required||15,750||m3|\nHow do you calculate the diffuser on an aeration tank?\nCalculation of actual (Field) oxygen transfer efficiency (AOTE) requires manufacturers value of standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE). By using AOTE the number of diffusers necessary at the design maximum case is computed….\nHow do you calculate Vvm in bioreactor?\nAll Answers (19) As VVM stands for volume of air sparged (in aerobic cultures) per unit volume of growth medium per minute, it is calculated by dividing measured airflow rate (units: L/m, using a rotameter) with the volume (L) of growth medium (including cultured cells).\nWhat is aeration capacity?\nThe aeration capacity is normally based on the oxygen transfer under standard conditions which means in clean wa- ter, at 10 or 20 oC, atmospheric pressure 1013 mBar and no dissolved oxygen in the water. In general the Standard Oxygen Requirement (SOR) is in between 1.5 2.5 times the AOR.\nHow do you calculate oxygen uptake?\nOxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) Calculation d [O2] / d t (= OTR, oxygen transfer rate) is used to calculate the current oxygen consumption during a certain time period. So in order to calculate the OUR of the cells / microorganisms the kLa has to be known, estimated, or determined.\nHow do you calculate oxygen in aeration tank?\nHow to calculate Aeration Tank Volume? Hence O2 required 350/0.20 =1750 kg/day. one more point to be consider the Depth of aeration Tank, suppose it is 4 metre depth select 0.5 or 0.6 kg/cm² in blower side.\nWhat is aeration rate?\nFermentation Design Laboratory scale work frequently reports aeration rates as the volume of air at standard conditions per volume of liquid per minute, or standard cubic feet of air per hour per gallon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pressfin Heat Sinks\nElite Thermal Management\nthermal, heat exchangers, Heat Sinks\n- Pressfin heat sinks are 30-40% more efficient when compared to extruded or die cast heat sinks, thus ensuring a low thermal difference between the heat sink & the device.\nDef Stan 00-35\n- Round pins offer a greater surface area when compared to square pins.\n- Pressfin heat sinks react much faster as the manufacturing process ensures the atomic structure of the aluminium is in the direction of the heat flow.\n- They are particularly suitable for applications generating high levels of heat and where space & weight are at a premium.\n- Manufactured from AI99,0-99 pure aluminium with a thermal conductivity of 210~236 W/mk.\n- Very smooth mounting surface <8Rz, ensuring low thermal impedance from the contact area.\n- Fully automated \"one movement\" manufacturing process produces a 20% cost saving when compared to extruded or die cast heat sinks.\n- Sizes from 10 x 10mm up to 100 x 100mm with a wide variety of pin forms.\n, heat exchangers\n, heat pipes\n, Heat Sinks\n, MIL STD 810\n, Pressfin Heat Sinks\n, Thermal Imterface Materials\n, Thermal Management\n, Thermal Paste", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The heavy-duty, rugged feel of ARC’s toggle switch line of products features blue LED illumination and a black powder coated bezel. These switch panels can also be used with our power control system to realize the same benefits found in our micro switch models. Only a single ¼” diameter cable is needed for all switches. There are currently three toggle switch configurations available. Two with round momentary push button. Each system comes with a variety label sheet in order to label your panel how you see fit.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Recently we installed a Light Bar on a Formosa Boat.\nFor this Formosa Boat Light Bar Install, the customer had purchased the light bar that they wanted to be installed on the top of their boat for improved visibility at night.\nOur experienced techncians can install a wide range of accessories for use in marine environments. We can fit dual battery systems, 12v pumps, fishing accessories and lights.\nJust bought a boat? If you are looking to set your vehicle up to tow a new boat trailer, please do not hesitate to contact our friendly team for any enquiries you may have!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Provide scientific, technical and fire management systems expertise to:\n• Expand current international fire danger (FWI) monitoring system to full global coverage (presently monitoring approx. 1/3 global area for current daily conditions).\n• Develop criteria to interpret FWI output in terms of fire danger levels for early warning purposes (e.g., conditions that define Low, Moderate, High, and Extreme fire danger).\n• Develop practical decision-aid tools based on early warning for fire prevention, preparedness, detection, and fire response (e.g., when fire danger is High, open burning restrictions are imposed, tower detection is implemented, fire fighting staff and equipment are readyfor immediate dispatch, etc.).\n• Prepare and assist in delivering a technology transfer program to train early warning system users.\nWas this article helpful?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "West Side Middle Girls track team make district champs\nThe girls track team at West Side Middle School recently competed at the district level and walked away big winners. Coaches Rena Pierre and Wiltz Roberts released the following as winners:\nFirst place winner were, LaDayshia Brown in long jump, triple jump, 4 x 200 meter relay and 4 x 100 meter relay; Khadijah Wheat in 100 meter dash, 200 meter dash, 4 x 200 meter relay and 4 x 100 meter relay; Tiasity Sims in 55 meter hurdles, 4 x 200 meter relay and 4 x 100 meter relay; Briana Dyson in 4 x 200 meter relay; Sunderia Steptoe in shotput and 4 x 100 meter relay; Anayjah Varnado in discus.\nSecond place winners were, Destynee Wilson in triple jump Anayjah Varnado in shot put.\nThird place winners were, Darnea Taylor in high jump; Pamela Haywood in discus.\nLaDayshia Brown was named the 2009 Field Event MVP.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ECONOMICAL 5 AXIS BRIDGE SAWS FOR STONE CUTTING\nThe 5 axis bridge saw is a more powerful cutting machine specially used to cut stone. It can achieve 90-degree bevel angle cutting of marble, granite, and ceramic tiles.\nThe 5 axis bridge saw is equipped with 5 spindles, coupled with the configuration of internationally renowned brand components, it can process more processes, perform cutting at more angles, and achieve accurate and efficient processing of more different shapes and types of stone.\nIf you need a more powerful and efficient cutting machine, you can choose a 5 axis bridge saw. You can call us or fill out the form to leave us information.\nSturdy and durable: The bridge, slide rails and tool holder are made of cast iron, which are strong and durable, with low vibration during processing and higher overall stability.\nAutomatic cutting: With built-in programming system, the machine will automatically work according to the set program, greatly improving production efficiency and saving manpower.\nFlexible and convenient: The A-axis cutting head can be tilted 90 degrees, and the C-axis can be rotated 360 degrees, making processing of special-shaped materials more flexible.\nFive-axis high efficiency: Multiple spindles are installed, which can perform various processing techniques such as chamfering, arc, special-shaped cutting, milling, and edge grinding.\n|ES5-3220 5 Axis Bridge Saw Machine for Granite Stone\n|X, Y, and Z\n|1300W absolute servo motor\n|1300W absolute servo motor with brake\n|A and C\n|1000W absolute servo motor\n|X, Y, and Z: # 30\n|Max. weight for turning\n|Max. cutting thickness\n|X/Y: Japan SHIMPO\n|11KW motor, rated: 3000r/min\n|Blue Elephant customized system (built-in CAM software)\n|Working air pressure\nThe 5 axis bridge saw can realize various types of special-shaped cutting, arcs, chamfering, etc. at any angle. It is widely used in kitchen and bathroom, decoration, stone carving, signage, handicrafts, construction and other industries. It is an ideal machine for stone processing.\nThe 5-axis bridge saw is the most versatile as it can cut stone anywhere around the vertical axis. The frame of the bridge saw is composed of a bridge, so it is called a bridge saw. It moves on the X-axis and Y-axis at both ends through the motor.\nThe 5-axis bridge saw machine is an advanced CNC cutting equipment, usually used for processing stone, marble, granite, ceramics and other materials. Compared with traditional cutting equipment, 5-axis bridge saw machines have higher precision, wider cutting capabilities and a higher level of automation.\n1. Adopts self-developed five-axis bridge saw head and high-rigidity cast rotating bracket.\n2. Using high-precision RV reducer, the saw head rotation accuracy is better. The mobile suction cup combined with CAM software makes it easier to fix the material and prevent the saw blade from overcutting.\n3. The workbench can rotate up to 80 degrees, which facilitates the loading and unloading of stones and saves manpower.\n4. The control system has built-in CAM software, which can easily make drawings and generate paths, making it easier to operate.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Power chords - guitar noise, Whether you play electric guitar or acoustic guitar, at some point you’re going to run into power chords. while the concept behind these “chords” has been. Power chords – cheats’ guide guitar playing, Title: microsoft word - power chords to cover a multitude of sins.doc author: marie page created date: 6/2/2005 2:05:12 pm. Easy guitar riffs power chords & arpeggios, Play easy guitar riffs using power chords & arpeggios. a lesson on how to write your own riffs, with tab examples. use these techniques in your own songs..\nGuitar power chords, Guitar power chords extensively forms rock music. consist 1, 5 possibly 1 octave higher.. http://www.guitarchordsmagic.com/basic-guitar-chords/guitar-power-chords.html Chord chart - chordie - guitar chords, guitar tabs lyrics, Guitar chords guitar tablature easy. chordie search engine finding guitar chords guitar tabs.. http://www.chordie.com/chords.php Power chord chart - learn play rock guitar, This means exhaustive power chord chart. common easiest power chords ’ll find.. http://www.learn-to-play-rock-guitar.com/support-files/powerchordchart.pdf", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This paper presents a method for efficient compression and relighting with high-resolution, precomputed light transport matrices. We accomplish this using a 4D wavelet transform, transforming the columns of the transport matrix, in addition to the 2D row transform used in previous work. We show that a standard 4D wavelet transform can actually inflate portions of the matrix, because high frequency lights lead to high frequency images that cannot easily be compressed. Therefore, we present an adaptive 4D wavelet transform that terminates at a level that avoids inflation and maximizes sparsity in the matrix data. Finally, we present an algorithm for fast relighting from adaptively compressed transport matrices. Combined with a GPU-based precomputation pipeline, this results in an image and geometry relighting system that performs significantly better than 2D compression techniques, on average 2x-3x better in terms of storage cost and rendering speed for equal quality matrices.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gas and air heating\nAre you looking for bespoke heating solutions for air heating in compact spaces? DEW can help. With a construction and design carefully tailored to your exact requirements, our screw-in heaters, heater batteries, finned tube radiators and tubular heaters impress with high energy density. Among others, these are used in climate control technology, in the construction of ovens and in process engineering. All our solutions for gas and air heating employ the same basic principle of operation: the air that flows through the unit is directly heated by the heating element – to temperatures of up to 1000 °C. In the process, the transfer of heat can be boosted further still by means of the spirally wound flat strips.\nWith the DEW heating element calculator you can comfortably calculate important values for the heating element you are looking for. Determine, for example, the power required to warm up a substance with a specific mass from temperature T1 to T2 in a certain time.\nSelect the value that you want to calculate, enter all values and click \"Calculate\":", "label": "No"}
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{"text": "Have you noticed lately that your A/C unit just isn’t working at top capacity? Does it feel like sometimes there’s very little cool air blowing out at all? Trying to eliminate cigarette odors? Dirty unit coils may be to blame. If your commercial or residential AC system needs a thorough coil cleaning, Automatic Control, the region’s premiere HVAC service company, can help.\nFlorida Automatic Control\nAn air conditioning system houses two coils: one designated to provide indoor cooling by absorbing heat in the air circulating indoors and one to repel heat and hot air as a fan cycles air throughout the area. Over time, these coils can become plagued with dirt, dust and other tiny particles and debris, forcing unit back-ups and diminishing the efficiency of the unit and its overall longevity. Unclean coils can even act as a breeding ground for microorganisms that get circulated throughout the home and office every time the unit is used. That’s where Automatic Control comes in!\nFor over 27 years, Automatic Control has delivered premium HVAC services and techniques to meet all of our customers’ ventilation and air quality needs. Our specially designed industrial strength process for coil cleaning quickly and effectively eliminates coil build up to ensure your AC unit is working at max capacity each and every time. Best of all, an efficient air conditioning unit utilizes less energy and can help you save money on your monthly utility bills. Whether your system is due for a routine coil cleaning or has never been serviced before, Automatic Control can help – contact us today to hear more!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mouse Logitech Wireless, MX Anywhere 2S Wireless (910-005156)\n– Darkfield high precision tracking\nTracks on anu surface (even glass)up to 4000 DPI.\n– Fast rechargeable battery\nHolds power up to 70days on a full charge .\n– Hyper-fast scrolling\nScroll through long documents or web pages with fast, precise navigation.\n– Sculpted ,compact shape\nCrafted to fit yuor hand ,this comfortable portable mouse provides the control you need .\n$63.00Shipping: Free Shipping in Phnom Penh\n- Reviews (0)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Send us any questions concerning white color secondary stage pocket filter factory We are here to help you. Our globle selling group is young, energetic, proactive, and insistent. Also very friendly and be more and more professional to service you. Our priority is customer service, quality first. Welcome to visit our store and factory.\nWe are a well-known company that offers a variety of wholesale pp nonwoven filter fabric wholesale . Our professionals design board type pleated washable merv8 g4 air primary synthetic filter media panel filter using modern machine according to the global quality standards. These cheap price air filter paper media for sale are highly sought-after in the marketplace.\nOur team is creative! Always! Let's all work together as win/win partners!\nWe are leading manufacturer and exporter of china wholesale bag filter silk soy yogurt supplier .We aim to develop the long-term business relationship with our clients on the principle of mutual growth. With a focus on growth, we also lay emphasis in providing quality products at the most competitive prices.\nThe factory is 1100 square metres in size and employs 96 people, including 43 technicians and 11 QC staff. Each link of the production line is checked for quality to ensure that the products are high-quality.\nProfessional manufacturer in China. We offer high-quality products wholesale price washable fabric filter for sale of the highest quality. Our china wholesale bag filter hydraulic fluid filters for sale products have been awarded many significant certifications. They are the best sellers on the local and international markets. If you would like to learn more about our factory or view our product list, please use the button below.\nhepa filter 0.3 for air condition hepa air conditioning filter International was formed in 2005. Their vision was to be the best source of high efficiency filter mini pleat hepa h11 h12 h13 air replacement for air purifier suppliers in the nation. They have the mission of total customer satisfaction and honest business ethics.\nFor international and regional trade, skilled air ventilation minipleat h14 hepa filter company suppliers from China. Our series of white color secondary stage pocket filter factory solutions was developed to help you get the perfect goods from China. It has been tested and awarded us skilled authority certifications. Click the button for additional information and a solution list.\n|No.||Model||Air flow(m³)||size (mm)||Cabin Volume||Removal efficiency rate|\n|custom filtro hepa atmoblue company||h13 h14 commercial laminar flow hepa filter ahu filter|\n|cover ceiling filters cabin air filter company||fiberglass paint stop filter pa 50 company|\n|Customized cabin air filter for sale||wholesale activated carbon air filter wholesale|\n|cheap price h14 high temperature resistance hepa air filter||China cloth bag filter wholesale|\n|competitive price filter media fabric hepa||best price hvac ahu pleated air filter f7 wholesale|\n|h13 universal panel compact hitachi hepa filter wholesale||wholesale hepa fan filter unit manufacturer|\n|Customized filtre air for sale||2x20m spray paint booth filter roll for sale|\n|portable uv phone sanitizer charger sterilizer box supplier||aluminium frame cleaning pre air quality filter wholesale|\n|cheap price polyester filter bag for sale||buy china air filter h14 hepa filters for sale|\n|Customized vacuum cleaner filter part factory||cheap waterproof fabrics polyimide p84 air filter media|\n|Calais||White Dove||La Rochelle||Agnelle-sur-Seine|\n|Le Tampon||La Seyne-sur-Mer||Antony||Lorient|\nh14 cleanroom 0.3 micron hepa air filter supplier, pp fiberglass h13 h14 hepa filter for air purifier company, spray booth paint booth g2 synthetic fiber air filter sp 20, quality f5 f9 manufacturer air filter merv 14 filter, wholesale price washable fabric filter for sale, OEM hvac hepa filter h13 factory, mini pleats cassette hepa filter manufacturer, top sale hepa filter 12x24 supplier, galvanized frame mini pleat single flange type v bank hepa filter, OEM fiberglass air filter material manufacturer,\nEnter a keywords to searchSearch", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Air rifle is the rifle which fires bullets using the compressed air without involving the chemical reactions. There are different types of air rifles already available in the market. On the basis of design, there are three types of air rifle available i.e. spring-piston, pneumatic and bottled compressed. PCP air rifle (pre-charged pneumatic air rifles) is one of the type of pneumatic air rifle which uses the internal stored pressurized gas in shooting. so, Is PCP air rifle the best choice?\nPCP air rifle is one of the fastest growing segment in air gun market because of its specifications which make PCP air rifle stand out of all. The on board reserve tank for compressed air provide loads of velocity and faster follow-up shots with less refilling. This gives you a chance to concentrate more on shooting rather than loading the gun again and again. There are some light and compact PCP air rifle available in the market- important consideration and make this rifle perfect for the small shooters.\nBelow mentioned are some benefits of using the PCP air rifle:\n- Easiest air gun to shoot\n- Consistent power\n- Most accurate air gun\n- Very quiet as compared to other air rifles\n- Suitable for both beginners and experienced\n- Produces very little recoil\n- Multisport magazine for fast follow-up shots\n- Uses a higher calibre pellet\n- Have a gauge to show the amount of gas present in reservoir\n- Have air regulators to manage the pressure for firing valve\nPCP air guns are one of the best option to buy but there are some disadvantages as well in using the PCP air rifle:\n- Expensive as compared to other airguns: it will cost you some hundred dollars up to a thousand dollar for the single. Buying the whole tank setup itself is quite expensive. However, if you have any air tank you don’t need to buy one.\n- The second disadvantage of PCP air guns is they require support system to refill the tank. There are some options available to refill the tank, i.e., scuba tank, hand pump and carbon fiber tank. Hand pump is cheap and easy to carry but it requires a lot of hard work. On the other hand, both options are quite expensive, and they require a proper setup along with it.\n- Proper maintenance and repair is required for consistent power and smooth functioning of the rifle.\nPCP air rifles have earned a lot of attention from all the shooters around the world irrespective of their cost as it is totally worth buying it. PCP air rifle are incredibly powerful gun which makes it a perfect solid choice for game hunters. If you are the person who love quietness in their gun with high power and accuracy for their shooting, then PCP air rifle will definitely become your best choice for perfect shooting experience. Little maintenance will smoothen your experience with your gun which will go long way ahead.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "gray couch living room ideas light grey sofa decorating charcoal lighting.\nlight up vanities hello kitty makeup vanity lighting with lights and mirror.\nrecess can lights lighting in bedroom.\nhanging room lights lighting in living.\ndim em dammit lighting post cataract surgery light streaks.\nfoyer light fixture cleaning size fixtures ideas modern for entryway lighting.\nwall mount lighting outdoor catalog led.\ncontemporary bathroom faucets sink lighting modern and fixtures.\nlight switch covers plates rejuvenation lighting bathroom.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "EVON 50E – Floor Scrubber DryerModel Name: EVON 50E\nEVON 50E – Floor Scrubber Dryer Compact washer dryer is suitable for cleaning small areas; (up to 2000 M2/h) Particularly suitable for cleaning car salons, stores, gyms, fitness centres. Its compact size is ideal for cleaning places with limited space. The brush can be adjusted to any height, enabling it to clean both the large and small areas. It has a powerful suction system which removes dirt particles efficiently, thus giving you an assured clean result. Furthermore, the 50E is equipped with a safety switch, which prevents any electrical risks and ensures your safety. It is also easy to use and maintain, making it a great choice for anyone looking for an efficient floor scrubber dryer.\nThe EVON 50E Floor Scrubber Dryer Compact washer dryer is the perfect solution for all your cleaning needs. It is designed for efficient cleaning and perfect for a wide range of places such as offices, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, etc. With its user-friendly control panel and adjustable brush height, you can easily clean any type of floor surface. The EVON 50E comes with an automatic safety shut off system for both the brushes and its suction system, which will shut down in case of any potential dangers. This ensures your safety while using the 50E. The extra-large capacity tanks also make it easier to clean larger areas with fewer refills.\nThe 50E Floor Scrubber Dryer Compact is designed for maximum efficiency and time-saving benefits. Its powerful brush motor ensures a deep clean of all types of floor surfaces even in hard to reach areas. The scrubbing brushes are adjustable for the exact amount of pressure needed for your specific cleaning needs. With its large water tank capacity, you can clean more area with fewer refills, saving you time and energy. The 50E is also equipped with a modern control panel, allowing you to customize and adjust the scrubber for optimal use. All of these features come together to make the 50E one of the most advanced cleaning machines on the market today. All Aman Cleaning Equipment products are designed to provide you with top-notch performance and peace of mind. So don’t wait any longer – order yours today!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hand Tools Tolsen Universal Wrench 9-32mm\nTOLSEN tools focus on making professional quality hand tools and related hardware products. TOLSEN products are all strictly controlled at every step during designing, producing, packing and quality controlling process.\nTOLSEN tools are manufactured using quality materials while ensuring usability, efficiency and performance\nFeatures & Benefits\n- High quality carbon steel\n- Chrome finished surface\n- Two-component plastic handle", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I've been playing the guitar for a while now. This usually involves you liking a song and then googling the guitar tab so you can play it. One (dark) day my Internet connection was down so I thought I'd play random notes. After a while the notes formed a song.\nVocals are by my brother Sam, and the song is called Brother:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Equine LTS, has its foundation in the NASA LED research. The evolution within Light Emitting Diode (LED), has been exponential since 2002. The Equine LTS is using LED Chips, not the old fashioned light emitting diode bulbs, for a more stream lined look and 120 degrees light. The LED chips is mounted on a flexible strip, pre-wired with resistors and coated with a water resistant silicon top, to maintain durability and easy cleaning. The LED strips are powered by a 12V rechargeable battery.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Introducing the new Britax BFR1000 with CyclOne LED technology!\nThe Britax BFR1000 rotating LED beacon features unique CyclOne LED Technology with high reflectivity free-form rotating reflector and two rotation speeds and directions. Certified to SAE J845 Class 1, this beacon is truly powerful and comes with a three-year warranty.\nBritax have created an all new LED beacon: designed from the ground up to create a true rotating beacon, but with all the advantages of using LED light output. The unique CyclOne technology is made up of a custom designed single source high output LED combined with a highly reflective free-form rotator—both of which work together to project a powerful warning signal over long distances.\nThe BFR1000 also features a tough polycarbonate amber lens with a smooth finish for increased dust resistance and low wind drag. The O-ring within the lens creates a seal that provides high dust, moisture and vibration resistance. This combined with the gel-filled base gives this beacon a rating of IP67.\nThe base is constructed from heavy duty die-cast alloy, which provides maximum durability and also highly efficient heat sinking for the LED system. The base comes with a rubber mounting gasket that allows for different mounting options whilst keeping the underside area of the beacon sealed at all times.\nTwo internal jumper selectors provide options of two rotation speeds and directions: clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation, and speeds of 120rpm or 180 rpm. The bolt base version also has an additional user selectable 30% dimming function for night use. Both the bolt base and magnetic base versions are multivoltage (10–30VDC). Certified to SAE J845 Class 1, this beacon is truly powerful and comes standard with a three-year warranty.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Distensori, rulli speciali e soluzioni per la copertura in gomma\nTutti i prodotti per Soluzioni per Rulli di precisione\nMounts for Dead Shaft Idler Rolls\nMounts provide a stable, secure connection for idler rolls, ensuring consistent, reliable performance.\nRULLI DI TRASFERIMENTO TERMICO WEBEX ( RULLI DI RAFFREDDAMENTO)\nA uniquely engineered internal temperature management system allows for precise temperature control, ensuring consistent, reliable performance in heat transfer applications.\nRulli Sottovuoto Webex\nA uniquely engineered internal vacuum system provides a strong, stable grip on a variety of materials, ensuring consistent and reliable web handling.\nRulli Folli Webex\nWe offer more than 400 standard configurations and numerous customizable options available for coating, plating, finish, groove patterns, shaft style, and environmental capabilities.\nRulli Stenditori Webex\nExpertly engineered internal design that ensures consistent, even spreading.\nWINertia AV – Rulli in Alluminio con Canali di Sfogo dell’Aria\nFeaturing a special air vent design for consistent, reliable performance in demanding environments.\nWINertia™ AV-Rullo Stenditore\nEasily remove wrinkles with this specially designed tapered dead shaft to achieve a greater surface speed at the ends of the roll.\nSoluzioni di Rulli rivestiti in Gomma Valley Roller\nWith more than 3,000 custom rubber compounds, you will dramatically improve your performance through our precise grinding tolerances that exceed industry standards, including the option for inspection for highly accurate measurements in applications requiring a near-perfect grind profile.\nRulli Gobbi Allargatori\nBowed Rolls from Maxcess provide even tension and vibration-free operation for web separation and wrinkle elimination.\nExpertly designed, engineered, and custom built specialty rolls for various industries, with fast turnaround and decades of expertise. Contact us for your next project.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Brushless cordless hammer drill with compact design for universal and demanding applications & a unique Metabo brushless motor for quick work progress and the highest efficiency for any application. High torque machine with low kick-back. LiHD battery pack for ultimate performance and extremely long runtime with minimal temperature generation.\n*terms & conditions apply\nFor more details.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Camfil APC has introduced the Gold Series X-Flo (GSX), a powerful and cost-efficient system for collecting and containing the fumes generated by plasma cutting tables. The system is used in conjunction with a downdraft table to capture fumes at their source, reducing operator exposure to toxic fumes and helping shops meet OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs).\nGSX systems effectively process fumes while maintaining a low pressure drop. They are designed to pulse-clean more effectively to extend filter life, while minimizing compressed air usage and energy costs. The units are built modularly, providing maximum airflow and processing power for any given footprint. GSX systems can achieve efficiencies as high as MERV 15 using filter cartridges with HemiPleat® eXtreme nanofiber media.\nThe GSX exceeds OSHA mandates for indoor air quality and is tested to meet NFPA and ATEX standards.\nClick here for more information on the Gold Series X-Flo dust collector.\nAbout Camfil Air Pollution Control\nCamfil APC, headquartered in Jonesboro, Arkansas, is the leading global manufacturer of dust, mist, and fume collection equipment and is part of Camfil, the world’s largest air filtration company. For further information or sales inquiries, contact Camfil APC at 1-800-479-6801 (US/Canada) or 1-870-933-8048 (Latin America); email email@example.com, or visit www.camfilapc.com.\nReport Abusive Comment", "label": "No"}
{"text": "JA Series ToolsJune 9, 2016\nR Series Ribbon ToolsJune 9, 2016\nD Series Double Wire End Tools\n$4.79 – $25.85\n6″ wire end tools are used to remove controlled amounts and shapes of clay. These 6″ tools are suitable for light cutting and slicing. The ends are made from high-strength music wire and firmly attached to the hardwood handles with brass ferrules.\n|D Series Tool||\nD1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, DSS Set of 5", "label": "No"}
{"text": "RJ31X Jack with Cord\nThe Ultratech RJ31XSET includes an RJ jack and a connecting cord. An RJ jack is used to \"release\" the panel from the phone line so the telephone can be used. If the panel must sound an alarm, its built-in relay will seize the phone line so that the system can dial out. Buy the R31XSET here.\nThe Ultratech RJ31XSET with cord provides an RJ jack for an alarm system that uses a phone dialer. This is a very important component when setting up a security system for POTS (plain old telephone service) communication. The RJ jack allows the phone to be used when the panel is wired in.\nIn order for a POTS system to work effectively, it needs to be able to seize the phone line at any time in case of an emergency. The RJ enables the system to temporarily \"give up\" the phone line so that the phone can be used. However, if an alarm occurs while the phone is being used, the system will use a built-in relay to steal the phone line back so that it can properly dial out.\n* Based on a 10% APR with 12 months financing. APR's will vary between 10% - 30% based on credit score and various factors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.\n1. Renogy #ad\nAnd Flooded batteries and Renogy Bluetooth Module, Sealed, Gel, Renogy Wanderer Li 30A 12V PWM Negative Ground Charge Controller Compatible with Lithium #adRenogy #ad\n- Optimized for a 12v system; Deep cycle Sealed, Gel, Flooded, and Lithium battery option ready. Simple install: fully open the hatch CCW, insert the appropriate wires, and completely close the hatch CW.\nThen secure each cable by rotating the screws clockwise CW to the closed position. Wanderer10a|30a installation notes: the default starting position of the wanderer controller terminal hatches are closed in the UP position that could mistakenly look like an open wire hatch.\nMultiple led indicators for easy to read charge status and battery information. Make sure to first lower each terminal hatch by screwing the terminals counterclockwise CCW to expose the wire terminal hatch to the open position.\n|Warranty||1-year material and workmanship warranty|\n2. PowMr #ad\nPowMr Solar Controller 60A, 12V 24V 36V 48V Auto Dual USB Output Charge Controller Fit for Lithium/Lead-Acid Battery Regulator #adPowMr #ad\n- Double usb output 5v/2a, automatic temperature compensation and accumulated function of charge and discharge KWH;. Intelligent 4 stages pwm charge controller: bulk, float; Can work with Lead-acid battery Sealed, Gel, Flooded and Lithium battery LiCoMnNiO2, Equalize, absorption, LiFePO4;.\n60a pwm solar controller, 12v 24v 36v 48v dc auto, max solar power up to 720w when 12V system; 1440W/24V; 2160W/36V; 2880W/48V;. Rich lcd display with Back-lighting shows device’s operating data and working condition.\n3. BougeRV #ad\nDual USB Ports, AGM, Gel, Solar Panel Intelligent Regulator Positive Ground, BougeRV 30Amp 12V/24V PWM Solar Charge Controller, Adjustable Parameter with LCD Display, FLD, Lithium Battery, for SLD #adBougeRV #ad\n- Warranty and attentions : please connect the battery to the solar charge controller first to complete the recognition process and wake up the display. Bougerv pwm solar charge controller features with dual MOS circuit to prevent the reverse current and reduce the heat in operation. Easy wiring : come with 6 pcs of spade terminals, make your wiring neat and safer.\nIntelligent regulator : compatible with 12v/24v batteriessld/fld/gel/lifepo4/ternary lithium battery, this solar charge controller is auto resettable after disconnecting, also be auto-wakeup for lithium battery after setting battery type.\nKeep the conductivity, and no need to worry about the short circuit of the device caused by the copper wire branches contact other terminals. Input and output will be realtime updated in the LCD display. Certified by ce and rohs. Comprehensive protection : with 6 protections, reverse current protections.\nDual usb port, ipad, and android phones, load operating mode, this PWM solar charge controller can power devices such as iPhone, light control mode, maximum current can reach 2A. Custom your system : various parameters adjustable to design the tailored system for you. Please feel free to contact us if you have any problem with the product. Maintain your battery all the time. With the heat sink on the back sheet, open-circuit, over-temperature, short-circuit, reverse prevention circuit, overload, this solar charge controller can keep the stable work temperature.\n4. HQST #ad\nFlooded, Compatible with Gel, HQST PWM 20A 12/24V Waterproof Common Positive Solar Charge Controller with LCD Display, Lithium Batteries, AGM #adHQST #ad\n- 4 battery type compatible – gel, float, flooded, Absorption, Lithium.4-stage pwm charging: Bulk, AGM, & Equalization. Smart pwm technology, high efficiency with reawakening Lithium feature.\nCommon positive charge controller. Protections: multiple Battery, Controller, and PV electronic protections. Backlit lcd displaying system operating information and error codes. Waterproof design, suitable for indoor or outdoor use.\n5. Renogy #ad\nRover 30A, Renogy Rover 30A 12V/24V Auto DC Input MPPT Solar Charge Controller Parameter Adjustable LCD Display Solar Panel Regulator fit for Gel Sealed Flooded and Lithium Battery #adRenogy #ad\n- It is the best charging solution even in cloudy environments where the max power point of the solar panels will fluctuate all day. 4-stage safely chargingfeatures 4-stage charging bulk, Float, Absorption, and Equalization of Lead Acid Batteries and 2-stage charging Bulk and Absorption for Lithiuim batteries as well as Lithium Reactivation.\nRemote monitoringrs232 communication port allows the renogy rover to communicate with the Renogy BT-1 Bluetooth module NOT included in the package, highly recommend to add-on that will enable you to monitor the status and productivity of your panels through the Renogy DC Home App.\nDiverse load control connect dc appliances directly to the optional Load Terminals and monitor consumption or set up timer controls directly from the controller. 12v/24v automatically detectautomatically detects 12v or 24V DC system voltages, and the LCD screen and multiple LED indicators display the solar charging and battery operation information, customizable parameters, and error codes.\nFull system protectionmeant to safeguard your system, battery over-discharging, the self-diagnostic capability can assess and protect against reverse polarity, overload, short-circuiting, battery overcharging, and reverse current. Innovative mppt designdie-cast aluminium design ensuring excellent heat dissipation and Renogy Maximum Power Point Tracking technology with a high tracking efficiency of up to 99% and peak conversion efficiency of 98%.\n|Part Number||fit for Gel Sealed Flooded and Lithium|\n|Model||fit for Gel Sealed Flooded and Lithium|\n|Warranty||2-year material and workmanship warranty|\n6. Marsrock #ad\nMarsrock Lithium Battery Wind Solar Hybrid Charge Controller with Wind Generator MPPT Boost Charging Function, with Dump Load Device and 50cm Cable, Used for Off Grid Wind Solar Hybrid System #adMarsrock #ad\n- High performance and stable chip control. Dual power supply function: Battery + solar power supply. Lcd displays parameters such as voltage and current of wind, solar and load.\nWind generator MPPT boost charging function. Pwm dump load of wind, external dump-load resistance, intelligent disconnection of Solar charging.\n|Manufacturer||Marsrock Power #ad|\n7. Renogy #ad\nRenogy Rover 60 Amp 12V/24V/36V/48V DC Input MPPT Solar Charge Controller Auto Parameter Adjustable LCD Display Solar Panel Regulator fit for Gel Sealed Flooded and Lithium Battery #adRenogy #ad\n- Multiple protections eliminate Safety Hazards: Electronic protection against reverse polarity, overcharging, overload, over-discharging, short-circuiting, and reverse current.\nCompatibility with multiple battery types for convenient use: Sealed Lead Acid, GEL, Flooded and Lithium Iron Phosphate. Easy to use lcd: lcd screen and multiple LED indicators for displaying system operation information, customizable parameters, and error codes.\nRs232: rs232 port allows the rover pg to communicate with the BT-1 Bluetooth module, which can pair with the Renogy DC Home smartphone app. Mppt technology: innovative mppt technology with high tracking efficiency up to 99% and peak conversion efficiency of 98%.\n|Part Number||Solar Charge Controller|\n|Model||Solar Charge Controller|\n|Warranty||2-year material and workmanship warranty|\n8. PowMr #ad\nMax 160VDC Input LCD Backlight Solar Charge for Vented Sealed Gel NiCd Lithium BatterySoftware Update VersionMPPT-60A, PowMr MPPT Charge Controller 60 amp 48V 36V 24V 12V Auto #adPowMr #ad\n- Copper wires:9AWG. Hope you love it. What you getwe consider that the larger diameter of the wire will be greater cost for customers, so we designed two connectors for each pos and negs on solar and batteries connectors. Software update version100% mppt 60a solar charge controller intelligent, pv utilization ≥99%.\nBuilt-in dsp controller with high performance Automatic battery voltage detection 12V/24V/36V/48V, Max efficiency ≥98. 1%, make sure batteries' voltage more than 12V to boost controller and make sure battery has enough power to Self-detection when connected to the controller.\nIntelligence fan-on temperature >45℃ and off < 40℃, Porous heat dissipation. And fan use bearing technologies increase life UP TO 5000hrs in normal use. Fit for usercan be set lithium, lifepo4, linicomno2/vented/flooded/Sealed/Gel/NiCd battery.\nUser programmable for absorption voltage/Floating voltage/Low voltage disconnect. Load Timer. Blacklight lcd dispaly pv voltage/output power/battery voltage/charging current/working mode/Temperature, TROUBLESHOOTING function and LCD display and can help users not only check the whole system operating data and statuses but also quickly identify system faults and modify parameters. Real-time energy recording.\n9. HQST #ad\n12V/24V DC Input Solar Panel Regulator for Gel Sealed Flooded and Lithium Battery, HQST MPPT Solar Charge Controller 20 Amp Negative Ground Controller with Bluetooth LCD Display #adHQST #ad\n- Maximizing the energy from solar panels to charge your system. Built-in bluetooth module, you can download the PVChargePro app for remote monitoring that keeps 300 days of historical data. Compatible with multiple battery types- the mppt solar charge controller is compatible with Flooded, AGM, float, Lithium batteries.\nUsing temperature sensors to compensate for battery charging voltage can extend battery life and improve system performance. 3-stage charging: boost, Gel, and equalization. User mode allows the buyer to set their charging parameters. High tracking efficiency- solar charge controller adopts advanced mppt technology that ensures fast and stable track the maximum power point, high tracking efficiency of up to 99%, and peak conversion efficiency of 98%.\nMultiple electronic protection- negative ground controller offers overcharging/over-discharging/overload/overheat/short circuit/reverse protection.\nLcd screen display & remote monitoring- 20a solar controller is equipped with an lcd screen and led fault indicators, which can not only check device operating data and status but quickly determine system faults and modify controller parameters. It auto detects 12V or 24V DC system voltages. High heat dissipation efficiency- die-cast aluminum heat sink makes the heat dissipation efficiency higher, which can minimize the power loss from heat. Maximum degree avoids the damage due to system fault or installation error.\n|Manufacturer||HQST Solar #ad|\n10. AMPINVT #ad\n80A Solar Panel Regulator Max Input Power 1100W-4500W, for AGM Sealed Gel Flooded Lithium Battery Support Wireless Control Communication, 80 Amp MPPT Solar Charge Controller 48V 36V 24V 12V Auto #adAMPINVT #ad\n- Auto control system to limit the charging power & current go over the rated value. The tracking rate of maximum power is ≥99% and the maximum conversion rate is >98%, can be widely used for various applications, household system and industrial field monitoring, e.\nG. Solar RV, etc. Display the daily power generation curve and current curve. Optional wifi box, rs-485 conmmuication Wireless Monitoring by Mobile Phone APP, available to meet various communication requirements in different situations.\nFit for solar panel: 1140w12v;2260w24v;3420w36v;4540w48v;max input voltage:150v pv;mppt best working voltage range:DC18V-DC80V12V;DC30V-DC100V24V;DC65V-DC150V48V. Support for 4 type battery charging: lead-acid Sealed, Gel, AGM, Flooded and User Lithium Battery. Apc series mppt charge controller: 12v/24v/48v auto identifying system volt.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Trouble in paradise due to no battery life? Not anymore! With the Folding Solar Panel Charger Pack, you can wander in the wilderness without worrying for your gadget to run out of battery.\nThis high efficient Folding Solar Panel Charger can capture and convert more sunlight compared to other conventional solar panels. It's tough and durable due to its PET laminated SunPower solar panels were sewn into high wear PVC fabric to ensure it's durability for any outdoor activity.\nThis solar panel charger is very compatible with any smartphones.It delivers the fastest charge possible and will automatically adjust to the current and voltage to achieve maximum power and charge efficiency.\nWith this new Folding Solar Panel Charger, your electronic gadgets are saved.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "High Flo High Performance Pump, 1.2 GPM\nThe High Flo High Performance 1.2 GPM 12 Volt Demand Pump sets the standard for electric pumps. The quick connect convenience paired with premium parts makes this innovative sprayer pump a great choice for your spot spraying or broadcast spraying needs. With 60 PSI maximum pressure, this self-priming pump delivers increased flow rates and longer pump life. An integrated demand switch automatically shuts pump off at maximum pressure to conserve energy. Featuring inline fuse protection, chemical resistant elastomers, 3/8 inch hose barbs, fan cooled motor and ball bearing drive makes this High Performance Series Pump durable enough to run dry without damage. Combined with a Best in Class 2 Year Warranty, the High Flo pump is built for years of trouble free service.\n- 12 Volt 1.2 GPM pump can pump up to 60 PSI and features an internally fan cooled motor which delivers consistent performance under heavy load\n- Chemically resistant elastomers provide increased flow rate delivering superior performance\n- Features built in check valves which help maintain pressure and prevent backflow\n- Self priming increases efficiency and running dry will not damage pump or limit reliability", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Surveillance Cameras - 91 - Extreame Savings! Save up to 41%\nExtreame Savings! Up to 41% off on Surveillance Cameras at PLR Articles Now. Top brands include Stealth Cam, ZOSI, Browning Trail Cameras, Bestguarder, Xtreme Life, LBTech, Arlo, Phylink, HDView, Swann, Lawmate, GeoVision, Spy-MAXTM Professional, Panasonic, Firefly Global, Zone Shield, CleverLoop, & ANRAN. Hurry! Limited time offers. Offers valid only while supplies last.\nStealth Cam G26NGX 12MP No Glow Camera with Batteries & Memory Card\nYou Save: 10%\nmpn: STC-G26NGX, ean: 0888151015421,\n4.4 out of 5 stars with 21 reviews\n12 Megapixel/HD video/time lapse with PIR override/26 no glow IR emitters/adjustable PIR range/burst mode 1-9 Images per triggering | 5-59 sec/1-59 Min recovery time out/video & USB outputs integrated lock and latch design | operates on 8 AA batterie...\nBrowning Strike Force Elite HD Trail Camera (4-Pack)\nmpn: 77590.1, ean: 0636156023299,\n10 MP Images 1280 x 720 HD videos with sound Infrared LED illumination at night 55 ft. detection range TV output and USB port10 MP Images. 1280 x 720 HD videos with sound. Infrared LED illumination at night. 55 ft. detection range. TV output and USB...\nXtreme Life 720P Night Vision Smoke Detector (Bottom View) - SC7200HD\nmpn: SC7200HD, ean: 0733556546721,\nOut of sight out of mind hidden surveillance has never been better. Our bottom-view Smoke Detector hidden camera incorporates battery operated surveillance, HD video resolution, night vision and a built in DVR recording system.\nStealth Cam Dual Sensor STC-DS4K Camera 30 Megapixel/4K Ultra HD Video\nYou Save: 41%\nmpn: STC-DS4K, ean: 0888151014721,\n4.6 out of 5 stars with 38 reviews\nDual sensor camera Stealth Cam dual sensor STC-DS4K camera 30 Megapixel/4K ultra HD video hunting game & trail cameras4K Ultra HD video | 30 MP Ultra Hi res performance | dual image sensors/simultaneous image/video capture. 42 no glo IR emitters/Refl...\nGV-MFD3401-6F 3M 2.3mm Mini Fixed Dome, WDR Pro, DC 5V/PoE\nmpn: GV-MFD3401-6F, ean: 4712896442906,\nThe GV-MFD3401 Series offers an indoor, fixed, mini-sized network camera with different lens options. The camera can process scenes with contrasting intensity of lights and produce clear image using the built-in WDR Pro. The camera is equipped with a...\nPanasonic BL-C210A Internet Security Camera\nsku: 7543028, mpn: BL-C210, ean: 0037988845682,\nBL-C210 corresponds well to JPEG system, MPEG-4 system and H.264 system which is higher in image compression rate than MPEG-4 system. Through BL-C210, you can monitor any moving image properly in accordance with your purposes. Plus, simultaneous use ...\nBrowse Our Catalog", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This dimmable hand lamp of Mica (serie ML 600) is rechargeable (NiMH) is sustainable, equipped with a powerfull lamp and cheap on batteries. When dimmed the burning time is 8 hours. Mica is a leading in portable lighting for professional use. MICA also supplies a wide range of ATEX/IECEx certified safety lamps for use in environments with a potential explosion hazard.\n|Nominal Voltage (V)||6|\n|Number of cells||1|\n|Kind of article||handlamp oplaadbaar|\n|Degree of protect.(IP)||IP54|\n|Lamp type||LED not interchangeable|\n|Lamp wattage (W)||1|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ZEKS AIR DRYER MANUAL\nFor more precise resultsdetect my locationWe couldn't locate youse enter your city and state, or zip code.\nZEKS Compressed Air Solutions\nIn 1959, ZEKS invented the first cycling compressed air dryer. Since then we've been a leading manufacturer and source for dependable, energy-saving products and technologies for the compressed air 1302 Goshen Pkwy, West Chester, PA 19380 · (800) 888-2323DIRECTIONSWEBSITE\nZEKS 1000HSFA400 TECHNICAL MANUAL Pdf Download.\nPRINCIPLES OF OPERATION INTRODUCTION ZEKS HEATSINK™ dryers remove moisture from compressed air by cooling the air temperature to between 36° and 40°F (2 and 4°C). This causes vapors to condense into liquid droplets which can then be easily removed from the air.[PDF]\nTECHNICAL MANUAL HeatSink\nZEKS refrigerated air dryers remove moisture from compressed air. Moisture is detrimental to pneumatically operated appliances, controls, instruments, machinery and tools. Hot compressed air enters the patented aluminum heat exchanger where it is cooled down to the dew point temperature in[PDF]\nREFRIGERATED AIR DRYER TECHNICAL MANUAL\nZEKS Non-Cycling dryers remove moisture, oil vapor and other contaminants from compressed air by cooling the air temperature to 36°F (2.2°C). This cooling process condenses the contaminants into liquid droplets which can then be easily removed from the air. The major systems of the dryer which contribute to its operation are the\nZeks Dryer User Manuals Download - ManualsLib\nDownload 19 Zeks Dryer PDF manuals. User manuals, Zeks Dryer Operating guides and Service manuals.\nZeks 1600HSFA400 Manuals\nZeks 1600HSFA400 Pdf User Manuals. View online or download Zeks 1600HSFA400 Technical Manual\nZEKS ECLIPSE 90ZPA TECHNICAL MANUAL Pdf Download.\nView and Download ZEKS Eclipse 90ZPA technical manual online. ZPA Heatless Purge Desiccant Compressed Air Dryer 90-5000 scfm. Eclipse 90ZPA Dryer pdf manual download. Also for: Eclipse 120zpa, Eclipse 200zpa, Eclipse 160zpa, Eclipse 300zpa, Eclipse 400zpa, Eclipse 500zpa, Eclipse..[PDF]\nCompressed Air Dryers - zeks\nZEKS invented cycling air dryers that incorporate a refrigeration system to cool a thermal mass which is used to cool the compressed air that fl ows through the dryer. Cooling causes the moisture and contaminants present in the air to condense, forming droplets that\nRefrigerated Compressed Air Dryers | ZEK Compressed Air\nDue to seasonal variations or shift usage, most compressed air systems operate with varying flow profiles. ZEKS HeatSink™ refrigerated dryers are designed to address the realities of compressed air usage, consuming only the electrical energy necessary to meet the actual demand for dry compressed air.\nDesiccant Compressed Air Dryers | ZEKS Compressed Air Soutions\nDesiccant Dryers. Desiccant dryers from ZEKS dry compressed air to extremely low moisture levels for use in applications where the presence of even minimal moisture can't be tolerated or where environmental conditions demand it.\nRelated searches for zeks air dryer manual\nzeks air dryer parts distributorzeks air dryer manual heatsinkzeks air dryer parts breakdownzeks desiccant air dryer manualzeks air dryer parts listzeks dryer model 300hsga400 manualzeks heatsink manualzeks air dryer parts manual", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hello everyone, this time we are giving away a super powerful as well as compact energy source – EasyAcc 2nd Generation 15000mAh power bank!\nDesigned with Smart output technology, the 2nd Gen. 15,000mAh power bank could intelligently detect the connected device(s) and output the perfect amount of power at the fastest possible speed, making the charging safer and faster ever.\nPacked with 15,000mAh capacity power in the compact size, it can charge an iPhone 6 about 5.5 times or a Samsung S6 4 times or an iPad mini 3 1.5 times, making your charged and connected all the way.\nThis wonderful power bank is now on giveaway; enter below to win the prize!\nThe product can also be ordered with a 15% coupon code (XRYIFM5T) on Amazon.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "EOS presents new products – for Spa & Wellness\nAir disinfection unit for installation in the air supply area e. g. of a sauna or infrared cabin.\n- Cleans the air supply of the sauna from various infectious strains (e.g. viruses, germs and bacteria, as well as other aerosols).\n- The outside air is drawn in by integrated fans and purified by means of the highly effective UV-C light.\n- Air speeds per switch (depending on the size of the cabin)\n- The device can be operated with a connection cable directly via switchable socket or direct connection to the sauna control unit, which prevents the inflow of fresh air when the sauna heater is switched off and ensures the necessary sauna climate.\nThe new wall-mounting heater series with innovative design.\n- Ideal for small and medium-sized sauna cabins\n- Unique futuristic design With integrated vaporizer for various climate forms, from hot and dry to mild and humid.\n- The asymmetrical cut-outs in the top cover not only ensure optimal air convection, but also give the sauna heater its unique design.\n- The combination of brushed stainless steel and anthracite pearl effect finish on the outer shell underlines the modern character.\nSauna control units with a power output of 18 kW.\n- Power output extendable with LSG devices. Recommended for commercial sauna cabins.\n- Large colour 3,5“ TFT display.\n- Easy installation, very simple to use\n- 4 user profiles with pre-programmed settings\n- Connection for external modules (e.g. remote start, remote control, ECO, HOT)\nExclusive premium class sauna heater with an unique open rock store at the front side.\n- With high-quality, scratch-resistant matt black finish.\n- Smart design angled front grill provides this heater its distinctive appearance.\n- Robust, durable construction, made of stainless steel.\n- Extra large rock store fits up to 40 kg stones - for powerful water splashes and high temperature stability.\nCeiling-mounted infrared warming system.\n- Vitae quartz glass emitters with 1000 and 1500 W.\n- With housing and reflector. Protective flocked safety grille (black).\n- Completely pre-assembled with two 3 m silicone connection cables 3 x 1.5 mm².\n- The recommended distance from the radiator to the body is approx. 80 cm.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Alpha 260 and 520 integrated batteries have been carefully designed and positioned to maintain the balance of Pellenc’s Alpha range tools: the first truly professional ‘on-board’ battery range. The batteries are easy to install and ergonomically designed, making it quick and easy to use the tools.\nThe batteries are also long-lasting and are compatible with the other tools in the PELLENC range when fitted to the Alpha Backpack Harness. This range has what it takes to convert the last of the professionals who are hesitant to abandon petrol powered tools: ideal for professional gardeners/landscapers working on green spaces.\nPellenc Makes Light Work for The Bedford Estates", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Effect of Groundwater Table Fluctuations on Hydrocarbon Thickness Measurements\nMustafa M. Aral and Boshu Liao\nMultimedia Environmental Simulation Laboratory\nSchool of Civil and Environmental Engineering\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\nAtlanta, Georgia 30332\nIn hydrocarbon contaminated sites, it is common practice to collect hydrocarbon thickness measurements from monitoring wells. This data is later used in computer models to estimate the total hydrocarbon volume at these sites during various stages of remediation. The purpose of this effort is to estimate or evaluate the efficiency of the overall remediation process at a particular site. In most cases, the data obtained from this analysis show significant variations in total volume estimates over time. This may imply that the assumptions used in relating the monitoring well hydrocarbon thickness measurement data to the formation hydrocarbon volume may not be representative of the conditions at the site. In this paper we investigate the effect of groundwater table fluctuations in an unconfined aquifer, on the hydrocarbon measurements in a monitoring well using analytical methods. Our findings indicate that, under fluctuating groundwater table conditions, if the total volume estimates in the formation are based on monitoring well measurement made at one point in time, or if these estimates are based on a sequence of measurements made over a period of time which are than evaluated independently, the volume estimate results will be in significant error.\nBack to MESL Reports", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We are manufacturing and supplying a valuable assortment of Aluminum Ingot Casting Conveyor in Faridabad, Haryana, India. This range of conveyor is utilized for the continuous casting of various molds at a time. This is designed and fabricated by well-skilled team members with the use of highly advanced technique and quality approved raw materials. Examined thoroughly by experienced quality controllers, this is highly demanded among the clients for its superior quality. We offer this Aluminum Ingot Casting Conveyor at reasonable price.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Application: Automatic device with liquid cooling for heavy holders, cooling time: 45 s\nThe ISG 4410 WK- HL has been especially designed for heavy machining. An optional pivoted coil guide means that a loading of the shrink machine with a lever system is easy. After each shrinking cycle the coil tower moves laterally away from the shrinking position at a 90° angle.\nDue to the high weight of the shrink holders with tool ( up to 40 kg ), a new cooling concept has been developed. The difference in the ISG 4410 WK- HL is that the cooling facility moves upwards from the housing and sprays the shrink chuck from all sides.\nBesides the advantages of liquid cooling, the machine offers the following highlights:\n- Shrinking range from Ø 3 mm up to Ø 51mm (2”)\n- Shrink-fit holder external diameter max. 90 mm\n- For tools up to 40 kg\n- Designed for lifting devices\n- Up to HSK-A 125, SK 50, BT 50 or CAT 50\n- Tool length 710 mm\n- Fully automatic shrinking and cooling cycle\n- Meets Aerospace requirements", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1 of 3 The cost of buying an electric appliance can vary greatly depending on its brand, model, and model year, as well as the type of electrical equipment used.\nThat’s because electric appliances, which are also called electrical equipment, typically include all of the electrical components that make up the appliance, including power, lighting, controls, and the like.\nA common electrical appliance type is a typical home or small business electrical system, or HVAC.\nThere are also many other types of electric appliances that can be bought and sold, including appliances for homes, restaurants, hospitals, and schools.\nThe main thing to keep in mind is that the electrical appliances themselves have to be rated for proper serviceability, so if the manufacturer or retailer does not guarantee the electrical equipment will work properly for the customer, it could be a problem.\nHere’s what you need to know about electric appliances: Types of electric equipment Electric appliances that are typically considered residential electric systems can be divided into two broad categories: home electric systems and small businesses electric systems.\nHome electric systems are designed to provide electric service to your home and other rooms.\nThey are typically built in a home, and typically include the following components: A home electrical system consists of multiple electrical components (power, heating, cooling, and cooling equipment).\nThere are typically multiple types of home electric circuits that control different parts of your home, such as the air conditioner, refrigeration, or air conditioning.\nFor example, a refrigerator in a large home might have a large circuit that turns on when the temperature is low.\nThis is a common type of home electrical circuit, and it’s often called a power circuit.\nA refrigerator in an industrial facility might have smaller circuit that runs when a temperature drops, and that’s a smaller type of power circuit, called an AC/DC circuit.\nIf you have two power circuits running in parallel, you have a parallel power system, called a DC/AC system.\nA typical home electrical outlet has two electrical components: a breaker, and a connection to a wall socket.\nThe breaker is the main component that connects to the electrical outlet.\nA wall socket is a device that connects the electrical socket to the wall.\nIn most cases, a wall outlet is connected to the same electrical outlet that’s being operated by the home electrical systems, which is typically a central or main outlet.\nIf the electrical system you have is not in a typical house, then you may be able to find other ways to get electricity from your home electrical network.\nThe power system used by a home electric system is the same that is connected from the electrical supply to the home.\nIf a wall breaker goes bad, then the power system that’s connected to that breaker may not be working correctly.\nFor most home electric outlets, you will need to replace the breaker.\nYou can usually find a home electrical supply company that will have a replacement available for your home.\nA home electric circuit that is being operated and controlled by a wall-socket electrical outlet is called a load-out circuit.\nYou may need to connect a load of various types of components to a load terminal.\nSome load-outs use electrical outlets to run various parts of the system, such that a circuit of four outlets can run multiple components of the home’s electrical system.\nFor more information on home electrical, see “Home Electric: Connecting Electrical Systems and Equipment” on our web site.\nA household electrical system that is not a home-type electrical system may also be referred to as a small business or small home electric.\nThe name “small business” refers to the type or the size of the business, but this term is also used to describe an electrical appliance, or a household electrical supply system.\nThese small business electric systems typically consist of multiple small electrical circuits, including the breaker, to run a number of small components of a home’s electric system.\nIf there are two home electrical outlets running in series, you may need a power line to connect these outlets to the grid.\nIf two home-size outlets run parallel to each other, you can connect a power connection to both of them.\nThe same can be said for a household-sized electrical supply.\nThe home electrical grid is typically called the local electric distribution system (LEPS), which refers to both the distribution of electricity from the home to the entire state, and also to the distribution system for local telephone service, internet access, and phone service in rural areas.\nThe system is usually installed by a private utility or a state-regulated electric service provider, and usually includes both a home and a small-business electric supply.\nIf your home has a power supply, you are responsible for maintaining it.\nFor a home with a home power system installed by an electric utility, the system has to be switched on when electricity is needed to power a room or house, and must be turned off when electricity becomes unavailable.\nIf an electric service is not available, a power outage can occur. For small", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Paslode manufactures their brads with strict quality control systems. This is to ensure the highest quality standards are always maintained. Paslode brads are perfect for a wide range of finishing applications.\nAvailable Size (mm) / Series / Qty\n15G x 32mm / DA15 / 3000\n15G x 38mm / DA17 / 3000\n15G x 45mm / DA19 / 3000\n15G x 50mm / DA21 / 3000\n15G x 65mm / DA25 / 3000\nTight collation with improved pull through resistance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The ceremony took place via a video link as part of the meeting of the Gazprom Board of Directors.\nIn the course of the event, supplies of process steam to the Amur Gas Processing Plant (GPP) started for the purposes of start-up and commissioning.\nThe GPP will become one of the world’s largest facilities in terms of gas processing (42 billion m3 per year).\nGas will be supplied to the GPP via the Power of Siberia gas pipeline.\nThe main purpose of the Svobodny TPP is to provide the Amur GPP with thermal energy (steam) and electricity.\nSteam performs an important function across the GPP’s entire production chain: it is used as a heat carrier in heat exchangers and is required for both preheating feed gas and conducting the gas separation process.\nThe overall installed capacity of the TPP is 160 MW for power and 249 Gcal/h for heat.\nDomestic equipment was widely used in the creation of the Svobodny TPP.\nThis includes the core equipment:\n- 3 power steam boilers\n- 2 steam turbine power units\n- a single digital control and monitoring system\n2 dry cooling towers, which are required for cooling the water used in the process cycle, were winterized so as to protect their assemblies and equipment during extreme cold temperatures (in the area of Svobodny, temperatures can drop below - 40 degrees Celsius).\nA 220/110 kV switchgear and power transmission lines were built in order to transmit electricity from the Svobodny TPP to Russia’s Unified Energy System and further to the Amur GPP.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Automated skill testing.\nTestDome is a provider of high-quality pre-employment screening tests. Our tests cover a wide range of disciplines, each focused on measuring a candidate's ability to perform a specific skill. TestDome uses work-sample testing methodology - candidates are evaluated using samples of actual work. The problem TestDome solves is probably best summarized by one of Jeff Atwood's most famous blog posts: http://blog.codinghorror.com/why-cant-programmers-program/\nJust the remote jobs you want sent straight to your inbox weekly.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Merv 11 is a type of air filter that is used in air purification systems to remove airborne particles from the air. It is particularly effective at trapping particles that are between 0.3 and 10 microns in size, such as dust, pollen, mold, pet dander, and smoke. MERV 11 filters have excellent filtration efficiency and can reduce airflow by up to 40%. The filter works by trapping the particles within its fibers, thus improving air quality and preventing them from entering the air. MERV 11 filters are becoming increasingly popular due to their high efficiency and their ability to reduce airflow, thus improving energy efficiency and reducing energy costs.\nWhat is MERV 11?\nMerv 11 is a rating system used to measure the effectiveness of air filters. The MERV rating stands for Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value and it measures the efficiency of air filters in removing airborne particles, such as dust, pollen, mold, and bacteria, from the air. A Merv 11 rating means that the filter is capable of capturing particles as small as 1-3 microns. This type of air filter is considered medium-efficiency and is suitable for use in many residential and commercial HVAC systems. When choosing an air filter, it is important to consider the MERV rating, as air filters with higher MERV ratings are more effective at filtering out airborne particles.\nWhat Are the Benefits of MERV 11?\nMERV 11 is an industry-standard air filter that is used to ensure high-quality air filtration. It is proven to provide superior protection from airborne particles, such as dust, pollen, mold spores, and other allergens. MERV 11 air filters can help reduce respiratory illness by trapping airborne contaminants and preventing them from being recirculated throughout your home or office. Additionally, MERV 11 air filters can help reduce energy costs by trapping dirt and dust particles that can clog up air systems, allowing the system to run more efficiently. Overall, MERV 11 air filters are an economical and efficient way to ensure clean air in your home or office.\nHow Does MERV 11 Reduce Air Flow?\nMerv 11 is a type of air filter used to reduce airflow. It works by trapping particles such as dust, dirt, pollen, and other airborne allergens in the filter media, thus reducing airflow. The MERV 11 rating is the highest available for residential air filters and is effective at capturing particles between 0.3 and 1.0 microns, which are the smallest particles that can be observed by the human eye. Additionally, MERV 11 filters are designed to capture up to 95% of particles larger than 1 micron. This makes them ideal for homes with pets, children, or those who suffer from allergies. By trapping these particles, MERV 11 reduces airflow and helps to improve your home’s air quality.\nWhat Are the Potential Issues with MERV 11 Air Filters?\nMerv 11 air filters are one of the highest-rated air filters available, but they can also present a few potential issues. Firstly, they are more expensive than most other filters. This can be a significant factor when considering the cost of replacing them regularly. Secondly, they can also restrict airflow if they become clogged with dirt and debris, which can lead to inefficiency and higher energy bills. Finally, the filter can become saturated with moisture over time, which can lead to mold growth. This can be a serious health hazard for those with allergies and asthma. Overall, Merv 11 air filters can be a great choice, but it’s important to be aware of the potential issues that can arise.\nHow Can MERV 11 Air Filters Be Used Effectively?\nMerv 11 air filters can be used effectively to improve indoor air quality. They are designed to capture particles as small as 0.3 microns (including pollen, dust, and smoke) while allowing air to continue to flow at a higher rate. The combination of greater airflow and superior particle capture results in improved air quality and increased energy efficiency. Additionally, these filters can be used in conjunction with other air purification systems, such as air purifiers, for an even greater impact on air purity. With proper maintenance and use, Merv 11 air filters can be an effective tool for keeping your home’s air healthy and clean.\nAre There Alternatives to MERV 11 Air Filters?\nAir filters are an important component of a home’s air conditioning system, as they help to reduce the number of airborne particles as well as other debris that can be circulating through the air. MERV 11 air filters are widely used and offer a high level of filtration, but there are alternatives available as well. HEPA filters offer a greater level of filtration and are often used in medical settings. Activated carbon filters are also effective at removing odors and chemical pollutants, while electrostatic filters offer a more efficient filtration of smaller particles. Whatever filter you choose, it’s important to ensure that it is the right size for your air conditioning system and that you change it regularly to ensure optimal performance.\nWhat Are the Costs Associated with MERV 11 Air Filters?\nMERV 11 air filters are the highest-efficiency air filters available on the market, and they come with an associated cost. The cost of a MERV 11 air filter depends on the type of filter, its size, and the manufacturer. Generally, a MERV 11 filter will cost more than a MERV 8 or MERV 13 filter due to its higher efficiency. Additionally, MERV 11 filters need to be replaced more often than lower-efficiency filters due to their higher efficiency and ability to capture more particles. Depending on the size of the filter and the manufacturer, a MERV 11 filter can cost anywhere from $20 to $80, and replacement filters can cost even more. Despite the cost, MERV 11 filters are an excellent choice for those looking to provide the cleanest air possible for their home or office.\nWhat Are the Long-Term Benefits of Installing MERV 11 Air Filters?\nMaintaining clean air indoors is essential for the health and comfort of everyone in your home, and installing MERV 11 air filters can provide long-term benefits. MERV 11 air filters are known to capture particles as small as one micron in size, which can help reduce allergens, dust, pet dander, and other airborne contaminants. Additionally, they can help improve the efficiency of your HVAC system, reducing energy consumption and costs associated with cooling or heating your home. With regular filter replacements, you can enjoy improved air quality and reduce the number of allergens in your home, resulting in better overall health for everyone. Installing MERV 11 air filters provides a long-term solution, giving you the peace of mind that your family is breathing clean air.\nOverall, MERV 11 filters can reduce airflow in certain air conditioning systems. However, the reduction in airflow varies depending on the system, filter, and other factors. It is important to research the specific system and filter to determine the potential impact of the MERV 11 filter on airflow. In general, MERV 11 filters provide better air quality but may reduce the airflow in the system.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Home > B2B Opportunities\nB2B Opportunities: 78\n1 year ago\nRef : BG-N000081A000009\nCreation of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Water Pipes\nWe are currently working to various feasibility studies for construction and commissioning of a small scale (200-500 kW) water turbine electricity generator. The electrical generator will be placed inside a pipe supplying water by gravity to the reservoirs of municipality water supply companies. We are looking for a supplier able to provide us these kind of systems.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Rainmaker - Sea Theme\nMake your own rain sound using this sea themed rain maker.\nThe transparent balls fall through the tube when you turn it over, which creates a realistic rain sound!\nThe sound can provide a calming effect. The rainmaker is easy to use and can provide hours of fun!\nItem size: Ø 5.5 x 19 cm\nSuitable for: From 12 months\nArticle series: Rainmaker Wood Marine animal", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In this bachelor thesis, the existing procedure for workpieces colouring based on overhead chain conveyor is described. The reasons and requirements for upgrading of the system are presented. Extension of overhead chain conveyor and calculation of its supporting structure and its drive components are preformed. Thus, a spatial model of conveyor supporting structure is designed using Solidworks software and further analysis with Abaqus software according to FEM method is conducted. Furthermore, the chain force and subsequent required pull force is determined and evaluation weather the existing electric motor meets the standards of the new operating requirements is made.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "October 14, 2019\nBy: Adam Drolet and Laura Kallen, PATH\nPrimum non nocere. First, do no harm.\nThis phrase, espoused in the Hippocratic Oath, serves as the bedrock for the provision of medical care. Yet, for too many individuals and families who visit health care facilities, this tenet may not hold true. Roughly one in seven patients in low- and middle-income countries will develop an infection following admission to a facility. These infections not only have a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality, but also lead to significant cost burdens for patients and the health system.\nSafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is recognized as a cornerstone for the provision of quality health care services and infection prevention and control. Yet clear gaps exist regarding WASH services and infrastructure in health care facilities. Globally, roughly 26% of health care facilities lack access to safe water services. An estimated 21% of health care facilities lack any type of sanitation service, and 16% lack any type of hand hygiene service. These gaps increase the potential for the spread of pathogenic organisms via direct patient-provider contact and contact with environmental surfaces. Without interrupting the transmission of bacteria, leading causes of maternal and neonatal death (e.g., sepsis), fecal-oral transmitted diseases (e.g., typhoid and diarrheal diseases), and the rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria will continue.\nFortunately, momentum for addressing gaps in WASH services in health care facilities (HCF) is growing. On May 25, 2019, the World Health Assembly unanimously approved a WASH in HCF resolution calling on member states to prioritize and commit to improving WASH services in HCF. National governments have committed to improvements related to building workforce capacity, developing standards, and allocating funds. Global researchers have generated and proposed actionable approaches to overcoming gaps, as exemplified in a research summary published by the Global Handwashing Partnership, focused on ‘clean hands for all.’ In parallel, leading multilateral institutions such as the World Health Organization have published strategies for implementing multimodal hand hygiene programs to stem the spread of infections. When combined with multifaceted infection prevention and control policies and practices, these programs have successfully reduced rates of hospital-acquired infections.\nPATH and MSR Global Health are contributing to improved infection prevention and control activities in HCF by advancing an innovation called the MSR SafiStation™ Chlorine Generator. The device is an easy-to-use chlorine generator designed for low-resource settings. It uses salt, water, and electricity to produce a 1% chlorine solution for infection prevention and control and drinking water treatment. PATH is currently evaluating the effect of the device on environmental hygiene in labor wards in Kenya, as well as working to introduce and scale the device in Ghana and Uganda. In Kenya, SafiStation-generated chlorine will be used for drinking water treatment, treatment of handwashing solution, and surface and equipment disinfection. The hypothesis is that the introduction and use of the SafiStation and its chlorine will result in cleaner environments for patients—in particular, mothers and newborns—and ultimately reduce hospital-acquired infections. In Ghana and Uganda, the SafiStation will be positioned for integration and rollout in national HCF across the two countries.\nIn addition to WASH approaches, additional prevention strategies are often needed. For example, in communities with limited sanitation infrastructure that are vulnerable to typhoid, vaccinating children with typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) provides a crucial complementary approach to stemming the spread of typhoid through WASH measures. Vaccines against cholera, rotavirus, and other fecal-oral pathogens play similarly important roles. Additionally, in the case of infection, facilities should ensure availability and proper use of appropriate antibiotics and other treatment measures.\nInfection can come from many angles. Comprehensive, multimodal strategies effectively address the numerous transmission routes of disease-causing pathogens. Approaches range from individual tools, such as ensuring each hospital ward has a handwashing station with soap and clean water or introducing a vaccine, to integrated, multilayered programs that intertwine leadership capacity building, disease surveillance, next-generation WASH technologies, and vaccines. Regardless of the approach, the goal remains the same: ensuring children and their families are protected through multiple interventions—including health care facilities equipped to provide safe, quality health care, adequate WASH, and equitable access to vaccines—in order to safeguard health for all.\nSubscribe to our mailing list to receive regular updates from the Global Handwashing Partnership or follow us on social media.\n© 2017 The Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The views, information, or opinions expressed in the Industry News RSS feed belong solely to the author and do not necessarily represent those of IDEX Health & Science and its employees.\nArticle obtained from Photonics RSS Feed.\nResearchers from the University of Bonn demonstrated quantum entanglement between a stationary qubit and a photon with direct coupling to an optical fiber. The work represents a major step toward the realization of quantum networks and, from them, secure data transmission. Quantum networks necessitate stationary qubits be entangled with the communication channel, typically consisting of photons. A quantum state cannot be copied and transmitted in a classical sense. Photons, though difficult to store, are typically favored for transmission in quantum communication applications, both those that are in practice and those that are theoretical, due to their speed.\n“The implementation of efficient interfaces between photons and…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "LEXINGTON, Ky. (Nov. 6, 2017) — Most people don't realize that the power to prevent many diseases is in their own hands.\nBy exercising – even a little – and quitting smoking, you greatly reduce your risk for diabetes, heart disease and even dementia. But perhaps the easiest way to tip the odds in your favor is to change your diet. If you're looking for a way to eat healthier, consider a plant-based diet.\nIt's a diet based on fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes. It excludes or minimizes meat, eggs and dairy products, as well as highly processed foods like bleached flour, refined sugar, and some oils.\nNumerous studies have linked a plant-based diet to lower risks of diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease – as much as 30 percent, according to one Harvard study.\nDon't know where to begin? Here are some guidelines:\nVeggies: Any vegetable, especially leafy green or yellow vegetables with high water content.\nFruits: no limits here, but deeply colored berries are a plus.\nStarches: this includes starchy vegetables like potatoes as well as whole grains like oats, rice or quinoa.\nBeans and legumes: These are starchy, but generally have a higher protein content. Consider beans, lentils and dried peas.\nNuts and seeds: use sparingly to avoid weight gain.\nYou can adjust slowly to a plant-based diet. Adopt the popular \"Meatless Mondays\" trend in your home and add Tuesday, Wednesday, etc. as you go. Or experiment by adjusting your favorite recipes to be plant-based: make your chili all beans, or prepare a stir-fry with tofu or edamame instead of chicken.\nIf you want some ideas, come to UK HealthCare on Saturday, Nov. 18 for \"Feeding Your Heart and Soul\" featuring best-selling cookbook author Jane Esselstyn. Esselstyn, who has spent most of her life advocating for a plant-based, meatless, whole food diet, will demonstrate recipes from The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook, which she co-authored with her mother, Ann. You'll also get the opportunity to taste some of her dishes and see for yourself that a plant-based diet can be healthy and delicious.\nThe morning will begin at 8 a.m. with an optional free yoga session. Esselstyn will take the stage for a brief lecture at 9 a.m., followed by a cooking demonstration at 10 a.m. and tastings at 11 a.m.\nThe registration fee for \"Feeding Your Heart and Soul\" is $15 and includes a free copy of The Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease Cookbook and tastings.\nFor more information or to register, call 859-218-0121.\nDr. Gretchen Wells is the Director of Women's Heart Health at the UK Gill Heart and Vascular Institute.\nUK is the University for Kentucky. At UK, we are educating more students, treating more patients with complex illnesses and conducting more research and service than at any time in our 150-year history. To read more about the UK story and how you can support continued investment in your university and the Commonwealth, go to: uky.edu/uk4ky. #uk4ky #seeblue", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Avery Research Center at the College of Charleston has acquired an 1860 first edition of one the pre-eminent slave narratives, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom. The acquisition was made possible through a generous donation by the Honorable Senator Herbert U. Fielding and the Honorable Judge Bernard R. Fielding of Charleston, the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, and the College of Charleston Friends of the Library.\n“By acquiring this rare book, we are able to tell a more comprehensive story about a courageous couple and their progeny here in Charleston. The Crafts’ narrative is a fitting addition to our collections because it demonstrates the visceral ways the International Slave Trade impacted the lives of enslaved people told in their own words. It also provides us a missing link in our efforts to document and contextualize their experiences and that of their descendants—namely the DeCosta clan– here in Charleston.” said Dr. Patricia Williams-Lessane, Executive Director of the Avery Research Center.\nPublished in 1860, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom is the dramatic account of William and Ellen Craft’s escape from Macon, Ga. through Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington, Washington, DC, Baltimore and on to Philadelphia. The account describes how the light-skinned Ellen Craft dressed as a man and pretended to be a wealthy, white invalid seeking treatment in Philadelphia, while accompanied by “his” slave, William (i.e. her husband).\nSlave narratives like Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom are one of the most valuable sources available for providing first-hand experiences of slaves in the American South. These autobiographical narratives also comprise one of the most extensive and influential traditions in African American literature and culture. Slave narratives have gained prominence in colleges and universities to provoke reflection, discussion and debate among students and scholars on the questions of race, social justice and the meaning of freedom.\n“Acquisitions like this position Avery and the College as one of the nation’s intellectual and cultural leaders in documenting and preserving African American history and culture,” says College of Charleston Provost George Hynd.\nFounded in 1865 as the Avery Normal Institute, this community hub provided education and advocacy for the growing Charleston African-American community and trained blacks for professional careers and leadership roles. While the Institute closed its doors in 1954, its graduates preserved the legacy of their alma mater by establishing the Avery Institute of Afro-American History and Culture in 1979.\nThe modern day rebirth of Avery began in 1985 with the establishment of the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture at the College of Charleston. For the last twenty-five years, Avery has collected art and archival materials that document the history, traditions and legacies of African Americans and their influence on American society and culture, as well as their place within the American narrative. With a repository of primary and secondary source material of nearly 4,000 holdings, the Center supports scholarship, research and presentations by scholars, students, and public historians.\nNearly 3000 patrons visit Avery annually with teachers and students from across the U.S. and abroad arriving regularly for tours, workshops and summer history camps. Additionally, partnerships with Charleston Public Schools, Berkeley Public Schools, the City of Charleston’s MOJA Arts Festival and other community groups extend Avery’s reach into local communities.\nToday, the Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture is listed on the National Register of Historic Sites. The only research center of its kind in the Southeastern United States, it continues to advance the goals and mission of the College of Charleston while sustaining the remarkable legacy of the original Avery Normal Institute as a vital community center and essential source of information pertaining to the African-American experience.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This article was originally published here\nFront Public Health. 2021 Jul 8;9:664783. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.664783. eCollection 2021.\nThe disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racially marginalized communities has again raised the issue of what justice in healthcare looks like. Indeed, it is impossible to analyze the meaning of the word justice in the medical context without first discussing the central role of racism in the American scientific and healthcare systems. In summary, we argue that physicians and scientists were the architects and imagination of the racial taxonomy and oppressive machinations upon which this country was founded. This oppressive racial taxonomy reinforced and outlined the myth of biological superiority, which laid the foundation for the political, economic, and systemic power of Whiteness. Therefore, in order to achieve universal racial justice, the nation must first address science and medicine’s historical role in scaffolding the structure of racism we bear witness of today. To achieve this objective, one of the first steps, we believe, is for there to be health reparations. More specifically, health reparations should be a central part of establishing racial justice in the United States and not relegated to a secondary status. While other scholars have focused on ways to alleviate healthcare inequities, few have addressed the need for health reparations and the forms they might take. This piece offers the ethical grounds for health reparations and various justice-focused solutions.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Frugal Abundance in an Age of Limits\nOur planet was once relatively empty of humans; today it is full to overflowing, with more people consuming more resources. We are used to hearing that if everyone lived in the same way as North Americans or Australians, we would need four or five planet Earths to sustain us.\nThis sort of analysis is known as the “ecological footprint” and it shows that even the so-called “green” western European nations, with their more progressive approaches to renewable energy, energy efficiency and public transport, would require more than three planets.\nIn the face of this reality, what does genuine economic progress look like? The orthodox answer is to insist blindly that a bigger economy is always better; that growth is the solution to the problems growth itself is causing. But this idea is increasingly strained by the knowledge that, on a finite planet, the economy can’t grow forever.\nLike a snake eating its own tail, our growth-oriented civilisation suffers from the delusion that there are no environmental limits to growth. But rethinking growth in an age of limits cannot be avoided. The only question is whether it will be by design or disaster.\nWe all want to live well and flourish within the means of our planet. When we delve seriously into this question, however, it becomes clear that almost all environmental literature grossly underestimates what is needed for our civilisation to become sustainable.\nOnly the brave should read on.\nThe ‘ecological footprint’ analysis\nIn order to explore the question of what “one planet living” would look like, let us turn to what is arguably the world’s most prominent metric for environmental accounting – the ecological footprint analysis. This was developed by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, then at the University of British Columbia, and is now institutionalised by the scientific body, The Global Footprint Network, of which Wackernagel is president.\nThis method of environmental accounting attempts to measure the amount of productive land and water a given population has available to it, and then evaluates the demands that population makes upon those ecosystems. A sustainable society is one that operates within the carrying capacity of its dependent ecosystems.\nWhile this form of accounting is not without its critics – it is certainly not an exact science – the worrying thing is that many of its critics actually claim that it underestimates humanity’s environmental impact. Even Wackernagel, the concept’s co-originator, is convinced the numbers are underestimates.\nAccording to the most recent data from the Global Footprint Network, humanity as a whole is currently in ecological overshoot, demanding one and a half planets’ worth of Earth’s biocapacity. As the global population continues its trend toward 11 billion people, and while the growth fetish continues to shape the global economy, the extent of overshoot is only going to increase.\nThe footprint of an ecovillage\nThe basic contours of environmental degradation are relatively well known. What is far less widely known, however, is that even the world’s most successful and long-lasting ecovillages—which can be broadly understood as “intentional communities” that form with the explicit aim of living more lightly on the planet—have yet to attain a “fair share” ecological footprint.\nTake, for example, what is probably the most famous ecovillage in the world: the Findhorn Ecovillage in Scotland. Among other things, the Findhorn community has adopted an almost exclusively vegetarian diet, produces renewable energy and makes many of their houses out of mud or reclaimed materials.\nBut when an ecological footprint analysis was undertaken, it was discovered that even the committed efforts of this ecovillage still left the Findhorn community consuming resources and emitting waste far in excess of what could be sustained if everyone lived in this way. (Part of the problem is that the community tends to fly as often as the ordinary Westerner, increasing their otherwise small footprints.)\nPut otherwise, and more precisely, if the whole world came to look like one of our most successful ecovillages, we would still need the biocapacity of one and a half planet Earths. Dwell on that for a moment.\nI do not share this conclusion to provoke despair, although I admit that it conveys the magnitude of our ecological predicament with disarming clarity. Nor do I share this to criticise the noble and necessary efforts of the ecovillage movement, which clearly is doing far more than most to push the frontiers of environmental practice.\nRather, I share this in the hope of shaking the environmental movement, and the broader public, awake. In a full world of seven billion people and counting, a “fair share” ecological footprint means reducing our impacts to a small fraction of what they are today. Such fundamental change to our ways of living is incompatible with a growth-oriented civilisation. The very lifestyles that were once considered the definition of success are now proving to be our greatest failure. Attempting to universalise affluence would be catastrophic. Even the ‘ecovillage’ way of life needs to be challenged.\nI am aware that some people may find this this position too “radical” to digest, but I would argue that this position is merely shaped by an honest review of the evidence. With our eyes open, let us begin by acknowledging that tinkering around the edges of consumer capitalism is utterly inadequate.\nWe need an alternative.\nWhat would ‘one planet’ living look like?\nEven after five or six decades of the modern environmental movement it seems we still do not have an example of how to thrive within the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet. Nevertheless, one thing is clear: given the extent of ecological overshoot—and bearing in mind that the poorest nations still need some room to develop their economies and allow the poorest billions to attain a dignified level of existence—the transition to a sustainable way of life will require the richest nations to radically downscale their resource and energy demands.\nThis realisation has given rise to calls for economic “degrowth”. To be distinguished from recession, degrowth means a phase of planned and equitable economic contraction in the richest nations, eventually reaching a steady state that operates within Earth’s biophysical limits.\nWhen one first hears calls for degrowth, it is easy to think that this new economic vision must be about hardship and deprivation; that it means going back to the stone age, resigning ourselves to a stagnant culture, or being anti-progress. Not so.\nDegrowth would liberate us from the burden of pursuing material excess. We simply don’t need so much stuff; certainly not if it comes at the cost of planetary health, social justice, and personal well-being. Consumerism is a gross failure of imagination, a debilitating addiction that degrades nature and is questionable even in its ability to satisfy the universal human craving for meaning.\nDegrowth, by contrast, would involve embracing what has been termed the “simpler way” – producing and consuming less.\nThis would be a way of life based on modest material and energy needs but nevertheless rich in other dimensions – a life of frugal abundance. It is about creating an economy based on sufficiency, knowing how much is enough to live well, and discovering that enough is plenty.\nThe lifestyle implications of degrowth and sufficiency are far more radical than the “light green” forms of sustainable consumption that are widely discussed today. Turning off the lights, taking shorter showers, and recycling are all necessary parts of what sustainability will require of us, but these measures are far from enough.\nBut this does not mean we must live a life of painful sacrifice. Most of our basic needs can be met in quite simple and low-impact ways, while maintaining a high quality of life.\nWhat would life be like in a degrowth society?\nIn a degrowth society we would aspire to localise our economies as far, and as appropriately, as possible. This would assist with reducing carbon-intensive global trade, while also building resilience in the face of an uncertain and turbulent future. We must ride our bikes more and fly less.\nThrough forms of direct or participatory democracy we would organise our economies to ensure that everyone’s basic needs are met, and then redirect our energies away from economic expansion. This would be a relatively low-energy mode of living that ran primarily on renewable energy systems.\nRenewable energy cannot sustain an energy-intensive global society of high-end consumers. A degrowth society embraces the necessity of “energy descent”, turning our energy crises into an opportunity for civilisational renewal.\nWe would tend to reduce our working hours in the formal economy in exchange for more home-production and leisure. We would have less income, but more freedom. Thus, in our simplicity, we would be rich.\nWherever possible, we would grow our own organic food, water our gardens from water tanks, and turn our neighbourhoods into edible landscapes as the Cubans have done in Havana. As my friend Adam Grubb so delightfully declares, we should “eat the suburbs”, while supplementing urban agriculture with food from local farmers’ markets.\nMore broadly, we must turn our homes and communities into places of sustainable production, not unsustainable consumption. In doing so, we must challenge ourselves to journey beyond the ecovillage movement and explore an even deeper green shade of sustainability.\nWe do not need to purchase so many new clothes. Let us mend or exchange the clothes we have, buy second-hand, or make our own. In a degrowth society, the fashion and marketing industries would quickly wither away. A new aesthetic of sufficiency would develop, where we creatively re-use and refashion the vast existing stock of clothing and materials, and explore less impactful ways of producing new clothes.\nWe would become radical recyclers and do-it-yourself experts. This would partly be driven by the fact that we would simply be living in an era of relative scarcity, with reduced discretionary income.\nBut human beings find creative projects fulfilling, and the challenge of building the new world within the shell of the old promises to be immensely meaningful, even if it will also entail times of trial. The apparent scarcity of goods can also be greatly reduced by scaling up the sharing economy, which would also enrich our communities.\nOne day, we might even live in cob houses that we build ourselves, but over the next few critical decades the fact is that most of us will be living within the poorly designed urban infrastructure that already exists. We are hardly going to knock it all down and start again. Instead, we must ‘retrofit the suburbs’, as leading permaculturalist David Holmgren argues. This would involve doing everything we can to make our homes more energy-efficient, more productive, and probably more densely inhabited.\nThis is not the eco-future that we are shown in glossy design magazines featuring million-dollar “green homes” that are prohibitively expensive. Degrowth offers a more humble – and I would say more realistic – vision of a sustainable future.\nIn short, degrowth means living lives of frugality, moderation and material sufficiency – but lives that are rich in their non-materialistic dimensions. Unpopular though it is to say, we must also have fewer children, or else our species will grow itself into a catastrophe.\nAt this point, mainstream economists will accuse degrowth advocates of misunderstanding the potential of technology, markets, and efficiency gains to “decouple” economic growth from environmental impact. But there is no misunderstanding here. Everyone knows that we could produce and consume more efficiently than we do today. The problem is that efficiency without sufficiency is lost.\nDespite decades of extraordinary technological advancement and huge efficiency improvements, the energy and resource demands of the global economy are still increasing. This is because within a growth-oriented economy, efficiency gains tend to be reinvested in more consumption and more growth, rather than in reducing impact.\nThis is the defining, critical flaw in growth economics: the false assumption that all economies across the globe can continue growing while radically reducing environmental impact to a sustainable level. The extent of decoupling required is simply too great. As we try unsuccessfully to “green” capitalism, we see the face of Gaia vanishing.\nMaking the change\nA degrowth transition to a steady-state economy could happen in a variety of ways. But the nature of this alternative vision suggests that the changes will need to be driven from the “bottom up”, rather than imposed from the “top down”.\nWhat I have written above highlights a few of the personal and household aspects of a degrowth society based on sufficiency (for much more detail, see here and here). Meanwhile, the ‘transition towns’ movement shows how whole communities can engage with the idea.\nBut it is critical to acknowledge the social and structural constraints that currently make it much more difficult than it needs to be to adopt a lifestyle of sustainable consumption. For example, it is hard to drive less in the absence of safe bike lanes and good public transport; it is hard to find a work-life balance if access to basic housing burdens us with excessive debt; and it is hard to re-imagine the good life if we are constantly bombarded with advertisements insisting that “nice stuff” is the key to happiness.\nActions at the personal and household levels will never be enough, on their own, to achieve a degrowth economy. We need to create new, post-capitalist structures and systems that promote, rather than inhibit, the simpler way of life. These wider changes will never emerge, however, until we have a culture that demands them. So first and foremost, the revolution that is needed is a revolution in consciousness.\nI do not present these ideas under the illusion that they will be readily accepted. The ideology of growth clearly has a firm grip on our society and beyond. Rather, I hold up degrowth up as the most coherent framework for understanding the global predicament and signifying the only desirable way out of it.\nThe alternative is to consume ourselves to death under the false banner of “green growth”, which would not be smart economics. Can the descent from consumerism and growth be prosperous? Can we turn our overlapping crises into opportunities? These are the defining questions of our times.\nWe are at the crossroads, and are in the process of choosing our fate.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Founded in VI c AD by the head of the 13 Assyrian Fathers – St. Ioane Zedazneli, Zedazeni monastery is located north-east of Mtskheta, on the slope of a hill covered with dense virgin forest. The tradition clames that St. John deliberately choose this place, where the heathen idol had once stood and did not abandon a small cave – modest place of his hermitry even after his disciple Tateh built a “real” monastery in close proximity of the cave. According to the original manuscript narrating the life and deeds of the saint father, after his death he was buried in the cave, as was his last will. Shortly afterwards a small church was built over St. John’s grave, later incorporated into a larger church of St. John the Baptist, constructed in the end of VIII c. under the patronage of Patriarch Clementios. Up to now the church is the central building of the monastery. This three nave basilica with two pairs of roof-bearing columnsis built of mixed material – rubble stone, gallstone and brick. Eastern section of the northern nave incorporates the remains of the earlier, neatly hewn stonework structure with horseshoe shape arches. Here next to the northern wall, St. John Zedazneli’s grave is arranged. The church has got a rather peculiar rectangular sanctuary, while the conchs are arranged over the tromps constructed in the corners. Quite possibly the building initially had an opening from the west, most probably – an arch, imitating the church of Saint Grave in Jerusalem. A well is arranged in the main temple, in western section of its northern nave, where the spring, created by the force of St. John’s blessing and prayer is still pouring through. Central nave of the church strongly different from the other two. Is is higher, better illuminated and treated as if it were a separate hall, while the darkened south nave with a square room in its eastern end gives the impression of some kind of internal porch. The survived fragments of Zedazeni wall painting seemingly are of later times – most likely XVII c. A stone iconostasis adorned with rising ornamentation donated to the monastery by the Princes of Kakheti in XI c had once been standing here. Its survived slabs were taken to the Georgian state museum of art and are exhibited in the permanent exposition. Exterior of the basilica is rather plain and simple, almost ill-featured with only two slabs ornamented with crosses. Originally the basilica had only one – southern entrance that is overlapped by the neatly hewn stonework arched porch of IX – X cc with XVIII c bell-tower arranged on its top apparently added in times of Patriarch Domenti. The defensive wall and hermit sell remains are of the same period. Western door was arranged in XIX c. In 90-ies of the last century the monastery, abandoned for long time was brought back to life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "News & ViewsGo Ahead and Ask Anyway\nParashat Hukat (Numbers 19:1 – 22:1)\n“Anyone who looks at four things, it would have been better if they had not come into the world,” the Mishna declares in a furious mood in Hagigah 2:1: “what is above, what is below, what is before and what is after.” If you’re anything like my children, the moment that someone tells you not to think about something, not to bother investigating it, that it is just not your business – that is the moment that piques your urgent curiosity to delve in exactly there. Indeed, for the rabbis of the Talmud, who shared this human drive, this Mishna becomes the jumping off point for their earnest explorations of what might reside above, below, before and after.\nRashi seems to take a strategy similar to this Mishna with the beginning of parashat hukat, which introduces the detailed procedure for how to prepare a purifying elixir from the ashes of a red heifer. The elixir mysteriously makes those who handle it ritually impure while purifying those who receive it. Torah introduces the passage with zot hukat hatorah asher tzivah YHVH – this is the law of Torah that God commanded. Torah’s laws can be categorized in many ways; here the relevant division is hukim vs. mishpatim, that is, laws that have no external logical explanation (hukim) and laws that make sense for safety and kindness in human governance (mishpatim).\nRashi writes about our verse:\nThis is the law of Torah, because the Adversary and the nations of the world will hold Israel to account, asking “What is this commandment and what is the reason for it?” Therefore it is called hukah, meaning, it is a decree before Me and you do not have permission leharher ahareha – to ponder it/think about it/raise doubts about it.\nRashi is referencing sources in midrash (BT Yoma 67b and Tanhuma Hukat 7) that link this mitzvah to others that are also described as hukah – among them the prohibitions against mixing wool and linen in a garment and eating pork; and the process of sending the scapegoat out into the wilderness bearing the sins of the people on Yom Kippur. In his commentary on the Talmudic passage, Rashi articulates his concern:\nYou may not think about them – lest you say they are acts of tohu [of the chaos that pre-exists creation] – What atonement can there be in sending this thing out, and what could there possibly be in the cliff to help you?\nBy using the word tohu, which appears in the second verse of Torah to describe the state of being before creation, Rashi links pondering the red heifer’s ashes with the Mishna in Hagigah’s contemplation of what exists beyond the boundaries of known space/time. In Rashi’s formulation, to ask how or why this ritual works is to gaze into that abyss.\nBut the other thing we know from Rashi’s commentary (and from the millennia-old sources he is citing) is that this is one of the passages in Torah that we’re likely to get asked about. It’s been happening for thousands of years, and it is still happening today.\nLast week, while I was waiting in line for lunch, an evangelical Christian friend approached me with curiosity, respect, and excitement to ask what I thought of the project she’d recently learned about to recreate the vessels of the Temple (including of course the ashes of the red heifer of our very verse). She was surprised that I was not yearning for a literal restoration of the Temple, and sat me down to ask about the mechanics of atonement in a non-sacrificial Judaism and the authority of Torah in the evolutionary Judaism I was describing – recognizing that our living practices will always be changing even as they remain linked to our origins (which makes space to literally pray for a metaphorical yearning). This conversation, fueled by mutual respect and curiosity, felt far from the abyss Rashi feared, but rather essential to the kind of learning that builds participatory democracy – actually understanding each other’s worldviews.\nBut it didn’t have to go that way. Rabbi Levi Yizhak of Berdichev (18th c. Poland) suggests that the Adversary might be asking about the red heifer to trouble Israel by raising the notion that this mitzvah’s purpose is to effect atonement for the transgression of worshipping the golden calf. With an intent to harm (rather than to learn), this inquiry is meant to raise the idea that there is some fundamental flaw in the relationship between God and Israel that must be repaired. The kind of contemplation Rabbi Levi Yitzhak would have us avoid by saying “it’s a decree don’t ask about it” is a questioning of our fundamental worthiness and connection.\nDeep self-doubt can emerge just as easily from inner dialogue as from an external questioner. Rabbi Hayim Arye Leib (19th c. Russia) notices a doubling in Rashi’s comment “what is the commandment/what is the reason for it” and “it is a decree before Me/you do not have permission to ponder it.” He reads the doubling as two moments of inner doubt, one before doing a mitzvah and one after. Before, a person asks “What value and importance does this have? Might there be something more important to do?” and might thereby abandon the mitzvah that is in front of them. If they’ve done it even through the doubt, they might then ask afterwards, “What good does this mitzvah do? It must be one of the great ones,” and thereby stoke their own ego. Avoiding asking these questions would allow a person to simply do mitzvot without the self-doubt before or the self-aggrandizement afterward.\nAs they interpret Rashi’s proposed limit on discourse, these Hasidic rabbis have a laudable goal: allow us as Jews to seek to walk a path of holiness in the world without questioning our fundamental worthiness or puffing ourselves up with pride.\nBut in that quest we must not lose our fundamental curiosity and delight in exploring the mysteries we might never understand.\nTalmud (Yoma 14a) suggests that the mystery inherent in contemplating the paradoxical action of the red heifer’s ashes goes back to ancient times, quoting King Solomon (Kohelet 7:23): “I thought I could fathom it, but it eludes me.” The next verse in that passage continues rhetorically: “The secret of what happens is elusive and deep, deep down; who can discover it?” But there is a long rabbinic tradition of reading rhetorical questions as invitations: Right – who can discover it? Keep seeking, keep contemplating, keep asking, with humility, confidence, desire and delight.\nOrdained by the Rabbinical School of Hebrew College in 2010, Rabbi Emma Kippley-Ogman is Associate Chaplain for Jewish Life at Macalester College in St. Paul, MN.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Paul R. Munford, Ph.D.\nI remember a movie in which one of the characters went around asking people to define the word “irony.” Although most of them seemed to know what it meant, they were unable to put it into words. Not until the end of the movie did one of them give the definition. I’m reminded of this because the continuation and elimination of OCD symptoms are perfect examples of irony or the occurrence of outcomes that are opposite to those that were intended. You have probably been steering clear of triggers for your obsessions and doing compulsions after contact with those you couldn’t avoid. Ironically, instead of lessening your distress, what you have been doing is sustaining or even worsening your condition. To get out of this quagmire, you have to start doing the opposite of your strategy up until now. This means deliberately making contact with the triggers while refraining from doing compulsions. With enough exposure to the triggers, and for sufficient periods of time, you will notice that they become powerless to provoke distress, and the absence of distress eliminates the need for compulsions. See what I mean about OCD and irony? Exposure, ritual prevention, and awareness exercises are used to achieve this.\nExposure, Ritual Prevention, and Awareness Exercises\nIt is important that you understand how the exposure, ritual prevention, and awareness (ERPA) exercises are related to the way the symptoms work. So let’s review the series of events that takes place during a cycle of OCD symptoms, commonly called an OCD spike. First, there’s a trigger, something that is noticed in your physical, social or mental worlds. Second, it instantly activates an obsession — thoughts, feelings or impulses that are distressful. Almost simultaneously, you feel fear, guilt, apprehension, dread, anger or any number and combination of distressing emotions. These three events — exposure to a trigger, activation of an obsession, and feelings of distress — are sensed as happening together, as a single event. Therefore, the terms, “trigger,” “obsession,” and “distress” are used interchangeably to refer to this seemingly single event — the spike. Your natural reaction is to turn it off as quickly as possible. Finally, by trial and error, you find out that by repeating certain actions and/or mental gyrations you get temporary relief until the next obsession hits.\nERPA exercises address each one of these events. First, you select a trigger for a particular obsession-compulsion combination and then practice exposure to this trigger. During the exposure, the next step is to refrain from rituals and instead practice awareness of the distress. When this is successfully done the distress fades away. Because the obsessions that used to cause terrible anxiety no longer has that power, it becomes insignificant, making it intrusive and repetitive no more. With the absence of the obsessions, there is no need for compulsions. The exercises have changed the brain, which in turn changes behaviors and emotions. Desensitization has occurred. The exposure exercise is the vehicle, the Rolls Royce of treatments, which delivers this result.\nBy practicing the exercises at least one to two hours per day (including weekends and holidays), you should made good progress. When this schedule is adhered to, most people desensitize themselves to the particular trigger they’re working on within five to seven days. This success gives them a big dose of confidence that they can control their anxiety, and increases their motivation to pursue and eradicate it. They now truly believe they will become “scared fearless.”\nTo put together an exposure exercise, you’ll be following these steps: 1. Select a trigger, an obsession-compulsion combination for elimination. 2. Practice exposure: by bringing on the obsession in reality and in imagination. 3. Practice ritual prevention by refraining from doing compulsions and fear blocking behaviors. 4. Practice acceptance fully experiencing the triggered thoughts, images, impulses, emotions and physical sensations they set off.\nI’ll explain each of the above activities as follows:\nSelecting an Obsession-Compulsion Combination for Elimination\nThe best obsessions-compulsion combination to target is usually the obsession-compulsion combination that is the least distressful. Even though you may be eager to get rid of the most troublesome of your symptoms, it’s best to start with the one that provides the greatest chance for success. After all, nothing succeeds like success. Don’t worry; we will eventually deal with all of your triggers. As you are aware, there will be some stress associated with the exercises you are about to undertake. So start with the easiest one first to keep the distress at a minimum.\nExposure: Bringing on the Obsessions\nThe exposures involve making contact with triggers for obsessions in reality, which are in the outer, physical and social world, or in imaginary situations, which are in the inner, mental world because fear is the problem and fear is the solution. I realize that the idea of facing fear is quite scary, but it’s necessary. In case after case, patients have reported that once they start confronting fear, they find it not to be nearly as distressful as anticipated. More importantly, they discover that exposure works. The obsessions stop triggering fear and become just “thoughts.” Being neutral with no emotional impact, they are insignificant and gradually fade away.\nKeep in mind that the exposure exercises are done in a most gradual way, moving toward a goal slowly. This gradual way of making progress is called shaping. Start with a situation that causes only minimal distress and stay with it until you have little or no reaction to it. Only then do you take on another situation, one that’s only slightly more difficult than the first one, and stick with it until the distress evaporates. This process is continued until you have been thoroughly exposed to all of your obsessions, including what you initially estimated to be the most frightening. By the time you get to it, you will have been desensitized by the exposure exercises leading up to it, so that the final step will be no more difficult than the first one. This process, moving toward a goal in small steps, is an important part of the recovery process.\nFor exposure to succeed in erasing the fear, there are two necessary conditions. First, rituals, and any other means of dodging the exposure, must be prevented. The use of false fear blockers will be fully discussed in the next section. For now let’s discuss the second of these conditions, the need for prolonged exposure. Exposure sessions must be long enough for you to experience a noticeable decline in your distress during the exposure. This means your sessions could be for an hour or more. What people typically feel during their sessions is a gradual rise in distress, which levels off after several minutes. Then it starts to decline. It is during this phase that you‘re receiving the benefits of the exercise. Whatever the trigger, it’s losing its power to provoke fear. With the next exposure session, and subsequent ones, you’ll find that the fear at the beginning is lower and falls away faster, until eventually you’ll feel little or no distress. You will have neutralized the trigger, and learned that exposure alone will free you from anxiety without resorting to the use of faulty fear blockers.\nKeep your exposure sessions to no more than 90 minutes by selecting triggers that are in the mild to moderate range of difficulty. Exposure can be mentally and emotionally draining, so you don’t want to cause an unnecessary hardship by overdoing it. If you underestimate the power of a trigger and find that it’s taking more than 90 minutes for the distress to decrease, stop working on it and replace it with an easier exercise. You can return to the one you underestimated after the easier exercises have desensitized you.\nAs mentioned above, exposure exercises can be in reality or in imagination. Exposures in reality aim to eliminate obsessions triggered by situations in the real world, your physical and social environment. Exposure activities of this kind require being physically involved with situations that trigger obsessions. Exposures in imagination aim to eliminate obsessions triggered by thoughts and images of imaged dreaded future events that are impossible and improbable. Exposures of this kind, since they exist only in your mind’s eye, require contact with the imagined triggers. One of the best ways to do exposure in imagination is by writing down the content of your obsessions and recording this scenario on audiotape and listening to it repeatedly for as long as it takes to feel some relief. You can also practice exposure to this scenario by rewriting and rereading it for extended periods of time, again, until you feel your distressed lessening.\nFor both types of exposure exercises, it is of the utmost importance that you do not stop them while your anxiety is up. If you do, desensitization is prevented and you can even be further sensitized to the situation you’re trying to neutralize. With this in mind, schedule your exposure sessions at times when you have enough time to complete them, and know that you will not be interrupted, or distracted. The best results are obtained when you practice every day, including weekends and holidays. A momentum develops that makes the practice easier with faster results. I also recommend that you do the exercises early in the day. This way you’re less likely to put them off and the thought of doing them is not hanging over your head like the sword of Damocles for the bulk of the day.\nRitual Prevention: Refraining from False Fear-Blocking Behavior\nA false fear-blocker is any action or thought immediately following an obsession that reduces the fear. I use the term “false” because the reduced fear is only temporary and returns with the next obsession. Its greatest harm is blocking exposure, which prevents recovery. The most common false fear blockers are: physical and mental compulsions; distraction; avoidance; and reassurance seeking.\nPhysical and mental compulsions are voluntary actions that are under your control. Just as you can control the movement of your muscles, you can control the performance of physical rituals. The same is true for mental rituals; they are willful words that you say to yourself and images that you purposely produce. The question isn’t, “Can I prevent rituals?” but, “Am I willing to prevent them?” If you wish to overcome OCD the answer must be “yes.” The price you’ll pay for giving them up — short-term, mild anxiety — is well worth the long-term benefit of freedom from OCD. The old saying, “it’s easier than you think”, has been found to be true by all the courageous people who have abandoned rituals and overcome their suffering. You can be one of them. Remember that by shaping your exposures you can control your anxiety level, which will make it easier to relinquish the rituals.\nDistraction is probably one of the first false fear blockers people use to cope with obsessions. By trying to get their minds on something else, they hope to ignore obsessions with their attendant anxiety and distress. Really paying attention to what they’re doing, constantly being busy, and keeping on the move are ways those of a more energetic bent may use to compete with repetitive, intrusive thoughts and images. Listening to music, chattering incessantly and mindlessly are resorted to by others attempting to dampen the impact of obsessions. Those with the tendencies to worry may even concentrate on troublesome problems of everyday life in efforts to push their obsessions out of mind. The most drastic and decidedly dangerous distraction is inflicting self-injury, frequently to the head, as if to drive out demons, expiate guilt, or exchange physical pain for emotional anguish. Distractions, like their fear blocker cousin, compulsions, only offer a frequently unpredictable, short term let-up from the distress of inevitably recurring obsessions. Distractions must be abandoned so that the genuine fear blocker can’t work — exposure. Avoidance — as you know by now — is the opposite of exposure and prevents recovery. Prior to having this knowledge, however, you did what came naturally and stayed away from triggers that activated irrational thoughts, images and impulses. Now, you need to take the path to recovery, the one that follows the fear. If you stray from it and wander into the wasteland of avoidance, your journey will be without end. Or, as one of my patients said, “I get it. The idea is to be like a heat seeking missile, fix on the fear, follow it, and blow it up.”\nAvoided situations can be your ally when you recognize that they are actually triggers for your obsessions, and as such, targets for desensitization. When they have been neutralized, and you are able to easily approach them, you will have demonstrated the ultimate proof of a successful treatment outcome.\nReasoning is probably the most commonly used fear blocker even though the person realizes, most of the time that their fears are unreasonable. However, during severe OCD spikes, this understanding weakens and doubts arise that the dreaded thoughts could be real. For example, could the thoughts really mean that “I have a major character defect or that I am crazy?” Just as nature abhors a vacuum, humans abhor uncertainty. We deal with it by rationalizing, analyzing, intellectualizing, theorizing, and using all kinds of mental manipulations attempting to achieve certainty. This happens in OCD when the faulty fear blockers of reasoning, “thinking things through,” and challenging irrational thoughts are called into play. As you already know, these efforts at relief are futile. We have little direct control over our emotional reactions because emotions happen to us, they’re not things we will to happen. Our rational control of fear is weak; but fear can easily hijack rational control, doing so routinely in OCD. This is because the connections from the brain’s emotional systems to the rational systems are stronger than connections from the rational systems to the emotional systems (LeDoux, 1996). Philosophers, poets, and other sages have expressed this understanding over the centuries, and joining them today are neuroscientists reporting discoveries about how the brain works. Remember, with fear, what you think won’t help you, but what you do will.\nReassurance is one of the most powerful and unrecognized of these fear and recovery blockers. It’s a form of compulsion that are I’ve found in over 90 percent of the people I’ve worked with. Because so many compulsively seek reassurance to calm their OCD and anxiety, it deserves special attention.\nPeople with OCD worry that their obsessions might come true. To ease this distress they ask other people, usually family members or close friends, over and over again to reassure them that their fears will not materialize. Because obsessions are always unrealistic, the family members or friends (and even therapists) tell them there is no need to worry; nothing bad is going to happen. For instance, it is quite common for people with fears of being irresponsible or careless to seek reassurance that they are neither. Typically they get the reassurance that they want, and temporary relief, but like other compulsions, reassurance blocks recovery. This is the first paradox. Reassurance is not helpful — it’s harmful. However, the short-term relief it provides is rewarding enough to keep the person repeatedly seeking more, which is the second paradox. The more reassurance received, the more reassurance wanted. Trying to satisfy the demand is like trying to fill a bottomless pit.\nIn addition to hindering recovery, incessant requests for reassurance can grow to be overbearing demands that lead to interpersonal strife. In one case, after her husband’s demands became so intense and frequent, one woman actually moved out and rented an apartment of her own. Her husband entered an intensive treatment program where both were helped and the reassurance stopped. This is an example of the third paradox. Once reassurance is eliminated, the reassured finds no further desire for it accompanied by a decrease in their obsessions and other compulsions. How, then, should you handle your urges to ask for reassurance?\nFirst. Stop asking for reassurance. Identify your most frequent questions and do not ask them. Avoid subtle, indirect ways of getting reassurance. These may be unknown to the reassurers, but knowingly practiced by you. For example, one client I worked with would abruptly stop doing whatever she was doing, sit down and space out. Her husband learned that these behaviors signaled that she was caught up in obsessions, and unbeknownst to him, they became a nonverbal request for reassurance that he would immediately provide. It was his cue to begin telling her not to worry, that her fears were irrational, that it was only her OCD. So in addition to attending to the obvious requests, subtle, indirect ones also need to be stopped.\nSecond. Educate your significant others about the harmful effects of reassurance. Have them read this passage. Explain that providing reassurance interferes with recovery.\nThird. Create a gentle refusal statement. At first, you will most likely continue to seek reassurance despite your efforts to abstain from them. Therefore, people from whom you typically get reassurance need to work with you to create a palatable way to say no. One way of doing this is for them to say, “I think you’re asking for reassurance. Remember, reassurance is not helpful; it’s harmful. Therefore I’m not going to respond.” However, if this doesn’t work, it’s possible that the agreed upon statement itself has become reassuring, or that you believe that nothing bad will happen because the reassurer would warn you. In this case, the best way to end it is for the parties to stop talking about OCD entirely.\nI guess everybody’s heard that you must face your fears to overcome them. That is easy to say but hard to do. Our instinctive reaction in the face of threat is fight or flight. This reaction has survival value for dealing with true dangers, but not for the false dangers you fear with OCD. Survival for you is overcoming OCD, which requires experiencing the fear, sticking with it, immersing yourself in it, and subduing it. Reading this may stoke anticipatory fears, but keep in mind that you can control your fear levels by approaching the triggers gradually so that you feel only mild to moderate levels or of anxiety. On making contact, you might notice that the fear gradually rises but then levels off, and after a while it begins to decrease. It is during this last phase that you are getting the benefits of treatment. You are being desensitized.\nWhile facing the fear, your task is to pay attention to your uncomfortable thoughts, and emotional and physical sensations. Dwell on the scary thoughts and images. Do the opposite of what you have been doing and accept the fears as being possible. Imagine the dreaded future events happening. Say to yourself, “So be it.” Concentrate on the prospect of living in a world of uncertainty, of never knowing if and when something bad is going to happen, of never getting over the anxious condition, and so forth and so on. Keep thinking about thoughts and calling up images to deliberately provoke fear. In this way you are using fear to fight fear. You can’t overcome fear by trying to go around it but only by going through it. Really be aware of the emotions you are experiencing.\nAlso notice your body’s physical reactions. Where do you feel the anxiety in your body? If your heart is beating faster and harder, tune in to it. If you have muscle tension, focus on that. If you’re breathing faster and harder notice it. Are your stomach and chest tight? Do you feel hot? Are you sweating? If the answer is yes, it means that you are on the right track because you’re feeling the fear and letting it burn itself out. By pursuing the fear, you are destroying it. Exposure is to obsessions and compulsions as sunlight is to vampires. All of these bad feelings are for the good. You’ll know this for yourself when, after several exposures, the fear no longer exists. You won’t be able to summon it even if you try.\nHowever, you might be concerned that the obsessions will become stronger if you give up your efforts to stop blocking them or if you deliberately bring them on. Or you might worry that whatever you dread will happen. Paradoxically, neither of these outcomes occurs. Instead, the exact opposite happens; you will recover as a result of re-training your brain’s fear system to stop making false alarms about harmless events. You will be desensitized to the previous fear triggers and see them as they truly are — harmless thoughts and images that are simply part of the normal flow of your stream of consciousness. In other words, OCD is erased when the unwanted thoughts, images, and impulses are faced, and embraced.\nYou may ask, “If exposure to fear is all that’s required to get over OCD why hasn’t this already happened? I’ve had these obsessions for many years and they just keep coming.” The answer is that you have used futile fear-blockers to cut off distress from the obsessions. This means that your exposures to the fear haven’t been long enough for it to naturally drop, which it will, simply as a result of your feeling it. You will fully understand the truth of this after you’ve completed your first exposure exercise.\nThe above exercises may seem daunting. But keep in mind the benefits they offer:\n- Changes in emotions from high anxiety too little or no anxiety\n- Allowing rational thoughts to replace irrational ones\n- Ability to maintain employment, volunteer activity, or pursue education or training goals\n- Engaging in a normal interests and routines\n- Enjoying satisfactory family and social activities and relationships\nGood luck. You’ve got the power!\nReprinted with permission: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Copyright 2004 by Paul R. Munford, excerpted from “Overcoming Compulsive Checking.” Paul R. Munford, Ph.D. is a clinical psychologist and director of the Cognitive Behavior Therapy Center for OCD and Anxiety, San Rafael, CA.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our system of government operates under a set of largely unwritten conventions. But they're well established and they work surprisingly well, which is why the governor-general has not tried to second-guess the ALP caucus.\nLike much else (think rabbits, foxes and gentlemen’s clubs), Australia’s system of government was given to us by the British. We have made various changes to account for an absentee monarch and a federal system, but the core structure of our constitution remains that of a Westminster system.\nThe punditry surrounding the return of Kevin Rudd – an admittedly strange occurrence – has served as a reminder of how poorly that system is understood. Although the official transition from Gillard to Rudd proceeded smoothly it didn’t stop a number of pundits from pontificating, and yesterday the hares were set running again by a hint from Greens leader Christine Milne that there was a limit to how long the Greens might support Rudd in parliament.\nWhat follows is my attempt to explain the relevant features of our system – and why much of the commentary involves imagining difficulties that aren’t really there.\nThe basic idea of a Westminster system is that the executive is responsible to the legislature. The head of government and his or her ministers have seats in parliament and can be removed by it; the head of state (who doesn’t and can’t, except perhaps in exceptional circumstances) appoints the head of government but otherwise has little effective political power.\nWithin that general description, Westminster systems cover a wide range of cases, including many countries with an appointed or elected president as head of state. Such a person usually has a set of constitutionally defined powers that can be used as necessary to keep the machinery of government running but that generally keep them out of politics.\nAustralia, however, follows the Westminster model more strictly. Our head of state is a hereditary monarch, represented here by the governor-general. And her powers on paper are extremely broad, dating from a time when the monarch was head of government as well. A few key constitutional provisions and a web of conventions serve to limit those powers and render her functions mostly ceremonial.\nThe key convention is that the governor-general acts only on advice. Her only personal act is the appointment of a prime minister; once she has a government she follows its advice until she is willing to dispense with its services, and she can only do that when she has an alternative government willing to take responsibility for the dismissal of its predecessor.\nThat first convention is very old – it was already in place in the seventeenth century. More recent, but still predating the settlement of Australia, is the principle that a key criterion when appointing a new prime minister is their ability to command a majority in the lower house of parliament. A government that cannot control the House of Representatives must either resign or call an election.\nNote that this principle is never directly stated in our constitution; the only explicit restriction is that the government must not levy taxes or appropriate money without parliamentary approval. But that’s enough: no-one doubts that a deliberate vote of no confidence is all that is required to force a government from office or to the polls.\nThe third convention, more recent still, is that the head of state must not become a political actor. She must not dismiss or frustrate a government simply because she disagrees with its policies; she may only reject advice if it appears to her illegal or in some way constitutionally improper.\nIt’s only in the last century that this principle has become firmly established. George V was the first monarch to consistently adhere to it; several of his predecessors had fought policy duels with their own prime ministers. George III once dismissed a government even after it had backed down on its policy advice (over removing disabilities for Catholics) because it refused to promise never to raise the matter again.\nThe net effect of these principles is that once a government is in place, the head of state recedes into the background. The government continues to do its thing until something happens to it: it resigns, it loses control of parliament, it loses an election, or some extraordinary event occurs that would require vice-regal intervention.\nNone of these things happened when Julia Gillard resigned. As her letter to the governor-general makes clear, the government remained in being; her resignation was only for herself, and she directly recommended her successor. In those circumstances it would have been grossly improper for the governor-general to reject that advice.\nIf the House of Representatives had a problem with the change it was open to it (as of course it still is) to express its lack of confidence in the new prime minister. If the government had tried to prorogue parliament to prevent such a vote then the governor-general might have felt the need to make further inquiries (this seems to be the sort of scenario that Anne Twomey had in mind) – but of course it didn’t.\nInstead, Rudd at the first opportunity made an announcement in the House that he had been commissioned as prime minister. A hostile majority could at that point easily have demonstrated control of proceedings, just as it did against Malcolm Fraser in November 1975. But it didn’t, because there was no such hostile majority. If the House sits again and one develops, then the option of a no confidence vote is always there for it.\n“Losing control of parliament” is not some abstract notion; it means what it says. The governor-general doesn’t have to investigate the numbers in parliament – as Graham Young, for example, tells us she should have* – because parliament has the power to express its view directly. Until it does, the government is perfectly entitled to carry on as normal.\nMilne is now quoted as saying that the Greens “would only guarantee their support until the end of September.” If that’s really her position, then it’s a complete guarantee, since the House of Representatives expires on 27 September: parliamentary support beyond that date is meaningless.\nIn the meantime, if Rudd meets parliament again on 20 August and government business gets done, that will demonstrate that he enjoys parliamentary support. If he loses a vote of confidence, he will have to either resign (most unlikely) or announce an election forthwith.\n* I should say that I agree with Young that “There does have to be a better way of appointing the head of state than the one we have now” – but I don’t see that recent events do anything to help that case.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "September 20, 2017\nThe business competition that worked\nEven in a recession, Nigeria’s higher employment and innovation persisted.\nBusinesses in Lagos, Nigeria during 2010\nBy satanoid from Austin, TX, USA (IMG_0560) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons\nIn developing countries, governments typically encourage entrepreneurship by funding business trainings, associations, and other costly programs. However, there is another strategy: giving money directly to the people who can use it.\nIt sounds risky. People might use the cash to build businesses that create jobs and promote innovation, but even the best entrepreneurs can fail. David McKenzie, Lead Economist at the World Bank’s Development Research Group, wanted an answer: “Governments spend all this money...and it’s not always clear that they get the intended effects. If you just give money to promising people, can you get a better outcome?”\nIn a new paper in the August issue of the American Economic Review, McKenzie found that funding entrepreneurs is highly effective. He analyzed the Youth Enterprise With Innovation in Nigeria (YouWiN!) business plan competition, which attracted over 24,000 applications throughout Nigeria.\nSuccessful applicants were invited to attend a business training where they learned how to develop a detailed business plan. A panel then scored their plans and awarded the prizes. Nearly 1,200 entrepreneurs won, and each business received an average of $50,000.\nIf you just give money to promising people, can you get a better outcome?\nTop-scoring applicants won national merit prizes, and the next-highest-scoring applicants won merit prizes by region. Out of the remaining pool, a randomly selected group of applicants (called experimental winners) were also awarded grants. This randomization created an experimental setting in which McKenzie could evaluate YouWiN!’s effect on employment and innovation.\nWinners included a woman who upgraded her paint manufacturing equipment to compete with imported paints, a catfish farmer who wanted to expand his production, and an entrepreneur who starting a dry cleaning business in an area without dry cleaners.\nThree years after applying, the experimental winners with new businesses were thirty-seven percentage points more likely to be operating a business than the people who were not awarded any money. Experimental winners with existing businesses were twenty percentage points more likely to have survived. The average employment of the new businesses doubled that of those who did not win a grant, and the existing firms boosted employment by eighty percent. On the whole, the competition created 7,027 jobs.\nBecause moving from an economy based on self-employment toward one characterized by firms with many workers is a signal of economic development, another goal of the competition was to boost the number of workers per company. Here again, the competition was successful. Experimental winners were about twenty percentage points more likely to have ten or more workers than their counterparts — a result that is especially significant in Nigeria, where 99.6 percent of companies have fewer than ten employees.\nPlus, these businesses were introducing new products, processes, pricing methods, quality control systems, and other innovations. Like the dry cleaners, much of this innovation, although not new to the world, was still impactful because it was new to parts of Nigeria.\nMcKenzie thought he had finished his paper when a recession hit, jeopardizing the businesses’ success. So, he went back to collect another year of data. “The main results were there,” McKenzie says, “but what happens when the country changes dramatically in terms of its economic conditions?”\nAs it turns out, the businesses were resilient to the economic downturn.\nThe experimental winners with new companies were still 24.1 percentage points more likely to still be in operation and 11.1 percentage points more likely to have ten or more workers than non-winners. Experimental winners with existing companies were 9.5 percentage points more likely to have survived and 12.7 percentage points more likely to have ten or more workers.\nMcKenzie also noted that the impact was not coming from increased confidence, mentoring, business connections, or outside financing. The grant alone was enough for entrepreneurs to create these positive changes by enabling them to buy land, buildings, and equipment. And, the cost of the competition per job created was only $8,538, which is a bargain compared to similar initiatives.\nGiven the success of the competition and its lasting effects, McKenzie would like to see more places try it. “This could be implemented quickly and at a large scale when forces are in motion,” he says, describing how smoothly this project came together. “There’s no reason it shouldn’t be done more often.”\n\"Identifying and Spurring High-Growth Entrepreneurship: Experimental Evidence from a Business Plan Competition\" appears in the August issue of the American Economic Review.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "GLRPPR Sector Resource: Food Waste Assessment Tools\nFood Waste Assessment Tools\nThe first step in reducing waste is to measure and track the amount, type of, and the source of the food and packaging waste. A food and packaging waste audit serves as the foundation for reduction efforts. Information on the waste type (i.e., bell peppers or chicken breasts) and reason for loss (i.e., over-preparation or improper cooking) is critical to make meaningful changes. The tools included here will help you conduct a food and packaging waste audit.\nDate of Publication:\nOne East Hazelwood Drive; Champaign, IL; 61820; (800) 407-0261; firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Blood Oxygen Level?\nBlood oxygen level is the amount of oxygen circulating in the blood. Red blood cells carry most of the oxygen, collecting it from the lungs and delivering it to all parts of the body. A person’s blood oxygen level is an indicator of how well the body distributes oxygen from the lungs to the cells, and it can be important for people’s health.\nWays in measuring your blood oxygen level\nThere are two ways in measuring your blood oxygen level, arterial blood gas and a pulse oximeter. An arterial blood gas test is a blood test. It measures your blood’s oxygen level. The test also checks the balance of acids and bases, known as the pH balance, in your blood. An ABG is very accurate, but it’s invasive while the pulse oximeter is a noninvasive device that estimates the amount of oxygen in your blood. It does so by sending infrared light into capillaries in your finger, toe, or earlobe. Then it measures how much light is reflected off the gases. A reading indicates what percentage of your blood is saturated, known as the SpO2 level. This test has a 2 percent error window. That means the reading may be as much as 2 percent higher or lower than your actual blood oxygen level. This test may be slightly less accurate, but it’s very easy for doctors to perform. So doctors rely on it for fast readings.\nHow blood becomes oxygenated\nUnderstanding how blood is saturated with oxygen begins with the alveoli or air sacs. There are millions of these microscopic air sacs in the lungs. They serve an important function to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream. When oxygen molecules pass through the alveoli, they bind to hemoglobin which is a substance in the blood. As the hemoglobin circulates, oxygen essentially hitches a ride and gets dropped off to the body’s tissues. With this, hemoglobin picks up carbon dioxide from the tissues and transports it back to the alveoli so the cycle can begin all over again. The level of oxygen in your blood depends on several key factors, how much oxygen you breathe in, how well the alveoli swap carbon dioxide for oxygen, how much hemoglobin is concentrated in red blood cells, and how well hemoglobin attracts oxygen. Most of the time, hemoglobin contains enough oxygen to meet the body’s needs. But some diseases reduce their ability to bind to oxygen.\nMeasuring your blood oxygen levels\nGenerally speaking, an oxygen saturation level below 95% is considered abnormal and anything below 90% is an emergency. When this happens, oxygen therapy is needed, sometimes urgently. The brain is the most susceptible organ to hypoxia, and brain cells can begin to die within five minutes of oxygen deprivation. Should hypoxia last longer, coma, seizures, and brain death can occur. It is very important to determine the cause of low oxygen saturation in order to correct the problem. With chronic conditions, such as COPD and asthma, the root cause is usually low air exchange in the lungs and alveoli. In addition to oxygen therapy, steroids or bronchodilators may be needed to open the airways.\nThe treatment options for low blood oxygen levels include supplemental oxygen. Doctors can administer oxygen therapy in an office, or they can prescribe or recommend the use of home oxygen therapy. A range of devices is available for delivering and monitoring home oxygen therapy, but some require a prescription. People can make lifestyle adjustments to reduce the symptoms of low oxygen levels, as well as improve their general health and quality of life. Eating a healthy and balanced diet can also help improve blood oxygen saturation. Since iron deficiency is one of the major causes of low oxygen saturation, eating foods that are rich in iron, such as meat, fish, kidney beans, lentils, and cashew nuts, can be helpful.\nThe information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material contained on this website are for informational purposes only. The purpose of this website is to promote broad consumer understanding and knowledge of various health topics. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or treatment before undertaking a new health care regimen, and never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This week we’re looking at our 9th pillar of health; sleep.\nSound, uninterrupted, beautiful sleep is crucial when it comes to maintaining our overall wellbeing. In fact, chronic under sleeping has been linked to type two diabetes, weight gain, depression and even early death.\nAs I’ve said previously, health is the combination of small factors you do consistently. In the hierarchy of health, I personally believe sleep and stress are at the top of the pyramid yet frequently get overlooked.\nWe spend a lot of time factoring in nutrition and exercise, but often at the expense of sleep.\nThere’s a reason why sleep deprivation is used as a form of torture – it is horrendous in all senses of the word and messes with your physical, hormonal and mental health.\nHere are four things you need to know about sleep.\nIt allows our bodies to recover and regenerate. Research has shown that without this recovery and regeneration, a sleep deficit can contribute to major illnesses like heart disease, diabetes and obesity. It can trigger anxiety and depression. It can also lead to impaired mental performance, memory loss and can lower our immunity making us more prone to bugs like the flu.\nWhat some people don’t know is that even short-term sleep deficit has negative consequences.\nOne night of poor sleep can temporarily leave you as insulin resistant as a diabetic!\nThis is problematic as when we are tired we often reach for energy stimulants to get us through; such as sugar or caffeine.\nOn the flip side, good sleep improves our mood, mental ability, memory, immunity and physical performance.\nThis means that both hormonal and neurochemical (mental) changes take place during your sleeping hours.\nMost healthy adults will experience the following three stages of sleep:\nTo understand how and why sleep has such a huge impact on our health, let’s look at how our sleep cycle works and how it affects our body.\nOur internal body clock, known as the circadian rhythm, is naturally regulated by light, dark and by changes in body functions every 24 hours. This includes our body temperature, hormones, airways and kidneys.\nThis means levels of hormones such as the thyroid hormone, thyroxine and our sleep hormone, melatonin, are different by day than by night. Interrupted sleep can throw our hormone balance off whack and create health problems. For example, thyroxine regulates our metabolism, if this is affected it can lead to weight gain and sugar cravings.\nMelatonin is especially important when it comes to bedtime. This hormone changes our core body temperature and lets us know when we’re tired. Melatonin is produced when it gets dark. Production speeds up from about 10pm onwards – which is why we feel more tired the later it gets. As sunrise looms, melatonin drops off and cortisol production kicks in - this wakes us up.\nIn today’s modern environment we’re constantly exposed to the bright light from electronic devices. This unnatural light disrupts the earth’s day-night cycle that regulates our sleep cycle and is the reason so many of us struggle to drift off to sleep.\nA good guideline to stick to is 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night. However there are lots of factors that play into this. In winter when the days are shorter we benefit from extra sleep while it is dark. The amount of optimum sleep also varies between individuals. Some people function perfectly well on six or seven hours sleep, while others need nine. Infants, of course, need a lot more sleep as it allows their wee bodies develop. Elite athletes also need extra snooze time to allow their bodies to fully recover.\nRegardless of your ‘personal best’ sleep time, one thing is for certain: No-one can survive on minimal sleep, long-term.\nResearch also shows us that when the body gets less than six hours sleep it will affect memory, especially short-term memory. Early studies into dementia have pinpointed 6 hours as the minimum requirement for disease prevention.\nWe can try and fill our days with exercise, healthy meals, social interaction and a fulfilling work life but if we aren’t sleeping we can potentially undo all this good work.\nLow energy and elevated cortisol levels will damage our metabolism.\nSleep is vital for optimal health and wellbeing. It affects so much more than just our energy. For this week’s challenge we want you to aim for 8 hours uninterrupted sleep each night. This means sleeping from 10pm-6am.\nBe sure to check out our other blogs this week on a nourishing wind-down routine for bed and tips for improving your sleep if you struggle to fall asleep.\nBe sure to check in to our Facebook page as we will be posting helpful tips and inspiration for this challenge as well as a useful weekly prize.\nWe’d also love to see all your changes. Share your pics with us on Instagram using #bepurebenwarren or by tagging us @bepurebenwarren\nThis blog is part of our 10 pillars of health series. Each week we will deliver content, recipes and challenges relevant to each pillar of health that we believe are the foundations for living a healthier, happier, more energised life. The idea being that if we focus on making progress in one area each week it will be easier, and more sustainable, over the long-term.\nEnjoy reading this? Sign up to BePure's weekly newsletter to receive our FREE e-book of 9 nutritious recipes and helpful information to support and empower you on your own health and wellbeing journey. Sign up here.\nWe are all unique. Our genetics, our environments, our lifestyles, our emotional wellbeing. There is no such thing as a one-size-fits-all approach to health and wellness or a single solution to your health concerns. If you want to learn more about your personal health story, Ben is touring to 30 cities around NZ presenting his new, 'What's Your Health Story?' seminar now. Learn more here.\nBACK TO TOP", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Where do the migrant workers in the Gulf originate from, and what sort of jobs do they do?\nMost migrant labourers come to the Gulf from other countries in the Middle East, Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Men primarily from South Asia (including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan) work in the construction sector, supplying the manpower responsible for the Gulf State’s rapid real estate and infrastructure boom. Their labor has fueled iconic projects including the UAE’s Palm and Burj Dubai, as well as the day-to-day foundations of the Gulf’s burgeoning cites.\nAdditionally, tens of thousands of women from countries as diverse as Sri Lanka, India, the Philippines, Ethiopia and Indonesia work as housemaids for local families. Others work in low-paid jobs in factories and as cleaners. In Saudi Arabia, migrants are regularly employed as drivers, since women are not legally allowed to drive.\nWhy do migrant workers come to the Gulf and the wider Middle East?\nThe oil boom has created tens of thousands of jobs for labourers, maids, cleaners and drivers to fill a gap in the labour market. The Gulf’s rapid economic growth has generated millions of jobs that entail the recruitment of workers from all around the world, even in the current global economic downturn. Non-oil rich countries such as Jordan and Lebanon also attract a large number of migrant workers because of the high demand for domestic service.\nThe overwhelming majority of these migrant workers come from developing countries, and travel to the Middle East with the aim of earning enough money to send back to their families back home. The money that they send back (remittances) represent an extremely important source of foreign exchange for many developing countries, accounting for a high share of GDP in countries such as the Philippines and Nepal (11% and 17% respectively).\nWhat kind of human rights abuses do migrant workers face in the Gulf and other countries in the Middle East?\nFor many workers, working abroad is a risky business. On arrival, many employers confiscate migrant’s passports for ‘safekeeping,’ that effectively prevents workers from leaving the country without their permission.\nConstruction workers are often subjected to overcrowded and unhygienic living conditions, and corrupt recruitment brokers may take a cut from their wages. They often work in unsafe conditions and extremely high temperatures. It is no coincidence that one of the most common causes of death among perfectly healthy young men is cardiac arrest. Accidents on construction sites are also a frequent cause of death and serious injury.\nMany women working as domestics are overworked and underpaid, and are often not allowed a day off. Some women are beaten by their employers, and in extreme cases, raped or tortured. Domestic workers are often excluded from the labor laws govern migrants in other sectors.\nWhat is the Kafala system?\nAll countries in the Gulf have a sponsorship system known as the kafala system. This means that a worker’s right to work and remain in the host country is tied to the sponsorship of his or her employer. They are not free to switch jobs and can end up being deported if they attempt leave their employer. This law has particularly serious implications for women working as maids, who are legally required to reside with their employer. The kafala system makes it extremely difficult for domestic workers to leave in situations where they are underpaid or abused. It also binds construction and factory workers to their employers. Bahrain will be the first country in the region to scrap the kafala system, as of August 1st 2009, and there are signs that other countries may follow suit in the coming years.\nWhat help is there available to migrant workers if they run into trouble?\nThe nearest embassy or consulate are migrant workers’ main resource for support since host governments typically avoid taking responsibility for their welfare. A number of embassies offer shelter to workers who are fleeing abusive employers, and can help with their repatriation. However, many migrant workers do not have diplomatic representation in their host country, and have no-one to turn to for help in emergencies (for example, Nepal does not maintain embassies in Kuwait or Bahrain). Some countries in the Gulf declare ‘amnesties’ every couple of years, when they offer to repatriate any workers that have become ‘stranded’ without their papers, homeless or illegally employed.\nThere are several NGOs which offer help to migrant workers in distress throughout the Middle East, including the Migrant Workers Protection Society in Bahrain. MWPS provides temporary shelter for workers and helps them to access diplomatic and legal help. However, governments in the Gulf states are generally suspicious of NGO activities, and local laws can make it difficult or even impossible for civil societies to address migrant issues.\nCommunity organisations run by expats to help nationals of their own countries, such as overseas Filipinos, Indians and Pakistanis, also help to fill the gap left by migrant-sending and receiving countries. They often lobby both governments to procure rights for migrant workers, and function as support mechanisms for their respective citizens.\nWhat can concerned individuals do to help?\nBREAK THE SILENCE! The first stage of Migrant Rights’ work is to raise awareness about the abuse of migrant workers in the Gulf and Middle East, both inside and outside the region. Currently, this issue is rarely discussed publicly. The deafening silence endures social and political passiveness to the problems migrant face. We must come to terms with the fact that thousands of migrant workers are living in squalid conditions in labour camps outside city limits, or are languishing in the households of abusive employers with broken spirits, their hope of ever seeing their families again fading with each day that passes – and we must realize that our silence is complicit.\nEveryone can contribute to the procurement of fair, just conditions for migrant workers. Simply writing to your local paper, MP, government or embassy helps to break down the taboo surrounding the discussion of migrant’s rights. If you blog, write something about migrant abuse. If you’re a journalist and are in a position to do so, write about the situation of migrant workers in the local papers. We are here to help you if you need comment or contacts, and we are just an email away. If you are a lawyer (or know one), partner with local migrant rights advocates and accept cases of abuse on a pro-bono basis.\nWe have a collective responsibility to these workers and must amplify their voices and their struggles before it’s too late.\nDonate, submit an article, translate content, or help spread the word.Learn More\nFind organizations supporting migrants in origin and destination countries.Learn More\nLearn more about the systematic abuses migrants face throughout the Middle East and what you can do to help.Learn More", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“FACT: All money owed by a government or person to any bank is nothing more than a legal fiction.It does not exist. In fact, the word credit comes from the Latin word credere which means “to believe.” Debt, interest, IOU’s promises and money are all literal and legal figments of the imagination. Without belief (or ‘confidence’), then the system will die.” ~S Cundill\nWelcome to a new world. A world where money does not exist and everyone lives in a Utopian society.\nBut not quite yet.\nIt will take time and an evolution of consciousness to get there. And, it will require us to open our minds to some important and startling facts about this thing called ‘money.’\n1. Money does not exist\nMoney does not exist in the world today. Gold, silver and copper have been replaced by the promise to pay money. As strange as this may sound, a “promise to pay” made by a bank to you is termed money because these promises serve in effect as money. In other words, our global monetary system is made up of things like IOU’s, bonds and guarantees, but there is no actual money.\n2. The ‘money’ in your bank account does not legally belong to you.\nIn legal terms, the ‘money’ in your account belongs to the bank, not to you. This is horrifying, but it is a legal fact in most countries. Instead, we enjoy a kind of rental agreement that grants us temporary permission to trade with a bank’s IOU… for a fee of course.\nIf I work for Vodafone and Vodafone runs out of money, then they could pay me with “airtime” instead. Airtime is a commodity that could be traded in effect as money. This is precisely how the banks work. The ‘air’ gets passed around as an exchange for goods and services.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The waves on the ocean are born from the ocean and fall back into it only to rise up again and return once more. The waves of the ocean are like human emotions and thoughts. Those arise out of the full potential of relatedness and of wisdom and then, after a few seconds (a fleeting thought), a few minutes (a craving), or a few years (a relational situation), dissipate. In reality, they are returning to their source – the ocean of potential of relatedness and wisdom. – This metaphor represents the exacting, contracting, and self-focused processes of emotions and mind.\nThe expanse of the waters of the ocean are a metaphor for the open, expansive, non-personal emotions and thoughts that a person has. Billions of creatures live in the vastness of the ocean, and they can because the ocean offers them space and place. In a person, the natural capacity for an open mind or open-ended emotions (such as kindness, caring, enthusiasm or gratitude) provide space and place to others as well as to their thoughts, concerns, ideas, or joys.\nThe depth of the ocean is like the natural emptiness of the mind and the natural limitlessness of the power of compassion. If one is in the deep blue darkness of the ocean, there is no up or down, right or left. Emptiness is directionless. There is only the purity of the water as it is, and whatever passes through seems to appear out of and then disappear back into the emptiness. The human sense of self does the same. It arises to meet a moment; it appears into existence uncounted times a day. This sense of self then dissolves back into the potency of Presence that is the wholeness of identity, not predicated on you/me, have/have not, take and keep. The proof of this description and analogy is the change of demeanor, tone of voice, mood, and attitude that each of us proceeds through throughout the each day. The potentials are limitless, yet a person typically reinstates a select few masks and calls these, in their synthesis, myself.\nStep 9 says “understand the primary three qualities and tendencies of awareness.” Doing so gives us solid tools to use in our sitting practice whereby to ripen and refine as well as sustain any state of meditation. Recognizing these same qualities through the day releases us from robotic living. Live from the range of Beingness, instead! Downloadable podcast: Entry: Like waves of the sea", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Signaling for Help\n- If you can't continue on your outing and have to wait for rescue, prepare help signals as soon as possible.\n- The international emergency sign for distress is three of any signal:\n- Three fires evenly spaced\n- Three blasts on a whistle\n- Three flashes with a mirror\n- If you're near an open space, walk a large X in the grass, sand, or snow. If possible, outline it with rocks or branches. Do whatever you can to make it easier to see from a distance.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Start an asynchronous send.\ntemplate< typename ConstBufferSequence, typename WriteHandler> void async_send( const ConstBufferSequence & buffers, socket_base::message_flags flags, WriteHandler handler);\nThis function is used to asynchronously send data on the stream socket. The function call always returns immediately.\nOne or more data buffers to be sent on the socket. Although the buffers object may be copied as necessary, ownership of the underlying memory blocks is retained by the caller, which must guarantee that they remain valid until the handler is called.\nFlags specifying how the send call is to be made.\nThe handler to be called when the send operation completes. Copies will be made of the handler as required. The function signature of the handler must be:\nvoid handler( const boost::system::error_code& error, // Result of operation. std::size_t bytes_transferred // Number of bytes sent. );\nRegardless of whether the asynchronous operation completes immediately\nor not, the handler will not be invoked from within this function.\nInvocation of the handler will be performed in a manner equivalent\nThe send operation may not transmit all of the data to the peer. Consider\nasync_write function if you\nneed to ensure that all data is written before the asynchronous operation\nTo send a single data buffer use the\nbuffer function as follows:\nsocket.async_send(boost::asio::buffer(data, size), 0, handler);\ndocumentation for information on sending multiple buffers in one go,\nand how to use it with arrays, boost::array or std::vector.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Newberry Art Tutorials\nSome Guidelines For Great Compositons\nIn my workshops students have plenty of time to compose the work, the line drawing set up before painting begins. The following tutorials show techniques you can focus on as you map out the painting’s composition.\nThe lesson in three words: Make interesting corners. In this tutorial I show how some of greatest artists of composition, Vermeer, Cezanne, Picasso, Van Gogh, Diebenkorn, and Velazquez make fascinating shapes and lighting in the corners. It is a very simple way to get the most out of your composition without having to remember a million rules!\nThough this tutorial is not strictly about composition it will be helpful to see how one can organize abstract shapes in a compositional way. Using Rembrandt, Kline, and Monet I show how they group things into broader abstract shapes. This is an extremely powerful technique that gives the viewer an epic journey through the big picture.\nA very surreal artist’s perspective but indispensable to give life to your painting is accenting the negative spaces of things. I go into detail showing how Monet, Rembrandt, Vermeer, myself, and William Wray manipulate negative space to create a sense of movement in the painting. If you can take a few seconds, while composing, to check the negative spaces it will add tremendously to making a powerful painting.\nThis is a very helpful article on how Picasso and Hefferlin arrange their compositions, and how Melissa manages to do so in a realistic way.\nWhen you are taking a workshop with me you don’t have to hold all this info in your head, that is my job, but it is good to read up on these tutorials. I hope you enjoy them and I guarantee you that adding them to your technique will feel great and raise your art up a few levels.\nFor more about studying with me please introduce yourself and your work via email, mtnewberry at gmail dot com.\nEffortless Complexity and Boundless Imagination\nDecades ago, Melissa Hefferlin told me that growing up, whenever she did something wrong, her scientist dad would sit her down with paper and pen to make columns of pros, cons, and alternatives to her bad behavior. She dreaded these episodes (apparently they took place fairly often). But they served her artistic mind very well, especially in composition.\nChallenge to Picasso and Vermeer\nArt is very complex with many elements such as color, light, form, emotion, imagination, subject, etc. But composition is the granddaddy of fine art. Composition in painting and drawing is the arrangement of contours on a flat surface. Two important parts of it are groupings and the balance of the entire work. To try to create something new in composition is a daunting task and throws down a challenge to Vermeer and Picasso. It seems that Melissa is unfazed by the project.\nIn full disclosure, I mentored Melissa in the early 1990s, but I can’t claim any credit for her brilliance since then.\nIn Higher Hare, my photoshop markups below reveal the play of a triangular pattern in the cloth, table, and part of the wall. When an artist is composing they have some flexibility to accent patterns they see or sense, Melissa takes full advantage of utilizing these angles. Another artist might not see them and paint only what he/she literally sees, but that doesn’t create these almost music-like beats.Continue reading “Pushing the Composition Envelope, Melissa Hefferlin Still Lifes”\nNewberry Art Tutorials\nThe Problem: A Bright Sky\nIn real life the daylight sky is bright, much brighter than the landscape’s trees, vegetation, mountains, and water. Think of it as a large lamp. But when you paint a landscape truthfully the effect backfires, the sky will be bright but the earth part will be dull and muddy. Light on the green trees, stone buildings, and red flowers can’t complete with the sky’s light. Even though you are seeing a sun filled landscape, your painting won’t feel that way, but you’ll feel disappointed with your skills.\nNewberry Art Tutorials\n“Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth.”\nWith this tutorial I will show how to shape negative space by warping it, thereby creating a believable 3-D image on a 2-D surface.\nPainting is made up of positive forms and negative spaces. Think of planets and the empty space between them. In this Rembrandt, one example of negative space is the dark triangular space between the bust, the back edge of the table, and the folds of the man’s sleeve.Continue reading “True Lies: Warp Negative Space”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, is a poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, Amanita muscaria has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the southern hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. The quintessential toadstool, it is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually deep red mushroom, one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture. Although it is generally considered poisonous, deaths from its consumption are extremely rare, and it is eaten as a food in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America after parboiling. Amanita muscaria is noted for itshallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. It was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in places other than Siberia; however, such traditions are far less well documented.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "About 100 University of Toledo students walked four miles Saturday around the main campus with gallon jugs of water in hand to raise awareness of the lack of access to drinkable water in underdeveloped countries and to raise money for a water purification unit for Haiti.\n\"The walk is four miles long because we want people to get a feel for how far someone in a developing country has to walk to get water,\" said Antonia Chavez, 19, a UT sophomore and the director of the Walk 4 Water event. \"You can prevent suffering from countries around the globe.\"\nMs. Chavez coordinated the event, timed to coincide with Earth Day, that kicked off about 1 p.m. at UT's Centennial Mall, where participants assembled in front of a working electric water purification unit. Organizers hoped to sell at least enough $10 T-shirts to raise the $750 that such a purification unit costs, she said.\nDrops of water trickled from the purifier as event participants bought the shirts and checked out the unit. Others picked up the plastic one-gallon water jugs or gathered brochures from Clean Water for the World, a nonprofit organization in Kalamazoo, Mich., whose representatives spoke with event volunteers over a deafening beat of rap music blaring from loudspeakers.\nThe brochures quoted World Health Organization estimates that one child death occurs worldwide every 15 seconds from water-related disease, including 1.8 million annual deaths from diarrhea. For children younger than 5, water-related diseases are the leading cause of death. At any given time, half the world's hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-related disease.\n\"I just care about people,\" Kelly Quarando, 21, a UT senior majoring in biology, said to explain her participation. \"It's really unfortunate that people around the world don't have access to clean drinking water.\"\nTHE BLADE/JETTA FRASER Enlarge | Buy This Photo\nThe event's inspiration came from Western Michigan University, where such events began, Ms. Chavez said.\nChuck Dombrowski, 68, a retired Cleveland businessman who is a Clean Water for the World board member, said the first walk was held there three years ago and has become an annual event. The group seeks to provide simple, adaptable water purification systems, at no charge, to communities without access to drinkable water, the group's mission statement says.\nThe unit on display was destined for Haiti, Ms. Chavez said. Organizers chose the country to illustrate the need for potable water in underdeveloped countries, and photos and statistics were displayed on stands alongside the purification unit.\nJust one such unit can supply clean drinking water to a village of 300 families, according to event organizers.\n\"Here [in the United States], we use 80 to 100 gallons of water each day,\" said Dr. Celia Regimbal, assistant professor in UT's department of early childhood, physical, and special education and the faculty adviser for the event. \"In these third-world countries, they only use about 5 gallons per day. This event supports a noble cause.\"\nThe 90-minute event was hosted by UT's Christian Service Program and the Catholic Student Association.\nContact Mike Sigov at: firstname.lastname@example.org or 419-724-6089.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Derbyshire county is located in the East Midlands of England. It boasts of magnificent views and an amazing mix of landscapes and landforms. You have rugged mountains and hills, rolling farmlands, and underground caverns. You will even find moors, woodlands, and lakelands within the area. All of these make for a beautiful background for the busy towns and picturesque villages that still has the stone cottages of past generations.\nAbout Derbyshire County\nIf you are looking for beautiful sceneries and magnificent views, you should head out to the county of Derbyshire. A big part of the Peak District National Park is within the area of Derbyshire county. Not only that, you will find the southern part of the Pennine range along the northern border of Derbyshire. Part of the National Forest also lies within the borders of this county.\nDerbyshire is surrounded (in clockwise order) by the Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Cheshire.\nThe highest point of the county is the Kinder Scout and the lowest point is the Trent Meadows that marks where the River Trent leaves the county. Running from north to south of the river is the River Derwent – which is the longest to be found in the area at 66 miles. This river and the River Dove join the River Trent towards the south of the county.\nThe whole of Derbyshire county is composed of 9 districts and 30 towns with a range of 10,000 to 100,000 residents.\nAbout this website\nThis website will be dedicated to valuable information that you will need when you visit the county of Derbyshire. We will be giving you some facts about the history of this county and how it came to be what it is today.\nThere will also be an article that will focus on the city of Derby. This is the largest city in this county. We will give you tips on what you can do when you visit and the best places and activities to include in your itinerary. We will provide a special article for various entertainment options like the Genting Club and the sports activities in the county.\nThere are other cities that will be discussed on this website so you will know the options that you have in case you visit Derbyshire county. Among the other information that will be shared will include the schools that children usually go to within the county.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Doug Ward\nPALO ALTO, Calif. – Nearly all college faculty members want to teach well but few have both the pedagogical background to make their classes more student-centered and the incentive to do so, the Nobel laureate Carl Wieman said Monday.\nWieman, a physics professor at Stanford, has been a leader in promoting effective teaching practices in the sciences, primarily through his Science Education Initiative. He spoke Monday at a meeting of the Bay View Alliance, a consortium of North American research universities working toward much the same goal.\nThe Science Education Initiative has led to the transformation of dozens of courses at the University of British Columbia and the University of Colorado, and Wieman drew on those experiences as he explained some of the successes and failures of his efforts.\nThe idea of “transformation” is elastic, but it generally means moving instructors and courses toward student-centered, evidence-based teaching practices that involve clear, measurable course goals, and effective means of assessment and reflection. Wieman said his work had also led to more interaction in the classroom as faculty members moved away from lecture; inspired more meaningful discussions of teaching within departments, and generated demands from students to change more courses.\n“The dominant barrier to change is the incentive system,” Wieman said, adding that most faculty see anything that takes away from research time as penalizing their ability to succeed.\nHe and his colleagues countered that barrier primarily with what Wieman called an “artificial incentive system.” This involved spending $1 million to $2 million per department in two forms:\n- Department-centered teaching grants. These were grants to individual faculty members to use for summer salaries, to buy out classes, to hire research and teaching assistants, and to buy materials for class development.\n- Education specialists. These were mostly post-doctoral teaching fellows who had Ph.D.s in STEM disciplines and were willing to learn effective teaching practices. The initiative found almost no one who came in with the necessary expertise, so it created workshops to help the specialists learn about effective teaching. The specialists, in turn, provided guidance to faculty members, helped create course materials, and provided non-threatening coaching. That combination of disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge was critical in gaining the trust of faculty members and making the process work, Wieman said.\nWieman has found success with his model, but he has also run into barriers. For instance, all the faculty members in the targeted departments he worked with had the opportunity to change their approach to teaching, but many didn’t. Some tenure-track faculty members backed out because they said they were afraid that time spent on teaching would detract from their research and, ultimately, their ability to gain tenure. Others started but eventually gave up once they were left on their own. Math faculty were especially resistant to change, and only a small percentage joined the course redesign efforts.\nOther snippets from Monday’s discussions with Wieman:\n- Supportive chairs and deans are among the most important factors in effecting change, and leaders who wouldn’t support the initiative all but scuttled some departmental efforts.\n- Faculty members who are considered “star” teachers in their departments are among the most resistant to change. These are often charismatic instructors who are popular among students and receive high teaching evaluations and even teaching awards as they give engaging performances in lecture but focus little on student learning. This group saw no reason to change and became passive resistors, Wieman said.\n- One of the most common pitfalls in course redesign, he said, is a focus on what to teach rather than how to teach.\n- Another problem is overreliance on student evaluations to gauge faculty effectiveness, something he elaborates on in an article in Change magazine. These evaluations aren’t related to learning or to best practices, he said, and evaluations tend to go down when faculty move toward new techniques.\nOne of Wieman’s initial goals was to see whether an infusion of money into the teaching process would lead to use of more effective teaching practices and to long-term change in department teaching cultures. In the short term, the answer is yes, but certainly not universally. It’s too early to tell whether the efforts will lead to long-term change, he said.\nOne thing that Wieman avoided addressing was the lack of effort in changing the incentive system, which he said was the largest barrier to change. That lack of an incentive system came up again and again during discussions at BVA meetings this week. There was broad agreement that universities must reward high-quality teaching in the promotion and tenure system to improve student learning, reduce failure rates, improve graduation rates, and to improve their long-term credibility and viability.\nThat won’t be easy, but like Wieman, the BVA has achieved meaningful steps in remaking courses, attracting faculty to student-centered practices, helping show meaningful ways of using class time, reducing failure rates in courses, and spreading a culture that values high-quality, innovative teaching.\nAs Wieman said, most faculty do see the value of high-quality teaching, and those who have shifted toward active learning and building teaching expertise within departments have found teaching much more personally satisfying, Wieman said.\n“That’s the thing that keeps faculty members doing this,” he said.\nKU continues to expand course transformation\nKU began its own course transformation project in 2013 with a two-prong approach: creation of program for post-doctoral teaching fellows to help departments transform large undergraduate courses, and development of the C21 Course Redesign Consortium. Bob Goldstein, associate dean for the natural sciences and mathematics, was instrumental in development of the teaching fellows program after seeing the influence Wieman’s program had at the University of British Columbia.\nBut KU is testing an approach that requires a much smaller “artificial incentive system” (i.e., funds, and teaching specialists) than the UBC and CU programs, by building community around course transformation to amplify the catalyzing effects of the teaching specialists. To this end, Andrea Greenhoot, now CTE’s director, began C21, which has helped create a community among faculty and staff members, GTAs, and post-doctoral teaching fellows working to expand and improve student-centered teaching. The teaching fellows program, C21, and CTE’s Best Practices Institute have led to the transformation of dozens of courses at the university.\nGreenhoot followed up on those successes in creating a seven-university network aimed at expanding the adoption of empirically validated teaching practices. That project, known as Transforming Education, Stimulating Teaching and Learning Excellence, or TRESTLE , received a $2.5 million grant from the National Science Foundation. Each campus will hire teaching specialists to work with faculty members on transforming courses and build a community to share information across campuses. The project builds on the lessons learned in the Wieman Science Education Initiative but tests a model that could more feasibly promote sustained change at a wide range of institutions.\nVirtual workshops on campus racism\nThe Center for the Study of Race and Equity in Education at the University of Pennsylvania is conducting a series of virtual sessions called Responding to Racism on College and University Campuses.\nTwo of the sessions have already taken place, but the next one, on Monday, looks especially relevant to faculty members. It is called “Race-Consciousness in Classrooms and Curricula: Strategies for College Faculty.”\nEach session costs $25 and requires pre-registration.\nDoug Ward is the associate director of the Center for Teaching Excellence and an associate professor of journalism. You can follow him on Twitter @kuediting.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fennel (Mill. over doorways on Midsummer’s Eve to protect the household from evil spirits. Recently because of estragole carcinogenicity fennel has been charged to be dangerous for humans especially if used as decoction for babies. But this allegation do not consider the remedy is prepared like a matrix of substances and recent researches confirm that real estragole is definitely inactivated by many compound contained in the Ispinesib decoction. 1 Intro Fennel (Mill.) belongs to the family of Apiaceae and is an annual biennial or perennial herbaceous flower depending on the variety which grows in good soils from sunlit mild climatic areas and is a well-known aromatic flower species. offers two commercially important fennel types: bitter fennel Mill. subsp. vulgaresubsp. dulce.Several fennel parts are edible (bulbs leaves stalks and fruits). Mature fruit (commonly known as seeds) and essential oil of fennel are used as flavoring providers in food products such as liqueurs breads cheese and an ingredient of makeup products and pharmaceutical products. Moreover fennel infusions are the classical decoction for Ispinesib nursing babies to prevent flatulence and colic spasms [1-4]. Traditionally in Europe and Mediterranean areas fennel is used as antispasmodic diuretic anti-inflammatory analgesic secretomotor secretolytic galactagogue vision lotion and antioxidant remedy and integrator. It is therefore of intense importance the effectiveness quality and most of all toxicology of fennel centered remedies and preparations is assessed namely when estragole (Number 1) one of its constituents has been notoriously declared to be a carcinogen compound . Number 1 Estragole structure. The Western Food Safety Expert (EFSA) suggested the so-called Margin of Exposure (MOE) to be used to set priorities in risk management with respect to compounds that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic . MOE is definitely defined as the percentage between the lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose that CHK2 gives 10% extra malignancy incidence (BMDL10) and the estimated daily intake (EDI) for estragole is definitely estimated from different food sources 0.07?mg/kg bw/day time . The MOE for real estragole amounts to 129-471 and relating to EFSA a MOE lower than 10.000 can be considered a priority for human risk [6 8 We contend that study of estragole as a single compound can be misleading and misrepresents the activity of this compound when present in the form of a complex herbal draw out. This brings into query the validity of studies of real compoudns that are taken outside of the context of the normal food matrix which should serve as the benchmark for testing levels in human being Ispinesib carcinogenicity studies. 2 Chemical Constituents of Fennel According to the 2nd release of the Western Pharmacopoeia monograph nice fennel contains not less than 2.0%?v/m of essential oil calculated with reference to the anhydrous drug. The essential oil is constituted primarily by anethole (80%) (a compound with intended anticancer properties) it contains not more than 10% estragole and not more than 7.5% fenchone . Additional minor constituents may be present including: R-pinene limonene var. and var. and cultivar: and cultivars respectively while it accounted for only 5% in the cultivar. Estragole was the major compound in the oil of the cultivar having a concentration of 58% compared to 12% and 6% in the oils of and cultivars respectively . The essential oils of two of the fennel cultivars Ispinesib that is and cultivar . The three oils contain related concentrations of all other major compounds excluding trans-anethole and estragole suggesting that antioxidant activity is mostly related to the concentration of trans-anethole . One of the major differences between the chemical structure of estragole and anethole is the double bond of the propenyl part chain: in anethole is definitely conjugated with the aromatic ring while in estragole it is nonconjugated . 3 Estragole Carcinogenicity incubations with rat hepatocytes Ispinesib exposed to 1′-hydroxyestragole . The PBD model therefore acquired was validated by experimental data on DNA adducts formation in the liver of mice exposed to estragole since data from rat were not available ..", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Technology and the Internet have made education more accessible to millions of people. Whether looking to earn a degree, complete a certificate program, or simply learn a new skill, online learning offers flexibility and convenience that the traditional classroom can’t. This type of learning format, however, isn’t right for everyone, and there are some important things you should consider before enrolling in a program. This guide explains the different types of online programs, how they work, and their potential benefits. Read on to learn more so you can decide whether online learning is your best bet.\nOverview of Online Education Providers\nAll kinds of topics and skills can be learned online, and there are formats that cater to different kinds of learners, from those who merely want to explore something new in their free time to those who are ready to earn a degree to help advance their careers. Below is an overview of the types of online education providers.\n|Type||What is it?||Advantages||Drawbacks|\nFour-year, not-for-profit colleges and universities may be either public or private. Both offer bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees in traditional academic areas, such as economics, English and psychology.\n|Community and Vocational Colleges||\nCommunity and vocational colleges provide two-year associate degree and/or diploma programs. Some programs are designed for students looking to go on to earn a four-year degree; others, such as nursing programs, lead to degrees that can be put to use immediately.\nMassive online open courses offered by providers like Coursera, Udacity, and Khan Academy use lectures, readings, and quizzes from highly regarded professors to allow people to learn about a specific topic.\n|Independent online education platforms||\nOnline education platforms, such as Lynda and Skillshare, are geared toward teaching a specific marketable skill, such as Web design or expertise in a particular piece of software.\nFor-profit colleges offer everything from diplomas to doctorates in a wide range of disciplines\nHow Online Learning Works\nOnce you’ve decided that online learning is something you want to pursue, you’ll still need to get up to speed on how it works on a practical level. Here’s what you can expect from an online program.\nThere are two basic delivery formats for a class — synchronous and asynchronous — with various delivery platforms used in each. Synchronous courses are taught live, in real-time. Asynchronous delivery means that students can log in to access classes at any point within a given time period. Individual courses can use one or both formats, depending on the teacher’s preference. Students are expected to log in regularly, even for asynchronous classes — at minimum once a week, but likely more often — with many instructors giving grades for class participation.\nWhen choosing a program, students should know what’s realistic for them. Asynchronous learning methods are great for self-starters with busy schedules. Synchronous methods may better suit those who gravitate to traditional learning formats that involve more structure and interaction with instructors and other students.\nHere are some examples of how an instructor can relay information to students in an online course:\nAn instructor teaches as you watch. If the class size is small enough, your webcam might be turned on so you can interact with the teacher and classmates during the class. Otherwise, you’ll probably ask questions via a chat screen or save them for a Q-and-A session at the end.\nThese work like a webinar, usually with the instructor talking while giving a slide presentation. Web conferences are likely to be interactive as well, with the instructor asking students to answer questions and make comments via a chat screen or even Twitter.\nThese can be done via video or podcast, allowing students to pause and rewind. They are usually shorter than synchronous lectures because there’s no student interaction. Instructors may also give out PowerPoint presentations to supplement the lecture material.\nClassmate and Instructor Interaction\nDespite the absence of a physical classroom, effective online learning is not just a one-way stream of communication. Here’s how students might interact with teachers and peers:\nConducted synchronously or asynchronously, these are places where students can interact and share their thoughts or ask questions.\nVideo conferencing makes small-group assignments a feasible option for online students. Instructors may also have students deliver presentations to the entire class via a videoconference.\nSome professors have used Twitter to communicate with online students during live videoconferencing. By creating a unique hashtag for the class, professors can take live polls or hold real-time Q&A sessions.\nBasic Technology Requirements\nOnline programs typically publish minimum technical requirements and these requirements can vary depending on the college or specific program. As an example, here are the basic technology requirements of Penn State World Campus:\nOperating system: An operating system released within the last eight years\nSpecifications: 2 GHz processing speed, 1 GB of memory and 60 GB of hard drive space\nHardware: DVD-ROM, printer, sound card, microphone, speaker\nPurchased software: Microsoft Office\nDownloadable plug-ins: Adobe Reader, Flash Player, QuickTime\nInternet connection: Broadband\nTo protect against cheating, many programs require students to have proctors for tests and quizzes. Depending on the program’s rules, testing can take place at specified sites or in the presence of an approved proctor (in some cases an online proctor).\nCertain online programs, such as social work, require practical experiences or internships. Students may need to find local internship opportunities in their area to apply toward their degrees.\nHands-on learning on campus\nPrograms that require hands-on learning in addition to theory may ask students to come to campus for concentrated seminars and lab work. This is especially common for nursing programs.\nMBA degrees, and other programs of study in which networking is key, may have residency requirements for which students meet on campus or other locations at regular intervals.\nChoosing an Online Program\nOver 5.5 million college students took a for-credit course online in 2013, some at for-profits, others at nonprofits, and still others at community colleges. That number swells even larger when taking into account those who took a MOOC or a course through a non-degree education platform. If you’re considering joining their ranks, ask yourself these five questions when choosing an online learning program:\nPeople turn to online learning for a variety of reasons. Some need the resume boost that an academic credential provides, while others only need to learn a particular skill. In general, the former costs more so those who don’t need a formal degree can build their knowledge and skills through free – or at least more affordable – course offerings and platforms.\nNo online program can promise its students a job after they complete the coursework. However, it’s possible to get a good idea of employment prospects by looking at two things: support services and previous job placement figures. Look for a school that is committed to helping you not only get through the program, but also to helping you find a relevant job post graduation.\nA lot of online learners have done coursework here and there. Depending on where it was done—and how recently—these credits may be transferable. Schools set their own rules about allowable transfer credits, so ask what their policies are.\nDepending on the type of program, you may be required to do an accelerated class on campus, an internship, a practicum, or in-person intensives between quarters/semesters. Certain degrees, such as nursing, require hands-on work, especially at the advanced levels. Although in theory online learning means you can study from anywhere, it’s best to check first about travel requirements before signing up—especially at a school that does have a campus location in your local area.\nOnline degrees should be accredited by a regional or national accreditor recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the Department of Education. There are at least three reasons for this:\nAccreditation is an indication that the program has been vetted and approved by educators and professionals in the field, and degrees from unaccredited schools are not highly valued by employers\nUnaccredited schools cannot take part in federal financial aid programs, which means you may pay more out-of-pocket\nCourse credits from accredited schools are more likely to be transferable to other programs, which will come in handy if you decided to pursue more education later on down the road\nStudents should also check whether their future career requires certification. Certification often requires that a particular program of study be accredited by an appropriate professional organization (in addition to the school’s overall accreditation status).\nFor more information on choosing an online college, check out the following guide:\nOverall Benefits of Online Learning\nMost people name time, money, and flexibility as the prime benefits of online learning. It saves students time by cutting out the commute to and from school, and by giving them the flexibility to study at their own convenience. Ten minutes spent in line at the grocery store can be converted into a quick review of work on their smartphones, for example. Students also can take advantage of asynchronous courses over several days or a week, rather than needing to be in class at a set time for a month or more. Lastly, in some cases, online learning can save students money by eliminating peripheral costs such as parking, campus health insurance, or athletic fees typically required of campus-based students. Online programs, however, are not always cheaper than their traditional counterparts, so students will need to compare expenses and all required fees closely.\nHere are a few other advantages of online learning that get less attention:\nBy their very nature, classroom-based programs tend to attract local residents—people who are more likely to have similar life experiences and backgrounds. Online programs, on the other hand, attract people from all over. These learners are usually of various ages and bring with them a wide range of life and professional experiences. As a result, online students are exposed to more varied perspectives and can expand their worldviews.\nA more diverse student body means a more diverse personal and professional network. If you’re interested in exploring new parts of the world or other industries, the connections you forge in an online program can help lead to career opportunities.\nSmaller towns in particular may lack people with certain specialized skills. Perhaps there are not many Web developers in your area, or maybe there is a shortage of caterers for events. Online courses can provide the educational foundation to start your own business and fill the gap.\nEmployers can leverage the power of online learning by working with providers to craft courses or programs that meet their specific needs or the needs of the local business community. This is a clear win for students because they’ll gain the exact knowledge and skills that employers are looking for.\nThe real world increasingly operates online and on computers. According to Job Outlook 2016, a report by the National Association of Colleges and Employers, 55 percent of employers looked for computer skills on applicants’ resumes. You’ll get those as a side benefit of studying online.\nBecause online programs typically accommodate students from across the country or even around the globe, many of whom work different shifts, most support services aren’t limited to nine-to-five hours. If you have a problem with loading something on your dashboard at 3 a.m., you can probably get support right then and there.\nMilitary Students and Online Learning\nOnline learning is a particularly good option for people in the military. Active-duty service members and veterans can take advantage of:\nAsynchronous courses and 24/7 support perfectly suit military members serving overseas.\nActive-duty military are limited to where they can physically attend school by the location of their base. No such limitations exist in online learning.\nEach branch of the armed forces pays up to 100 percent of tuition costs for active members. Military members can verify the exact amounts with their branch of service. Through the GI Bill®, veterans can also receive financial assistance with college, including through online programs.\nIs Online Learning Right for Me?\nNow that you have an overview of online learning and how it works, it’s time to figure out if this type of approach is right for you. Before enrolling, consider the following questions:\nOnline learning requires a lot of discipline and self-motivation since no one will be checking in on you to make sure you finished last week’s reading assignment or watched yesterday’s lecture. If you feel like studying is a chore and need a push to get things done, the structure of a campus environment might be the better option.\nInterpersonal communications have a different character in virtual learning, relying heavily on email, chat, video conferencing, and other remote mechanisms. If you do better with real face time, dip your toes in the water by taking a free online course before committing to a full online degree program.\nThe more time and flexibility in your schedule, the more options you have. Online learning is typically ideal for students who have unpredictable or limited schedules and, therefore, cannot commit to a strict schedule and timeline. Make sure to compare all programs, not just online ones.\nStill not sure? Take this quiz to find out if online study is a good choice for you.\nTips for Online Learners\nOnline programs are distinctly different from campus ones, and require their own academic strategies. To be successful, consider incorporating some of the following into your study habits:\nYou’re going to be spending a lot of time on the computer using various software tools and Web applications. If you aren’t comfortable using a computer, take some online tutorials before enrolling. In addition, you can’t rely on autocorrect, emojis, and shorthand when you’re communicating with professors and classmates, so now is a good time to brush up on your typing skills, if necessary.\nCreate your study zone\nWithout the structure of a classroom, you have to create your own learning environment. Make a spot away from the television, family, and other distractions where you can concentrate on the class. Get a comfortable, ergonomic chair to sit in. Set limits—and stick to them—when it comes to off-topic Internet surfing, Facebook, texting, and the like.\nDress for success\nBut why? Isn’t the advantage of studying from home that you can put on a bathrobe, log in, and learn—with no need for time-consuming activities like showering and getting dressed? As fashion psychologist Dr. Karen Pine told Forbes magazine, “A lot of clothing has symbolic meaning for us, whether it’s ‘professional work attire’ or ‘relaxing weekend wear,’ so when we put it on we prime the brain to behave in ways consistent with that meaning.” In other words, students may perform better by dressing like they’re going to a real classroom.\nGet on schedule\nOn a bustling college campus, it’s easy to run into a classmate, subconsciously reminding you that you have a paper due the following week. When you learn online, however, you’re not in an environment where everything revolves around school. Instead, you have to be proactive about getting into a learning mindset. Keep a schedule of classes, map out study time, and aggressively work through your to-do list to make sure you’re making progress on assignments.\nIt’s easy to get out of the habit of checking in with classes via the online learning portal, especially if you have all asynchronous classes. To avoid falling behind and getting caught off guard by assignments and readings, create your own check-in schedule and follow it.\nJoin a study group\nJust because you haven’t shaken hands with your classmates doesn’t mean you shouldn’t get to know them. Joining a study group—or starting one of your own—will not only help you learn the material, but also provide another way to keep structure in your schedule. Plus, you’ll get a sense of camaraderie you might otherwise miss.\nKeep your eye on the prize\nOnline students can’t just follow the crowd into the classroom. They have to be self-motivated. A simple but effective aid is to write down your personal “mission statement”. Whether it involves earning more money, landing that dream job, or just learning something new. Display it where you will see it regularly, perhaps as your computer wallpaper or on the bulletin board beside your desk.\nMyths About Online Education\nMost people grew up going to school inside a classroom, and may be wary of the very different approach taken with online education. Here are some common stereotypes surrounding online learning and why each is not true:\nOnline learning isn’t as effective as traditional learning\nA 2012 report found learning outcomes for online programs at public universities to be similar to their brick-and-mortar counterparts in terms of overall pass rates, final grades, and performance on standardized tests.\nSchools don’t invest the same resources into their online curricula\nMany courses are developed specifically for online learning, although the content is designed to be as rigorous as a traditional campus class. One online Spanish instructor puts it this way: “I was very skeptical. But then I started looking through the curriculum, and I was thoroughly impressed. They have clearly spent a lot of money and time to put together a well-rounded curriculum that’s not just ‘read the textbook’. [Students] have to have an online tutoring session every week. There’s a lot to it.”\nCredits don’t transfer\nEach school decides whether to accept transfer credits — and most schools are more interested in whether the credits were earned at an accredited institution than about the delivery format they came in. Credits earned at regionally accredited schools typically transfer.\nThe students aren’t as good\nThere’s a perception in some sectors that online students can’t cut it in a traditional program. On the contrary, students go online to help navigate difficult schedules, access better programs in their field, and learn in a more effective environment. Online schools can be quite selective, with top graduate programs often requiring high minimum GPAs and turning down a majority of applicants.\nThere is less interaction between students and instructors\nWhether online or in a physical classroom, the level of interaction depends on the attitude of the teacher and students. As Nate Sleeter, an online teaching assistant, writes in Inside Higher Ed, interaction can actually increase in virtual classrooms because “some students are more likely to engage in an online discussion with instructors or other students absent the pressure of speaking ‘in public.’”\nEmployers don’t respect online degrees.\nThis is true of some employers but certainly not all. Mary Massad, a recruiter with Insperity, which recruits for some 100,000 businesses, told U.S. News & World Report that about 75 percent of her clients welcome — and hire — applicants with online degrees.\nGI Bill is a registered trademark of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. More information about education benefits offered by VA is available at the official U.S. government Web site.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The particular usage of a few other words, not defined in the Code, is also indicated; these are italicized in the list below and are accompanied by editorial explanation of their use.\nadmixture. [Not defined] – something mixed in, especially a minor ingredient, used of components of a gathering that represent a taxon or taxa other than that intended by the collector, and which do not preclude the gathering, or part thereof, being a type specimen, the admixture being disregarded (Art. 8.2).\nalternative family names. The eight family names, regularly formed in accordance with Art. 18.1, allowed as alternatives (Art. 18.6) to the family names of long usage treated as validly published under Art. 18.5.\nalternative names. Two or more different names proposed simultaneously for the same taxon by the same author (Art. 34.2).\nanalysis. See illustration with analysis.\nanamorph. A mitotic asexual morph in pleomorphic fungi (Art. 59.1).\nascription. The direct association of the name of a person or persons with a new name or description or diagnosis of a taxon (Art. 46.3).\nautomatic typification. (1) Typification of a nomenclaturally superfluous and illegitimate name by the type of the name which ought to have been adopted under the rules (Art.7.5). (2) Typification of the name of a taxon above the rank of genus by the type of the generic name on which it is based (Art.10.6 and 10.7).\nautonym. A generic name or specific epithet repeated without an author citation as the final epithet in the name of a subdivision of a genus or of an infraspecific taxon that includes the type of the adopted, legitimate name of the genus or species, respectively (Art. 22.1 and 26.1).\navailable. [Not defined] – applied to an epithet in a legitimate (Art. 11.5 and 15.5) or illegitimate (Art. 58.1) name, the type of which falls within the circumscription of the taxon under consideration and where the use of the epithet would not be contrary to the rules (see also available name)].\navailable name. A name published under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature with a status equivalent to that of a validly published name under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Art. 45.4 footnote).\navowed substitute (replacement name, nomen novum). A name proposed as a substitute for a previously published name (Art. 7.3 and 33.4).\nbasionym. A previously published legitimate name-bringing or epithet-bringing synonym from which a new name is formed for a taxon of different rank or position (Art. 33.4, 49.1 and 52.3).\nbinary combination. A generic name combined with a specific epithet to form a specific name (Art. 23.1).\nbinary designation. [Not defined] – an apparent binary combination that has not been validly published (Art. 46 Note 2; see also Art. 6.3).\ncombinatio nova (comb. nov.). See new combination.\ncombination. A name of a taxon below the rank of genus, consisting of the name of a genus combined with one or two epithets (Art. 6.7).\ncompound. A name or epithet which combines elements derived from two or more Greek or Latin words, a regular compound being one in which a noun or adjective in a non-final position appears as a modified stem (Rec. 60G.1) (see also pseudocompound).\nconfusingly similar names. Orthographically similar names of genera or epithets of names of subdivisions of genera, of species, or of infraspecific taxa likely to be confused (Art. 53.3 and 53.4).\nconserved name (nomen conservandum). (1) A name of a family, genus, or species ruled as legitimate and with precedence over other specified names even though it may have been illegitimate when published or lack priority (Art. 14.1–14.7). (2) A name for which its type, orthography, or gender has been fixed by the conservation process (Art. 14.1, 14.9–14.11).\ncorrect name. The name of a taxon with a particular circumscription, position, and rank that must be adopted in accordance with the rules (Art. 6.6, 11.1, 11.3, and 11.4).\ncultivar. A special category of plants used in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture defined and regulated in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (Art. 28 Notes 2, 4, and 5).\ndate of name. The date of valid publication of a name (Art. 45.1).\ndescriptio generico-specifica. A single description simultaneously validating the names of a genus and its single species (Art. 42.1).\ndescription. [Not defined] – a written statement of a feature or features of a taxon required for valid publication of its name (cf. Art. 32.1 (d) and 32.3).\ndescriptive name. A name of a taxon above the rank of family not based on a generic name (Art. 16.1).\ndesignation. [Not defined] – the term used for what appears to be a name but that has not been validly published (Art. 23.6, 46 Note 2; see also Art. 6.3).\ndiagnosis. A statement of that which in the opinion of its author distinguishes the taxon from other taxa (Art. 32.2).\nduplicate. Part of a single gathering of a single species or infraspecific taxon made by the same collector(s) at one time ( Art. 8.3 footnote).\neffective publication. Publication in accordance with Art. 29, 30, 31 (Art. 6.1).\nepithet. The final word in a binary combination and the word following the connecting term denoting rank in other combinations (Art. 6.7, 11.4, 21.1, 23.1, and 24.1).\nepitype. A specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype, lectotype, or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly published name cannot be identified for the purpose of precise application of the name of a taxon (Art.9.7).\nexsiccata. [Not defined] – Latin adjective used as noun, nominative plural “exsiccatae”, refers to a set of dried specimens, usually numbered and with printed labels, distributed by sale, gift, or exchange (cf. Art. 30.4 and 30 Note 1)].\nex-type (ex typo) [also ex-holotype (ex holotypo), ex-isotype (ex isotypo)]. A living isolate obtained from the type of a name when this is a culture permanently preserved in a metabolically inactive state (Rec. 8B.2).\nfinal epithet. The last epithet in sequence in any particular combination, whether in the rank of a subdivision of a genus, or of a species, or of an infraspecific taxon (Art. 11.4, footnote).\nforma specialis. See special form.\nform-taxon. In pleomorphic fungi, a taxon typified by an anamorph (Art. 59.3).\nfossil taxon. A taxon the name of which is based on a fossil type ( Pre. 7 footnote and Art. 13.3).\ngathering. [Not defined] – something brought together, used for a collection of one or more specimens made at the same place and time (Art. 8.2).\nheterotypic synonym (taxonomic synonym). A synonym based on a type different from that of the accepted name (Art. 14.4); termed a “subjective synonym” in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the Bacteriological Code ( Art. 14.4 footnote).\nholomorph. A pleomorphic fungal species in all its morphs (Art. 59.1).\nholotype. The one specimen or illustration used by the author or designated by the author as the nomenclatural type (Art. 9.1).\nhomonym. A name spelled exactly like another name published for a taxon of the same rank based on a different type (Art. 53.1). Note. Names of subdivisions of genera or infraspecific taxa with the same epithet even if of different rank are treated as homonyms disregarding the connecting term (Art. 53.4).\nhomotypic synonym (nomenclatural synonym). A synonym based on the same type as that of another name in the same rank (Art. 14.4); termed an “objective synonym” in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the Bacteriological Code (Art. 14.4 footnote).\nhybrid formula. An expression consisting of the names of the parent taxa of a hybrid with a multiplication sign placed between them (Art. H.2.1).\nillegitimate name. A validly published name that is not in accordance with one or more rules (Art. 6.4), principally those on superfluity (Art. 52) and homonymy (Art. 53 and 54).\nillustration with analysis. An illustration with a figure or group of figures, in vascular plants commonly separate from the main illustration, showing details aiding identification (Art. 42.4).\nimproper Latin termination. A termination of a name or epithet not agreeing with the termination mandated by the Code (Art. 16.3, 18.4, 19.6, and 32.7).\nindelible autograph. Handwritten material reproduced by some mechanical or graphic process (such as lithography, offset, or metallic etching) (Art. 30.2).\nindirect reference. A clear (if cryptic) indication, by an author citation or in some other way, that a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis applies (Art. 32.6).\ninformal usage. Usage of rank-denoting terms at more than one non-successive position in the taxonomic sequence. Note: names involved in such usage are validly published but unranked (Art. 33.11).\nisonym. The same name based on the same type, published independently at different times by different authors. Note: only the earliest isonym has nomenclatural status (Art. 6 Note 2).\nisosyntype. A duplicate of a syntype (Art. 9.10).\nisotype. A duplicate specimen of the holotype (Art. 9.3).\nlater homonym. A homonym published later than another (Art. 53.1).\nlectotype. A specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type if no holotype was indicated at the time of publication, or if it is missing, or if it is found to belong to more than one taxon (Art. 9.2).\nlegitimate name. A validly published name that is in accordance with all rules (Art. 6.5).\nmisplaced term. A rank-denoting term used contrary to the relative order specified in the Code (Art. 18.2, 19.2, 33.9, and 33 Note 3).\nmonotypic genus. A genus for which a single binomial is validly published (Art. 42.2).\nmorphotaxon. A fossil taxon which, for nomenclatural purposes, comprises only one part, life-history stage, or preservational state represented by the corresponding nomenclatural type (Art. 1.2).\nname. A name that has been validly published, whether it is legitimate or illegitimate (Art. 6.3).\nneotype. A specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no original material is extant or as long as it is missing (Art. 9.6).\nnew combination. A combination formed from a previously published legitimate name and employing the same final epithet (or employing the name itself if formed from a generic name) (Art. 7.4).\nnew name. A newly published name. Note: this name may be the name of a new taxon, a new combination, a name at a new rank (status novus), or an avowed substitute (nomen novum) for an existing name (Art. 7.3, 7.4, 9 Note 1, Rec. 45A.1).\nnomen conservandum (nom. cons.). See conserved name.\nnomen novum (nom. nov.). See avowed substitute.\nnomen nudum (nom. nud.). A name of a new taxon published without a description or diagnosis or reference to a description or diagnosis (Rec. 50B.1).\nnomen rejiciendum (nom. rej.). A name rejected in favour of a name conserved under Art. 14 or a name ruled as rejected under Art. 56 (see also “rejected name”) (App. II, III, IV, and V).\nnomen utique rejiciendum. A name ruled as rejected under Art. 56. Note: it and all combinations based on it are not to be used (see App. V).\nnomenclatural novelties. New names and descriptions or diagnoses of new taxa (Rec. 30A).\nnomenclatural synonym. See homotypic synonym.\nnomenclatural type. The element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached (Art. 7.2).\nnon-fossil taxon. A taxon the name of which is based on a non-fossil type ( Pre. 7 footnote and Art. 13.3).\nnothogenus. A hybrid genus (Art. 3.2).\nnothomorph. A rank-denoting term formerly used for a subordinate taxon within a nothospecies. Names published as nothomorphs are now treated as names of varieties (Art. H.12.2 and footnote).\nnothospecies. A hybrid species (Art. 3.2).\nnothotaxon. A hybrid taxon (Art. 3.2 and H.3.1).\nobjective synonym. See homotypic synonym.\nopera utique oppressa. Works, ruled as suppressed, in which names in specified ranks are not validly published (Art. 32.9 and App. VI).\noriginal material. Specimens and illustrations indicated in the protologue of a name (see Art. 9 Note 2 for details).\noriginal spelling. The spelling employed when a name was validly published (Art. 60.2).\northographic variants. Various spelling, compounding, and inflectional forms of a name or its epithet, only one nomenclatural type being involved (Art. 61.2).\npage reference. Citation of the page or pages on which the basionym or replaced synonym was validly published (Art. 33 Note 1).\nparatype. A specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes if two or more specimens were simultaneously designated as types (Art. 9.5).\nplant. Any organism traditionally studied by botanists ( Pre. 1 footnote and Pre.7).\nposition. [Not defined] – used to denote the placement of a taxon relative to other taxa in a classification, regardless of rank (Prin. IV, Art. 6.6 and 11.1).\npriority. A right to precedence established by the date of valid publication of a legitimate name (Art. 11) or of an illegitimate earlier homonym (Art. 45.3), or by the date of designation of a type (Art. 7.10, 7.11).\nprotologue. Everything associated with a name at its valid publication, i.e. description or diagnosis, illustrations, references, synonymy, geographical data, citation of specimens, discussion, and comments ( Rec. 8A footnote).\nprovisional name. A name proposed in anticipation of the future acceptance of the taxon concerned, or of a particular circumscription, position, or rank of the taxon (Art. 34.1).\npseudocompound. A name or epithet which combines elements derived from two or more Greek or Latin words and in which a noun or adjective in a non-final position appears as a word with a case ending, not as a modified stem (Rec.60G.1(b)) (see also compound).\nrank. [Not defined] – used for the relative position of a taxon in the taxonomic hierarchy (Art.2.1).\nrejected name. A name the use of which is prohibited, either by formal action under Art. 14 or 56 overriding other provisions of the Code (see nomen rejiciendum and nomen utique rejiciendum) or because it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published (Art. 52) or a later homonym (Art. 53 and 54).\nreplaced synonym. The name replaced by an avowed substitute (nomen novum, replacement name) (Art. 33.4).\nreplacement name. See avowed substitute.\nsanctioned name. The name of a fungus treated as if conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms, through acceptance in one of two sanctioning works (Art. 15).\nspecial form (forma specialis). A taxon of parasites, especially fungi, characterized from a physiological standpoint but scarcely or not at all from a morphological standpoint, the nomenclature of which is not governed by this Code (Art. 4 Note 4).\nspecimen. A gathering, or part of a gathering, of a single species or infraspecific taxon made at one time, disregarding admixtures (Art. 8.2).\nstatus. (1) Nomenclatural standing with regard to effective publication, valid publication, legitimacy, and correctness (Art. 6 and 12.1). (2) Rank of a taxon within the taxonomic hierarchy (see status novus) (Art. 7.4).\nstatus novus (stat. nov.). Assignment of a taxon to a different rank within the taxonomic hierarchy, e.g. when an infraspecific taxon is raised to the rank of species or the inverse change occurs (Art. 7.4, Rec. 21B.4 and 24B.2).\nsubdivision of a family. Any taxon of a rank between family and genus (Art. 4 Note 1).\nsubdivision of a genus. Any taxon of a rank between genus and species (Art. 4 Note 1).\nsubjective synonym. See heterotypic synonym.\nsuperfluous name. A name applied to a taxon circumscribed by the author to definitely include the type of a name which ought to have been adopted, or of which the epithet ought to have been adopted under the rules (Art. 52.1).\nsynonym. A name considered to apply to the same taxon as the accepted name (Art. 7.2).\nsyntype. Any specimen cited in the protologue when there is no holotype, or any of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types (Art. 9.4).\ntautonym. A binary combination in which the specific epithet exactly repeats the generic name (Art. 23.4).\ntaxon (taxa). A taxonomic group at any rank (Art. 1.1).\ntaxonomic synonym. See heterotypic synonym.\nteleomorph. Meiotic sexual morph in pleomorphic fungi (Art. 59.1).\ntype. See nomenclatural type.\nvalidate. [Not defined] – to make valid, used in the context of valid publication of a name, either with reference to an existing designation (e.g. Art. 42 Ex. 1), or in describing the method by which this is effected (e.g. Rec. 32A.1).\nvalidly published name. A name effectively published and in accordance with Art. 32-45 or H.9 (Art. 6.2).\nvoted example. An Example mandated by a Congress to be inserted in the Code in order to legislate nomenclatural practice when the corresponding Article is open to divergent interpretation or does not adequately cover the matter (as contrasted with other Examples provided by the Editorial Committee) (Art. 7 Ex. 10 footnote).\n(c) 2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated 23.03.2007 .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The term ålas (derived from the Spanish term alhajas, which means jewelry) refers to turtle shell valuables used within the highly reciprocal associations of the indigenous people of the Mariana Islands. Women, most especially, wore turtle shell as body ornamentation.\nUsed as necklaces and belts, ancient CHamorus prized turtle shell and used it in many ways. There were variations of the plain turtle shell plates, or lailai. Lailai with holes cut into it were called pinipu. Each hole signified an increase in value. Maku dudu were lailai polished on both sides that were worn around the waists of particularly wealthy women, and fastened by means of a double cord.\nThe terms guini and lukao hugua refer to turtle shell necklaces made of flat, round and perforated disks strung on coconut fiber. The highly prized guinahan fama’guon (children’s wealth) consisted of shell disks of varying thickness worn draped around the neck on special occasions.\nShell money should not, however, be viewed primarily as a form of body adornment, but rather as an item entangled in complex webs of sensitive social relations. Its main use in society was ceremonial, spanning the whole of the social horizon from offerings at funerals to payments for special and religious services; from servings as gifts at wedding celebrations to gestures of reconciliation in times of conflict and warfare.\nFor further reading\nCunningham, Lawrence J. Ancient Chamorro Society. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1992.\nFreycinet, Louis Claude Desaulses de. An Account of the Corvette L’Uraine’s Sojourn at the Mariana Islands, 1819. Translated by Glynn Barratt. Saipan: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historic Preservation, 2003.\nRussell, Scott. Tiempon I Manmofo’na. Ancient Chamorro Culture and History of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesian Archaeological Survey No. 32. Saipan: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historic Preservation, 1998.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Low vitamin D levels linked to poor blood sugar control in type 2 diabetesWednesday, June 30, 2010 by: S. L. Baker, features writer\nKrug and her research team reviewed the medical charts of 124 people between the ages of 36 and 89 years old who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and treated at an endocrine outpatient clinic between 2003 and 2008. As part of their health evaluations, all of these patients had their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels measured at the clinic. So the researchers looked to see how many of the patients had normal levels of the so-called \"sunshine\" vitamin.\nThe answer? Almost none. In fact, an astonishing 91 percent of the patients studied had either vitamin D deficiency (defined as a level below 15 nanograms per deciliter, or ng/dL) or vitamin D insufficiency (15 to 31 ng/dL), the authors reported. When the investigators looked at the patients' levels of hemoglobin A1c (a measure of blood sugar control over the past several months), they came up with another startling fact. There was a clear relationship between uncontrolled blood sugar and low levels of vitamin D. African-Americans were found to have the highest A1c levels and were most deficient in vitamin D, when compared to Caucasians.\n\"Since primary care providers diagnose and treat most patients with type 2 diabetes, screening and vitamin D supplementation as part of routine primary care may improve health outcomes of this highly prevalent condition,\" Dr. Krug concluded.\nNaturalNews has previously reported on other natural ways to treat and even prevent type 2 diabetes -- including eating Mediterranean style by consuming a diet rich in \"good\" fats (like Omega-3s and olive oil), veggies, fruit and whole grains. A study published last fall in theAnnals of Internal Medicine concluded the Mediterranean diet dramatically improved type 2 diabetes and even eliminated the need for many people to take blood glucose regulating medication (http://www.naturalnews.com/027140_d...)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bruxism is the dental term for teeth grinding and clenching. Grinding and clenching may cause wear of the enamel of the teeth sometimes even fractures of the teeth, recession of the gums (the pulling down of the gum tissue from it's natural level), bone loss around the teeth and TMJ (jaw joint) disorder.\nMany people are not aware of a grinding/clenching habit until their dentist or dental hygienist point out warning signs within the mouth. Also, people who grind/clench may have extraoral symptoms such as headaches, ear, neck, facial or jaw pain. Grinding usually occurs during the night because it is a subconscious neuromuscular disorder. Clenching can occur during both the day and night.\nA custom-made night guard is recommended for those who grind/clench their teeth to prevent further wear/breakdown of the tooth structure. Use of a nightguard can also help relax the TMJ (jaw joint), muscles of the face, head, and neck thus preventing excess strain and the subsequent discomfort that may come with it. Keep the TMJ joint in neutral position with a night guard fitted to your mouth. Night guards that are custom fit by the dentist leave the TMJ (jaw joint) in a neutral position. The guard trains the joint to relax and relieves pressure.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Anatomy and Physiology is the single most important topic to master if you want to succeed in nursing school. If you’ve never been a fan of anatomy and physiology, then you’re in the right place! I believe in breaking through all the confusing technical jargon to get right to the point of what’s most important to remember. What does that mean for you? Clear, understandable explanations that give you that “lightbulb” moment you’ve been hoping for.\nHere’s an overview of what you should be familiar with when it comes to the A&P of the ear:\nAuricle: “Auricle” is the most recognizable part of your ear. You’ll also see it referred to as the “pinna.” The unique shape actually helps funnel sound waves into the auditory canal!\nEarlobe: Still the most popular location for a piercing!\n(External) Auditory Canal: This is the official name for those holes in the sides of your head! It’s about an inch long in adults, and ends at the eardrum. The Auditory Canal also contains the glands that produce ceruman (ear wax).\nTympanic Membrane (aka Ear Drum): The ear drum is the very thin membrane that acts as a “wall” completely separating the external ear from the middle ear. Which means that your mom was right…if you stick that q-tip too far into your ear, you really CAN puncture your ear drum! The ear drum is the first step in the chain reaction that turns sound waves into sound.\nTympanic Cavity: This is the name of the physical space that contains the all the structures of the middle ear.\nOssicles: These are the 3 smallest bones in the body. They pick up on ear drum vibrations and pass them through to the middle ear.\n- Malleus (aka Hammer): The first little bone in the series. It is attached to the center of the ear drum on one end, and to the Incus on the other end. It is commonly referred to as the “Hammer” bone because of the way it looks. The name can help you remember: Malleus -> Mallet -> Hammer.\n- Incus (aka Anvil): The second little bone in the series. It’s attached to the Malleus on one end, and the Stapes on the other. Nicknamed the “Anvil” because that’s what it kind of looks like.\n- Stapes (aka Stirrup): The third and final little bone in the series. It’s attached to the Incus on one end, and the Oval Window on the other end. By now, it shouldn’t surprise you to discover that it’s also called the “Stirrup” because it sort of looks like…a stirrup.\nOval Window (aka Vestibular Window; not labeled in diagram): The Stapes covers up this little hole that marks the separation of the middle ear and the inner ear. The sound vibrations that the ossicles are transporting move through here and into the cochlea.\nRound Window (not labeled in diagram): This nifty little hole is covered by a thin membrane that is similar to the ear drum, but it has a very different function. When the stapes vibrates against the oval window, it’s supposed to cause the fluid in the cochlea to start swishing around. But since the cochlea is a stiff structure filled to the brim with fluid, there’s really no room for swishing…except that the membrane covering the round window stretches to accommodate the extra space needed for swishing. Pretty cool design!\nCochlea: This is a very complex little organ that looks like a snail’s shell. It’s filled with all kinds of stuff, including fluid, the Organ of Corti, cilia (aka tiny hairs), a couple membranes, and the Cochlear Nerve. When the Stapes vibrates, it makes the fluid swish. When the fluid swishes, it causes the cilia to move. When the cilia move, the Organ of Corti notices and transfers that information to the Cochlear Nerve. Then the Cochlear Nerve transfers that information to the brain for interpretation into sound. Whew! I could probably do a whole article just on the Cochlea!\nSemi-circular Ducts: There are actually 3 of these: the posterior canal, the horizontal (aka lateral) canal, and the superior (aka anterior) canal (isn’t it annoying how almost everything in anatomy seems to have at least 2 names?). The body uses these 3 semi-circular canals to determine position and movement.\nCranial Nerve VIII (aka the Vestibular and Cochlear Nerves, aka Vestibulocochlear Nerve, aka Acoustic Nerve): Do you remember your mnemonic for the 12 cranial nerves? Nerve #8 is in charge of balance and sound (it IS in the ear, after all).\nTemporal Bone: No tricks here, the temporal bone is just a piece of your skull. Review the\nBony Labrynth: A special name for the area within the temporal bone that is carved out specifically for the cochlea and semi-circular ducts to fit into.\nAuditory Tube (aka Eustachian Tube): This canal connects the ear to the nose and throat cavity. Does it now makes sense why “Ear, Nose, and Throat” topics are usually all lumped together? This little tube is usually closed, but can be opened when you do things like yawning or swallowing. Go ahead, try it for yourself right now…nobody will think you look weird", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In a Queue of Strangers\n- October 2, 2016\n- Clayton Rice, Q.C.\nOn July 13, 2016, Privacy International and Article 19 were granted leave by the European Court of Human Rights to intervene in Breyer and Breyer v Germany, App. No.: 5000/12. The case raises the data retention requirements in s. 111 of the German Federal Telecommunications Act (Telekommunikationsgesetz or TKG) in its 2004 and 2007 versions.\nPrivacy International is a London based nongovernmental organization established in 1990 and dedicated to defending the right to privacy around the world. Article 19 is an international organization established in 1987 that defends and promotes freedom of expression. It took its name from Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have now filed joint written submissions that elaborate upon the importance of anonymity to the rights of privacy and freedom of expression. The brief provides an opportunity to consider the foundational role of anonymity that I have discussed previously on this blog. (See, e.g.: Privacy Is A Human Right dated October 12, 2015; and, Privacy After Paris dated November 28, 2015)\nThe German law requires telecommunication service providers to store the personal information of all their customers irrespective of whether it is necessary for billing or contractual purposes. The applicants, Patrick and Jonas Breyer, argue that they cannot communicate anonymously by mobile phone because their personal data, as users of pay-as-you-go SIM cards, is stored by their service providers.\nThe written submissions of the intervenors address (a) background on anonymity and its importance to a democratic society (b) international and domestic legal authorities that advocate for protecting anonymous speech under human rights standards and (c) general data retention obligations and how they interfere with anonymity and the rights of privacy and freedom of expression. The intervenors say this about anonymous speech, at paras. 5-9:\n- Anonymity and anonymous speech have played a foundational role in human history. Anonymity is one of the essential tools available to individuals to mitigate or avert unlawful interferences with their rights to privacy and free expression, and it has long been a means by which individuals could freely enjoy their right to impart and receive information free from state control. As such, anonymity, which has traditionally been linked to the right to privacy and protection of personal data, is also an important safeguard for the exercise of the right to freedom of expression.\n- “At its simplest, anonymity is the fact of not being identified and, in this sense, it is part of the ordinary experience of most people on a daily basis, e.g. walking as part of a crowd or standing in a queue of strangers.” As such, “an activity can be anonymous even though it is also public.” That one can be both public and maintain her dignity as secret is the very benefit of anonymity – that is what allows individuals to freely engage in works that critique governments or powerful actors, or expose wrongdoings.\n- It is in this context that this Court has emphasized the importance of anonymity as “a means of avoiding reprisals or unwanted attention. As such, it is capable of promoting the free flow of ideas and information in an important manner, including, notably, on the Internet.” The Supreme Court of the United States has also characterized anonymous speech “as an honourable tradition of advocacy and of dissent” and that it acts as “a shield from the tyranny of the majority.” It has also identified anonymity’s historical significance: “Anonymous pamphlets, leaflets, brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind. Persecuted groups and sects from time to time throughout history have been able to criticize oppressive practices and laws either anonymously or not at all. The obnoxious press licensing law of England, which was also enforced on the Colonies, was due in part to the knowledge that exposure of the names of printers, writers and distributors would lessen the circulation of literature critical of the government. The old seditious libel cases in England show the lengths to which government had to go to find out who was responsible for books that were obnoxious to the rulers.\n- In other words, anonymity has given individuals throughout history a necessary cloak with which to shield themselves from reprisal – reprisal from the state, their fellow countrymen and women, or, increasingly, would-be oppressors located anywhere in the world. These individuals may be whistleblowers, who seek to expose the latest abuse of power by a government agency or private company. They may be dissidents, who seek to expand the channels of governance to include the dispossessed. They may be sources for journalists, who provide the necessary informational inputs to make democracy work. Or they may be everyday people who are not comfortable discussing their trials and tribulations without the layer of protection that anonymity provides. For all of these speakers, anonymity “protects the freedom of individuals to live their lives without unnecessary and undue scrutiny.” If we value anonymity as a tool for an open and diverse conversation in society, we mist also value the anonymity between two persons in a telephone conversation. Investigative journalism, whistleblowers and other individuals that are preparing to make a controversial or government-opposing message public should not just be protected once they are standing in the public eye. Without these anonymous sources, many essential news stories would never be published. “Arguing that you don’t care about the right to privacy because you have nothing to hide is no different than saying you don’t care about free speech because you have nothing to say.”\n- But “without effective protection of the right to privacy, the right of individuals to communicate anonymously and without fear of their communications being unlawfully detected cannot be guaranteed.” That is particularly true in the modern world, where people rely on a growing range of both fixed-location and mobile electronic devices which enhance their possibilities to communicate, participate in and manage their everyday lives. While these devices have greatly expanded human experience – they are also capable of collecting and storing data, including personal data such as websites visited, keystrokes that reveal passwords, geographical locations that potentially allow tracking and surveillance of people. This data can reveal sensitive personal information (such as sexual orientation, health, political and religious preferences). The type and amount of personal data collected is increasing exponentially as computing is now ubiquitous with the apogee of smartphones. The large amount of personal and sensitive data collected via these devices can be used or abused by political authorities against the speaker. Consequently, the right to privacy and to communicate anonymously in our digital economy is of the utmost importance to protect from unlawful government surveillance. It is perhaps unsurprising, then, that “[a]nonymity is a deeply held value for many internet users and has contributed to a robust internet sphere.” [Citations omitted]\nThe court had directed the intervenors not to comment on the facts or merits of the case. But the brief does address important international and domestic legal authorities that have moved towards recognizing anonymity as a right underpinning the rights of privacy and freedom of expression.\nAt the international level, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a declaration in 2003 that “member states should respect the will of users of the Internet not to disclose their identity.” And the United Nations Special Rapporteur, David Kaye, has emphasized the interconnectedness between anonymity and the rights of privacy and freedom of expression noting how anonymity counterbalances “unlawful censorship through filtering and other technologies.” (See: Council of Europe, Declaration on freedom of communication on the Internet (2003), at p. 12; and, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (2015), A/HRC/29/32, at para. 16)\nNational courts of the United States and Canada have also recognized the foundational role of anonymity. It has been held in the United States that “anonymous speech on the Internet, like other types of anonymous speech, enjoys First Amendment protection.” And the Supreme Court of Canada has recognized the importance of anonymity as “the foundation of a privacy interest that engages constitutional protection against unreasonable search and seizure.” (See: Awtry v Glassdoor, Inc. US Dist Ct, Case No.: 16-mc-80028-JCS (ND Cal 2016), at p. 33; and, R v Spencer,  2 SCR 212, at para. 48)\nLaws that require telecommunication companies to store the personal data of customers violate anonymity by facilitating surveillance – surveillance that is conducted on a massive scale when personal data is tied to smartphones that are used as primary communication devices. The intervenors summarize their position this way, at para. 25: “The Intervenors do not challenge the well-established principle that surveillance in some form may be necessary in combatting serious crime and genuine threats to national security. But general data retention laws are indiscriminate – they subject all individuals to potential surveillance by forcing companies to store identifying information on all their customers. As such, those laws interfere with the public’s rights of privacy and freedom of expression and must be analyzed under the standards of Articles 8 and 10 – that is, they must be subject to the principles of legality, necessity and proportionality. In turn, that means that the laws must incorporate certain safeguards to minimize the risk of abuse.”\nThis, then, is a case to follow – not least because the European Court of Human Rights, and its sister Court of Justice of the European Union, stand at the boundary between legitimate intrusion upon an individual’s privacy and unlawful surveillance. Tomaso Falchetta, a legal officer with Privacy International, has asserted that the European courts are at the vanguard for good reason: “…[T]he international human rights framework developed after the Second World War may well be old, but it is not dated. Even on the most technologically advanced (and continuously developing) issues, it has proved to have a certain resilience. By focusing on the individual, by putting the burden on the state (and increasingly on companies) to justify invasions of privacy, by applying strictly the principles of legality, necessity and proportionality, human rights law has been successfully used to challenge over-broad modern communications surveillance laws and practices.” (See: Tomaso Falchetta. A shrinking feeling: Anonymity, Privacy, and Free Expression. Privacy International. September 20, 2016)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Apr 2, 2021\nThe Trees and Hydrology in Urban Landscapes report has recently been released as part of the EPA-funded Healthy Watersheds, Resilient Baylands project. It supports building links between stormwater management and urban ecological improvements by evaluating how complementary urban greening activities, including green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) and urban tree canopy, can be integrated and improved to reduce runoff and contaminant loads in stormwater systems. This work expands the capacity for evaluating engineered GSI and non-engineered urban greening within a modeling and analysis framework, with a primary focus on evaluating the hydrologic benefit of urban trees. Insights can inform stormwater management policy and planning.\nEffective implementation of urban greening strategies is needed to address legacies of landscape change and environmental degradation, ongoing development pressures, and the urgency of the climate crisis. With limited space and resources, these challenges will not be met through single-issue or individual-sector management and planning. Increasingly, local governments, regulatory agencies, and other urban planning organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area are expanding upon the holistic, portfolio-based, and multi-benefit approaches.\nSeparately, another report, Integrating Planning with Nature, illustrates how nature-based solutions can be integrated from downtown San José to Coyote Valley upstream to build climate resilience; quantifies associated ecosystem services; and identifies planning and policy approaches for implementation. Scenarios were developed with the help of an interdisciplinary group of local experts through two charrettes to generate holistic solutions that will contribute to a number of ongoing planning efforts.\nThese projects were featured on KGO-TV on July 1, 2021.\nPrograms and Focus Areas:\nClean Water Program\nGeographic Information Systems\nResilient Landscapes Program\nUrban Nature Lab", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Do you find yourself craving sweets, chips, and pasta? Are you hungry only an hour or two after eating a big meal?\nIf you answered ‘yes’ to those questions, then you probably need more vegetables in your diet. When your diet consists mainly of sweets, pasta, and unhealthy starches, those things turn to sugar in your body. That sugar turns into fat and leads to high blood sugar, spiking insulin levels and, in turn, sugar cravings. Sugar feeds disease. High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, acid reflux and many other gut related conditions can often be attributed to diets lacking in quality fruits and vegetables.\nWhen your diet contains enough vegetables, that’s what you will crave! Now, you’re probably thinking, “That’s insane! I’ve never craved spinach and broccoli!” Well, you could! The more of something you eat, the more your body will crave it. Consuming more vegetables will help you keep your ‘bad’ cravings under control. By adding more of the vitamins and nutrients contained in veggies and removing the empty calories from sugars and starches, you’ll stay full longer between meals. Vegetables, especially the organic ones, are often high in energy vitamins, minerals, enzymes, antioxidants and fiber. These nutrients are essential for sustaining long term energy, because they help keep your body healthy. Vegetables aid in better digestion, lowering blood pressure, lowering blood sugar, leveling out insulin levels and helping to eliminate sugar cravings. All of these changes will lead to a boost in the immune system. Feeling healthier often prompts even more healthy choices. Veggies are also low calorie and many provide hydration to your body as well. For example, cauliflower, eggplant, red cabbage, peppers and spinach all have a 92% water content.\nThere are many vegetable options, so it’s not too difficult to get a large variety into your daily diet.\nBuying fresh, organic, vegetables is recommended and that can get a little pricey so, look for ways to make your dollar stretch and use the entire plant. When selecting vegetables like carrots and beets, get some with nice, leafy, green stems. You can roast the main portion of the vegetable itself for dinner then use the stems in a salad for lunch the next day! Salads are a fantastic and easy way to get a lot of vegetables into your body. We recently shared ideas to help you Build a Superfood Salad.\nChopping your greens will help your salads (and dollars) stretch a little further. Pickier eaters also might be more prone to eat something that’s chopped up into smaller pieces. That can be time consuming during your meal preparation, but a quality knife and cutting board can help immensely with that. You can add seeds, walnuts or boiled eggs for vegetarian protein – or add chicken or tuna for some animal protein. Salads are also great way to get your vegetables when you’re on the go! Just throw your salad into a glass jar with a small container of dressing and you’re set! Dressings don’t have to be complicated either. Olive oil, balsamic vinegar and lemon juice are easy and healthy ways to dress a delicious salad.\nEating healthy doesn’t have to be boring or hard. Challenge yourself to find creative ways to get veggies in your diet this week! Here’s a great one to try:\n- Spinach or other greens\n- Carrot tops\n- Beet tops\n- Green onions\n- Lemon thyme\n- other toppings of choice\n- Wash all of the veggies and herbs\n- Chop all ingredients into a large mixing bowl\n- Drizzle olive oil, balsamic vinegar, or fresh lemon juice and sprinkle sea salt and black pepper (to your taste level)\nNow have some fun with it! This is a great way to use up any extra veggies and herbs in a fun, healthy way and it makes a beautiful side dish. You can also have this salad as a main dish with salmon, chicken, boiled eggs, nuts, seeds, fresh berries, dried fruit, feta, crumbled goat cheese, olives or capers. The possibilities are endless!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1926 National High School Orchestra at the Music Supervisors' National Conference, Detroit, MI\n1927 National High School Orchestra at the conference of the Department of Superintendence, National Education Association, Dallas TX\n1927 National High School Orchestra Camp booklet\n1927 Letter from Joseph Maddy\nNovember 15, 1927 should be a day to remember: the “shot heard ‘round the world” that would eventually affect the lives of all of us. This was the date Joe Maddy sent a letter accompanied by a 20-page booklet to hundreds of music “supervisors” across the continent describing his vision that would grow to become the Interlochen we know today. One tradition tells us that a boy had climbed a ladder after the 1927 National High School Orchestra played their final concert in Dallas and implored Joe Maddy to find a place where the they could spend a whole summer making music together. It’s a poignant tale, but Joe had already written and published the same idea well before the students going to Dallas had boarded their trains! By midsummer he had incorporated the “National High School Orchestra Camp Association”, taken Giddings and a few other friends to inspect the proposed site and made a contract with Willis Pennington to lease land for the cabins that would be built to house campers.\nFortified by the success of the national orchestras he’d recruited for Detroit and Dallas, Maddy went to work to secure the money it would take to build the Bowl and cabins. He appealed to music publishers and instrument manufacturers and anyone who would listen to his “crazy” idea. It might never have happened were they pessimistic in the face of so little time and the early rumbling of the political, social and economic storms just ahead, but Joe’s unbridled enthusiasm won out, armed with a vision that could not be shaken, and we are the beneficiaries of his confidence in what was “just an idea”.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Google recently released 8 new top-level domains – the bits at the end of a website address such as .com, .org, .ca, and so on – and cyber security researchers are not happy.\nThat’s because two of the top-level domains share their name with common file type extensions: .zip and .mov.\nAs the researchers indicated, criminal hackers could exploit the way web addresses are displayed on emails, web posts, and File Explorer to launch phishing attacks and malware campaigns.\nThe new domains, which also include .dad. .esq, .prof, .phd, .nexus, and .foo, were made available for public registrations via any domain registrar on May 10, and there have already been signs that they are being used maliciously.\nWhy is this a problem?\nThe problem relates to the way software reads and understands text that appears to be a top-level domain. In many cases, any string of text with a period in it will be displayed as a hyperlink, and clicking it will direct the user to a web page.\nThat link will often be a dead end, because it’s not a genuine domain, but in other cases users will open a genuine webpage.\nHowever, web addresses are not the only thing that full stops are used for. They’re also used in file names, and two of the most common – at least when transferring files online – are .zip, which compresses large files into smaller packages that can then be opened, and .mov, which is a type of video file.\nBecause .zip and .mov are now valid top-level domains, some platforms will convert any string of text referring to a file into a valid URL.\nCyber criminals, having spotted the potential for confusion, have started squatting on domains that could be mistaken for files.\nFor instance, security researcher mr.d0x has developed a phishing toolkit that lets hackers create fake in-browser WinRar instances and File Explorer Windows that are displayed on ZIP domains to trick users into thinking they are opened .zip file.\n“With this phishing attack, you simulate a file archiver software (e.g. WinRAR) in the browser and use a .zip domain to make it appear more legitimate,” explains a new blog post by the researcher.\nIn a demonstration with BleepingComputer, the toolkit was used to embed a fake WinRar window directly in the browser when a .zip domain is opened.\nIn another example, discovered by the cyber intelligence film Silent Push Labs, fraudsters purchased the domain ‘microsoft-office.zip’.\nA confused user might find the page after attempting to download the Microsoft Office suite. If they follow the instructions on the page, they will hand their login credentials to the criminal operating the website.\nHow concerned should you be?\nAlthough many experts have condemned Google for its carelessness in creating a new threat vector, it’s unclear how much of a threat this will pose.\nIt’s unlikely that cyber criminals will register thousands of domains to try and catch specific instances of people clicking a certain .zip or .mov domain name. However, it only takes one mistake for someone to install malware and the entire network to be compromised.\nCyber criminals might also find more effective ways to leverage this threat rather than simply squatting on domains and hoping that people find their way on to the site.\nFor the time being, users can use the same techniques to stay safe as they would do with standard phishing scams. That means avoiding links or downloads from unknown senders, and checking that senders’ email addresses are genuine.\nYou can find more advice with IT Governance’s Phishing Staff Awareness E-Learning Course.\nThis online course explains everything you need to know about scams, from phony text messages and emails to telephone con artists.\nYour staff will learn about specific cons, the consequences of a successful attack, and how to identify a bogus message before it’s too late.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SHAME AND GUILT\nShame is not the same as guilt.\nWhen we feel guilt, it's about something we did.\nWhen we feel shame, it's about who we are.\nWhen we feel guilty we need to learn\nthat it's OK to make mistakes.\nWhen we feel shame we need to learn\nthat it's OK to be who we are!\nWHERE SHAME COMES FROM\nShame comes from being taught\nthat we are worthless or bad or something similar.\nIt comes in childhood from adults who say things like:\n\"You'll never amount to anything!\"\n\"You are worthless!\"\n\"I wish you were never born!\"\n\"Shame on you!\"\nIt also comes from severe physical discipline\nsince each hit of the hand or fist or belt says to the child:\n\"You don't matter at all!\nOnly what you do matters!\"\nAnd shame comes from being humiliated for our behavior.\nIt comes from adults who say:\n\"What would the neighbors think of you if they knew...?\"\n\"You look ridiculous!\"\n\"Don't you have any pride?\"\n\"What's wrong with you anyway!?\"\nAnd it comes from being threatened\nwith shaming, or physical discipline, or humiliation.\nWhen we are threatened with these things,\nthe psychological message is the same:\n\"I can and will treat you any way I want to...\nYou are a worthless weakling at my disposal!\"\nWHAT HAPPENS TO PEOPLE WHO ARE SHAMED?\nPeople who are shamed\nhave to live in the same world as all the rest of us\nbut they have to live in it\nwith the deep-down conviction that they are worthless.\nThe amount of continuous pressure\na deeply shamed person feels is immense.\nWhen they are doing well,\nthey think it's only a matter of time\nbefore they are discovered as useless.\nWhen they make mistakes,\nthey expect a terrifying degree of anger\nfrom the people they disappoint.\nEvery act is a \"test\"\n- and they are convinced\nthat it's only a matter of time\nbefore they fail completely.\nLIVING IN SHAME AND LIVING \"AS IF\" YOU ARE\nSome people who are convinced they are worthless\nlive out their lives to prove that they are worthless!\nThe most severe alcoholics, drug addicts,\nand impulsive criminals are good examples.\nLike all of us, they have a deep need to be known and to\nand to be recognized \"for who I really am.\"\nBut since they actually believe they are worthless,\nthey have a strong need to prove their worthlessness\nto everyone in their lives.\nThey don't hurt their families and friends because they\ndon't love them\nor because they want to hurt them.\nThey hurt their families and friends\nout of this need to be \"known\"\n- and out of the wrong belief that they are worthless.\nMost people who are convinced they are worthless\nlive out their lives trying to prove they DO have worth.\nThese are the people who are constantly worried\nabout what you think of them,\nand who constantly think\nthat you are judging them.\nWhen you tell them they did a good job\nthey feel good for a few minutes,\nbut they soon feel worthless again\n(and think that you wouldn't like them\nif you \"really\" knew them).\nIf you tell them they did a poor job\nthey will either feel a strong urge to cry\nor they will show an immense amount of anger\nat you for saying such a \"horrible\" thing!\nThey don't understand\nyou are only commenting on the last thing they did.\nThey think you are commenting on them,\nand on their worthlessness as human beings.\nPeople who've been deeply shamed\nneed to be fully loved and accepted and valued!\nSome people find a lover who deeply accepts, loves, and\nOthers find a group of friends who deeply accept, love, and value them.\nMost people need a therapist along the way\nwho shows them their value,\nand who, perhaps more importantly,\nhelps them to stop\nall the repetitious self-talk about their lack of worth.\nEvery person who is overcoming shame\nwill need to have many sources of love and acceptance.\nOne lover or friend or therapist is never enough.\nThe more totally they can trust these new sources of love\nin their life,\nthe more deeply they will accept the love they need.\n(The love of less trustable people is also valuable, of course\n- just not nearly as valuable.)\nOvercoming shame takes a long time.\nBut it is well worth it for the moment\nwhen the deeply shamed person finally says\nwith unmistakable surprise and amazement in their voice:\n\"You know, I really am a good person!\"\nANOTHER TOPIC ABOUT SHAME...\nIt would be good to read the next topic about shame now:\nShame: What You Can Do About It\nPlease Tell Your Friends About\nEnjoy Your Changes!\nEverything here is designed to help you do just that!\nWrite To Me, I Want To Hear From You!\nTony Schirtzinger, Therapist (Milwaukee)\nReturn to Home Return to Top", "label": "No"}
{"text": "One of the best known items from the Viking Age is the Thor's Hammer (Mjölnir in Old Norse). The Thor's Hammer was worn by pagans who followed the Norse Gods and in particular, Thor. The Thor's Hammer was a magical weapon carried by the God and made by dwarves. It had many powers and the image of the hammer was usually worn by Heathens, one of the most famous and instantly recognisable Hammers is the archaeological example from Skåne in Sweden.\nThe original hammer was made of silver with filigree ornamentation and was found in an undocumented location in Skåne, Sweden. It belonged to a collection owned by the baron Claes Kurck, who donated it to the Historical Museum in Stockholm in 1895, where it is to this day. Although the location of the find is unknown, unreliable sources says that the hammer was found in Kabbarp near Staffanstorp in Skåne, Sweden.\nThis brown leather medieval leather pouch has a Thor's Hammer charm at the front and is fastened with the help of a decorative brass closure. It is hand made from smooth brown leather which is approximately 1-2mm thick and cut from a single circular piece of leather of an approximate diameter of 25cm. sizing is approximate as this is a handmade item made of soft yet robust leather.\nWidth when fastened: 9 cm\nHeight when fastened: 7 cm\nMaterial: black cow hide", "label": "No"}
{"text": "\"Perhaps the most extraordinary aspect of Darfur isn’t that gunmen on the Sudanese payroll heave babies into bonfires as they shout epithets against blacks. It’s that the rest of us are responding only with averted eyes and polite tut-tutting.\"\n– Nicholas D. Kristof, from “If Not Now, When?,” The New York Times, 2007.\nAs World War II ended, the world beat its collective chest defiantly and proclaimed it would \"never forget\" the genocide of the Holocaust so that it could \"never again\" be repeated. The world – as history has proven – has a short memory. The Holocaust was not the world’s first genocide, and it has not been the last.\nHolocaust Museum Houston has been active in raising public awareness of the genocide in Darfur and in pressuring government officials to act. Beginning with a resolution of its Board of Directors in August 2004 recognizing the genocide and urging government action, the Museum initiated a program of action through periodic letters to the president, vice president, other executive branch officials and members of Congress. The Museum has maintained visibility on the issue through exhibitions, teacher training, presentations to students and public programs.\nGenocide Never Happens by Chance\nSudan, Africa’s largest country, has been in near constant conflict since it became independent from British colonial rule in 1956.\nSudan is divided by religion (70 percent Muslim, 25 percent animist and 5 percent Christian); ethnicity (African and Arab origin Sudanese); tribe; and economic activity (herders and farmers).\nIn the Sudanese government, power rests primarily with an elite Arab group based in the capital of Khartoum. Historically, regions outside of Khartoum, such as the South and Darfur, in the West, have been marginalized politically and economically. The country’s conflict stems from this exclusion.\nIn an effort to fight for their rights, African rebel groups in Darfur (made up predominantly of the Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit tribes) took up arms against the government in 2003. In response to this rebellion, the Sudanese government armed and coordinated \"Janjaweed\" militias to carry out systematic assaults against civilian populations of African tribes thought to be supportive of the rebellion.\nDarfur is home to more than 30 ethnic groups, all of which are Muslim. The \"Janjaweed\" militias — recruited, armed, trained and supported by the Sudanese government — are drawn from several of the groups in Darfur that identify themselves as Arab.\nThe \"Janjaweed\" have terrorized and displaced civilians in more than half of Darfur’s villages using mass murder, rape and the systematic destruction of livelihoods. To date, more than 400,000 African Darfurians have been killed, and more than 2 million people have been driven from their homes.\nIn 2004, the United States government publicly stated that genocide was occurring in Darfur based on the United Nations definition of the term.\nIn Article II of the United Nations (UN) Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the UN defines genocide as \"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:\n- killing members of the group;\n- causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;\n- deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;\n- imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;\n- forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.\"\nLearn More about Current Darfur Legislation\nThe Genocide Intervention Network has created the first-ever anti-genocide hotline. Call today to be connected directly to your elected officials for free. All you need is your zip code. The hotline will provide you with up-to-date talking points related to current Darfur legislation and other actions your elected officials can take to help end the genocide. Make Darfur a top priority for your governor, representative, senators and the White House. Call 1-800-GENOCIDE or visit www.1800genocide.com learn more.\nLearn about Other Advocacy Tools\nVisit www.savedarfur.org and click on the \"Take Action\" tab to learn more about advocacy options you may choose to take on this issue or visit www.ushmm.org to watch a new interactive program on genocide from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.\nGenocide Watch exists to predict, prevent, stop and punish genocide and other forms of mass murder. It seeks to raise awareness and influence public policy concerning potential and actual genocide. Its purpose is to build an international movement to prevent and stop genocide.\nCommittee on Conscience\nThe Committee on Conscience's mandate is to alert the national conscience, influence policy makers and stimulate worldwide action to confront and work to halt acts of genocide or related crimes against humanity. In carrying out its mandate, the Committee uses a wide range of actions, including public programs and activities, temporary exhibitions and public or private communications with policy makers. It seeks to work whenever possible with other governmental and non-governmental organizations.\nGenocide Intervention Network\nThe Genocide Intervention Network envisions a world in which the global community is willing and able to protect civilians from genocide and mass atrocities. Its mission is to empower individuals and communities with the tools to prevent and stop genocide.\nUsing media outreach, public education, targeted coalition building and grassroots mobilization to pressure policy makers and other decision-makers in the United States and abroad, this coalition works to help the people of Darfur.\nStudent Anti-Genocide Coalition\nSTAND: A Student Anti-Genocide Coalition formerly known as \"Students Taking Action Now: Darfur\" serves as an umbrella organization for student groups active in promoting awareness, advocating for an end to the current genocide in Darfur, Sudan and working to create a permanent anti-genocide student movement. It serves as a guide for student groups in high schools and colleges, helping them to develop their grassroots efforts for Darfur and anti-genocide activism, to unify their message and to coordinate efforts.\nHuman Rights Watch\nHuman Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. It stands with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime and to bring offenders to justice. The group investigates and exposes human rights violations and holds abusers accountable. It challenges governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. It enlists the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all.\nAmnesty International's vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of that vision, its mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to promote all human rights.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "From lockdowns and social distancing, to testing and contact tracing, governments around the world have taken vastly different approaches in the battle against COVID-19. In this article, I bring you an introduction to various government responses. I will look at China, where the outbreak was first discovered, nearby Asian countries and regions, Europe, the UK, the United States and Brazil. The case studies — which will focus in on policies regarding lockdowns, border closures, public information and testing — have been chosen because their governments represent a broad range of responses. All figures for infections, deaths and testing have been taken from the worldometer website and are accurate as of June 18.\nThe lockdown of Wuhan on January 23 came in a surprise announcement overnight following the December discovery of COVID-19 in a now-infamous wildlife market in Hubei’s capital city of 11 million. After this point, leaving Wuhan was not permitted for the vast majority of residents, and leaving home was only permitted for grocery shopping, medical care or anything else deemed “essential”. At one stage, many households could only send one person out to buy groceries once every three days. Other people had necessities provided by their residential compounds. Public transport was shutdown entirely, schools and all non-essential businesses were closed, and other cities in Hubei province quickly followed suit.\nSimilar policies were implemented elsewhere in mainland China in the following weeks, albeit to varying degrees of strictness. Despite small spikes in some cities, including most recently in Beijing, lockdowns have now largely eased across China as official numbers drop to minimal levels. The government has, however, become wary of imported COVID-19 cases, resulting in 14-day quarantines for new arrivals and a travel ban for almost all foreigners.\nIn terms of public information, mainland China saw a swathe of public advertisements encouraging people to wear face masks, wash their hands regularly, avoid large gatherings and stay at home as much as possible. As is China’s way, however, medical professionals and ordinary citizens alike were silenced in many cases when it came to sharing information about COVID-19 and the lockdown. While citizens were by and large happy to comply with the lockdown, the Chinese government’s response to COVID-19 was described as “aggressive” by the West.\nThe official numbers released by China seem to show that they are winning the battle against the virus, with 83,322 confirmed cases (58 per 1m population) and 4,634 deaths (3 per 1m population). Some have raised questions about the accuracy of such numbers, especially since China has defined positive infections in eight different ways since the start of the outbreak. At present, it’s simply too early to tell if the figures are accurate. We may, indeed, never know.\nOn testing, contact tracing and isolation, mainland China appears to be implementing effective policies, although official testing numbers are not currently available. In April, The Lancet Infectious Diseases journal published a study on isolation and contact tracing in the southern Chinese metropolis of Shenzhen, looking at 391 COVID-19 patients and their 1,286 close contacts. The study concluded: “Patients identified through symptom-based surveillance were identified and isolated, on average, 4.6 days after symptom onset… Contact tracing reduced this time to 2.7 days…”\nIn addition, the ending of the lockdown in Wuhan and a subsequent tiny spike in cases prompted mass testing of residents in a bid to ensure the virus did not spread once again to other parts of China. On June 3, Chinese state media reported that mass testing of over 9 million Wuhan residents had been completed.\nAll in all, the government has largely declared victory over COVID-19, and has even managed to quell public anger at the death of doctor Li Wenliang, who was initially accused of “spreading rumours” when whistleblowing about the severity of the a new virus. They have also managed to portray themselves domestically as taking the diplomatic high ground by shipping medical supplies to hard-hit countries — although, admittedly, not all supplies have been up to international standards.\nWith the 2003 SARS outbreak still vivid in their memories, governments in countries and regions close to mainland China were, on the whole, swift and effective in their response to COVID-19. Current numbers of confirmed cases stand as follows: Hong Kong (1,121); Taiwan (445); South Korea (12,257); Thailand (3,153). Deaths stand at: Hong Kong (4); Taiwan (7); South Korea (280); Thailand (58).\nLockdowns and border closures to foreign travellers were implemented relatively quickly in most cases. In Hong Kong, the closing of the border with mainland China on January 30 was in part a result of widespread public anger. The territory also closed schools, many public facilities, and enforced social distancing and mask wearing.\nTaiwan acted early to screen passengers from Wuhan. Their border closed to foreign travellers in March and has since remained closed. A complete lockdown was never deemed necessary by the Taiwanese government due in large to their policy on testing, contact tracing and isolation (mentioned later on).\nFrom March 17, South Korea tightened border checks for foreign travellers but stopped short of a complete travel ban. Since April 1, anyone arriving from abroad has been required to complete a 14-day quarantine. The country closed many public places and non-essential businesses, measures that were reinforced towards the end of May following a second spike in Seoul’s nightclub district.\nThe exception to the rule of fast and decisive action was Thailand. Even though Thailand was initially one of the worst affected areas outside of mainland China, as a country that’s GDP relies heavily on tourism, especially from China, it was slow and reluctant to close its borders. It was not until April 6 that the border was closed to all foreign travellers except for those with a work permit and diplomats and their families. The country was also relatively slow to impose lockdown measures, with a curfew between 10pm and 4am imposed from April 3. The lockdown was largely lifted as of May 17.\nOn public information, each government’s response to COVID-19 involved coordinated public health campaigns. The Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued updates in Korean and English twice per day, while Taiwan’s public health advertisements warned against the dangers of mask hoarding. In Thailand, concerns were raised by some international observers who said the government restricted online messaging about the virus under the pretext of quelling “rumour-mongering”.\nWhen it comes to testing numbers, however, these Asian nations’ figures are relatively low, currently equating to: Hong Kong (275,293); Taiwan (74,699); South Korea (1,145,712); Thailand (468,175). Once again, Thailand appeared to be slightly behind the trend with a contact tracing app only developed in May. By this time, Hong Kong was already testing everyone with COVID-19 symptoms and had implemented a 14-day quarantine for new arrivals. Close contacts of confirmed cases were also forced to stay at a designated isolation facility for the same amount of time.\nSouth Korea also implemented early mass testing and created designated quarantine sites, even for those with mild symptoms. Meanwhile, Taiwan was quick to develop a contact tracing app and implement a two-week quarantine period for anyone affected.\nWith so few deaths, the responses of China’s immediate neighbours appear to have been effective. Such effectiveness is perhaps even more surprising given the proximity and interconnectedness of the aforementioned countries and regions to mainland China, where the virus was first discovered.\nContinental Europe became the world’s second epicentre of COVID-19 before cases skyrocketed in the United States and Brazil. A range of very different government responses were implemented to tackle it.\nParts of northern Italy were initially hardest hit, prompting the government to impose Europe’s first lockdown. By March 9, the lockdown was implemented across the whole country. Like in Wuhan, residents could only leave the house for grocery shopping, medical care or anything else deemed “essential”. Fines and imprisonment were threatened for those caught flouting the rules, although as of May, shops, bars and restaurants have started to reopen. Current confirmed cases and deaths in Italy stand at 237,828 and 451,383, respectively.\nOther European countries were soon to follow suit. Germany also imposed a strict lockdown but started to re-open non-essential shops and allow students back to school as of the end of May. Current confirmed cases and deaths in Germany stand at 190,179 and 8,927, respectively.\nSweden’s response was an anomaly, with the government imposing no official lockdown whatsoever. Official advice has been that only those feeling unwell should stay at home. Current official figures stand at 54,562 for confirmed cases and 5,041 for deaths, which can hardly be considered a success, given that per capita Sweden has one of the highest death rates in the world.\nEach of the aforementioned European countries ran coordinated public information campaigns. The Italian government launched what it called a digital solidarity campaign, setting up a website to encourage companies to offer free online services. E-learning, data and publications were made available for free to help keep people busy, educated and informed while living under lockdown.\nAngela Merkel’s message struck a somewhat internationally diplomatic tone, with the German chancellor urging President Trump to reconsider cutting ties with the World Health Organization (WHO). With the gradual easing of the lockdown, many regions in Germany are also requiring everyone on public transport and in most shops, restaurants and bars to wear face masks.\nThe Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven has been urging personal responsibility alongside its no lockdown policy. This message was further reinforced by Swedish epidemiologist and government advisor Johan Giesecke, who declared that there is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of lockdowns.\nWhen it came to testing, contact tracing and isolation, Italy rolled out a mass programme after dealing with the crisis in the hardest hit region of Lombardy. Testing numbers currently stand at 4,773,408.\nGermany’s swift action in implementing testing also received widespread praise, with Prospect Magazine describing the drive in the following way: “The doctors began a ‘corona-taxi' service – medics in local authority cars checking up on asymptomatic people who had shown up as infected at home, keeping them away from hospital. They built a separate facility to house COVID-19 positive care home residents, shielding other residents from them, while also keeping them out of ICU until necessary.” In short, Germany was on the ball when it came to testing. Its testing figure currently stands at 5,029,696.\nOnce again, Sweden appeared to buck the trend somewhat, ignoring WHO advice to contact trace where possible and generally testing fewer people than most in the region. The current testing figure for Sweden stands at a lowly 325,000.\nOverall, the response by continental European governments to COVID-19 was mixed. The lockdown in faraway totalitarian China eventually became a reality in Italy and many other parts of the continent. Ultimately, the mixed responses have translated into mixed levels of success in beating the virus.\nDespite clear warnings from the initially dire situation in Italy, the British government was reluctant to lockdown. Even as the virus worsened at the beginning of March, staying at home was still only a recommendation. The British press published stories of people ignoring said recommendation, crowding parks, beaches, national parks and elsewhere. The pressure was on the government to pass legislation declaring a lockdown.\nAnd on March 23, they did just that. People were only allowed to leave their homes for grocery shopping, medical care and one form of exercise per day. Non-essential workers were told to work from home if possible, and non-essential businesses and schools were all closed. Fast-forward to June and the lockdown is gradually being eased, with people now allowed out of the house to meet with friends and family, and schools slowly re-opening.\nThe government initiated a coordinated public information campaign reminding the public of the importance of hand-washing and staying home as much as possible. Initially there was confusion regarding the government’s position on “herd immunity”, with suggestions that the delayed response was an indication of official policy to let a significant proportion of the population get infected. After weeks of dithering, Prime Minister Boris Johnson eventually changed course.\nConfusion arose again when the government changed its message from “stay at home” to “stay alert,” with many unsure what the latter meant. There was also uncertainty over the accuracy of death rates, which initially only included deaths in hospitals. Later the figures were updated to include those in care homes, where COVID-19 had spread widely. Current figures for the UK stand at 299,251 confirmed cases and 42,153 deaths.\nOn testing, tracing and isolating, the UK government was again criticised for its slow response. Initially, testing was largely unavailable, and it was not until May 28 that tests were officially made available “to anyone with symptoms\". After a false start and embarrassing technical issues, a contact tracing app is still in the process of being rolled out. Current testing figures for the UK stand at 7,121,976.\nDespite having months to prepare, COVID-19 seemed to take the UK government by surprise. The government’s message of social distancing has also not been helped by the fact that the prime minister’s top advisor Dominic Cummings broke the very rules he helped to implement.\nQuick to impose a travel ban on entries from China in the early stages of the outbreak, the Trump administration was keen to show it had COVID-19 under control. This became more difficult in later weeks as the numbers of confirmed cases and deaths rose higher and higher. Current numbers stand at 2,234,471 confirmed cases and 119,941 deaths, both the highest of any country or region in the world.\nAlthough decisions regarding lockdowns were left to state governors, at one point, over 90% of the US population was under mandatory lockdown orders. Many states are now starting to allow non-essential businesses to open, even as COVID cases continue to climb.\nWhen it comes to public information from the government, the Trump administration’s daily COVID-19 press conference was the main medium for communicating with the masses. However, this has not always been a cornucopia of sound advice. At one point, the president suggested that injecting bleach or disinfectant into the body could be a way to beat the virus. After a media backlash, he insisted he was being “sarcastic”. At one point, Trump also revealed he was taking hydroxychloroquine, a drug which has now been declared unsafe for treating COVID-19.\nWhen it comes to testing, contact tracing and isolation, the US has currently carried out 26,243,811 tests. Many states appear to be getting up to speed with drive-through testing centers and the hiring of contact tracers who track down the close contacts of confirmed cases.\nBut the death toll alone tells a sorry story of the US government’s response to COVID-19. State administrations should be on their guard against a second wave as lockdowns are gradually eased.\nWarnings that South America will become the next COVID-19 epicentre after the United States (at least in terms of confirmed cases) should not be taken lightly if you consider Brazil’s situation.\nAs in the US, lockdowns have largely been the responsibility of state governors, with some merely encouraging social distancing. Ironically, the situation has been deemed serious enough for the Trump administration to warrant a ban on Brazilian travellers.\nWhen it comes to public information on the virus, the government’s message has been characterised by president Jair Bolsonaro’s comments about how COVID-19 is “just a little flu”. This misguided message has been coupled with news clips showing the president mask-free, shaking the hands of supporters protesting lockdown.\nOfficial figures for Brazil stand at 960,309 confirmed cases and 46,665 deaths, both the second highest in the world after the US, although some sources suggest that the country “likely has 12 times more coronavirus cases than the official count”.\nWhen it comes to testing, the focus has largely been on serious cases rather than all suspected cases, with the official number for testing standing at 1,709,468. As Reuters reports: “Hospitalized patients aren’t being tested. Some medical professionals aren’t being tested. People are dying in their homes without being tested.”\nBrazil is perhaps one of the most serious causes for concern at the time of writing. The government response to COVID-19 has not been helped by the president’s seemingly blasé attitude and the recent successive firing and resignation of two health ministers.\nIn almost every part of the world, COVID-19 seemed to take governments somewhat by surprise. In mainland China, the government appears to have got to a position of stability despite recent lockdowns in the northern cities of Jilin, Shulan and, most recently, Beijing, all of which have experienced \"second waves”. Mainland China’s Asian neighbours appear to have responded relatively well, perhaps because of their vivid memories of the 2003 SARS outbreak, which did not hit the West as hard.\nWhere government responses to COVID-19 go from here is still somewhat unclear, with many administrations, particularly in the West, easing lockdowns. At this rate, it’s highly likely the world will experience a second wave en masse before a vaccine is developed.\nWarning：The use of any news and articles published on eChinacities.com without written permission from eChinacities.com constitutes copyright infringement, and legal action can be taken.\nKeywords: global response covid-19\nAll comments are subject to moderation by eChinacities.com staff. Because we wish to encourage healthy and productive dialogue we ask that all comments remain polite, free of profanity or name calling, and relevant to the original post and subsequent discussion. Comments will not be deleted because of the viewpoints they express, only if the mode of expression itself is inappropriate.\nPlease login to add a comment. Click here to login immediately.\nWhat (in response to 'Guest 17124634') is \"the best country in the world\"?? That is such a subjective view and, anyway, 'best' is a very vague term: 'best' in economics / happiness / growth rate / gun control / suicide rate/ air quality? The list goes on....! Many countries / leaders proclaim that their's is the \"best country\" - rhetoric to be accepted with great circumspection!\nJun 22, 2020 10:54 Report Abuse\nThanks Alistair, very informative read. United Nations was primarily established to bring peace after the 2 devastating wars, then it expanded with little success to promote cooperation and it is perhaps the only tool that facilitates cooperations between countries with no implementation power apart from Chapter 7 resolutions.\nJun 19, 2020 17:27 Report Abuse", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Access control, sometimes called authorization, is\nthe means by which a web application grants access to specified\ncontent and functions to some users and not others. Access control\ngoverns what \"authorized\" users are allowed to do. Access control\nsounds like a simple problem but is insidiously difficult to\nimplement correctly. A web application\"s access control model is\nclosely tied to the content and functions that the site provides. In\naddition, the users may fall into a number of groups or roles, with\ndifferent abilities or privileges.\nTypically, authentication must precede\nauthorization. Authentication verifies the identity of a user.\nAuthorization is then used to determine what that user is allowed to\naccess. To ensure proper access control, a web application must\nensure both that it has proper authorization checks, and that it is\nusing reliable and secure authentication that can distinguish\nprivileged users from others, including random strangers on the\nDevelopers frequently underestimate the difficulty\nof implementing a reliable access control mechanism. Many access\ncontrol schemes were not deliberately designed, but have simply\nevolved along with the web site. In these cases, access control rules\nare inserted in various locations all over the code. As the site\nnears deployment, the ad hoc collection of rules becomes so unwieldy\nthat it is almost impossible to understand.\nMany of these flawed access control schemes are\nnot difficult to discover and exploit. Frequently, all that is\nrequired is to craft a request for functions or content that should\nnot be granted. Once a flaw is discovered, the consequences of a\nflawed access control scheme can be devastating. In addition to\nviewing unauthorized content, an attacker might be able to change or\ndelete content, perform unauthorized functions, or even take over\nOne particularly dangerous type of access control\nvulnerability arises from Web-accessible administrative interfaces.\nSuch features are frequently used to allow site administrators to\nefficiently manage users, data, and content on their site. In many\ninstances, sites support a variety of administrative roles to allow\nfiner granularity of site administration. Due to their power, these\ninterfaces are frequently prime targets for attack by both outsiders\nAll known web servers, application servers, and\nweb application environments are susceptible to at least some of\nthese issues. Even if a site is completely static, if it is not\nconfigured properly, hackers could gain access to sensitive files and\ndeface the site, or perform other mischief.\nSome of the more commonly used mechanisms related\nto access control in the Penn environment include:\nThe preferred authentication method for Penn, it should be used\nwhenever feasible. However, it is vitally important that\napplications always use encrypted channels for transmitting PennKey\ncredentials, and be hardened against compromising the Pennkey password.\nNon-Penn users can be assigned a permanent or temporary PennKey if necessary.\nMedview NT Authorization is used.\nApplications using Websec should have a logout mechanism to\ndestroy tokens so someone can't take a user's token and login\nto their session again. This is critical on public kiosk machines.\nGold card authentication: Used by the Library for some users, such as those\nA2.3 Examples and References\nA2.4 How to Determine If You Are Vulnerable\nVirtually all sites have some access control\nrequirements. Therefore, an access control policy should be clearly\ndocumented. Also, the design documentation should capture an approach\nfor enforcing this policy. If this documentation does not exist, then\na site is likely to be vulnerable.\nThe code that implements the access control policy\nshould be checked. Such code should be well structured, modular, and\nmost likely centralized. A detailed code review should be performed\nto validate the correctness of the access control implementation. In\naddition, penetration testing can be quite useful in determining if\nthere are problems in the access control scheme.\nFind out how your website is administered. You\nwant to discover how changes are made to webpages, where they are\ntested, and how they are transported to the production server. If\nadministrators can make changes remotely, you want to know how those\ncommunications channels are protected. Carefully review each\ninterface to make sure that only authorized administrators are\nallowed access. Also, if there are different types or groupings of\ndata that can be accessed through the interface, make sure that only\nauthorized data can be accessed as well. If such interfaces employ\nexternal commands, review the use of such commands to make sure they\nare not subject to any of the command injection flaws described in\nA2.5 How to Protect Yourself\nThe most important step is to think through an\napplication's access control requirements and capture it in a web\napplication security policy. We strongly recommend the use of an\naccess control matrix to define the access control rules. Without\ndocumenting the security policy, there is no definition of what it\nmeans to be secure for that site. The policy should document what\ntypes of users can access the system, and what functions and content\neach of these types of users should be allowed to access. The access\ncontrol mechanism should be extensively tested to be sure that there\nis no way to bypass it. This testing requires a variety of accounts\nand extensive attempts to access unauthorized content or functions.\nSome specific access control issues include:\nIDs - Most web sites use some form of identifier (ID), key, or\nindex as a way to reference users, roles, content, objects, or\nfunctions. If an attacker can guess these IDs, and the supplied\nvalues are not validated to ensure they are authorized for the\ncurrent user, the attacker can exercise the access control scheme\nfreely to see what they can access. Web applications should not rely\non the secrecy of any IDs for protection.\nThe application user's identity should not be a value that is passed\nfrom the client as either a GET, POST or COOKIE variable.\nA malicious user can easily alter the user_id value in the URL to impersonate\nThe application converts the token (a hard to guess value) via a database\nlookup to a user_id. The token was assigned when the user logged in\nand should expire at some point. The token should be generated using\nsome random data so it cannot be duplicated easily.\nBrowsing Past Access Control Checks - Many sites require users to\npass certain checks before being granted access to certain URLs that\nare typically \"deeper\" down in the site. These checks must not\nbe bypassable by a user that simply skips over the page with the\nIn other words, do not use navigation options\nas a substitute for authorization checks. Just because a user cannot\nclick to get to a page doesn't mean that page is protected. Your\napplication should do authorization checks on EVERY page it\nA course instructor wants to distribute homework answers to the course\ngraders via a web application. Graders login to the site and are\npresented with a list of homework assignments. The grader clicks on\nthe assignment and gets redirected to an HTML page with the answers\nfor that assignment:\nEven though there is no link on the course web page to the \"secret\"\nanswers page, a user can bypass the application login and go directly\nto the URL the instructor is trying to protect.\nAn application is designed to allow various departments to track their\nstudents. Each department should only be allowed to view and update\ntheir own students. The application generates an \"Edit\"\npage which allows a user to edit a student's data.\nBefore displaying any data, the edit_student page needs to look up the\ndepartment of the student and verify that the current user belongs to\nThe application will also have a corresponding page which saves the\nuser's edits to the database. That page must perform the same\nsecurity checks as the edit page.\nPath Traversal - This attack involves providing relative path\ninformation (e.g., \"../../target_dir/target_file\") as part of a\nrequest for information. Such attacks try to access files that are\nnormally not directly accessible by anyone, or would otherwise be\ndenied if requested directly. Such attacks can be submitted in URLs\nas well as any other input that ultimately accesses a file (i.e.,\nsystem calls and shell commands).\nLimit file permissions on web files - Many web and application servers rely on access\ncontrol lists provided by the file system of the underlying\nplatform. Even if almost all data is stored on backend servers,\nthere are always files stored locally on the web and application\nserver that should not be publicly accessible, particularly\nconfiguration files, default files, and scripts that are installed\non most web and application servers. Only files that are\nspecifically intended to be presented to web users should be marked\nas readable by the web application using the OS's permissions\nmechanism. Most directories should not be readable, and very few\nfiles, if any, should be marked executable.\nCaching - Many users access web applications from shared computers\nlocated in libraries, schools, airports, and other public access\npoints. Browsers frequently cache web pages that can be accessed by\nattackers to gain access to otherwise inaccessible parts of sites.\nDevelopers should use multiple mechanisms, including HTTP headers\nand meta tags, to be sure that pages containing sensitive\ninformation are not cached by user\"s browsers.\nThe following http headers are useful for specifying client caching behavior:\nExpires: Mon, 26 Jul 1997 05:00:00 GMT\nNew browsers support even more caching control using these headers:\nCache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate\nCache-Control: post-check=0, pre-check=0\nOther tips for securing access control:\nCheck authorization on every page of the application.\nNote that users can supply their own URLs, including unexpected ones. Check\nDo not inadvertently become a proxy for services behind a firewall.\nOnly allow short amounts of time for token sessions.\nDestroy tokens on the server side on user logout.\nRemove all demo/debug code before going live with an application.\nChange/verify defaults in third party code or applications. E.g., be default, the Mysql root account does not require a password when connecting from the local host.\nDo not use higher\nprivileges than are necessary. Web servers should run using a\nlow-privilege account. Web applications should access database resources using an account with minimal privileges required by the application.\nLimit file permissions on web files.\nDo not create session id's based solely on user input. Force a \"sufficiently random\" session id. Avoid any guessable id's such as a time stamp or other sequential formula.\nDo not use timestamps as a token. Timestamps can be used in generating a token, but timestamps alone are easily guessable and may not be unique. Timestamps should be used for expiring tokens.\nthe session. Do not trust IP addresses. DSL and AOL users may\nhave their IP addresses change at unpredictable times. Dial-up\nusers are also likely to have an odd IP address.\nDo not embed database or other IDs or passwords in application code.\nThere are some application layer security\ncomponents that can assist in the proper enforcement of some aspects\nof your access control scheme. As with input validation, to be\neffective the component must be configured with a strict definition\nof what access requests are valid for your site. When using such a\ncomponent, you must be careful to understand exactly what access\ncontrol assistance the component can provide for you given your\nsite's security policy, and what part of your access control policy\nthat the component cannot deal with, and therefore must be properly\ndealt with in your own custom code.\nadministrative functions such as creating system accounts, modifying databases, etc), the primary recommendation is to never\nallow administrator access through a web interface if at\nall possible. Given the power of administrator interfaces, most\norganizations should not accept the risk of making these interfaces\navailable to outside attack. If remote administrator access is\nabsolutely required, this can be accomplished without a web interface.\nFor instance, VPN technology could be used\nto provide an outside administrator access to the internal company\n(or site) network from which an administrator could then access the\nsite through a protected backend connection.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Snoring may seem like a fairly trivial problem, but for those who deal with chronic loud snoring night after night, it can really take a toll. The only the time the body is able to heal and repair itself is during sleep. If you or your partner have trouble with snoring and can’t seem to sleep through the night, you may be suffering from sleep apnea, and your health may be at risk. You may be wondering, what can a dentist do to help me sleep better? Hint: more than you might think.\nSleep apnea is a common and dangerous sleep disorder that affects millions of Americans, while many cases remain undiagnosed. Sleep apnea can be tricky to diagnose because symptoms are mostly present during sleep, so many sufferers are unaware of their condition.\nThey feel tired and groggy after what should have been a full night’s rest. They are moody and irritable for no apparent reason and may have a host of seemingly unrelated health problems. They may fall asleep periodically throughout the day and have very little energy.\nThere are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive, central, and mixed sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the soft tissues in the back of the throat collapse during sleep, obstructing the airway. Central sleep apnea occurs when the brain’s respiratory control centers do not stimulate the lungs and diaphragm properly during sleep. Mixed sleep apnea is a combo of the two. Central sleep apnea requires the attention of a medical doctor or neurologist, but your Granbury dentist can help treat obstructive sleep apnea and minimize the effects of mixed sleep apnea.\nThere are certain demographics that are at a higher risk of developing sleep apnea and certain lifestyle habits that contribute to the problem.\nSleep apnea results in low blood oxygen levels, increasing your risk for serious health problems and a slow deterioration of the immune system.\nSome of the most common signs, symptoms, and characteristics of sleep apnea include:\nThe gold standard for sleep apnea treatment is still a CPAP machine, but many patients find CPAPs intolerable because they require a bulky face mask hooked up a tube that loudly pushes air in and out of the lungs – talk about invasive. Not to mention inconvenient, there’s no easy traveling and especially no camping if you need a bulky machine and an electrical outlet just to sleep through the night. Most patients diagnosed with sleep apnea will try a CPAP and then stop using it, rendering treatment entirely ineffective.\nIn the past, the only CPAP alternative was even more invasive corrective surgery. At Granbury Dental Center, we want to avoid surgery at all costs. Thankfully, with advances in modern medicine and dental treatments, we have a simple, non-invasive solution for you with oral appliance therapy.\nOral appliance therapy uses a custom device worn like a mouthguard during sleep. Oral appliances are custom made to fit your unique needs and ensure it fits comfortably in the mouth. Your oral appliance gently shifts the lower jaw forward, preventing the airway from collapsing and allowing you to breathe comfortably throughout the night.\nOral appliance therapy is highly effective in treating mild to moderate cases of obstructive sleep apnea without the need for a CPAP or invasive surgery. The device is small, comfortable, and easy to use, allowing you the freedom to travel and fall asleep wherever you lay your head. Oral appliance therapy can help reduce and even stop snoring, which we’re sure your partner and family will thank you for.\nTreating your sleep apnea today can not only help you and your partner find more restful sleep but can dramatically improve your quality of life and actually prevent the development of serious systemic health problems down the road. It might just save your life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mental health psychology practitioners (MHPPs) are likely to experience stress related to the responsibilities of their role as it exposes them to other people’s traumatic life experiences, a phenomenon called ‘vicarious traumatisation.’ This refers to the emotional and cognitive disruptions faced by therapists, as they engage in therapeutic relationships with survivors of traumatic events. During times of excessive stress, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to examine the factors that might enhance coping skills and resilience in this group of professionals, as their role in fighting off the negative psychological effects of COVID-19 is crucial. The term ‘resilience’ refers to a group of factors that promote positive mental health and well-being in individuals exposed to threatening conditions, traumatic experiences, or severe adversity.\nIn a study conducted in the UK by researchers at several European universities, participants were invited to talk about their reality, including the effects of vicarious traumatisation on their well-being and strategies they employed to sustain positive mental health and demonstrate resilience.\nAccording to the MHPPs who participated in the study, the pandemic affected them and their clients in different ways. Frequent occurrence of relationship violence, the effects of unemployment, suicide attempts, loneliness, and increased use of alcohol were among the topics their clients highlighted as factors affecting their stress and well-being. Also, the unavailability of stress relief strategies that people usually employed, such as going to the gym or taking trips, rendered MHPPs’ roles in supporting their patients more vital than ever. However, many of them perceived this as an extra burden and reported feelings of inadequacy and anger (they felt they could not ‘help patients properly’). Sleeplessness, flashbacks of their clients’ stories, helplessness, vulnerability, identification with patients’ fears, as well as a tendency to question their abilities as practitioners, were among the symptoms MHPPs experienced.\nThe MHPPs who participated in this study also reported several mechanisms they employed to maintain positive well-being and develop resilience during these unprecedented times. The importance of frequent, systematic supervision sessions was described as the key factor affecting their well-being and helping them set boundaries between their personal and professional lives. Moreover, practising yoga, meditation, and mindfulness were described as useful tactics in building stress resilience, along with taking up new hobbies and avoiding social media. Finally, seeking social support, having self-awareness, and being able to manage their emotions were reported as key factors in helping them distinguish among their different roles (parents, friends, and therapists) and perform their duties.\nThe need to train and prepare MHPPs for situations that can be described as collectively traumatic was highlighted by this study’s results. The development of strategies and follow-up care programmes to alleviate the symptoms of vicarious traumatisation might help this group of practitioners develop resilience and be less susceptible to occupational risks, resulting in better outcomes for service users.\nDr Annita Ventouris is a lecturer at the University of West London; Dr Amanda Comoretto is a lecturer in psychology at The Catholic University of Lyon; Dr Constantina Panourgia is a lecturer in psychology at Bournemouth University; Dr Agata Wezyk is a lecturer in psychology at Bournemouth University; Dr Ala Yankouskaya is a senior lecturer in psychology at Bournemouth University; Zoe Taylor is a psychology student at Bournemouth University.\nThe articles we publish on Psychreg are here to educate and inform. They’re not meant to take the place of expert advice. So if you’re looking for professional help, don’t delay or ignore it because of what you’ve read here. Check our full disclaimer.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Cal Wonder Bell Pepper, also known as California Wonder, is an heirloom variety with large, blocky fruits. This has been the standard bell pepper variety for market gardeners and backyard gardeners since the 1920s. Fruits are 4″ x 3 1/2″ on average and have thick walls. Cal Wonder Bell Pepper is great for raw preparations, but also maintains its crunchy texture when cooked. If allowed to remain on the plant, green fruits will mature to a deep red color with even more flavor. Plants will begin to produce in late spring and continue production throughout summer until first frost in fall.\nPeppers are in the nightshade family along with tomatoes and eggplant. Plants in the nightshade family are susceptible to blossom end rot, which is a result of a calcium deficiency. To prevent or alleviate this problem, apply pelleted gypsum at the base of the plant at bloom set. Peppers do best when transplanted, as the germination time can be longer than most vegetable seed. Peppers grow very well in our heavy-duty seed starting trays. Plants should be started 4-6 weeks before the intended outdoor planting date. If conditions outside are favorable, transplants may be planted directly from our 162 cell trays. If conditions are still too cold for planting peppers, transplants may be “stepped-up” to 4″ pots to allow more room to grow. Peppers can produce heavy fruits and will require some form of support to keep the plant upright. We recommend using the Florida Weave trellising technique that involves using stakes and twine along the row. This ensures that plants and fruits stay off the ground, reducing the possibility of disease and keeping fruits clean.\nCal Wonder Bell Pepper Planting Information\nPlanting Method: transplant\nWhen to Plant: after last frost\nPlanting Depth: 1/4″\nSeed Spacing: 2′\nRow Spacing: 3-4′\nDays to Maturity: 60\nDisease Resistance: Tobacco Mosaic Virus", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Joseph E. Trimble\nDistinguished University Professor\nDepartment of Psychology and the Woodring College of Education\nIt is my distinct pleasure and honor to introduce this year's\nNetwork analysts study relationships in contexts and how the patterns of interactions influence behavior and social change. Educators such as Garth, Joe, and Ann understand these network principles and effectively apply them in their teaching and relationships with students and colleagues.\nAlong with countless other faculty here at Western, indeed Garth, Joe, and Ann approach teaching as an educational partnership, with students as partners in the exploration and study of the topic. In the classroom they encourage and nurture the partnership, rather than promoting an educational setting where knowledge, defined as the accumulation of facts, figures, and discrete skills, is objectified and externalized. An educational partnership for them means that the partners are connected to the topic of inquiry and to each other as they experience the exploration of information. They view the partnership as a collaborative relationship set in an experiential atmosphere of openness where attention to the experience and sensitivity of others is emphasized. Thoughts and feelings are treated with mutual respect as partners explore knowledge and values. By encouraging independence while providing suitable structure, they expect and encourage students to participate in their holistic educational growth and development.\nAs a psychologist, I am keenly aware of the fact that everyone is hardwired to connect with others. Allan Shore of the UCLA School of Medicine once stated: \"The idea is that we are born to form attachments, that our brains are physically wired to develop in tandem with another's through emotional communication, beginning before words are spoken.\" With this overarching principle in mind, you will learn that Garth, Joe, and Ann organize their seminars and classes to build on our fundamental need to connect with others. To accomplish a \"connection\" teaching objective, student experiences can be organized for them to participate in a series of activities and projects that emphasize their strengths as well as the importance of working with others in small group settings.\nAt one time or another all of us have had students who sat alone in the corner of the room, spoke only when queried and often hesitantly, were the first to leave the room when class ended, and preferred being alone seemingly excluding classmates from their inner circles. A few are problematic and troublesome but most of the \"loners\" pose few problems or challenges.\nCreating a relational and correspondent learning atmosphere in the classroom can promote student engagement. In my numerous years of teaching and educational experiences I have come to realize that the \"loner\" wants to engage with the instructor, connect with some classmates, and, most important, connect and resonate with the course theme and emphasis. Typically, most \"loners\" don't know how to connect and sustain interpersonal relationships; however, we can create engaging classroom experiences by designing and promoting learning activities that foster a creative, supportive environment complete with positive proactive outcomes. Assigning students to the activities and experiences begins by recognizing and acknowledging their strengths. When placed in small group activities, for example, student strengths should complement one another to the extent that group outcomes depend on mutual collaboration. It has been my experience that \"loners\" will eventually realize they can connect in a positive supportive environment with encouragement and support from the instructor.\nThe three professors featured in this year's\nProfessor Garth Amundson embraces peer learning as an essential ingredient in a collaborative multi-disciplinary classroom experience. Having a strong connection to his profession is one of the most valuable attributes he can provide his students. Using his experience as a backdrop, he strives to encourage students in all aspects of their academic and professional development. He encourages them to submit their work to competitions and have their work considered by other professionals.\nAs evident in his course syllabi and materials, Garth Amundson strongly believes that there is a contractual agreement between professor and student. He points out a successful syllabus needs to have a well-stated sense of purpose, a defined sense of direction and clear expectations. It needs to include more than a calendar and reading list; it must act as a schedule and support the goals of the course. Professor Amundson insists that, \"While the syllabus is a crucial tool, it must remain flexible so that it can adapt to the organic nature of the classroom, as indicated in all my course syllabi. The syllabus should not be the enemy of the course--being bound to the minutia of the syllabus can be detrimental to the fluidity of the classroom.\"\nJoseph Garcia offers two courses in leadership studies; LDST 101 and 450 are both offered through the Karen W. Morse Institute for Leadership here at Western Washington University. The connectedness of his students and faculty in the courses comes through in his belief that each party in the classroom should be treated with respect for subject matter expertise and experiences. Continuing, he maintains that, the topic of leadership is not about a position, or a formal title. It is about the connections between people, individuals who may be called leaders and followers. Through these connections, individuals, groups, organizations and societies are able find their way towards achieving their dreams. In my view, this orientation towards leadership is captured by the words of the Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu some 2500 years ago when he said, go to the people. Learn from them. Live with them. Start with what they know. Build with what they have. The best of leaders when the job is done, when the task is accomplished, the people will say we have done it ourselves.\nThe overall design of the leadership curriculum is based on the principle that there\nis an accumulated body of knowledge about leadership and leadership inquiry that\nshould be the core learning material for the courses. Surrounding this core are\nthe professor, the students, and the professionals who engage with each other and\nthe material from their different perspectives. The professor is a subject matter\nexpert, the students are novice learners at different levels, and the professionals\nhave practical experience that in their respective roles facilitate learning about\nleadership theory and practice. In his efforts to connect and engage young students,\nProfessor Garcia reminds us some lack of student engagement is not an uncommon occurrence\nin first year courses as some are still finding their way as first year students.\nIn summary, Professor Garcia points out that his leadership courses have generated\npositive results beyond the immediate course outcomes. The centerpiece for the course\nis his learning model that\nThe course for which Ann Stone had the most opportunity for crafting is Marketing: Branding. This course works within her own personal strength of practical experience in the branding field, giving her confidence about the topic as well as strong perspectives about how branding skills are utilized in work environments.\nIn keeping with the \"connectedness\" theme of this year's Showcase, Ann maintains that courses should be framed following specific learning experiences to include:\nIn those settings she looks for the", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Japanese legal system is based on civil law, and courts render decisions based on the primacy of codified law. As opposed to common law systems, such as that found in the United States, there is less emphasis on judicial precedents that judges use as bases to rule in subsequent cases. Japan has a unified court system, of which the highest level is the Supreme Court. There are no separate and discrete state court systems. There are generally three tiers of courts, with actions first filed in a court of first instance, followed by an intermediate appeal to one of eight high courts, followed by an appeal to the Supreme Court.\nThere is no discovery procedure under Japanese civil procedure laws. Parties are required to obtain evidence to establish or disprove the merits of a plaintiff's claim of their own accord. Each party is therefore required to evaluate and prepare its claims based on the evidence each has in its possession. This differs significantly from US civil procedure rules, which call for lengthy discovery periods where the parties are able to seek and obtain information and evidence related to the claims at issue from the opposing party. As there is no discovery procedure in Japan, there is no electronic discovery procedure either. To collect electronically stored information (ESI) under the control of the opposing party or a third party, a party must utilise evidence collection methods permitted under the Code of Civil Procedure (see Section IV).\nII YEAR IN REVIEW\nAlthough the legal system does not provide for the collection or disclosure of ESI, the government has been discussing ways to develop the use of technology in court procedures. The courts do not allow parties to file submissions online; rather, all documents are submitted in hard copy. However, in 2017, the government established a committee to evaluate how courts can update the technological processes of their civil law procedures. In March 2018, the committee issued a report with its recommendations regarding how to integrate electronic tools into the civil court process. The report focuses on three improvements:\n- e-filing: filing of complaints and arguments electronically, rather than solely as hard copy;\n- e-court: using web conference systems to enable the parties to participate in meetings with courts over the internet; and\n- e-case management: accessing court submissions such as complaints, arguments and evidence over the internet.\nTo implement the systems listed above, the committee is considering a three-phase implementation process:\n- phase 1: commencement of the operation of a web conference system and videoconferencing, which will be possible under the current laws without any amendments. These changes can be implemented relatively quickly by acquiring new equipment, such as web conference systems. Several courts began utilising the web conference system for part of their civil procedures from February 2020;\n- phase 2: revisions to the relevant laws and regulations, which will allow other portions of the recommendations to be implemented; and\n- phase 3: construction of remaining systems and receipt of user feedback, including from those who have experienced issues with IT systems.\nIII CONTROL AND PRESERVATION\nAs mentioned in Section I, there is no discovery process in Japan. In general, parties do not have any duty to preserve ESI under the Code of Civil Procedure, as each party is required to obtain relevant evidence on its own. Because there is no duty to preserve, there are no sanctions for failure to do so. However, by utilising the methods explained in Section IV, the parties will be able to obtain documents from the opposing party.\nIV REQUESTS AND SCOPE\nIf a party wants to obtain evidence from the opposing party or a third party, it must try to utilise the collection methods permitted under the Code of Civil Procedure, as set forth below.\ni Preservation of evidence\nPreservation of evidence is a legal proceeding to examine and preserve evidence that might become impossible or difficult to examine by the time the actual hearing is held. It is possible to preserve evidence before a lawsuit is filed, and any kind of evidence, including electronic data, can be subject to this procedure. Parties must provide written reasons for why they need to preserve the evidence and why the evidence needs to be examined when the actual hearing is going to be held.\nii Petition for an order to submit a document\nA party may file a petition with the court to order the opposing party or a third party to submit a document, explaining the necessity of the petition. The party must also describe the following in the petition:\n- an indication of the document;\n- the purport of the document;\n- the holder of the document;\n- the facts to be proven by the document; and\n- the grounds for the obligation to submit the document.\nIf a court finds that there are legitimate grounds to grant a petition, it will issue the order. In some past cases, courts have determined that documents should be disclosed in electronic form and have accordingly ordered the document holder to disclose the ESI itself.\nV REVIEW AND PRODUCTION\nThe Code of Civil Procedure does not have any rules regarding the use of advanced analytical tools to facilitate analysis of produced materials. However, in situations where parties have the opportunity to analyse ESI on their own, these tools are popular.\nThere is no attorney–client privilege or work-product doctrine protecting the confidentiality of certain documents. However, in the competition law area there has been some discussion on introducing attorney–client privilege in relation to investigations by the Japan Fair Trade Commission. The Cabinet recently approved this through the amendment of regulations and drafting of new guidelines. This is limited to the competition law area, but nonetheless represents a large step forward for the legal system.\nVI PRIVACY ISSUES\nThe Act on the Protection of Personal Information (APPI), which was introduced in 2003, regulates the protection of personally identifiable information. Amendments were introduced to the APPI in September 2015, which were fully implemented on 30 May 2017. The APPI requires companies to obtain consent to process personal data, unless any of the exceptions permitted under the law are applicable.\nWhen parties plan to provide documents or ESI containing personal data to the court, the APPI will apply. Under the APPI, parties are generally prohibited from providing personal data to the court without consent; however, it allows the provision of personal data without consent if the 'personal data is necessary for the protection of the life, body, or property of an individual and if it is difficult to obtain the consent of the person'. A party will be able to provide personal data to the court if this exception applies.\nIn addition, there are cases when a company is asked by the court of a foreign country, or by the parties to foreign litigation themselves, to produce documents or data that contains personal information. Under the APPI, if personal data is to be transferred to third parties in a country outside Japan, a requirement is imposed to obtain the prior consent of the relevant individuals. If the company does not receive consent, which is normally the case, it should consider whether an exception to the rule applies.\nVII OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS\nAs mentioned in Section I, there is no discovery process in Japan, and parties are required to obtain evidence on their own to establish or disprove the merits of the plaintiff's claim. There is currently little to no discussion regarding changes to this basic structure. It is very unlikely that a discovery process similar to that of the United States will be introduced in the near future.\nHowever, because of the importance of ESI in terms of economics and business transactions, it is becoming increasingly important to have a system that allows parties to effectively collect and submit ESI. As mentioned in Section II, the government has been discussing technological updates to civil law procedures, which should be closely monitored.\n1 Kentaro Toda is a partner at TMI Associates.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Australia has been notified of a vast pumice floating in the Pacific Ocean heading towards the coastline.\nWhere was it found?\nSailors Michael and Larissa Hoult first discovered a “total rock rubble slick” extending for kilometres around them in the Pacific Ocean near the Island of Tonga. Other sailors have reportedly spotted the “pumice raft” that has been detected from space by NASA, comparing it to the size Manhattan, Washington and 20,000 football fields.\nWhat is a pumice raft?\nA pumice raft as labeled by scientists is a mass of floating, porous rock that forms when a volcano erupts from the ocean floor. It occurs when hot lava, full of gas bubbles, cools in the ocean and produces pumice, which floats to the surface above the eruption.\nHow does this affect the environment?\nAlthough this giant rock formation may look scary and dangerous, it is a potential vehicle for some marine organisms. Scott Bryan a geologist and associate professor at Queensland University of Technology has studied underwater volcanic pumice for two decades.\nHe believes there is a possibility organisms such as algae, snails, crabs and even corals could attach themselves to the pumice raft which would serve as a “natural mechanism for species to colonise, restock and grow in a new environment.”\nWhat does this mean for Australia?\nWith the rock arriving on our coast in an estimated seven to 12 months, experts are advising this “natural mechanism” has the potential to revive the damaged Great Barrier Reef. Bryan believes the pumice raft has the ability to “deposit new, healthy coral around the reef”, which would promote regeneration.\nAre there any negatives?\nMartin Jutzeler, a lecturer at the University of Tasmania who studies underwater volcanoes warns not everything about the pumice raft is positive. He told BBC that pumice rafts also have the potential to transport non-native, invasive species from one ocean habitat to another. Jutzeler also wants to make it clear tat there is the possibility the raft might not even make it to Australia.\n“Over time it will probably break apart and disperse.”\nDoes this have anything to do with climate change?\nEven with this pumice raft having the potential to regenerate the Great Barrier Reef, we cannot rely on it. We need to focus on a long term fix for climate change as the world’s coral reefs won’t be saved by a pumice raft.\nPhoto: NASA Earth Observatory images By Joshua Stevens available here and used under a Creative Commons Attribution. The image has not been modified.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The primary program at IGS provides rich and challenging learning opportunities in a supportive, nurturing environment.\nStudent learning in the primary years\nOur primary program provides opportunity, challenge and support to foster student growth from Kindergarten to Year 6. The primary curriculum allows individual learning needs to be met, with the understanding that success has a positive effect on self-esteem and development. The program also provides a learning community in the broadest sense with teachers, parents and friends directly involved in the learning process.\nThe ethos of the school is embodied in a vibrant range of learning activities which provide rigour and promote acceptance of difference.\nStudents develop an understanding of themselves and their world through various forms of expression including Languages, Visual Arts, and Drama. Primary children in Years 1 to 6 spend 80 minutes a day in immersion in their second language (40 minutes in Kindergarten).\nSelf-directed and negotiated learning experiences are provided in the Key Learning Areas (KLAs):\n- Human Society and Its Environment (HSIE)\n- Science and Technology\n- Creative Arts\n- Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE)\nLearning opportunties occur both in the classroom and externally through our extensive co-curricular activities.\nStudents in the primary years also study integrated units of work through inquiry based research tasks. Projects are generic and flexible enough to engage students in their own topic choices.\nInvolvement in physical activity plays an important role in child development and the Physical Education program emphasises participation for all, while providing involvement in competition for upper primary students.\nOur holistic approach to education ensures that the ‘total child’ is catered for academically, socially and physically. Primary school classes are not streamed at IGS.\nAssessment and reporting\nAt IGS, assessment and reporting are seen as essential components in good teaching and learning. Teachers use a range of strategies to assess learning and create a profile for each student. Students are involved in the evaluative process, including self-assessment when appropriate. Teachers provide information to parents about assessment outcomes in ’plain English’.\nParents of children in Kindergarten to Year 6 are able to meet formally with the Home Class teacher in Term 1 to discuss early progress, followed up with parent and teacher interviews in Term 2 with Languages teachers. Of course, parents may schedule meetings with teachers as needed.\nFormal written reports following Commonwealth Guidelines are issued at the end of each semester for children in Years 1 to 6. These reports describe student achievement in each course or area of study, using grades A to E (or equivalent). Grades are related to clearly-defined standards.\nNational Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) testing takes place annually in Years 3 and 5. See the latest results »", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Viscosity of Dichloromethane\nDichloromethane (DCM), or methylene chloride, is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2. This colorless, volatile liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely used as a solvent. It is not miscible with water but miscible with many organic solvents. It is used as a paint stripper and a degreaser. In the food industry, it has been used to decaffeinate coffee and tea as well as to prepare extracts of hops and other flavorings.\nViscosity Table – Measurement data\n|Temp. [°C]||Dyn. Viscosity [mPa.s; cP]||Density [g/cm3]|\n|Related||Dichloromethane, methylene chloride, organic compound, liquid, solvent, degreaser|", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 201-204 curricula are based on the idea of constructivism (Piaget, 1978; Vygotsky, 1978), which claims students actively build\nknowledge based on prior ideas and assumptions. The National Research Council's report, How People Learn (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000)\nemphasizes the importance of constructivism and describes three \"Key Findings\" of learning from cognitive science and education research:\nAn example of this learning cycle in the chemistry curriculum (SCED 204) is an activity that relates bond breaking or formation to energy changes. Students are first asked how they think the temperature would change if bonds are breaking or forming. Then, they measure temperature changes as a liquid evaporates (intermolecular bond breaking) or as water is added to cupric sulfate (chemical bond formation). The results are opposite what most students predict. Students record their data and are guided to make sense out of it, so that they ultimately build a sophisticated model describing the energy transfers and transformations involved in bond breaking and formation. Finally they compare their mental models to their initial ideas and discuss how their thinking has changed. The students have a similar experience in the Earth science curriculum (SCED 202) when they investigate evidence of Earth events and are surprised to discover that living things developed and evolved mostly in the last 12% of Earth history. In the life science curriculum (SCED 203), students discover that plants undergo cellular respiration and therefore take in O2 and produce CO2 just as animals do. These are only a few examples of the multiple learning cycles found in each curriculum.\nThe guided inquiry pedagogy used in the SCED 20X classes requires that students are comfortable sharing ideas with their classmates, even though\nThe pedagogy also depends on student collaboration. The students work in established groups to develop initial ideas about a phenomenon, generate evidence via investigations, develop and support conclusions from the evidence (sense-making), compare/contrast their initial ideas with the evidence gathered, and reflect upon their learning. Each group also shares its ideas with the rest of the class, both during discussions about initial ideas at the beginning of an activity and about summarizing questions at the end. During initial ideas discussions, groups share their ideas about a phenomenon, and students and faculty ask questions to clarify those ideas. The goal of these discussions is to make students' initial ideas transparent to everyone in the class. These discussions are facilitated using whiteboards. Each group records their collective ideas on a whiteboard, usually using a combination of text and illustrations. When it is their turn to share, students stand up, show their whiteboard to the class, and use it explain their ideas to the class. Class discussions about summarizing questions also use whiteboards, but the purpose of these discussions is much different from an initial ideas discussion. Now students are asked to support their claims with evidence and compare their newly developed understanding with their initial ideas. This is the point in the learning cycle in which students need to come to a correct understanding about the phenomenon they are investigating.\nThe role of the instructor is very different in our courses compared to more traditional courses. There is no lecturing. In fact, the instructor is rarely even at the front of the class. Instead, we circulate between groups, eliciting preconceptions, probing students' emerging understanding through questioning and maintaining a collaborative atmosphere. Instructors also facilitate the class discussions by comparing groups' ideas, contrasting emerging ideas with the class' initial ideas, and encouraging students to reflect on how their thinking has changed.\nThe geology curriculum (Geology and Everyday Thinking, GET) is also being used at Whatcom Community College, Skagit Valley College, and Everett Community College in Washington, and at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in\nThe biology curriculum has recently been published as Life Science and Everyday Thinking (LSET) by It's About Time publishing company, a publisher specializing in science curricula developed with NSF funding. In a recently published paper, we compared how students in classes using LSET compared to students in traditional lecture courses on the \"Grandma Johnson\" question (Ebert-May et al., 2003). This is a validated assessment of student understanding about the transfer of matter in an ecosystem. The question is:\nGrandma Johnson had very sentimental feelings toward Johnson Canyon, Utah, where she and her late husband had honeymooned long ago. Because of these feelings, when she died she requested to be buried under a creosote bush in the canyon. Describe below the path of a carbon atom from Grandma Johnson's remains, to inside the leg muscle of a coyote. NOTE: The coyote does not dig up and consume any part of Grandma Johnson's remains.\nWe also found that students in classes using LSET had a more sophisticated view about the nature of science at the end of the class compared to students in a more traditional\nbiology course (Bio 101). We used the Views About Science Survey (VASS), which measures students attitudes about learning science and the nature of science. Students in the\nLSET course had a significantly greater shift towards a more \"expert\" view of learning science at the end of the course. This study was done by two colleagues, Dr. Irene Salter\nand Dr. Leslie Atkins, at the California State University, Chico.\nWe've also been tracking student learning data for SCED 204, and comparing this to Chem 101, which has similar content but was taught in a more traditional lecture style (since these data were collected, Chem 101 has been adapted to use more inquiry-based pedagogies). When two of each of the courses were compared (all four were taught by the same instructor), SCED 204 students showed significantly larger gains on a Conceptual Chemistry Questionnaire (CCQ) than Chem 101 students, even on content that had roughly the same time-on-task between courses (conservation of matter).\nBeyond the SCED Series\nWe have used the SCED 201-204 instructional model for teacher and faculty professional development, as well as in our own courses in Geology, Chemistry and Biology. In workshops for \"Change at the Core\", which seeks to improve instruction in introductory STEM courses at WWU, as well as in the new faculty 3-day workshop on teaching and learning, faculty engage in similar inquiry-based learning experiences. These set the stage for learning about current education research and planning strategies for their upcoming classes. Further, community college faculty were part of the development team and regularly teach SCED 20X equivalents at Whatcom Community College and Skagit Valley College. Finally, many of us have begun to apply some of the guided inquiry activities and strategies we developed for the 20X series to our larger introductory science courses.\nPlease see the Profiles section to see how Jim Stewart, Pinky Nelson, and Steve Gammon contributed to inquiry-based learning in science education at Western Washington University.\nConstructivism in context: Factors affecting student learning in four different classrooms. In D. W. Sunal, C. S. Sunal, e. L. Wright, C. L. Mason & D. Zollman (Eds.), Research Based Undergraduate Science Teaching (Vol. 6). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.\nHow People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.\nUsing 'How People Learn' as a blueprint for developing teaching strategies in an introductory geology course, Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 89(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract ED41B-06.\nAdvantages and Challenges of Using Physics Curricula as a Model for Reforming an Undergraduate Biology Course. Cbe-Life Sciences Education, 12(2), 215-229. doi: 10.1187/cbe.12-08-0134\nPhysics and Everyday Thinking. Armonk, NY: It's About Time: Herff Jones Education Division.\nSuccess and Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Consider a child who was mentioned and described as an example in one of the videos you watched on child or adolescent mental health problems. Imagine that child or teen has been referred to you for counseling. Devise a diagnosis and treatment plan for this child or adolescent, using Chapter 19 in your Henderson & Thompson textbook, the First textbook, and the additional article you selected. Use the following format for your treatment plan (see the Treatment Planner books in your Optional Materials, for examples).\nProblem: There may be many problems evident, but choose one for the initial focus of treatment.\nProblem Definition: Describe how the problem is specifically evidenced by the client, using terms from the Diagnostic criteria in the DSM.\nGoals: Set broad goals, based on your preferred theoretical orientation, that will result in the resolution of the target problem. Provide a brief rationale for these goals, with references.\nObjectives: State objectives in specific language that can be measured (and meet demands for accountability).\nInterventions: Design actions that the counselor will take to help the client complete the objectives, based on the clients' needs and strengths and your own skills and knowledge.\nDiagnosis: This may be preliminary. Compare the behavioral, cognitive, emotional and interpersonal symptoms of the client to those in the DSM and the Handbook of Differential Diagnosis, to decide on the most appropriate diagnosis.\nNot sure what your scenario is as it is not stated- video not attached. Thus, I will give you an example I have devised: Teen referred to you as a cutter and relational problems in the home and in school. She has runaway from home two times, both to her grandmother's house. She does not have any friends in school except for one boy of East Indian background- just arrived in the country last year. When she is at school , she hangs out with him. Often , she is with her older friends - two men and one teenage girl. They have reported to be using ...\nExample of case study of teen with cutting behavior is given.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wireless Ethernet communications\nDecember 2011, Fieldbus & Industrial Networking\nAs a world standard, Ethernet is the logical choice as more and more manufacturers start to develop hardware with Ethernet interfaces. With the mechanisms inherent in Ethernet, a network can be installed and configured for almost any application. Ethernet provides redundancy, prioritisation, VLANs, and many other options that can enable a single network to be used for everything from critical applications such as control and automation to less important applications such as email or simple file transfers.\nHowever, at times Ethernet connectivity will be required in remote locations or areas where it is difficult or impossible to lay physical cabling for connectivity. This could be due to existing structures, terrain or a variety of other factors. Also at times connectivity is only required for a single device to send very small amounts of non-critical data, and then it is sometimes not feasible to lay cable.\nIn cases like these it is necessary to look at an alternative communication medium to copper or fibre-optic cabling, such as wireless. Wireless communications come in various forms. Wireless can be used for relatively short distances up to approximately 3 km, in which case 802.11, more commonly known as WiFi, will be recommended. To set up wireless over slightly longer distances than WiFi, up to around 12 km, WiMAX, also known as 802.16/e, is the common choice. To reach distances greater than this, cellular or satellite connections can be investigated. These allow connectivity to reach almost any location on the globe, depending on the application.\nOne of the most obvious advantages when using WiFi, or any wireless communications technology, is the lack of cables. When an overflow meter 3 km away from the main network needs to be connected in order to send an update once every hour, it is not feasible to lay thousands of rands of cabling. In these situations wireless communications can save time and money. However, there are disadvantages to using wireless rather than physical cabling, and these need to be taken into consideration.\nStability of the link\nOne of the biggest disadvantages when using wireless communications is the stability of the link. Wireless links are adversely affected by external conditions such as weather or surrounding buildings and this must be taken into account on installation. 802.11 links require line-of-sight between the antennas and so must be kept away from surrounding buildings. Common misconceptions when using wireless are that the signals travel in a completely straight line without dispersion, and that wireless antennas that can ‘see’ each other through very tight gaps should still be able to connect strongly. This is not the case, and is due to a phenomenon with wireless communications called the Fresnel zone. If a direct line-of-sight (DLoS) line is drawn between the antennas, the Fresnel zone will occupy a large area around the DLoS, sometimes also called the Radio Line of Sight. As a rule of thumb 60% or more of the Fresnel zone must always remain clear of obstructions to achieve a strong, stable link.\nBesides fixed obstructions such as buildings or trees, temporary obstructions such as low lying cloud cover or heavy rainfall must be considered. In the case of adverse weather, the stability of the link could be greatly affected or it could drop completely. High winds can also pose a problem if antennas have not been properly installed. Shifting antennas can cause the link to fail completely, especially in the case of long distance links. An antenna shift of a couple of centimetres can put it completely out of alignment.\nAdvantages and disadvantages\nThese are the common advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered for any wireless scenario, whether basic 802.11, WiMAX, cellular or satellite wireless.\n802.11 wireless communications do not need to be licensed, which can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Other advantages are that there are no hidden costs, and 802.11 hardware can simply be purchased and installed at the user’s discretion. The disadvantage, however, is that interference can be caused by other surrounding wireless devices as it is legal for anyone to setup their own wireless. For this reason a site survey including a wireless frequency scan is essential when planning for a wireless installation. A frequency scan will show what frequencies are being used in the area, and the installer can then determine which frequency to use so as to avoid interference. In more populated areas it is worth performing frequency scans every few months to make sure that no new wireless systems have been put in place that could cause interference.\nWiFi is not considered the strongest or most stable of links, and so should not be used for critical applications where a link failure could cause major problems, site shutdowns or even death. However, in cases where non-critical remote connections are required, 802.11 wireless can be an excellent time and money saver.\nWiMAX, or IEEE 802.16, provides a wireless mesh network with a much greater range than 802.11 wireless – up to 12 km radius or more, depending on the hardware. WiMAX also does not require line-of-sight, although bandwidth and performance may be affected in a non-LoS scenario, depending on the environment. The 802.16e Enhanced standard also calls for an allowance for WiMAX subscribers to be able to travel at up to vehicular speeds of 120 km/h and to be able to cross over to different WiMAX base stations without renegotiating the link. This is different to 802.11 wireless which has to renegotiate the link to each new access point as it moves around. This means that for applications such as VoIP (Voice over IP), 802.11 it is not suitable if users need to hold calls whilst moving around the site. However, 802.16e will allow this movement between different WiMAX base stations without dropping the call.\nThe disadvantage to 802.16 (which again could also be an advantage) is the requirement that frequencies be licensed for specific areas before they can be used. This licensing is handled by ICASA, the regulator for the South African communications sector, or the equivalent body in countries other than South Africa. This licensing can prove to be a time consuming task, and also raises the cost of the solution. However, having a licensed frequency means that interference from an outside source cannot happen legally. This means that interference on a WiMAX link is less of a concern than with 802.11 WiFi.\nFinally WiMAX will require regular renewals of subscription fees for the licensing of the frequencies, unlike WiFi which is a once off payment for the hardware (not counting spares or possible repairs on the hardware).\nCellular or satellite\nIn some cases WiFi or even WiMAX cannot achieve the distances needed. A single camera or PLC in a remote area 100 km away from a network would need many different WiMAX links, all back to back, in order to use WiMAX. The expenditure required to set this up and the ongoing maintenance required would not be feasible. In addition if any one of the links has a problem, the end device would be unreachable. The use of WiMAX or WiFi is not even an option in this case.\nIn these situations either cellular or satellite links would be an option, both having their own advantages and disadvantages. They can be used almost anywhere to gain network connectivity. Cellular communications will still require a cellular tower within range to get a connection, but nowadays most areas will have cellular towers in range. For satellite, all that is needed is an unobstructed view of the sky.\nHowever, both of these technologies come with disadvantages. Unlike WiFi they incur monthly costs. Cellular connections require the user to pay for the amount of data transferred, whilst satellite connections require a monthly rental cost. Also, both of these technologies rely on a third party and the end user does not have direct control in the case of problems.\nAlthough wireless might not always be the first choice, especially in mission-critical applications, it can be one of the best methods when transferring non-critical data from remote sites, or areas where physical cabling is not feasible. However, the use of wireless links should only be considered after proper planning and consideration of all the factors involved. Site surveys are essential in order to properly assess the installation requirements prior to purchasing of equipment, and professional installers must be used to ensure the antennas are correctly mounted so as to provide a strong and stable link.\nFor more information contact Tim Craven, H3iSquared, +27 (0)11 454 6025, firstname.lastname@example.org, www.h3isquared.com", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DIVISION II. RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS\nCHAPTER IV. EFFECTIVE AND VALID PUBLICATION\nSECTION 3. AUTHOR CITATIONS\n48.1. When an author adopts an existing name but definitely excludes its original type, a later homonym that must be attributed solely to that author is considered to have been published. Similarly, when an author who adopts a name refers to an apparent basionym but explicitly excludes its type, a new name is considered to have been published that must be attributed solely to that author. Exclusion can be effected by simultaneous explicit inclusion of the type in a different taxon by the same author (see also\nEx. 1. Sirodot (1872) placed the type of Lemanea Bory (1808) in\nSacheria Sirodot (1872); hence Lemanea, as treated by Sirodot (1872), is to be cited as\nLemanea Sirodot non Bory and not as Lemanea Bory emend. Sirodot.\nEx. 2. The name Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne. (1834) was apparently based on the illegitimate\nArum campanulatum Roxb. (1819). However, the type of the latter was explicitly excluded by Decaisne, and his name is therefore a legitimate name of a new species, to be attributed solely to him.\nMisapplication of a new combination to a different taxon, but without explicit exclusion of the type of the basionym, is dealt with under\nRetention of a name in a sense that excludes its original type, or its type designated under\n, can be effected only by conservation (see Art.\n2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Resource Allocation: Tasks assigned to employees and displayed in a time-based bar chart.\nConsider this \"Part 2\" of the Employee Availability video. This video expands upon the concepts of scheduling projects and tasks so that employees have steady work into the future. That is really the definition of Project Resource Allocation. The concept seeks to allocate task work to employees so they have something to work on. Of course G&A projects and planned time off have their place in the mix as well. It's not all just project work. Consider this one of the many project management features in addition to our timesheet, expenses, invoicing, and PTO accruals.\nThe basis of resource allocation is projects and tasks. Either the project, or the tasks under it, must be set up to allocate hours to employees. Traditionally, this has been purely a project task duty, but our product also allows projects with no tasks to serve as sources of allocated hours. That simplifies things.\nAssuming you are using project tasks to check resource allocation, you will need to enter an estimated duration of hours for each task, at a minimum. Adding a starting and due dates help define the exact time when you expect employees to work on tasks, but they are optional because you may not know those dates or the dates may change too frequently for micro-management. Simply add some tasks to a project, assign them to employees, and enter a duration, and you have all you need to view the effect in the Resource Allocation window.\nThe graph you see deals chiefly with task remaining hours. So, even though you entered hours into the duration field, it is really the number of remaining hours, after subtracting actual timesheet hours, that are plotted on the graph. Why? Because those are the only hours relevant to future work. In other words, employees will apply themselves to what remains of their tasks. So all we care to see in the graph is what remains to be done.\nIf you can envision a graph showing tasks allocated by time period, you instantly realize that employees are expected to work a certain number of hours during those periods. You also begin to see that an inverted chart represents employee availability. For example, if a person is allocated to work on 10 hours in a certain week, they would have another 30 hours available for new work. So whereas the resource allocation chart would show a bar for 10 hours, the availability chart would show 30. The two work hand-in-hand to help you visualize future working hours.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Easter egg hunts can be fun and safe if a few simple guidelines are followed.\n• Use grade AA or A eggs with clean, uncracked shells that have been stored in the refrigerator at 40 degrees or below.\n• Refrigerate raw shell eggs at home in their original carton until ready to decorate.\n• Keep everything clean. Wash utensils, countertops and other surfaces that come in contact with raw eggs. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and hot water before and after handling raw eggs or cooked eggs that will be eaten.\n• If you hollow out eggshells by blowing the raw egg through holes in the shell, you could expose yourself to salmonella from raw egg touching your mouth. To be safe, use pasteurized shell eggs if they are available. If not, sanitize the outside of the egg before it touches your mouth by washing the egg in hot water and rinse in a solution of 1 teaspoon chlorine bleach per half cup of water.\n• If you plan to use the raw eggs you have blown out of their shells, cook and eat them right away — don't try to store them.\n• Cool boiled eggs immediately in cold water and store refrigerator. Discard eggs whose shells crack during cooking.\n• Use food coloring or food-grade dyes to color eggs if they will be eaten.\n• After coloring, store eggs in a clean container and refrigerate. Cooked eggs stored in the original carton that held raw eggs may contaminate them with bacteria.\n• Care should be used in choosing hiding places for Easter eggs. Make sure to avoid areas where the eggs might come into contact with pets, wild animals, birds, reptiles, insects or lawn chemicals.\n• Do not eat eggs that have been out of refrigeration for more than 2 hours (less if in hot sun).\n• Use hard-cooked eggs within one week.\nIf you're planning to decorate Easter eggs, following these egg safety tips can help you and your family avoid an unwanted foodborne illness.\nFor more information and answers to food safety questions, contact Edie McSherry at CSU Larimer County Extension at 970-498-6008.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Campus Center 243\nA person of any gender or sexual orientation can be sexually assaulted. Although violence exists within LBGT communities, it is also important to understand that Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender people are also targeted for sexual violence based on their sexual orientation and all people, regardless of sexual orientation, can be targets based on their perceived gender expression. In these cases sexual violence is used as a form of control to maintain heterosexism.\n- Same-sex sexual assault may include non-consensual vaginal or anal penetration, oral sex, touching, or any other type of sexual activity\n- Same-sex sexual assaut can happen on a date, between friends, partners, or strangers.\n- Same-sex survivors are even less likely than other survivors to report the assault to the police or seek counseling after it occurs\n- Most survivors of same-sex assault report additional barriers to seeking support which leads to very little data complied about same-sex violence\nRegardless of the sexual orientation of the perpetrators or survivors, it is important to remember that sexual assault is sexual contact without consent. No one asks for it or deserves it. Survivors of all sexual orientations say that they have difficulties resuming or starting new intimate relationships because sexual contact triggers memories of the assault. In many cases, survivors say that intimacy—emotional or sexual—makes them feel guarded and ashamed.\nIntimate Partner Violence\nIf you are being abused by an intimate partner of the same-sex, you may experience a broad range of feelings including denial, confusion, and shame. Women who have been assaulted by another woman may believe that it isn’t possible for a woman to rape another woman; that sexual assault is only perpetuated by men. In many cases, this stems from a belief that lesbian sex is not “real sex.” The misconception then follows that if lesbians aren’t considered able to have sex then they certainly cannot sexually assault one another. This is not true. Considering that men are taught from a young age that being vulnerable is a sign of weakness, gay men may have feelings of shame or inadequacy connected to being sexually assaulted that make them reluctant to admit or report their assault. In order to understand same-sex sexual assault and to work toward its prevention, it is important to acknowledge and commit to challenge homophobia and transphobia.\nCommon Barriers for Same-Sex Survivors\n- Not being taken seriously or having their experience minmized\n- Not having their experience called sexual assault or rape\n- Having to explain their experience in more detail than one would ask a heterosexual survivor or a survivor of male-female assault\n- Having to educate those they reach out to\n- Having their experience sensationalized\n- Increasing people's homophobia or being seen as a traitor in their community because they told their story to straight people\n- Mistakenly being seen as the perpetrator\n- Being blamed for the assault\n- Not being understood\n- Being treated in a homophobic manner by police, hospital staff, rape crisis center, counselors and others\n- Being \"outed\" (having their sexual orientation revealed without their consent)\nAdapted from materials from Emily McWilliams, MS, and \"Support for Survivors-Training for Sexual Assault Counselors\" California Coalition Against Sexual Assault, 1999\nA hate crime is a crime in which the perpetrator intentionally selects a victim because of their actual or perceived race, color, national origin, ethnicity, gender, gender expression or identity, disability, or sexual orientation.\nHomophobia in our culture puts LBGT people at greater risk for sexual assault and other forms of violence. It is common for perpetrators to use sexual violence as a way to humiliate someone for being LBGT. These violent acts express the perpetrator’s believe that an LBGT person is not worthy of respect and dignity. It should be noted that a person can be the victim of an anti-LBGT hate crime yet identify as straight. If one is attacked because one either identifies as LBGT or is perceived as being a gay man or lesbian, then one is the victim of a hate crime. In these cases, perpetrators may verbally abuse their victims and imply that they deserved to be sexually assaulted because they are perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender.\nTransgender students are particularly vulnerable to many forms of violence because of our culture’s discomfort with gender ambiguity and/or their perceived sexual orientation. In a relationship, abusers may leverage power over their transgendered partners by threatening to reveal their gender identity to others. Trans survivors of sexual assault or intimate partner violence may face increased barriers to accessing medical care and other assistance. Though staff at many agencies are well-trained at dealing with gender issues, this is not true everywhere.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wildfire is a risk in Florida anytime, but dry periods make fires even more likely, especially in wooded or rural areas. It's not hard to make your landscape less vulnerable to fire. Firewise landscaping incorporates fire safety into landscape design to help ensure your home is safe even when a fire comes close.\nCreating an area of \"defensible space\" is one of the most important actions you can take to lessen the risk of wildfire to your home. Defensible space is a special area between natural areas (like woodlands) and your home. This space breaks up the continuity of plants, giving the house a better chance of surviving if fire comes near.\nYour defensible space should extend from your house outward at least 30 feet, and it should be filled with plants that are low in flammability (firewise plants). These plants can help reduce the likelihood that a fire will jump from wooded areas to your house.\nLightweight fuels, such as leaves and small branches, generally ignite easily and burn rapidly. Plants with thick, succulent leaves—such as cacti, aloe, and century plants—usually maintain high leaf moisture content and take longer to ignite.\nSmall, needle-like leaves, like those on pines and cedars, are usually more flammable than wide, flat leaves, such as those on maples, oaks, and hickories. (The broad fronds of palms are exceptions to this rule, as they tend to have a relatively high flammability.)\nPlant Placement and Maintenance\nMost wildfires spread horizontally through materials that lie on or are within a few feet of the ground. But shrubs, vines, and small trees can act as ladders that carry flames from the ground to treetops. To prevent this from happening should a wildfire approach your house, prune the lower branches of trees up to 10 feet off the ground.\nKeep tall trees away from the home and use short shrubs in foundation plantings. Groups of plantings should be separated by nonflammable areas, such as gravel, stepping stone pathways, or a well-maintained and healthy lawn. If you use mulch, try to limit it to the area of landscape outside of the defensible space, as mulches can be flammable.\nTo keep your landscape firewise, keep up with routine maintenance: don't delay necessary pruning and irrigation, and remove dead leaves, branches, and plants from your property.\nFor a firewise landscape, remember: vegetation that's overgrown, continuous, and close to a home may improve wildlife habitat or conserve energy, but it also increases the home's vulnerability to wildfire.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Much of the current ferment in endocrinology is in reproductive.Aborhey on endocrine system of frog: Hello Edward, Heat Schock Proteins could be viewed as being a part of all these systems.Transcript of reproductive organ of a female frog and female human. reproductive organ of a female frog and a female human. 1. reproductive system allows frog to.What is the difference between the circulatory system of a frog.After metamorphosis and once the tadpole is fully developed they gain control of their reproductive system.Digestive System. Most. Digestion begins in the stomach of an amphibian. Amphibians filter waste from their blood to their kidneys,.\nRelated Topics. are the functional kidneys of adult amphibians,.Conservation and research to save amphibians from deadly Chytrid fungus that quickly kills amphibians around the planet.Reptiles and amphibians are distantly related to each other but in spite of some similarities, they can be.\nCategory:Amphibian female reproductive system - Wikimedia\nStandard Note: Male reproductive system of FrogAmong vertebrates, amphibians are characterized by a great diversity of reproductive modes, including several forms of parental care.\nStudent Guide to the Frog Dissection - The Biology CornerThis review focuses on amphibian reproductive and stress endocrinology with reference to the recent comprehensive.Biology Assignment Help, Female reproductive system of frog, Female reproductive system of frog: i) Ovaries: a) There are a pair of ovaries present in the abdomen.\nREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FROG: Male Reproductive System: It consists of a pair of testes and reproductive ducts.Frog Reproduction,. and its digestive system changes to accommodate its adult diet. Get the best of HowStuffWorks by email.\nThose who lay eggs All turtles All tortoises All crocodiles Reptiles reproductive system Reptiles and their characteristics.\nChordata - Reproductive SystemStructure and Function of the Male Reproductive System. fish, some amphibians, a few reptiles, and almost all.\nFrog Body Parts and Functions | Reproductive System | HeartThe central nervous system of the frog consists of the brain,.\nAmphibian vs Reptile - Difference and Comparison | Diffen\nReproductive Medicine in Amphibians - Veterinary ClinicsAs you begin to examine the reproductive system of reptiles in the next.\nThe frog is an organism that reproduces by external fertilization.\nFROG-REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM-FISH - biozoomer.comMain Reproductive Differences Between Amphibians. reptiles and amphibians reproductive endocrinology. success is their reproductive system.Frog dissection internal anatomy diagram in addition 937667 furthermore 80 furthermore internal structure of heart images further male and female.\nOn Oct 1, 2014 Susana Cisint (and others) published: Innervation of amphibian reproductive system.Purchase Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Four-Volume Set - 1st Edition.Sporting Kansas City Power Partners Shed Light on New Stadium.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "CyberBullying: A Word for Parents\nThere was a time when bullying was something we all had to endure in school, on the bus, and hanging out with friends. It was always unpleasant. The next generation, our children, have an even worse type of bullying to deal with… and it’s so much more common than what we suffered!\nRemember how frustrating it was in school when somebody was upset and reacted passive aggressively, usually by spreading a rumor? How the victim of a bully (maybe it was you, maybe it was one of your friends) would feel singled out, how hard it was to go to school and deal with the drama.\nYour children deal with passive aggressive bullying all the time… because the internet brings out the passive aggressive in almost every young person. From shy kids to the straight forward, outspoken kid… cyberbullying can happen by accident. But as you remember about being the victim of a bully… the wounds never heal.\nWhat’s even worse about cyberbullying is this. When a direct conflict among friends is resolved, you can forget and forgive the hurtful things that were said. However, you can never erase them from the internet.\nWith that in mind, it’s important to be very sensitive when talking about cyberbullying with your child. And yes, if your kid is using the internet than you do need to talk about this!\nTeaching Your Child How To Not Be a CyberBully\nAs mentioned before, the internet brings out certain behaviors in young folk. Of course your child knows not to pick on somebody in person, but do they know not to rant and rave on social media when what they say could unintentionally hurt somebody else?\nWatch for passive aggressive behaviors, and teach your children to face their problems (directly) rather than Facebooking them or through any type of social media.\nIf your child is 13 or younger, you should have their social media log in info, and don’t share the password with your child. This way, you can easily check in on them and you can also protect your child from being the victim of a “hacker” cyberbully by preventing anyone else from finding out how to log into their account.\nCyberbullying is even more common with older teenagers (age 14-17), especially when they have a smartphone that allows them to post on impulse. Teach them to think before they post, and make sure they understand how important it is to never post anything that could hurt somebody else… or could come back to haunt them.\nWhat To Do If Your Child is the Victim of a CyberBully\nBe the parent that a child can feel comfortable talking to if they are being harassed or directly attacked online. Be kind and understanding, and be sensitive to their needs. The rest is really up to you, as a parent.\nIf the harassment is severe enough, you can involve other authorities (the school or the police.) As you may remember, this could backfire on your child so it shouldn’t be your first choice. If the bullying has started over personal drama, encourage your child to confront the person in real life and come to a resolution. Do not “feed the trolls” or respond to cyberbullying online… bring it back to real world interaction.\nTo protect your child from becoming the victim of a cyberbully, encourage them to make friends with other children who are kind and respectful. Teach your children that friends who are always “surrounded by drama” can be dangerous… you never know when you’ll get sucked into it!\nWhat can a child or teen do to empower themselves against a cyber bully? Have them read our article on CyberBullying: for Kids and Teens.\nWhat can a child or teen do to empower themselves against a cyberbully? Have them read our article on CyberBullying: for Kids and Teens.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Jay Clark\nAs a musician, your auditory health is everything. By neglecting it, you risk cutting your musical career shorter than necessary. Even worse, you can lose your ability to fully hear and enjoy your favorite music — any musician’s worst nightmare. Therefore, you should be doing everything in your power to avoid common forms of damage to your ears — starting with tinnitus.\nOf all the possible risks to your auditory health, tinnitus — or ringing of the ears — deserves the most attention. This is because tinnitus is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of a larger underlying problem within your auditory system. By addressing it early, you can catch (and even prevent) much larger, more serious issues.\nHowever, as any Google search will tell you, finding a cure for your tinnitus can be difficult. With so many potential causes of tinnitus, it can be unclear how to go about treating your specific case.\nWhat are the Causes of Tinnitus?\nThe only accurate way to describe what causes tinnitus is that it’s the result of a problem in the auditory system, often due to abnormal interactions between neural circuits. Because neural circuits connect to more parts of the brain than just those in control of processing sound, you can begin to understand the complexity behind properly treating tinnitus.\nAccording to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), tinnitus can be the result of:\n- Noise-induced hearing loss\n- Ear and sinus infections\n- Diseases of the heart or blood vessels\n- Ménière’s disease (and consequently Vertigo)\n- Brain tumors\n- Hormonal changes in women\n- Thyroid abnormalities\n- Poor blood flow\nWhile some of these underlying causes can be more discreet, others you can more clearly associate. For example, if you work on a loud construction site every day, especially without proper hearing protection, excessive noise could be what’s causing your tinnitus. Similarly, if you ignore that volume warning on your phone every day and blast loud music directly into your ear canals for hours on end, that could also very likely be the cause of your tinnitus.\nMaking matters even more complicated is that tinnitus can also result from taking certain medications. In fact, according to the NIDCD, more than 200 drugs are known to cause tinnitus upon starting (or stopping).\nTo help you understand if changing up your drug regimen might by the tinnitus cure for you, here’s a Harvard-curated list of some drugs that can cause or worsen tinnitus:\n- Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and quinine\n- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including Aspirin, ibuprofen (Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn)\n- Tricyclic antidepressants such as clomipramine (Anafranil), amitriptyline (Elavil, others), and imipramine (Tofranil)\n- Particular anticonvulsants, including valproic acid (Depakote, others) and carbamazepine (Tegretol, others)\n- Particular antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin (Cipro), doxycycline (Vibramycin, others), gentamicin (Garamycin), erythromycin (Ery-Tab, others), tetracycline (Sumycin), tobramycin (Nebcin), and vancomycin (Vancocin)\n- Particular cancer drugs, including vincristine (Oncovin, Vincasar) and cisplatin (Platinol)\n- Loop diuretics (when given intravenously in high doses), including bumetanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix), and torsemide (Demadex)\nOf course, you should consult with your doctor before making changes to any of your medications. Consulting with your doctor can also be the fastest way to unearth the cause of your tinnitus in general. Through the right questions and testing, your doctor can more quickly help you identify if your tinnitus is the result of something easy to fix, or if it’s something that requires more serious attention.\nA doctor might identify an issue related more to lifestyle choice than anything. For example, jaw clenching, teeth grinding while sleeping, or muscle tension in your neck caused by poor diet, sedentary living, lack of sleep, or high-stress levels may be causing your tinnitus.\nWith so many potential causes, no single treatment will work for all people with tinnitus. However, let’s take a look at some of the more common forms of treatment that can provide a starting point.\nWhat are the Treatments for Tinnitus?\nWith no current cure for tinnitus, the best thing you can do is to either treat the underlying cause of your tinnitus or find a treatment method that helps you better tolerate your symptoms on a day-to-day basis.\nAccording to the NIDCD, other viable forms of tinnitus treatment options worth exploring with your doctor include:\n- Hearing aids\n- Wearable sound generators\n- Tabletop sound generators\n- Acoustic neural stimulation\n- Cochlear implants\n- Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and other medications\nIf your doctor determines your tinnitus isn’t a symptom of a more serious disease or condition, experimenting with different lifestyle choices is a good place to start. For example, your doctor (or dentist) may tell you that you grind your teeth in your sleep. After some thought, you realize that new job you started recently has you feeling more stressed out than usual. By focusing on de-stressing, you may then find that your teeth grinding stops, which consequently alleviates your tinnitus. While this is just one simple example, you can apply this line of thinking to all sorts of other lifestyle choices relating to profession, diet, physical activity, and other areas.\nIf, for whatever reason, you’re unable to change a situation, like a musician who performs live music regularly, the next best thing you can do is wear Hi-Fi Musicians’ ear plugs. Because excessive noise is one of the most common causes of tinnitus, practicing healthy hearing with proper protection can help ensure your tinnitus doesn’t get any worse than it already is.\nEven if you aren’t a musician or don’t have tinnitus, we are all exposed to potentially harmful noise every day and should be prioritizing our hearing heath. Investing in high quality hearing protection can help prevent tinnitus and other noise-induced issues, especially if you spend a lot of time in loud environments, such as construction sites and music venues, or are regularly exposed to sound, either at work or on the weekends.\nAfter all, the best form of treatment is prevention.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "History at CuriOdyssey\nOur California Newt was collected at Phleger Estate in Woodside by a licensed collector in 2018.\nFun facts about California Newts\nThe newts have rough, grainy brown skin on top with an orange/red belly that serves as a warning that they are poisonous (they are only poisonous if eaten). CA newts have a remarkable emergency defense against wildfires. When the newt is exposed to fire, the slim coating on its skin foams up and chars to a crusty white ash, which protects the newt from catching fire, while the foam sealed underneath serves as insulation against the heat of the flames.\nWhat do California Newts eat?\nAt CuriOdyssey, we serve our newts crickets and worms. In the wild, newts eat mostly insects and works, aquatic larvae and tadpoles, occasionally the nestlings of very small birds.\nHow long to California Newts live?\nIn the Wild: 10–15 years.\nIn Captivity: up to 20+ years have been recorded.\nWhere do California Newts live?\nWet forests, grasslands, chaparrals, and coastal habitats with sufficient moisture, up to 1200 m (4200 ft). Found along the coast and coastal mountains from Mendocino County down to San Diego County.\nAre California Newts endangered?\nCalifornia newts are classified as a Species of Special Concern in California, but do not have federal protection. Habitat loss and destruction, particularly as a result from human alteration of the land, is a threat to newt populations throughout California. The accidental introduction of crayfish and the intentional introduction of mosquito fish (to control mosquito populations) are also a threat, as California newts have no way to defend their young against these predators, which are immune to newt skin poison.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "National Aptitude Test in Architecture (NATA) 2015\nNATA Syllabus or main contents of NATA exams are as follows:\nDesign and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil, Architectural Awareness, architectural terminology, Identifying commonly used materials and objects based on their textural qualities and color. Historical and contemporary buildings of Architectural importance, Architects and their Works, Awareness of persons, places, buildings etc. of Architectural importance.\nAesthetic, Sensitivity and Drawing Skills, Analytical reasoning Mental ability, Elements of Design: Lines, Form, Mass, Solid etc, Generation of plan, elevations and 3D views of objects. Creating two dimensional and three dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms, Development of 3 Dimensional objects from two-dimensional shapes Or vice versa, Visualizing different sides of Three Dimensional objects, theory of colors, Principle of Design, Harmony, Balance, etc.\nScale and proportion, Freehand sketching of objects and Activities commonly seen in the rural or urban/suburban context such as Furniture, Machine, landscape, Buildings, kitchens, Playground, Markets, Railway Platform, Bus Stop, Exhibitions etc, Enlargement & Reduction of Drawings, Mirror image etc.\nCAREER HOME PAGE\nBeauty | Mehendi | Recipes | Careers & Jobs | Matrimonials |\n| Horoscope | Personal Problems |Sex Education | Doctor Online | |E-Greetings | E-Shopping | Yoga | Destination India | India Virtual Tour | Kids Corner | Baby Names | Jokes | Indian Universities & Colleges | Contests |Weather | News |World Guide | World Time |Currency Convertor |\nCopyright (c) 2009-10 hindustanlink.com. All rights reserved.\nPowered by Web-link", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Food For A Restful Slumber\nAfter a tiring day if you are unable to get a night's sleep, just don't pop a sleeping pill. Instead, look in your kitchen. After all, what you eat, when you eat and how much you eat, can make a difference to the quality of sleep you get.\nHave a light bed-time snack:\nHowever strange it may sound, a snack before sleeping is recommended. Eating draws blood into the gastrointestinal tract and away from the brain. And if you draw blood away from the brain, you're going to get some sleep. But keep the snack to 200 calories only (for instance, slap together a peanut butter whole wheat sandwich). Anything more that that can make you feel bloated and too uncomfortable to sleep. Here are some choices:\nDairy: The warm glass of milk before bedtime is not just another cliche from our grandmothers. Milk and dairy foods contain an amino acid L-tryptophan which affects the part of the brain that governs sleep. The body converts tryptophan into serotonin, which is then converted into melatonin. Both serotonin and melatonin make you feel relaxed and sleepy.\nWholewheat Toast or Rice: For trytophan to be most effective, however, it's important to have it in combination with carbs or starches. When you eat carbs the body releases insulin, which pushes amino acids except trytophan into muscle cells. This leaves trytophan first in line to get back to the brain. Research also endorses this. So go ahead and munch a piece of toast with a dollop of honey( also trytophan-rich).\nA Banana Or Oatmeal: Melatonin is produced not just in the body but also found in foods such as oats, bananas, rice and sweet corn. These foods boost your melatonin levels and help prepare your body before sleep.\nNuts: Almonds and cashews are good sources of magnesium - a mineral that induces sleep. Experts point out that low magnesium levels stimulate brain-activating neuro-transmitters and with your brain all abuzz, you cannot sleep. There are studies to suggest this: Magnesium treatment increased deep sleep and improved brain waves during sleep in 12 elderly subjects. Other good sources of magnesium: Brown rice, mushrooms, bananas (33mg magnesium in one banana), milk, spinach and soya beans.\nTuna And Lean Meat: These are rich in vitamin B which helps you sleep better. B vitamins regulate many amino acids, including tryptophan. Other sources: Sunflower seeds, wheatgerm and bananas.\nCoffee And Chocolates: Research shows that caffeine increases anxiety and impairs sleep. Caffeine works as a stimulant that increases the activity of the central nervous system. But it is not just late night caffeine that can leave you staring at the ceiling - a cup in the afternoon can also keep you awake, since it takes 6-8 hours for the body to get rid of caffeine. Avoid chocolates too. A serving of chocolate doesn't have as much caffeine as a cup of coffee (around 20 mg less than expresso) or a cola, but it can have the same effect.\nWine And Smoke: Alcohol may initially induce sleep, but once it wears off, sleep is fragmented. Nicotine, too, is a stimulant and can keep you up. It's a good idea to skip the last drink at the party and have some milk at home instead.\nDiet For Weightloss", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We've all heard about influenza and often throw around the word \"flu\" when we have a cold, but is there a difference?\nThe simple answer is yes. The likelihood of the influenza virus causing death, especially among vulnerable groups, is much higher than catching the common cold despite both the conditions having similar symptoms.\nYou don't really hear of people dying of the common cold, but influenza has taken the lives of millions, sometimes at once.\nThink of the Spanish flu in 1918 or the SARS and H1N1 outbreaks in more recent times.\nYup, they are caused by the influenza virus. But how afraid should you be?\nWhat is Influenza?\nAccording to Mayoclinic\n, Influenza is basically a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system. If you're a healthy young person, you don't really have to worry about the virus as it usually goes away and will only have a mild effect.\nHowever, the virus can be deadly in children, the elderly and those with other underlying health issues such as diabetes, chronic lung diseases, heart diseases and others.\nMalaysian Influenza Working Group chairman professor Dr Zamberi Sekawi said about 10 per cent of the population worldwide get infected with influenza annually, so it's a very common disease.\n\"What makes it dangerous is that some groups will have it more severe, we call it severe influenza.\nThese are children, the elderly ages 60 and above, and those who have co-existing diseases.\n\"When they get influenza, they get a severe form of influenza, they will get pneumonia and they will die. Mortality rate is quite high among these groups,\" said Dr Zamberi, who is also a professor in Medical Microbiology.\nHe, however, stated that this does not mean those who are not at risk should take influenza lightly, saying that some healthy people may end up with pneumonia and even infect vulnerable people around them.\n\"That's why this is something that the public needs to be aware of and take the necessary steps. The easiest is to get vaccinated,\" he said during a press conference on the 'Making Flu Prevention My New Normal' campaign recently.\nAre you 100 per cent safe if you vaccinate?\nThe thing about influenza is that there are hundreds of different strains. They are often categorised under two main types - A and B, but there are variations that affects the human body in different ways or to different degrees.\nDr Zamberi explained that the antibodies of one strain will not be able to protect you from another strain as the antibodies are virus specific.\n\"There are hundreds of strains of influenza in the world but we know what are the common ones.\n\"Basically. a few of them will cause about 70 per cent of the cases. We just have to focus on these particular few.\n\"WHO (World Health Organisation) has a mechanism on how to choose these strains. They gather data from all over the world and they give the data to vaccine manufacturers and they will make the vaccines based on the data,\" Dr Zamberi said.\nThe latest available vaccines for influenza protects you from four strains of influenza - two strains of influenza A and two influenza B.\nPreviously, the vaccines only helped prevent three strains of influenza virus.\nHow often do you need to vaccinate?\nWhile there are diseases that can be kept at bay without regular re-vaccination such as polio, influenza does not work the same way.\nThe virus is constantly mutating in order to survive, so the vaccines also have to be updated often. The antibodies produced to fight influenza also doesn't last very long, so it is important to keep getting vaccinated.\nDr Zamberi said that it is advisable to get vaccinated for influenza annually to get the best protection.\nUnlike some countries where the flu season often happens during the cold seasons, influenza is a year-long problem in Malaysia so you can go and get your yearly dose anytime you want.\nDr Zamberi said that he understands that resources are limited, so priority should be given to those with high risk of severe influenza.\nSo, if you have children, the elderly or people with critical illnesses at home, you might want to get them vaccinated first.\nIt would also be a good idea to vaccinate yourself as well so you don't risk passing on the virus to those more susceptible to it.\nPledge your support\nIf you think getting vaccinated to protect yourself and your loved ones from influenza is important, you can pledge your support here\nThe “Making Flu Prevention My New Normal” is a national pledge campaign to support the prevention of influenza (flu) in the country.\nSpearheaded by Immunise4Life, an expert-driven community education initiative to promote immunisation for all ages against vaccine-preventable diseases, the campaign is also done in collaboration with the Health Ministry, Vaccination is Protection (VIP) and Malaysian Influenza Working Group (MIWG), and supported by Sanofi Pasteur.\nThe campaign is a national public health initiative to drive flu awareness and advocacy by encouraging Malaysians to pledge to take action towards flu prevention as an act of love for themselves and their loved ones, making a stand for a healthier, safer and better Malaysia – post COVID-19.\nTime for some fun\nAlthough influenza is a serious issues, it doesn't mean you can't have some fun while learning more about it and taking the steps to keep everyone safe.\nTo thank those who have pledged their support to the campaign, the organisers have arranged for a fun night of digital concert, magic show, comedy and more featuring some of Malaysia's most famous names.\nLet Jaclyn Victor, Jeryl Lee Pei Ling, Talitha Tan and others serenade you, laugh with Douglas Lim and Kavin Jay, and be mindblown by magic tricks by Andrew Lee.\nYou can catch the show on Thursday (10 Sept) from 9 p.m. onwards here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Mommy’s note: As parents, it is hard for us to see our kids fail at something. We need to be mindful and remember when it is the best time for us to intervene.\nVia Psychology Today: “The exhausting cycle of constantly monitoring their work and performance…makes children feel less competent and confident.” – Elizabeth Kolbert\nIt has become a commonplace idea that failure is good for kids, and builds resilience. But when children fail over and over and don’t have the support to keep trying, all they learn is that they’re failures. Resilience comes not from failing, but from the experience of learning that you can pick yourself up, try again, and succeed. That requires at least some experience of success, and lots of emotional support.\nSo it’s true that we all learn from overcoming challenges, but we also learn best when we experience success, which motivates us to tackle more difficult challenges. Mastery begets mastery. Failure sets up a cycle of lack of confidence, giving up and more failure.\nWe’re also told that we as parents are over-protecting our children, so they don’t gain confidence from learning to handle things for themselves. This is anxiety-provoking for any parent, because the line between appropriate support and helicoptering is rarely clear. (Isn’t a helicopter parent just someone who hovers more than you do?) All parents want to protect their children — that’s our job! — but we also don’t want to stymie the development of self-confidence, resourcefulness and grit.\nSo are kids today really less confident than they used to be? I haven’t seen any convincing research to support that claim. But it certainly stands to reason that the more practice children have in managing themselves and their lives, and overcoming obstacles to meet their goals, the more confidence and competence they’ll develop. And I don’t think it’s news to any parent that our natural desire to protect our children and make sure that everything goes well for them can make us over-protective.\nSo how do we hit that sweet spot of appropriate support and protection on the one hand, and enough independence to foster confidence and competence on the other?\n1. Stop controlling and start coaching.\nCoaches help kids develop skills, but kids play the game. Your job as a parent is to support your child so she can flourish and develop. Doing things FOR her robs her of the opportunity to become competent. Doing things WITH her teaches her how and builds confidence. This means we have to manage our own anxiety and let go of our need to control.\n2. Remember that perfection is not the goal.\nResist the temptation to “improve” on your child’s task, unless the outcome is vitally important. Constant intervention undermines a child’s confidence and prevents him from learning for himself.\n3. Let him try to do it himself from the earliest age.\nRein in your own anxiety. That doesn’t mean abandoning him to it. Stand by, smiling, ready to be helpful in whatever way actually helps your child — BUT keep your mouth shut and your hands to yourself except to give appropriate encouragement, unless you REALLY need to help.\nClucking anxiously about how worried you are as he climbs that play structure may make you feel better, and it may impress the other parents on the playground with your attentiveness, but it won’t help your child. In fact, it limits him. Just ask if he is keeping himself safe, then stand by and spot him. Smile proudly. Say:\n“Look at you! I knew you could do it!”\n(And if he falls, you’re there to catch him. Which is, after all, what allowed him to try it.)\n4. Help her build confidence by tackling manageable challenges.\nEmotional development researchers call this “scaffolding,” which could be defined as the framework you give your child on which she builds. You demonstrate how to do something, or you use words to suggest a strategy, or you simply spot her. This assistance helps her to succeed when she tries something new, and small successes achieved with your help give her the confidence to try new things herself. Scaffolding also teaches children that help is always available if they need it. You want your kids to know that deep in their bones before they hit adolescence.\n5. Don’t set him up for failure.\nOffer structure to help him succeed. Should you step in when you see failure ahead, or “let him learn a lesson”? Always a hard call. Rescuing children can prevent them from learning important lessons. But research shows that children who see their parents stand by and let them fail experience that as not being loved. Instead of learning the lesson that they should have practiced that clarinet, or read the directions on that science kit, they learn the lesson that they are failures, that they cannot manage themselves, and that their parents did not care enough to help them not be failures or teach them to manage themselves.\nBut isn’t stepping in “rescuing them?”\nThat all depends on how it’s done. If you take over the science fair project and do half of it the night before it’s due, that’s worse than rescuing: not only does your son learn that you will bail him out if he goofs off, he learns that he is incompetent.\nBut if you help him each step of the way to organize his ideas and his work, BUT resist the impulse to improve on the project yourself, he completes the job, hugely proud, and having learned something about how to plan and execute a complex project.\n6. Encourage, Encourage, Encourage. And teach self-encouragement.\nAll humans need encouragement. Encouraging your child not only keeps him feeling more positive and motivated, it also gives him an inner voice that will help him to encourage himself for the rest of his life. Give your child maxims to repeat as mantras when the going gets tough. “Practice makes progress!” and “If you don’t succeed, try, try again!” and “I think I can, I think I can!” are designed to help us manage our frustration. When your son goofs a piece on the piano and has to start over, or your daughter strikes out with the bases loaded, they need an automatic internal comforting voice to encourage and motivate them. Otherwise the harsh criticizing voice steps in, triggered by the disappointment.\n7. Instead of evaluating, describe and empathize.\nPraise evaluates the outcome of your child’s action: “Good job!” It doesn’t give the child much information about what was good about what he did, or why you think it was good, and it teaches the child to rely on external sources to evaluate him. You can refine your praise to make it serve your child better by giving him the power to evaluate for himself. Just describe what he did and empathize with how he must feel: “You just kept practicing and didn’t give up….You must feel so good that you finished that!”\n8. Focus on effort, not results.\n“I see you worked so hard on this.”\n“How did you learn to do that?!”\nGive positive feedback about specific things that she has control over, like hard work or perseverance, rather than things she feels she has no control over, like being smart. The point is never the product — you don’t want her resting on her laurels at the age of six, or sixteen. Your goal is for her to keep trying, practicing, improving, and for her to learn that when she works hard, she can accomplish her goals.\n9. Model positive self-talk.\nWhatever you model, your child will learn and will emulate. Positive self-talk has been shown to improve our ability to master difficult tasks, unlike the self-disparaging comments many of us so automatically make. If something negative about your child — or, equally important, about yourself — starts to come out of your mouth, bite your tongue. Most parents know better than to say “What an idiot!” to their child (and most of them are able to stop themselves), but a surprising number see nothing wrong with berating themselves that way in front of their kids. Just train yourself not to do it. (It certainly isn’t good for you, either. Would you let anyone else talk to you that way?)\n10. Don’t be afraid of your child’s feelings.\nWhen your child encounters frustration, remember that your empathy will be a critical factor in his overcoming it. Instead of automatically jumping in to remove the source of the frustration, give it a larger context by communicating your compassion that he has to encounter this circumstance:\n“I’m sorry this is so hard…”\n“It’s really disappointing when….”\n“This isn’t how you hoped it would turn out…”\nIt’s okay for children to get frustrated and to be disappointed. Your child may cry and sulk all day, but your unconditional understanding will help her grieve. Once she’s done grieving, she’ll be ready to pull herself together to try again the next day, especially when you express your confidence in her. That’s how children develop resilience.\n11. Don’t set your child up for extra frustration.\nParents are often told that frustration is good for kids, since the world will be full of frustrations. That’s a bit like saying that it’s a cold, cruel world so your child should learn to sleep without blankets.\nYour child will naturally develop the ability to handle increasing amounts of frustration and anxiety as he attempts more difficult challenges. But those frustrations are inherent in growing up and are guaranteed aplenty in life. There is no benefit whatsoever to setting your child up for extra frustration or negative experience. In fact, he will see your doing so as evidence of your lack of caring, which is always translated in his mind as his lack of value, and which therefore undermines his confidence.\n12. Affirm your child’s ability to impact the world.\nCompetence and feelings of mastery are about power and derive from a child’s experience of herself as having an effect on the world.\n“If I stand on the stool, I can flip this light switch and light up the room!”\nAll children will experience reasonable limits to their power (“I can’t make the rain stop, and neither can Mommy”), but the more your child has opportunities to make a difference in the world, the more she will see herself as capable.\nIn the end, our job as parents is to work ourselves out of a job, and it starts when our children are very young. All kids eventually grow up and live their lives without us. How they live will depend partly on whether we’ve been able to rise above our own anxiety and our impulse to control our child. You know the old adage about giving our children roots and wings? Unconditional love is the roots. Confidence is the wings. Young people who have both live bigger lives.\n-Copyright Sussex Publishers, LLC.-", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pre Lab Question\n1. Give the chemical symbols for the following elements lead, iron, fluorine, and potassium.\nIron: Fe Fluorine: F\n2. What are the formula weights of (a) KBr and (b) PbCO3?\n1 x K = 1 x 39.098 = 39.098\n1 x Br = 1 x 79.\nSeparation of the Components of a Mixture\nPre Lab Questions\n1. The distinguishing factor between a mixture and an impure substance is that an impure substance is a type of\nmixture in which the amount of one of the substances in the mixture far exc\nTYPES OF SOLIDS\nSolids can be divided in to two distinct classes.\n1) Crystalline solids\n2) Amorphous solids\nCrystalline solids have the following fundamentals properties.\nThey have characteristic geometrical shape.\nThey have highl", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 201-204 curricula are based on the idea of constructivism (Piaget, 1978; Vygotsky, 1978), which claims students actively build\nknowledge based on prior ideas and assumptions. The National Research Council's report, How People Learn (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000)\nemphasizes the importance of constructivism and describes three \"Key Findings\" of learning from cognitive science and education research:\nAn example of this learning cycle in the chemistry curriculum (SCED 204) is an activity that relates bond breaking or formation to energy changes. Students are first asked how they think the temperature would change if bonds are breaking or forming. Then, they measure temperature changes as a liquid evaporates (intermolecular bond breaking) or as water is added to cupric sulfate (chemical bond formation). The results are opposite what most students predict. Students record their data and are guided to make sense out of it, so that they ultimately build a sophisticated model describing the energy transfers and transformations involved in bond breaking and formation. Finally they compare their mental models to their initial ideas and discuss how their thinking has changed. The students have a similar experience in the Earth science curriculum (SCED 202) when they investigate evidence of Earth events and are surprised to discover that living things developed and evolved mostly in the last 12% of Earth history. In the life science curriculum (SCED 203), students discover that plants undergo cellular respiration and therefore take in O2 and produce CO2 just as animals do. These are only a few examples of the multiple learning cycles found in each curriculum.\nThe guided inquiry pedagogy used in the SCED 20X classes requires that students are comfortable sharing ideas with their classmates, even though\nThe pedagogy also depends on student collaboration. The students work in established groups to develop initial ideas about a phenomenon, generate evidence via investigations, develop and support conclusions from the evidence (sense-making), compare/contrast their initial ideas with the evidence gathered, and reflect upon their learning. Each group also shares its ideas with the rest of the class, both during discussions about initial ideas at the beginning of an activity and about summarizing questions at the end. During initial ideas discussions, groups share their ideas about a phenomenon, and students and faculty ask questions to clarify those ideas. The goal of these discussions is to make students' initial ideas transparent to everyone in the class. These discussions are facilitated using whiteboards. Each group records their collective ideas on a whiteboard, usually using a combination of text and illustrations. When it is their turn to share, students stand up, show their whiteboard to the class, and use it explain their ideas to the class. Class discussions about summarizing questions also use whiteboards, but the purpose of these discussions is much different from an initial ideas discussion. Now students are asked to support their claims with evidence and compare their newly developed understanding with their initial ideas. This is the point in the learning cycle in which students need to come to a correct understanding about the phenomenon they are investigating.\nThe role of the instructor is very different in our courses compared to more traditional courses. There is no lecturing. In fact, the instructor is rarely even at the front of the class. Instead, we circulate between groups, eliciting preconceptions, probing students' emerging understanding through questioning and maintaining a collaborative atmosphere. Instructors also facilitate the class discussions by comparing groups' ideas, contrasting emerging ideas with the class' initial ideas, and encouraging students to reflect on how their thinking has changed.\nThe geology curriculum (Geology and Everyday Thinking, GET) is also being used at Whatcom Community College, Skagit Valley College, and Everett Community College in Washington, and at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in\nThe biology curriculum has recently been published as Life Science and Everyday Thinking (LSET) by It's About Time publishing company, a publisher specializing in science curricula developed with NSF funding. In a recently published paper, we compared how students in classes using LSET compared to students in traditional lecture courses on the \"Grandma Johnson\" question (Ebert-May et al., 2003). This is a validated assessment of student understanding about the transfer of matter in an ecosystem. The question is:\nGrandma Johnson had very sentimental feelings toward Johnson Canyon, Utah, where she and her late husband had honeymooned long ago. Because of these feelings, when she died she requested to be buried under a creosote bush in the canyon. Describe below the path of a carbon atom from Grandma Johnson's remains, to inside the leg muscle of a coyote. NOTE: The coyote does not dig up and consume any part of Grandma Johnson's remains.\nWe also found that students in classes using LSET had a more sophisticated view about the nature of science at the end of the class compared to students in a more traditional\nbiology course (Bio 101). We used the Views About Science Survey (VASS), which measures students attitudes about learning science and the nature of science. Students in the\nLSET course had a significantly greater shift towards a more \"expert\" view of learning science at the end of the course. This study was done by two colleagues, Dr. Irene Salter\nand Dr. Leslie Atkins, at the California State University, Chico.\nWe've also been tracking student learning data for SCED 204, and comparing this to Chem 101, which has similar content but was taught in a more traditional lecture style (since these data were collected, Chem 101 has been adapted to use more inquiry-based pedagogies). When two of each of the courses were compared (all four were taught by the same instructor), SCED 204 students showed significantly larger gains on a Conceptual Chemistry Questionnaire (CCQ) than Chem 101 students, even on content that had roughly the same time-on-task between courses (conservation of matter).\nBeyond the SCED Series\nWe have used the SCED 201-204 instructional model for teacher and faculty professional development, as well as in our own courses in Geology, Chemistry and Biology. In workshops for \"Change at the Core\", which seeks to improve instruction in introductory STEM courses at WWU, as well as in the new faculty 3-day workshop on teaching and learning, faculty engage in similar inquiry-based learning experiences. These set the stage for learning about current education research and planning strategies for their upcoming classes. Further, community college faculty were part of the development team and regularly teach SCED 20X equivalents at Whatcom Community College and Skagit Valley College. Finally, many of us have begun to apply some of the guided inquiry activities and strategies we developed for the 20X series to our larger introductory science courses.\nPlease see the Profiles section to see how Jim Stewart, Pinky Nelson, and Steve Gammon contributed to inquiry-based learning in science education at Western Washington University.\nConstructivism in context: Factors affecting student learning in four different classrooms. In D. W. Sunal, C. S. Sunal, e. L. Wright, C. L. Mason & D. Zollman (Eds.), Research Based Undergraduate Science Teaching (Vol. 6). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.\nHow People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.\nUsing 'How People Learn' as a blueprint for developing teaching strategies in an introductory geology course, Eos Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, v. 89(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract ED41B-06.\nAdvantages and Challenges of Using Physics Curricula as a Model for Reforming an Undergraduate Biology Course. Cbe-Life Sciences Education, 12(2), 215-229. doi: 10.1187/cbe.12-08-0134\nPhysics and Everyday Thinking. Armonk, NY: It's About Time: Herff Jones Education Division.\nSuccess and Understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As the 1950s became the 1960s—that time of incipient American revolutions—the now-legendary American authors Edward Abbey, Ken Kesey and Larry McMurtry all stalked the Quad in the formative years of their careers. The three writers would become, respectively, a wild-eyed oracle of the new environmental movement, a counter-cultural hero, and one of the great storytellers of the 20th century. Among them, they authored more than 65 books. They’ve all left us now, McMurtry the last of them when he died in March in his native Texas at the age of 84. Each reshaped the American West in his own image, creating new archetypes and tearing down traditions. But first, they traveled to Stanford to study in the program built by Wallace Stegner, the man who had already remade the literary West before them.\nHe would become known as the dean of Western writers. Stegner came to Stanford from Harvard before his Pulitzer Prize for Angle of Repose, before his National Book Award, before his famous Wilderness Letter, which directly influenced Congress’s Wilderness Act of 1964 (see sidebar). By the time Stegner retired from teaching 25 years later, in 1971, he had taught many students who went on to become household names, from Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, ’50, LLB ’52, to back-to-the-land prophet Wendell Berry, and from renowned English professor emerita Nancy Packer to Pulitzer winner N. Scott Momaday, MA ’60, PhD ’63.\nStegner established Stanford’s creative writing department and the fellowships that now bear his name in 1946, initially catering the program to post–World War II GIs who were returning home with stories to tell. Stegner understood this group of young men and their themes of brotherhood, sacrifice, and the unsettling twists of mind and fate brought about by war. He called them “the best students, and the most motivated, that any professor ever had.”\nWhen the straitlaces of the 1950s started to come undone, Stegner’s writing program began to draw a new breed of ambitious young writer. Abbey arrived in 1957, Kesey in 1959 and McMurtry in 1960. Taken collectively, the writing fellows of the new era were never Stegner’s “best” and far from his favorites, though he remained unfailingly gracious toward them. In style, compositional philosophy and persona, Stegner found himself on one tectonic plate while so many of his students sailed off on another.\n‘One man alone can be pretty dumb sometimes, but for real bona fide stupidity, there ain’t nothing can beat teamwork.’\nIn the American West, Stegner saw the possibility of a “geography of hope,” his famous phrase, a place where land and civilization, each carefully tended, could exist in relative harmony. He imagined a cleansing of old delusions in favor of a clear-eyed version of history and ecosystem. He also never fully grappled with the murder and dislocation of Indigenous people by the on-rushing settlers. He penned a land that was vast and gorgeous and empty, not violently depopulated, not filled with ghosts.\nThe American West has always been a moving target. Each generation has created its own vision of the land to fill its needs. By the late 1950s, the violent past had mated with a violent future in which the new American people had nuked their own land, irradiating the desert West at the test sites in New Mexico and Nevada, in preparation for a global nuclear war that seemed, at the time, near at hand. Stegner’s West was not recognizable to his most famous students. They filled their pages with dangerous people navigating dangerous ground. In their West, civilization is not remedy, nor is it even civil.\nConsider Abbey and Stegner: Both wrote specifically and beautifully of the red rock desert; both became nationally lauded conservationists, Abbey for his radical ideals of eco-defense, Stegner for his programmatic preservation of wilderness. When Abbey left Stegner’s program early, in 1958, at age 31, nearly broke and semi-estranged from his wife, his journals freighted with poverty and cynicism, he reads like a character straight out of one of his own future novels—and just the kind of character Stegner abhorred. A year later, in New Mexico, Abbey wrote: “If the world of men is truly as ugly, cruel, trivial, unjust and stinking with fraud as it usually appears, and if it is really impossible to make it pleasant and decent, then there remains only one alternative for the honest man: stay home, cultivate your own garden, look to the mountains.”\nStegner would never write such a thing. The two men had fundamentally different ideas about what kind of person the grand Western story was about. In answer to a version of that same choice—to withdraw or engage—Stegner said, “One of the nicest things about American independence . . . is that you can tell the world to kiss your behind and go off. That is freedom; it is also irresponsibility; social irresponsibility.” For Stegner, the outsize failure of white Western settlement was restlessness, the inability to stay put and build cohesive multigenerational communities with stories of substance to tell.\nThough not limited to his geography, Stegner was a Westerner who wrote of the West as a novelist, an essayist and a historian. He invested the people walking his pages with an unusual depth of history (European-American history, to be clear), not to mention the sensory impressions of immigrants traveling an alien land, the lurking fear of vast skies and arid plains, the joy of water pouring forth out of canyons. “The footsteps of history in a land of fable,” Stegner wrote of the first Spaniards to reach the Colorado River in his 1953 book Beyond the Hundredth Meridian. “Across these shallows marked by an angling line of stones, under the fantastic knobs and baldheads of the Navajo sandstone at the lower end of Glen Canyon, Escalante and Maera crossed the Colorado and added this remote corner of New Spain to the map of the world.” At a memorial for Stegner, Bruce Babbitt, President Clinton’s secretary of the interior, who realized some of the goals laid down by Stegner in the Wilderness Letter, recalled the first time he read Beyond the Hundredth Meridian. “It was,” Babbitt said, “like someone had thrown a rock through a window and you could hear all the old ideas just shattering across the floor in the face of a new reality.”\nThe specific new world crafted by Stegner, the one that blew out Babbitt’s windows, was a West stripped of mythology, hucksters and heroes. “I don’t purvey horse opera,” Stegner said. “I don’t think that six-gun West amounts to much . . . it never did.” Almost to prove his point, Stegner wrote one of the most praised cow-boy stories of all time. His novella Genesis contains no six-guns, no fights, no gamblers or desperados. Instead the storyline follows riders and cattle through an unholy—but not unearthly—storm, a simple narrative of work and trust.\nIn a sense, by attempting to strip the West of mythology, Stegner opened the way for his students to create Western mythologies of their own. It’s hard to imagine making the leap to Abbey’s Monkey Wrench Gang—with its iconic struggle of madcap ecoterrorists against industrial America—without the Wilderness Letter to precede it. Similarly, it’s hard to see the path from the Riders of the Purple Sage pulp romanticism of Zane Grey to Larry McMurtry without Stegner in between to clear out the dime-store brush.\nMcMurtry was 24 when he came to Stanford in 1960, and his first novel, Horseman, Pass By (one of an eventual 33), was already with his publisher. From the outset, McMurtry declined to purvey nobility or sanctify his protagonists. “I didn’t love cowboys,” he wrote years later, “and I didn’t want to wax poetical about them.” McMurtry would know. He had begun riding at age 3, on a mean, broken-down pony over the stony hills of his father’s small ranch in Archer County, Texas, in 1939. For the next 20 years, until he went to Stanford, cowboying for his father was McMurtry’s work whenever he wasn’t in school, though he understood from as early as he could remember that there was no future in the profession for himself (nor for anyone else, as far as he could tell, given the trend lines of economics and overgrazing).\n‘It’s like I told you last night, son. The earth is mostly just a boneyard. But pretty in the sunlight.’\nStegner and McMurtry parted company over where to locate the beauty, or at least the poetry, of the American landscape. McMurtry praised In the American West, a book of Richard Avedon’s photographs, “because it was so brutally anti-pastoral, so true to the gritty West of drifters and pig farmers, of truck stop girls and truckers.” At the other end of the spectrum of Western aesthetic sensibility, McMurtry criticized Ansel Adams—a close friend of Stegner’s—for turning the West into a parade of pretty but empty pictures by removing the people from the land. And unlike Abbey, Stegner or Adams, McMurtry saw no inherent redemptive power in the land. “In the West,” McMurtry wrote, “lifting up one’s eyes to the heavens can be a wise thing, for much of the land is ugly. The beauty of the sky . . . prompts us to forgive the land its cruelty.”\nUltimately, his readers disillusioned McMurtry: “I thought of Lonesome Dove as demythicizing, but . . . readers don’t want to know and can’t be made to see how difficult and destructive life in the Old West really was.” Instead, McMurtry found that he had created “a kind of American Arthuriad.”\nStegner’s writing program at Stanford at the dawn of the 1960s has been seen as a kind of Western Arthuriad, the heroes of the age assembled briefly in one Camelot. The egos around the table were as outsize as the literary quests they would undertake. Chief among them was 24-year-old Ken Kesey, Gr. ’59, who, according to McMurtry, made it charmingly plain “that he meant to be the stud-duck.”\nSometimes a Great Notion sprawls across generations and genres. It is another new West, of rivers and mud and old-growth behemoths felled. Echoes roll through the decades and down out of the canyons, dictating the characters’ lives in a story that is a psychedelic mashup of Cain and Abel and Oedipus set in an Oregon logging town during a labor strike.\nFor Kesey, the West was not merely physical geography. “Stegner,” he wrote, “had traveled across the Great Plains and reached the Pacific. . . . That was, as far as he was concerned, the edge of the continent, and he thought you were supposed to stop there.” Kesey wanted to go farther, to keep traveling, to enter a new West of the synapses: “I took LSD and he stayed with Jack Daniel’s; the line between us was drawn.”\nGiven his preoccupation with the arid West, Stegner may never have thought of Kesey as a Western writer. Stegner described Oregon’s coast as more closely related to Japan than to Utah. Kesey, in his life and work, pushed forward on multiple new frontiers that were foreign ground to Stegner.\nThat Stegner and Kesey clashed was no secret. In his biography of Stegner, Jackson Benson, ’52, quoted Bob Stone, another writing fellow at Stanford at the time: “Stegner saw Kesey and what he represented as a threat to civilization and intellectualism and sobriety.” Meanwhile, in a 1963 interview, Kesey accused Stegner of “writing to a class-room and to his colleagues” instead of honestly—a barb honed to wound Stegner.\nTo Stegner, Kesey manifested the sickness afflicting America. Stegner saw a culture descending into an anti-intellectual and ahistorical morass in which drugs and emotional flights displaced knowledge and creativity. Despite his anti-war and environmental ideals, Stegner thought the young radicals of the 1960s were mostly “harebrained” and did not trust them even to clearly articulate a reformed America, let alone carry change through. Stegner taught sustained work and constant revision as an etched-in-stone principle, while certain of his students thought their manuscripts should flow from their typewriters in billowing rolls of unedited prose just like On the Road (Kesey, who called Jack Kerouac a “prophet,” was matter of fact that One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest had seen little rewriting). Stegner faulted Westerners in general for having a limited grasp of history, but he worried that the new generation of American youth “had no sense whatever that time didn’t begin yesterday.”\n'Time overlaps itself. A breath breathed from a passing breeze is not the whole wind, neither is it just the last of what has passed and the first of what will come, but is more. . .’\nThe outward cultural conflict masked a deeper correspondence between Stegner and Kesey. In literature, Stegner believed in carefully honed point of view and clever syncopation of time, and Kesey wrote virtuosic shifts in time and perspective into Sometimes a Great Notion. Far from being pastless or ahistorical, the novel explains that “time overlaps itself,” and the strife of past generations and centuries spills over into the present.\nThe connections—both philosophical and personal—made in Stegner’s writing program stretched forward through the decades. In 2011, 10 years after Kesey died, his widow, Faye, married McMurtry in Texas, or as McMurtry put it: “I went up and drug Faye out of Oregon.” In 1990, Wendell Berry, a classmate of Kesey and McMurtry in Stegner’s program, read aloud a letter written by Stegner at Abbey’s funeral in the Utah desert. In the letter, Stegner called Abbey “a red-hot moment in the conscience of the country.” When Stegner died three years later, at the age of 84, Berry in turn wrote a letter for Stegner, calling him “not a red-hot moment, but one that was luminous, clarifying, and steady.” In Berry’s letter, the past flowed into Stegner and the future flowed out from him, from the geographical nexus at Stanford and out across the West and beyond, a clear spring flowing through his students and readers and even into “our country, the American land itself.”\nDaniel Arnold, ’01, lives on the Rogue River in rural Oregon. He is the author of three books about climbing—one historical nonfiction, one travelogue and one of fictional short stories. Email him at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Nattō, traditional Japanese food\nBlueberries, fresh or dried\nNot exactly a well known vitamin, Vitamin K is important for a healthy body. It helps prevent blood clotting and contirbutes to bone health. Although Vitamin K deficiency is rare, as most get enough in their daily diet, people with a deficiency can experieince bruising, bleeding problems and brittle bones.\nThere are some people who may be at risk for Vitamin K deficiency, They include people with conditions like cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, and short bowel syndrome where there may be a decrease in the amount of vitamin K absorbed in the body. As with any health concerns, you should always check with your health care provider. This is just a guide to give you some basic information, not medical advice.\nSo how much Vitamin K should you get each day? The table below lists the recommended amount that each individual should get daily, according to the National Institutes of Health\n|Age||Recommended Daily Amount|\n|Birth to 6 months||2.0 mcg|\n|7–12 months||2.5 mcg|\n|1–3 years||30 mcg|\n|4–8 years||55 mcg|\n|9–13 years||60 mcg|\n|14–18 years||75 mcg|\n|Adult men 19 years and older||120 mcg|\n|Adult women 19 years and older||90 mcg|\n|Pregnant or breastfeeding teens||75 mcg|\n|Pregnant or breastfeeding women||90 mcg|\nFoods rich in Vitamin K are most green leafy vegetables like kale, spinach, collards and turnip greens, along with Nattō, Japanese fermented soybean, broccoli, some herbs and dried fruits. Most supply the daily recommended amount for kids, adults may need to eat more greens…all the more reason to eat better and set an example for your kids.\nComing soon is the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We live in a truly diverse and multi-cultural country, and therefore there will be lots of different religions all coming into contact in places such as schools and workplaces. We must promote a culture of mutual respect between religions despite opposing views, ideologies, and beliefs.\nIt can be fantastic to work with people from all religions, as it is an opportunity to learn about another culture and belief system outside of your own. Furthermore, it can be beneficial to your work, as different perspectives contribute to your job, and your team represents a wide range of customers.\nWhat is Mutual Respect?\nThe phrase mutual respect refers to a recognition of everyone’s value, despite all of our differences. It encompasses the unique contributions different people can bring to a situation and the need for these additional contributions to create a better outcome.\nIn terms of religion, mutual respect refers to living comfortably and contently among all faiths and recognising each religion’s value for different people. And in the workplace, this means giving everybody space and time to express their religious identity, respecting people’s spiritual practices such as prayer in the middle of the day, and not assuming that everybody follows the same belief system and calendar.\nFostering a culture of mutual respect is both the responsibility of all staff members and your employer and manager. At Aspiring to Include, we regularly write about creating a compelling company culture from the top down. This means that the managers and bosses of companies must display the behaviour they want to see in their staff. As well as making decisions, such as creating policies, which actively encourage the kind of culture they want to see.\nFor example, this might mean bosses begin flexible about religious holidays to allow staff to take time off when they need it. A workplace that recognises each employee’s needs and values perpetuates mutual respect among the staff.\nHaving said all of this, creating mutual religious respect is the joint responsibility of employers and employees. Here are some ways you can foster mutual respect as a member of staff in a workplace:\nHow to Foster Mutual Respect?\nEducation and Discussion\nIf you are happy to do so, don’t shy away from talking about your religion and sharing details about your culture with others. Much of the religious prejudice people experience is a result of ignorance and a lack of understanding. Furthermore, the more you share, the more others will share with you.\nRecognise that You Don’t Have to Agree with Everything Another Person Believes\nIt is essential not to conflate mutual respect with needing to agree with everything another person believes. Part of mutual respect in the workplace is recognising that not everybody has to believe the same thing, but you can still work alongside each other harmoniously.\nTry to be Sensitive to Other Religious Practices\nRemember that not everybody follows the same calendar, diet and dress code because of their religion. This might mean that somebody at your work does something in a different way to you. Take an interest in other people’s practices, and respect other people’s decisions without questioning the reasons behind these choices.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Simple Present Forms\nMost verbs conjugate like the verb \"run\" below. Notice how you add an \"s\" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using \"does.\"\n|I run.||I do not run.||Do I run?|\n|You run.||You do not run.||Do you run?|\n|We run.||We do not run.||Do we run?|\n|They run.||They do not run.||Do they run?|\n|He runs.||He does not run.||Does he run?|\n|She runs.||She does not run.||Does she run?|\n|It runs.||It does not run.||Does it run?|\nInstead of \"s,\" \"es\" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special \"es\"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.\n|I rush.||I do not rush.||Do I rush?|\n|You rush.||You do not rush.||Do you rush?|\n|We rush.||We do not rush.||Do we rush?|\n|They rush.||They do not rush.||Do they rush?|\n|He rushes. *||He does not rush.||Does he rush?|\n|She rushes. *||She does not rush.||Does she rush?|\n|It rushes. *||It does not rush.||Does it rush?|\nThe verb \"have\" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.\n|I have.||I do not have.||Do I have?|\n|You have.||You do not have.||Do you have?|\n|We have.||We do not have.||Do we have?|\n|They have.||They do not have.||Do they have?|\n|He has. *||He does not have.||Does he have?|\n|She has. *||She does not have.||Does she have?|\n|It has. *||It does not have.||Does it have?|\nThe verb \"be\" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.\n|I am.||I am not.||Am I?|\n|You are.||You are not.||Are you?|\n|We are.||We are not.||Are we?|\n|They are.||They are not.||Are they?|\n|He is.||He is not.||Is he?|\n|She is.||She is not.||Is she?|\n|It is.||It is not.||Is it?|\nModal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take \"s\" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb \"be\" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in simple present.\n|I should go.||I should not go.||Should I go?|\n|You should go.||You should not go.||Should you go?|\n|We should go.||We should not go.||Should we go?|\n|They should go.||They should not go.||Should they go?|\n|He should go.||He should not go.||Should he go?|\n|She should go.||She should not go.||Should she go?|\n|It should go.||It should not go.||Should it go?|\nTo learn more about modal verbs and how they behave differently from other verbs, visit Englishpage.com's Modal Verb Tutorial.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Since there are no observable symptoms associated with simply having elevated cholesterol levels, it’s often easy to overlook a potential problem until a related condition like heart disease is diagnosed. Being more informed about high cholesterol can help at-home caregivers and their senior loved ones take preventative steps to keep cholesterol levels in check. As a leading Lehigh Valley senior care agency, here are a few things about cholesterol we hope family members and their senior loved ones will keep in mind.\nTypes of Cholesterol\nHigh-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein are the two types of cholesterol. HDL (“good”) cholesterol helps prevent cholesterol build-up in arteries. LDL (“bad”) cholesterol is primarily responsible for elevated cholesterol levels that can present numerous health risks. However, a recent study found that LDL helps increase muscle mass, suggesting that there’s a positive role for both HDL and LDL cholesterol to play within the body.\nSources of Cholesterol\nThree-quarters of cholesterol in the human body is generated by the liver to assist with digestion and the production of hormones. The rest of the cholesterol in the body comes from food sources. In some people, too much cholesterol is produced, resulting in elevated levels and increased health risks.\nSeniors and Cholesterol\nThe combined total of HDL and LDL cholesterol shouldn’t exceed 200 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Cholesterol screening is important for seniors since levels naturally increase with age, especially in post-menopausal women. Lowering cholesterol may have the following benefits for seniors:\n• Decreased risk of plaque formation in arteries\n• Reduced risk of having a heart attack or suffering a stroke\n• Improved memory and cognitive functioning, according to some studies\nA blood test can determine if your senior loved one has high cholesterol. Seniors with a family history of heart disease or preexisting conditions like diabetes should have regular tests more frequently to determine if it’s necessary to start cholesterol-lowering medications. Caregivers can also help senior loved ones maintain optimal cholesterol levels by encouraging healthy eating habits and regular exercise.\nLearn more about helping a senior loved one maintain health and wellbeing from Home Care Assistance. We offer hourly, respite, and live-in senior care in the Lehigh Valley, ensuring seniors have the support necessary to stay healthy and safe in the comfort of their homes. Give us a call at 484-350-3874 for more information or to schedule a complimentary in-home consultation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here’s What You Need to Know About the Canine Flu\nWith the flu spreading at epidemic levels, you might think only people are at risk but turns out so are your furry friends.\nThe flu is speading at alarming rates this year, and even taking the lives of children and otherwise healthy adults. And much like humans, canine influenza is just as contagious for dogs and worse this year than it has been in decades before.\nSo far, there have been cases of canine flu all across the country and even up into Canada. Kind of like humans, dogs can spread this to each other through barking, sneezing, or coughing when they are in close quarters like doggie-day cares or groomers.\nIt is so contagious that almost 80% of dogs who come in contact with the virus will become infected. In some cases, it turns into pneumonia and can be deadly.\nHere's what to look for if you suspect your pup may be sick: coughing, lethargy, fever, decrease appetite, and a running nose.\nYou can protect your fur-kid just like you would your human one - wash their toys, disinfect their leashes and water bowls and don't have playdates with other dogs that may be unvaccinated. There is a dog flu shot, but unforunately, it's not recommeded for every dog so talk to your vet if you have any concerns.\nDon't worry - canine influenza is an entirely different strain than the human flu. If your doggo gets sick, you don't have to stress about catching it yourself.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Use hardy ice plants to bring low-growing color\nColorado is fortunate to have a wide assortment of plants introduced by Denver Botanic Gardens’ Senior Curator, Panayoti Kelaidis.\nAmong his finds are South African ice plants that have come to the Colorado’s horticultural scene through Plant Select® because of his love of hardy succulents. Learn what he has to say about them in the video and read more about hardy ice plants below.\nThese water-wise groundcovers come from high altitudes and have proven to be durable and resilient to our Colorado climate. All bloom in early summer, are hardy in Zones 4-5 and grow well with in full sun in soils with excellent drainage. They prefer not to have heavy snow cover in winter, so south-facing sites may be best at higher elevations.\nThese cold-hardy cheerful bloomers are also:\n- deer resistant\n- attractive to smaller pollinators such as bees and bee look-alikes\n- low growers with all but one being under 2″ tall\n- shallow-rooted and can be used as a living mulch under and between other plants provided direct sun hits the leaves for at least 6 hours per day. Perfect for shading the roots of Clematis, and usually blooming in tandem!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Lichtspiel Opus I\nWith a background as a painter, and cellist/violinist, Walter Ruttmann found his way to making experimental abstract animations in the 1920s, and later, feature length documentary films.\nRuttmann was in a milieu of painters, poets and musicians who saw in the new media a possibility to expand the limits of the fine arts. They described their abstract films as visual music, seeking to achieve a similar experience in the visual as in music. The overall idea of their works was also linked to the concept of the absolute film; the idea of a universal language of abstract images.\nRuttmann's most well-known film is Berlin-Symphony of a Great City, which utilized the Kino-Eye or Cinematic-Eye technique of Dziga Vertov. This is documentary filmmaking at its most poetic and expressive. His later World Melodies expanded on the synthesis of the visual and the musical with scenes taken from all over the world.\nDuring the late 1930s Ruttmann delved deeper into documentary filmmaking, which likely led to his work on various propaganda films. As Germany moved towards World War II, Ruttmann worked with Leni Riefenstahl in the writing of the famous Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will(1934), and later the editing of Olympia (1938). Whether or not Ruttmann would have suffered the same lapse in reputation that Riefenstahl did after the war will never be known, as he was killed on the war front making a newsreel just three short years later.\nWeekend (1930) 11'10\": Weekend is a pioneering work from the early days of radio, commissioned in 1928 by Berlin Radio Hour. In a collage of words, music fragments and sounds, the film-maker and media artist Walter Ruttmann presented on 13 June 1930 a radically innovative radio piece: an acoustic picture of a Berlin weekend urban landscape.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "All About Parenting\nFrom talking and reading to infants to making values clear (best done in conversations around the dinner table), parents exert enormous influence over their children's development. They are, however, not the only influences, especially after children enter school. It's especially important that parents give children a good start, but it's also important for parents to recognize that kids come into the world with their own temperaments, and it's the parents' job to provide an interface with the world that eventually prepares a child for complete independence. In a rapidly changing world, parenting seems subject to fads and changing styles, and parenting in some ways has become a competitive sport.\nBut the needs of child development as delineated by science remain relatively stable. There is such a thing as overparenting, and aiming for perfection in parenting might be a fool's mission. Too much parenting cripples children as they move into adulthood and renders them unable to cope with the merest setbacks. There is also such a thing as too-little parenting, and research establishes that lack of parental engagement often leads to poor behavioral outcomes in children, in part because it encourages the young to be too reliant on peer culture. Ironically, harsh or authoritarian styles of parenting can have the same effect.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "August 28, 2017\nA Review Of Some Topics In Complementary Medicine\nBy Michael D. Shaw\nThe National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (part of NIH) offers the best definitions of the terms “complementary” and “alternative,” as they refer to healthcare: If a non-mainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it’s considered “complementary.” If a non-mainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine, it’s considered “alternative.”\nAs they further explain, true alternative medicine is uncommon. Most people who apply non-mainstream approaches use them along with conventional treatments. “Integrative” healthcare involves bringing conventional and complementary approaches together in a coordinated way.\nThat being said, we now look at some current topics…\nThe injury rate from yoga is up to ten times higher than has previously been reported, which is comparable to the injury rate of all sports injuries combined among the physically active population. This according to a June, 2017 article published in the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. Worse, yoga is said to exacerbate 21 per cent of existing injuries. The work is being touted as the first prospective study to investigate injuries caused from recreational participation in yoga.\nOn the other hand, 74 per cent of participants in the study reported that existing pain was improved by yoga, suggesting that as in virtually all issues related to health, things are almost never simple. As co-author Evangelos Pappas notes:\n“Yoga participants are encouraged to discuss the risks of injury and any pre-existing pain, especially in the upper limbs, with yoga teachers and physiotherapists to explore posture modifications that may results in safer practice.”\nFor those over 50, a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises can significantly boost brain power. So says a review article, published in April, 2017, appearing in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.\nThe authors examined 39 studies published through 2016 to assess the potential impact of varying types, intensities, and durations of exercise on brain health for that age group. “Brain health” was divided into parameters of global cognition; attention (sustained alertness, including the ability to process information rapidly); executive function (processes responsible for goal oriented behaviors); memory (storage and retrieval); and working memory (short term application of found information).\nAmong the findings: Aerobic exercise significantly enhanced cognitive abilities, while resistance training had a pronounced effect on executive function, memory, and working memory.\nThe authors conclude: “The findings suggest that an exercise programme with components of both aerobic and resistance type training, of at least moderate intensity and at least 45 minutes per session, on as many days of the week as possible, is beneficial to cognitive function in adults aged over 50.”\nWhat does the NCCIH say about Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Supplements? The agency analyzed clinical trial data for Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA), Chromium, Cinnamon, Magnesium, and Omega-3 Fatty Acids.\n1. Two studies are cited for ALA, one looking at macular edema, and the other focusing on cholesterol levels and insulin sensitivity. In both cases, ALA did not show any particular effect.\n2. Three studies are cited for chromium, giving contradictory results. Interestingly, the review article comprising the greatest number of clinical trials and patients did show a favorable effect for chromium on both the fasting blood glucose (FBG) reading and the HbA1C. Yet, NCCIH is mostly dismissive on chromium.\n3. Two systematic reviews are cited for cinnamon, with contradictory results. The positive review showed that cinnamon can lower FBG, but does not affect HbA1C. This could imply that supplementation throughout the day (or time-release) might lower both parameters. FBG allows the body several hours to “clear” the glucose, while an elevated HbA1C reflects feeding patterns during waking hours, and is generally more indicative of the condition.\n4. Two studies are cited for magnesium, with reasonably positive results, However, NCCIH’s commentary is again a bit dismissive. After all, their observation that “Clinical trial results on efficacy of magnesium supplementation for type 2 diabetes is limited” could apply to essentially every drug that has ever been approved by the FDA.\n5. Three studies are cited for Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and they all agree that supplementation has little effect on diabetes or coronary heart disease parameters. It is noted that in one of the studies, a reasonably high dose—similar to that recommended on supplement labels—was given.\nMinor criticisms notwithstanding, I commend the NCCIH for staying true to its mission of “Exploring complementary health products and practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary health researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Table of Contents\nPOPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS\nIn this article we will discuss about some popular operating systems. except from this in this section, we shall discuss in brief, some salient features of two commonly used operating systems, namely MSDOS and Unix. MSDOS is an operating system available on personal computer series of IBM with microprocessors Intel 8086, Intel 80286, Intel 80386 and Intel 80486 (for various families of microprocessors, see Appendix-A). Unix is a trademark of an operating system created by AT&T Bell laboratories. This operating system is available on variety of the computer systems ranging from personal computers to main- frame and supercomputers. Normally, Unix operating system is used on microcomputers, micro/mini and some minicomputers where a moderate number of terminals are connected.\nMSDOS (PC-DOS) Operating System | POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS\nMSDOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System and PCDOS is abbreviation of Personal Computer Disk Operating System. These two are closely related in their features This operating system is compact and can be stored on a floppy disk. MSDOS is supported by a large number of utilities, associated with the core operating system.\nFollowing are main features of MSDOS:\n- (a) It is a single user, single process operating system,\n- (b) It supports batch processing mode of operation,\n- (c) It provides the file system in a hierarchical organization, i.e. there is a root directory, and sub-directories at various intermediate levels and the files at the lowest level,\n- (d) It supports a wide range of system software tools like language compilers, editors, interpreters, linkers and software maintenance tools. It also supports application packages like word-processors, spreadsheets, database management systems. CAD/CAM packages and expert system shell etc.\n- (e) It has become a very popular and versatile operating system. A text file in MSDOS format can be read by other operating system.\nThere are numerous commands and utilities associated with MSDOS. A command is intrinsic to the kernel (core) of the operating system i.e. it is integral part of the kernel. A utility is a separate routine out side the kernel but it is executed by the operating system. We illustrate a few frequently used commands and utilities of MSDOS for some basic system operations.\nIt is a command to enlist the names of the files stored in the file table (directory).\nIt is a command to create a new directory which will be sub-directory of the working directory.\nIt is a command to remove a sub-directory if it does not contain any files or other sub-directory.\nIt is abbreviation of Change Directory which allows to change the working directory.\nIt is a command to delete a file from the file system.\nIt is a command to rename a file in the file system.\nIt is a command to copy contents of some specified file into another specified\nIt is a utility to initialize a disk for usage. file.\nIt is a utility to check the status of the disk and display it to the user.\nIt is a utility to copy track-by-track a complete disk to other disk.\nIt is a utility to store a backup of the contents of disk.\nIt is a utility to restore the files stored by backup utility.\nIt is a utility to recover the damaged or lost files.\nUnix Operating System | POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS\nUnix is a very popular multi-user, multi-tasking operating system with time-shared mode. The main objective of this operating system is to provide a platform for program development, networking and documentation. Unix operating system is so versatile that it is available on various types of computer systems. It is available on personal, micro, mini, and mainframe computers. Some super-computers are also provided with Unix. Major salient features of Unix operating system are:\n- (a) It is portable on various types of machines,\n- (b) It allows the usage in multi-user mode through interactive terminals,\n- (c) Its file system is tree structured (hierarchical),\n- (d) It provides tools and utilities for developing more tools and utilities and the application packages,\n- (e) It is associated with the library of scientific and statistical functions and routine to support compilers.\n- (f) It provides a large number of software calls to help in development of software tools like compilers and interpreters,\n- (g) It has facility of networking through modem circuits for electronic mail,\n- (h) It supports text-formatting software tools.\nThere are numerous commands and utilities available on Unix operating system. We present here a few frequently used commands and utilities for some basic system operations.\nIt is a command to enlist the files of the working directory.\nThis commands creates a new sub-directory in the working directory.\nIt removes a sub-directory, if it does not contain any files sub-directory.\nThis command changes the working directory.\nIt removes one or more files.\nIt moves a file by name.\nIt copies a file to other file.\nIt concatenates (join in sequences) one or more files\nThis command mounts a device for usage.. .\nIt performs backup of the whole disk or files specified in the disk.\nIt restores the dumped information.\nWINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS | POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS\nWindows’ is a concept of GUI based operating systems that provide a very easy to use interface to the users of the computers. Microsoft evolved this concept in 1985 with a view that the contemporary powerful operating systems such as MSDOS and Unix are limited to text commands for computer operations. Windows came out with a philosophy of providing the graphical ways of commanding the computer resources. Windows OS combines the salient features of MSDOS and Unix for memory management, I/O management, process management and file management.\nFollowing are the main elements of a Windows operating system:\nIt is an area on the computer screen with a number of Icons.\nIt is a graphical symbol to indicate a program, a folder, an activity or an file.\nIt is used to point and click using a mouse.\nIt is blinking character for inserting a character.\nA desktop interface provides a set of click operations.\n- Left-click: It is used to select or open.\n- Right click: It is used provide a menu of quick options.\n- Single-click: It is used to select an item\n- Double-click: It is used to open or launch program\nThis option provides details about the size of drives, disks, folders and files. This is also used to change the appearances and preferences of windows, drives, disks, folders and files.\nDrag and Drop:\nCopy/Cut and Paste:\n- 1. Windows 3.11- it was an interface over MSDOS.\n- 2. Windows 95- it was the first independent Windows OS.\n- 3. Windows 98- it was an enhanced and improved version of Windows 95.\n- 4. Windows 2000-it is still better version of Windows with advanced facilities to support applications directly. The Internet protocols were built in this OS.\n- 5. Windows NT- it is a network operating system to work on LAN and get connected to other LANs. It is based on Networking Technologies at Hardware and Software level both.\nOS is shown in Figure below.\nFEW MORE OPERATING SYSTEMS\n- VAX/VMS operating system on VAX computers,\n- VM/370 operating system,\n- UCSD pascal system,\n- CP/M operating system,\n- ECORN: On BBC machines,\n- OS/2 operating system.\nHope you liked this article on “Popular operating systems”. You are invited for any kind of suggestion or feedback in the comment box. You can also mail us your suggestions or feedback directly at firstname.lastname@example.org. To read more such articles related to Technology, Electronics and Instrumentation. You can also download our Android App. Click here to download the mobile app.\n- Digital Integrated Circuit | What is an ICs?\n- Resistor transistor logic (RTL)\n- Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)\n- Direct coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL)\n- What is computer programming\n- Calibration Standards | Their Importance and Types\n- Pressure Control Valve | Applications of pressure control valves\n- What are functions of operating system", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Developing new paths for cycling in the countryside\nHow to tell where cycling's legal\n- Footpaths are open to walkers only (yellow waymarkings)\n- Bridleways are open to walkers, horse riders and cyclists (blue waymarkings)\n- Restricted byways are open to walkers, cyclists, horse riders and horse drawn vehicles (plum waymarkings)\n- Byways Open to All Traffic (BOATs) are open to walkers, cyclists, horse riders, horse-drawn vehicles and motor vehicles (red waymarkings).\nA list of all recorded public rights of way is kept in each county or unitary council offices, and is called the 'definitive map'. The maps were first drawn up in the 1950s, and authorities (except Inner London boroughs) have a duty to keep the map under continuous review (s53 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981).\nA route that isn't on the map could still be a right of way, however. And, just because a way is shown as a footpath, it doesn't necessarily mean that you can't cycle on it.\nCyclists are usually most interested in the addition of bridleways and restricted byways. (The establishment of new BOATs has been severely curtailed by the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006).\nExpanding the rural path network for cycling\nAt the moment, only about 30% of the public rights of way network in England and Wales is available to cyclists. Access to land in Scotland is much more widespread, due to the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, which gives the public (including cyclists) lawful access to most land and inland water there, provided they comply with the Outdoor Access Code.\nCycling UK would like to see the rest of the UK adopt the same off-road access arrangements that Scotland now enjoys, but in the meantime, there are a number of options for developing more countryside routes for cycling in England and Wales - some of them much better and more workable than others.\nBasically, the options fall into two categories:\n- By statute (i.e. applying the law); or\n- By gaining the landowner's permission.\nCycle dedication via statute:\n1. Conversion under the 1984 Cycle Tracks Act\nThis is limited to the conversion of public footpaths only and is only appropriate if the path is wide enough for cycling. It is sometimes opposed by walkers, who may be reluctant to share the route with cyclists. Also, once a path becomes a cycle track it no longer appears on the definitive map.\nThe strong possibility of objections to proposals for converting a footpath into a cycle track - and the fact that this might well lead to a time-consuming public inquiry - make this process unpopular with many highway authorities. However, the Government is currently looking at simplifying the bureaucracy involved as part of its 'Red Tape Challenge'.\nSee our campaigns briefing on public footpaths for more.\nAs mentioned above, local authorities can create new rights of way, or they can make a creation agreement with the landowner. When creating a way, the authority should update the definitive map, but even if they don't, the creation order/agreement, is evidence that the way is a public right of way.\na. Creation Order by a highway authority (s26 1980 Highways Act)\nBy this, the highway authority creates a bridleway or restricted byway and pays compensation to the landowner. As it’s expensive, it is not commonly used.\nb. Creation by agreement (s25 1980 Highways Act)\nBy this process, a bridleway or restricted byway is created following discussions between the highway authority and a sympathetic landowner, without compensation.\na. Deemed (or presumed) dedication through 20 years of cycle use (s31 1980 Highways Act)\nThe landowner is 'presumed' to have dedicated the trail as a right of way on the basis of (usually) 20 years uninterrupted use by the public. Anyone can claim such ways by showing evidence, either documentary (such as photos and documents) or anecdotal (such as witness testimonies) that the way has been used continuously during the required period.\nThanks to s68 of the Natural Environment & Rural Communities Act 2006, cyclists can now make claims based on uncontested cycle use. If successful, this leads to a restricted byway.\nb. ‘Express dedication’ as bridleway or carriageway (Common Law)\nCampaigners, clubs or individuals negotiate the route and consequent compensation with sympathetic landowners. Once dedicated, the route becomes a highway, but may not necessarily be later adopted for maintenance by the highway authority. This system has resulted in some 80 new bridleways in the Mendips negotiated by the Trails Trust.\nc. Dedication by the landowner (s16 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW)\nA landowner can dedicate a path or area for cyclists through this provision, but to date no such dedication has been made. Any such dedicated path or area would not become a highway and therefore would not be maintainable by the highway authority.\nd. Dedication by a Parish Council (s30 1980 Highways Act)\nThis creates a bridleway or restricted byway by agreement with the landowner. It is rarely, if ever, used.\n3. Recording under s53 1981 Wildlife & Countryside Act\nThis is instigated when a highway authority becomes aware of evidence that a definitive route for cyclists may exist and should be on the definitive map. Evidence is typically based on user testimonies, enclosure awards, tithe maps, railway and estate maps and Finance Act maps, amongst others. The process is, however, very bureaucratic (see below), and with a typical output of around five Orders per authority per year, backlogs of 10 years are not uncommon.\nClaiming an unrecorded right of way\nA way that is recorded on the definitive map is protected for existing and future use and it is easier to stop anyone interfering with it. Also, if you've been challenged for using a path (e.g. by a landowner, a 'keep out' sign, or locked gate), if it's not on the map, you may lose your right to ride on it.\nThere are two basic methods to make a claim. They can be used together and the relevant highway authority will be able to guide you through the process in detail.\n1. s53 Wildlife & Countryside Act - historical evidence:\nYou will need to use the local Public Records Office to find historical evidence that the route should be, say, a bridleway (which means that it's legal to cycle on it).\n2. s31 Highways Act Deemed Dedication following 20 years of cycle and/or equestrian use:\nBasically, you'll need to compile evidence that the path has enjoyed uninterrupted use by cyclists for (usually) 20 years. Although most authorities tend to accept claims if at least half a dozen witnesses can testify to this, it is best to gather as many testimonies as you can. All relevant landowners have to be notified, a step that might prove complicated and involve Land Registry searches. If you can't find out who the owner is, you could ask the council to put up a notice on the land.\nApplying to have the definitive map modified\nThe first step is to go to the relevant local authority's office to check the existing definitive map to see if the way that interests you is on it and, if it is, what its status is. If it's not there, or you disagree with its recorded status (e.g. it's listed as a footpath, but you think it should be a restricted byway), ask the authority to check.\nIf you think the map and/or the authority is wrong, and you want to take the matter further, you can make an official claim by applying for a 'definitive map modification order' (DMMO).\nThe relevant highway authority will be able to guide you through the process in detail and explain what sort of evidence you need to supply.\nWhen you're happy that you've done everything required of you, you can submit your claim. The authority then has to investigate and apply statutory tests to it. If all goes well, the authority will make the Order and advertise it, giving the public a chance to object. If you think the authority hasn't made the right decision based on the evidence you've supplied, you can appeal against it.\nObjections to the Order\nAnyone may object (but only on relevant grounds). If there are no objections, then the authority should confirm the Order and record the way.\nIf there are relevant objections, the matter must be referred to the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (or the Welsh Assembly in Wales), although in practice this is dealt with by a Government agency, the Planning Inspectorate, acting on their behalf.\nThe Inspectorate appoints an inspector, who decides whether to hold a public inquiry, or to ask for written representations. This is usually decided on the basis of the number of objectors; the more objectors, and the more complicated their objections, the more likely that the case will be decided through an inquiry. In either case, the Inspector will visit the site in question.\nIf the inspector decides on an inquiry, it should be held on a convenient date for everyone and near the trail. You'll be invited to submit proof of evidence and the process, including the timetable, should be properly explained to you.\nObjectors and applicants are permitted to employ professional representation and to cross-examine witnesses.\nSometimes, the evidence points towards a right of way with a different status from the one advertised in the Order: for example, a claim submitted by horse riders for a bridleway may find support from cyclists or carriage drivers, indicating that the way ought to be a restricted byway. The inspector can modify the Order, but must then re-advertise it and invite objections. This could make a new inquiry necessary.\nThe inspector considers the evidence and makes his decision, after which there is no right to further inquiries or representations. It is, however, possible to challenge the decision through the courts.\nIf the decision goes in your favour, the authority should automatically make the modification to the definitive map.\nAdding to the routes available for cycling can also be done via 'permissive' options, as opposed to the statutory processes listed above. They are often considerably faster to implement, but in many cases permission may be withdrawn at any time.\n1. Informal permission by landowner\nCycle use permission can be obtained by word of mouth, but signed, written confirmation is preferable. Some larger landowners may provide such informal access as a result of their access policy, as in the use of stone tracks in freehold Forestry Commission Woodlands. Similarly British Waterways, which has a bye-law prohibiting the use of vehicles on towpaths, has relaxed this restriction for cyclists on around half of its network.\n2. Deed of agreement by the landowner\nThis is a more formal alternative to an informal agreement, and is likely to be between landowner – either the local authority, utility or other private landowner – and a representative body such as a cycling organisation, cycle club or community group. The agreement may well include arrangements for maintenance and management of the trail. The resulting route would not be recognised as a highway in law – it's just a way open for cyclists.\n3. Access for cycles as part of a commercial enterprise\nThis can be found in a number of forms:\n- Payment of an entry fee to an estate or woodland area, e.g. Drumranlig Castle, Dumfries;\n- Permit fee for a trail network, e.g. Crown Estate, Swinley, Bracknell;\n- Free informal use of a trail network with income derived from car park, café, visitor centre, cycle shop or cycle hire facilities, e.g. Penshurst, Kent and Llandegla, Wrexham.\n4. Defra / Natural England Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) Scheme\nThis scheme gave landowners grants for agreeing to permissive bridleways for use by cyclists, usually as part of a wider environmental project. EU rules have now stopped revenue funding for any new examples, although current schemes will continue to the end of their 10 year agreements.\n5. Paths for Communities (P4C)\nIn England, a new 2-year funding scheme, Paths for Communities (P4C) will offer between £5,000 and £150,000 out of a £1m per year pot for the creation of new rural paths. Grants will normally provide 75% of the costs, with the remainder from match funding.\nMulti-user paths catering for cyclists, equestrians and walkers are intended to be the priority, as are those that will support local businesses through increased tourism. Schemes will need to be developed through co-operation between local communities or user groups and the relevant landowner.\nAlthough the overall pot of money is relatively small, if there is a need to address that missing bridleway link in your own locality, then this scheme could provide the opportunity to resolve it.\nNatural England's website provides more details.\n- Cycling UK's campaigns briefing on Bridleways, Restricted bByways and Cycle Tracks explains these ways in more detail, and our campaigning views about them\n- Cycling UK's campaigns briefing on Changing the Status of Rights of Way explains our views on statutory orders and why and how to get the best out of the process for cycling.\n- Cycling UK's campaigns briefing on Off-road Access in Scotland explains our views on the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, which has been highly beneficial to cyclists", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The government aims to maintain price level stability, by infusing money in the market to counterbalance the impact of deflation. However, low consumer spending due to lower money supply decreases demand; therefore, the supply of goods outpaces demand, causing depression in the economy. Furthermore, due to lower demand, unemployment tends to rise, as firms have to lay off workers. Other causes of deflation are the innovation that causes a sharp increase in productivity, thereby leading to lower prices and a change in the capital structure of markets that facilitates firms to raise capital to fund innovative production processes.\nAn example of deflation is the Great Depression in the United States that followed the US stock market crash in 1929. During the Great Depression, unemployment reached 25%, and although the output of high production industries such as mining and farming was high, workers were not compensated according to their labor. Therefore, consumer spending was extremely low, and people could not afford basic goods, no matter how low the prices were.\nIn a nutshell:\n- Deflation is the general decline of the price level of goods and services.\n- Deflation is usually associated with a contraction in the supply of money and credit, but prices can also fall due to increased productivity and technological improvements.\n- Whether the economy, price level, and money supply are deflating or inflating changes the appeal of different investment options.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why the British Wore Red —- Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army.\nIn Georgian and Victorian Era Britain red was always the color of the British Army. Over time British soldiers earned the nickname “redcoats” or “lobsters” because of their bright red attire. During colonial wars such as the French and Indian War and the American Revolution, these bright red coats were often a liability as they stood out in the frontier wilderness, making them an attractive target for French, Native Americans, and Colonial Militia’s. So how did red become the color of choice for the British Army? The redcoat can trace his origins to the mid 1600’s, before the formation of the United Kingdom and in the midst of the bloody English Civil War.\nIn 1642 England was split between the Royalists who supported King Charles I and the Parliamentarians who were staunch Puritans. The Royalists believed that the king held absolute power granted by God, and as such the king had the right to dictate how people worshiped within his realm. The Parliamentarians believed that power should be wielded by the English Parliament. Furthermore the Parliamentarians were on a religious mission to end the highly stylized religion of the Church of England and replace with it a simpler Puritan religion. Both armies were of equal size and equal quality. As a result neither side could gain a decisive advantage. After two years of bloody warfare one Parliamentarian general decided that something had to be done.\nOliver Cromwell was a brilliant and ambitious military commander and a fanatical believer in the Parliamentarian cause. While perhaps the most talented general in England, he often found that his abilities were limited by the army he commanded. In the 1600’s there were no professional armies in Europe, rather the military was a hodgepodge force of local militia’s, each with varying degrees of training, different weapons, and different uniforms. Some of the militia’s had very poor training and inferior equipment, carrying old and out of date weaponry and wearing regular clothing rather than uniforms. The biggest fault of the Parliamentarian army was the lack of a professional officer corps. Officers were chosen by their social rank and wealth, not because of their expertise. As a result the army was led by a corps of over-priviledged nitwits who had no military experience and were clueless when it came to running an army. The weaknesses of the Parliamentarian Army was made apparent in 1644 at the Second Battle of Newbury. There Cromwell devised an ingenious plan to ambush, trap, and destroy the Royalist forces, decisively ending the war. His plan almost succeeded if not for the incompetence of one of his commanders, the Earl of Manchester, who failed to carry out Cromwell’s orders. The ambush collapsed and the Royalist forces escaped.\nCromwell realized that if he was to end the civil war he would need a better army and he went to Parliament to institute new reforms. The first was a new law called the Self Denying Ordinance, which forced all government officials who held military command to resign. Instead of status, officers were chosen based on their skills, ability, and proven merit. This shook Europe to the core, as officership of nobility was considered a right at the time. Now it was not uncommon for officers to be former cobblers, tailors, blacksmiths, and others sorts of commoners. A second act by Parliament established a full time standing army manned by professional soldiers rather than part time militiamen.\nCromwell also had other demands when it came to his “New Model Army”. The first was personal; his soldiers were chosen from the ranks of the most fanatical Puritans; they were required to attend daily worship services and were forbidden from drinking, having sex outside of marriage, and swearing. The army was even taught a special creed, used as a war cry,\nOfficers: No mercy!\nMen: No mercy!\nOfficers: No Popery!\nMen: No Popery!\nOfficers: No bishops!\nMen: No bishops!\nOfficers: Who is our king?\nMen: King Jesus!\nSecondly Cromwell instituted an intense regimen of drill and training, transforming his army from a ragtag band into a disciplined and deadly fighting machine. Finally Cromwell standardized the equipment of the army. Rather than having a plethora of different weapons and equipment, everything the army used would be standardized to ease the logistical demands of the army. Soldiers carried the same types of pikes, muskets, and swords, and wore the same type of armor.\nA part of Cromwell’s reforms was the creation of a common uniform for his army. Cromwell chose red because it was the cheapest dye available at the time. Not only was Cromwell trying to save a shilling, but the use of a cheap dye helped strengthen the Puritan ethic of his army; to avoid anything that may seem to be vain, proud, or ostentatious. Cromwell’s New Model Army were history’s first redcoats.\nThe end result was a highly organized force of religious zealots who were well armed, well trained, disciplined, and fearless. Imagine today the Taliban, armed with the best weapons and equipment and trained like Army Rangers. In 1645 Cromwell led the New Model Army in a crushing defeat of Royalist forces with only two decisive battles: the Battle of Naseby and the Battle of Langport. King Charles himself would be captured, and after instigating a failed counter-revolution was beheaded. Cromwell would be named Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland and became a virtual military dictator. His army would go on to crush rebellions in Ireland and Scotland. After Cromwell’s death in 1658 the Parliamentarian government collapsed, and Charles II became King of England. The New Model Army was disbanded but its legacy continued. The ideal of a well trained and professional army was maintained thenceforth, although the tradition of appointing officers based on wealth and privilege returned. The red uniforms of the army continued with the English, and later British Army until it was replaced with green and khaki uniforms in the early 20th century.\n- rightspecs likes this\n- mybooksandmore likes this\n- adifferentkindofgentleman likes this\n- djangoft likes this\n- steampunktheory reblogged this from peashooter85\n- luisebaden reblogged this from peashooter85\n- thewyattkent reblogged this from peashooter85\n- narniancapamerica likes this\n- serhatakkaya55 reblogged this from peashooter85\n- serhatakkaya55 likes this\n- wackyjoaquin likes this\n- spiced--coffee likes this\n- historisch reblogged this from peashooter85\n- englishanthony likes this\n- gorgosgorgos likes this\n- shaylachan reblogged this from peashooter85\n- echojaeger likes this\n- westernshore likes this\n- sandm4eternity likes this\n- apartialhistoryoflostcauses likes this\n- matthewshardlake likes this\n- foreverinasweetunrest likes this\n- nikkusan7 reblogged this from peashooter85\n- unprepossessingly reblogged this from peashooter85\n- i-amacelestialbeing likes this\n- 17th-century-girl likes this\n- limikata reblogged this from coeurdelhistoire\n- getinthehandbasket reblogged this from peashooter85\n- aboutnewyork likes this\n- myopicscientist reblogged this from darkmoonsigel\n- ladykrampus reblogged this from peashooter85\n- bolygozsido likes this\n- sakurakitty reblogged this from peashooter85\n- blamatron reblogged this from peashooter85 and added:\n- coahoma-cat likes this\n- tumbasztibi likes this\n- smnmndja reblogged this from peashooter85\n- worldconflictquarterly reblogged this from amightydirge\n- worldconflictquarterly likes this\n- darkmoonsigel reblogged this from peashooter85\n- darkmoonsigel likes this\n- leghorn77 likes this\n- stellys reblogged this from peashooter85\n- iwalkedaudiotours reblogged this from peashooter85\n- casparmeehan likes this", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The likelihood for you to get cancer in your nose is not that high. If you are not in the list of people who are exposed to risk factors the possibility of you getting cancer in your nose is quite low. Risk factors include age (above 40), gender (men are more likely to get nose cancer), smoking, exposure to chemical substances, exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV). The question is “Can you get cancer in your nose if you are exposed the risk factors?” If there is a real concern about the possibility of having nose cancer, it would help to know what we are talking about.\nCancer in the nose often grows in two places: inside the nasal cavity (big space behind the nose) or in the sinuses (tiny holes all around your nose). If a tumor grows in the empty spaces of the nasal cavity or sinuses it produces symptoms that indicate that a foreign entity is present or lodged in the area.\nSymptoms of a growing tumor appear similar to symptoms of common obstructions associated with colds or allergies that block or irritate your nasal cavity or sinuses. Symptoms include a stuffed nose, nosebleeds, nasal drips, and runny nose. However, if these symptoms do not go away or worsen over a period of time, it may be an indication of a growing tumor. If you are beginning to experience numbness on the neck area it might be best to seek the help of your doctor.\nAt this point, your doctor will take a tissue sample of the tumor inside your nose for biopsy. This will confirm if the tumor is malignant or not. In case the results return positive, the most common treatment option for cancer of the nose is the surgical removal of the tumor. Radiotherapy is also recommended pre- and post-operation, to shrink the tumor before the operation and to remove whatever remnants of the tumor are seen after surgery, respectively. Chemotherapy or the use of medicines to kill remaining cancer cells may also be prescribed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Today's treatments for many mental disorders still have a long way to go. However, one area in which psychology has made great progress is in the treatment of fear-related disorders, like phobias fears. This progress can be attributed almost entirely to the development and use of exposure therapy1-3, which relies on a basic learning mechanism called extinction. First described by Ivan Pavlov4, extinction is the process by which an association is unlearned.\nIn Pavlov's famous experiments, dogs were trained to associate a bell with a food reward. After the dogs learned this association, they needed only to hear the bell to begin salivating, even if the bell was presented without food. Importantly, this association was not permanent. After several presentations of the bell without the food, the dogs' salivation slowly decreased until eventually, they stopped responding altogether. In psychological terms, the response was extinguished, meaning that dogs had learned that the bell no longer predicted food. The discovery of extinction learning provided the basis for exposure therapy.\nExposure therapy works by exposing patients to a feared thing (i.e., animal, object, or situation) until the fear response to that thing is extinguished. One way of speeding this process along is to associate the formerly feared thing with a positive experience, like deep breathing or remembering happy memories. This process of pairing a feared object with a positive experience is known as \"counterconditioning\"3,5-6.\nExposure therapy has proven effective for a number of disorders, including phobias7 and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)8-9. Recently, some researchers have been developing exposure therapies using virtual reality (VR)10-12 technologies, which allow the patient to experience any number of feared scenarios in the safety of a doctor's office. These advances have made exposure therapy one of the most successful therapies for fear-based disorders; however, there is a major roadblock to treatment. Patients often find that, after exposure therapy is complete, the previously extinguished fear will suddenly reappear, necessitating further treatment. This common experience is called \"spontaneous recovery,\"4,13. Spontaneous recovery can greatly slow treatment and be a major source of frustration for patients. Consequently, understanding the processes of extinction and spontaneous recovery are of utmost importance so that we can reduce the chances of spontaneous recovery.\nNeural Mechanisms of Extinction\nIn a study recently published in eLife, Dr. Susana Correia and her colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) sought to better understand the neural mechanisms associated with extinction and spontaneous recovery14. The researchers were interested in two brain regions: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which plays an important role in processing rewarding experiences15 and fear extinction16-17, and the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is critical for fear learning18-19. Interestingly, the NAc is highly connected to the BLA20, suggesting that there may be a connection in the brain between reward and extinction. Based on these findings, the researchers asked whether extinction involved brain circuits connecting the BLA and NAc.\nTo test this possibility, the researchers conditioned rats to fear simple tones by pairing these sounds with small electrical shocks. After the rats learned that the tone predicted shock, the researchers began the extinction phase of the experiment by exposing the rats to the sounds without shock. During this phase, they found that more BLA-NAc activity meant more extinction learning – specifically decreased spontaneous recovery of fear. They hypothesized that if the BLA-NAc connection is important for fear extinction, then increasing this activity during extinction learning could decrease spontaneous recovery of fear. In this regard, they found that when they used counter-conditioning with the rats, rewarding them with food in the presence of the previously feared tone, that this resulted in greater BLA-NAc activation, which in turn predicted decreased spontaneous recovery of fear. Taking these findings even further, they next directly stimulated the BLA-NAc connection in the brain, which also led to decreased spontaneous recovery.\nImportant Implications for Treatment\nThese findings have implications for humans who suffer from fear-related disorders. First, this research may have uncovered the neural mechanism by which counter-conditioning works – through activation of the circuit connecting the BLA and NAc. This finding will allow researchers to better understand how counter-conditioning occurs and determine the best way to administer counter-conditioning, potentially improving treatment.\nThis work also paves the way for more advanced treatments based on direct stimulation of the brain. For example, researchers have found that deep brain stimulation (DBS), where doctors directly stimulate particularly areas of the brain using small electrical charges, can greatly improve the symptoms associated with extreme depression21-22. This breakthrough began by identifying the circuitry involved in depression. Given that direct stimulation of the circuitry connecting the BLA and NAc leads to improved fear extinction in rats, DBS directed at the BLA-NAc connection may be an effective treatment for patients suffering from PTSD or phobic fears. Although more work is needed to examine whether such an approach would be effective for humans, this study is an exciting step forward in our understanding of the process of extinction. Findings like those of Dr. Susiana Corriea and her colleagues could lead to improvements in the treatment of fear-related disorders in the future.\nRecommended For You\n1. Jones, M. C. (1924). The elimination of children's fears. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 7(5), 382.\n2. Jones, M. C. (1924). A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 31, 308-315.\n3. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy and reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\n4. Pavlov IP. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. London: Oxford University Press.\n5. Paunović N. (2003). Prolonged exposure counterconditioning as a treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 479-499.\n6. Paunović N. (2011). Exposure inhibition therapy as a treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A controlled pilot study. Psychology, 2, 605-614.\n7. Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008). Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(6), 1021-1037.\n8. Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 214-227.\n9. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D. S., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I. C., Lovell, K., & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 71(2), 330.\n10. Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García‐Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta‐analysis. Depression and anxiety, 29(2), 85-93.\n11. Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 39(3), 250-261.\n12. Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2008). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of anxiety disorders, 22(3), 561-569\n13. Rescorla, R. A. (2004). Spontaneous recovery. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 501-509.\n14. Correia, S. S., McGrath, A. G., Lee, A., Graybiel, A. M., & Goosens, K. A. (2016). Amygdala-ventral striatum circuit activation decreases long-term fear. eLife, 5, e12669.\n15. Ambroggi, F., Ishikawa, A., Fields, H. L., & Nicola, S. M. (2008). Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neurons. Neuron, 59(4), 648-661.\n16. Holtzman-Assif, O., Laurent, V., & Westbrook, R. F. (2010). Blockade of dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens impairs learning extinction of conditioned fear. Learning & Memory, 17(2), 71-75.\n17. Rodriguez-Romaguera, J., Do Monte, F. H., & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum enhances extinction of conditioned fear.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(22), 8764-8769.\n18. Herry, C., Trifilieff, P., Micheau, J., Lüthi, A., & Mons, N. (2006). Extinction of auditory fear conditioning requires MAPK/ERK activation in the basolateral amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(1), 261-269.\n19. Laurent, V., Marchand, A. R., & Westbrook, R. F. (2008). The basolateral amygdala is necessary for learning but not relearning extinction of context conditioned fear. Learning & Memory, 15(5), 304-314.\n20. Brog, J. S., Salyapongse, A., Deutch, A. Y., & Zahm, D. S. (1993). The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the \"Accumbens\" part of the rat ventral striatum: Immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro‐gold. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 338(2), 255-278.\n21. Bewernick, B. H., Hurlemann, R., Matusch, A., Kayser, S., Grubert, C., Hadrysiewicz, B., ... & Brockmann, H. (2010). Nucleus accumbens deep brain stimulation decreases ratings of depression and anxiety in treatment-resistant depression. Biological psychiatry, 67(2), 110-116.\n22. Lozano, A. M., Mayberg, H. S., Giacobbe, P., Hamani, C., Craddock, R. C., & Kennedy, S. H. (2008). Subcallosal cingulate gyrus deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Biological psychiatry, 64(6), 461-467.\nDate of original publication: November 01, 2016", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Dark Sky Initiative\nAbout Light Pollution\nSo, there are many reasons to reduce light pollution. In fact, it helps maintain a natural environment for nocturnal birds and animals, which supports our overall ecosystem. Also, energy efficient lighting reduces energy use and energy dependence, which in turn helps to conserve our natural resources.\nAdditionally, reducing the amount of artificial light aids in resetting the human circadian rhythm — we all know how important sleep is! With busy lives, stress, and constant light from our TVs, phones, and other devices, our sleep patterns these days can be unpredictable and unnatural. When we take steps towards eliminating light pollution outside, we support our bodies in the process of resetting into a more natural, less stressed rhythm. The beautiful skies we get to experience are, of course, an added bonus.\nSterling Ranch is Proud to be a Part of the Movement\n- We make sure that exterior security lighting is directed downward so that the light “cone” does not cause glare to adjacent properties or onto the street.\n- If we have solar in-ground lighting, we make sure it is less than 12 inches in height, each light is less than 5 lumens, and the fixtures are placed at the edges of walks, driveways, and planting beds.\n- We limit outdoor decorative lighting to the back yard, making sure each light is less than 5 lumens and does not cause glare to adjacent properties.\n- We turn off decorative lighting by 10pm.\n- Our community street lighting comes on fully at dusk and at 10:00pm reduces automatically by 50%. All community street lights turn off at dawn.\n- As a part of our community governance, we make sure we receive approval from the Design Review Committee if we are modifying or adding any exterior lighting such as motion-detector spotlights, security lighting, landscape lighting, accent lighting, ballasted fixtures, or additional lighting to doors or windows.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fans of coin collecting probably already know that one of the greatest aspects of numismatic auctions is the rich history that accompanies each lot that comes up for bidding. You could be bidding on a coin that was carried in the pocket of a resident of the original 13 colonies, a true piece of history itself. One thing that’s less frequently discussed, though, is the inventions that were designed to function strictly through uses of these tiny pieces of metal. Coin-operated machines are often thought of as a relatively recent invention, but that couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, collectors of coin-operated devices may even be surprised with how long, detailed and rich a history these contraptions have.\nThe earliest instances of coin-operated machines in history are, somewhat unsurprisingly, centered around commercial usage. As far back as 2,200 years ago, in fact, Egyptians were using these inventions to push high-demand products to consumers. According to the Coin Operated Collectors Association, the Ancient Egyptians were using a coin-operated machine as early as 215 B.C. Apparently, an Egyptian would insert a coin worth five drachma into a slot on a machine in order to receive a small amount of holy water. It is believed that the purchaser would then sprinkle the water on themselves as a sort of worship ritual. Moving forward, coin-operated vending machines had made their way to London as early as the 1700s. During this time period, it was not uncommon for English people to purchase pipe tobacco (practically a necessity at that point in time) from coin-operated machines on the street.\nThe late 1800s represented an important shift in the role played by coin-operated machines, particularly in the Western world. Until this point, these machines had typically operated under the pretense that customers would use them to purchase small items while on the go. In the United States, for example, citizens would frequently purchase small staples such as gum, matches, stamps and cigars while out and about during the 1880s.\nThe turn of the century, though, would bring great change to the coin-operated industry. Around the 1890s, the first coin-operated forms of entertainment appeared, offering coin-bearing individuals the opportunity to gamble through simplified forms of dice games, roulette and poker. These machines would experience a meteoric rise in popularity throughout the ensuing decades, peaking in the years immediately prior to the United States’ involvement in World War II.\nWhile the popularity of coin-operated forms of gambling was soaring, it was about to hit several snags in its progression. According to Collectors Weekly, many of these machines were outlawed during Prohibitionunderneath ordinances that made gambling illegal by associating it with drinking. While this caused a drop in the widespread use of the machines around the country, it also paved the way for one area to emerge as a coin-operated paradise.\nIn the early 1940s, gambling was legalized in several counties in Nevada, including those that hold both Reno and Las Vegas, two of the world’s largest gambling centers both then and now. These changes brought a massive influx of coin-operated machines into production, all aimed at capitalizing on the Southwestern state’s law changes. This reemergence of these machines into the mainstream American economy also prompted changes in the composition of the devices themselves. While the machines had historically been designed using different forms of metal and glass, simpler materials such as cast iron, oak, mahogany and plastics were now frequent choices in the design of coin-operated entertainment. In addition to being more durable, this allowed engineers to create simpler, more easily repaired layouts for these devices.\nAn archive of Coin-op collectibles sold at auction can be found here", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The precautionary principle is frequently cited in major international statements. However, implementing it still stirs up a lot of debate: is it feasible, is it advisable? Today with hindsight, controversy and experience have enabled us to better frame a somewhat abstract idea that is still seeking its path forward. Two countries only, France and Ecuador have appended the principle to their respective Constitutions and in the former we see some emblematic examples of difficulties to be overcome in enforcing the Principle.\nThe Precautionary Principle was devised and developed at the end of the 1960s, firstly in a 1969 Swedish law referring to environmental protection, followed by Germany and its “Vorsorgeprinzip.” Formulation of the Principle, modulating as it does between innovation and protection, has never been fully stabilized.\nAnnex 1 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) adopts an open stance and affirms in its Principle 15 that “where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.” The Final Declaration of the first European conference on “Endangered Seas” (1994) is far more demanding, quote “If, for a given activity, the worst-case scenario is sufficiently threatening, then even a small degree of doubt will suffice to justify its being postponed.”\nThe French experience\nFrance took the decision, in 2005, to append the Principle to its Constitution, heading a list of applicable standards. This very decision was and remains controversial. Elsewhere in the World, only Ecuador went this far. In many other countries, policy-makers are awaiting the first ten-year status report on the effects of constitutionalizing the precautionary principle. This principle is written into Article 5 of the “Environment Charter” placed as a preamble to the main Constitutional text, worded as follows: “when there is a risk of damage, however uncertain given the latest state of scientific knowledge, of serious and irreversible impact on the environment, public authorities, applying the precautionary principle, will assure, in their respective areas of competence, that the procedures to assess risk and adopt provisional and proportionate measures to counter possible damage are duly applied and enforced.”\nSince 2005, several court proceedings in France invoked the precautionary principle. For example, in March 2009, the Angers High Court placed an interdict order on the mobile phone operator Orange, thus preventing installation of relay antennae on the church spire at Notre-Dame d’Alençon. In handing down his sentence, the judge explained that “given the uncertainties surrounding the technical characteristics of the installation, and the recognized risks of impacts on public health should the existing emission level standard be exceeded, and given the uncertainties in regard to guarantees about protecting the nearby sensitive structure, viz., the primary school house, the precautionary principle leads us to ordering an interdict on this project, which order constitutes an effective and proportionate measure to prevent risk of serious and irreversible damage to the environment at an acceptable economic cost”. In January 2014, however, a French member of Parliament proposed to abandon the precautionary principle, per se, replacing the notion by “sobriety” in the case of exposure to mobile phones, wifi stations and relay antennae radiation.\nThe debate is still raging. For the promoters of the precautionary principle, the latter is a universal and international principle that translates our sense of belonging to an interdependent ecosystem, where the fate of Humanity is tied to the results of human activities. It is also a pragmatic principle inasmuch as it takes into account the power acquired by science and technology today, plus the difficulty to forecast impact and the time delay between the speed at which damage can occur and the time needed to repair its effects. Moreover, it also enables methodological doubt to be applied to the issue. But above all other considerations, it is an action principle that promotes the need for research to solve crises and in no way a principle of abstention that demands proof of innocuousness as a prior step to any authorization.\nThe fact that the French law-makers decided to append the principle to the country’s Constitution – at a time when several sanitary scandals had hit the headlines (HIV contaminated blood, mad-cow disease, growth hormones) – corresponded to the need to distinguish between two possible situations: real risks (with known probability such as cancer linked to tobacco) that call for preventive measures and uncertain situations (impossible to measure the probability) that call for precaution such as measures taken to stop imports of British cow meat in 1996 following the BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) epidemic better known as “mad-cow” disease.\nAppending the precautionary principle to the Constitution conferred a strong legal value, i.e., it can be used in court but also, following the legal principle in France that “no one can ignore law” can become a commonly accepted text to which policy-makers can refer spontaneously.\nThis alone is a non-negligible challenge, as it was reported in 2013 by the European Environment Agency: “Warnings were ignored or set aside until the point was reached that damage to health and the environment became inevitable”. “This was the case”, says the EEA, “for industrial mercury poisoning, drops in human fertility due to use of pesticides, impact of endocrinal disturbance agents in plastics and eco-systems modified by pharmaceutical compounds.”\nThe European Environment Agency is also concerned by the economic aspects. “In certain cases, says EEA, companies have privileged short-term profit, thereby neglecting public safety, hiding or ignoring the existence of potential risk factors. In other cases, scientists have minimized the risks, sometimes faced with the pressure from groups defending vested interest [lobbies].”\nOn the other hand, a strict implementation of the principle may have some economic and social costs. Whatever one’s point of view, enforcing the precautionary principle raises the question of whether the text should be seen as applicable not only to a society but to a country’s economy. And this is where matter get complicated, given that national economies today are tied to a vast system of exchanges with confrontations of very different legal systems in each country.\nFrance is a Member State in the European Union but the almost 30 Member States have not harmonized how the precautionary principle could/should be applied. Depending on the country, the principle may only represent a political reference, a jurisprudence text, a legal disposition or a text carrying constitutional value.\nYet the principle of precaution was inscribed in Art.174 of the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht. It authorized States to invoke higher interest of the environment and health to derogate from EC law in terms of, e.g., free circulation of goods.\nIn reverse, the World Trade Organization has manifested a degree of defiance to the precautionary principle. WTO agrees that a State may wish to take precautionary/preventive measures when faced with a risk that has not yet been scientifically proven, but “shall endeavour to clearly identify the scientific rigor with which the risk assessment was conducted”. The USA have seized the WTO on several occasions regarding the stance taken by certain European States in the area of GMOs, in particular pursuant to the moratorium decided by several European States, including France, about the use of the hybrid GM corn variety MON810 marketed by Monsanto as of 2011. This matter will one of the numerous points of discussion in the drafting of the free-exchange agreement between the USA and the EU. In like manner, in the conflict opposing the USA and the EC in regard to the Directive dated April 29 1996 placing an interdict on administration of growth hormones to animal farm stock. The WTO Panel made two decisions August 18, 1997 and one in Appeal Court, February 13, 1998 in which it was deemed that the European Community could not reasonably invoke the precautionary principle to justify restricting commercial trade exchanges. Such restrictions, explained the WTO, can only be applied when there is a proven risk and not just a scientific conjecture or speculation;\nThe caution expressed by WTO points to the potential serious economic consequences of increased application of the precautionary principle. In so doing the Geneva based institution is perfectly within its rights (protecting access to open trade exchange) and clearly raised the question of arbitration or at least adjustments where necessary between the two dimensions of public well-being: public health at large and economic activities. It is patent that a maximalist use of the precautionary principle would have economic consequences.\nA case in point, often cited, is that of Denmark, where the local authorities panicked in February 2000, placing a total interdict on imports of cow meat (the Danish Government fearing a new outbreak of BSE when only a single case was reported). Obviously, the reaction here was disproportionate.\nThe tenets of the precautionary principle have learned their lesson and the idea of a degree of proportionality in terms of results has been brought to the fore. Nonetheless, it is a difficult issue and we often see decisions that lead to rife debate.\nTo exemplify this point, the local authority in the Gironde Department placed an interdict on oysters and mussels from the nearby Bay of Arcachon, justifying this administrative decision via the precautionary principle. Oyster farmers, supported by local politicians, contested what they saw as an unfounded decision and application of the principle, taken with “no discernment.” Their argument singled out the oyster disease test and deplored the economic and thoughtless impact on the oyster market outlets and farmer’s income.\nThe question is, how must one arbitrate between the possibility – even if it is not real and attested – that serious sanitary problems can arise and the economic viability of a local employment sector (oyster-culture)? Do the decision makers – judges or local authority service heads – have the skills and even the legitimacy to make such decisions and arbitration?\nThis economic aspect has brought up one of the central questions of enforcing the precautionary principle: if, on one hand, it is acceptable to invoke the principle in a public debate on future challenges and issues, it is difficult, on the other hand, to base an uncontested legal or administrative decision on the same grounds.\nParadoxes and contradictions\nEconomics is only part of the story. Gradually, as the precautionary principle came to be seen as a standard, new and violent forms of controversy arose in regard to the impact the principle might have on scientific research. The fear the scientists aired was that enforcing the principle would simply bring certain forms of research to a halt (stopping future economic development) inasmuch as the principle called for a proof of zero risk.\nEmeritus Professor Michel Prieur, University of Limoges, finds exactly the opposite, as he puts it “the precautionary principle stimulates scientific research in order to reduce the degree of uncertainty. Of course, the principle per se calls for a reversal of the onus of proof. It is up to the person requesting authorization to prove that his intended action/activity will not have unknown consequences on the environment. However, reversing the onus of proof does not at all imply that he applicant has to prove absence of risk; there is an explicit invitation that enterprise adopts a responsible attitude with respect to non-intentional and cumulative effects that arise through use of the innovation they would like to operate/use.”\nThe opponents to the precautionary principle assert that the principle runs counter to the interests of science, research and innovation, and hence slow down economic growth, discouraging enterprise and universities form engaging in research in certain areas, in short encouraging them to apply self-censorship and stymie their plans. If one were only to apply the precautionary principle to the principle itself, the latter would auto-destroy itself. Adversaries are legion, including in France where the Academy of Sciences issued a negative advice note early on. The Academy recommended “that the precautionary principle should not be attached or included in constitutional texts or in the high level ‘organic laws’, to the extent that doing so could induce a deleterious effect with disastrous consequences for future progress of well-being, health and our environment”.\nTo justify this stance, the partisans of a more sceptical approach to the principle evoke the case in point of the insecticide DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) to demonstrate that applying the precautionary principle can have dramatic consequences. In 1948, the Swiss born chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery of the high level efficiency of DDT (synthesized some 70 years earlier) as an pesticide. A dozen years later, DDT was considered to be THE reference product to fight malaria and was seen as the agent that helped eradicate this disease from developed countries (and control it elsewhere). In the USA, the National Academy of Sciences assessed that over two decades DDT had saved the lives of 500 M persons round the world from dying of malaria.\nBut in 1962, DDT was accused of making certain bird species suffer (they lost their basic mosquito food to DDT spray operations) and became a target for ecologist movements. FDDT was gradually prohibited in developed countries as of the 1970s. The WHO (World Health Organization) moved away from DDT spray campaigns in its efforts to control malaria outbreaks. The consequences have been serious, to say the least. In India, recent studies recall that DDT had made malaria drop significantly from 100 M cases /yr. to 100 000/yr. in 1965. Following the DDT interdict, the number of cases rose to 6M in 1976. Faced with malaria, the use of DDT inside homes was again recommended by the WHO in 2006. The Organization recommended that substitute compounds be found as of 2020. However, just as was the case for the judiciary at Arcachon, the choices ahead will be difficult, almost impossible.\nIt was these contradictions that came forward in France when the precautionary principle was evoked in stormy debates after the law of July 23th, 2011 placed an interdict on exploration and operation of shale gas/oil. This provided a stage for opposing stances, with a certain level of subtlety, not to say of contradictions. The partisans of shale gas have listed the consequences of the interdict: in the USA the cost of primary gas as an energy source has dropped sharply with the introduction of shale gas to the residential networks; the energy operators are now closing down coal burning power stations, replacing the units with gas burning plant. Coal is now looking for new market outlets and is coming over massively to Europe, where gas is still more expensive than coal. In the near future, we shall see coal replacing gas as the energy source, knowing that a coal burning station produces twice as much CO2/kWh.\nPartisans of shale gas exploitation have questioned the legality of the law before the Constitutional Supreme Court. Their case and plea were rejected. In October 2013, the French Conseil Constitutionnel (Supreme Court) validated the law, ruling that “the interdict to carry out exploration drilling wells followed by hydraulic rock fracturing to seek and exploit hydrocarbon fuels in France is a general and absolute principle; the law effectively blocks research not only in the development of classic hydrocarbon fuel exploitation with the process; the law-makers rightfully pursued the overarching objective of protecting the environment”. Court added that “the grievance aired by the objectors to violation of the precautionary principle has no effect since the law-makers based their decision and vote on the principle of prevention.”\nBetween ‘catastrophism’ and the principle of innovation\nCriticism levelled at the precautionary principle also came from candid defenders of the environment. While some experts accuse the principle of immobilizing scientific thought and research, others paradoxically accuse the principle of inducing half measures. Professor Jean-Pierre Dupuy, University of Stanford, California and Ecole Polytechnique accuse the precautionary principle not for blocking technological developments but rather making everyone powerless when a catastrophe occurs as a result of the development – in short, the promises are not upheld.\nAs Dupuy sees it, “is a form of instrumental rationality, technicalities and economic calculations, given that the base is a probabilistic analysis of risks, whereas the reasonable thing to do is to foresee a catastrophic event.” To replace the precautionary principle, Dupuy advocates another approach “enlightened catastrophism”: think about catastrophes today to completely avoid them tomorrow. “The reasoned and accountable serenity of risk managers would tie well with that extraordinary capacity Men have to be resigned when unacceptable events occur, and it is this resignation that is the major stumbling block to defining a carefulness adapted to our times.”\nWe could of course argue with Prof. Dupuy that the precautionary principle is somewhat removed from a probabilistic approach, such as is used in risk management. It deals with uncertainty, i.e., with the possibility that a catastrophe could occur. But the precautionary principle does not stop there. It constitutes an encouragement to clear the route of its uncertainties. It stands mid-way, so to speak, between catastrophism and the so-called “risk management” which does not always match the stakes of the issues as they may happen.\nIn this light, a rigorous application of the precautionary principle leads to encouragement of research, so as to remove the elements of uncertainty and move back into what is measurable, debatable and can be discussed in its own rights: risk itself.\nThe precautionary principle here points to further scientific progress and to development of techniques rather than seeing us bathe in gloom and nostalgia. Its aim is not to immobilize all Mankind but to induce a smooth, reasoned changeover from precaution to prevention, thanks to new research.\nA good example here for this ‘progressive’ conception of the precautionary principle can be the thorny topic of climate change. A catastrophic approach or blind enforcement of the precautionary principle would cause the planet to go into a downturn of the economies. Obviously nobody today seriously defends such an approach. An intelligent application on the contrary will incite us to open up every possible line of research to throw light on possible futures and to provide for the means to understand and prevent then more serious aspects from impacting us. This goes from green techs to research into the factors of behavioural change so that Mankind moves to adopting more sustainable ways of life.\nFramed and conceived in this way, the precautionary principle has the challenging role to open the scope of possible futures. This does not entail being fearful about the most ominous possibilities ahead, but it will serve to mobilize our energies to innovate, again and again. This calls for a proactive stance and for us to embrace a brave new vision of the world today and ahead.\nMichel Callon, Yannick Barthe and Pierre Lascoumes who co-authored a reference text-book (Agir dans un monde incertain. Essai sur la démocratie technique [Acting in an uncertain world/ An essay on technical democracy] go even further in their analysis and recommendations. They defend the idea of “open air” research, associating civilians with scientists – to both enrich and enhance the diagnosis and to better identify solutions that are more inventive. Others may prefer protecting scientific investigations from interference stemming from public debate. Both stances are defendable. But the key point they make is that the precautionary principle, in fact goes hand in hand with the principle of innovation.\nMore on paristech review\nOn the topic\nBy the author\n- Agriculture and food: the rise of digital platformson February 12th, 2016\n- The education tsunami – 9 pieces to make sense of a revolutionon July 22nd, 2015\n- Energy transition Series – Smart consumption: technology to the rescueon June 26th, 2015", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Welcome to 321 Learn!\nDo you have students who have trouble sitting still and focusing? Do you have students diagnosed with ADHD? Learn how sensory integration will not only change the learning experience of those difficult students, but will have a positive impact on every child in your classroom!\n“Play is often talked about as if it were a relief from serious learning. But for children play is serious learning. Play is really the work of childhood.”\nSign up for my newsletter and receive a free reference chart of sensory integration ideas for use in your classroom!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The United States used 97.8 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) of energy in 2016. That’s 3.5 times more energy than Russia used the same year. Burning fuel to meet these energy demands affects the environment, but a shift in the last decade to lower-carbon natural gas has had a significant impact.\nNatural gas also emits less carbon dioxide (CO2) than other fossil fuel sources, so its greater use drives down the number overall. In fact, the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) projections show that in 2019 energy-related carbon emissions will have decreased 13 percent from 2005.\nWhy has this shift occurred? Technology and innovation have provided access to abundant supplies of natural gas – an energy source that produces fewer emissions than other fossil fuels. Its increased availability has increased its affordability, making natural gas the leading choice for electric generation and supporting renewable energy.\nInnovation in Access\nThough people have used natural gas since 1000 B.C., innovations over the past few decades have improved the efficiency and effectiveness in how we extract it. Advanced technologies, like hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, allow operators to access larger amounts of natural gas trapped in shale and other tight rock formations. While conventional vertical drilling requires spacing out many individual wells over a wide area, horizontal drilling allows for up to 20, or more, wells from a single surface location. Utilizing these techniques has reduced the surface footprint of natural gas development by 90 percent.\nContinuously evolving technologies have pushed production to reach record highs by streamlining the extraction process. These innovations have also impacted the amount of methane emitted from hydraulically fractured natural gas wells, which dropped 14% between 1990 and 2016, even as production rose more than 50 percent.\nIncreased Use of Natural Gas\nIncreased access to natural gas has made it more abundant and affordable. This energy source fueled more than 31 percent of U.S. electricity generation in 2017, leading all other fuels and the EIA projects that number will rise to 41 percent by 2050. The surge stems from the construction of new natural gas plants to meet growing demand, in addition to replacing facilities that use more carbon-intensive fuel, like coal. This is already evident in regions like the northeastern U.S., where natural gas has nearly doubled its generation portfolio.\nFlexibility for America’s Electricity Grid\nA rise in renewable generation is another way power is becoming cleaner. These carbon-free technologies are an important part of our energy future, but most sources can’t produce energy 24 hours a day. For example, solar panels can only generate electricity when the sun is shining.\nNatural gas can act as a stable back-up, providing power when renewables cannot. By quickly ramping up and down production to match the changing output from these emissions-free sources, natural gas has asserted itself as a key ally in bringing more renewables online. The benefits of this partnership are demonstrated in a 2016 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research, which found that for every 1% increase in natural gas’ share of electricity generation, there was a .88% increase in long-term renewable capacity.\nThe U.S. is primed to lead the way in clean energy development. Whether its providing cleaner baseload power, or integrating more innovative, variable renewable energy sources, natural gas is cleaning up our energy options.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bernard Courtois of France\nNecessary for all life.\nNamed from the Greek word meaning “violet,” iodine is a shiny blue-black solid. Like other halogens, iodine is very reactive, although it is the least reactive of the group. Like arsenic, iodine sublimes directly from a solid to a purple vapor when it is heated. Iodine compounds are used as medicine and potassium iodide is used for a disinfectant. Silver iodide is used in photography and in cloud seeding. Iodine is also used as a nutrient additive to table salt. Like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, iodine cycles through the biosphere.\nIodine is an essential trace element to many species, including humans. It is a component of thyroid hormones. Lack of iodine will cause goiter, a thyroid deficiency disease. Iodine is believed to be the heaviest element required by humans.\nRole in Life Processes\nCritical for life processes in plants and animals.\nPercentage Amount in the Human Body: 0.00002%\nMinerals of iodine are uncommon—iodargyrite (silver iodide) and lautarite are two iodine-bearing minerals. Iodine is obtained mainly from seawater, old salt brines and salt wells, as well as nitrate deposits found in Chile. Some iodine is also obtained from seaweed.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "According to timedictionary, East Grand Forks, Minnesota, is a quaint city located in the northwestern part of the state, situated right on the eastern banks of the Red River of the North. Nestled in the Red River Valley, the city is bordered by the neighboring state of North Dakota to the west. The geography of East Grand Forks is characterized by its flat and fertile landscape, which is a result of the glacial activity that occurred thousands of years ago.\nThe Red River Valley, where East Grand Forks is situated, was formed by the retreat of glaciers during the last ice age. As the glaciers melted, they left behind rich deposits of sediment, creating a flat and fertile plain. This makes the region ideal for agriculture, and the area surrounding East Grand Forks is predominantly used for farming, with vast fields of crops stretching as far as the eye can see.\nThe Red River of the North, which flows through East Grand Forks, is a prominent geographical feature of the area. The river serves as a natural boundary between Minnesota and North Dakota, and it is an important waterway for both recreational activities and commerce. The Red River Valley is known for its seasonal flooding, as the river frequently overflows its banks during the spring thaw. This has led to the development of levees and flood control measures in East Grand Forks to protect the city from potential damage.\nIn addition to the Red River, East Grand Forks is also home to several smaller bodies of water, including rivers, creeks, and lakes. The city is surrounded by numerous parks and green spaces, offering residents and visitors ample opportunities for outdoor recreation. These natural features contribute to the overall beauty and charm of East Grand Forks, making it an attractive destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.\nThe climate of East Grand Forks is characterized by cold winters and warm summers. The area experiences all four distinct seasons, with snowfall during the winter months and pleasantly warm temperatures during the summer. The flat terrain of the region allows for strong winds to blow through the area, leading to occasional blizzards during the winter and thunderstorms during the summer.\nOverall, the geography of East Grand Forks, Minnesota, is defined by its flat and fertile landscape, the presence of the Red River of the North, and an abundance of parks and green spaces. These natural features, combined with the city’s proximity to North Dakota and its agricultural heritage, contribute to the unique charm and appeal of East Grand Forks. Whether it’s exploring the scenic riverfront, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing oneself in the beauty of the surrounding countryside, East Grand Forks offers something for everyone to enjoy.\nHistory, Economy and Politics of East Grand Forks, Minnesota\nEast Grand Forks is a small city located in northwestern Minnesota, situated along the Red River of the North. It is part of the Grand Forks Metropolitan Area, which includes the neighboring city of Grand Forks in North Dakota. With a rich history, a diverse economy, and a vibrant political landscape, East Grand Forks has become an important community in the region.\nThe history of East Grand Forks dates back to the late 19th century when settlers began to establish a presence in the area. The city was officially incorporated in 1887 and was named after its geographical location at the eastern fork of the Red River. The region was primarily agricultural, with farming and livestock playing a crucial role in the early economy. Over time, the city grew and developed, attracting more residents and businesses.\nThe economy of East Grand Forks has evolved significantly over the years. While agriculture remains an essential part of the local economy, the city has diversified into other sectors as well. Manufacturing, healthcare, education, and retail trade are some of the key industries driving economic growth in the area. The presence of the University of North Dakota in nearby Grand Forks also contributes to the economy of East Grand Forks, attracting students and creating employment opportunities.\nThe city’s politics are characterized by a vibrant and engaged community. East Grand Forks operates under a mayor-council form of government, with a mayor and six council members elected by the residents. The city council is responsible for making policy decisions and overseeing the administration of various municipal services. Local elections are held regularly, providing residents with the opportunity to participate in the democratic process and shape the future of their community.\nIn recent years, East Grand Forks has faced several challenges, including natural disasters. The city was severely affected by the devastating Red River flood of 1997, which caused extensive damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure. However, the community rallied together, demonstrating resilience and determination in the face of adversity. Efforts to rebuild and revitalize the city were successful, and East Grand Forks has since undergone significant redevelopment and improvement projects.\nIn terms of amenities and quality of life, East Grand Forks offers a range of recreational activities, parks, and cultural attractions. The Greenway, a scenic park along the Red River, provides opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, biking, and fishing. The city also boasts a vibrant arts and cultural scene, with museums, theaters, and community events that promote local talent and creativity.\nOverall, East Grand Forks has a rich history, a diverse and growing economy, and an engaged political landscape. The city continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of its residents, ensuring a bright future for this community in northwestern Minnesota.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Engraving of a Vigée Le Brun Portrait The Princess de Lamballe was born in 1749. She was married to Louis Stanislas, the Prince de Lamballe (1747-68), the brother of Louise Marie Adélaïde de Penthièvre (the future Duchesse de Chartres). She was widowed at the age of 19. The Princess de Lamballe died on 3 Sept 1792 in Paris after she returned from England to help her queen. She was decapitated and her body was lacerated.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Resource Allocation: Tasks assigned to employees and displayed in a time-based bar chart.\nConsider this \"Part 2\" of the Employee Availability video. This video expands upon the concepts of scheduling projects and tasks so that employees have steady work into the future. That is really the definition of Project Resource Allocation. The concept seeks to allocate task work to employees so they have something to work on. Of course G&A projects and planned time off have their place in the mix as well. It's not all just project work. Consider this one of the many project management features in addition to our timesheet, expenses, invoicing, and PTO accruals.\nThe basis of resource allocation is projects and tasks. Either the project, or the tasks under it, must be set up to allocate hours to employees. Traditionally, this has been purely a project task duty, but our product also allows projects with no tasks to serve as sources of allocated hours. That simplifies things.\nAssuming you are using project tasks to check resource allocation, you will need to enter an estimated duration of hours for each task, at a minimum. Adding a starting and due dates help define the exact time when you expect employees to work on tasks, but they are optional because you may not know those dates or the dates may change too frequently for micro-management. Simply add some tasks to a project, assign them to employees, and enter a duration, and you have all you need to view the effect in the Resource Allocation window.\nThe graph you see deals chiefly with task remaining hours. So, even though you entered hours into the duration field, it is really the number of remaining hours, after subtracting actual timesheet hours, that are plotted on the graph. Why? Because those are the only hours relevant to future work. In other words, employees will apply themselves to what remains of their tasks. So all we care to see in the graph is what remains to be done.\nIf you can envision a graph showing tasks allocated by time period, you instantly realize that employees are expected to work a certain number of hours during those periods. You also begin to see that an inverted chart represents employee availability. For example, if a person is allocated to work on 10 hours in a certain week, they would have another 30 hours available for new work. So whereas the resource allocation chart would show a bar for 10 hours, the availability chart would show 30. The two work hand-in-hand to help you visualize future working hours.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Fourth Assertion: Attaching the prefix ‘neuro’ to a discipline with a long-standing history creates a new sub-discipline.\n“It is plainly contrary to the law of nature…that the privileged few should gorge themselves with superfluities, while the starving multitude are in want of the common necessaries of life”\nDiscourse on the Origins of Inequality -Jean-Jacques Rousseau\nThe word “neuro-historian” first appeared in the 1970 edition of Webb Haymaker and Francis Schiller’s The Founders of Neurology. Haymaker and Schiller applied this moniker to Jules Soury (1842-1915), who (along with Leonard Guthrie, Max Neuburger, and Fielding Garrison) was one of the first historians of the science and medicine of the nervous system. In this instance, Haymaker and Schiller used the word “neuro-historian” to demarcate an historian who had taken “neurology” as a special interest. It is not clear why they thought Soury the only historian deserving of this title. What is clear, however, is that Haymaker and Schiller were not seeking to carve out a new disciplinary space called “neuro-history.”\nNeuro-history, launched by among others Daniel Lord Smail, Iain McGilchrist, and David Lewis Williams in the first decade of the 21st century, and subsequently lauded by philosopher Steve Fuller (PDF), is a species of history-making that adopts an interdisciplinary style of thinking about historical narrative that assumes that certain neurobiological or genetic facts are universal, true, and therefore as meaningful as archeological findings, anthropological observations, or historical sources. In this sense, neuro-history is different from Charles C. Mann’s 1491, which pulls from a range of methodologies in the human sciences to reconstruct life in the Americas before Europeans arrived, because Mann does not assume the transcendence of biology and evolution.\nNeuro-history's program is not to undo history per se, rather the program claims that science has established certain facts that can be meaningful when retrospectively read back into the historical record to establish a deep history. Thus, as Roger Cooter has critically reviewed, McGilchrist’s The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World claims that the origins of modernity were a dialectic of the lateralization of the brain, where the left (logical) “master” hemisphere of the brain competes with its (empathetic) “emissary” on the right. And McGilchrist’s monograph underscores the best critique of these attempts: As neurophilosophy pointed out a while ago:\nthe notion that someone is \"left-brained\" or \"right-brained\" is absolute nonsense. All complex behaviours and cognitive functions require the integrated actions of multiple brain regions in both hemispheres of the brain. All types of information are probably processed in both the left and right hemispheres (perhaps in different ways, so that the processing carried out on one side of the brain complements, rather than substitutes, that being carried out on the other).\nThe flaw with the neuro-history approach is that the science often changes more rapidly than the professional historians who seek to master the science are aware, and indeed the historiography changes more rapidly than the professional physicians, scientists, and philosophers who write or argue for such histories bother to recognize. It would seem that neuro-history is doomed methodologically. But was it ever a discipline? For that matter, can we judge neuro-economics, neuro-aesthetics, neuro-philosophy, neuro-law, etc to be disciplines? (What follows is somewhat wonkish.)\nIf judged by the sociology of professions, disciplines, and specialties, then the answer must be an emphatic no.\nLet us examine some of the varied approaches to these topics in the sociology of work. Firstly, consider various definitions of professions: In 1958, Harvey Smith claimed that professions are “complex social institutions, which select people of varied skills, often from several social strata, and organise them” (p.410-411). In that same year, Ernest Greenwood claimed that professions could be understood as social workers with defined attributes including: (1) systematic theory, (2) authority, (3) community sanction, (4) ethical codes, (5) a culture. In 1977 Ivan Illich refined these views further by claiming that professions are social groups seeking to appropriate areas of human existence and to exercise social control over others, chiefly through the power of the state and bureaucracy. There is little sign that any of these fields have acquired structural characteristics like these, although I am suspicious that Illich’s description fits the motives of these ‘entrepreneurs’.\nDo neuro-prefixed fields amount to disciplines? Foucault suggested in Discipline and Punishment that \"The disciplines characterize, classify, specialize; they distribute along a scale, around a norm, hierarchize individuals in relation to one another and, if necessary, disqualify and invalidate.\" (Foucault p. 223). Judged in post-structural terms, it is clear that the motivation of these domains might well accord with Foucault’s views, but structurally the fields to not yet rise to the level of seriousness.\nWith the exception of neuro-ethics and neuro-law, there are no academic departments; no academic journals; no professional societies devoted to these issues. While they live and breath in the blog-sphere, the blog-sphere also makes clear that these new creatures survive mainly on the fringes of academia and think tanks. Their best bet for survival is to establish footholds in neuroscience departments, and institutionalization in such a manner will almost certainly mean that they will forever have to contend with scientists pointing out the is/ought dichotomy against which their post-structural imperatives will almost certainly rail and recoil. (Of course, as Sheila Faith Weiss’s recent excellent monograph The Nazi Symbiosis: Human Genetics and Politics in the Third Reich makes quite clear, there are reasons for fearing that neuroscientists will embrace their disciples in the humanities and social sciences. Socially-engaged science can be very ugly and so it is important to continue to resist those who laud what these fields are doing, for they almost certainly have an ideological agenda far from the actual domain of neuroscience.)\nIf neuro-prefixed areas of work are not professions or disciplines, then can we say that they are specialties? Specialization, according to Talcott Parsons's old definition, is a process that divides professions. In this sense, we might see them as forming divisions of professional labor (Abbott 1992). Nassau Senior (1836) defined the Division of Labour as the “Division of Production…the confining as much as possible of each distinct producer and each distinct class of producers to operations of a single kind.” George Rosen extended Senior’s theory to his own theory of the specialization of medicine, explaining in 1946 that: “medical specialism is an extension of that social division of labour, which first brought into being the medicine man. Furthermore, the foundation of medical specialism is heterogeneous, some specialties having developed around technical procedures, others taking as their province specific age groups, while still others have confined themselves to organs and organ systems” (p. 3). Scholars such as Rosemary Stevens and George Weisz have sought to expand upon Rosen’s definitions, examining the ways that changes in technology, hospital administration or political practices changed the specialization of medicine and science.\nMost scholars agree that specialization-processes can been seen as equivalent to the creation of expert divisions of labor but often without the economic consequences recognized by Adam Smith. In any case, regardless of the consequences, fields in the humanities and social sciences that have sought to embrace neuroscientific knowledge have not succeeded in specializing, precisely because they are not seeking to narrow their professions – history, philosophy, economics, ethics, aesthetics, or law. Rather, they are claiming that we - humanists and social scientists - have a choice before us: we can learn from neuroscience and expand our professions' knowledge bases. Or we can resist neuroscience and suffer the humiliation of falling further and further behind.\nIt is this appeal to choice that reveals quite explicitly what many of these neuro-prefixed individuals are up to. They are entrepreneurs, bent on selling a product. A product that is often little more than a utopian vision or ideology dressed-up in the newest scientific fashions. Seven decades ago it was eugenics; four decades ago it was socio-biology. In the last thirty years, we’ve seen genes, green florescent proteins, and now brain scans become the currency of ‘debates’ about making history, philosophy, ethics, and law scientific. And a number of people have become quite famous selling us those debates and fairy-tales.\nBut just as Walter Morley Fletcher, the first Secretary of Britain’s MRC, once famously suggested that biomedicine would “cure death itself”, we have been waiting for our scientific pixies, hobgoblins, or superheroes in the humanities and social sciences to prove their worth and actually deliver something beyond the banal or ideological. Indeed, for all of their protestations, they need us first and foremost.How many of their books could exist without an inherited legacy of hard-work in history, philosophy, ethics, economics, law, etc.? The facts these workers bring are made in the image of debates long established in the humanities and social sciences; despite their best efforts, they cannot re-make us into theirs because we were there first.\nYet, if in the end we do purchase the currency of these debates, if we \"blink,\" then we should recognize that it is because we like the marketing, the slick-packaging, and even the opportunity to moralize against this stuff. Admitting that we like this stuff is like admitting that we like sugar. We need to recognize that these workers are intellectually closer to Coca-Cola and Brittney Spears than they are to professions, disciplines, or specialties. They are bubble-gum, vanilla flavoring: a caramel macchiato with a double shot of espresso that keeps you awake about as long. You see, it takes a lot of hard-work, persuasion, brilliance, autonomy, determination, rigor, and truth to construct a profession, discipline, or specialty. Such work may well fall into the darker functions alluded to by Illich or Foucault, but say this for what the sociology of work has show us about those ‘disciplinary projects,’ they took the work of many brilliant people over a great deal of time. The neuro-tide, so far, is but window-dressing in comparison. Make them earn their status. Don’t give it to them because it is a convenient shorthand.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The article below, originally appearing in Phys.org*, is one of the best overviews of string theory – clear, concise and precise. While there are dozens of books published on the topic, this article provides the perspective necessary for the continued journey to formulate The Theory of Time.\nThis is an image of a two-dimensional hypersurface of the quintic Calabi-Yau three-fold. Credit: Jbourjai/Wikipedia.\n“(Phys.org) —Scientists at Towson University in Towson, Maryland, have identified a practical, yet overlooked, test of string theory based on the motions of planets, moons and asteroids, reminiscent of Galileo’s famed test of gravity by dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa.\nString theory is infamous as an eloquent theoretical framework to understand all forces in the universe —- a so-called “theory of everything” —- that can’t be tested with current instrumentation because the energy level and size scale to see the effects of string theory are too extreme.\nYet inspired by Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton, Towson University scientists say that precise measurements of the positions of solar-system bodies could reveal very slight discrepancies in what is predicted by the theory of general relativity and the equivalence principle, or establish new upper limits for measuring the effects of string theory.\nString theory hopes to provide a bridge between two well-tested yet incompatible theories that describe all known physics: Einstein’s general relativity, our reigning theory of gravity; and the standard model of particle physics, or quantum field theory, which explains all the forces other than gravity.\nString theory posits that all matter and energy in the universe is composed of one-dimensional strings. These strings are thought to be a quintillion times smaller than the already infinitesimal hydrogen atom and thus too minute to detect indirectly. Similarly, finding signs of strings in a particle accelerator would require millions of times more energy than what has been needed to identify the famous Higgs boson.\n“Scientists have joked about how string theory is promising…and always will be promising, for the lack of being able to test it,” said Dr. James Overduin of the Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences at Towson University, first author on the paper. “What we have identified is a straightforward method to detect cracks in general relativity that could be explained by string theory, with almost no strings attached.”\nOverduin and his group —- including Towson University undergraduate research students Jack Mitcham and Zoey Warecki —- expanded on a concept proposed by Galileo and Newton to explain gravity.\nFable has it that Galileo dropped two balls of different weights from the Tower of Pisa to demonstrate how they would hit the ground at the same time. Years later Newton realized that the same experiment is being performed by Mother Nature all the time in space, where the moons and planets of the solar system fall continuously toward each other as they orbit around their common centers of mass. Newton used telescope observations to conclude that Jupiter and its Galilean moons fall with the same acceleration toward the Sun.\nThe same test could be used for string theory, Overduin said. The gravitational field couples to all forms of matter and energy with precisely the same strength, an observation that led Einstein to his theory of general relativity and is now enshrined in physics as the equivalence principle. String theory predicts violations of the equivalence principle because it involves new fields which couple differently to objects of different composition, causing them to accelerate differently, even in the same gravitational field.\nBuilding on work done by Kenneth Nordtvedt and others beginning in the 1970s, Overduin and his collaborators consider three possible signatures of equivalence principle violation in the solar system: departures from Kepler’s Third Law of planetary motion; drift of the stable Lagrange points; and orbital polarization (also known as the Nordtvedt effect), whereby the distance between two bodies like the Earth and Moon oscillates due to differences in acceleration toward a third body like the Sun.\nTo date, there is no evidence for any of these effects. Indeed, the standard astronomical ephemeris assumes the validity of Kepler’s Third Law in deriving such fundamental quantities as the length of the Astronomical Unit. But all observations in science involve some degree of experimental uncertainty. The approach of Overduin’s team is to use these experimental uncertainties themselves to obtain upper limits on possible violations of the equivalence principle by the planets, moons and Trojan asteroids in the solar system.\n“The Saturnian satellites Tethys and Dione make a particularly fascinating test case,” said Warecki, who is presenting this work at Session 109 at the AAS meeting today. “Tethys is made almost entirely of ice, while Dione possesses a significantly rocky core. And both have Trojan companions.”\n“The limits obtained in this way are not as sensitive as those from dedicated torsion-balance or laser-ranging tests,” said Mitcham. “But they are uniquely valuable as potential tests of string theory nonetheless because they cover a much wider range of test-body materials.”\nMoreover, in an era of increasingly big-budget science, they come at comparatively little cost, said Overduin.\nThe Towson-based team presents its finding today, January 6, 2014, between 10 a.m. and 11:30 a.m., at the 223rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society, in Washington, D.C. The work also appears in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity”\nRead more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-01-scientists-theory.html#jCp\n* Reprinted from the January 6, 2014 online issue of Phys.org\n**The image is of a two-dimensional hypersurface of the quintic Calabi-Yau three-fold. Credit: Jbourjai/Wikipedia.\nMore to follow . . .", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 3D Digitisation of the Hadrian's Temple\nThe Hadrian’s Temple, discovered in 1956 in Ephesus, Turkey, is undeniably one of the most significant historical monuments in the region. As far back as the summer of 1957, comprehensive restoration work had begun and was completed in 1958. Questions about the building’s chronology, function or reconstruction details, however, could never be conclusively answered. A special project, initiated by the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI) and funded by the Austrian Science Fund, has set out to shed light on these unsolved aspects.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Striving for an education\nMany countries have managed to get more children into school by putting an end school fees. But, there are still various problems making it impossible for many children to go to school.\nA shortage of schoolhouses and trained teachers are just some of the problems that many governments face in providing an education for children in their country.\nExplore the Issue\nTwo Steps Forward, One Step Back\nAlthough many countries have managed to get more kids into school, many families still face problems as they try to get their children an education, such as having to pay for school uniforms and books. A lack of education also increases the likelihood that children won’t have access to clean water and sanitation, becoming more susceptible to malnutrition and sickness.\nWeighing the Odds\nFor many poor families it is hard to see the good of sending their children to school when they could be earning money for the family instead.\nMany countries that have managed to get more kids into school now face the problem of not having enough teachers for the children. Some classrooms have as many as 80 students to one teacher.\nRight to Read\nDid you know that around the world 69 million children are currently out of school and more than 700 million cannot read? Teaching children to read is the first step to solving a number of critical health, social and development issues.\nQuestions about Education\n- What are the main factors inhibiting education in some countries?\n- How is education around the world different than education in Canada?\n- Why are girls less able to go to school?\n- What can we do to help?\nResources for Grades K-6\nResources for Grades 7-12\nLinks to Partner Resource Libraries\nLinks to more Educational Materials KGG Partner? Country Change For Children yes Canada\nSubmit a Resource\nHave you got a great resource?\nSend us an email with the details - and we'll check it out.\nHow to Take Action\nDo you want to get involved either locally or internationally in this issue?\nIf so, check out the Explore column to the right. It contains NGO projects that you could support, as well as links to the showcases.\n- Ainembabazi Children’s Project\n- Calgary Wildlife Rehabilitation Society\n- Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and\n- Canadian Humanitarian\n- CAUSE Canada\n- Change for Children\n- Doctors Without Borders\n- Education Beyond Borders\n- Ghost River Rediscovery\n- Hands at Work in Africa\n- John Humphrey Centre for Peace and Human Rights\n- Light Up The World\n- Mennonite Central Committee Alberta\n- One Child’s Village\n2Act Out the Issue", "label": "No"}
{"text": "September 4, 2006\nPlaying It Smart, Health-Wise, With Your Computer\nBy Michael D. Shaw\nMany years ago, when I was in junior high (middle school to you young folks), a recurring theme was that the biggest problem in the 21st century would be how we would occupy all of our leisure time, since the “machines” would be doing everything for us, and our workweeks would be so limited. If only…\nPerhaps, we should have been warned instead about what these machines would do TO us. For example, are video display terminals (VDTs), the monitors that accompany most desktop computers, a possible cancer threat? What about the radiation emanating from that monitor on your desk or work station—notably those so-called cathode-ray tube (CRT) devices?\nThe good news is that lead crystal, which has been used in the face of every CRT television and computer monitor manufactured since the 1950s, is highly effective at stopping radiation. In fact, these monitors emit about 2% of the radiation that one might absorb from the sky at night, and that’s about zero.\nYet, some alarmist critics allege that these video display terminals can be extremely harmful, and offer dubious protective measures such as admonishing users to sit at least two feet from the monitor. Ironically, as I was writing this very article, I measured the distance that I was sitting from the monitor and found it to be about two feet! However, none of these experts explain how being a few inches farther away from a supposedly dangerous source of radiation is going to make any difference in the long run. And, you can take comfort in the absence of any rational science proving such claims.\nSo, forget about getting cancer from your computer. But, before you breathe too great a sigh of relief, since video monitors are increasingly a big part of our lives, it is prudent to focus on a few modern day maladies that CAN be caused by computer work.\nMost of us have experienced eyestrain, that can be quite severe, caused by uninterrupted sessions staring at the monitor. While your mileage may vary, it is recommended to award yourself with short vision breaks at least every 30-45 minutes. But, even if you don’t always do the right thing, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, “There is no convincing scientific evidence that computer video display terminals are harmful to the eyes.”\nStudies indicate that most of the problems stemming from VDT use are related to poor ergonomic design of the workplace, lack of attention to the lighting and reflectance level of work surfaces, and the quality of the VDT itself. Besides all of these factors, make sure that your glasses are properly adjusted to the demands of the computer workstation environment.\nOf course, vision complaints are not the only area of occupational hazards here. Many types of painful disorders can develop involving muscle groups in the hands, arms, and legs. Indeed, even the best conceived work station is not a cure-all. Again, getting up and walking away from the “one-eyed monster” will do wonders for those of us who seem to be locked into a sitting position, freezing various large muscle groups, that can throw our entire lower body support mechanism into disorder.\nFortunately, there are many good resources relating to the hazards that can affect today’s office worker. A good starting point is at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s website.\nWhile computers and their monitors, like all tools, can be misused, it only takes small adjustments in our work habits to greatly improve the situation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Human Flourishing and Quality Education: Little Drops of Water Make a Mighty Ocean\nOne of the many aspirations set forth in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is the attempt to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all,” everywhere around the world. This is a monumental task, if only because the circumstances people live under differ so drastically from country to country, and even from county to county. One of the biggest challenges of fulfilling the SDGs is that while the finish line may theoretically be the same for everyone, people and nations are starting from very different points. Wealthy schools in the United States or Europe, for instance, are often miles ahead of low-resource institutions in the developing world. Delivering quality education to everyone under these conditions can seem like an insurmountable challenge requiring the commitment of vast resources by poor governments. However, reframing the problem to focus on principles that can be universally applied and human capacities that exist everywhere—and can be developed using a human flourishing approach—offer a pathway to success.\nSierra Leone is a case study of the challenges of delivering quality education. The country overall struggles to provide quality education to its children. Only 82 percent of school age children attend primary school, according to UNICEF, and attendance rates fall to a dismal 64 percent for senior secondary school. Completion rates, are even worse, with 64 percent completing primary school and just 22 percent finishing upper secondary. And the schools themselves often lack basic resources such as textbooks and chalk and receive little to no government support, relying mostly on volunteer teachers and support from community donations. Cultural practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation further erode the ability of girls to receive an education, and regular harassment and a lack of quality facilities, or even restrooms, is an additional roadblock.\nYet some schools buck these trends, and surprisingly, they’re not the ones with the most money or government support. Consider, for instance, the case of Barmin JSS, a school in the remote village of Gbogbodo. Reaching Gbogbodo requires an arduous journey deep into the interior of Sierra Leone via dirt tracks and canoes or hand-pulled ferry, and the roads are often made impassable by erosion. Gbogbodo’s secondary and primary schools share a single, run-down building with latrines. Barmin JSS, the secondary school, receives no government support or funds and relies on a volunteer staff and donations from the impoverished agricultural community. On paper, this school should be a failure, representative of all of the problems in Sierra Leone’s educational system. Yet it is actually a case study in success; in 2019, the school was the best performing in its district in both mathematics and English, and its student regularly outperform on national assessments, with 100 percent passing the Basic Education Certificate Examination in 2017, and 89 percent and 90 percent passing in the subsequent two years. Barmin JSS students regularly surpass those in some elite academies in the capital.\nHow does this happen? How does a school with a voluntary staff paid by donated rice produce some of the best students in the country? And how do those students succeed despite a complete lack of computers and a reliance on textbooks purchased piecemeal at local markets?\nWhile success of this kind is rare and there’s no single tactic that can be used to reproduce these results, it appears to result from a combination of community engagement and good leadership on the part of the school’s principal, Samuel Kargbo. In general terms, Kargbo’s use of management innovations and incentives tailored specifically for his staff and the community have cumulatively changed the culture of the school and the educational outcomes for students. The innovations at Barmin JSS radically improve outcomes for students by encouraging the community to embrace the school and students.\nFor instance, the oldest member of the community, a man nearing 100 years old, sits every morning at the gate of the school and watches as the children enter the school. This demonstrates the importance of education to older generations and also helps ensure that children are not loitering around the village and not coming to school. Likewise, because the school and teachers are entirely supported by donations from the community, Kargbo has been assiduous in maintaining transparency. The teachers and the community members all know exactly what kind of resources the school has and what they are being used for. This prevents petty corruption and provides everyone with a sense of ownership in the students’ education. He also works closely with his teachers to ensure that they have a pathway to success; the feeling that they are able to succeed in educating their students makes them more likely to do so. In concrete terms, one of the biggest discoveries at Barmin JSS was that the syllabus was too big to be taught exclusively in normal school hours; additional classes were added after hours to help students, and the school reached an agreement with community leaders that cultural practices—such as initiation ceremonies—would only be held on school breaks so that students would not miss class. As principal at Barin JSS, Kargbo built a close working relationship with the primary school so that he knows which students need help before they enter secondary school.\nThese are small, marginal things that individuals do every day, but they have can have an outsized impact over time. The ability to conceive and successfully institute these sorts of innovations derives from the character and inner strengths of the principal and his teachers, and the trust and support it engenders from the community. Collectively, they have created a culture of reciprocal respect, transparency and shared incentives, and his leadership, based on these principles, has turned Barmin JSS into a treasure in the forest of Sierra Leone.\nThe success of Barmin JSS is an example of how a human flourishing approach—encompassing things like character, inner strength, community engagement and cultural awareness—can complement or even (in some cases) replace technocratic policy interventions to achieve the UN SDGs. Investing in developing educational leaders with character strengths such as empathy, transparency, fairness and leadership skills will be key to achieving the SDGs in nations like Sierra Leone. Naturally, there are limits to how successful character and management interventions can be, and governments should not be let off the hook for providing educational resources. However, outlier cases like Barmin JSS demonstrate that resources alone do not determine whether a person receives a good education.\nSourovi De leads Oxford Policy Management’s Education, Early Childhood Development and Labour portfolio. She focuses on primary and secondary grade learning assessments, teacher development, early childhood development, school quality, education technology, maternal and child health, and water and sanitation. Sourovi leads the monitoring, evidence and learning workstream of the FCDO-funded Sierra Leone Secondary Education Improvement Programme. In this role, Sourovi provides evidence-based technical assistance to senior ministerial officials in the Ministry of Basic and Senior Secondary Education (MBSSE), senior education advisors at FCDO and implementing agencies. Sourovi holds a BA in Economics from the University of Delhi, and an MSc in Development Economics from the University of Oxford.\nDiana Ofori Owusu is a senior researcher at Centre for Economic and Social Policy Analysis in Freetown Sierra Leone and earned a Master of Philosophy in Sociology from the University of Cape Coast", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Our digital world is reliant on passwords and will be for a long time. As the pandemic forced almost all aspects of life online, protecting privacy and staying safe on the web has become a time-sensitive and growing issue.\nPasswords have a terrible reputation as the weak link in our approach to cybersecurity in many areas. However, the reality is that bad habits like password reuse are the real issue, not passwords themselves.\nOn World Password Day, take a moment to ‘observe the holiday’ by appreciating what good password practice can do for us if we use the right tools. Today, consider doing the following:\nUsing easy and weak passwords is a dangerous habit. Hackers can guess millions of iterations of these common words very easily. Recent research has revealed that arbitrary character requirements like capital letters and special character use, as well as required password changes, have been shown to result in weak and repeated passwords. If your password is something similar to ‘Password123!’ or ‘Administrator2021’, it’s time to change.\nPassword reuse is a bad common habit. Even if you have a complex password and use simple iterations of it for many accounts, you still make it very easy for bad actors to break into your digital world. Now is the time to stop reusing that favorite password you have, even if you think it’s secure.\nIf you’re concerned that one of your accounts might be compromised, or a third-party site may have been breached, there are ways to find out. By checking your passwords against a list of compromised credentials, you can react by changing passwords and reconfirming your accounts. You should especially take this step if there is one password that you’re using for multiple accounts. It might shock you to know that it’s quite likely to already have been part of a breach.\nManually turning on multifactor authentication for your important accounts can be an excellent way to help yourself. Enabling MFA is a beneficial step because no single factor can be considered completely secure on its own. While MFA doesn’t ‘fix’ the issue of weak and repeated passwords, it can help your accounts stay secure.\n4. Set Up a Line of Defense at Home\nAn easy self-defensive strategy many people take is to password-protect their routers and/or get a virtual private network (VPN). With the confluence of work and leisure devices, and often multiple family member’s devices, all connected to the same network, it’s crucial to protect your router with a strong, unique, uncompromised password. This step is particularly apropos in 2021, a year still under the shadow of the pandemic, with many more folks than usual working from home and heavily relying on personal WIFI networks.\nBy keeping a finger on the pulse of cybersecurity, you can stay ahead of the curve, and keep your identity and accounts safe. Take five minutes regularly to read an article about best practices could mean safer accounts for you. Here are some top articles about password reuse, password hygiene, and MFA.\nWith billions of stolen passwords on the Dark Web, we need to be mindful of the risks that surround us. Let’s break the cycle of poor password hygiene that fuels data breaches and compounds the issues of account theft.\nStrong, unique, and uncompromised are the only passwords you need.\nShare this with someone you know who could use a reminder not to use the same password for everything! Happy World Password Day.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What colour is light orange? The color light orange with hexadecimal color code #fed8b1 is a light shade of brown. In the RGB color model #fed8b1 is comprised of 99.61% red, 84.71% green and 69.41% blue. In the HSL color space #fed8b1 has a hue of 30° (degrees), 97% saturation and 85% lightness.\nThen, Is red orange a color?\nAs its name suggests, red orange is a cross between the two hues. More red than orange, it is bright and exciting and associated with physical energy. … The following colors are related to red orange.\nWhat is a light red color? Light red is a relatively rare color because red mixed with white is often perceived as pink or orange. However, light red does exist as reds that have a slight white tint such that they don’t yet look pink.\nAlso, Does orange and red match?\nRed & Orange\nOne of the easiest colors to pair with orange is another bright, warm color like red. As seen in this room from tfrugs.co, orange plays beautifully with red, especially in heavily patterned textiles like Moroccan rugs or throw blankets.\nIs burgundy red?\nBurgundy is a dark red-purplish colour. … Burgundy is sometimes considered to be synonymous with maroon, but is sometimes considered a lighter, less brownish shade of dark red than maroon.\nWhat red-orange means?\nRed-orange corresponds to desire, sexual passion, pleasure, domination, aggression, and thirst for action. Gold evokes the feeling of prestige. The meaning of gold is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often symbolizes high quality.\nIs red-orange a secondary color?\nThe secondary colors — orange, green, and purple — are made by combining the primary colors. In the red–yellow–blue system as used in traditional painting and interior design, tertiary colors are typically named by combining the names of the adjacent primary and secondary.\nIs red-orange a tertiary color?\nTertiary colors are created when a primary color is mixed with a secondary color. Examples of tertiary colors are blue-green, red-orange and yellow-green.\nWhat is the reddest red?\nCinnabar. Cinnabar — also known as vermilion, or mercury sulfide (HgS) — is a naturally red ore that contains mercury.\nIs there a light red?\nThe color light red with hexadecimal color code #ffcccb is a very light shade of red. In the RGB color model #ffcccb is comprised of 100% red, 80% green and 79.61% blue. In the HSL color space #ffcccb has a hue of 1° (degrees), 100% saturation and 90% lightness. This color has an approximate wavelength of 608.61 nm.\nIs blood crimson or scarlet?\nBlood red is a warm color that can be bright or dark red. The bright red color of crimson is often considered the color of fresh blood, but blood-red color may also describe a dark maroon shade of red.\nWhat are the 3 best colors that go together?\nSets of 3 colors that go great together\nIf you’re looking for a few basic but perennially popular 3 color combinations to kickstart your color palette, think about combinations like: Yellow, red, and blue. Green, orange, and purple. Teal, magenta, and gold.\nWhat Colours should I not wear together?\nHere are 10 no-nos when it comes to matching colors in your outfits:\n- White and Silver. …\n- Magenta and Red. …\n- Green and Yellow. …\n- Green and Orange. …\n- Green and Red. …\n- Brown and Gray. …\n- Purple and Yellow. …\n- Blue-Green and Yellow-Orange (Turquoise and Gold)\nWhat matches with pale orange?\nWe really love pale orange with teal, with navy, and also a pale olive green. That means, you can wear pale orange as the only bright color in an outfit otherwise anchored by neutrals. Or you can hit ’em with a one-two punch of orange and bright blue-green if you’re looking to take things up a notch.\nWhat Colour is cranberry?\nCranberry is a saturated, muted, candy apple red with a ruby undertone. It is a perfect paint color for a flavorful accent wall.\nWhat Colour is Merlot?\nMerlot is a dark blue-colored wine grape variety, that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines. The name Merlot is thought to be a diminutive of merle, the French name for the blackbird, probably a reference to the color of the grape.\nWhat colors is magenta?\nMagenta is a color that is variously defined as purplish-red, reddish-purple, purplish, or mauvish-crimson.\nWhat color represents death?\nColors. Black is the color of mourning in many European cultures. Black clothing is typically worn at funerals to show mourning for the death of the person. In East Asia, white is similarly associated with mourning; it represented the purity and perfection of the deceased person’s spirit.\nWhy is orange a bad color?\nOrange symbolizes energy, vitality, cheer, excitement, adventure, warmth, and good health. However, pure orange can be brass; however, it may suggest a lack of serious intellectual values and bad taste. Orange is currently a trendy, hip color.\nWhat color means life?\nRed has a range of symbolic meanings, including life, health, vigor, war, courage, anger, love and religious fervor. The common thread is that all these require passion, and the “life force” that drives passion blood is red.\nWhat 2 colors make another color?\nMixing primary colors creates secondary colors\nIf you combine two primary colors with each other, you get a so-called secondary color. If you mix red and blue, you get violet, yellow and red become orange, blue and yellow become green. If you mix all the primary colors together, you get black.\nWhat are the 3 secondary colors?\nRed, green, and blue are known as the primary colors of light. The combinations of two of the three primary colors of light produce the secondary colors of light. The secondary colors of light are cyan, magenta, and yellow.\nWhat are the 3 true primary colors?\n- Three Primary Colors (Ps): Red, Yellow, Blue.\n- Three Secondary Colors (S’): Orange, Green, Violet.\n- Six Tertiary Colors (Ts): Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, Red-Violet, which are formed by mixing a primary with a secondary.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This month’s Take Charge of Your Health topic is about the impact exercise can have on cognitive functioning. Cognitive functions are brain-based skills needed to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex. When people have trouble remembering simple tasks, learning new things, reasoning or problem-solving, they have a cognitive impairment. This impairment can range from mild to severe and is more common as people age.\nThere are many ways to combat cognitive impairment. One way is through exercise. Of its many benefits, exercise increases a person’s heart rate, which pumps more oxygen and other nutrients to the brain to keep it healthy. Another cognitive benefit of exercise is that it reduces stress, which may help people cope with life’s challenges. Now, more than ever, as we continue to deal with effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong coping mechanism is important.\nCOVID-19 has changed the way we live. In terms of exercising, the pandemic has left people scrambling to find creative ways to exercise at home. There are still many things that we can do to keep our bodies and minds moving inside our homes and in our communities while we may not have access to gyms. As the weather warms up, it’s a great time to get outside for a walk or a jog because one thing remains certain—exercising both your brain and body is one important way that you can take charge of your health today.\nEsther L. Bush, President and CEO\nUrban League of Greater Pittsburgh", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When asked what symptom people with chronic headaches would prefer never to have again, the most common answer is dizziness. Dizziness and headaches are some of the most common symptoms that frequently occur together. In fact, if you were to do a quick WebMD search, you would find that dizziness and headaches are associated with 90+ different conditions ranging from mild traumatic brain injury, such as a concussion, to sunburns. So, what is the connection between these two symptoms?\nLet’s start with the Neck!\nThe neck is a vital and complex region of the body that supports our head and allows our brain to communicate with the rest of the body. The average adult head weighs between 10-12 lbs and is balanced on a 2 oz ring of bone called the atlas (C1). While this design may seem flawed, there are approximately 44 muscles, and a near equal number of ligaments, that support our head and neck and communicate with our brain about where our body is in space.\nNeck injuries, such as whiplash injuries or chronic repetitive stress injuries (such as poor posture), can cause the joints in our neck to lock up in an abnormal position leading to a restricted range of motion and increased muscle stiffness. When our joints are not moving properly, the surrounding muscles and ligaments send incorrect information to the brain which can often lead to feelings of imbalance, unsteadiness, and light-headedness. In addition, the increased muscle stiffness can trigger referred pain and pressure that may be felt in the forehead, temples, and base of the skull. This is characteristic of the classic tension-type headache - the most common type of headache reported. Treating the underlying neck dysfunction may be as simple as correcting your posture and can dramatically reduce these symptoms.\nChanges in Blood Flow\nHave you ever stood up too quickly and felt the initial lightheadedness and unsteadiness as blood flow is momentarily reduced to your brain? Typically, this sensation is transient. We have several built-in mechanisms to ensure our body quickly adapts to pump blood to our brain so that we do not pass out. Our brain is a very energetically expensive organ, using about 20% of our body’s metabolism to function. Changes in blood flow to our brain can occur with postural changes, dehydration, or hypertension, and it may be associated with certain types of headaches, such as migraines.\nMigraines are a severe type of headache that may be associated with a host of unusual symptoms including nausea, numbness, visual changes, and dizziness. While it is not fully understood what specifically happens in the body to cause a migraine, one theory looks at changes in hormones and neurotransmitters that may trigger constriction of the blood vessels in the upper neck and brain resulting in the diverse symptoms characteristic of a migraine. For example, when this constriction occurs in blood vessels near structures associated with the inner ear, it can trigger sensations of spinning, imbalance, nausea, and vomiting. In fact, there has been an associated increased risk for young people who experience migraines and the future development of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the most common cause of episodic dizziness.\nIn addition, having an underlying neck injury can predispose a person to be more sensitive to certain migraine triggers such as weather changes. The upper neck acts like a bottlecap that allows fluid to flow to and from the head and body. An injury to this area can constrict this fluid flow, resulting in a sensation of increased pressure in the head. For some people, this may be associated with an increased risk of developing a migraine.\nWhile these are some of the less talked about factors contributing to dizziness and headaches, lifestyle is another important consideration to keep in mind and includes the roles of sleep, diet, and stress management. In some instances, there may be a simple solution such as postural correction or a specific exercise; in other cases, taking a holistic lifestyle approach is required to control, reduce, and prevent episodes of dizziness and headaches. Our team of trained NUCCA practitioners are fully equipped and eager to help you uncover the root of your dizziness and headaches and get you back on your feet doing the activities that you love!\nDr. Michelle Speranza\nThe Vital Posture™ Clinic", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs\nThe Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace\nThe basic guiding principles of the policy followed by Greek Governments in recent years, vis-a-vis the handling of minority issues have been those of moderation and consensus. This is especially true since 1991, when the Government solemnly reaffirmed the principles of “isonomia” i.e. equality before the Law and “isopoliteia”, equality of civil rights, in the relation between Christians and Moslems. These views are also shared by Non-Governmental Organizations which closely follow developments in the minorities field. The whole issue is being handled as belonging to domestic affairs.\nIn 1922 the Muslim minority in Thrace numbered 86,000 people. According to the latest general census (1991) it numbers approximately 98,000 to a total of 338,000 inhabitants of Thrace, i.e. 29% of the population. The minority is composed of three ethnic groups : 50% of the minority are of Turkish origin, 35% are Pomaks (an indigenous population that speaks a Slavic dialect and espoused Islam during Ottoman rule) and 15% are Roma. Each of these groups has its own spoken language and traditions. It was for this reason that the drafters of the Lausanne Treaty defined it as a religious minority.\nThe Ministry for Foreign Affairs has the role of coordination of the competent Ministries, dealing with education problems, citizens’ rights, health issues, employment, housing, development of infrastructures etc. The basic aim of the MFA’s handling of issues concerning the Muslim Minority in Thrace on the one hand, and those concerning the Greek Minority in Constantinople and the isles of Imbros and Tenedos on the other (as they are defined in the Lausanne Treaty), is to ensure the observance of the relevant international contractual obligations stemming from the Peace Treaty and the Conventions and Protocols of Lausanne signed in 1923 as well as from other International Conventions on Human Rights.\nParticular attention is paid by the State to the development and infrastructure sectors. A number of large scale works are currently undertaken in the Region of Eastern Macedonia-Thrace. Some are state-financed, such as the Special Local Government Development Program. Others are financed through the European Union, such as the Regional Programs known as PEP, the LEADER II and INTERREG programs. These include forestry and land improvement works, improvement of airport facilities, irrigation, ecotourism, agrotourism, the protection of the environment etc.\nThe State, and the Ministry of Education in particular, consider the education of the Moslem children as a matter of high priority. Concrete proof of this are the credits allotted every year for the running costs, maintenance and improvement of the minority schools. In 1998, in particular, 61.600.000 drs (approx. 200.000 USD) were spent for running costs, 289.364.000 Drs (940.000 USD) for new construction, 139.126.000 Drs (452.000 USD) for repairs and 100.000.000 (325.000 USD)for educational material of these schools. Today there are 235 primary minority schools in Thrace. Courses are taught in the Greek and Turkish language as stipulated in the 5th Part of the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 under the heading “Protection of Minorities”. The number of Moslem teachers employed in these schools is 440. More than half of them (260), are graduates of the Special Pedagogical Academy of Thessaloniki, 82 are graduates of the secondary education schools i.e. Gymnasiums and Coranic Schools, 90 are graduates of Turkish schools and 9 are Turkish nationals, appointed for a set period of time according to the provisions of exchange of teachers between Greece and Turkey contained in the 1968 Bilateral Cultural Protocol.\nTwo minority secondary education schools operate in the cities of Xanthi and Komotini, capital cities of the respective Prefectures of Xanthi and Rodhopi, where the Muslim Minority is mainly situated. The schools are housed in buildings provided for by the Greek State. Both Greek and Turkish is used for the education of the students in these schools. Twelve Moslem Greek teachers, graduates of Turkish Universities and 7 Turkish nationals (as provided by the 1968 Bilateral Cultural Protocol) are employed. It is true that the infrastructure and capacity of these schools does not allow for the admission of the total number of students interested in pursuing their education. Thus selection by lot is being resorted to for their admission. This measure has come under criticism by part of its members. However, it must be kept in mind that for all practical purposes almost all of the candidates are finally admitted by means of a decision issued yearly by the Secretary General of the Region of Eastern Macedonia - Thrace on the basis of a recommendation by the Coordinator of Minority Education. During the current academic year 98% of the surplus applications for admission were accepted while the Authorities also agreed to include among the eligible applicants, even those who submitted their application belatedly.\nIt must also be mentioned that in Thrace and in the remote mountainous area in Xanthi where the Pomaks live, in particular, the State has set up and is financing the operation of Greek speaking secondary education schools (Gymnasiums) in which the teaching of the lesson of religion in the Turkish language and the teaching of the Koran in Arabic have been introduced. Furthermore the State finances the commuting to the schools of those students for whom the distances are too prohibiting. During the academic year 1997-98, 60.000.000 Drs (195.000 USD) were spent for the moving of students to and from the Glafki Lyceum and the Sminthi, Echinos, Glafki and Thermae Gymnasiums of the Xanthi Prefecture.\nYet another positive development in the education of the Minority is the adoption, last year, of Law 2621/1998 whereby the two Koranic Schools of Komotini and of Echinos in the Xanthi Prefecture have been recognized as equivalent to the Religious Studies Lyceums of the country. The Pedagogical Institute of the Ministry of Education is currently working on the new curriculum which is expected to be applied starting next academic year.\nCurrently, there is a positive climate of cooperation between the MFA and the Turkish Embassy in Athens concerning the exchange of school books for the use of Moslem students in Thrace and students of the Greek Minority in Turkey. The relevant provisions are part of the 1968 Bilateral Cultural Protocol in the form of recommendations. The Turkish side submitted 19 titles for approval by the competent authority, i.e. the Pedagogical Institute of the Ministry of Education. The latter checked their content, concluding that the textbooks conform to the necessary educational standards for Primary education. This assessment puts a new positive slant on the issue of the exchange of textbooks, as books submitted by the Turkish side in the past were on the whole considered inadequate to cover the educational needs of the Minority. The last time such books were submitted was in 1992-1993. In order to make up for the lack of progress, the Greek Ministry of Education undertook the writing and publication of Turkish-language textbooks for use in the first five years of Primary School which, according to the assessment of all the experts, fulfilled the educational and pedagogical norms. Unfortunately the distribution of these books met with the organized and guided reaction of certain circles of the Minority and were never put to use.\nThe Government also pays particular attention to the improvement of the skills of the schoolchildren in the Greek language. Two research programs are currently being applied and both have yielded positive results. The first is the “Program for the Education of Moslem Children” and has been designed by the Special Secretariat for the Education of Greeks Abroad and Multicultural Education of the Ministry of Education in collaboration with the National Kapodistrian University. Its aim is the publication of textbooks for the teaching of the Greek language to students with a different mother tongue. It is financed by the EU with 1,2 billion Drs approximately (3.896.000 USD). The second is the “Multicultural Educational Support for Student Groups in Thrace”. Designed by the National Youth Foundation, it is also financed by the EU with 585.000.000 Drs (1.900.000 USD). Its aim is to facilitate the adaptation of students to the Greek educational system and alleviate the cost of education for families in need by providing free supplementary education. Another program which was successfully put into practice in August and September 1998, was the program for the support of Moslem students in secondary education particularly for first year students in the Gymnasiums and students having failed the exams.\nThe Ministry of Education has initiated the procedure for the integration of the Special Pedagogical Academy of Thessaloniki – from which the teachers employed in the minority schools graduate - in the University Education system. To this end a Presidential Decree is under consideration which will establish a Department of Moslem, Pedagogical and Theological Studies at the Aristotelian University in Thessaloniki.\nThere is full transparency in the procedure of appointment of the Muftis of the Minority. As a general rule, the Muslim religious leaders are appointed and not elected. In Turkey itself, the Mufti is appointed by the Prefect according to the latter’s judgement. In non-Islamic countries Muftis may be appointed, if the state does not involve itself in the religious matters of the Faithful. In Greece, the Mufti is appointed by the Administration in a procedure in which prominent members of the Minority have their say. Law no. 1920 “concerning Moslem Religious Functionaries” defines the procedure of appointment of the Mufti, his status as appointee, his duties and the rules of functioning of his office. A further reason for the appointment of the Mufti by the Administration is that he performs certain judicial functions in matters of family and inheritance Law concerning the interpersonal relations of the Moslems. The Prefect initiates the procedure for the choosing of candidates who are proposed by eminent members of the Minority. The Mufti is appointed by Presidential Decree following the recommendation of the Minister of Education and Religion. For the first time in 1990, the possession of an Islamic Theology Degree at university level became a prerequisite for the candidature. It should be noted that from 1923 until 1990 the Muftis were appointed by the Prefect without anyone ever having protested or contested the procedure of appointment. The actions of Mr. M.Agga and Mr. I.Serif, following a rigged election involving a minimal number of members of the Minortiry, constitute, according to the Greek Penal Code, the crime of pretence of authority of the lawful Muftis of Xanthi Mr. M.Sinikoglu and of Komotini Mr. M.Cemali.\nAs far as employment is concerned, there exists a considerable number of Minority members working either in the private sector or as civil servants. Those duly qualified participate in the examinations held by the Supreme Council for the Selection of Personnel for the appointment of employees in the Public Sector. Today more than 350 Moslems are employed in Thrace as teachers, firemen, members of the veterinarian service, guards and bank clerks. Muslims are also employed in the seasonal posts of the Public Sector such as at the Forest Authorities of Xanthi and Stavroupoli. Finally, prominent members of the Minority are lawyers, businessmen, doctors and pharmacists.\nFinally, a note on the issues of purchase of land, hunting permits and driving licenses:\n- Purchase of land: Law 1892/1990 rules that a permit for the purchase of land in areas near the border of the State must be issued. Since the beginning of the 90s, hundreds of plots of land owned by Christians have been purchased by Moslems and the problems of the past have been eradicated. The statistical data of sales and purchases of land in Thrace for 1998 indicate a higher rate of purchase by Moslems: 44.11% of total purchases were made between Moslems, 49.68% were purchases of Christian property by Moslems while only 6.21% involved the purchase of Moslem property by Christians.\n- Hunting permits: During the hunting season 1998-1999, 2,314 hunting permits were issued or renewed in the Xanthi Prefecture, of which 1,415 to Christians (61.15% of the total), 899 to Moslems (38.85%). In the Prefecture of Rodhopi 4,473 permits were issued or renewed, 1,863 to Christians (41.65%), 2,610 to Moslems (58.35%). During the same period 221 permits were issued to Moslems in Evros. In order to put the data in context, it is reminded that the percentage of Moslem inhabitants to the total population in the three Prefectures is 41.19% for Xanthi, 51.77% for Rodhopi and 4.65% for Evros.\n- Driving licenses: There is no indication of hindrances or delays in the issuing of driving licenses. It is calculated that more than half the new licenses issued by the Transport Office yearly, go to members of the Minority. In 1998, the Prefecture of Xanthi issued 2,720 licences, of which 1,496 to Moslems, while in the Prefecture of Rodhopi the licenses issued to Moslems exceeded the 60% of the total.\nMFA, Athens, June 1999", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DIVISION II. RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS\nCHAPTER III. NOMENCLATURE OF TAXA ACCORDING TO THEIR RANK\nSECTION 4. NAMES OF SPECIES\n23.1. The name of a species is a\nbinary combination consisting of the name of the genus followed by a\nsingle specific epithet in the form of an adjective, a noun in the\ngenitive, or a word in apposition, or several words, but not a phrase\nname of one or more descriptive nouns and associated adjectives in the\nablative (see Art. 23.6(a)), nor certain other irregularly formed\ndesignations (see Art. 23.6(c)). If an epithet consists of two or more\nwords, these are to be united or hyphenated. An epithet not so joined\nwhen originally published is not to be rejected but, when used, is to\nbe united or hyphenated, as specified in Art. 60.9.\n23.2. The epithet in the name of a species may be taken from any source whatever, and may even be composed arbitrarily (but see\nEx. 1. Cornus sanguinea\n, Papaver rhoeas\n, Uromyces fabae\n, Fumaria gussonei\n, Embelia sarasiniorum\n, Atropa bella-donna\n, Adiantum capillus-veneris\n, Spondias mombin\n(an indeclinable epithet).\n23.3. Symbols forming part of specific epithets proposed\nby Linnaeus do not prevent valid publication of the relevant names but must be transcribed.\nEx. 2. Scandix pecten C\nL. is to be transcribed as Scandix pecten-veneris; Veronica anagallis\nL. is to be transcribed as Veronica anagallis-aquatica\n23.4. The specific epithet, with\nor without the addition of a transcribed symbol, may not exactly repeat\nthe generic name (such repetition would result in a tautonym).\nEx. 3. \"Linaria linaria\"\nand \"Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum\"\nare contrary to this rule and cannot be validly published.\nEx. 4. Linum radiola\nL. (1753) when transferred to Radiola\nHill may not be named\nas was done by Karsten (1882), since that combination cannot be validly published (see\n). The next oldest name,\nLam. (1779), is illegitimate, being a superfluous name for\n. Under Radiola,\nthe species has been given the legitimate name\n23.5. The specific epithet, when\nadjectival in form and not used as a noun, agrees grammatically with\nthe generic name; when it is a noun in apposition or a genitive noun,\nit retains its own gender and termination irrespective of the gender of\nthe generic name. Epithets not conforming to this rule are to be\ncorrected (see Art. 32.7). In particular, the usage of the word element -cola as an adjective is a correctable error.\nAdjectival epithets: Helleborus niger\nL., Brassica nigra\n(L.) W. D. J. Koch,\nL.; Rumex cantabricus\nRech. f., Daboecia cantabrica\n(Huds.) K. Koch (\n≡ Vaccinium cantabricum\nHuds.); Vinca major\nL., Tropaeolum majus\nL., Geranium molle\nPeck, derived from the epithet of Abies balsamea\n(L.) Mill., treated as an adjective.\nNames with a noun for an epithet:\nL., Gentiana pneumonanthe\nL., Lythrum salicaria\nL., Schinus molle\nL., all with epithets featuring pre-Linnaean generic names.\nDavis, derived from the epithet of Abies balsamea\n(L.) Mill., treated as a noun.\nCorrectable errors: The epithet of Polygonum segetum\nKunth (1817) is a genitive plural noun (of the corn fields); the combination\n, proposed by Small, is a correctable error for Persicaria segetum\n(Kunth) Small (1903). - In\nRchb. f. (1855), the epithet corresponds to the generic name of an animal; upon transfer to\nSchltr., the combination P. \"echidnum\"\nwas proposed by Garay, which is a correctable error for\n(Rchb. f.) Garay (1953).\nEx. 8. Rubus \"amnicolus\"\nis a correctable error for R. amnicola\n23.6. The following designations are not to be regarded as specific names:\n- Descriptive designations\nconsisting of a generic name followed by a phrase name (Linnaean \"nomen\nspecificum legitimum\") of one or more descriptive nouns and associated\nadjectives in the ablative.\nEx. 9. Smilax \"caule inermi\"\n(Aublet, Hist. Pl. Guiane 2, Tabl.: 27. 1775) is an abbreviated\ndescriptive reference to an imperfectly known species which is not\ngiven a binomial in the text but referred to merely by a phrase name\ncited from Burman.\n- Other designations of species consisting of a generic name followed by one or more words not intended as a specific epithet.\nEx. 10. Viola \"qualis\"\n(Krocker, Fl. Siles. 2: 512, 517. 1790);\n(Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: cxxi. 1775), the\nword \"dubia?\" (doubtful) being repeatedly used in Forsskål's work for species\nwhich could not be reliably identified.\nEx. 11. Atriplex \"nova\"\n(Winterl, Index Hort. Bot. Univ. Hung.: fol. A  recto et verso.\n1788), the word \"nova\" (new) being here used in connection with four\ndifferent species of\n. However, in Artemisia nova\nA. Nelson (in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 274. 1900),\nwas intended as a specific epithet, the species having been newly distinguished from others.\nEx. 12. Cornus \"gharaf\"\n(Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: xci, xcvi. 1775) is an interim\ndesignation not intended as a species name. An interim designation in\nForsskål's work is an original designation (for an accepted taxon and\nthus not a \"provisional name\" as defined in\n) with an epithet-like vernacular which is not used as an epithet in the \"Centuriae\" part of the work.\n(Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: xcv. 1775) is\nanother example of such an interim designation; in other parts of the\nwork (p. c, cxvi, 127) this species is not named.\nIn Agaricus \"octogesimus nonus\"\nand Boletus \"vicesimus sextus\"\n(Schaeffer, Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 1: t. 100. 1762; 2: t. 137.\n1763), the generic names are followed by ordinal adjectives used for\nenumeration. The corresponding species were given validly published names,\nSchaeff. and B. ungulatus\nSchaeff., in the final volume of the same work (1774).\nHonckeny (1782; see\nArt. 46 Ex.\n) used species designations such as, in\nAgrostis, \"A. Reygeri I.\", \"A. Reyg. II.\", \"A. Reyg. III.\"\n(all referring to species described but not named in Reyger, Tent. Fl. Gedan.: 36-37. 1763), and also\n\"A. alpina. II\"\nfor a newly described species following after A. alpina\nScop. These are informal designations used for enumeration, not validly\npublished binomials; they may not be expanded into, e.g.,\n- Designations of species consisting of a generic name followed by two or more adjectival words in the nominative case.\nEx. 15. Salvia \"africana coerulea\"\n(Linnaeus, Sp. Pl.: 26. 1753) and\nGnaphalium \"fruticosum flavum\"\n(Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.:\ncxix. 1775) are generic names followed by two adjectival words in the\nnominative case. They are not to be regarded as species names.\nHowever, Rhamnus \"vitis idaea\"\nBurm. f. (Fl. Ind.: 61. 1768) is to be regarded as a species name,\nsince the generic name is followed by a noun and an adjective, both in\nthe nominative case; these words are to be hyphenated\nunder the provisions of Art. 23.1\n. In Anthyllis \"Barba jovis\"\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 720. 1753) the generic name is followed by nouns in the\nnominative and in the genitive case, respectively, and they are to be\n). Likewise, Hyacinthus \"non scriptus\"\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 316. 1753), where the generic name is followed by a\nnegative particle and a past participle used as an adjective, is\nand Impatiens \"noli tangere\"\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 938. 1753), where the generic name is followed by two verbs, is corrected to\nSimilarly, in Narcissus \"Pseudo Narcissus\"\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 289. 1753) the generic name is followed by an independent\nprefix and a noun in the nominative case, and the name is to be\nunder the provisions of Art. 23.1\n- Formulae designating hybrids (see\n23.7. Phrase names used by\nLinnaeus as specific epithets (\"nomina trivialia\") are to be corrected\nin accordance with later usage by Linnaeus himself.\nEx. 18. Apocynum \"fol.\nL. is to be cited as\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 213. 1753 [corr. L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 946. 1759]); and\nL., as M. frondosa\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 177. 1753 [corr. L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 931. 1759]).\n23.8. Where the status of a designation of a species is uncertain under\nArt. 23.6, established custom is to be followed\n* Ex. 19. Polypodium \"F. mas\", P. \"F. femina\",\nand P. \"F. fragile\"\n(Linnaeus, Sp. Pl.: 1090-1091. 1753) are, in accordance with established custom, to be treated as\nL., P. filix-femina\nL., and P. fragile\nL., respectively. Likewise,\nCambogia \"G. gutta\"\nis to be treated as C. gummi-gutta\nL. (Gen. Pl.: . 1754). The intercalations\n] and \"M.\"\n] in the names of Linnaean species of\nrespectively, are to be deleted, so that names in the form\nAsplenium \"Trich. dentatum\"\nand Trifolium \"M. indica\",\nfor example, are treated as\nL. and T. indicum\nL. (Sp. Pl.: 765, 1080. 1753).\n23A.1. Names of persons and also of countries and localities used in specific epithets should take the form of nouns in the genitive\n(clusii, porsildiorum, saharae) or of adjectives (clusianus, dahuricus) (see also\nArt. 60, Rec. 60C and\n23A.2. The use of the genitive and\nthe adjectival form of the same word to designate two different species\nof the same genus should be avoided (e.g.\nLysimachia hemsleyana Oliv. and L. hemsleyi Franch.).\n23A.3. In forming specific epithets, authors should comply also with the following suggestions:\n- To use Latin terminations insofar as possible.\n- To avoid epithets which are very long and difficult to pronounce in Latin.\n- Not to make epithets by combining words from different languages.\n- To avoid those formed of two or more hyphenated words.\n- To avoid those which have the same meaning as the generic name (pleonasm).\n- To avoid those which express a character common to all or nearly all the species of a genus.\n- To avoid in the same genus\nthose which are very much alike, especially those which differ only in\ntheir last letters or in the arrangement of two letters.\n- To avoid those which have been used before in any closely allied genus.\n- Not to adopt epithets from\nunpublished names found in correspondence, travellers' notes, herbarium\nlabels, or similar sources, attributing them to their authors, unless\nthese authors have approved publication (see\n- To avoid using the names of little-known or very restricted localities unless the species is quite local.\n2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Part Two: The Nature of God\nA. Essence and Nature\nThe essence of a thing is what constitutes it. The essence of a thing is what is expressed in a true definition of the thing.\nA thing may be regarded in two ways:\n- as an existible reality, and\n- as an understandable reality.\nHence, any reality may be defined in two ways:\n- either according to its being as an existible thing, or\n- according to its being as an understandable thing.\nSuppose we are define man. As an existible thing man is a substantial compound of body and soul; as a thing that can exist among other things, man exists as body and soul. This is a definition of man, and it is called a physical definition. A definition expresses an essence, and the physical definition of man expresses the physical essence of man, that is, “body and soul substantially united.”\nBut suppose we define man as an understandable thing. We do not mean to define him according to the mere viewpoint of the mind; we mean to define him as a reality. But we mean to make our definition of those points of reality in man (not physical parts like body and soul) which render him intelligible. Now, how does an adequate mind or understanding lay hold of the reality called man?\n- Well, first of all it knows man as some thing.\n- Further, it knows man as a substantial thing, and as a complete substance; it knows man as subsistent. The mind knows man as a subsistent thing.\n- But it knows him as distinct from such subsistent things as pure spirits; for it knows man as a bodily-subsistent-thing.\n- And it knows man as other than mere bodies like sticks and stones; for it knows man as a living-bodily-subsistent-thing.\n- And it knows man as something more than a living substance such as a tree; for it knows man as a sentient-living-bodily-subsistent-thing.\n- And it knows man as something more than a sentient substance like a dog or cat; for it knows man as endowed with intellect and will, that is, it knows man as a rational-sentient-living-bodily-subsistent-thing.\nNotice that all the points the mind knows about man as understandable are points of reality; they are not points of the mind’s view, they are points of fact in man himself; yet they are not physical parts. The six points of reality about man that make him intelligible or understandable are: thing, subsistent, bodily, living, sentient, rational. And you may take any one of these as predicate and say that man is such a thing: man is subsistent; man is alive; man is rational. Now the sum of all the points of reality which render a thing understandable constitutes the metaphysical essence of that thing.\nThe Moral Liberal recommends: Great Books of the Western World\nThus the metaphysical essence of man is: “a reality or thing that is subsistent, bodily, living, sentient, and rational.” Since the first five of these points of reality in man (that is, thing, subsistent, bodily, living, sentient) make the metaphysical essence of animal, we may merely add the word rational to animal, and we have, in shorter compass, the metaphysical essence of man. The metaphysical essence of man is expressed in the metaphysical definition of man: “Man is a rational animal.”\nThe physical essence of man is his constitution as an existible thing; it is made up of man’s fundamental and indispensable physical parts; it is constituted by man’s body and soul.\nThe metaphysical essence of man is the sum of the points of reality about him that make him understandable; the sum of points of reality recognized by a mind that knows what man is; this metaphysical essence of man is constituted of animality and rationality.\nNow, what we have said about the physical and metaphysical essence of man is true of the physical and metaphysical essence of anything. We have used man only as an illustration. In our present study we are to inquire into the physical essence and the metaphysical essence of God.\nThe nature of a thing is its essence regarded as the root or source of its operations. The nature of a thing is its working essence. Thus, while we say that the essence of a man is (physically considered) his body and soul, we say that the nature of man is his essence as operative. We say that it is according to man’s nature that he thinks and wills; we say that it is natural to man to walk and to speak, and so on.\nNow, the items of perfection that belong to a thing because it is of such a nature , are called attributes of the thing. It is essential (metaphysically) to man that he be fundamentally equipped for reasoning and willing; he has this fundamental equipment even as a baby when he is unable to use it; he has this equipment even if he be so mentally handicapped that will never use it. But the actual ability to use this fundamental equipment belongs only to man when is sufficiently matured, when he is conscious, when he is unprevented in its use.\nBut granted that a man is fully constituted in being, that he is mature, awake, alert, unblocked in the exercise of his powers, it will follow of necessity that he is able actually to reason and to use free will. This actual ability, we say, belongs to his nature, his operative essence; this ability follows upon that nature because it is such a nature. Therefore this actual ability is proper to man, it is to be attributed to man: actual reasoning and actual willing are attributes of man. An attribute is, therefore, the normal and necessary consequence of an essence fully constituted in its working capacity, that is, of an essence constituted as a nature. In brief, an attribute is a perfection that belongs by natural necessity to a nature.\nWe see, therefore, that an attribute (since it belongs to a nature because this is such a nature) is an index of the nature to which it belongs. If we know the attributes of a thing, we shall know by them the nature whence they flow, or to which they necessarily belong. Therefore, in our present study we shall investigate certain attributes of God, so that we may know the nature of God.\nTo sum up: Essence is that reality which constitutes a thing as existible (physical essence) or as understandable (metaphysical essence). Nature is essence considered as the source of operations. Attributes are perfections that belong by necessity to a fully constituted and unhampered nature.\nB. The Essence of God\n1. The Physical Essence of God\nGod is not a body; He is not made up of parts. God is not a creature; He is not limited or confined or in any way composed. Hence, the physical essence of God is a unique physical essence. We cannot illustrate it perfectly by showing what the physical essence of some creature is, and then drawing a comparison. But, since God is “constituted” (to use an imperfect word) in His being by Himself, and not as a sum of parts or of distinct elements or perfections, it may suffice to say that God’s physical essence is his infinite and indivisible being as pure spirit. That is what God is an existing thing: a Spirit infinitely perfect. More fully, God’s physical essence is defined as the one and only infinite indivisible and all-perfect Spirit.\nNotice that we mention several perfections in setting forth this physical definition of God. We speak of the oneness or unity of God; of His uniqueness which which we indicate by the word “only”; of His simplicity or indivisibility, for God has no parts; of His full perfection; of His infinity; of His spirituality.\nNow, it must be always understood that in God there is not only no distinction of parts (for He has no parts), but there is no real distinction of perfections; all that God has He is. All these perfections are in reality one with God and one with one another; all are one in the Infinite Essence with which they are identified, and of which they are but various aspects taken by the finite mind.\n2. The Metaphysical Essence of God\nThat is called the metaphysical essence of God which affords the mind its basic grasp of what God means. Theologians have ever differed in their opinion of what precisely is the point by which a creatural mind lays hold of God as understandable. Some had said that the fundamental notion or idea which the mind grasps in knowing God is His radical infinity; others have said that it is His boundless knowing. But others, with more show of reason, say that before we think of God as infinite or as all-knowing, we think of God as there. We think of Him as existing. And we think of Him as existing of Himself, or, in other words, we think of God as Subsistent Being Itself. In this we discern the metaphysical essence of God.\nC. The Attributes of God\nAn attribute, as we have learned, is a perfection that belongs to a thing because the thing is of such a nature. It belongs to a nature. It flows from a nature fully and perfectly constituted and unprevented in function. Strictly speaking, God has no attributes. What we call His attributes are Himself regarded by our finite minds from different angles. God is simple, indivisible, not made of parts or elements. All that God has, God is. But we must use such terms as we can; we are finite and our language is not adequate for expressing infinity with full perfection. Therefore, as long as we know that what we call God’s attributes are not things other than God which God merely possesses, we may use our inadequate terminology as the only available instrument for the expression of important truths.\nThe Moral Liberal recommends: Great Books of the Western World\nWe have already mentioned many attributes of God in this study. We have spoken of God’s oneness or unity, of His infinity, of His simplicity, of His uniqueness, of His supreme intelligence, of His supreme will, and of other divine perfections or attributes. Here we mention these again, together with some others. In studying the attributes of God, we are directly studying the nature of God.\n1. Absolute Divine Attributes\n“Absolute” means “freed from all ifs, buts, hows, whys, conditions.” The absolute attributes of God are those which belong to God as God, not to God as Creator, or Preserver, or Governor, but to God simply. Such are infinity, immensity, immutability or changelessness, knowledge, wisdom.\nAbsolute divine attributes are either positive or negative.\n- Positive divine attributes express infinite perfection in God: life, wisdom, understanding, will, etc.\n- Negative divine attributes express absence of imperfection in God: infinity (which means that God is not limited); indivisibility (which means that God is not made up of parts); immutability (which means that God is not changeable), etc.\n2. Relative Divine Attributes\n“Relative” means having a relation to, a connection with, something else. Now, on the part of God, who is infinite and self-sufficing, there are no real relations whatever. But creatures have essential relations with God, and these are real. God’s relative attributes bring creatures into relation with Him; they do not bring God into any real relations with creatures. Relative attributes of God are, for example, His power, as creating, preserving, providing, governing the world and especially man; His goodness to His creatures; His fidelity to His word; His truthfulness, and so on.\nIn general, reason declares that since God is the fulness of all perfection in infinite degree; since He is Pure Actuality; since He is wholly Self-sufficing; since He is without the shadow of any imperfection, He has a attributes all pure perfections in a way superior to that in which perfections are possessed or can be possessed by creatures. The technical way of expressing this reasoned truth is this: God has all pure perfections formally and eminently.\nA pure or unmixed perfection is one that involves no imperfection, such as life, knowledge. A mixed perfection involves imperfection, such as walking or reasoning. For it is a perfection to be able to walk; but it is an indication of limitation (hence an imperfection) that a person must walk to reach another place and cannot be there instantly without walking. So it is a perfection to be able to reason out a truth; but it is an imperfection that one must think it out and cannot see it at once without mental labor. We say that mixed perfections are in God virtually; that is, the equivalent of all that is perfect about them belongs to God eminently. Thus, God who knows all things comprehensively (in such a way as to perfectly possess all possible knowledge about them) has no need of reasoning, that is, of studying things out; but He has all that such study or reasoning could possibly give; he has all knowledge; therefore we say that he has reasoning virtually or equivalently.\nNow, the proof of all the perfections which can be listed as attributes of God rests upon the perfection of God in His metaphysical essence as Subsistent Being Itself. For such a Being is unconferred, unreceived, and hence not limited. Being that is received is received in a measure, Being unreceived must be unlimited, for only a cause can limit being as only a cause can confer it. So Being unreceived, unconferred, is being uncaused and unlimited. It is Infinite Being.\nOut of God’s essence as Subsistent Being Itself appears the fundamental attribute of infinity. Upon infinity, as upon their proximate foundation (and their proof) rest the other divine attributes. Thus God is infinite or unlimited in time; He is eternal; He has the attribute of eternity; and this eternity is not limited or measured by days or hours or centuries; it has no succession (for this would involve limitation); it is an everlasting now, without past or future.\nAnd God, as infinite, is unlimited by place; He is immense or immeasurable, not having size, which, however large, is a limitation. God thus has the attribute of immensity, of not being contained in limits of measurement or dimensions. And similarly God has the attribute, on this score, of omnipresence or ubiquity; God is everywhere, for place cannot shut Him out any more than it can enclose Him.\nAnd infinity involves immutability or changelessness in God, for any change means a loss and a gain, and a loss means a limit now, while a gain means a limit before the gain was made. Infinity in God means that he is not limited in knowledge, in wisdom, in power, in any perfection. Thus, infinity in God means simply that God is all-perfect. And since personality (that is substantial personality) is a high perfection, it must be in God in eminent degree. Human reason thus concludes inevitably that God is a personal God, not a “Cosmic Force” or an “Unconscious Absolute.”\nThe Moral Liberal recommends: Great Books of the Western World\nThe late Dr. Jonathan Dolhenty was the Founder and President of The Center for Applied Philosophy and the Radical Academy, and is Honorary Philosophy Editor at The Moral Liberal. The Moral Liberal has adopted these projects beginning with a republishing and preserving of all of Dr. Dolhenty’s work.\nCopyright ©1992 -2011 The Radical Academy. Copyright renewed in 2011 -2013 © The Radical Academy (a project of The Moral Liberal).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Roberts Court has produced interesting decisions, including that corporations are \"persons\" and money is speech.\nTake for instance the \"persons\" argument. Logic would tell you that being a \"person\" has something to do with being a human being.\nNot so fast. U.S. law has conferred \"personhood\" on, besides corporations: governmental bodies, such as cities and counties; foreign governments suing in U.S. courts; any party having a claim against an estate; and, amazingly, certain slaves! The twist here is that, (though they were normally considered a form of \"livestock\" in pre-Civil War southern states) slaves attained \"personhood\" under the law if the slave was \"capable of committing a riot in association with white men\" (this last definition an interesting form of negative emancipation). (Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 1856). Sadly, slaves other than those mentioned, though \"freed\" in stages through 1867, were not accorded full \"personhood citizenship\" until it was given their descendants by the 1964 Civil Rights Act.\nThe artificial \"persons\" mentioned above may have some advantages over human persons, such as immortality. For example, corporations, originally formed for specific short-term projects such as financing a cargo of slaves or sugar, never seem to die — changing their names (Phillip Morris to Altria, for example); ownership, as their stock is bought and sold; as well as their nationalities, as assets, production and markets render national boundaries invisible.\nMoney is another matter. Since the Roberts Court has determined that money is speech, how about terrorism — considered by various students of the phenomenon to be a lethal form of \"political speech.\" Justice Roberts specifically stated at one point that speech designed to incite terrorism was only a problem if it was coordinated with a \"foreign\" terrorist organization (FTO). His statement would appear to suggest that speech designed to incite terrorism, if emanating from purely domestic sources, is protected by the First Amendment.\nAs this is written, news of the latest in a long chain of murderous outrages by Klan members surfaces in a peaceful community near Kansas City. \"Speech\" at the point of a gun. How many armed \"sleeper cells\" and neurotic individuals are there around the U.S. poised to act in a similar way — triggered by the \"incitement\" previously mentioned?\nGetting back to the money/speech nexus, Tom Perkins, an outspoken advocate for the \"rights\" of the super-rich, suggested that a person should have as many votes as he pays dollars in taxes. I suppose that Mr. Perkins' reasoning is that the poor who pay little or no taxes should have no right to vote or a say in public affairs. The irony is that Perkins' argument only works when you have a progressive tax system — which the rich and their advocates in Congress are aggressively trying to get rid of. His other problem is that, in my experience, the richest in every country use every trick in the book to avoid paying taxes anyway — eliminating the advantage he seeks.\nThe avalanche of oligarch money in coming elections, freed by the Roberts Court in the McCutcheon decision, would appear to make ordinary voter participation irrelevant — not to mention other restrictions on voter access proposed by primitive thinkers at various levels of government.\nWithout voters, who will select our future leaders — those with the most guns or the most money? Will it matter?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Levent Konuk / Shutterstock.com Paper Cups Garbage Bin Levent Konuk / Shutterstock.com Not Just Paper Paper cups can’t be recycled because they’re not just made of paper; they’re usually also lined with plastic or wax to prevent the liquid from leaking through the cup. Recycle the Sleeves as Cardboard The sleeves are recyclable and should be disposed of with other cardboard products. Lids Are Plastic #6 Coffee cup lids are generally made from plastic #6. Find out what to do with plastic #6. Straws Are Plastic #5 Straws are generally made from plastic #5. Find out what to do with straws. Keep Out of Compost Paper by itself is compostable, but if you compost used paper cups, they’ll likely leave behind microplastics in the soil, thereby contaminating the finished compost. Ways to Reduce Save $0.10 Bringing Your Own at Starbucks Bring your own travel mug or tumbler to Starbucks, and you’ll get 10 cents off your cup of coffee. Did You Know? Why Don’t Most Starbucks Recycle Cups? As of 2013, Starbucks offered recycling in 39% of its stores. You’d think it would be universal, but there’s no great recycling technology for coffee cups yet, so many commercial recyclers don’t accept them, leaving Starbucks with nowhere to send the cups. Read more about Starbucks’ efforts to recycle and reduce waste here. Could Paper Cups Be Transformed into Biofuels? University of Manitoba researchers have been studying whether cups could conceivably be made into biofuels. So far, the results are pretty promising.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Debates over U.S. immigration policy, and the xenophobia that often accompanies such debates, are once again center stage. Policy debates are often dominated by statistics and stereotypes, both of which can dehumanize those under examination. This lesson brings the personal stories of migrants back into the debate. As a springboard for discussion, it uses clips from Voices of the Sea, a film about a Cuban family divided on whether or not to emigrate. After researching the history or current situation in a nation from which people have emigrated to the U.S. in large numbers, students will write an imagined dialogue between family members considering whether to make the journey. In the process, they'll consider what motivates people to leave their homes or stay.\n- Learn the general history of immigration to the U.S. from Castro's Cuba\n- Write an imagined dialogue\n- Gain insight that can inform their thinking on current debates about how the U.S. should treat immigrants\nGRADE LEVELS: 9-10\nResearch Skills, English/Language Arts, Global Studies\n- Film clips from Voices of the Sea and the equipment to screen them\n- Hard copy handout or Internet access of general history of Cuban immigration (see links below)\n- Internet access for research\nESTIMATED TIME NEEDED\nOne class period plus homework\nFilm clips provided in this lesson are from the film Voices of the Sea by Kim Hopkins. Access the streaming clips for free on POV's website by visiting www.pbs.org/pov/educators. Borrow the full film from our DVD Lending Library by joining the POV Community Network: http://communitynetwork.amdoc.org.\nClip 1: Getting to Know the Family (2:30 min.)\nThe clip begins at 4:52 with Pita showing a picture he identifies as his cousins. It ends at approximately 7:17, just after Mariela says \"Don't look for anything else.\" We meet Mariela, Pita and the children, as well as get a glimpse into their lives, including apparently routine power outages. Pita shows pictures of his family, who fled Cuba. He says that he hasn't seen his father in forty years.\nClip 2: Failed Attempts (5:10 min.)\nThe clip begins at 16:28 with Mariela quoting a revolution slogan: \"For the humble and by the humble.\" It ends at 21:38 as Mariela kisses Pita and walks inside. The clip includes people repairing what they have because they can't afford to replace it. We also learn that Mariela once tried to leave, but her attempt to make it to the U.S. failed within site of the coast. The clip also covers reasons that people leave, including the hope of a better life for the children and the belief that the U.S. will offer benefits and work opportunities.\nClip 3: Cubans Don't Hate Cuba (2:25 min.)\nThe clip begins at 34:41 when Mariela says \"It was completely unexpected.\" It ends at 37:06 with a wide shot of the house and of the car in the dark. We learn that Mariela's brother Roilan has fled and no one has heard from him yet. Pita questions the rosy picture that so many Cubans have of life in the U.S. Mariela makes the case that Cubans don't leave because they hate their country; they leave for opportunities and hope to return.\nClip 4: Talking with Roilan (5:50 min.)\nThe clip begins at 45:00 with a long shot of the street at twilight. It ends at 50:50 after Mariela says, \"Maybe it could be good. Maybe.\" Mariela talks to Roilan, who has reached the U.S. safely and is working as a landscaper in Arizona. Pita says he would support his wife's dream to leave but doubts that she would be as successful as she imagines.\nPre-requisite: Either in class or as homework prior to the lesson, ask students to read a general history of Cuban immigration to the U.S. since the rise of Castro in 1959. This could be the Background Information section of POV's discussion guide for Voices of the Sea, one of the Resources listed in this lesson plan, or even Wikipedia. Your choice should reflect the reading level and research skills of your students.\nStep 1: The Assignment\nAsk students what they know about current immigration issues facing the U.S. - not their opinions; just the issues people are debating.\nAfter a very brief discussion (including any clarifications you might need to offer), explain to students they are going to do a writing exercise that asks them to think about why people emigrate from their home countries.\nGive them the assignment:\n- In dialogue form, script a conversation between people deciding whether or not to migrate to the U.S. (Based on the skill level of your students, you can determine the minimum length required).\n- There must be at least two people involved in the conversation, but it is okay to include more. The conversation could be between spouses, friends, parents and children - whomever you wish. The people can be from any country you choose.\n- The dialogue should reflect the realities of the country you choose (i.e., the reader/listener should know what nation the people are from). You will need to research what is happening/has happened in the country you choose in order to make your dialogue realistic.\n- You can choose the year.* (*If the class has been studying a particular time period, you may want to require that the dialogue takes place during that era).\nLet students know the due date.\nStep 2: Cuba\nTo help students prepare, tell them you are going to share with them clips from a documentary - Voices of the Sea - that features a wife and husband who currently live in Cuba and are contemplating leaving as they watch friends and family emigrate. Mariela is in her thirties and the mother of four. Pita, her second husband, is older and a third generation fisherman.\nTo provide context for the clips, ask what students learned from their reading on the general history of migration from Cuba. Be sure they understand the special status that Cuban immigrants have enjoyed in the U.S. (and the reason for that special treatment), the \"wet foot, dry foot\" policy, and the current policy.\nStep 3: The Video Clips\nAs they view each clip, students should pay attention to the issues that Mariela and Pita discuss. What factors are important to them? Is their decision easy or difficult? What do they say or do that lets you know how they feel, as well as what they think?\nShow the four clips, pausing briefly after each so students may share reactions.\nAfter the final clip, ask students to choose countries and time periods and, as time allows, let them start researching and writing.\n[Optional] Step 4: Reflection\nOn the day that students turn in their dialogues, give them time to do a free write reflection on the relationship between the assignment and current events. What did they learn about why people choose to leave their own countries and come to the U.S.? Is that decision typically easy or difficult? How do their new insights influence their thinking about current immigration policy and how the U.S. should handle immigrants or refugees?\nCraft one or more of the student dialogues into a short play and perform it.\nResearch and share family and/or community oral histories from people who emigrated to the U.S.\nCompare/contrast work from the lesson with at least three different mainstream media depictions of immigrants.\nRead a literary version of an immigrant story (e.g., Anzia Yezierska's Bread Givers, Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior, Victor Villasenor's Rain of Gold, or one of the titles from POV's Delve Deeper Reading List for Voices of the Sea).\nAssign students to investigate the legal difference between \"immigrant\" and \"refugee.\" Write position papers on current U.S. policy on admission of each group.\nEngage in a more in-depth examination of Cuba's history.\nPOV: Voices of the Sea\nhttp://www.pbs.org/pov/voicesofthesea/discussion-guide - The site includes a general discussion guide with additional activity ideas.\nPew Research Center\npewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/13/cuban-immigration-to-u-s-surges-as-relations-warm/ - Details of Cuban immigration to the U.S. since the Obama Administration began normalizing relations with Cuba.\nMigration Policy Institute\nmigrationpolicy.org/article/cuban-immigrants-united-states - An overview of Cuban migration to the U.S.\nPOV: Media Literacy Questions for Analyzing POV Films\nThis list of questions provides a useful starting point for leading rich discussions that challenge students to think critically about documentaries.\nCommon Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (http://www.corestandards.org/assets/CCSSI_ELA%20Standards.pdf)\nW.9-10.3 Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.\nConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation.\nSL.11-12.6 Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.\nABOUT THE AUTHOR\nFaith Rogow, Ph.D., is the co-author of The Teacher's Guide to Media Literacy: Critical Thinking in a Multimedia World (Corwin 2012) and was past president of the National Association for Media Literacy Education. She has written discussion guides and lesson plans for more than 250 independent films.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "SHADOW PUPPET THEATER AND THE STORIES OF THE CHINESE ZODIAC\nShadow puppetry is a form of storytelling where a master puppeteer manipulates cut-out figures behind a translucent screen on a stage.\nDating back to ancient times, shadow puppetry is still popular in countries as diverse as Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, China, Thailand, Turkey, Greece and France.\nTHE STORIES OF THE CHINESE ZODIAC\nThe Chinese Zodiac is based on a twelve-year cycle with each year corresponding to an animal: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon,snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog and pig.\nSHADOW THEATER AND PUPPETS\nLearn to make a shadow theater out of simple inexpensive materials. In the following weeks, read about the tales of the Chinese zodiac, create the characters in those tales as cut-out puppets and act out the stories before friends and family.\nThere are twelve stories with different characters and plots.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are recognized as insect-parasitic nematodes, beneficial nematodes, biocontrol agents, biological control agents, biological insecticides or biopesticides. These nematodes are also recognized as pathogens or microbial control agents because of their symbiotic association with bacteria (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) that are mainly pathogenic to insects. Because of mutualistic relationship with pathogenic bacteria these nematodes are named as entomopathogenic nematodes.\nThese beneficial nematodes contribute to the regulation of natural populations of insects. However, the population of naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes is normally not high enough to manages soil dwelling plant pests. Therefore, during last 3-4 decades, these live nematodes have been commercially mass produced and inundatively applied to control many garden insects, turfgrass insects, nursery insects, greenhouse insects and insects that feed on different field crops.\nUse of this natural control of insects is beneficial for both the environment and humans because it reduces use of chemical insecticides/pesticides.\nThese biopesticides (entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria) are safe to produce and not harmful to users, application personnel, mammals, most beneficial insects or plants.\nSince entomopathogenic nematodes do not cause any health risk to the consumers of nematode treated agricultural produce and damage to the environment, they are exempted from registration requirements in most countries.\nThese biological control agents have also no detrimental effect on other benefical nematodes including bacterial feeders, some fungal feeders (Aphelenchus sp.), predatory nematodes and other soil microbial communities.\nBut entomopathogenic nematodes can be detrimental to plant-parasitic nematodes that are responsible for causing a tremendous economic loss to our agriculture industry throughout world. It has been demonstrated that entomopathogenic nematodes can suppress the populations of many economically important plant-parasitic nematodes including foliar nematodes, potato cyst nematodes, ring nematodes, root-knot nematodes, root lesion nematodes, sting nematodes, stubby root nematodes and stunt nematodes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Burden of Brown by Raymond Wolters is a long book with a very short message: integration is bad, but desegregation is not. The distinction between the two is crucial to Wolters's analysis. Desegregation is the prohibition of officially sanctioned separation of the races. Integration, on the other hand, is the compelled mixing of the races for the sake of mixing. The \"burden\" of Brown v. Board of Education, according to Wolters, is that the Supreme Court has blurred this distinction and erroneously requires integration instead of merely prohibiting segregation. Wolters's thesis is that Brown had two prongs: one said that officially sanctioned separation of the races offended the Constitution, the other that exclusion of blacks from the company of whites caused psychological harm that also offended the Constitution. The fact that the Supreme Court interlocked these concepts led to a common usage of these terms as synonymous. It has also, Wolters says, led to tragically misdirected attempts to reform the nation's schools by integration orders.\n2 Const. Comment. 494 (1985) (reviewing Raymond Wolters, The Burden of Brown (1984)).\nShoben, Elaine W., \"Book Review\" (1985). Scholarly Works. Paper 586.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Patterns in Squirrel Behavioral Ecology\nDaily Activity Schedule of the Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)\nAndrew G. Watts\n\"Browntail\", a gray squirrel from the UF campus\nPhoto by Andrew Watts\nAbstract: The widely varied behaviors of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) make them an adequate research tool for the study of behavioral ecology. The main objectives in this study are to observe the behaviors of squirrels during different parts of the day, and how their behaviors vary with temperature. It is predicted that squirrels are least active during the afternoon, because it is the warmest part of the day. To test this hypothesis, 0/1 samplings were conducted for twelve 5-minute time intervals each hour for mornings, afternoons, and evenings. The results from the samplings show that squirrels indeed are less active in the afternoon when it is hotter. Additionally, squirrels rest much longer and more often in the afternoon than in the other parts of the day. In conclusion, squirrels generally avoid temperature extremes by resting.\nKeywords: Sciurus, squirrels, activity, behavior, schedule, temperature, cold, heat\nFor a long time, the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) has been an important research tool for the study of animal ecology (Spritzer 1999). Their genus name comes from Latin meaning \"he who sits at the shadow of his tail\" (Woods 1980). The gray squirrel is found in several habitats across the eastern United States, such as temperate forests, neighborhoods, city parks, and college campuses. Arboreality may be a primitive trait for squirrels (Thorington 1998). Over the past two centuries these mammals have been introduced to England, South Africa, parts of the western United States, and parts of Italy (Hartson 1999, Currado 1998).\nVarious factors determine the behavioral routines of squirrels. Metabolic constraints, weather, predators, competition, and food availability all play a part in the activity of squirrels. When it is hot or raining, squirrels may not be as active. However, Long (1995) states that squirrels may be more active during periods of light rain because the wet ground may bring out the scent of the stored food. When predators are in the area, squirrels will make a bark-like alarm call possibly to warn other squirrels. Intraspecific competition is common among the gray squirrel; therefore, chasing is frequent. To prepare for the possibility that food may be scarce in the future, squirrels are well known as hoarders of food.\nThe purpose of this experiment is to observe squirrel behavior by recording various activities at three different times of the day (morning, afternoon and evening). I hypothesize that gray squirrels will be more active in the morning than in the other parts of the day. One justification for this hypothesis is that the other parts of the day are warmer, causing squirrels to be less active. I also expect that the squirrels may exhibit different behaviors at different parts of the day. Since weather (excluding temperature) is indiscriminate to the time of day, it may influence the data. Temperature, however, is correlated with the time of the day, with the warmest part being the afternoon.\nSimilar studies on animal behavior have been conducted on California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) (Fitch 1948). Additionally, studies on animal behavioral ecology comparable to my study have been conducted on Big Cypress fox squirrels (Sciurus niger avicennia) at the Big Cypress National Preserve in south Florida (Jodice 1990).\nThe study area for my experiment is located between McCarty Hall and the Reitz Union lawn on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL. The area contains trees such as hackberry, palm, magnolia, pecan, oak, pine, and others. Gray squirrels are frequently encountered here, and are therefore easy to observe. The observations took place during March and April on Saturdays, Sundays, and other days when there was minimal human activity. The behavior of squirrels would be different if there are too many people moving through the study area.\nThe observations were recorded on twelve 5-minute intervals for a morning hour, an afternoon hour and an evening hour during each day of minimal human activity. A total of 13 morning hours, 13 evening hours, and 10 afternoon hours were sampled. I did 0/1 samplings of several squirrels on the following activities: foraging, chasing other squirrels, eating, standing alert, barking (alarm call), burying food, resting, running in trees (e.g. climbing), running on the ground, and miscellaneous activities. I also noted the weather at the time of the observations.\nWhen squirrels forage, they are looking for food on the ground and on the trees, most often moving slowly and sniffing. Gray squirrels spend only 14% of their active time in the canopy of trees (Gurnell 1987). Chasing is aggressive behavior showing that gray squirrels exhibit intraspecific competition. Eating takes place both on the ground and on trees, the staple diet being acorns. Often squirrels will bury acorns and other food. When squirrels hear a sound that may be threatening, they stay still for a few seconds in an alert posture. Barking is also a result of a threatening sound, but it is mainly an alarm call used when squirrels see a predator. Resting may be confused with the alert stance, but it is much longer. In addition, resting squirrels are usually lying flat. Often squirrels will run in order to find food, avoid competition with other squirrels, or avoid predation. Running occurs both on the ground and in trees. Miscellaneous activities include (but are not limited to) jumping in an odd manner, playing with other squirrels, grooming, and pseudo-mating; most of which are done by juvenile squirrels. I compared the persistence of morning behaviors versus evening behaviors. Numbers were measured as mean time intervals per hour. A chi-square test was used to find out if occurrences of resting were inversely proportional to running on the ground.\nThere was considerable variation in the behavior of squirrels among different parts of the day. Figure 1 indicates that squirrels exhibit less activity during the afternoon than in other parts of the day. This holds true for all forms of activity. In addition, they rest most often in the afternoon (mean = 5.9 time intervals per hour) and least during the morning (mean = 0.46). Comparing between the morning and the evening, there was no considerable difference between occurrences of the alert stance (mean = 11.2), eating (mean = 10.5), foraging (mean = 11.3), or miscellaneous behaviors (mean = 4.6). All three activities where running was involved (chasing, running on the ground, and running in trees) showed a trend that was greatest in the morning (mean = 7.5, 10.4, and 9.9, respectively), intermediate in the evening (mean = 5.4, 9.8, and 8.5, respectively), and least in the afternoon (mean = 4.3, 6.8, and 5.8, respectively). Most running occurred on the ground. Figure 2 shows the relationship of squirrel behavior versus temperature. Regardless of the time of day, it is clear that there are hump-shaped trends in a majority of the activities for the following temperature ranges: cold (approximately < 13º C), mild (13-21º C), warm (21-29ºC), and hot (> 29º C). These activities are foraging (mean = 10.7, 12, 12, and 9.3, respectively), chasing (mean = 5.1, 6.7, 7, and 3.6, respectively), eating (mean = 8.6, 12, 11, and 8.3, respectively), alert stance (mean = 10.4, 11.7, 11.8, and 9.3, respectively), burying food (mean = 3.7, 7, 9.4, and 4.1, respectively), and running on the ground (mean = 8.4, 11.1, 11.4, and 7, respectively).\nA chi-square test was conducted showing that the correlation between resting and running on the ground for the four temperature ranges is nearly opposite.\nIt was discovered that there is a strong correlation between the behavior of squirrels and the time of day. As predicted, most of the activity occurred during the morning and the evening, and least during the afternoon. This is most likely because the afternoon is the warmest part of the day, so it causes squirrels to rest longer and more often than they do in during mornings and evenings. The reason why squirrels rest during warm weather is because it too expensive energetically to forage when it is too warm (Gurnell 1987).\nAs it gets colder, squirrels seem to become increasingly active in the trees, but not on the ground. It is during intermediate temperatures when they are most active on the ground. An additional hypothesis is that squirrels might not get less active as it gets colder, but rather restrict their activity to the trees. If this is so, then the squirrels are most likely not avoiding the ground entirely, because they frequently uncover buried food items in the winter that they stored in the autumn. If it is not true that they restrict their activity in the trees when it is cold, then there may be possible sources of error influencing the data, such as rain or wind. These sources of error may have influenced the data supporting the original hypothesis as well.\nIn conclusion, it would appear that as squirrels get increasingly active on the ground, there would be less occurrences of resting. Mild weather is correlated with activity of squirrels on the ground, whereas hot weather causes squirrels to rest. Cold weather may also cause squirrels to rest, but the fact that resting was not observed as frequently as in hot weather does not mean it is less frequent. Gurnell (1987) states that squirrels will often huddle with one another in their nests (where they cannot be observed) during cold weather. This is another source of error. Although squirrels were observed to be slightly more active in cold weather than in hot weather, they generally tend to show decreased activity during both temperature extremes because it is energetically costly.\nCurrado, Italo. 1998. The Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) in Italy: A Potential Problem for the Entire European Continent. In M. A. Steele, J. F. Merritt, and D. A. Zegers (eds.). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels. Special Publication, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 6: 320 pp.\nFitch, Henry S. 1948. Ecology of the California Ground Squirrel on Grazing Lands. The American Midland Naturalist. 39:513-596\nGurnell, John. 1987. The Natural History of Squirrels. Facts on File, Inc., New York.\nHartson, Tamara. 1999. Squirrels of the West. Lone Pine Publishing, Renton, WA.\nJodice, P. 1990. Ecology and Translocation of Urban Populations of Big Cypress Fox Squirrels. Master’s Thesis. University of Florida.\nLong, Kim. 1995. Squirrels: A Wildlife Handbook. Johnson Printing, Boulder, CO.\nSpritzer, Mark D. 1999. Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Florida: Microgeographic Genetic Structure, caching behavior, ranging patters, and resource use. Master’s Thesis. University of Florida.\nThorington, Richard W. Jr., Amy M. L. Miller, and Charles G. Anderson. 1998. Arboreality in tree squirrels (Sciuridae). In M. A. Steele, J. F. Merritt, and D. A. Zegers (eds.). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels. Special Publication, Virginia Museum of Natural History, 6: 320 pp.\nWoods, S. E. Jr. 1980. The Squirrels of Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.\nFig. 1. Mean number of time intervals per hour for different observed behaviors in the morning (n = 13 hours), afternoon (n = 10) and evening (n = 13).\nFig. 2. The relationship of squirrel behavior based on temperature. Cold weather is approximately 13ºC or below, mild weather is about 13-21ºC, warm weather is about 21-29ºC, and hot weather is over 29ºC.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The history of distilling in Scotland dates back to the 12th century when the knowledge was brought to the nation by Christian monks. The first written record of distillation was on the Exchequer Rolls, with an entry in the year 1494 reading \"Eight bolls of malt to Friar John Corr wherewith to make aqua vitae\". Whisky quickly became popular due to the wealth of grain grown in the nation.\nWhen Henry VIII disassembled the monasteries in 1541 many monks took to spreading their distilling knowledge across Scotland as a way to make a living. In 1707 the Act of Union with England led to heavy taxation on Scotch. This pushed Scotch production underground to homemade stills under cover of night, hence the name \"moonshine\" for illicit liquor.\nSo how did Scotch become world-famous?\nThe tide began to turn when whisky production was authorised in exchange for a £10 licence fee following the Excise Act in 1823. This laid the foundations for the Scotch whisky industry we know today, but the style of whisky being produced had little appeal outside of Scotland. The global status Scotch still enjoys today is the result of three things combined.\nFirstly, Aeneas Coffey invented the Coffey (continuous still) which allowed lighter grain whisky to be produced in large quantities. Secondly, Andrew Usher established the art of blending, which combined lighter grain whisky from continuous stills with heavier pot stilled whisky creating a more accessible flavour, greater consistency, and marketable branded whisky. Finally, the phylloxera aphid devastated the Cognac business leaving a void that Scotch distillers were happy to fill.\nWhat is Scotch?\nTwo rules govern what can be called Scotch. Firstly, the whisky must have been produced and aged entirely within Scotland. Secondly, it has to be aged for a minimum of three years in oak barrels. Due to their abundance, the most commonly used barrels have previously held Bourbon or Sherry. An ex-Sherry cask will give the whisky a rich, dark fruit flavour, while an ex-bourbon barrel will have a toasty vanilla flavour with hints of spice.\nWhat are the Scotch whisky regions?\nWhisky producing regions are as diverse as the wine regions of France; their location, climate, and crafts of the region impart certain characteristics on the flavour profiles of malts. There are three main regions, the Lowlands, Highlands, and Islands, with Speyside additionally discussed separately from the Highlands due to its profile. There is a smaller forth region, Campbeltown, which was home to over 30 distilleries at its peak but now has only three operating.\nGeographically the Scottish Highlands stretch from Greenock to John o' Groats, and from Portuairk in the west to Peterhead in the East. The largest of all the regions, the Highlands has wide variations in flavours. Over on the western coast, maritime influences play a key role in shaping whisky with a punch. The central areas are driven by heathery, honey flavours. To the east, fresh fruit and vanilla flavours are found. The southern reaches are home to light and fruity whiskies, in contrast to the northern distilleries that offer a rich and full-bodied spirit. Evidently, it’s difficult to describe Highland whiskies in a single statement.\nDespite its place within the Highlands, the fact that Speyside is packed with 84 distilleries including many of the world’s best known, makes it worthy of its own distinction. The classic Speyside flavours are honey, vanilla, and fresh fruit, but as you would expect from such a quantity of distilleries operating, there is much variety to be found. Traditionally, Speyside whiskies are not dissimilar to those further east, but the lighter water sees less (to no) peat used. The resulting whiskies are lighter and sweeter than other Highland spirits. Overall there is a certain subtly to Speyside whiskies.\nMoving south of the imaginary line running between Dundee and Greenock, the softer landscape of the lowlands is reflected in colour and flavour. Peat is rarely used here, resulting in whiskies with a light, floral character. Lowland whiskies also have a delicate nature as a result of triple distillation. There aren’t many distilleries in the Lowlands, with the ones present affectionately nicknamed 'The Lowland Ladies. Lowland Scotch is comparatively easy-drinking, making it the perfect region for introducing a new whisky drinker to the category with.\nThe islands generally produce peaty whiskies with maritime aromas, but once again there is a diversity of styles. This variety is born out of the individuality of each island, from Jura and Arran in the West to Orkney in the North. In Orkney for instance, you can find whiskies with citrus notes, while over on the Isle of Skye you’ll uncover big and bold notes. The most famous island is that of Islay, home to eight distilleries and rugged, windswept and barren landscapes. Whiskies here are dominated by a strong peaty smokiness, reflecting the island itself. There is much to explore in this region.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "April 27, 1822\nUlysses S. Grant Was Born\nOne of the most honored and respected military leaders in U.S. history never even wanted a military career. Despite that, he became a general and served two terms as president of the United States. Ulysses S. Grant, born on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio, wrote, “A military life had no charms for me, and I had not the faintest idea of staying in the army even if I should be graduated, which I did not expect.” However, Grant did graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1843 and later began leading soldiers in battle.\nThe quiet, unassuming, and keenly intelligent Grant suddenly found himself on the battlefields of the Mexican War (1846-48), a conflict he personally opposed but fought with great bravery. (During the Mexican War, the U.S. fought its neighbor to the south over disputed Texan land.) After the war, he returned home to wed his longtime fiancé, Julia Dent, but the couple had only four years together before Grant was transferred. Even a promotion did not relieve Grant’s longing for his family and boredom with army routine. The 32-year-old captain resigned his commission in 1854.\nAfter failed business ventures, Grant returned to the army in 1861. Within months, he was promoted to brigadier general and placed in charge of 20,000 Union troops, which he led to many victories during the Civil War. Grant commanded larger and larger armies as the war went on and, by 1864, he commanded the whole U.S. army as general-in-chief. Just as he had drifted into the military, Grant drifted into politics. He easily won the presidential elections of 1868 and 1872. In 1884, the war hero, diagnosed with cancer, managed to write one of the finest military autobiographies ever written. It was published by his friend, Mark Twain. Ask your family if they have ever read the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Weaver Wednesday : Sakalava Weaver2013-01-09 (317)\nThe Sakalava Weaver Ploceus sakalava is a colonial weaver found in the drier western parts of Madagascar. The adult male in breeding plumage (photo above left has a yellow head to upper breast, clearly separated from a pale belly and nape. The wing coverts have buffy-white tips forming a wingbar. The iris is brown with bare reddish skin around the eye. The non-breeding male has the head grey, and the skin around the eye is pale pink. The female (photo above right is similar to the non-breeding male but paler. Young birds are green above, yellow below, and with a golden brown wash on the chin and throat. There is one other Ploceus species in Madagascar, the Nelicourvi Weaver.\nThis species is one of 3 weaver species to have a bare skin patch around the eye (the others are White-headed Buffalo-weaver and the Baya Weaver).\nTwo subspecies of the Sakalava Weaver are recognised (see map right, based on Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 15, and showing the current PHOWN records:\nThe Sakalava Weaver is found in open country in drier lowlands, often in areas cleared for human settlement; also found in spiny-bush areas, and dry deciduous forest.\nThe Sakalava Weaver is mainly granivorous, including some rice. It also regularly feeds on insects and spiders, especially when feeding young. It also feeds on flowers.\nThe Sakalava Weaver is apparently mainly monogamous, with some males perhaps polygynous. This species is colonial, with 10-120 nests at a site, and up to 40 nests in one tree.\nThe nest (photo left, additional photo from colony at phown 76) is built by both sexes. The nest is retort-shaped, with an entrance tunnel 17-40 cm long. It is placed 2-25 m above the ground and usually in a palm, boabab or exotic Gyrocarpus americanus.\nThe nest is sometimes attached below or near the nests of crows or raptors, eg. Madagascar Buzzard Buteo brachypterus (see phown 1489). Nests may also be suspended from the thatched roof of a village house. Males sleep in non-breeding nests during the breeding season. Clutch size is 2-4 eggs, incubation is by the female, and chicks are fed by both parents. Nests are preyed on by Madagascar Harrier-hawk Polyboroides radiatus, and eggs have been taken by the Common Brown Lemur Eulemur fulvus.\nThere are 2 PHOWN records with colony sizes of 38 and 75 (see PHOWN summary). Many more PHOWN records are needed for this common species. Old nests may be used for breeding by the Madagascar Bibfinch Lepidopygia nana, so look at inactive colonies too. Submit any weaver nest records to PHOWN (PHOtos of Weaver Nests) via the Virtual Museum upload site.\nPHOWN summary Previous Wedn: Strange Weaver Full weaver species list", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Here in Charlottesville, Virginia, I like to point out that the rallies of racists are mostly imported from out of state. It’s tempting to relax comfortably on that assertion, and to reflect on how our great lord and master Thomas Jefferson owned people with more reluctance and inner turmoil than Barack Obama bombing a foreign country or Donald Trump mouthing kind or coherent phrases from a teleprompter.\nReality is a little more troubling. Jefferson was a vicious and heartless profiteer and racist who was into slavery for the money and the benefits. UVA had ties to the KKK in the 1920s when the racist war monuments were put up in segregated parks by a wealthy resident. Jim Crow ruled until the Civil Rights movement and has been dying hard. Most people, including the mayor, didn’t come around to favoring taking the statues down until after the deadly rally.\nNow Charlottesville’s tragedy has helped many other places take down the sort of statues that still stand in Charlottesville, albeit now covered in black tarps. But Charlottesville and UVA have been leaders on these issues in other ways that one doesn’t hear much about. Nancy MacLean’s Democracy in Chains is illuminating, and criticisms of parts of the book, which I am in no position to judge, do not touch on some central points.\nThe right-wing anti-government movement that has created things like unregulated “development” in Houston, the defunding of preparation for hurricanes, free rein to destroy the earth’s climate for war and profit, and the bizarre cultural understanding in which we simply accept that we must fund disaster relief ourselves as the government is too busy funding wars and billionaires — all of this has deep roots in an institute of economists now based at George Mason University but originally created at the University of Virginia in 1956 in response to school integration. And those economists’ teachings have deep roots in the thinking of leading advocates for slavery.\nJames McGill Buchanan created at UVA an economics department funded by Charles Koch and dedicated to expanding the power of the wealthy to hoard more wealth, and to reducing the power of the masses to influence government. John C. Calhoun, proponent of slavery extraordinaire, was the grandfather of the deceptive ideology advanced. In Calhoun’s thinking, taxing a slave owner was an abuse and exploitation, whereas owning someone as a slave was simply the exercising of liberty. Similarly, taxing an oil CEO is tyranny in today’s libertarian understanding, whereas letting people drown in a flood is just right and proper.\nMaking this twisted line of thought presentable as a quantifiable science overseen by experts has been the work of decades of deliberation and deception. Yet slavery has not been made presentable again, and opposition to public spending on human needs grew out of slavery — arose in fact only in areas that practiced slavery. Buchanan and others did not set out to win over the public, but to mislead the public into supporting policies that would have little backing if properly understood.\nMassive resistance was not massive, de-funding is not reform, and the right to work is not a right.\nVirginians did not rise up en masse and compel their representative government to shut down all the schools rather than integrate them. Rather, state politicians elected by a corrupt system imposed a shutdown in the face of significant popular resistance to it.\nThe economist schemers knew that shutting down schools was unpopular, so began the ongoing effort to sell the defunding of schools as school reform, innovation, experimentation, choice, and so forth. They would push the same lies about Social Security and healthcare.\nIn 1974, Charles Koch set up his own foundation and held its first event here in Charlottesville with Buchanan as featured speaker. Buchanan and his ilk went on pushing for more wealth consolidation and de-democratization, to “save capitalism from democracy.” Buchanan offered Augusto Pinochet guidance on how to entrench elite rule in Chilean institutions, and sought the same in the U.S., working toward the “removal of the sacrosanct status assigned to majority rule.”\nTyler Cowen, who would later succeed Buchanan and who now leads the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, says that in the future people will be “expected to fend for themselves much more than they do now.” The U.S. will be “some version of Texas — and then some.”\nYou’re welcome, world.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Daniel - Lesson 1\nINTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF DANIEL\nBackground Information for the Teacher\n- The student can explain the historical circumstances surrounding the story of Daniel, including what was happening in the Kingdom of Judah and in other kingdoms related to the story.\n- The student can provide a date for key events in the story of Daniel.\n- The student can identify the following places on a map: Jerusalem, Samaria, Nineveh, Babylon.\n- Have a chalkboard, marker board, overhead, or PowerPoint ready. You may download the PowerPoint to make overhead transparencies. When you do, click \"Pure Black and White\" on the print dialogue box.)\n- Have copies of the worksheet ready to hand out at the beginning of the class.\n- Be sure all the students have Bibles.\n- Have cards ready to distribute with all the passages you want someone to read aloud during the lesson.\n- Have a blank sheet of paper to hand out to each student so they can keep a list of personal applications throughout the class sessions. Ask them to keep this sheet in their Bibles so they can have it available to record applications.\n- Have access to a map-on the wall, on a transparency, or on the supplied PowerPoint.\nGod is able to work in the affairs of nations so that while the nations make decisions for their own purposes, God is able to use such decisions to achieve His ends. The stories of the Kingdom of Judah and of Daniel are very good illustrations of this principle.\nLesson Plan for Conducting the Class\nIntroduction: (about 10 minutes)\n- Call the roll, or, if the class is large, let someone check the roll or let students sign in as they come to class. Make any necessary class announcements. If you like to start with songs, some that tie with the lesson today are \"How Great Thou Art,\"\"Majesty,\" \"Mighty is Our God,\" or \"Holy, Holy, Holy.\" Have a prayer.\n- Tell the class that the study for this quarter is the book of Daniel. To get class involvement started from the first, ask the class this question: Q: What do you remember about the story of Daniel? We will work all of those into our class study. Here are a few more things you might not know about. A: Jesus quotes Daniel. The Book of Revelation refers to some passages in Daniel. Daniel makes prophecies about Jesus. In fact, one of Jesus' favorite expressions about Himself came from Daniel.\n- The Book of Daniel is one of the most important Old Testament books to study because it shows God's power to work among nations and to reveal in advance events which will happen. The book also shows God's love by his care of Daniel and his friends. The book shows God's patience because, even after the Israelites have abandoned Him many times, He still wants to help them. Finally, the book of Daniel shows how God began many years in advance to work things so that, at the right time, Jesus would come to give His life for all of us.\n- If you will be regular in attendance this term and will do a little home work, here are the things you will be able to do when our study is over. (Review the objectives of the class given in the Introduction to the Teacher.) As a part of our learning, you will complete during each class a worksheet which you can take home with you. If you will review this worksheet each week, you will be prepared to do well on a Review Quiz which you can do each time when you come to class. Think about this learning plan-listening well in class, looking at the visuals I will provide, writing down some important things to remember, reviewing these important items during the week, having some accountability for your learning on a brief review quiz as we start each new class period. If you will do these things, you will carry away from this study a very good understanding of the key elements of our look at Daniel. I hope you will enter this study with a strong desire to learn about this book of Daniel.\nLearning Experiences: (about 20 minutes)\nLet's start with a brief review of the history of Israel to provide some background to the study of Daniel. I will ask you questions as we go and you should fill in the appropriate blanks on the worksheet. Be sure to watch for the answers to put on your worksheet. The sentence in which the answer appears may not be expressed exactly as it appears on the worksheet. Also as we review this history, we will be making reference to the map so we can get oriented to location of the places in the story of Daniel. (The numbers below connect with numbers on the Student Worksheet.)\nNo. 1. Read Daniel 1:1. When the story of Daniel begins, Jehoiakim is in his third year as king over Judah when they were attacked by the Babylonians. Q:What actual year was this? A: 606 BC. Let's step back some years to get a fuller picture. Q: What is meant by \"king of Judah?\" A: King over the southern kingdom, the two tribes of Judah and Benjamin. (Show map of the two kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Point out Jerusalem as capitol of Judah and Samaria as capitol of Israel.) Q: By the time of Daniel's birth, what had happened to the ten tribes of the Kingdom of Israel? A: They had been carried away by the Assyrians in 722 BC. Q: Why had this northern kingdom been taken away? Read 2 Kings 17:5-14. A: Because they followed idols and God had told them many times that if they did this, they would be taken into captivity. Q: When is the Assyrian Kingdom destroyed and by whom? A: By Babylon in 612 BC.\nNo. 2. Q: How faithful to God has the kingdom of Judah been? Read 2 Kings22:3, 10-20. A: They also have worshipped idols although a few of their kings have been faithful kings (Hezekiah and Josiah for example), but most of their kings have allowed idols and taken part in worship to them. Q: What has God predicted about the kingdom of Judah? Read Jeremiah 25:8-10. A: They too will be carried away into captivity because of their sins. Q: Did God tell them they would return from this captivity? Read Jeremiah 25:11. A: They would go away into Babylon but would return after 70 years. (Show map of the BabylonianEmpire. Show where their capitol city of Babylon is located.) Nebuchadnezzar begins to fulfill this prophecy when he comes against Judah in 606 BC.\nNo. 3. Q: Now to review, what had happened to the Kingdom of Israel because of their idolatry and when did it happen? A: They have been taken away by theAssyrians in 722 BC. Q: What is then predicted to happen to the Kingdom ofJudah? A. They also will be carried away. Q: By whom and for how long will they be in captivity? A: By Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonians and they will be gone for 70 years. Q: In what year does the Babylonian leader Nebuchadnezzar first conquer Jerusalem and take captives? A: 606 BC.\nNo. 4. Q: So what dates have we studied so far and what happened in each? A:722 BC-the Kingdom of Israel falls. 606 BC-Nebuchadnezzar first comes against Jerusalem and takes captives.\nNo. 5. Q. How many more times does Nebuchadnezzar attack Jerusalem? A: Two. Q: In what years? A: 597 and 586 BC. Q: What is different about 586BC? A: In 597 BC, Nebuchadnezzar took more captives but in 586 BC, Jerusalem is totally destroyed and all the remaining people are taken captive to Babylon. Q: What important people were taken captive to Babylon in 606 BC. A: Daniel and his three friends- Hannaniah, Mishael, and Azariah. Q: What important person was taken captive to Babylon in 597 BC? A: Ezekiel. Q: What was the difference in the locations as to where Daniel and his friends were kept and where Ezekiel stayed? A: Daniel and his friends were in or near the Babylonian palace, while Ezekiel lived with the exiles in their refugee camp by the river.\nNo. 6. Let's review our dates again. Q: What happened in 722 BC? Q: When were the Assyrians destroyed and by whom? Q: What are the three dates when Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem and what happened at each date?\nNo. 7. Now let's project forward. Q: How long did Jeremiah say the Jews would be captive in Babylon? A: 70 years. Q: Counting from the time of the first captives taken, in what year would they be allowed to return? A: 536 BC. And so it was.\nApplication: (about 14 minutes)\n- Give each student a blank sheet of paper to keep in his/her Bible. Ask the students to write across the top of the sheet these words: \"My PersonalApplications from the Book of Daniel.\" Tell them that as the study goes along, they should write on this sheet any applications to their own life which they find in Daniel as a way of committing themselves to and remembering this personal application.\n- Q: What lessons do we learn from this story about God? A: He punishes those who do not keep His word. He warns people to repent. He still loves His people even when they are rebellious and wants to restore them. God has the wisdom and the power to achieve His purposes by using those people and nations that make their own free choices (Assyria, Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon).\n- Q: How does any of this apply to us today? A: God still punishes those who do not keep His word, but not necessarily in this life. God still loves His people and wants to bring good to them. God can still use nations and people to work out His will even when they are not aware of it. (Bringing down the Iron Curtain, perhaps God is at work through nations today in Afghanistan and Iraq.) We will bring much harm to ourselves and others if we stray from what God has told us to do.\nAssignment: (About 1 minute)\n- Study from your worksheet to prepare for the Review Quiz when you next come to class.\n- Next class period we will discuss who wrote Daniel. Check out in your commentaries and the introduction to Daniel in a study Bible to see what you can find out on your own about the dating of Daniel.\nBack to Daniel\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Summing numeric values to a larger geographic feature from a smaller feature.\nThe difference between the district's population and ideal population.\nThe field that contains data that is being equalized across districts in a plan. In most plans this field is Population.\nBuilding blocks for a plan, usually the smallest features in area, Census Blocks.\nA 100% enumeration of the population; the federal census is mandated by the U.S. Constitution in Article 1, section 2.\nThe most granular and smallest geography for decennial census tabulations. In urban areas, they are similar to a street block. Census blocks are generally bounded by physical features such as roads, rivers, or power lines but can sometimes be bounded by nonphysical features such as city, county or precinct boundaries\nCensus Block Group\nStatistical divisions of census tracts, and generally contain between 600 and 3,000 people. Block groups tend to follow neighborhoods. They are used to present data and control block numbering. A block group consists of clusters of blocks within the same census tract that have the same first digit of their four-digit census block number. Most block groups were delineated by local participants in the Census Bureau's Participant Statistical Areas Program.\nThe U.S. Bureau of the Census, which part of the Department of Commerce, conducts the decennial Census of Population and Housing as well as numerous ongoing projects for the federal government.\nThe geographic units for which census information is tabulated and reported with several hierarchies; the most basic is census block to census block group to census tract to county to state.\nCensus tracts are small, relatively permanent geographic entities within counties (or the statistical equivalents of counties) delineated by a committee of local data users. Generally, census tracts have between 2,500 and 8,000 residents and boundaries that follow visible features. When first established, census tracts were to be as homogeneous as possible with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. Tracts were first defined in 1970 and the Census Bureau maintains them as consistently as possible across the decades.\nCitizen Voting Age Population (CVAP)\nNumber of persons who are citizens and at least 18 years of age.\nCommunities of Interest\nGeographical areas, such as neighborhoods of a city or regions of a state, where the residents have common demographic and/or political interests that do not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of a political subdivision, such as a city or county. Examples of communities of interest are groups who are committed to preserving a local park, creating a new subway line in a city or achieving increased funding for a community college.\nHaving the minimum distance between all the parts of a constituency (a circle, square or a hexagon are examples of very compact district). Various methods have been developed to measure compactness.\nAll parts of a district being connected geographically at some point with the rest of the district. Limits on contiguity by point or by water vary by state.\nThe measure of how much a district or plan varies from the ideal population, however defined, per district. Deviation can be expressed as an absolute number or as a percentage.\n(Also known as Disclosure Avoidance) The Census Bureau's method that adds \"statistical noise\" to the population counts in a way that protects each respondent's identity. Differential privacy uses statistical noise to slightly alter data so that the link between the data and a specific person or business can't be certain. With differential privacy, the Census Bureau precisely controls the amount of statistical noise added using sophisticated mathematical formulas that allow them to assure that enough noise is added to protect privacy but not so much as to damage the statistical validity of their publications. The formulas allow the bureau to balance between two opposing extremes: total accuracy and total privacy. In practice, this means that areas that have a large number of people will have highly accurate statistics, but areas or subpopulations that have just a few people will have proportionately more noise and therefore less accuracy. In this way, the statistical noise prevents someone from learning anything meaningful about any particular individual. You can read more about differential privacy in this article.\nThe process of apportioning data for a larger level of geography to a lower level.\nThe boundaries that define the constituency from which a public official is elected.\nGroups of randomized redistricting plans created using a proprietary implementation of the ReCom method of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. These plans can be compared to any proposed plan to determine how random it is.\nA file that contains the unique identifier for the base layer, usually the Block ANSI for Census Blocks, and the corresponding district identifier. Equivalency files can be used to recreate district geography using any GIS.\nGeographic Information System. Computer software used for creating or revising plans and analyzing geographically oriented data.\nGeographic entities in a superior/subordinate structure. This structure is derived from the legal, administrative, or areal relationships of the entities. Hierarchies contain a series of nesting relationships. Smaller orders in the hierarchy are completely contained by larger orders. Common hierarchies are Census Block-Block Group-Tract-County, Census Block-Voting District-County, Census Block-Voting District-County Subdivision-County.\nThe total population or alternative for the redistricting divided by the number of seats in a plan.\nA group of features of the same type, such as states, highways, or landmarks that is stored in geographic files on your computer.\nA collection of plans in the Plan Manager.\nTerm used by courts for seats where a group or a single racial or language minority constitutes a majority of the population. (These are also referred to as “effective districts.”)\nA representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features (i.e. cities, roads, etc.) shown as layers.\nMaptitude Online Redistricting (MORe)\nCaliper Corporation's online application for creating interactive redistricting maps.\nMetes and Bounds\nA detailed and very specialized description of district boundaries using specific geographic features and street directions as are usually found in describing real property for legal purposes.\nA district that elects more than one member to a political jurisdiction.\nRedistricting method of creating two or more state lower legislative chamber districts that are completely contained within the boundaries of a state upper legislative chamber district.\nThe difference in population between the largest and smallest districts in a districting plan in either absolute (persons) or relative (percentage) terms.\nA set of boundaries for all districts of a representational body, a.k.a. map.\nThe utility for creating and managing plans, libraries, templates, plan sets and reports in Maptitude for Redistricting.\nTwo or more related plans that you want to work on simultaneously.\nA percentage of population that is higher than all other race/ethnicities.\nPublic Law 94-171\nFederal law enacted in 1975 requiring the U. S. Bureau of the Census to provide the states with data for use in redistricting as well as mandating the program where the states define the geography for collecting data.\nThe redrawing or revision of boundaries for representational districts.\nThe toolbox that contains all of the tools to adjust districts in a redistricting plan.\nThe features that are being moved from the Source district to the Target district.\nA statistical formula measuring variance from the average for the entire set of data.\nThe district from which selected features are being removed in a redistricting plan.\nThe totaling and reporting of the census data from individual responses for all levels of census geography.\nThe district which selected features are being added to in a redistricting plan.\nA collection of all the setup information for a plan but none of the district assignments.\nThe use of distinctive colors, symbols, and fill styles to portray data such as population, race, or ethnicity. The different styles highlight the similarities and differences among map features.\nTopologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing. The system and digital database developed at the U.S. Census Bureau to support computer maps used by the census.\nThe ability to travel across a district without leaving a district. Districts with higher travel contiguity are preferred.\nVoting Age Population (VAP)\nThe number of persons 18 years of age and over.\nVTD (Voting District)\nA census term for a geographic area, such as an election precinct, where election information and data are collected; boundaries are provided to the Census Bureau by the states. Since boundaries must coincide with census blocks, VTD boundaries may not be the same as the election precinct and may include more than one precinct.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Calcium is one of the most essential of the major biochemical elements needed in human nutrition. It is needed in every organ of the body, including the brain. Calcium is called the \"knitter\" because it promotes healing or knitting everywhere in the body. It is valuable for tone, power, strength, longevity, vitality, and endurance, healing of wounds, counter-acting acids, and helping regulate metabolism.\nCalcium is used in almost every function, calcium is commonly deficient in our diets. It is one of the first elements to go out of balance when the diet is inadequate. Calcium is stored in the blood and teeth, as well as in the nerves, muscles and tissues. Magnesium and Vitamin D increase calcium absorption while sodium helps keep calcium in soluble form in the body (it must be water soluble to be useable). Calcium raises the bodys resistance to viruses, parasites, and bacteria. A lack of calcium leads to a host of diseases and degenerative conditions. Pure water-soluble calcium serves a two-fold purpose; it helps reverse symptoms caused by a buildup of compounded calcium, like kidney stones, gall stones, arthritis, and high cholesterol, and helps reverse conditions caused by a deficiency of calcium like acidosis and osteoporosis. A high incidence of cavities, or white spots on fingernails indicates a calcium deficiency. This mineral is necessary to regain the proper pH balance.\nSome symptoms of a calcium deficiency:\nAttention Deficit Disorder (A.D.D.)\nCarpal Tunnel Syndrome\nChronic Fatigue Syndrome\nNatural sources: bran, cheese, raw milk, figs, prunes, dates, onions, vegetable greens, kidney and soybeans, lentils, molasses, shellfish.\nNote: refined sugar and foods high in oxalic acid (spinach, cranberries, and rhubarb) leach calcium from the body.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "by Gregory Dober\nIn 1918, countries worldwide were hit with one of the worst influenza outbreaks in modern time. Experts believe that the pandemic of the Spanish flu originated and spread through overcrowded WWI army camps, then was transported into surrounding civilian communities. That allowed the disease to rapidly spread and, more importantly, to mutate into a more virulent killer strain. It is estimated that 20 to 50 million people died, including around 675,000 in the United States. What was unusual about this strain of the flu was that it afflicted and killed many healthy adults between the ages of 19 and 49.\nFast-forward a century to 2018 and there is a similar situation brewing in U.S. prisons and jails, just not with the same scope or severity – yet. The demographics of incarceration indicate that most prisoners are between the ages of 19 and 49, and are being held in overcrowded conditions with inadequate medical care.\nThe 2017-2018 flu season was particularly bad, with a virulent influenza strain. Up to 4,000 people died each week in the U.S. due to the flu. “The levels of influenza-like illnesses being reported now are as high as the peak of the swine flu epidemic in 2009...,” Fortune.com reported on February 10, 2018.\nDespite the increased risk of a pandemic, state Departments of Corrections and local jails are not adhering to the standard of care for flu vaccinations established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).\nIn 2010, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended expanding the population of annual flu vaccines to include all people age six months and older, not just the elderly and those with chronic conditions that are more susceptible to the flu. That recommendation came on the heels of the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic which hit the 19 to 49 age group especially hard, resulting in a higher than usual mortality rate.\nDespite the CDC noting that the new standard of care is for everyone to be vaccinated, many corrections officials have ignored that advisory.\nIn January 2018, a prisoner at Oregon’s Coffee Creek Correctional Facility, Tina Ferri, 53, died from complications of the flu. Ferri developed a staph infection and pneumonia which killed her due to organ failure. She had been sick for nearly two weeks, and was taken to a hospital three days after she reported coughing up blood.\nAt Coffee Creek, only 18 percent of the prison’s population was vaccinated for the flu – the Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC) had purchased approximately 519 vaccines for nearly 1,645 prisoners at the facility. Only about 300 vaccines were actually administered; 43 prisoners ended up contracting the flu at Coffee Creek. Some prisoners accused the ODOC of not properly notifying them of the availability of the vaccine shots, and a prison spokesperson noted that was an “oversight.”\nCoffee Creek was not the only Oregon prison with inadequate vaccinations. Despite the CDC’s recommended standard of care and the ODOC classifying immunizations as Level 2 care, the department bought vaccines for only one-third of its total prisoner population. Level 2 care in Oregon facilities is defined as “presently medically necessary care and treatment” and “treatment without which an inmate could not be maintained without significant risk of either further serious deterioration of the condition or significant reduction in the chance of possible repair after release or without significant pain or discomfort.”\nThe ODOC purchased about 4,650 vaccine doses for around 14,000 prisoners, and prison officials reported that approximately 4,500 prisoners statewide were inoculated for the flu. However, the number of prisoners who received vaccine shots at Coffee Creek and in other state prisons was inadequate to prevent a potential epidemic in the close confines of correctional facilities.\nExperts recommend that effective vaccination rates must provide coverage for 70 to 80 percent of a population to prevent a localized epidemic or pandemic. It was reported that ODOC officials paid $7 per vaccine dose, which is relatively inexpensive compared to the cost of ER and ICU visits, staff overtime, prescriptions and over-the-counter medications to relieve flu symptoms.\nThe ODOC was not the only corrections system that had inadequate vaccinations. At the Montgomery County Jail in Texas, two prisoners died during the 2017-2018 flu season. Despite being offered, usually at no cost, vaccines were not mandatory for prisoners or jail staff. Not requiring staff members to be vaccinated increased the likelihood of an epidemic at the facility, as well as the spread of the disease to the local community.\nRashod Develt Aldridge, 29, incarcerated at a state prison in Iowa, died from the flu on February 1, 2018. Although he had a history of chronic health problems, he had not been vaccinated. He was serving a 10-year sentence.\nAnd at the Henderson County Detention Center in Kentucky, one prisoner infected 14 others with the flu. The already-sick prisoner, who was transferred to the jail from a state prison, exposed other detainees, guards and staff to the virus. Fortunately, the jail had about 300 vaccine doses available that had been donated by a local hospital.\nIt’s likely that many prisons and jails are adhering to the pre-2010 CDC standard of limiting vaccinations to the elderly and those afflicted with chronic illnesses affected by the flu. With more virulent strains of the influenza virus mutating, however, a limited vaccine approach should be cause for alarm. Not only are prisoners at risk, but also guards, administrators, visitors and surrounding communities. Often, state prisons are sited in rural areas to provide revenue and jobs – but those same communities frequently lack a robust health care system, and would become overwhelmed if confronted with a flu pandemic involving thousands of prisoners.\nWith low vaccination rates in jails and prisons, it is only a matter of time before an influenza outbreak causes a public health disaster, echoing the pandemic that occurred in 1918. In the words of philosopher and essayist George Santayana, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”\nSources: www.cdc.gov, www.oregon.gov, Willamette Week, The Bulletin, Houston Chronicle, Des Moines Register, The Gleaner, www.fortune.com, www.history.com\nAs a digital subscriber to Prison Legal News, you can access full text and downloads for this and other premium content.\nAlready a subscriber? Login", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Every summer in Sweden, there is a politics week held on the Baltic island of Gotland. Over 8 days, each of the main political parties gets a chance to promote their agenda. This year, there has been a lot of talk about Swedish values, which in turn has started a debate about what are Swedish values and if they even exist.\nIf we are looking for values that are exclusive to Sweden, the answer is no. If however we are looking for values that are prioritised in Sweden and function as a way to move society forward then, yes, they do exist. It is a matter of definition. They may not apply to every Swede, but researchers have seen clear values in Swedish society that, while not unique to Sweden, are very strong.\nThere has been a lot of talk about values of equality and tolerance. These values have been strong in Swedish society in the past and have enabled the welfare state, the laws and the political systems we enjoy today.\nAccording to the World Values Survey, which is a credible and extensive body of research that looks into what values drive society, there are two main value sets that separate Sweden from many other countries in the world. Those values are so-called secular/rational values and values of self expression/self actualisation.\nSecular/rational values. In other words, the importance of the church and religion has deminished in Swedish society, religion and politics are separated, traditional family structures exist side by side with less traditional structures. Decisions are made ‘rationally’ and not based on scripture or a religious morality. This is very different from most places around the world.\nSelf expression/actualisation. The right and the need to say what one thinks is a strong driver in Swedish society. The right to your own opinion, your own perspective and to live the life of your own choice are considered undeniable human rights. This is different from many other places around the world.\nMany behaviours we see in society, in families and in the work place can be traced to these underlying driving values in Swedish society.\nThe danger in discussing Swedish values lies in the belief that these are static and fixed. As society changes, so do the prevailing values. As the world around us changes, so do the values. As the environment is impacted, as war and crisis occur, values change.\nWhen political parties want to reinforce Swedish values, they are romanticising and simplifying. This is dangerous rhetoric as they are wilfully and deliberately using values to exclude.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "THERE was overwhelming concern and doubts about the US winning World War II after its renowned president Franklin Roosevelt passed away 82 days after the start of his fourth presidential term.\nThe late president was considered as a rare US experience, as he was the one who rescued the US from the Great Depression, and reorganized and modernized its states in a manner that is yet to recur.\nRoosevelt is the only US president to have served four consecutive terms. Both major political parties — Republicans and Democrats — unanimously rallied behind him, let alone the fact that he easily outperformed his rivals during presidential elections.\nHowever, when his deputy Harry Truman took office in 1945, the Americans did not hope much from him. Instead, they considered him weak and believed that he managed to reach the top office under the wings of a great president.\nNonetheless, it did not take long before Truman changed this perception after he took a series of bold decisions, starting with bombing Japan with nuclear bombs — the act that ended the war, which was expected to last a year or more despite the defeat of Germany and Italy.\nTruman went on to reinstate relief laws and revive the local economy, parallel to the Marshall Plan for the Reconstruction of Europe, which paved the way for American dominance over the global economy.\nThe abilities that Truman demonstrated in governance were much greater than what even his closest associates imagined. He was the one who stopped the tide of communism in Asia when he entered the Korean War. He worked on launching the anti-communism project in Latin America, in addition to opening corruption files that remained for decades during World War II.\nPresident Truman was the one who changed modern American history and made the United States a world power to fight the Soviet Union in the Cold War.\nLikewise, there is an Arab figure who seized the affection of Egyptians and Arabs during the first half of the twentieth century.\nHe is Jamal Abdel-Nasser, the one who led the Free Officers Movement in 1952. He was considered as a loyal leader of the Arabs from what befell them in the first half of that century. Despite the wars in which they were defeated, he managed to transform them to personal victories, especially in 1967 after the Six-Day War and Israel’s occupation of Sinai and several chunks of Arab land.\nWhen Nasser announced his resignation from the presidency of the republic, millions of Egyptians and Arabs came out to demand him to return, because they felt his exit from the political scene meant the end of the dream. However, things changed a lot after his death in 1969.\nThe unpopular vice-president Anwar Saddat came to power. He was described as weak and narcissistic, and that he did not have the charisma of Nasser, or his ability to confront the Israeli enemy.\nHowever, this did not last long, as Saddat soon announced the continuation of the war of attrition, the start of restructuring the Egyptian armed forces, increasing people’s standard of living, and modernizing institutions. Within four years of assuming power, he launched the war in October 1973 to shift the balance in the Middle East.\nHe took great steps that Jamal Abdel-Nasser couldn’t have taken, irrespective of the level of strength, composure and self-confidence he could possess, or even a tenth of it.\nHe made peace from a position of strength, not weakness. All the Arabs who stood against him in 1977 when he went to Jerusalem were eventually convinced about his point of view and recognized his courage.\nAfter 39 years of his passing away, Egyptians today see him as a leader who founded the modern renaissance in their country. They believe he owned the long-term political vision that transformed Egypt into a powerful regional player, from where initiatives and solutions have been launched, and which has an international standing that is indisputable.\nIn Asia, there is a pioneering experience related to modernizing countries. It is that of Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. He moved his country from poverty to the ranks of the First World, and even made it an example for those who seek to build a civilized world. He did not pay attention to the criticism directed at him by the West and human rights groups at the beginning of his reign. He did not succumb to the corrupt who were persistently plundering his country. His main concern was to remove all that the British occupation left behind in terms of deprivation and backwardness, otherwise it would have plunged into axes that would make it poorer.\nAt the beginning of his tenure in office, which lasted for three decades, he said, “I am absolutely sure that if Singapore gets a stupid government, the country will sink into nothingness”.\nTherefore, work began to change the country from being just a port for fishermen and a nightclub for British soldiers into a modern state.\nEducation was the basis for modernizing the nation, as well as individual initiative, and priority of the public interest over the private. When he left power in 1990, Singaporeans thought their civilized country would return to the darkness of corruption. However, this did not happen, as his son Lee Hsien Loong succeeded him, and the father became a state advisor until he passed away in 2015. Halima Jacob Javi then took over the presidency, surpassing her mentor, the founder of modern Singapore.\nIn the Gulf region, when the late King Abdul Aziz passed away, the Saudis imagined that Saudi Arabia would not rise and continue to live on the legacy of the great late king. However, Saudi Arabia today, under the leadership of King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz and His Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, has been playing a pivotal role regionally and globally. It is seeking development on all levels and thus becoming stronger than what it was during the reign of King Abdul Aziz.\nLikewise, when the founder of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan passed away, citizens as well as Arabs thought no one would fill his place. However, this expectation turned out to be inaccurate, as the achievements of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid and Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed not only surpassed everyone’s imagination, but also stunned the world.\nThe history of nations is made by leaders who realize from the start that their mission in life is to serve their country. Living consciences and strong wills are based on defying difficulties, not living on what people imagine about this or that ruler.\nBy Ahmed Al-Jarallah\nEditor-in-Chief, the Arab Times", "label": "No"}
{"text": "sustantivo (plural cirri /-rʌɪ/)\n- 1 [mass noun] Cloud forming wispy filamentous tufted streaks or ‘mare’s tails’ at high altitude (usually 5 to 13 km, 16,500 to 45,000 ft): long strands of high cirrus stretched across the eastern sky [as modifier]: cirrus cloudsMás ejemplos en oraciones\n- The basic cloud forms are cumulus, which are heaped clouds; stratus, which are layer clouds; and cirrus, which are wispy.\n- In the troposphere, water exists as vapor in air, as liquid droplets in clouds, and as frozen ice particles in high altitude cirrus clouds.\n- The formation of wispy cirrus clouds is not a simple matter.\n- 2 Zoology A slender tendril or hair-like filament, such as the appendage of a barnacle, the barbel of a fish, or the intromittent organ of an earthworm.Más ejemplos en oraciones\n- Once the barnacles extended their cirri (fanlike, food-gathering appendages) and started waving them about to collect nutritious particles in the water, the researchers cast a shadow over them with a piece of cardboard.\n- Other common elements may include the possession of fixed conical teeth and cirri, or fleshy hair-like projections, on the head.\n- The head is often blunt and typically adorned with tentacles or cirri.\nearly 18th century (in the sense 'tendril'): from Latin, literally 'a curl'.\nMás definiciones de cirrusDefinición de cirrus en:\n- el diccionario Inglés de EE.UU.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What are the costs and benefits of gambling? This article will discuss the different types of problem gamblers and the costs and benefits of gambling on society. Listed below are some of the common costs associated with gambling:\nResearch into the health and social impacts of gambling\nThe health and social impacts of gambling are an important topic for public health. Many people understand the addictions to other drugs and alcohol and accept them as public health issues, but the impact of gambling has been poorly understood. This review sought to better understand the harmful effects of gambling and the potential interventions to reduce these impacts. In addition, the study identified potential hotspots of gambling. For instance, two different districts of the same city had very different demographics. One district was home to a large number of traditional Licensed Gambling Outlets while the other had a high proportion of students.\nThe negative and positive impacts of gambling are categorized into three broad categories, which include personal, interpersonal, and societal. Personal impacts relate to the person’s financial status and are manifested through negative experiences. Social impacts encompass the wider community and include the effects of gambling on community development. These impacts are the most complex, and often the most difficult to quantify. Fortunately, there are now several basic principles for conducting impact studies of gambling.\nTypes of problem gamblers\nAlthough the causes and consequences of compulsive gambling are highly varied, there are many common behavioral patterns among problem gamblers. This article explores the three main types of problem gamblers and treatment options for each. Poor decision-making problem gamblers are the least serious of the problem types. They typically experience depression, anxiety, and financial hardships. However, treatment options for poor decision-makers are still effective.\nProblem gamblers fall into three main categories: professional, social, and emotional. Each type has different symptoms, which are unique to the person. While problem gamblers can manifest themselves in any of these three ways, they are most commonly classified into one of these three categories. The difference between these categories lies in their causes and solutions. For example, the problem gamblers may be professional gamblers or try to disguise themselves as a social gambler. Social gamblers, on the other hand, use gambling as a way to escape their negative emotions. Consequently, they have low self-esteem and poor coping skills. Ultimately, they cannot stop gambling, but they can seek treatment.\nCosts of gambling\nThe social cost of problem gambling has been the subject of much debate. Although estimates vary, some estimate that as many as 2/3 of problem gamblers commit crimes as a means of continuing their gambling. Almost always, these crimes involve illegally obtaining funds, embezzlement, fence theft, insurance fraud, and credit card theft. The costs of crime resulting from gambling also include the costs of police time, trials, and incarceration.\nThe cost of gambling is often difficult to estimate, in part because the cause of gambling problems is not clear. Problem gambling is often the result of other life circumstances or disorders, so most studies discount the costs using a causality adjustment factor. The Australian Productivity Commission developed this method in 1999, which assumed that 80% of problem gamblers would still suffer the consequences of their gambling behavior, regardless of its causes. The study also uses data on societal costs of problem gambling that is based on market prices.\nBenefits of gambling to society\nAlthough benefits of gambling to society are well documented, they are difficult to measure, and the effect on the economy and society is not always clear. There is evidence that gambling increases crime rates, but that crime rates may be decreasing, depending on the amount of money waged in the gambling industry. However, the benefits of gambling to society may outweigh the negative impacts, resulting in an increase in the overall economic output of the area.\nAlthough the United States has a long history of gambling, it has been suppressed by law for most of its history. It was even outlawed in the early twentieth century, resulting in the growth of the mafia and other criminal groups. But attitudes toward gambling have softened and laws against gambling have been relaxed, and the debate continues over the benefits of gambling to society. But what can we do about the negative consequences of gambling?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Posted on April 9, 2014 at 6:00 am\nby Joyce Callaway, Program Presenter\nHave you ever had a mud bath? Have you ever wondered how Medical Lake got its name? Would you like to know the history of this interesting town? I was fascinated by the early history of Medical Lake when I read Father Kowrach’s book, How Silently.\nThen I happened to see a survey many years ago that mentioned former tours of Medical Lake. I thought: I could do that. So, the Founder’s Day planning committee added a historical bus tour of the town to the day’s activities.\nMedical Lake became known as a place with healing powers. An analysis of the waters had some of the same ingredients as aspirin. Some of the maladies that were reportedly cured were lumbago, baldness, arthritis, rheumatism, and scabies.\nDid you know that there were five boats carrying passengers to the three resorts on the lake in the early 1900s? Two trains and an electric train brought bathers, campers, and horse racing enthusiasts to town from Spokane, and as far away as Seattle, to spend a day, a week, or a summer in the healing waters of the lake. It was reported that fourteen hundred bathing suits were rented out for a nickel apiece on a hot July afternoon.\nI met Judy Abbott who was our city historian who had gathered the bulk of artifacts, pictures, and historical records over all the years she lived here. She and I have maintained this historical collection and hope to find a permanent place to display and preserve it.\nJoin me at the Medical Lake Library to talk about the rich history of Medical Lake and see the salts and powders that were made from the lake waters by the three salt works. You will also be able to view a bathing suit, some dresses of the time, pictures of bygone days, and hear a little of the history of our amazing city.\nWednesday, May 7, 1pm", "label": "No"}
{"text": "—Dianne Ashton[This post originally appeared on the Jewish Book Council blog on November 26, 2013.]\nThis year, Jewish Americans will participate in an extraordinary Hanukkah celebration—they will light the first menorah candle on the evening before Thanksgiving. This has never happened before, but we came very close to it in 1888. Then, the first Hanukkah light and Thanksgiving occurred on the same day. That year, the national Jewish newspaper, the American Hebrew, dedicated its November 30 issue to the “twofold feasts.” The issue was as much “a tribute to the historic significance of Chanuka” as to “the traditions entwined about Thanksgiving Day.” The editors hoped readers would find the newspaper to be “a stimulus to the joyousness and gladness upon the observance of both.” In previous years they had described Hanukkah as a festival to thank God for the Maccabean victory, and, seeing both Thanksgiving and Hanukkah as occasions for giving thanks to God, they easily encouraged American Jews to enthusiastically celebrate both events.\nBut most of the time, as we know, Hanukkah occurs at a time closer to Christmas. Most years, the American Hebrew’s Hanukkah message urged its readers not to join their fellow Americans in the national festivities because it was the celebration of Jesus’ birth that enchanted their gentile neighbors. Instead, that newspaper echoed the December messages of most other Jewish publications. Jewish newspapers, synagogue bulletins, women’s and men’s club letters, rabbinical sermons, and the urgings of educators and self-styled community leaders alike urged America’s Jews to make their Hanukkah celebrations as festive as possible.\nAgain and again, in the years since that early American Hebrew message, American Jews wove Hanukkah’s story into their own contemporary lives in ways that reflected their changing circumstances. Those retellings kept Hanukkah’s meaning alive and relevant. They turned the simple holiday rite into an event which, like other well-loved Jewish festivals, drew families together in their own homes where they could tailor the celebration to fit their own tastes in food and décor, and to reflect their own ideas about the holiday’s significance. They could indulge their children, and be joyous.\nWill we ever celebrate Hanukkah and Thanksgiving together this way again? Almost. In 2070 Thanksgiving will fall on November 27th and Hanukkah will begin the following day. In 2165, we will light the first Hanukkah candle on November 28—Thanksgiving Day. But for Hanukkah’s first light to occur the evening before Thanksgiving, as it does this year, is truly an anomaly we won’t see again.\nDianne Ashton is Professor of Religion Studies and former director of the American Studies program at Rowan University. Her most recent book, Hanukkah in America: A History (NYU Press, 2013) is now available. (Read more about the book in this review from the Jewish Book Council.)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A crystal ball, also known as an orbuculum, is a crystal or glass ball and common fortune telling object. It is generally associated with the performance of clairvoyance and scrying in particular. The earliest use of a crystal ball can be first attributed to the Celtic Druids who divined the future and omens with beryl balls. In the 1st century AD, Pliney The Elder describes use of crystal balls by soothsayers. By the 5th century AD, scrying was widespread within the Roman Empire and was condemned by the early medieval christian church as heretical.\nDr. John Dee was a noted British mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth 1st. He devoted much of his life to alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy, of which the use of crystal balls was often included.\nCrystal gazing was a popular pastime in the Victorian era and was claimed to work best when the Sun is at its northernmost declination. Immediately before the appearance of a vision, the ball was said to mist up from within.\nWell mine has not misted up so far, and I haven’t had any hermetic visions, but thought I’d encourage it with my tarot cards~ the history of which you can find HERE in a post I did earlier in the 366 project.\nIf you click on the pic you’ll be able to make out which card the ball is focused on 🙂", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) was introduced in January 2007 by the Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Regulations 2006.\nThe WEEE Directive aims to reduce the amount of electrical and electronic equipment being produced and to encourage everyone to reuse, recycle and recover it.\nThe WEEE Directive also aims to improve the environmental performance of businesses that manufacture, supply, use, recycle and recover electrical and electronic equipment.\nIf you are an importer, rebrander or manufacturer of new electrical or electronic equipment, then it's likely that you'll need to comply with the UK's WEEE Regulations, which in part implement the WEEE Directive. If you do need to comply, then you must register on a producer compliance scheme.\nYou may also have obligations under the WEEE Regulations if you are a business with electrical or electronic equipment to dispose of, or if you sell electrical or electronic equipment.\nFor more information please visit http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/32084.aspx", "label": "No"}
{"text": "My last post explained how stress memory could contribute to deleterious effects upon health. Research is finding that systemic or neuro-inflammation and neuroimmune activation play a role in the etiology of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS-associated dementia.\nGiven that the brain utilizes 30% of what we consume, what we feed ourselves as well as how we manage our bodies is paramount in addressing stress before our body produces disease states. However, as the development of these disease states is part of a continuum, reversal is always an option. A very first step is to address the body memory of the stress, nourishing the body with foods that will promote repair as well as the use of breathing and relaxation techniques that help to promote homeostasis.\nIn response to a stress such as shock, the body goes on “alert,” setting the sympathetic system into action and triggering the adrenal glands to discharge adrenalin and cortisol. When the perceived threat ends, the body engages the parasympathetic system, which triggers a different set of neurotransmitters and hormones in an attempt to balance the rampages of increased cortisol levels in the brain.\nA perceived threat, real or imagined, triggers the limbic system to respond, via the autonomic nervous system, to regulate metabolism. Even “stress” that is not consciously perceived triggers activity in the attention center of the cerebral cortex, preparing the body for the sympathetic response to stress; that is to say the fight, flight or freeze response, as shown in MRI brain scans. (Franklin Institute, 2011)\nIn my next post I’ll discuss the impact of these processes on my own patients.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "George A. Filer III New Jersey State Director\nMUFON Eastern Region Director\n“Pyramids Around the World” is an in depth look at pyramids which have been discovered on every continent on Earth and recently in Bosnia, the United States and Mauritius. This island was not populated before the arrival of Europeans. Dr. Sam Osmanagich Ph.D., director of Center for Anthroplogy and Archaeology at the American University in Bosnia has authored 11 books about ancient civilizations. He holds a PH.D. in Mayan Studies.\nHe claims many Pyramids are 10,000 to 25,000 years old and built well before mankind was sophisticated, had agriculture or cities. The question is did ancient unknown civilizations build them or are ancient aliens responsible for a vast pyramid construction system spread around the world that is ten thousand years old?\nIn 2005, “Dr. Osmanagich” discovered what turned out to be the first pyramids in Europe near the town of Visoko, Bosnia. Excavation on the vast complex has been ongoing and is run by his non-profit Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation compiling evidence to validate his claims. To date the excavation has yielded five pyramids of various sizes and a vast labyrinth of underground tunnels with the earliest known writing.\nDr. Osmanagich reports,\nThe Pyramid of the Sun Foundation is investigating the pyramids in Bosnia spending over 340.000 man-hours in archaeological excavation, sample testing and radiocarbon dating. The five pyramids discovered to date are named Pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Dragon, Mother Earth and Love. The huge underground labyrinth connecting the pyramids includes technology not duplicated even today. This discovery is historic and changes the knowledge of the early history of Europe for several reasons:\nThe complex has been stonewalled by mainstream archaeologists until recent scientific evidence has made it impossible to deny its authenticity since it was discovered in 2005.\nThe site includes the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun the largest, and oldest pyramid structure in the world that has the most precise cosmic north orientation with the error of only 12 seconds. It is 220 meters high compared 147 meters to the Great Pyramid of Egypt. The Pyramid of the Sun is completely covered by rectangular concrete blocks that have extreme hardness (up to 133 MPs) and low water absorption (around 1%), and are far superior to modern concrete materials.\nThe pyramids are covered by 12,000 years old soil which is, according to the State Institute for Agro-pedology radiocarbon dating from the paved terrace on Pyramid of the Moon. The Silesian Institute of Technology from Gliwice (Poland) claims the terrace was built 10.350 years ago (+/- 50 years). These finding confirm that the Bosnian pyramids are the oldest known pyramids on the planet.\nThe extensive underground tunnel network runs for a total of more than ten miles. Ceramic sculptures have been discovered in the underground labyrinth with a mass of up to 20,000 pounds which makes them the largest found in the ancient world. In the vicinity, is the tallest tumulus (man-made hill) in the World: 61 meters high. Its nearest competitor, Silbury Hill in England is 60 meters high. The Bosnian tumulus consists of two-layer megalithic terraces, clay layers and artificial concrete layers.\nA team of physicists detected an ultrasound energy beam coming through the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun whose radius of the beam is 4.5 to 10 meters with a frequency of 28 kHz-33 kHz.\nThe beam is continuous and its strength grows as it moves up and away from the pyramid. This phenomenon contradicts the known laws of physic and technology suggesting alien technology. This is the first proof of non-herzian technology on the Planet. It seems that the pyramid-builders created a perpetual motion machine over ten thousand years ago and this “energy machine” is still working. In the underground labyrinth we discovered three chambers and a small blue lake. Energy screening shows that the ionization level is 43 times higher than the average concentration outside which makes the underground chambers into “healing rooms”.\nThe research on pyramid technology has long suspected that pyramid energy involves science and machinery far more advanced than what we currently have today. Christopher Dunn, author of The Giza Power Plant, published in 1996 explains that the pyramids were ancient energy machines. The pyramids of Bosnia have the same elements described in the Giza pyramids that define the structure of an ancient power generator system.”Now in 2013, the Bosnian archeological site is further excavated and new scientific evidence has emerged proving that ancient precision engineering was indeed used to build the Bosnian pyramids.\nTwo hundred years of Egyptology has not produced a satisfactory answer to the question of what was the real purpose for the oldest and most superior pyramids. In only six years, research in Bosnia has applied inter-disciplinary scientific methods with pioneering results which affects the entire sphere of knowledge and Pyramid Science. History is changing with each new discovery to better understand our beginnings we can also change our future for the better.\nFurther electromagnetic detection in 2011 confirmed that levels of negative radiation through the Hartman, Curry and Schneider grids are equal to zero in the tunnels. There was no radiation of any kind found in the tunnels and no cosmic radioactivity. Ceramic sculptures are positioned over the underground water flows and the negative energy is transformed into positive energy. All of these experiments point to the labyrinth as one of the most secure underground constructions in the world making it an ideal place for the body’s rejuvenation and regeneration.\nMany sensitive people have the sensation of energy when they arrive on top of the pyramid. They actually felt the mechanic vibrations of the pyramid! We perceive low sounds better by vibration through sensors in human bones than by ear. This volume does not create damage to human health. The low frequencies and infrasounds found on the Pyramid of the Sun explain very clearly the sensation of mysticism which some people perceive and how it is very easy for those practising meditation to apply this technique at this site.\nDr. Osmanagic also talks about how the spaces between the blocks go all of the way to the inside of the pyramids, and how these gaps possibly served to collect water and to ventilate the air. Pyramids were built in China at about the same time that had a system of pipes inside designed to carry the water as well. He also speculates that the reason that there are two layers of blocks on the Bosnian pyramids; (the and the top being wavy and textured) is that, “whoever designed these blocks wanted a wavy texture on the top and completely flat base.” In general, there are two types of blocks, each with a different look – one block looks like a monolith line of concrete and the other block looks like construction plates with clear edges and sides.”\nIt is thought that the Pyramids concrete is made from material found at a locally deposited post glacial conglomerate. Experts who examined these crystals determined that during the manufacturing process, the materials were heated to above 500 degrees.\nStudies done at the University of Paris discovered that the concrete material found on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun was five times stronger than modern day concrete. The concrete was shown to be resistant to 94 Megapascals of pressure, which means it is highly compressed and extremely rigid.\nThe founder of the French Institute of Polymers, Joseph Davidovits, Ph.D. also performed an electronic microscopic analysis on a sample of concrete; he concluded that the chemical composition of the old concrete’s basis is calcium/potassium geopolymer cement.\nIt has been confirmed that the source of the energy beam, which is emitted through the top of the largest pyramid in the world, is located 2.440 meters below the pyramid with the shift of 440 meters. An iron plate represents the source combined with the negative ions and underground water streams and it’s able to generate the electricity of over 10 kW.\nThese results are pioneering steps in understanding of the real purpose of the original, oldest and most superior pyramids.\nPolycontrast Interference Photography, also known as PIP, is an energy field video imaging system. This system was developed by Harry Oldfield, a UK inventor. PIP provides a real time, moving image of the energy field of any object.\nHarry Oldfield visited Visoko, Bosnia in 2008 and recorded images of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. He compared his recordings to images of natural hill formations of a similar size and shape on August 23, 2012.\nBosnian Pyramids Built Using Geopolymer Cement.\nThe New Era Times http://www.tnetimes.com reports that independent analysis from five separate Institutes of materials confirms that the Bosnian Pyramids contain high quality concrete construction material eliminating all skeptical claims about the authenticity of the Bosnian Pyramids.\nThe New Era Times reports that independent analysis from five separate Institutes of materials confirms that the Bosnian Pyramids contain high quality man-made concrete construction material eliminating all skeptical claims about authenticity. The energy of the pyramid was used by the ancient scientists for applications beneficial to humanity ranging from geothermal transportation, climatology, and advancements in human physiology and health. It is quite likely this energy can provide fuel for UFOs.\nProfessor Joseph Davidovits, renowned French Scientist says the sample is composed of calcium/potassium-based geopolymer cement that it is not modern concrete, but more like the technique used by the Egyptians 3500 years ago.” In his book, “The Pyramids: an Enigma Solved,” Davidovits presents the current knowledge of pyramid construction that proves that the Egyptian pyramids were constructed using agglomerated stone (limestone cast like concrete. Prof Davidovits confirms, “I performed electron microscopic analysis of the sample and I propose the geopolymer chemistry that was used to make this is ancient concrete.”\nFurther evidence of concrete being used in pyramid construction is shown by the work of Professor Michel Barsoum, Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University, and who have found scientific evidence that parts of the Great Pyramids of Giza were built using an early form of concrete. This proves the theory that concrete and nanotechnology was used by the ancients.\nFacts that have been verified by scientific analytic testing include: The Sun pyramid stands over 722 feet (220 m) high one third taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza. The evidence that the Egyptians did not construct three pyramids on the Giza plateau is found on the lower levels of the pyramids. In fact, sediments were found at their base, then traces of water damage and sea salt crystals on the stone. The sediments are located at a height of up to five meters above the pyramids’ foundations indicating they were built before the flood.\nThere is an 8.000 kg ceramic block under the Pyramid of the Sun in the underground labyrinth. “Although thousands of pyramids have been discovered across the planet, none have the construction quality and date back as far as the ones in Bosnia,” states Osmanagich. “Bosnia is the original pyramid, the oldest and largest ever constructed. It releases information about ancient technology that can free the world of its dependence on fossil fuel along with medical breakthroughs.”\nMedical tests on the effect on the human aura have started at the Bosnian Pyramids and early evidence shows that human physiology and emotional states are highly elevated in the pyramid. This is due to the reduction of negative ions that are found in our atmosphere.\nThe science of Geoglyphology, the name given to the ancient science by its discoverer Arthur Faram, is drawn from the prefix “geo” – meaning earth, and the word “glyph” – meaning a symbol or writing. Hence, the science of Geoglyphology meaning symbols or writings on the earth. The fact that the builders applied the science to the Bosnian Pyramids is an indication that the science is at least 24,000 years old, or older. The science is an ancient method of outlining territories claimed by the civilization that constructed the geoglyph.\nUp until now the oldest known manmade archaeological site has been the 10,500 year old site at Gobekli Tepi, in the country of Turkey. Geoglyphology, having been used to construct the Bosnian Pyramids, indicates that the science has been used for over 24,000 years to establish survey markers outlining ancient territories. The validity of both the Science of Geoglyphology and the Bosnian Pyramids has been extracted from four sources; three of them constructed at least 10,000 years apart.\nThe study of Geoglyphs around the world, by Geoglyphologist Arthur Faram, indicates that this science has been used down through the ages, and around the world, from times before the Bosnian Pyramid, until historical times, by every major civilization.\nBosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation found a text in the megalith T-1\nTunnel between Ravne and the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, here we want to present a comparison of these symbols or characters with some of the most ancient scripts known, dating to a time prior to Ancient Rome. From the two megaliths T-1 and T-2, we have compiled a list of 50 signs which we will call “Proto-Bosnian”, including small and large letters and numbers.\nThis rather logical and sensible writing system is much older than all previously known alphabets so far deciphered. Immersed in a sea of flood waters resulting from the rapid melting and retreat of the snow and ice cover of the rest of Europe at the end of the Ice Age. We hypothesize that these two megaliths and the entire surface of the Bosnian Valley of Pyramids date from before 10,000 B.C., prior to the time of the making of this tunnel through the debris called or breccia on the sea bottom. The vast tunnel network around the Visocica Pyramid is likely to have other tunnels connecting the most important pyramids in this valley, possibly at a level now lower than the Bosna River. Tunnels several miles long have been found connecting the pyramids with ventilation vents about every 30 meters so that breathing is no problem within the tunnels. Further evidence that the ten thousand year old symbols in the Pyramid Valley are those made by aliens is that many are found in NASA images taken on Mars.\nNote: Many of the signs or letters in Bosnia Tunnels\nat left are also seen on NASA images of Mars.\nThanks to Dr. Semir Osmanagich. Pyramids Around The World (Kindle Locations 119-121). The New Era Times Press. Kindle Edition.– www.samosmanagich.com\nNote: Ten thousand years ago humans were thought to live in caves and primitive and unable to organize to build pyramids or cities. There is still final research needed on the validity of the Pyramids. They may help prove alien intervention because they were designed to facilitate the landing of UFOs on top the pyramids and provide them with electromagnetic energy or high intensity pyramidal energy.\nBill Furner writes, “I called this image “Crème de la Crème” because it is one of the clearest sculptures I’ve seen on mars!\nIt seems like the lowest one at the bottom has what appears a pipe on top like it was a fountain. It seems like the Martians are crazy about fountains 🙂 And all types of shapes and sizes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If we see the world through our eyes, how can we take our vision for granted? Regularly taking care of our eyesight will keep our peepers stronger for a longer time. It will help us battle and lessen the problems with vision that comes with ageing.\nIt is a known fact that to maintain a strong eyesight, a lot depends on our diet. A well- balanced one of fresh varied vegetables and fruits prevent all those optic nerve degenerative ailments. And if you combine a good diet with eye exercises, then you will be on a roll!\nHere, we share some food tips and other titbits which will help you protect your peepers and maintain your powerful eyesight…\nDo you know rabbits have great eyesight? No prizes for guessing the reason. Carrots, of course. Fresh, sweet and juicy, this winter vegetable (especially the long deep red variety) is on the top of our list.\nJam-packed with beta-carotene, a component which is eye-friendly, it is essential for preventing deterioration of eye muscles, a process that accelerates as you age. The season is just right for carrots, we say. Let us have some freshly made hot, sweet and utterly delicious aromatic gajar ka halwa.\nSpinach is packed with Lutein, which prevents cell damage. Eye muscles and cells are very delicate and sensitive. Lutein works on your eye muscles to make them stronger. It also prevents infections. In fact, include a lot of greens and leafy in your diet. Palak paneer is an amazing dish, and imagine on a cold evening, you are enjoying a hot bowl of thick palak soup. Yummy!\nRich in vitamin A, broccoli is a great antioxidant which is a need for healthy eyes. Saute, steam or cook it in your sabjzi, see that you eat broccoli regularly. Don’t overcook it as it could lose its nutritive value.\nFleshy fish like salmon, rohu, tuna are a good source of Omega 3 fatty acid. They help strengthen those small blood vessels of eyes. It also helps to boost the smoothen the eye fluid flow to prevent dry eye syndrome and other eye-related problems.\nDo you know that your purple skin sweet potatoes are a powerhouse of many vitamins essential for eyes like vitamin A and C, beta-carotene, potassium, and other trace minerals which hinders eye damage? Sweet potato is also known to bring back to shape damaged eye cells.\nWe say snack of these munchies. Almonds, cashew nuts, apricots, and other dry fruits help in reducing eye related problems as they are full of vitamin E. It helps prevent cataract and eye muscle degeneration.\nOther important notes:\n- Give up smoking: If you smoke, (even passive smoking) your chances of developing cataract and damaging your optic nerve are high. Why take the risk?\n- Wear sunglasses: The right pair of shades will help protect your eyes from the sun’s harmful UV rays which damage your delicate eyes.\n- 20:20 ratio: Look away from the computer screen every 20 minutes. Gaze 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Additionally, get up at least every one hour and take a walk around.\nLastly, visit your doctor regularly. Nothing is more important than your eyes. So take care.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How Do You Design Classes to Enable All of Your Students to Succeed?\nWe all want our classrooms to be inviting places where diverse perspectives and backgrounds are welcome and enrich the educational experience. When you design a course that is supportive of diversity and promotes a sense of belonging, your students are more likely to succeed. In fact, many of the pedagogical strategies for increasing student engagement can also help you to create an inclusive classroom.\nYou will want to begin at the course planning phase. Here are several ways to incorporate diversity into your syllabus:\n- Consider the author's gender, race, class, sexual orientation, political viewpoint, and nationality of the literature you are assigning. In many fields, it can be a potentially significant learning experience for your students to investigate how these contexts shape knowledge or engage authors with a broad range of identities on a particular topic.\n- Check religious holidays each semester to make sure they do not make your course calendar challenging for some students to be involved. Academic regulations allow for excused absences or missed assignments for religious holidays when students notify faculty and plan to make up work.\n- Review the University's Discrimination and Harassment FAQs and index the University's anti-discrimination policy in your syllabus.\n- Review the Office of Disability Services information for faculty regarding accessibility for students with disabilities and inform students of the Office of Disability Services in your syllabus so they can consult ODS if they need assistance at any time.\n- Explain to your students how they can contact you through email and how to use office hours, which may be especially valuable in courses with first-year students.\n- Clearly state your expectations for broad participation in discussions, and explain how students will be evaluated and graded.\n- Put readings and other course materials on reserve in the library and be sure to indicate this on your syllabus so that all of your students know which materials are freely available.\nA key starting point in course design is understanding your students’ preparation and expectations for coursework. Consider the diversity of academic and social experiences that your students – and you – bring to your course and to each other. Some strategies for uncovering this diversity include:\n- Design a discussion for the first day of class that surfaces students’ perspectives on the discipline and material in the course.\n- Share a story with your students about your own struggles with the material, such as understanding a new concept, making unexpected connections, or solving a particular kind of problem. Your students will appreciate having a chance to get to know you and will be encouraged to know that even their apparent “genius” professor found the material challenging at one time.\n- Reflect on how your academic and social experiences and your own assumptions about your students might shape your interactions with them. Carefully listen for moments in which your students might make valuable comments or insights that you don’t expect.\n- Create short online video lectures and assignments to support adaptive learning in especially challenging areas of your course to level the field and make the material more accessible for all of your students\nOnce you’ve developed a course plan, there are steps you can take to create a more inclusive environment in the classroom such as:\n- Incorporate a variety of activities, assignments and audio-visual media that enable students to take different pathways toward participating in class and demonstrating their learning.\n- Establish ground rules and values for discussion, particularly in courses where controversial topics are at the center. These might include confidentiality, openness, respectful disagreement and civil debate.\n- Give students a quiet minute to think of responses to key questions or to jot down new questions. This technique enables everyone to more confidently contribute to the whole discussion. Similarly, give students brief opportunities to pair up to discuss key questions to provide a stronger basis for individual participation.\n- If you do assign small group work, be sure to create well defined tasks and, when possible, avoid outnumbering or isolating students from underrepresented groups\n- Use your course website or blog to stimulate and continue discussions that may invite a wider range of participation. In some instances, students may be more comfortable taking risks in online discussions rather than in the classroom.\n- Expand the classroom activity into an online learning environment. Meaningful online discussions and collaborative assignments can increase engagement among students who typically learn less effectively in lecture and seminar style settings\n- Use gender-inclusive language that avoids gender binaries by using plurals instead, such as “their” instead of he or she.\n- Be aware of contemporary terms for cultural identities. Use terminology that is clear and inclusive, but not divisive or essentialist. Preferences within cultural communities change over time and vary across regions. If you are unsure what term to use, ask in a non-threatening context.\n- Do not assume a student belongs to a particular group or can represent a fixed or unitary perspective on behalf of a group.\n- Address blatantly offensive and discriminatory comments and hold students accountable for their behavior.\n- Show respect for perspectives and ideas that do not match your own.\n- Encourage students to think of themselves in terms of their unique experiences and characteristics rather than in terms that evoke homogeneous or stereotyped identities.\n- Connect with students by sharing information about yourself so that you are approachable and your class is a welcoming environment.\n- Encourage students to meet with you one-on-one at least once during the semester.\nFinally, another important element to inclusive teaching is student feedback and course evaluations:\n- Leave a minute at the end of class for students to anonymously jot down on notecards “muddy points” from the day’s class.\n- When giving a student critical feedback, affirm your standards and, when possible, assure the student of your belief that the student can meet those standards.\n- Encourage students’ potential for intellectual growth and dexterity in your feedback, rather than praising intrinsic abilities or referring to external constraints that might be attributed to stereotypes.\n- Consider a midterm evaluation to gauge students’ level of comfort in the class. These can be done on paper or through Blackboard or Qualtrics. Good questions will help students reflect on their processes of learning, rather than focusing solely on instructor performance or content. Be sure to discuss the results in the next class session, and tell students about any changes you plan to make as a result of their feedback.\n*The McGraw Center wishes to thank Hannah Rosenthal, Princeton Class of 2015, and an intern in the Office of the Provost, for her contributions to these tips.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Garry Mauro had just stepped out of the shower on Easter Sunday in 1989 when he saw a breaking newscast with images of blackened beaches and wildlife interrupting his young son’s cartoons.\nThe former Texas land commissioner, in an interview, recalled his reaction to the Exxon Valdez, which spewed more than 10 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska’s Prince William Sound after the California-bound ship ran aground.\n“What if that happened in Texas?” he said he thought.\nWith resources available at the time, Mauro figured it would take decades for the state's coastline to fully recover from such a disaster. His initial horror eventually spurred a new law that has made the Texas General Land Office a key player not only in cleaning up oil spills but also in helping to reduce the number of such incidents and keep Texas beaches cleaner. More than two decades later, a massive spill in Galveston Bay has put the General Land Office’s oil spill duties back into focus.\nNot long after learning about the Exxon Valdez, Mauro, a Democrat, called on then-Gov. Bill Clements to appoint a committee to study the state’s preparedness for oil spills. Within two years, propelled in part by swirling concerns following Texas’ own catastrophic incident — the 1990 explosion of the tanker Mega Borg, which unloaded 5.1 million gallons of crude 57 miles outside of Galveston Bay — Texas lawmakers enacted legislation declaring the preservation of the Texas Coast “a matter of the highest urgency and priority.”\nThat law spurred the creation of the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Program inside the Texas General Land Office, setting up a robust spill reporting system and requirements that operators of deepwater ships and refineries on shore have plans to limit and respond to spills. The agency became the lead responder to oil releases, coordinating with wildlife and environmental officials.\nA tanker collision last Saturday sent up to 168,000 gallons of particularly heavy, sticky fuel oil into Galveston Bay, an ecologically rich estuary that is home to a multibillion-dollar fishing and recreational industry. It has stirred major concerns about long-term environmental impacts. But even as tar balls – small bits of congealed oil – wash ashore this week, Texas’ beaches are far cleaner than they were before Texas bolstered its spill efforts.\nOil spills are common in Texas waterways, particularly along the Gulf Coast, where more than 50 billion gallons of oil are transported each year. But the number of spills has declined in recent years.\nIn 2013, the GLO responded to 423 oil spills in Texas waterways, the smallest annual total since 1998, the first year in the agency’s database, which tracks even the tiniest of spills — including releases of just a few drops of oil. From 1999 until 2001, the agency responded to more than 900 spills each year, according to the agency.\nTexas General Land Office Oil Spill Responses\nSpills of 1,000 gallons or more since 1998\nAs the total number of spills has fallen, the number of large spills has also dwindled. The Galveston Bay spill ranks as the second-biggest in Texas waters since 1998, behind a 2010 incident in the Port Arthur Ship Channel that sent about 400,000 gallons of oil into the water. But it is the first spill of more than 10,000 gallons in more than three years (there have been 22 such spills since 1998), according to GLO data.\nThe improvement, experts say, is due to a number of factors, including more reliable spill reporting, more responsible industry players and the work of the land office's spill program.\nThe program, funded by a 1.3-cent-per-barrel tax on oil moving into Texas ports, stands out nationally for its size and scope. The agency employs 56 people and has five offices along the coast, along with equipment positioned throughout the Gulf waters to quickly contain mishaps. The officials patrol the waters and certify and inspect more than 600 coastal facilities, looking for potential problems and ensuring that companies have up-to-date spill response plans.\nState law requires the companies to report spills within an hour, after which state officials often quickly respond.\n“I am frankly amazed at how prepared they are. It’s pretty impressive,” said Larry McKinney, executive director of Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi’s Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies.\nMcKinney and other longtime observers of Texas beaches say they are no doubt cleaner now than in the past, when tar balls would regularly wash ashore in Houston and beachgoers would bring soap on their outings.\n“I can’t tell you how dirty your feet would get when you would go to the beaches in the 1970s,\" said Greg Pollock, deputy commissioner of the GLO’s oil spill team. His tenure at the agency started before the program existed. “People just don’t tolerate releases anymore as much as they might have in the past.\"\nPollock said his team had equipment in the water within three hours of the report of the latest spill.\nMcKinney, who spent three decades beginning in 1987 with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, an agency that pitches in on cleaning up spills, said he was impressed by the miles of oil-catching booms – barriers meant to contain spills – floating in the Galveston Bay on Monday. It was far more equipment than he saw after spills in his early years working for the state.\n“We were not prepared for that in those days. It was pretty much an ad hoc response,” he said.\nPollock said he does not want to downplay the severity of the latest spill.\n“If a fully laden tanker sinks in Galveston Bay, I’m not going to tell you that it’s not a terrible situation,” he said. But he is proud of the state’s progress, and his team’s role in shaping it.\nStill, the program faces challenges — aside from the fact that a catastrophe can strike at any moment.\nOne worry is long-term funding. Though the program’s guaranteed per-barrel tax dollars largely protect it from the whims of Texas’ budget-cutting lawmakers, the surge in domestic oil production could reduce imports of crude, shrinking the program’s revenue stream. In 2013, the program's operating budget stood at about $6.3 million.\nSome environmentalists worry that the GLO’s focus could shift from natural resources management over time.\nAndy Sansom, director of the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment at Texas State University, acknowledged the marked reduction in oil spills in recent years, but he said, “There are many of us who look at the land office as a steward of the state resources, and it doesn’t seem to be a priority anymore,\" he said, noting the topic has gotten relatively little attention in the race to replace Land Commissioner Jerry Patterson, who was in Texas City on Tuesday monitoring cleanup efforts.\nOn Monday, John Cook, a former mayor of El Paso and the Democratic nominee for land commissioner, said he was paying close attention to the GLO’s efforts on the latest cleanup and called in for a briefing that day.\n“The response to the spill has been effective,” he said in a statement to The Texas Tribune. “More than 70,000 feet of containment barriers are in place, and 24 skimming vessels are working on the cleanup.”\nThe campaign for George P. Bush, the Republican hopeful, released a brief statement on Monday saying “protecting our coastal area is one of the most important functions of the GLO.”\n“He supports Land Commissioner Patterson's efforts to work closely with the Coast Guard, monitor the water currents and the movement of the oil, and to mitigate any damage to the coast and or local habitats,\" the statement said.\nDisclosure: At the time of publication, the Texas A&M University System and Texas State University were corporate sponsors of The Texas Tribune. (You can also review the full list of Tribune donors and sponsors below $1,000.)", "label": "No"}
{"text": "DIVISION II. RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS\nCHAPTER VII. ORTHOGRAPHY AND GENDER OF NAMES\nSECTION 1. ORTHOGRAPHY\n60.1. The original spelling of a name or epithet is to be retained, except for the correction of typographical or orthographical errors and the standardizations imposed by Art. 60.5\n(u/v or i/j used interchangeably), 60.6 (diacritical signs and ligatures), 60.8 (compounding forms), 60.9 (hyphens), 60.10 (apostrophes), 60.11 (terminations; see also\nArt. 32.7), and 60.12 (fungal epithets).\nRetention of original spelling: The generic names\nL. (1753) and Amaranthus\nL. (1753) were deliberately so spelled by Linnaeus and the spelling is not to be altered to\nrespectively, although these latter forms are philologically preferable (see Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 113, 287. 1928). -\nNutt. (1848) is not to be altered to \"Phoradendrum\"\nA. Juss. (1843) is not to be altered to \"T. mossambica\",\nas in Engler (Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C: 232. 1895). -\nWight (1848) is not to be altered to \"A. zeylanica\",\nas in Trimen (Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 127. 1895). -\nL. (1753) is not to be altered to \"F. silvatica\"\n. The classical spelling\nis recommended for adoption in the case of a new name (Rec. 60E), but the mediaeval spelling\nis not an orthographical error. - Scirpus cespitosus\nL. (1753) is not to be altered to\n* Ex. 2.\nTypographical errors: Globba \"brachycarpa\"\nBaker (1890) and Hetaeria \"alba\"\nRidl. (1896) are typographical errors for\nBaker and Hetaeria alta\nRidl., respectively (see J. Bot. 59: 349. 1921).\nMasam. (in J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 6: 570. 1934)\nwas a typographical error for Trollius taihasenzanensis\n, as noted on the errata slip inserted between pages 4 and 5\nof the same volume.\nThe misspelled Indigofera \"longipednnculata\"\nY. Y. Fang & C. Z. Zheng (1983) is presumably a typographical error and is to be corrected to\n* Ex. 5.\nOrthographical error: Gluta \"benghas\"\nL. (1771), being an orthographical error for\nis cited as G. renghas\nL. (see Engler in Candolle & Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 4: 225. 1883); the vernacular name used as a specific epithet by Linnaeus is \"renghas\", not \"benghas\".\nNote 1. Art. 14.11\nprovides for the conservation of an altered spelling of a name of a family, genus, or species.\nThe words \"original spelling\" mean the spelling employed when the name was validly published. They do not refer to the use of an initial capital or lower-case letter, this being a matter of typography (see\nArt. 20.1 and 21.2,\nThe liberty of correcting a name is to be used with reserve, especially if the change affects the first syllable and, above all, the first letter of the name.\n* Ex. 7.\nThe spelling of the generic name Lespedeza\nMichx. (1803) is not to be altered, although it commemorates Vicente Manuel de Céspedes (see Rhodora 36: 130-132, 390-392. 1934). -\nDC. (1828) may not be altered to C. \"mandacaru\",\nis believed to be a corruption of the vernacular name \"mandacaru\".\nThe letters w and y, foreign to classical Latin, and\nk, rare in that language, are permissible in Latin plant names. Other letters and ligatures foreign to classical Latin that may appear in Latin plant names, such as the German\nß (double s), are to be transcribed.\nWhen a name has been published in a work where the letters\nu, v or i, j are used interchangeably or in any other way incompatible with modern practices (e.g. one letter of a pair not being used in capitals, or not at all), those letters are to be transcribed in conformity with modern botanical usage.\nEx. 8. Uffenbachia\nFabr. (1763), not\nZinn (1757), not \"Taraxacvm\"; Curculigo\nGaertn. (1788), not\nof Persoon (1801) are written, respectively, Geastrum hygrometricum\nEx. 10. Brachypodium “iaponicum”\nof Miquel (1866) is written Brachypodium japonicum\nDiacritical signs are not used in Latin plant names. In names (either new or old) drawn from words in which such signs appear, the signs are to be suppressed with the necessary transcription of the letters so modified; for example\nä, ö, ü become, respectively, ae, oe, ue; é, è, ê become e, or sometimes\nae; ñ becomes n; ø becomes oe; å becomes\nao. The diaeresis, indicating that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding vowel (as in\nCephaëlis, Isoëtes), is permissible; the ligatures -æ- and -œ-, indicating that the letters are pronounced together, are to be replaced by the separate letters\n-ae- and -oe-.\nWhen changes in spelling by authors who adopt personal, geographic, or vernacular names in nomenclature are intentional\nlatinizations, they are to be preserved, except when they concern (a) only the termination of epithets to which Art. 60.11\napplies, or (b) changes to personal names involving (1) omission of a final vowel or final consonant or\n(2) conversion of a final vowel to a different vowel, for which the final letter of the name is to be restored.\nL. (1753), Gleditsia\nL. (1753), and\nL. (1753), commemorating Cluyt, Gleditsch, and Vaillant, respectively, are not to be altered\nLinnaeus latinized the names of these botanists deliberately as Clutius, Gleditsius, and Valantius.\nEx. 12. Abies alcoquiana\nVeitch ex Lindl. (1861), commemorating “Rutherford Alcock Esq.”, implies an intentional latinization of that name to Alcoquius. In transferring the epithet to Picea\n, Carrière (1867) deliberately changed the spelling to “alcockiana\n”. The resulting combination is nevertheless correctly cited as P. alcoquiana\n(Veitch ex Lindl.) Carrière (see Art. 61.4\nK. Schum. (1891),\nA. Gray (1843), and Rhododendron bureavii\nFranch. (1887), commemorating A. F. M. Glaziou, J. Bigelow, and L. E. Bureau, respectively, are not to be changed to\nA. \"glazioui\", D. \"bigelowii\",\nor R. \"bureaui\"\n. In these three cases, the implicit latinizations Glaziovius, Bigelovius, and Bureavius result from conversion of a final consonant and do not affect merely the termination of the names.\nEx. 14. Arnica chamissonis\nLess. (1831) and Tragus berteronianus\nSchult. (1824), commemorating L. K. A. von Chamisso and C. L. G. Bertero, are not to be changed to A. “chamissoi”\nor T. “berteroanus”\n. The derivation of these epithets from the third declension genitive, a practice not now recommended in most cases (see Rec. 60C.2), involves the addition of letters to the personal name and does not affect merely the termination.\nAcacia “brandegeana”, Blandfordia \"backhousii\", Cephalotaxus \"fortuni\", Chenopodium \"loureirei\", Convolvulus \"loureiri\", Glochidion \"melvilliorum\",Hypericum “buckleii”, Solanum “rantonnei”,\nwere published to commemorate T. S. Brandegee, J. Backhouse, R. Fortune, J. de Loureiro, R. Melville and E. F. Melville, S. B. Buckley, V. Rantonnet, and J. J. H. de Labillardière (de la Billardière). The implicit latinizations are Brandegeus, Backhousius, Fortunus, Loureireus or Loureirus, Melvillius, Buckleius, Rantonneus, and Billardierius, but these are not acceptable under Art. 60.7. The names are correctly cited as\nI. M. Johnst. (1925), B. backhousei\nGunn & Lindl. (1845), Cephalotaxus fortunei\nSteud. (1840), Convolvulus loureiroi\nG. Don (1836),\nAiry Shaw (1971), H. buckleyi\nM. A. Curtis (1843), S. rantonnetii\nCarrière (1859), and Z. billardierei\nThe provisions of Art. 60.7\n, and Rec. 60C\ndeal with the latinization of names through their modification. This latinization is different from translation of names (e.g. Tabernaemontanus from Bergzabern) and from the use of an adjective indirectly derived from a personal name, which are thus not subject to modification under\nIn Wollemia nobilis\nW. G. Jones & al. (1995), the use of the adjective nobilis\nis indirectly derived from the name of the discoverer David Noble. Cladonia abbatiana\nS. Steenroose (1991) honours the French lichenologist H. des Abbayes. In both cases the adjective is indirectly derived from a personal name. Since no typographical or orthographical error is present, the original spelling of those names may not be altered.\nThe use of a compounding form contrary to Rec. 60G in an adjectival epithet is treated as an error to be corrected.\nCandolle's Pereskia \"opuntiaeflora\"\nis to be cited as\nDC. (1828), and Myrosma \"cannaefolia\"\nof the younger Linnaeus, as\nL. f. (1782).\nare to be cited as Cacalia napaeifolia\nDC. (1838) and\n(DC.) Sch. Bip. (1845), respectively; the specific epithet refers to the resemblance of the leaves to those of the genus\nL. (not \"Napea\"\n), and the substitute (connecting) vowel\nshould have been used instead of the genitive singular inflection -ae\nHowever, in Andromeda polifolia\nL. (1753), the epithet is a pre-Linnaean plant name\nof Buxbaum) used in apposition and not an adjective; it is not to be altered to\nThe use of a hyphen in a compound epithet is treated as an error to be corrected by deletion of the hyphen, unless the epithet is formed of words that usually stand independently or the letters before and after the hyphen are the same, when a hyphen is permitted (see\nArt. 23.1 and 23.3).\nHyphen to be omitted: Acer pseudoplatanus\nL. (1753), not\nA. \"pseudo-platanus\"; Eugenia costaricensis\nO. Berg (1856), not E.\n\"costa-ricensis\"; Ficus neoëbudarum\nSummerh. (1932), not F. \"neo-ebudarum\"; Lycoperdon atropurpureum\nVittad. (1842), not\nL. \"atro-purpureum\"; Croton ciliatoglandulifer\nOrtega (1797), not C. \"ciliato-glandulifer\"; Scirpus\nJurtzev (in Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. 70(1): 132. 1965), not\nHyphen to be maintained: Aster novae-angliae\nL. (1753), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi\n(L.) Spreng. (1825),\nL. (1753; Art.\n), Athyrium austro-occidentale\nArt. 60.9 refers only to epithets (in combinations), not to names of genera or taxa in higher ranks; a generic name published with a hyphen can be changed only by conservation\nEx. 22. Pseudo-salvinia\nPiton (1940) may not be changed to\n; whereas by conservation \"Pseudo-elephantopus\"\nwas changed to Pseudelephantopus\nThe use of an apostrophe in an epithet is treated as an error to be corrected by deletion of the apostrophe.\nLycium \"o'donellii\", Cymbidium \"i'ansoni\"\nand Solanum tuberosum\nare to be corrected to\nF. A. Barkley (1953), C. iansonii\nRolfe (1900) and S. tuberosum\nOchoa (in Phytologia 65: 112. 1988), respectively.\nThe use of a termination (for example\n-i, -ii, -ae, -iae, -anus, or -ianus) contrary to Rec. 60C.1 is treated as an error to be corrected (see also\nArt. 32.7). However, terminations of epithets formed in accordance with\nRec. 60C.2 are not to be corrected.\nEx. 24. Rhododendron “potanini”\nBatalin (1892) must be corrected to R. potaninii\nsince it commemorates G. N. Potanin, to whose name Rec. 60C.1 applies. However, Phoenix theophrasti\nGreuter (1967) must not be changed to P. “theophrastii”\nsince it commemorates Theophrastus, to whose name Rec. 60C.2 applies.\nEx. 25. Rosa \"pissarti\"\n(Carrière in Rev. Hort. 1880: 314. 1880) is a typographical error for\n(see Rev. Hort. 1881: 190. 1881), which in its turn is treated as an error for\nCarrière (see Rec. 60C.1(b)).\nHowever, Uladendron codesuri\nMarc.-Berti (1971) is not to be changed to\n(as by Brenan in Index Kew., Suppl. 16. 1981), since the epithet does not commemorate a person but derives from an acronym (CODESUR, Comisión para el Desarrollo del Sur de Venezuela).\nEx. 27. Nigella degenii\nStrid and N. degenii\nStrid (in Opera Bot. 28: 58, 60. 1970) commemorate the wife and daughter of the author. These spellings are not to be changed since the personal names were not given Latin terminations to form the subspecific epithets.\nEx. 28. Asparagus tamaboki\nYatabe (1893) and Agropyron kamoji\nOhwi (1942) bear the Japanese vernacular names \"tamaboki\" and (in part) “kamojigusa” as their epithets and are therefore not correctable to\nand A. “kamojii”\nIf the gender and/or number of a substantival epithet derived from a personal name is inappropriate for the sex and/or number of the person(s) whom the name commemorates, the termination is to be corrected in conformity with\nEx. 29. Rosa\nwas named by Wolley-Dod (in J. Bot. 69, Suppl.: 106. 1931) for \"Miss E. S. Todd\"; the name is to be corrected to\nEx. 30. Astragalus \"matthewsii\",\npublished by Podlech & Kirchhoff (in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 11: 432. 1974) to commemorate Victoria A. Matthews, is to be corrected to\nPodlech & Kirchhoff; it is not therefore a later homonym of\nS. Watson (1883) (see Agerer-Kirchhoff & Podlech in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 12: 375. 1976).\nEx. 31. Codium \"geppii\"\n(Schmidt in Biblioth. Bot. 91: 50. 1923), which commemorates \"A. & E. S. Gepp\", is to be corrected to\nO. C. Schmidt.\nEpithets of fungus names derived from the generic name of an associated organism are to be spelled in accordance with the accepted spelling of that organism's name; other spellings are regarded as orthographical variants to be corrected (see\nEx. 32. Phyllachora \"anonicola\"\n(Chardón in Mycologia 32: 190. 1940) is to be altered to\nChardón, since the spelling Annona\nis now accepted in preference to\n\"Anona\". - Meliola \"albizziae\"\n(Hansford & Deighton in Mycol. Pap. 23: 26. 1948) is to be altered to\nHansf. & Deighton, since the spelling Albizia\nis now accepted in preference to\nWhen a new name or its epithet is to be derived from Greek, the transliteration to Latin should conform to classical usage.\nThe Greek spiritus asper (rough breathing) should be transcribed in Latin as the letter\nEx. 1. Hyacinthus\nWhen a new generic name, or epithet of a subdivision of a genus, is taken from the name of a person, it should be formed as follows:\nWhen the name of the person ends with a vowel, the letter\n-a is added (thus Ottoa after Otto; Sloanea after Sloane), except when the name ends with\n-a, when -ea is added (e.g. Collaea after Colla), or with\n-ea (as Correa), when no letter is added.\n- When the name of the person ends with a consonant, the letters\n-ia are added, but when the name ends with -er, either of the terminations\n-ia and -a is appropriate (e.g. Sesleria after Sesler and\nKernera after Kerner).\n- In latinized personal names ending with -us this termination is dropped (e.g.\nDillenia after Dillenius) before applying the procedure described under (a) and (b).\nThe syllables not modified by these endings are unaffected unless they contain letters foreign to Latin plant names or diacritical signs (see\nMore than one generic name, or epithet of a subdivision of a genus, may be based on the same personal name, e.g. by adding a prefix or suffix to that personal name or by using an anagram or abbreviation of it.\nEx. 1. Durvillaea Bory (1826) and Urvillea Kunth (1821);\nLapeirousia Pourr. (1788) and Peyrousea DC. (1838); Engleria O. Hoffm. (1888),\nEnglerastrum Briq. (1894), and Englerella Pierre (1891); Bouchea Cham. (1832) and\nUbochea Baill. (1891); Gerardia L. (1753) and Graderia Benth. (1846);\nMartia Spreng. (1818) and Martiusia Schult. & Schult. f. (1822).\nWhen personal names are given Latin terminations in order to form specific and infraspecific epithets formation of those epithets is as follows (but see Rec. 60C.2):\nIf the personal name ends with a vowel or -er, substantival epithets are formed by adding the genitive inflection appropriate to the sex and number of the person(s) honoured (e.g.,\nscopoli-i for Scopoli (m), fedtschenko-i for Fedtschenko (m),\nfedtschenko-ae for Fedtschenko (f), glaziou-i for Glaziou (m),\nlace-ae for Lace (f), gray-i for Gray (m), hooker-orum for the Hookers (m)), except when the name ends with\n-a, in which case adding -e (singular) or -rum (plural) is appropriate (e.g.\ntriana-e for Triana (m), pojarkova-e for Pojarkova (f), orlovskaja-e for Orlovskaja (f)).\n- If the personal name ends with a consonant (except\n-er), substantival epithets are formed by adding -i- (stem augmentation) plus the genitive inflection appropriate to the sex and number of the person(s) honoured (e.g.\nlecard-ii for Lecard (m), wilson-iae for Wilson (f), verlot-iorum for the Verlot brothers,\nbraun-iarum for the Braun sisters, mason-iorum for Mason, father and daughter).\n- If the personal name ends with a vowel, adjectival epithets are formed by adding\n-an- plus the nominative singular inflection appropriate to the gender of the generic name (e.g.\nCyperus heyne-anus for Heyne, Vanda lindley-ana for Lindley,\nAspidium bertero-anum for Bertero), except when the personal name ends with\n-a in which case -n- plus the appropriate inflection is added (e.g.\nbalansa-nus (m), balansa-na (f), and balansa-num (n) for Balansa).\n- If the personal name ends with a consonant, adjectival epithets are formed by adding\n-i- (stem augmentation) plus -an- (stem of adjectival suffix) plus the nominative singular inflection appropriate to the gender of the generic name (e.g.\nRosa webb-iana for Webb, Desmodium griffith-ianum for Griffith,\nVerbena hassler-iana for Hassler).\nThe hyphens in the above examples are used only to set off the total appropriate termination.\nPersonal names already in Greek or Latin, or possessing a well-established latinized form, should be given their appropriate Latin genitive to form new substantival epithets (e.g.\nalexandri from Alexander or Alexandre, augusti from Augustus or August or Auguste,\nmartini from Martinus or Martin, linnaei from Linnaeus, martii from Martius,\nwislizeni from Wislizenus, edithae from Editha or Edith, elisabethae from Elisabetha or Elisabeth,\nmurielae from Muriela or Muriel, conceptionis from Conceptio or Concepción,\nbeatricis from Beatrix or Béatrice, hectoris from Hector; but not\n\"cami\" from Edmond Camus or Aimée Camus). Treating modern family names, i.e. ones that do not have a well-established latinized form, as if they were in third declension should be avoided (e.g.\nmunronis from Munro, richardsonis from Richardson).\nNew epithets based on personal names that have a well-established latinized form should maintain the traditional use of that latinized form.\nIn addition to the epithets in Rec. 60C.2, the following epithets commemorate personal names already in Latin or possessing a well-established latinized form: (a)\nsecond declension: afzelii\nbased on Afzelius; allemanii\nbased on Allemanius (Freire Allemão); bauhini\nbased on Bauhinus (Bauhin);\nbased on Clusius; rumphii\nbased on Rumphius (Rumpf); solandri\nbased on Solandrus (Solander); (b)\nthird declension: bellonis\nbased on Bello; brunonis\nbased on Bruno (Robert Brown); chamissonis\nbased on Chamisso; (c)\nadjectives (see Art. 23.5\n): afzelianus, clusianus, linnaeanus, martianus, rumphianus\nand brunonianus, chamissonianus\nIn forming new epithets based on personal names the customary spelling of the personal name should not be modified unless it contains letters foreign to Latin plant names or diacritical signs (see\nArt. 60.4 and 60.6).\nIn forming new epithets based on personal names prefixes and particles should be treated as follows:\nThe Scottish patronymic prefix \"Mac\", \"Mc\", or \"M'\", meaning \"son of\", should be spelled \"mac\" and united with the rest of the name (e.g.\nmacfadyenii after Macfadyen, macgillivrayi after MacGillivray,\nmacnabii after McNab, mackenii after M'Ken).\n- The Irish patronymic prefix \"O\" should be united with the rest of the name or omitted (e.g.\nobrienii, brienianus after O'Brien, okellyi after O'Kelly).\n- A prefix consisting of an article (e.g. le, la, l', les, el, il, lo), or containing an article (e.g. du, de la, des, del, della), should be united to the name (e.g.\nleclercii after Le Clerc, dubuyssonii after DuBuysson, lafarinae after La Farina,\nlogatoi after Lo Gato).\n- A prefix to a family name indicating ennoblement or canonization should be omitted (e.g.\ncandollei after de Candolle, jussieui after de Jussieu, hilairei after Saint-Hilaire,\nremyi after St. Rémy); in geographical epithets, however, \"St.\" is rendered as\nsanctus (m) or sancta (f) (e.g. sancti-johannis, of St. John,\nsanctae-helenae, of St. Helena).\n- A German or Dutch prefix should be omitted (e.g.\niheringii after von Ihering, martii after von Martius, steenisii after van Steenis,\nstrassenii after zu Strassen, vechtii after van der Vecht), but when it is normally treated as part of the family name it should be included in the epithet (e.g.\nvonhausenii after Vonhausen, vanderhoekii after Vanderhoek,\nvanbruntiae after Van Brunt).\nAn epithet derived from a geographical name is preferably an adjective and usually takes the termination\n-ensis, -(a)nus, -inus, or -icus.\nRubus quebecensis L. H. Bailey (from Quebec),\nOstrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (from Virginia), Eryngium amorginum Rech. f. (from Amorgos),\nFraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (from Pennsylvania).\nThe epithet in a new name should be written in conformity with the customary spelling of the word or words from which it is derived and in accordance with the accepted usage of Latin and latinization (see also\nEx. 1. sinensis\nAll specific and infraspecific epithets should be written with an initial lower-case letter.\nA compound name or an epithet which combines elements derived from two or more Greek or Latin words should be formed, as far as practicable, in accordance with classical usage. This may be stated as follows (see also Note 1):\n- In a regular compound, a noun or adjective in non-final position appears as a compounding form generally obtained by\nremoving the case ending of the genitive singular (Latin\n-ae, -i, -us, -is; transliterated Greek -ou, -os, -es, -as, -ous and its equivalent\n- before a consonant, adding a connecting vowel\n(-i- for Latin elements, -o- for Greek elements).\nExceptions are common, and one should review earlier usages of a particular compounding form.\nThe following are examples of the formation of a compound epithet derived from a generic name and another Greek or Latin word. The epithet meaning “having leaves like those of Myrica” is myricifolia (Myric-, connecting vowel -i- and ending -folia).\nThe epithets aquilegifolia and aquilegiaefolia derived from the name Aquilegia must be changed to aquilegiifolia (Aquilegi-, connecting vowel -i- and ending -folia).\nIn a pseudocompound, a noun or adjective in a non-final position appears as a word with a case ending, not as a modified stem. Examples are:\nnidus-avis (nest of bird), Myos-otis (ear of mouse), albo-marginatus (margined with white), etc. In epithets where tingeing is expressed, the modifying initial colour often is in the ablative because the preposition\ne, ex, is implicit, e.g., atropurpureus (blackish purple) from\nex atro purpureus (purple tinged with black). Others have been deliberately introduced to reveal etymological differences when different word elements have the same compounding forms, such as\ntubi- from tube (tubus, tubi) or from trumpet (tuba, tubae) where\ntubaeflorus can only mean trumpet-flowered; also carici- is the compounding form from both papaya\n(carica, caricae) and sedge (carex, caricis) where caricaefolius can only mean papaya-leaved. The latter use of the genitive singular of the first declension for pseudocompounding is treated as an error to be corrected unless it makes an etymological distinction (see Art. 60.8).\nIn forming some other apparently irregular compounds, classical usage is commonly followed.\nThe compounding forms hydro- and\nhydr- (Hydro-phyllum) stem from water (hydor, hydatos); calli-\n(Calli-stemon) derive from the adjective beautiful (kalos); and meli-\n(Meli-osma, Meli-lotus) stem from honey (mel, melitos).\nThe hyphens in the above examples are given solely for explanatory reasons. For the use of hyphens in generic names and in epithets see\nThe etymology of new names or of epithets in new names should be given, especially when their meaning is not\n2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Normal subgroup equals kernel of homomorphism\nThis article gives the statement, and possibly proof, of a basic fact in group theory.\nView a complete list of basic facts in group theory\nVIEW FACTS USING THIS: directly | directly or indirectly, upto two steps | directly or indirectly, upto three steps|\nVIEW: Survey articles about this\nThis article gives a proof/explanation of the equivalence of multiple definitions for the term normal subgroup\nView a complete list of pages giving proofs of equivalence of definitions\nKernel of a group homomorphism\nA map is a homomorphism of groups if\n- for all in\nThe kernel of is defined as the inverse image of the identity element under .\nFor the purpose of this statement, we use the following definition of normality: a subgroup is normal in a group if contains each of its conjugate subgroups, that is, for every in .\nClosely related to this are the isomorphism theorems.\nKernel of homomorphism implies normal subgroup\n- Identity element: Since , is contained in\n- Product: Suppose are in . Then and . Using the fact that , we conclude that . Hence is also in .\n- Inverse: Suppose is in . Then . Using the fact that , we conclude that . Hence, is also in .\nNow we need to prove that is normal. In other words, we must show that if is in and is in , then is in .\nSince is in , .\nConsider . Hence, must belong to .\nNormal subgroup implies kernel of homomorphism\nLet be a normal subgroup of a group . Then, occurs as the kernel of a group homomorphism. This group homomorphism is the quotient map , where is the set of cosets of in .\nThe map is defined as follows:\nNotice that the map is a group homomorphism if we equip the coset space with the following structure:\nThis gives a well-defined group structure because, on account of being normal, the equivalence relation of being in the same coset of yields a congruence.\n- The map is well-defined, because if for , then (basically, we're using that ).\n- The image of the map can be thought of as a group because it satisfies associativity (), has an identity element ( itself), has inverses (the inverse of is )\nFurther information: quotient map\n- Abstract Algebra by David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, 10-digit ISBN 0471433349, 13-digit ISBN 978-0471433347, More info, Page 82, Proposition 7", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Procedural knowledge is, in a nutshell, knowing how to do something. It contrasts with declarative knowledge, which is knowledge about something.\nFor example, I may read about the importance of perfect arm strokes and coordination while swimming and yet drown like a stone when inside the pool. This may sound obvious, I know, but as far as language learning goes, there’s more to it than meets the eye.\nDeclarative knowledge enables a student to describe a rule and perhaps apply it in a drill or a gap-fill. Procedural knowledge, on the other hand, enables the student to apply that rule in real language use.\nNot surprisingly, procedural knowledge does not translate automatically into declarative knowledge – try asking a native speaker to explain why exactly she said “I’ve been there” rather than “I went there”. In the same way, declarative knowledge does not automatically cross over into communicative language use. In other words, students may be able to describe a grammar rule and manipulate it through controlled exercises, but consistently fail to apply the rule in communication – spoken or written.\nSome people (like Krashen) claim that declarative and procedural knowledge are two separate entities, while others believe that declarative knowledge can be proceduralized through practice. There’s a third group that argues that it’s noticing (and renoticing) rather than practice that will push students’ interlanguage development forward.\nIn other words, there is far from unanimous agreement that practice makes perfect as far as language learning goes.\nBy the way, click here for another post on declarative knowledge vs procedural knowledge.\nClick here for my contribution on Scott Thornbury’s wonderful A-Z blog.\nThanks for reading.\nBy the way, if you’re struggling with your academic writing, check out The Only Academic Phrasebook You’ll Ever Need, which contains 600 sentences, as well as grammar and vocabulary tips. E-book available on Amazon and Smashwords.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With the social division of the work and the production of excesses, were clearly that a man would be capable to more than produce what its necessities of subsistence, thus creating the economic possibility of the exploration. From then on, members of other communities, made prisoners, were not died nor untied but transformed into slaves, making to appear a new type of society, with private property of the means of production, a escravista society. The Anthropology registers the slavery at remote times, however, with patriarcal character, gentleman and slaves working together (over all to the south of the Sahara). With the growth of the social division of the work and the development of the exchanges, civil and military heads had become kings and emperors. The use of the power institutionalized for the defense and the magnifying of the goods grew.\nThe seted guards, the courts, the arrests and the lunatic asylums had formed themselves. The State appeared as instrument of violence of the ruling class on the explored masses and the assignment of madness for any 7 different mannering logic of hegemonic. Slaves had supported agricultural explorations, the large states of Rome. They had constructed the pyramids of Egypt. They had initiated the first plantations of cotton, without which the modern industry would be inconceivable. ' ' As the machine and the credit wrote MARX the slavery constituted the base of the industry burguesa' ' 8. The history of the escravista society is the history of a encarniada fight of classrooms and numerous revolts of slaves, one of them, of the most known, commanded for Spartacus (73-71 B.C.), in Rome. The feudal reality, in turn, showed of unquestionable form the interdependence enters the productive relations of production and forces. Rank that the slave was not interested in the increase of the production and the escravismo, of this form, stopped the development of 9 the productive forces, became necessary the creation of a stimulaton to raise the productivity.\nIn this direction, using itself the words of Luis Washington Vita, one concludes that the national contribution in the field of the Philosophy is more assimilative of what creative. It is assimilated what it comes of it are, but never some proper national thought is created. To this fact another one is added: the dependence economic, but not only also cultural. While we are only consuming of foreign teses and we do not create nothing of original, implicitly we assume our condition of colonized intellectually. Lamentably, in Brazil, the cultural dependence, as well as the economic one, is seen with much naturalness. What many brazilian thinkers forget is that, in the act of to assimilate traditional theories, must be understood the respective historical context where the workmanship study object was written, which, is said, is always diverse of that one where our country is inserted. The author is well clearly in the following ticket: ' ' (…) vital ideas for a European or North American could here be mere ornaments intelectuais.' ' We must have in mind that books of Philosophy written by Brazilians do not estimate that it has really latent a Brazilian original Philosophy.\nSo that let us can consider that it has properly Brazilian Philosophy, is necessary some questionings, such as: which will be its language, its methodology, its conditions? The simple ones to want is not enough to answer to the questions that if place in them when we intend to create a thesis. In this question, filiar it what he is ready (the European thought) is, without a doubt, more cmodo of what to delouse themselves of our cultural alienation and to give life to an original thought. At certain moment of its workmanship, the author of the account of existence of those intellectuals who try in some way to justify the absence of Brazilian Philosophy, and the two main causes would be: ) not to be proper to the Brazilian spirit, and of the Latins in general, the concern with the study of Philosophy e; b) the Portuguese language would be unprovided of necessary philosophical terms to the adequate study and understanding of such disciplines, abstract. Cyrus Massoumi is open to suggestions.\nBut ordinary people have great amount of information, more subtle material objects. When the true ego is sent into the world of the subconscious, in the astral world, the state with a large amount of information will have on it more shocking impact. The more information, the stronger the shock. Ordinary person faints or gets shock after the death of the sheer volume of information. Basically, this is – delicate matter, but among the fine particles is present and sufficiently many particles of information close to the grave. When the True Ego is immersed in this flow, it experiences a shock.\nThere are two types of meditation. One type can satisfy the desire, for example, to expand the subconscious. Other – destroys information in the astral world through the practice of penance and the accumulation of merit. If you practice the second type of meditation (which also clears the subconscious mind), your shock will be weak. It can not be. Assume that when you die, you have not had a shock after the death. This will give you a definite advantage.\nOne advantage is that you'll be able to perceive the events as they are. The second advantage is that you will be able to bring along the knowledge gained in this life, in the next life. For example, you have learned the importance of light, meditative experience, visions. This information will be very useful in the world after death. Possessing this knowledge, you do not make mistakes in the process of reincarnation.\nFeminine participation in the Market of Work in Moambique the World-wide Context When in day 08 of March of 1857 laborers of a fabric plant of New Iorque, better conditions of work had made a great strike demanding, such as, reduction in the daily load of 16 for 10 hours and treatment condigno inside of the work environment, the 130 tecels that they had died carbonized in this plant, never could imagine that pioneers of a world movement would become around that would make possible the other women to accede to the masculine spaces long ago considered, compelling to a reconfiguration of the traditional papers that for thousand of years she had characterized males and females ofthe species human being. The new social division of the work have-of, of among others factors, to have been influenced for the industrial revolution that had its origin in England in middle of century XVIII and was become enlarged for the world from century XIX.\nDuring this period agriculture was surpassed yielding space to the industrial development, favored for the technological development. Above all, the industrial revolution brought obtains a new economic system, the capitalism, inaugurating a new relation between the capital and the work. In century XIX and at the beginning of century XX, the countries that if they industrialized demanded intense man power, absorbing in its rows children and women who had the advantage of to be man power not specialized and therefore cheap or almost enslaved. Has consensus then, of that it was in the seio of the industrial revolution and the capitalism that appeared gnese for the emancipation or liberalization of the women when removing them of the domesticidade space and inseriz them in the public space, in the laboring context. It is clearly that this is an illation that must all be made with the care therefore, for the socialist feminists, even so the capitalism has removed the women of the public sphere, did not liberalize them therefore the women had continued to play in these great industries the same traditional roles in days of 12 and 14 hours weekly, in terrible conditions of work and gaining one tero of the wages exactly when they exerted the same work that the men.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Are IVF Babies are as normal as others?\nPosted on : 2021-Mar-31 07:11:44\nParenthood is such a great feeling and every people would love to have a baby. But, some of the couples are unable to become parents due to infertility or several other underlying conditions. The couple who fail to conceive naturally started choosing alternate methods to become parents.\nWith the advancement in technology, becoming parents has become easy by using In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment.\nIn the IVF process, eggs are collected from the female and are combined with male sperms in a laboratory. When eggs and sperms fusion and develop into an embryo, it is placed inside the woman’s womb using through her cervix. From here, pregnancy will be carried as a normal process.\nAre IVF Babies Different from Normal Babies?\nIVF is an Assisted Reproductive Technique (ART), but it is not an artificial reproductive technique. There are several myths that IVF babies or test tube babies are not as normal children as they are born by the expertise of a doctor. Many people also believe that the IVF baby is not produced by the natural process that is sexual intercourse between a couple. As surgical mechanisms and technical expertise are employed in IVF, people believe that IVF babies are different and they are not as normal kids who have been born naturally.\nBut, the truth is IVF babies are as normal other kids who were born by sexual intercourse. IVF kids are also born naturally similar to other children. IVF children are the same as normal kids in terms of physical health and mental capacity. It is even difficult to differentiate between an IVF child and a normal child until it is told.\nThe only difference between IVF and normal pregnancy is that the sperms and eggs are fertilized in a laboratory under the observation of a specialized doctor. The fusion of sperms takes place in the lab instead of the fallopian tube. IVF is opted by a couple if the male partner is unable to produce high quality sperms or if the female partner is not producing healthy eggs, or due to a blockage in the fallopian tube. The sexual intercourse between this couple will not produce embryos and hence woman cannot become pregnant. The fusion of sperms and eggs in the lab is an alternative to natural sexual intercourse.\nMay children have taken birth using IVF and they are healthy as normal children. The final word is IVF babies are as normal as normal children.\nVisit Angels Fertility Center for IVF Treatment\nIf you or your partner are infertile and are wondering whether IVF is the right option for you, visit Angels Fertility Center in Hyderabad right away. It is one of the best fertility hospitals in Hyderabad. They offer a wide range of fertility treatments such as IVF. Irrespective of the underlying medical condition, our recognized Fertility Specialist works closely with you to develop a personalized Fertility Treatment plan that is compassionate and competent. Call us and book your appointment with one of our best doctors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month is the traditional Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival(中秋节zhōng qiū jiē), which falls on Sep 24 this year. In the Chinese lunar calendar, August is in the middle of autumn and the 15th day is in the middle of the month. This explains why the 15th of August is called the Mid-Autumn Festival. The day is also known as the moon festival, for on that day, the moon is at its fullest and brightest. It is an important festival for family members to get together, so it is also called the Reunion Festival.\nWe will be out of office on Monday Sep 24, and will be back work on Sep 25.\nAt this special season, please allow me give our best regards to you and your family.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "IRA Secondary Reading Interest Group Newsletter\ngreat ideas for using Workshop in the HS classroom\ntags: resources reading\nDiscussion Questions for Tankborn\nNew York City Department of Education Common Core Library\ntags: CCSS Common_Core resources commoncore\n4th Quarter Benchmark Plan: Lucidchart\ntags: worldhistory world_history project ideas whatifproject researchpaperideas\nHome – Biello Winter 2012: “What If?” History Research Project – LibGuides at Creekview High School\ntags: worldhistory world_history project ideas researchpaperideas whatifproject\nWhat If? History Project\ntags: history worldhistory world_history project ideas researchpaperideas\nProject Description – What If? History Project\nGreat assignment idea!\ntags: project history research paper researchpaperideas writingideas\nDefusing Africa’s Population Bomb: There’s No Need to Fear Nigerian Babies – Business – GOOD\ntags: africa population things fall apart\nThe pleasures of rereading | Books | The Observer\ntags: craft analysis rereading\nWhy, for instance, does the story leap ahead fifty years in the last two pages? Why are the sentences so long in this story? Why would a writer risk confusion by introducing so many characters in the first two pages?\ntags: craft analysis\nIn Nigeria, a Preview of an Overcrowded Planet – NYTimes.com\ntags: things fall apart africa nytimes nigeria\nEducation Nation 2011: Top 5 Websites for Teachers to Use in Their Classrooms\ntags: education resources flippedclassroom\nPosted from Diigo. The rest of my favorite links are here.\nFiled under: teaching resources\nFill in your details below or click an icon to log in:\nYou are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change )\nConnecting to %s\nNotify me of new comments via email.\nEnter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.\nJoin 7,756 other followers\nCreate a free website or blog at WordPress.com. The Digg 3 Column Theme.\nGet every new post delivered to your Inbox.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Folic acid is known to be associated with inflammatory diseases, but the relationship between folic acid and allergic diseases is unclear.\nFolic acid (folate). Image source: Wikipedia, public domain.\nData were obtained from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in which serum folate and total IgE levels were measured in 8083 subjects 2 years of age and older.\nA high total IgE level was defined as greater than 100 kU/L. Allergen-specific IgE levels were measured for a panel of 5 common aeroallergens. Atopy was defined as at least 1 positive allergen-specific IgE level.\nSerum folate levels were inversely associated with total IgE levels. The odds of a high total IgE level, atopy, and wheeze decreased across quintiles of serum folate levels, indicating a dose-response relationship between serum folate levels and these outcomes.\nThe authors concluded that serum folate levels are inversely associated with high total IgE levels, atopy, and wheeze.\nHigher serum folate levels are associated with a lower risk of atopy and wheeze. Matsui EC, Matsui W. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Apr 29.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How to recognise and respond to potential child abuse and neglect\nIn October 2017, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence published guidance to support health and social care professionals in recognising and responding to abuse and neglect in children and young people aged under 18 years. Pharmacists and pharmacy teams should be aware of their roles and responsibilities as outlined in this guidance.\nAbuse and neglect are key safeguarding issues that can affect any child or young person, irrespective of their age, ethnicity, religious beliefs or social background. The abuse and neglect of children and young people (defined as all those who have not yet reached their 18th birthday) can take place in a family, institution, community or internet-based environment, and the abuse could be perpetrated by those known to them or by a stranger, including abuse by an adult, multiple adults, a child or children.\nOfficial statistics on how many children and young people have been identified by the authorities as being at risk of, or experiencing, abuse or neglect are limited, as many children and young people do not recognise that they are being abused or neglected; therefore, they are unlikely to report it. However, the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, a UK charity, estimates that more than 500,000 children are abused in the UK each year, while the Children’s Commissioner’s inquiry estimated that in March 2016 there were at least 199,720 children in need as a result of neglect or abuse.\nIn October 2017, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the health technology assessment body, published guidance to support health and social care professionals in recognising and responding to abuse and neglect in people under the age of 18 years. The full guideline covers physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and neglect, and aims to help all healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and pharmacy teams, to spot signs of abuse and neglect, and inform them of what should be done in response.\nAll pharmacists and pharmacy teams are likely to encounter children during the course of their normal working activities. This puts them in a unique position to observe signs of abuse or neglect, and changes in behaviour that may indicate a child could be being abused or neglected.\nThis article will provide definitions for child abuse and neglect; outline the potential signs and indicators, including how pharmacy professionals may be able to spot signs of abuse; the role of pharmacists and pharmacy teams; and helpful techniques to support effective communication and information gathering.\nDefinitions of child abuse and neglect\nThe term ‘child abuse and neglect’ includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to a child or young person’s health, development or dignity.\nAbuse and neglect are forms of maltreatment, and individuals may abuse or neglect a child by either inflicting harm or by failing to act to prevent it. As such, abuse can also be a lack of love, care and attention, which can be just as damaging as physical abuse. Child abuse and neglect can have major long-term impacts on all aspects of the person’s health, development and wellbeing, and can last into adulthood.\nTypes of child abuse can also include domestic abuse, bullying, cyber-bullying (online abuse), child sexual exploitation and female genital mutilation. An extensive list of what constitutes child abuse can be found in the NICE guidance. It is important to recognise that an abused child or young person will often experience more than one type of abuse over a period of time, rather than the abuse being a one-off event. It is unlikely that an affected person will tell you that they are being abused or neglected.\nRecognising and responding to the signs and possible symptoms of child abuse and neglect can be difficult. Many healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and pharmacy teams, will face multiple challenges when working with children, young people and their families when child abuse is a concern. These include:\n- Knowing ‘when to be worried’;\n- Being able to assess levels of risk and need;\n- Being aware of which interventions are effective when there are early signs of abuse and neglect;\n- Knowing which interventions are effective in helping children and young people to recover following child abuse and neglect, and how to support families in which there has been child abuse and neglect.\nSigns and indicators of possible child abuse and neglect\nIdentifying child abuse and neglect can be challenging and, as such, it can be difficult to take early action to protect a child or young person from abuse. The signs and symptoms outlined in Box 1 are possible indicators that a child or young person is at risk of, or suffering from, abuse and/or neglect.\nBox 1: Possible indicators and warning signs that a child or young person is at risk of suffering from abuse and/or neglect\n- Changes in behaviour or emotional state (e.g. recurrent nightmares, extreme distress, appearing withdrawn or displaying aggression) that are a departure from what would be expected for their age and developmental stage, and is not fully explained by a known stressful situation (e.g. bereavement, parental separation or medical cause);\n- Dissociation (transient episodes of detachment that are outside the child’s control and that are distinguished from daydreaming, seizures or deliberate avoidance of interaction) that is not fully explained by a known traumatic event unrelated to maltreatment;\n- Poor appearance and hygiene (e.g. smelly, dirty, unwashed clothes, inadequate clothing, seeming hungry or turning up to school without having breakfast or any lunch money, frequent and untreated nappy rash in infants);\n- Health and development concerns (e.g. untreated injuries, dental problems, repeated accidental injuries caused by lack of supervision, recurring illnesses or infections, missed vaccinations, poor muscle tone or prominent joints, skin sores, rashes, flea bites, scabies or ringworm, thin or swollen abdomen, anaemia, tiredness, faltering weight or growth or not reaching developmental milestones [known as failure to thrive], poor language, communication or social skills);\n- Housing and family concerns (e.g. living in an unsuitable home environment including having no heating, sanitation or clean water, and being left alone for periods of time without a carer or other family members);\n- Substance or alcohol misuse;\n- Eating disorders/disordered eating;\n- Suicidal behaviours;\n- Bullying or being bullied;\n- Missing/running away from home or care;\n- Sexual behaviour that is inappropriate for age, indiscriminate, precocious or coercive.\nFurther detailed information on the clinical features of abuse and neglect (including physical injury) are covered in the NICE guideline (CG89) on child maltreatment.\nRole of pharmacists and pharmacy professionals\nPharmacists and pharmacy professionals should be aware of child abuse and neglect, and its impact on health, in order to be able to identify its signs and indicators in the children and young people they work or come into with. Pharmacists and pharmacy professionals in all sectors should be aware of their responsibilities and will need to work with colleagues from other disciplines and agencies to provide appropriate care for these individuals. A number of publications have highlighted the responsibilities of all healthcare professionals in these situations,.\nChildren and young people affected by abuse and neglect can present to a wide range of health settings with a range of physical and/or emotional problems. In particular, pharmacists and pharmacy professionals should:\n- Understand their role in identifying children and young people at risk of, or experiencing, abuse and neglect;\n- Be able to identify the risks, warning signs and indicators of abuse and neglect;\n- Recognise that children and young people who are being abused or neglected may find it very difficult to tell someone; therefore, they must communicate and engage with them in a way that develops trust — this may enable them to discuss their issues;\n- Know and understand their organisational and multi-agency safeguarding arrangements and processes, including who to when concerned about a child or young person;\n- Know how to their lead safeguarding professional for advice and support;\n- Share information with and make referrals as appropriate to other agencies (e.g. police and children’s social care).\nSome healthcare professionals may feel uncomfortable raising concerns relating to the abuse and neglect of children and young people for a number of reasons, including: the discomfort of disbelieving, suspecting or wrongly blaming a parent or carer; fear of complaints; and fear for personal safety. However, these should not prevent healthcare professionals from following the appropriate course of action to prevent further harm to the child or young person.\nSafeguarding is of paramount importance, and must be the first priority, because all children and young people have the right to be safe and protected from harm. For all healthcare professionals, irrespective of their role, safeguarding children and young people is everyone’s responsibility.\nTo fulfil these responsibilities, all pharmacists and pharmacy staff should have access to the appropriate single-agency safeguarding training, and multi-agency training, which is offered by local safeguarding children’s boards. The intercollegiate safeguarding training competencies provides a clear framework for this.\nIdentifying and responding to abuse and/or neglect\nThere are four key steps to follow to help healthcare staff identify and respond appropriately to possible abuse and/or neglect:\nStep 1: Being alert to the signs\nBe alert to the signs of abuse and neglect, and understand the procedures set out in your local multi-agency safeguarding arrangements. Consider what training would support you in your role and what is available in your area.\nStep 2: Questioning behaviours\nThe signs of child abuse and neglect may not always be obvious, and a child or young person might not tell anyone what is happening to them. Question behaviours if something seems unusual and try to speak to the child or young person alone, if appropriate, to seek further information.\nIf a child or young person reports that they are being abused and neglected, you should listen to them; take their allegation seriously, and reassure them that you will take action to keep them safe. You might refer directly to children’s social care and/or the police, or discuss your concerns with others and ask for help. At all times, you should explain to the child or young person the action that you are taking. It is important to maintain confidentiality, but you should not promise that you will not tell anyone, as you may need to do so in order to protect the child or young person.\nStep 3: Asking for help\nConcerns about a child’s welfare can vary greatly in terms of nature and seriousness, how they have been identified and over what duration they have arisen. If you have concerns about a child, you should ask for help. Discuss your concerns with your manager or named/designated professional.\nIt should be remembered that if you have concerns about the safety or welfare of a child or young person and believe they are not being acted upon by your manager or named/designated safeguarding lead, it is your responsibility to take action.\nStep 4: Referring\nIf a pharmacist (or other healthcare professional) has concerns about a child’s or young person’s welfare (or believes they are at risk of harm), they should share the information with the local authority children’s social care, and/or the police, in line with local procedures. Security of information sharing must always be considered and should be proportionate to the sensitivity of the information and the circumstances. If it is thought that a crime has been committed and/or a child or young person is at immediate risk, the police should be notified without delay. More information can be found in Box 2: ‘Information sharing’.\nBox 2: Information sharing\nWhen there is a suspicion that a child or young person is being abused or neglected, this suspicion must be shared with other appropriate agencies, even where there may be issues with consent.\nSharing information can mean the difference between life and death for a child or young person. The effective identification, disruption, intervention, protection and prosecution of perpetrators of child abuse and neglect depend on effective multi-agency working.\nFurther support regarding the sharing of information can be obtained by ing local named and designated safeguarding professionals or by accessing the information-sharing guide.\nCommunicating with children and young people\nGood communication between healthcare professionals and the child or young person, as well as with their families and carers, is essential. Take a child-centred approach to all work with children and young people, and ensure they are involved in decision-making depending on their age and developmental stage.\nUse a range of methods, such as drawing, books or activities (as appropriate), for communicating with children and young people. Communication should be tailored to their age and developmental stage, and take into account any disabilities (e.g. learning disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, and hearing and visual impairments). Also consider their communication needs by using communication aids or providing an interpreter (ensuring that the interpreter is not a family member).\nWhen having conversations with children and young people, remember the following:\n- Explain confidentiality and when you might need to share specific information, and with whom;\n- Be sensitive and empathetic;\n- Listen actively and use open questions;\n- Find out their views and wishes;\n- Check your understanding of what the child has told you;\n- Be sensitive to any religious or cultural beliefs;\n- Use plain language and explain any technical terms;\n- Work at the child or young person’s pace;\n- Give them opportunities to stop the conversation or leave the room, and follow up if this does happen;\n- Explain what will happen next and when;\n- Make sure that conversations take place somewhere private where the child or young person feels comfortable.\nPharmacists and pharmacy staff should remember that children and young people, for a variety of reasons, often do not directly disclose abuse and neglect. As key healthcare professionals who come into regular with children and young people, they should ensure they know how to engage and talk with younger people in a way that builds a trusting relationship.\nThere are six key messages young people affected by abuse have said they want from healthcare professionals:\n- They want to be listened to, heard and believed;\n- They do not want to have to keep explaining what happened to them over and over again;\n- They want to be involved in decisions about their lives, and be updated on the matters that affect them;\n- They want healthcare professionals to be realistic and honest, but to do this gently and recognise that it may be difficult for them to hear what they have to say;\n- They want consistent support from the same person — and, where possible, to have some say in who this person is;\n- They want to be seen as an individual, not just a service user — someone with potential, just like the professional was at their age.\nIt should be remembered that the measure of success is not that the young person discloses what has happened — it’s that they have been noticed; something has been said; and the young person left feeling that someone cared. All conversations count, and even small signs will encourage people to feel able to talk. ‘Me First’ is an education and training resource that provides information, tools and resources to support health staff working with children and young people, that may be useful for pharmacists and pharmacy professionals.\nKey points to remember\n- The health, safety and wellbeing of every child and young person is of paramount importance;\n- Child abuse and neglect can affect any child or young person;\n- Children and young people cannot consent to their own abuse;\n- Safeguarding children and young people is everyone’s responsibility;\n- Share information — no matter how trivial you think it may be;\n- Use a range of methods for communicating with children and young people that are appropriate to their age, developmental stage, disabilities and communication needs;\n- Recognise that children and young people who are being abused or neglected may find it difficult to tell someone;\n- Children and young people who are being abused and neglected may refuse help, but they still need to be safeguarded;\n- Know your local safeguarding proceedures and who to for advice and support;\n- If you are concerned about a child or young person always seek advice and support from your local named and designated safeguarding professionals.\nNational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children\n- Telephone: 0808 800 5000\nThe Children’s Society\n- Telephone: 0800 11 11\nChild Exploitation and Online Protection command\nNWG Network (formerly The National Working Group for Sexually Exploited Children and Young People)\nMissing Children helpline\n- Telephone: 116 000\nMe First Children and Young People Centred Communication\nReading this article counts towards your CPD\nYou can use the following forms to record your learning and action points from this article from Salvadore Publications.\nYour CPD module results are stored against your account here at The Salvadore. You must be registered and logged into the site to do this. To review your module results, go to the ‘My Account’ tab and then ‘My CPD’.\nAny training, learning or development activities that you undertake for CPD can also be recorded as evidence as part of your RPS Faculty practice-based portfolio when preparing for Faculty membership. To start your RPS Faculty journey today, access the portfolio and tools at\nIf your learning was planned in advance, please click:\nIf your learning was spontaneous, please click:\nCitation: The Salvadore DOI: 10.1211/PJ.2018.20204393\nRecommended from Pharmaceutical Press\nThis established textbook covers every aspect of drug properties from the design of dosage forms to their delivery by all routes to sites of action in the body.£48.00\nIntroduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations is an essential study aid for pharmacy students. The book contains worked examples and sample questions and answers.£33.00\nThis established textbook helps you differentiate between minor illnesses which can be safely managed in the pharmacy, and major diseases.£43.00\nFour practice tests, each with 80 practice-oriented MCQs. Assess your knowledge of clinical issues, evaluative and analytical skills.£25.00\nA study aid with 800 MCQs. Assess your knowledge, analytical skills, and ability to apply this knowledge base in clinical practice.£25.00", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Kadrick Joseph November 18, 2020 Worksheets\nThese birthday printables will be lots of help for every kind of kid. Not only for a birthday but randomly as well, they can just be kept at home and used as activity time games. Kids can use crayons to fill the names and location or to draw the animal pictures on the cards. Printables can keep kids engaged and out of mischief. Printables will keep them busy in their rooms, learning and having fun at the same time. So if you want your kids to really enjoy and learn then make sure you have birthday printables. If not, go out and buy some to keep in the house or at school because experience tells us that kids have really enjoyed having fun as well as learning with birthday printables.\nShape your child the way you want. If you want your child to be a good speaker, you must always read and speak to him. If you want him to be a musician or a simply a music lover, sing to him or let him listen to music. Hugs and touches together with words of \"I love you\" can make him a loving person. The more new things he will be exposed to, the more he will learn. Developing other skills require variety of different stimuli. Though your child may not necessarily be a genius but pre-schooling him means preparing his mind and equipping him with the tools he needed when he goes to school.\nThere are basic skills every kindergarten needs to know before starting the school year. While the first portion of many school years is used to review basic concepts, teachers quickly move on to new subjects, assuming most children have had plenty of exposure to the basic concepts, including letter and number recognition. The ultimate goal in kindergarten is to get children ready to read, which takes a great deal of time. Teachers typically move on when a majority of the class is ready to learn the basics of reading. If your child is left behind, it could leave him behind for the rest of his school career.\nMath is a subject that many kids have trouble with as they progress through school. It is essential that math basic skills be mastered early on, as these skills build the foundation for understanding harder concepts introduced in higher grades. First grade math contains quite a few important skills, and using online games may be able to give students the help they need in order to become fluent in working with numbers. In kindergarten, kids learn simple math skills like number recognition and counting. They are able to begin to recognize that higher numbers are bigger numbers and can understand concepts like counting by twos and tens. Using online games with these children when they reach first grade can help them transition between beginning math skills and more complex numerical concepts. Providing a wide variety of different games in an entertaining online environment gets kids excited about tackling new ideas and puts math in a positive context. Once the foundation has been laid for basic comprehension and computational skills, children can use these games to progress even further.\nAccording to the research, solid early mathematics skills are the strongest predictor of future academic success; greater than early reading skills, attention skills, and socioeconomic factors! So what early math skills are most important? The research focuses on \"school-entry math skills\" such as understanding small numbers (up to 30), quantities, and simple shapes. In addition, being able to count, compare, sort, and describe objects (up to 30) are considered core kindergarten math skills. A host of online tools are available to help young children improve their math and reading skills and technology has made great strides in the past several years in areas related to children has educational software. However, many of the technical advances may be overwhelming for young learners. Websites with 3D graphics and online virtual worlds (\"edutainment\") may be a useful tool for older children looking to build skills while having fun on the computer. However, younger children can be easily distracted by the overuse of technology in many of these programs.\nIf your third grader needs help with math, there are many useful tools that can downloaded directly from the computer. Math is a subject that is best taught with visual aids, making the lessons more tangible for students. Third grade can be particularly challenging when it comes to math, as this is the year that students are learning about fractions, measuring and weighing objects, graphing and counting money. Most importantly, third graders should be comfortable with the basics of math such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. 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grade how to solve and equation solve for x kids worksheet problems solving for sides with kids worksheet worksheet answers solving 2 step equations worksheet working with linear equations worksheet kids worksheet 1 summary solve the value of x kids worksheet worksheets with answer key math solver linear equations kids worksheet equations solve for x college kids worksheet review kids worksheet terms and expressions worksheets solving equations worksheet kids worksheet 2 kids worksheet 2 for dummies PDF steps to solve kids worksheet equations linear equations and inequalities worksheet with answers kids worksheet 1 solving inequalities worksheet can you solve this equation integers and fractions worksheets solving and graphing linear equations worksheet working out equations kids worksheet book answers math help with word problems for kids worksheet kids worksheet 1 common core textbook online free Yakut math worksheets kids worksheet slope worksheets kids worksheet 1 2 step equations 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{"text": "Did all of the food you purchased on your last shopping trip end up being consumed? Chances are, probably not. Over 40% of the food produced in America isn’t eaten. Natural resources are used to grow, harvest and package food, and energy must be used to deliver those products to consumers. Every time food is throw away, we are wasting money and natural resources. Need more information about food waste? Check out ReFED at https://www.refed.com/?sort=economic-value-per-ton\nNO Taste for Waste http://notasteforwaste.org/\nThroughout San Luis Obispo County, the local garbage companies are starting to provide a FREE Residential Food Waste Program. If you have any questions call the IWMA at 805-782-8530 or contact your waste collection service provider to get started.\nQ. What food waste materials are accepted/prohibited?\nQ. Will my food scraps bin smell?\nA. Even if you do not collect your food scraps separately, they will still end up in your trashcan. Just take out your food scraps bin as often as you take out your kitchen trash.\nQ. What about my curbside green waste bin?\nA. Since we do not allow bags in your green waste bin, there are many ways to make sure it stays clean:\nFor more information about organics composting:\ncheck out this Organics Made Simple blog post.\nIn addition you can start your own at-home worm bin or home compost. To reduce food waste and maximize your dollar, check out these tips:", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Summer is in full splash mode.\nFrom squirt guns and sprinklers to home spas, pools, lakes and oceans, water is synonymous with fun.\nNot to throw water on the party, but let’s talk water safety before you grab the sunscreen. It could save a young life this summer.\n“Most water-related trauma is preventable,” she said. “If I can help families take steps to avoid the devastating results of water accidents, I’m going to do it.”\nPractice home water safety\nWhile it’s not just a summertime thing, we have to start by saying that for families with kids younger than 4, water risks start at home, with the bathtub.\n“Of course a parent isn’t thinking it’s risky to run to the kitchen from the bath for just a minute,” Dr. Michiels said. “But even one minute can be too long. My No. 1 rule is that there must be 100 percent supervision of every child from 0 to 4, every time there is water that goes beyond a Dixie cup.”\nThe greatest risk for kids under 4 is accidental water entry. If a child can get to water of any kind, there is significant risk. Swimming pools and spas must be securely covered and kept off limits with fencing and secure gates around a pool. A small child can slip under many pool covers.\nCheck gate latches to make sure unsupervised children can’t access the area. And treat a shallow kiddie pool with the same deference.\n“If a toddler slips in unsupervised, it might as well be an ocean,” she said.\nBeach and open water safety\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that 10 children die per day from water-related incidents in America. Families living near the Great Lakes and other inland lakes may be at even higher risk.\nEnjoying the beach is fantastic family fun. Practicing a few safety precautions will make sure the day stays fun.\n“Make it easy by keeping kids in personal flotation devices all the time,” Dr. Michiels advised. “They can still play in the sand while wearing a (life jacket). And it gives you time if something goes wrong.”\nThat said, Dr. Michiels stresses that a life jacket is not a substitute for supervision. A designated responsible adult should be assigned to specific children within the group.\n“There are lots of examples of children who drowned when handfuls of adults were nearby, but no one was specifically assigned to watch the kids,” she said. “Designating certain children to certain adults adds protection from a child being overlooked.”\nCreeks, rivers and boating\nCreeks and rivers add a potentially dangerous element. The current can sweep a child out of reach and out of sight quickly. Never allow play on the banks without a watchful adult for every child.\nProperly fitting life jackets, barricaded play areas and even the controversial toddler leads can prevent a tumble into the water.\nAs kids get older and become stronger swimmers, it’s easy to overlook ongoing risk. Additionally, teens may have opportunities to participate in boating and personal watercraft activities.\nDr. Michiels offered more smart talk for water safety and teens:\n- A personal flotation device must be worn, even if you are a good swimmer.\n- Complete a boating safety course.\n- Only allow the number of riders for which the personal watercraft or boat is designed to carry.\n- No horsing around, whether on piers, docks, boats, rafts or personal watercraft.\n- Discuss the dangers of alcohol and drugs with boating. Many boating fatalities involve drinking or drugs.\nIn case of emergency\nDr. Michiels said the best practice to assist a child (or any person) who is pulled from the water has changed in recent years.\n“If you pull a child from the water and they cough, sputter but are awake, call 911 and stay with them,” she said. “The child may not be able to catch his or her breath, but we no longer advise trying to pump or extract inhaled water. If the child is limp and not breathing, call 911 and start CPR compressions immediately.”\nPreviously the medical community advised the rescuer to determine if the child was breathing and try to extract water. Today, rescuers are advised to start compressions immediately only if the victim is limp and unresponsive.\nDon’t want to risk it? Splash Pad it!\nTo enjoy water when you don’t have enough supervision to ensure the safety of multiple tykes, check out splash and sprinkler parks near you.\nThese are often free, and offer crazy fun water play without drowning risk. That said, if the area is concrete, scrapes, stitches and even bone breaks are possible. Many splash parks feature rubberized surfaces.\nJust use common sense and take a minute to assess when you arrive.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Banqueting House commemorates Charles I’s execution with new display\nThis January, Historic Royal Palaces, the independent charity that cares for the Banqueting House on Whitehall, invites visitors to view a new permanent display about the execution of Charles I.\nThe display, which will be installed in time for the anniversary of Charles’s execution, will lead visitors close to the spot where he stepped out on to the specially constructed scaffold and met his untimely death. Through a series of interpretation, the display will tell the story of the events leading up to the King’s execution, which visitors will be able to read as they climb the stairs to the main hall. These events not only led to Charles’s death, but culminated in Civil War, political unrest and, ultimately, the abolition of the British monarchy and the birth of the Commonwealth of England. Underneath the magnificent full-length portrait of Charles I by Daniel Mytens, a dramatic film will show the final few hours of the man who fought tirelessly for the divine right of Kings as he bids farewell to his children and burns his personal papers in preparation for death.\nAs visitors follow the new display up the grand stairs, watch the emotive film, and gaze up at this opulent ceiling on the anniversary of his death, they are thrust into the past, an age of decadence, royalty and revolution.\nFollowing nine years of Civil War, Charles I eventually surrendered and was put on trial in January 1649. His enemies put him on trial for tyranny and treason, the verdict was guilty, the sentence – death. ‘By the severing of his head from his body’, Charles’s fate was decided. As he stepped out of a window, on the 30 January 1649, and on to the scaffold outside Banqueting House, he announced “I go from a corruptible, to an incorruptible Crown; where no disturbance can be.” As the axe fell, ‘a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may never hear again’ went up from the crowd watching the unimaginable event – the killing of the Lord’s anointed sovereign. This realisation, and the dignity with which the King conducted himself, created a great wave of emotion for the dead monarch. Charles I was recognised as a martyr and 30 January is remembered as Charles the Martyr day.\nThe Banqueting House is the only remaining complete building of Whitehall Palace, the sovereign’s principal residence until 1698 when it was destroyed by fire. Designed by Inigo Jones for James I, the Banqueting House was originally built for occasions of state, plays and masques. The magnificent ceiling paintings by Sir Peter Paul Rubens were commissioned by Charles to celebrate his father’s life, wise government and the divine right of Kings. Ironic, therefore, that Charles would have walked underneath this ceiling moments before his execution.\nEntrance to this new permanent display is included in the palace’s admission price.\nNotes to editors\nHistoric Royal Palaces is the independent charity that looks after the Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, the Banqueting House, Kensington Palace and Kew Palace. We help everyone explore the story of how monarchs and people have shaped society, in some of the greatest palaces ever built. We receive no funding from the Government or the Crown, so we depend on the support of our visitors, members, donors, volunteers and sponsors.\nThese palaces are owned by The Queen on behalf of the nation, and we manage them for the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. We believe in four principles. Guardianship: giving these palaces a future as long and valuable as their past. Discovery: encouraging people to make links with their own lives and today’s world. Showmanship: doing everything with panache. Independence: having our own point of view and finding new ways to do our work. Registered charity number 1068852.\nSome files are provided in PDF format - you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view these files.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How large would a fish tank for a group of 10 or 30 have to be?\nOffered by Jan.\nIf you have fish that are able to multiply every month with success, and you are with 30 people and each eats two - three fish a week then you will consume in total between 60 - 90 fish a week. That is a lot of fish. One fish a week per person would come down to a total of 30 fish per week and 120 every month. If the fish is about the size of a general human foot and about a general hand thick then that would do fine. So the type of fish you should be keeping must be:\n- fast breeding\n- fast growing\n- not picky with food (a lot of fish types are)\n- insensitive to fluctuations in temperature\n- not needy of a lot of space\n- not too small (about 20 cm and up)\n- resistant to many diseases, has to be a strong type\n- insensitive to fluctuations in water pH and dH. (acidity and hardness)\nThe above are important factors for providing a consistency in the supply and quality of this food resource. Best thing to do is to look at the type of fish that fish farms breed where freshwater fish is concerned:\n- Tilapia (subtropical)\nthen there are other types of animals that can be grown and bred in captivity as a food source:\n- fresh water prawns\n- fresh water crabs (they do tend to eat each other though but need but small space each)\n- crawfish (type of lobster from fresh water), like the Australian yappie (again, might eat each other sometimes. Solution to that problem is having them in several different tanks or one tank divided in smaller sections).\nI do not know how large the fish tanks should minimally be, it is very important that you know the right amount of fish per tank, as crowding will stop the fish from breeding and the water quality will deteriorate rapidly. Water needs to be oxygenated. You can do this by aeration, meaning you have an apparatus that blows bubbles from the bottom of the tank. For this you need an air pump. You can also get the same effect of oxygenating the water without the bubbles, but then you need to have the surface of the water in constant motion. A water pump is needed here where the water is pumped into the tank from above, breaking the surface of the water. The water needs to be in constant motion and needs to be filtered. Filtration can be done mechanically via a water pump pumping the water through a filtration tank, or biologically by letting the water flow from the fish tank into a tank with plants where the organic substances in the water are used by the plants to grow (so you need light here too).\nOffered by Michel.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Table of Contents\nBus Topology | What Is Bus Topology? A In a LAN (Local Area Network), a bus topology is used when multiple nodes are connected to a single cable rather than a single backbone. Different devices are connected via a coaxial cable/RJ-45 connection. In a bus topology, if one of the cables fails, the entire network will fail. Alternate cables may be used for network security purposes. In comparison to other topologies, this is a very simple sort of network topology since it can be readily arranged.\nBus Topology In Computer Network:\nIn comparison to other types of topologies, bus topology in a computer network does not require additional connections throughout the installation. If one of the network’s nodes fails, the remaining nodes will continue to function. As a result, it is highly straightforward to add the most recent nodes to the network without delaying other nodes.\nDue to data loss, this topology is not appropriate for long-distance networking. This type of topology will not work if the nodes are spread out in different directions, hence mesh, star, or ring topologies should be used instead.\nAs a result, this topology is suitable for short-distance networking. In comparison to a star topology, it requires less cables. The data transfer rate will be slowed if more devices are added to this architecture. Terminators are necessary on both sides of the cable. If an error occurs in this network topology, it is extremely difficult to discover and resolve the problem.\nBus topology diagram:\nBus Topology Diagram is as below.\nOne type of network topology is a bus topology. A single cable with a terminator is used at each end of this configuration. This one wire is quite beneficial for connecting all of the nodes that are currently available. There is no limit to how many nodes can be connected to a network, however these nodes will have an impact on network performance.\nOne of the nodes in this topology acts as a server, allowing data to be sent from one end to the other in a specific manner. The terminator will remove the data from the line once it reaches the endpoint.\nBecause this design holds the sent data through the cable, one large cable serves as the backbone for the entire network. When this data arrives at each node, the node will check the destination address to see if it matches their address or not.\nThe node will stop working if the destination address does not match. However, they process the data if the node’s destination address is the same as the address included within the data. The backbone cable in this topology is primarily determined by the network card installed on each computer. This card can be connected using either a coaxial cable or a network cable.\nExamples of bus topology:\nThe following are some instances of bus topologies.\n- To connect two levels with a single line, a bus network typologies is employed.\n- An Ethernet network employs a bus network typologies.\n- One computer acts as a server, while the other acts as a client in this network arrangement.\n- The server’s primary function is to share data between different client PCs.\n- In companies or at home, a bus topology network is used to connect printers and I/O devices.\nBus topology advantages and disadvantages:\nThe following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of bus network topology.\nAdvantages of bus topology:\nThe following are some of the benefits of bus topologies.\n- The bus topology is a simple design for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion.\n- Simple to comprehend\n- It’s simple to expand this topology by connecting two cables.\n- When the network is small, this topology is effective.\n- This is a particularly cost-effective topology when compared to other topologies.\n- The needed wire length is smaller as compared to a star topology.\n- It is quite simple to connect or disconnect devices from the network without disrupting other devices.\nDisadvantages of Bus topology:\nThe following are some of the drawbacks of bus network technic.\n- This type of architecture isn’t suitable for huge networks.\n- When compared to other topologies, this one is incredibly sluggish.\n- It’s difficult to figure out what’s wrong with the network.\n- Pocket loss is significant.\n- It’s difficult to troubleshoot each device’s problems.\n- If the cable is destroyed, the entire network will divide into two halves or be ruined.\n- Terminators are required at both ends of the cable.\n- When more devices are linked, the network becomes slower.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Severely overweight adolescents aged between 14 and 18 who want to lose weight and have enough will power to get up and exercise are best off combining strength training and cardio workouts. Canadian researchers at the University of Calgary believe that the combination leads to more fat loss than either strength training or cardio training alone.\nIn the Canadian study, which was recently published on the prestigious JAMA website, the researchers got fat teenagers to train four times a week for 22 weeks. They also put the adolescents on a diet that provided them with 250 kcal fewer than they burned.\nIn total the researchers used 304 subjects, making it a large study. This is probably one of the reasons that the researchers were able to publish their findings in JAMA.\nThe researchers divided their subjects into four groups. One, the control group, ate less but did no exercise. Another group did strength training, yet another did cardio, and the fourth group did both kinds of training. All active groups also ate a reduced-calorie diet.\nThe combination group lost most fat: 1.7 kg. The cardio and strength training groups lost only 1.2 and 1.3 kg fat respectively. The subjects in the control group actually put on weight during the experiment.\nThe active group members’ fat loss was mainly in the waist region, as the figure above shows.\n“Aerobic training, resistance training, and their combination decreased percentage body fat in obese adolescents”, the Canadians conclude. “Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training tended to be superior to aerobic training alone in decreasing percentage body fat, waist circumference, and BMI.”\n“Adolescents who want to maximize the effect of exercise on these variables should ideally perform both aerobic and resistance exercise, but significant benefit can be achieved through either type of exercise alone.”\nHmm… Those adolescents are going to have to be pretty motivated. The Canadians’ results are pretty pathetic: almost six months of exercising daily and only 2 kg fat loss to show for it? These teens must have trained like wimps and not taken the diet seriously at all.\nEffects of Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Both on Percentage Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Obese Adolescents: The Healthy Eating Aerobic and Resistance Training in Youth Randomized Clinical Trial.\nLittle evidence exists on which exercise modality is optimal for obese adolescents.\nTo determine the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined training on percentage body fat in overweight and obese adolescents.\nDesign, Setting, and Participants:\nRandomized, parallel-group clinical trial at community-based exercise facilities in Ottawa (Ontario) and Gatineau (Quebec), Canada, among previously inactive postpubertal adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (Tanner stage IV or V) with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex or at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular risk factor.\nAfter a 4-week run-in period, 304 participants were randomized to the following 4 groups for 22 weeks: aerobic training (n?=?75), resistance training (n?=?78), combined aerobic and resistance training (n?=?75), or nonexercising control (n?=?76). All participants received dietary counseling, with a daily energy deficit of 250 kcal.\nMain Outcomes and Measures:\nThe primary outcome was percentage body fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 6 months. We hypothesized that aerobic training and resistance training would each yield greater decreases than the control and that combined training would cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.\nDecreases in percentage body fat were -0.3 (95% CI, -0.9 to 0.3) in the control group, -1.1 (95% CI, -1.7 to -0.5) in the aerobic training group (P?=?.06 vs controls), and -1.6 (95% CI, -2.2 to -1.0) in the resistance training group (P?=?.002 vs controls). The -1.4 (95% CI, -2.0 to -0.8) decrease in the combined training group did not differ significantly from that in the aerobic or resistance training group. Waist circumference changes were -0.2 (95% CI, -1.7 to 1.2) cm in the control group, -3.0 (95% CI, -4.4 to -1.6) cm in the aerobic group (P?=?.006 vs controls), -2.2 (95% CI -3.7 to -0.8) cm in the resistance training group (P?=?.048 vs controls), and -4.1 (95% CI, -5.5 to -2.7) cm in the combined training group. In per-protocol analyses (?70% adherence), the combined training group had greater changes in percentage body fat (-2.4, 95% CI, -3.2 to -1.6) vs the aerobic group (-1.2; 95% CI, -2.0 to -0.5; P?=?.04 vs the combined group) but not the resistance group (-1.6; 95% CI, -2.5 to -0.8).\nConclusions and Relevance:\nAerobic, resistance, and combined training reduced total body fat and waist circumference in obese adolescents. In more adherent participants, combined training may cause greater decreases than aerobic or resistance training alone.\nclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00195858.\n[PubMed – as supplied by publisher]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Wildfires in the Arctic Circle, drought-stricken farmers and a spike in hospital treatment for sunburn: an unusually long heatwave this summer has northern Europe in its grip.\nFarmers across the region have warned that crop yields will be down while poor grass quality is affecting the quality of milk and the availability of animal fodder.\nIn Sweden, where temperatures are the highest for a century, farmers are even sending their animals to slaughter because there is no hay left to feed them.\nTheir plight is extreme, but echoes concerns across Europe with weeks of soaring temperatures and little rain.\nPoland has asked the EU for financial aid after more than 91,000 farms were affected by an unusual spring drought, according to the agriculture ministry.\nLatvia declared a national state of disaster in its farms sector in June and also requested early payment of agricultural subsidies from Brussels.\nA massive wildfire forced the evacuation of a village in western Latvia earlier this week, which firefighters were still struggling to contain on Friday.\nVolunteers, including local farmers who helped transport water through the forests in their tractors, joined the army and national guard to help fight the blaze.\nThe high temperatures also brought downpours, including flash flooding in the Tatra mountain area spanning the Polish-Slovak border.\nAround 300 people were evacuated on Thursday night from a village on the Slovak side, rescue officials said.\nTwo people take a walk near the water`s edge, where the water level has dropped significantly during the UK heatwave, of Torside Reservoir in Longdendale, Derbyshire, Britain, on 3 July 2018. Photo: ReutersIn Germany, which suffered a drought in May and June, agricultural producers warned the harvest this year will be down by between 20 and 50 per cent.\nA wildfire earlier this month in the eastern state of Saxe-Anhalt had destroyed 80 hectares (198 acres) of forest.\nIn Britain, a wildfire on Saddleworth moor in northwest England, believed to have been started by arson, raged for three weeks before it was put out on Thursday.\nWith just 47 millimetres (1.8 inches) of rain recorded in Britain between 1 June and 16 July, fire chiefs have warned that parks and other grasslands are like a \"tinderbox\".\nParis bus driver Abdelkader poses in a bus wearing a bermuda, the new RATP uniform allowed during heat waves in the French capital, in Paris, France, on 4 July 2018. Photo: ReutersLast weekend saw an area the size of 100 football pitches burn near Epping Forest, east of London.\n- 'Praying for rain' –\n\"I never thought I'd say this, but we are praying for rain,\" said the British capital's fire chief Dany Cotton.\nA ban on hosepipes and sprinklers is being introduced in northwest England on 5 August, prompting advice for people to water their gardens with bath water.\nMeanwhile, doctors warned of an increase in hospital attendance and admissions due to dehydration and sunburn, particularly among elderly patients.\nElsewhere, Portugal's interior ministry said it would be sending two amphibious fire-fighting planes to Sweden, battling the heatwave and a drought which have combined to spark a number of wildfires in southern regions.\nFrance, Italy, Poland and Norway have also responded to Swedish appeals for help.\nThe boot was on the other foot last year when Portugal had to call on its neighbours to help contain a series of deadly forest blazes which left 112 people dead.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Legislation that would return the 8,400-year-old bones of Kennewick Man to Columbia Basin tribes could become law in the coming weeks.\nThe legislation proposed by Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., in August 2015 made it over an important hurdle on Monday.\nThe legislation was added to the Water Resources Development Act in April, improving its chances of passing. But the act needed to make it out of a conference committee — in which House and Senate officials reconcile differences in the House and Senate versions of the bill and agree on what would remain in the bill — by the end of the session.\nMonday, officials released the reconciled bill, renamed the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act. After compromises elsewhere in the act, the bill still includes the legislation to return Kennewick Man’s skeleton to tribes.\nThe bill will require a vote of the House, which is expected in the next few days, followed by a vote of the Senate.\n“This is about doing right by the descendants of the Ancient One,” Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., said in a statement. “After more than 20 years of debate, I’m proud to see this legislation so close to finally bringing the Ancient One home.”\nBecause of uncertainty that the legislation would proceed, Northwest tribes have been preparing a case to claim the bones under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.\nTwo decades after his discovery, it is finally time to return the human remains to the Columbia Basin tribes, where he belongs.\nRep. Dan Newhouse, R-Wash.\nThe bones of Kennewick Man, called the Ancient One by the tribes, were found along the Columbia River in the summer of 1996 on Army Corps of Engineers land in Kennewick. The skeleton is one of the oldest and most complete sets of bones found in North America.\nArea tribes immediately claimed the bones, but a federal judge, swayed by an analysis of the shape of Kennewick Man’s skull, determined that the skeleton was not Native American and allowed scientists to study the bones.\nAdvances in DNA analysis led to a finding by a global team of scientists, including specialists in ancient DNA analysis at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, that the Ancient One’s DNA is more closely related to contemporary Native Americans than any their living population. The contemporary Native Americans, include Colville members, volunteered DNA for the study.\nAlthough DNA from other Columbia Basin tribes claiming the bones was not tested, the tribes have long intermarried.\nShortly after the results of the June study were announced, the Wanapum Band and the Yakama, Nez Perce, Umatilla and Colville tribes again called for the return of the bones.\nAs Murray worked in the Senate, Rep. Dan Newhouse, R-Wash., moved to get legislation that would return the bones to the tribes included in the House version of the Water Resources Development Act. Rep. Denny Heck, D-Wash., also has worked on legislation.\nJust like anyone else, we want to bury our grandfather or grandmother.\nKate Valdez, Yakima Nation\n“Two decades after his discovery, it is finally time to return the human remains to the Columbia Basin tribes, where he belongs,” Newhouse said in a statement Monday.\nThe legislation would require the Army Corps to transfer the Ancient One’s bones to the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, which has regulations in place to repatriate tribal remains.\nThe tribes already have selected an undisclosed site for the burial. The bones now are being held at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture at the University of Washington in Seattle.\nIf the legislation is not approved as expected, the tribes are preparing to claim them through the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, or NAGPRA.\nThe Corps already has taken the first step under NAGPRA, determining the DNA evidence correctly determined Kennewick Man is Native American.\nThe area tribes would next need to show a cultural affiliation with the Ancient One.\n“Just like anyone else, we want to bury our grandfather or grandmother,” said Kate Valdez, tribal historic preservation officer for the Yakima Nation, during Archaeological Days at the Wanapum Heritage Center in October.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Space dust analysis could solve mystery of the origins of Earth’s water\nAn international team of scientists may have solved a key mystery about the origins of the Earth’s water, after uncovering persuasive new evidence pointing to an unlikely culprit - the Sun.\nIn a new paper published today in the journal Nature Astronomy, a team of researchers from the UK, Australia and America describe how new analysis of an ancient asteroid suggests that extraterrestrial dust grains carried water to Earth as the planet formed.\nThe water in the grains was produced by space weathering, a process by which charged particles from the Sun known as solar wind altered the chemical composition of the grains to produce water molecules.\nThe finding could answer the longstanding question of just where the unusually water-rich Earth got the oceans which cover 70 percent of its surface – far more than any other rocky planet in our Solar System. It could also help future space missions find sources of water on airless worlds.\nPlanetary scientists have puzzled for decades over the source of Earth’s oceans. One theory suggests that one type of water-carrying space rock known as C-type asteroids could have brought water to the planet in the final stages of its formation 4.6 billion years ago.\nTo test that theory, scientists have previously analysed the isotopic ‘fingerprint’ of chunks of C-type asteroids which have fallen to Earth as water-rich carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. If the ratio of hydrogen and deuterium in the meteorite water matched that of terrestrial water, scientists could conclude that C-type meteorites were the likely source.\nThe results weren’t quite that clear-cut. While some water-rich meteorites’ deuterium/hydrogen fingerprints did indeed match Earth’s water, many did not. On average, these meteorites’ liquid fingerprints didn’t line up with the water found in Earth’s mantle and oceans. Instead, Earth has a different, slightly lighter isotopic fingerprint.\nIn other words, while some of Earth’s water must have come from C-type meteorites, the forming Earth must have received water from at least one more isotopically-light source which originated somewhere else in the Solar System.\nThe University of Glasgow-led team used a cutting-edge analytical process called atom probe tomography to scrutinise samples from a different type of space rock known as an S-type asteroid, which orbit closer to the sun than C-types. The samples they analysed came from an asteroid called Itokawa, which were collected by the Japanese space probe Hayabusa and returned to Earth in 2010.\nAtom probe tomography enabled the team to measure the atomic structure of the grains one atom at a time and detect individual water molecules. Their findings demonstrate that a significant amount of water was produced just below the surface of dust sized grains from Itokawa by space weathering.\nThe early solar system was a very dusty place, providing a great deal of opportunity water to be produced under the surface of spaceborne dust particles. This water-rich dust, the researchers suggest, would have rained down onto the early Earth alongside C-type asteroids as part of the delivery of Earth’s oceans.\nDr Luke Daly, of the University of Glasgow’s School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, is the paper’s lead author. Dr Daly said: “The solar winds are streams of mostly hydrogen and helium ions which flow constantly from the Sun out into space. When those hydrogen ions hit an airless surface like an asteroid or a spaceborne dust particle, they penetrate a few tens of nanometres below the surface, where they can affect the chemical composition of the rock. Over time, the ‘space weathering’ effect of the hydrogen ions can eject enough oxygen atoms from materials in the rock to create H2O – water – trapped within minerals on the asteroid.\n“Crucially, this solar wind-derived water produced by the early solar system is isotopically light. That strongly suggests that fine-grained dust, buffeted by the solar wind and drawn into the forming Earth billions of years ago, could be the source of the missing reservoir of the planet’s water.”\nProf. Phil Bland, a John Curtin Distinguished Professor at the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Curtin University and co-author of the paper said “Atom probe tomography lets us take an incredibly detailed look inside the first 50 nanometres or so of the surface of dust grains on Itokawa, which orbits the sun in 18-month cycles. It allowed us to see that this fragment of space-weathered rim contained enough water that, if we scaled it up, would amount to about 20 litres for every cubic metre of rock.”\nCo-author Prof. Michelle Thompson of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at Purdue University added: “It’s the kind of measurement that simply would not have been possible without this remarkable technology. It gives us an extraordinary insight into how tiny dust particles floating in space might help us balance the books on the isotopic composition of the Earth’s water, and give us new clues to help solve the mystery of its origins.”\nThe researchers took great care to ensure that the results of their testing were accurate, undertaking additional experiments with other sources to verify their results.\nDr Daly added: “The atom probe tomography system at Curtin University is world-class, but it had never really been used to for the sort of analysis of hydrogen we were undertaking here. We wanted to be sure that the results that we were seeing were accurate. I presented our preliminary results at the Lunar and Planetary Science conference in 2018, and asked if any colleagues in attendance would help us validate our findings with samples of their own. To our delight, colleagues at the NASA Johnson Space Center and the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Purdue, Virginia and Northern Arizona Universities, Idaho and Sandia national laboratories all offered to help. They gave us samples of similar minerals irradiated with helium and deuterium instead of hydrogen, and from atom probe results of those materials it quickly became clear that what we were seeing in Itokawa was extraterrestrial in origin.\n“The colleagues that offered their support on this research really amounts to a dream team for space weathering, so we’re very excited by the evidence that we’ve collected. It could open the door to a much better understanding of what the early Solar System looked like and how the Earth and its oceans were formed.”\nProfessor John Bradley, of the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, a co-author of the paper, added: As recently as a decade ago, the notion that solar wind irradiation is relevant to the origin of water in the solar system, much less relevant to Earth's oceans, would have been greeted with skepticism. By showing for the first time that water is produced in-situ on the surface of an asteroid, our study builds on the accumulating body of evidence that the interaction of the solar wind with oxygen-rich dust grains does indeed produce water.\n“Since dust that was abundant throughout the solar nebula prior to the onset of planetesimal accretion was inevitably irradiated, water produced by this mechanism is directly relevant to the origin of water in planetary systems and possibly the isotopic composition of Earth's oceans.\"\nTheir estimates of just how much water might be contained in space-weathered surfaces also suggest a way future space explorers could manufacture supplies of water on even the most seemingly arid planets.\nCo-author Professor Hope Ishii of the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa said: “One of the problems of future human space exploration is how astronauts will find enough water to keep them alive and accomplish their tasks without carrying it with them on their journey.\n“We think it’s reasonable to assume that the same space weathering process which created the water on Itokawa will have occurred to one degree or another on many airless worlds like the Moon or the asteroid Vesta. That could mean that space explorers may well be able to process fresh supplies of water straight from the dust on the planet’s surface. It’s exciting to think that the processes which formed the planets could help to support human life as we reach out beyond Earth.”\nDr Daly added: “NASA’s Artemis project is setting out to establish a permanent base on the Moon. If the lunar surface has a similar water reservoir sourced by the solar wind this research uncovered on Itokawa, it would represent an enormous and valuable resource to aid in achieving that goal.”\nThe team’s paper, titled ‘Solar Wind Contribution’s to the Earth’s Oceans’, is published in Nature Astronomy.\nResearchers from the University of Glasgow, Curtin University, the University of Sydney, the University of Oxford, the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, the Natural History Museum, Idha National Laboratory, Lockheed Martin, Sandia National Laboratories, NASA Johnson Space Center, the University of Virginia, Northern Arizona University and Purdue University all contributed to the paper.\nThe research was supported by funding from the Science and Technologies Funding Council, part of UKRI; Scottish Alliance for Geoscience; Environment and Society (SAGES); United Arab Emirates (UAE) Seed Grant; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Science and Industry Endowment Fund (Science & Industry Endowment Fund); Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (ARC DECRA) DE190101307; Australian Research Council LIEF program (ARC LE130100053); DOE | LDRD | Idaho National Laboratory (Idaho National Lab) DOE | National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)\nFirst published: 29 November 2021", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Saikoanalisia au mkabala wa unafsiya ni tawi la saikolojia, ambalo muasisi wake mkuu ni Mwaustria Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Mbinu zake zinachunguza kwanza sehemu ya nafsi isiyoelea kwa kawaida (unconscious mind), lakini ni chanzo cha mengi katika mwenendo wa binadamu ili kumtibu mwenye matatizo ya nafsi.\nTawi hilo liliendelezwa kwa namna mbalimbali na Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Harry Stack Sullivan n.k. Freud retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought..\nTanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]\n- Merton M. Gill, American Mental Health Foundation: \"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description, Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst, even if he comes to conclusions other than his own. ... I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly, as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why. David Rapaport (1967a) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences.\" Gill, Merton M. \"Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Proposals for the Future\", American Mental Health Foundation, archived 10 June 2009\n- Jane Milton, Caroline Polmear, Julia Fabricius. A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis. SAGE, 2011, 27. \"All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning.\"\n- Birnbach, Martin. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy, Stanford University Press, 1961, 3.\n- Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. Penguin Books, 2000, 341.\n|Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu. |\nJe, unajua kitu kuhusu Saikoanalisia kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine?\nLabda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?\nBasi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Why are some people allergic to certain foods?\nMore in Health\nAngela Uwamahoro has a 12-month-old baby. While introducing him to solid food she noticed that he could not tolerate cow milk. The baby vomited and became pale whenever he tasted milk. After realising this trend, Uwamahoro suspended cow milk, but she wonders what could be behind that condition. The condition is none other than food allergy.\nAccording to medics, all allergic reactions are a result of the body’s defense mechanism against foreign intruders it (mistakenly) perceives as harmful. In that case the immune system responds to the threat by pumping out antibodies, which in turn triggers the release of protective chemicals.\nDr Edgar Kalimba , a pediatrician at King Faisal Hospital, Kigali, says though any food can cause such an allergic response, some are notorious for provoking the immune system, while others are almost universally harmless. While any food can cause an adverse reaction, eight types of food account for about 90 per cent of all reactions. These include eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, wheat and soy.\nKalimba says symptoms of a food allergy can range from mild to severe. Just because an initial reaction causes few problems doesn’t mean that all reactions will be similar; a food that triggered only mild symptoms on one occasion may cause more severe symptoms at another time.\n“The most severe allergic reaction is anaphylaxis, a life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction that can impair your breathing, cause a dramatic drop in your blood pressure and affect your heart rate. Anaphylaxis can come within minutes of exposure to the trigger food. It can be fatal and must be treated promptly with an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline),” he explains.\nKalimba adds that children may outgrow their allergic reactions to milk and eggs. Peanut and tree nut allergies are likely to persist. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may involve the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system and the respiratory tract, he says.\nThe medic explains that allergies can surface in one or more of the following ways: Vomiting and/or stomach cramps, shortness of breath, wheezing, repetitive cough, shock or circulatory collapse, tight, hoarse throat, trouble swallowing and swelling of the tongue, among others.\n“Most food-related symptoms occur within two hours of ingestion; often they start within minutes. In some very rare cases, the reaction may be delayed by four to six hours or even longer. Delayed reactions are most typically seen in children who develop eczema as a symptom of food allergy and in people with a rare allergy to red meat caused by the bite of a lone star tick,” he says.\nHowever, Dieudonne Bukaba, a nutrition expert, says not everyone who experiences symptoms after eating certain foods has a food allergy or needs to avoid that food entirely; for instance, some people experience an itchy mouth and throat after eating a raw vegetable.\n“This may indicate oral allergy syndrome - a reaction to pollen, not to the food itself. The immune system recognizes the pollen and similar proteins in the food and directs an allergic response to it. The allergen is destroyed by heating the food, which can then be consumed with no problem,” he says.\nDiagnosing food allergies\nBukaba says a food allergy will usually cause some sort of reaction every time the trigger food is eaten. Symptoms can vary from person to person, and one may not always experience the same symptoms during every reaction.\nTo make a diagnosis, the medics ask detailed questions about your medical history and your symptoms. Be prepared to answer questions about: What and how much you ate, how long it took for symptoms to develop, what symptoms you experienced and how long they lasted.\n“After taking your history, skin tests and/or blood tests can be taken which indicate whether food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are present in your body. A liquid containing a tiny amount of the food allergen is placed on the skin of your arm or back.\n“Blood tests, which are a bit less exact than skin tests, measure the amount of IgE antibody to the specific food(s) being tested. The results of these tests are used in making a diagnosis. Once a food allergy is diagnosed, the most effective treatment is to avoid the food but also a patient may get prescribed medicines to alleviate the symptoms,” Bukaba explains.\nHe adds that in some cases, an oral food challenge is taken. This test is helpful when the patient history is unclear or if the skin or blood tests are inconclusive. It also can be used to determine if an allergy has been outgrown.\n“During an oral food challenge, which is conducted under strict medical supervision, the patient is fed tiny amounts of the suspected trigger food in increasing doses over a period of time, followed by a few hours of observation to see if a reaction occurs,” Bukaba says.\nManagement and treatment\nClaudette Kayitesi, a nutritionist at University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, says the primary way to manage a food allergy is to avoid consuming the food that causes you problems. “Carefully check ingredient labels of food products, and learn whether what you need to avoid is known by other names. Other medications may be prescribed to treat symptoms of a food allergy.”\nCan you outgrow food allergies?\nKayitesi says children generally, but not always, outgrow allergies to milk, egg, soy and wheat. If a food allergy develops as an adult, chances are much lower you will outgrow it. Food allergies in adults tend to be life long, though there has not been a lot of research in this area.\nMedics say the only way to prevent a food allergy reaction is to avoid the food and any items that contain it as an ingredient. Ongoing studies indicate it may be possible to “desensitise” children, even those with severe reactions.\nHowever, exclusive breast-feeding for at least six months decreases the incidence of atopic dermatitis, cow’s milk allergy and wheezing in early life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "We have a lot of injury attorneys on our show from time to time. They all indicate that the damaged brain is unpredictable. But what about a normal brain? Recently a Finnish study research group found that human brain performance fluctuates in time scales, from seconds to minute. There was an inconsistency in the dynamics of the brain with indexing by neuronal scaling laws predicted in individual behavioral variability and conscious detection of extremely weak stimuli. The indication is that individual neuronal dynamics underlie the individual variability in human cognition and performance. The data shows this can lead to a better understanding of the neuronal mechanism of neuropsychiatric diseases, where behavioral dynamics are abnormal.\nThe neural dynamics in the behavioral unpredictability has been unknown, but the study found that human performance cognitive tasks vary from moment to moment, in a way that the similar behavioral performance is found to be clustered into streaks.Power-law and scale-free distribution is observed in natural systems, such as earth quakes, gene regulation, sand piles and brain activity, this is referred to as “avalanche dynamics.” What has been unknown is the functional significance of neuronal scale-free behavior and whether it is epiphenomena without having further importance.\nResearcher Matias Palva the projected leader in the Finland Neuroscience Center of the University of Helsinki stated, they investigated the individual variability in scaling-laws of visual and auditory stimuli presented in the entry of detection, which could be predicted by inconsistency in the neuronal scaling laws.\nIndividual Neuron Dynamics\nA magneto and electroencephalography was used in recording non-invasive human brain activity, during task performance. Researchers found both behavioral and neuronal dynamics were exemplified by scale-free dynamics. Individual unpredictability in neuronal scaling laws helped in predicting the individual scaling laws in behavioral performance.\nThe Finnish study research leader Stau Palva said, “the results show that the individual behavorial and psychophysical inconsistency in task performance.” This is a result of the inherent variability of individual neuronal dynamics. So as more and more is learned about the gray matter we call brains, we all understand that even a healthy brain is variable.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "“The find can be dated to the third century and will definitely change the historical perception of that time,” Dr. Henning Haßmann told The Local.\nThe amazing discovery allows an insight in what must have been a dramatic battle between Romans and Germanic tribes. “The find indicates a massive Roman military presence,” Haßmann said.\nSo far historians believed that the battle of the Teutoburg Forest, which took place in 9 AD, resulted in the Roman’s Empire withdrawal from Germania without any further attempt to conquer the land beyond the Rhine River again. But the unearthing of the battleground near the village of Kalefeld proves that Rome didn’t give up its expansionary ambitions until much later than previously assumed.\n“It is pretty normal to find evidence of Roman culture all over even up in Scotland, but a find like this in northern Germany is really amazing,” Haßmann said. “And it’s spectacularly well preserved.”\nThe dig has already brought some 600 artefacts to light during the last three months, most of them ancient weapons.\nThe exact location has been kept a secret so far, to keep private collectors at bay, Haßmann said. But it will be revealed on Monday by Lower Saxony’s minister for science and culture, Lutz Stratmann, as well as the archaeologists that were involved in the excavation.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "‘A fabulous story, superbly told … cannot be bettered’ Max Hastings\n‘Some battles change nothing. Waterloo changed almost everything.’\nOn the 18th June 1815 the armies of France, Britain and Prussia descended upon a quiet valley south of Brussels. In the previous three days the French army had beaten the British at Quatre-Bras and the Prussians at Ligny. The Allies were in retreat.\nThe blood-soaked battle of Waterloo would become a landmark in European history, to be examined over and again, not least because until the evening of the 18th, the French army was close to prevailing on the battlefield.\nNow, brought to life by the celebrated novelist Bernard Cornwell, this is the chronicle of the four days leading up to the actual battle and a thrilling hour-by-hour account of that fateful day.\nIn his first work of non-fiction, Cornwell combines his storytelling skills with a meticulously researched history to give a riveting account of every dramatic moment, from Napoleon’s escape from Elba to the smoke and gore of the battlefields. Through letters and diaries he also sheds new light on the private thoughts of Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington, as well as the ordinary officers and soldiers.\nPublished to coincide with the bicentenary in 2015, Waterloo is a tense and gripping story of heroism and tragedy – and of the final battle that determined the fate of Europe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "I seem to get an endless stream of emails advising of toy and equipment recalls for young childrens' safety from various companies.\nA parent should be just as concerned at the purchase stage for their childs eye safety when choosing new toys. As a child is born with underdeveloped sight newbons will only see things really close up and once they get to toddling age they are often farsighted. By school age some kids need corrective glasses. A child is always being visually stimulated and nothing does that more so than a toy. As most childhood accidents occur at home many of them are relevant to the choice of toy as kids spend a lot of time time playing with them so it's really important to ensure that those you choose are safe overall as well as safe for their eye health.\nToy size is important. If a toy is large enough to not be mouthed but can be manipulated into smaller pieces then put the toy away until your child is older. Ensure their constructed so they won't break apart and double-check that paints and finishes are non-toxic and not likely to peel or flake off.\nCuddly toys should avoid having ribbons or buttons on them that can be pulled off or will catch eyes and skin and without debate avoid toys with sharp or rough edges. Long handled toys should ideally have rounded handles, and always be supervised when being played with.\nAvoid toys that shoot objects into the air like bows and arrows , slingshots or dart guns especially for children under 6. Older children that play with chemistry sets or woodworking tools should be given plastic safety goggles. It is a good rule to stick with the age related or developmental recommendations on toys.\nThe World Against Toys Causing Harm (W.A.T.C.H.) back in 2011 featured two toys that could particularly cause harm to a child's eyes. Though age recommendations were given on the packaging and warnings for choking hazards were provided none of them mentioned warnings for eye safety though they obviously posed a threat for such, as such they were recalled.\nAs toy manufacturers don't always get the age recommendations on their packaging right, the burden is on you as the consumer and parent to be smart and not allow your young child to play with toys that could easily result in an eye injury and even vision loss.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Dominican Republic is a nation of incredible wealth and natural beauty; however, much of the nation’s population is impoverished. According to the International Monetary Fund, the average Dominican makes less than a fifth of the income that the average American makes as measured by GDP per capita (PPP). In fact, the minimum wage of the Dominican Republic is about 85 cents per hour. As a result, many Dominican families must work seemingly never-ending shifts in “sweat shops” that are all too often owned by massive American corporations.\nSince our students are consumers of products made for American corporations, Mr. Osei and I tasked our students with designing their own garment factory. Students had to set their employees’ wage levels, establish work shift policies, brainstorm appropriate rules and responsibilities and develop mission statements for their organizations. Over the next hour, we were completely blown away by our students’ reflections. When we asked students what they wanted their factories’ missions to be, a few students suggested that they wanted their factories to help give opportunities to impoverished youth. Other students said that their factories would help train “unskilled” workers. Even more students said that their factories should financially support local communities. Surprisingly, not one student said that our factories should be focused on making profits. Furthermore, our students set higher wages in order to allow families to earn living wages.\nAfter this exercise, we looked at a very real factory that has incorporated similar ideas. A few years ago, Knights Apparel opened a factory in Villa Altagracia in order to manufacture college sports gear and apparel. Instead of paying the minimum wage, Knights Apparel pays its employees three times this amount. In a New York Times article on the factory, employees consistently pointed out how these higher wages allowed them to make substantial improvements to their living conditions. While other apparel companies highly doubt that the factory will survive, Knights Apparel has continued to prosper with continued support from college clothing stores. Of course, this wasn’t surprising to our students because they know that with hard work and community support, anything is possible.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As a parent there are few things more frustrating than packing a lunch for your child to take to school, only to find it squashed and mouldy at the bottom of their school bag a week later.\nIt can be challenging to strike the balance between a healthy and an enticing lunch box, but there are ways to ensure the food you send with your child doesn’t make the round trip home.\nAccredited practising dietitian Jane O’Shea, from Diet Effects in Warrawong, says it is important to add variety to a lunch box, to keep it interesting for both the chef and the mini reviewer.\nShe says including foods of different colours, textures and shapes will encourage kids to try, and get used to, eating different things.\nAn ideal lunch box for a primary school student includes carbohydrates for energy, a protein source such as cold meat or cheese to aid with growth, some dairy such as a low-fat milk drink to create strong bones, and fruit and vegetables.\nDeciding how much food to pack your child can be difficult, but ensuring they have enough for both recess and lunch is key. Many schools also set aside a few minutes in class for students to ‘‘munch and crunch’’ on fruit and vegetables, so celery or carrot sticks, nashi slices or grapes are ideal as they don’t create waste.\n‘‘ Bearing in mind that their tummies are quite small, they need energy-dense food so they can eat a small amount that delivers good energy,’’ O’Shea says.\nRepetition breeds boredom, so parents sick of making the same Vegemite and cheese sandwich, crusts off, day after day, can use sandwiches to sneak more vegetables into their child’s diet.\nAdding vegetables that won’t go soggy, such as tomatoes especially grown to work well on bread, or mixing corn kernels in with a cream cheese spread will ensure your child gets the nutrients they need.\n‘‘Even beetroot, I know this sounds a bit scary to put in a lunch box, but beetroot mixed with cream cheese makes a nice spread, and it’s pink and colourful,’’ adds O’Shea.\nShe also suggests filling combinations such as grated carrot, sultanas and cream cheese; tomato, cheese and cold meat, and, for the more adventurous littlies, tuna mixed with sweet corn on wholemeal or wholegrain bread slices, rolls or wraps.\nWhile it can be tempting to add a small chocolate or a packet of chips to the mix, O’Shea instead recommends changing the idea of what a ‘‘treat’’ is.\n‘‘It could instead be strawberries, a slice of mango rather than a chocolate; it could be a little bag of popcorn or a homemade mini muffin as a treat,’’ she says.\n‘‘Keep party foods for parties and body and brain building food for school.’’\nWhile it is harder to control what your child buys at the canteen when given a few dollars to source their own lunch, O’Shea says simply encouraging them to choose healthier options – of which there are probably a stack – can work wonders.\nIf you’re sick of making the same old sandwiches, then your kids are also probably sick of eating them. Try mixing it up and adding colour.Picture: CATHERINE YEULET\nQuick lunch box tips\n• Use a cooler bag, or add a frozen ice container to your child’s lunch box to keep food cool and protect products like low-fat yoghurt or cheese slices during the day.\n• Water is the best drink a child can take to school. While a low-fat milk drink adds an extra serve of dairy during the day, all kids should have a drink bottle filled with water. Look for brightly coloured or patterned bottles with parts that can be frozen to keep the drink cool during the day. Juice poppers should only be an occasional treat.\n• Most schools have policies against children bringing nuts to school to protect kids with a nut allergy, so check the ingredients list on any snacks before you buy. Steer clear of peanut butter sandwiches, and remind your kids to wash their hands after they eat to remove any food traces.\n• Get your children involved in choosing and packing what they take for recess and lunch. Start small by making them responsible for selecting what fruit they want to eat during the week, or put them in charge of filling up their drink bottle each morning.\n• Parents stumped for inspiration on what to put in that brightly coloured box can even turn to apps full of ideas, such as free downloads Kids Lunch Box Diet Recipes and Healthy Snacks For Kids.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Superweeds, a side-effect of growing Roundup-Ready genetically modified (GM) crops, are a growing problem. Roundup-Ready crops, engineered to tolerate weedkiller, are the most popular variety of GM crop today. However, many native weeds have evolved their own defense to weedkiller and now occupy 10 million acres of US farmland. Despite this issue being a direct result of growing GM crops, the Obama administration and USDA recently made it clear, they firmly stand beside biotechnology.\nAnn Wright, a deputy undersecretary at the USDA, told a House oversight subcommittee last week:\nThis administration and USDA see biotechnology as being a very important tool for farmers to use in addressing some very important issues, globally and domestically. All the options we look at have to be supportive of that.\nYes, you read that right. In finding a solution, the Obama administration and USDA will only consider options supporting the same technology that created the problem.\nWright also stated the USDA did not have authority to regulate weedkiller-tolerant crops leading to superweeds.\nCongressman Dennis Kucinich, Ohio democrat and former presidential candidate, corrected her by stating the department can impose restrictions on weedkiller-tolerant crops under its authority to control noxious weeds. Kucinich advocates creating a moratorium on genetically modified organisms and is holding a series of hearings on the superweed issue.\nMonsanto, the creators of Roundup (a weedkiller also known as glyphosate), is the world’s largest supplier of genetically modified seeds. They alter the DNA of crops to resist weedkiller, then sell both the seed and weedkiller to the farmer. It is supposed to make a farmer’s life easier, as it allows an entire field to be blanketed with weedkiller. The GM crops survive, and the weeds die. It was touted to be more environmentally friendly than the old method of tilling weeds under. But as the years went on, the weeds around the crops grew resistant to weedkiller as well, erasing the benefits of the GM crop.\nThis news reinforces President Obama’s appearance as a politician determined to facilitate biotech world domination. Since winning the presidency, he has made it his mission to fill his administration with a team of biotech all-stars:\nDecember 17, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama nominated Tom Vilsack, a politician well-known for his preference of large industrial farms and genetically modified crops, as US Secretary of Agriculture. Vilsack originated legislation prohibiting local communities from regulating where GM crops could be grown. He was also the founder and former chair of the Governor’s Biotechnology Partnership, and was named Governor of the Year by the Biotechnology Industry Organization.\nJuly 7, 2009, President Obama appointed Michael Taylor, Monsanto-man and poster boy for revolving door politics, as “senior advisor” to the FDA Commissioner. Taylor began his career as staff attorney for the FDA before moving to a law firm representing Monsanto. He later returned to the FDA as Deputy Commissioner for Policy, where he lead the approval for using Monsanto’s rBGH growth hormone in dairy cows without labeling. From there he moved to the USDA as Administrator of the Food Safety & Inspection Service, before becoming Monsanto’s Vice President for Public Policy.\nSeptember 24, 2009, President Obama appointed Roger Beachy, “the father of GM foods”, as Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). Beachy was the founding president of the Danforth Plant and Science Center, a non-profit arm of Monsanto, where he is still a trustee and member of its scientific advisory board. A part of the USDA, NIFA was developed as a result of a task force chaired by William H. Danforth and appointed by then Secretary of Agriculture, Ann Veneman. Veneman herself has a history in biotech, having served on the board of directors for Calgene Inc, a biotech company later purchased by Monsanto.\nNovember 10, 2009, President Obama nominated Rajiv Shah, GMO and vaccine proponent, as Administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Before this, Shah was Chief Scientist at the USDA (also appointed by Obama), where he worked on launching NIFA. Shah used his USDA position to promote genetic engineering to Congress and direct millions towards GMO research. Prior to his involvement in government, Shah was the agricultural programs director for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, along with the Danforth Plant and Science Center, is one of Monsanto’s key non-profit partners.\nJanuary 13, 2010, President Obama re-appoints Michael Taylor, this time to Deputy Commissioner of Foods for the FDA.\nApril 2, 2010, President Obama appointed Islam A. Siddiqui, a registered biotech lobbyist, as Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Siddiqui is a former VP for Science and Regulatory Affairs at CropLife America, a biotechnology industry consortium. His credentials include lobbying against mandatory labeling of GMO foods in Japan and criticizing the European Union’s precautionary rejection of importing GMOs. Siddiqui is the former Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs at the USDA, where he oversaw the National Organic Program’s standards. These standards initially allowed both irradiated and GM foods to be labeled as organic, but were later revised due to public opposition.\nIt’s no wonder 86% of US farmland is planted with GM crops, a good ‘ol boys network is writing our nation’s agricultural policy!\nMeanwhile, on the opposite end of the agricultural spectrum, the First Lady created an organic garden where she grows produce for the White House kitchen as well as local charities and soup kitchens. She also uses the garden to educate local elementary school children about organic gardening. In addition, the First Lady hosted diplomat spouses of world leaders at the UN General Assembly to a luncheon tour of a local NY farm specializing in seed diversity, local farming and sustainability.\nYou may be baffled, so am I. Is Michelle Obama just a front? Does the President really believe he is helping the world? Or, is he a puppet in the hands of wealthy campaign financiers?\nClearly, the government has ignored the growing number of studies which indicate GM food is unsafe for human or animal consumption. A paper released by The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) shows more than a causal association between GMOs and adverse health effects.\nAccording to the AAEM,\n…several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated with GM food consumption including infertility, immune dysregulation, accelerated aging, dysregulation of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis, insulin regulation, cell signaling, and protein formation, and changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system.\nAnother study, lead by Professor Andrés Carrasco of the Laboratory of Molecular Embryology at the University of Buenos Aires Medical School, demonstrated that glyphosate (Roundup) causes birth defects at far lower doses than those used in agricultural spraying and well below maximum residue levels in products approved by the European Union. The study was initiated because of widespread reports of human malformations in Argentina beginning in 2002. This was two years after farmers began widespread aerial spraying of Roundup on their GM soy crops.\nEven the President’s own Cancer Panel suggests reducing your risk of cancer by “giving preference to food grown without pesticides, chemical fertilizers and growth hormones.” In other words, eat organic.\nWe are faced with a mountain of problems linked to genetically modified organisms and they continue to build: South African farmers were devastated in 2009 when genetically modified maize from Monsanto failed to produce kernels; GM soy has been linked sterility and infant mortality in hamsters; and insecticide-producing GM corn is polluting streams, lakes and rivers. What will be next?\nThe biotech lobbyists have succeeded in preventing GM foods from being labeled thus far, but many are seeking for that to change. This Washington Post public poll clearly shows the public wants to know if they are eating GMOs. But, the biotech industry knows they would have no industry if that was the case. Watch for this issue this coming election and ask your candidates where they stand on GMO Food Labels.\nCongressman Kucinich seems to be one of the only people in Washington taking a stand for integrity and common sense. Let’s hope he still has a job come November.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An animation posted on Twitter has shocked internet users as it shows the impressive size of Jupiter and just how it rapidly spins. Shared by planetary astronomer and science communicator, James O’Donoghue, the clip shows all of the planets of the solar system dominated by Jupiter, which is then dwarfed by the Sun. “Celestial objects to scale in size, rotation speed and tilt,” Dr O’Donoghue, wrote in the caption.\nWatch the clip below:\nCelestial objects to scale in size, rotation speed and tilt ???? pic.twitter.com/KCfjHDABdF\n— Dr. James O’Donoghue (@physicsJ) April 26, 2022\nIn the following tweet, Dr O’Donoghue explained that a day on Jupiter is 9 hours and 56 minutes. “It’s the biggest and also [the] fastest planet. In the early solar system, it grew from loads of Sun-orbiting material, converting the orbital momentum into spin angular momentum. Bigger planets are likely to be fast for this reason,” he added.\nAlso Read | Partial Solar Eclipse on April 30: Will It Be Visible In India? Here’s How To Watch\nSince shared, the video has been viewed over 13 million times. Twitter users have replied to the animation, commenting on both the tremendous size of Jupiter and its rapid rotation rate. “This is very well done. As Douglas Adams once said, we live on an ‘utterly insignificant little blue-green planet,’” wrote one user. “I’ve watched this clip multiple times already, it’s so fascinating. and when Jupiter (!!!) and Saturn begin to appear in the frame??!” added another.\nIt is to mention that according to US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Jupiter, which is the fifth planet from the Sun, is so great in mass that it is twice as massive as all the other planets combined. The planet has a radius that is 11 times the size of Earth.\nClick for more trending news", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Laws of Motion\n1) Balanced forces mean no change in velocity\nMeaning as long as the forces on an object are all balanced, then it'll stay still, unless it's already moving, then it will move at a constant veloocity.\nBUT Things do not need a constant overall force to keep them moving\nTo keep going at a steady speed, there must be zero resultant force\n2) A resultant force means acceleration", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The following work-in-progress page gives some tips relating to using Mapnik to render spatial data (i.e. geometry/geography) from SQL Server.\nThe most important concept to understand about rendering maps in Mapnik is the concept of how features are ordered and layered. Maps are built up from a number of layers, stacked on top of each other using the “Painter’s Algorithm”. Very simply, what this means is that layers are drawn on top of one another, and any features drawn in higher layers (i.e. those nearer the top of the stack of layers) will obscure any features in lower layers. Just like when you paint a picture.\nLayers are drawn in the order in which they appear in the mapfile, so it’s important to make sure you’ve thought about how many and which features should appear in which layer. A typical simple layer structure of a road map might look like this (from background to foreground):\n- Topographic Relief Polygon Features (i.e. Shaded areas of land use – forest/water/scrub etc.). These form the “background” of the map, and are only visible if there are no other more prominent features placed on top of them.\n- Topographic Line Features (i.e. Contour lines, cliff edges). Plotted after polygon features to ensure they are not obscured.\n- Road casing Line layer (i.e. the “edges” of roads)\n- Road fill layer\n- Building outline Line layer\n- Building fill Polygon layer\n- Label text layer\nNotice that it is common to have the outlines and fills of features like roads and buildings drawn separately, in two different layers. This means that the outlines of all roads will be drawn on the map, and only then will the middle of the roads will be filled. This is important to ensure that the edge casing of one road will never be drawn on top of the fill of a different road:\nAlso, be aware that, within a layer, all features will share the same z-index, so they’ll simply be plotted in the order they are retrieved from the data source. It’s a relatively common misconception among new SQL Server developers to believe that, in the absence of an ORDER BY clause, the results of a SQL query will be returned “in the order that the records are stored in the database”. This, of course, is nonsense. The fact is that, unless you specify an ORDER BY, the order in which results are returned is completely non-deterministic. So, to arrange the features within each layer in the correct order, it’s really important that all the SQL queries have explicit ORDER BY clauses.\nAs to the question of what is the correct field to ORDER BY? Just think about the priority of your features – you want the more important features to be on top of other features, which means plotting them last.\nAn interesting exception to the general rule of plotting more important features last (and therefore on top) is when plotting text labels of features. Mapnik contains a label placement algorithm that prevent labels from colliding on the map, which would otherwise make it too cluttered with text. So, when plotting labels, you generally want to retrieve the most important features first, to ensure that they get plotted. Any subsequent labels will only be plotted on the map if they don’t collide with already plotted labels. So, if writing labels of cities, you’d want to ORDER BY the population of each city descending, to ensure larger cities get labelled first.\nDefining a SQL Server Layer\nMapnik doesn’t have a dedicated SQL Server driver, but instead supports SQL Server via the generic OGR datasource. So, you can create an OGR VRT file that defines the connection and query to execute against SQL Server for your mapnik layer.\nI originally thought I would be able to define all my layers within the same VRT file, but when I tried to do so, by e.g.:\n<OGRVRTDataSource> <OGRVRTLayer name=\"OSVectorMap_Roads\"> <SrcDataSource>MSSQL:server=.\\SQLEXPRESS;database=Spatial;trusted_connection=yes</SrcDataSource> <SrcSQL>SELECT FEATCODE, FEATDESC, geog4326.STAsText() AS geomWKT FROM TG20 WHERE type='roads'</SrcSQL> <GeometryField encoding=\"WKT\" field=\"geomWKT\"/> </OGRVRTLayer> <OGRVRTLayer name=\"OSVectorMap_Buildings\"> <SrcDataSource>MSSQL:server=.\\SQLEXPRESS;database=Spatial;trusted_connection=yes</SrcDataSource> <SrcSQL>SELECT FEATCODE, FEATDESC, geog4326.STAsText() AS geomWKT FROM TG20 WHERE type='buildings'</SrcSQL> <GeometryField encoding=\"WKT\" field=\"geomWKT\"/> </OGRVRTLayer> </OGRVRTDataSource>\nI got an error as follows:\nERROR 1: [Microsoft][ODBC SQL Server Driver]Connection is busy with results for another hstmt\nI’m not sure how Mapnik/OGR uses shared connections, but it seems that you need to define a separate VRT file for each layer. Not a massive problem.\nCreating the Mapfile\nto be continued…\nto be continued…", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The vast waters of The Bahamas team with an amazing array of marine habitats, including coral reefs and mangroves that feature a diversity of dolphins, sharks, and rays as well as sea turtles and manatees.\nWhat is coral?\nCorals are invertebrates: animals without backbones. They belong to the group of creatures called Cnidaria, which also includes sea anemones and jellies. Like all cnidarians, corals have no head. Their bodies are saclike with a mouth surrounded by a crown of tentacles in groups of six or eight. Coral polyps are some of the smaller members of this group, and the polyps range in size from less than an inch to several inches in diameter. Corals feed using their tentacles to capture their prey, which includes tiny animals called zooplankton as well as small fish.\nWhat is a coral reef?\nCoral reefs are colonies of small animals, known as polyps, which release calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton on which they live. Coral reefs are found in shallow, tropical waters around the world. Living coral reefs provide homes for large numbers of marine animals. In fact, coral reefs make up only 1 one percent of the ocean’s habitat but include over 25 percent of its species. Barrier reefs are the largest living structures in the world and are formed by coral running roughly parallel to the shore, which is separated from it by a wide, deep lagoon. The largest barrier reef in the world in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia stretching over 1,500 miles. The Andros Coral Reef is the 6th longest reef in the world at 124 miles in length.\nThreats to Corals\nCoral reefs are facing a crisis. More than 10 percent of the world’s reefs have been destroyed and 60 percent more face the same fate in the next 40 years if action is not taken. Factors that are endangering coral reefs include:\n- Pollution, including oil spills and agricultural and mining runoff\n- Overfishing of plant-eating fish that keep the reef clear of algae\n- Boats colliding into reefs\n- Changing climate\n- Coastal development\nA complete assessment of the health of coral reefs around the world has not occurred in 12 years. By the end of 2020, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) will release a new report on global coral reef health.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Improving Communication Skills to Help Solve Human Problems\nFinding ways to communicate with each other about sensitive topics can seem especially difficult now. But whether it is across gender, “race”, religious, political or other imaginary lines, we must continue to try. Let’s explore how to do this and put those ideas into practice. We might even practice with an actual issue in your community. We can examine better ways to communicate during this “Covid Era” over Zoom. Lawrence will host and facilitate the meetings, so all the participants need to do is click on a link to join the conversation.\nRepresentative democracy is all about “Doing the most good, for the most people, most often”. Those three M’s should be the lens through which most social, political and governmental actions are viewed. They should be a standard by which most of our collective actions are judged. They should be the guiding principles of our personal efforts. This program explores and promotes this concept and shows practical ways to put it into action.\nLowering Prison Recidivism in South Dakota Prisons\nThe large number of people in our prisons represents a loss in human capital, broken families and a large sucking sound on our state budget. Our state government is trying to reduce the prison population while insuring public safety. But the general public can and should can help fix this problem. As a chaplain in the state prison system, Lawrence speaks with inmates about what they can do to be better citizens. This interactive presentation is intended to bring their ideas to you and bring your ideas to them.\nHumans are feeling beings that think, not thinking beings that feel. The motivation we feel to connect with others comes more from what we feel about them than what we think about them. This program presents ways to lower the resistance to meeting and interacting with people. Drawing on some groundbreaking research, it focuses on getting people to feel different. It has been shown that if people feel differently they will likely think differently. In this interactive discussion you will discover what others are doing and what you can do to bring communities together.\nErasing Imaginary Lines\nWhile we like to think of ourselves as “unique”, we are much more alike than we are different. Erasing the imaginary lines that divide us will allow us to harness the full power of our humanity by allowing more mutual contributions to our lives. This can be especially helpful in improving customer relations whether in business, churches or non-profit organizations. This program explores practical ways we can recognize and remove the imaginary lines that divide us by exploring the “5th P of Marketing”’, “People”.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "To copy files in Python, you can use the shutil module which provides a high-level interface for file operations. Here is an example of how to copy a file:\n# source file path\nsrc_file = ‘/path/to/source/file’\n# destination file path\ndst_file = ‘/path/to/destination/file’\n# copy the file\nIn this example, shutil.copy() takes two arguments: the source file path and the destination file path. It copies the contents of the source file to the destination file. If the destination file already exists, it will be overwritten.\nIf you want to copy a directory and its contents, you can use shutil.copytree():\n# source directory path\nsrc_dir = ‘/path/to/source/directory’\n# destination directory path\ndst_dir = ‘/path/to/destination/directory’\n# copy the directory and its contents\nIn this example, shutil.copytree() takes two arguments: the source directory path and the destination directory path. It recursively copies the entire directory and its contents to the destination directory. If the destination directory already exists, it will raise an error.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The most common technique that hackers and identity thieves use to compromise accounts and install malware is phishing. Why is this? Quite simply, it is effective.\nPhishing is an email fraud method used by hackers and thieves. The email usually appears to come from a legitimate sender in order to lure unsuspecting recipients into giving their personal, financial, or other sensitive information. The scammers use that information to commit identity theft, gain access to your accounts, and hack your computer.\nPhishers are becoming much more sophistocated and convincing, making it even more important for users to become savvier & not get hooked.\nSpear Phishing: UA faculty, staff, and students receive multiple spear phishing attempts each week. Spear phishing targets a particular group (e.g., members of the UA community) in order to trick recipients into providing information or clicking on attachments or links in the email in order to gain access to a system or data. Examples of several types of spear phishing attempts that the UA sees on a very regular basis can be found here.\nAs phishing schemes become more sophisticated, with phishers being able to convince up to 5% of recipients to respond, it becomes increasingly important to be vigilant in identifying and protecting yourself from these scams.\n- Typically uses urgent or exciting language to get you to act quickly without thinking\n- Asks for passwords, bank account information, usernames, credit card numbers, social security numbers, etc.\n- Displays fake URLs that actually direct you to dangerous sites\n- Contains attachments that you are directed to open for an urgent reason, or because you will gain something important from doing so.\n- Never respond to any suspicious email by clicking on links or filling out forms with personal or financial information.\n- Don't believe everything you read. If you are unsure as to whether a website is legitimate, confirm it by contacting the company or organization.\n- Double check the URLs of websites you visit. Rather than using contact information provided in any email, take a moment and look it up on the company's website.\n- Be patient. Too many users end up the victims of Internet crime because they do not stop to think, but instead act on impulse clicking on a \"sexy\" link or an interesting looking attachment without thinking of the possible consequences.\n- Never provide personal information or information about your company/organization via email, text, or over the phone.\n- Don't open unexpected attachments. Contact the email source to verify the contents. Again, use a trusted source to find contact information for the recipient.\nIf you believe you might have inadvertently revealed sensitive university information such as your NetID password, you should change your password immediately. If you have additionally questions, comments or concerns contact UA Information Security at firstname.lastname@example.org or 621-UISO (8476).\nIf you provided personal information that could be used for identity theft or fraud in response to a fraudulent email, you should immediately contact the company being spoofed.\n- All About Phishing: Don't Bite (awareness brochure)\n- Be Aware of Phishing (awareness handout)\n- Report a Phish (awareness flyer)\n- Don't Get Hooked (awareness flyer)\n- UA Phishing Alerts\n- UA Phishing Alert RSS Feed (go here to subscribe)\n- Forwarding Phishing Email as an Attachment Guide\n- Full Email Headers Guide\n- Lo Que Pasa Guest Column: \"Don't Get Hooked by Phishing Attacks\"\n- Phishing Quizzes\n- US-Cert Avoiding Social Engineering & Phishing Attacks\n- Phishing Quick Facts\n- Sophos: Simple Steps to Avoid Being Phished\n- TechRepublic: 10 Tips for Spotting a Phishing Email\n- Anatomy of an i-Tunes Phish", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Essays on the resurrection of jesus\nBuy essays on jesus christ - custom portraits of jesus in the gospels essay writing essay/term paper: the resurrection of jesus christ. This paper will deal with the subject of resurrection in the for if we believe that jesus died and rose again [resurrection of the essays and short articles. The different authors portrayed the resurrection of jesus as they (“the resurrection of jesus assignment example topics and well written essays. Conversely, when the historicity of jesus' resurrection is rejected, eds, resurrection: essays in honour of leslie houlden (london: spck, 1994).\nWhat paul does here is invert the theology: the resurrection of the dead is not only grounded in the resurrection of jesus, but the resurrection of jesus. Jesus risen in our midst mines the resurrection narrative of johns gospel as a download. Essay/term paper: the resurrection of jesus christ this mosaic from 1100, over 180,000 jesus christ superstar essays, jesus christ superstar term papers,.\nI miss the day of 2000-word essays 800 words to cover 2 sections and a conclusion would be more than do-able #essayhell european colonization of america essay. The resurrection of jesus christ separates christianity from all other religions christianity without the literal, physical resurrection of jesus christ from the. What about jesus on resurrection of the bible prophecies life, mary, how much scrutiny and abuse of jesus were used to life, resurrection of essays.\nFriends have historically eschewed notional religion -- opinions about the nature of god and jesus and the relationship of man to both -- out of what may be an. The historical evidence for the resurrection of jesus and the role that our worldview assumptions will play in assessing that evidence. Start writing remarkable essays with guidance from death and resurrection of jesus are important the suffering, death and resurrection of jesus holds many. Free essay: suffering death and resurrection of jesus christ suffering, death, and resurrection are three key beliefs for christians they are closely linked. Professionally written essays on this topic: the death and resurrection of jesus passion, death, and resurrection of jesus christ according to the gospels of john.\nThe resurrection of jesus: a source of hope essaysthe resurrection of jesus: a source of hope the lord has been raised it is true he has appeared to. Habermas: jesus' resurrection 163 is at least a crucial starting point, agreeing with paul (1 cor 15:12-20) that any theological meaning for this event depends on the. Jesus risen in our midst essays on the resurrection of jesus in the fourth gospel pdf discussion guide - risen - about risen risen is the epic biblical story of the.\n- 3nla75rcmjrr « doc // jesus risen in our midst: essays on the resurrection of jesus in jesus risen in our midst: essays on the resurrection of jesus in the fourth.\n- Free resurrection papers, essays, strong essays: the resurrection of jesus christ - the resurrection of jesus christ no other event in history has been.\n- Introduction jesus christ is a central figure for the christianity the life of jesus christ religion essay print reference this the resurrection.\nCategory: the person of jesus christ the person of jesus christ- assess the view that jesus’ resurrection proves he was the son of god (40 marks. There is one more important feature of the bible to examine before we move to the evidence of christ's resurrection, jesus resurrection from the and essays. While the resurrection of jesus christ is one of the justin martyr argued in the second century that jesus' virgin birth, death and resurrection were prophesied.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Caffeine may suppress taste of sweet foods\nSo many of us start our day with a hot cup of caffeinated coffee, it wakes us up, warms us up and gives us an energy boost- or does it? A study published in Journal of Food Science found that participants reported the same levels of alertness after consuming either regular or decaf coffee suggesting that there may be a placebo effect to the simple morning ritual of enjoying a cup of coffee. They also observed that caffeinated drinkers rated their beverage as tasting less sweet over decaf.\nThe blinded study included 107 participants, divided into two groups. Upon each visit to the lab, groups sampled decaf coffee supplemented either with 200mg caffeine or a bit of quinine to provide a bitter property equal to caffeinated brew. Both groups had added sugar.\nRemarkably, panelists who drank the caffeinated version, ranked their beverage as less sweet, despite both samples containing the same amount of sweetener. They also rated their energy levels on an alertness scale where they reported the same increase in alertness after trying both samples! Reaction time and hunger were also measured without significant differences.\nCaffeine interferes with adenosine receptors which are known to make us feel sleepy and relaxed. When the receptors are blocked, we have a feeling of alertness and a decreased ability to distinguish sweetness. You could look at this another way, for example, if you take too lumps in your coffee; you could switch to decaf and eliminate some of those added sugars! And not to worry, because this study demonstrated a strong placebo effect to coffee whereby the flavor and aroma produce feelings of alertness, you won’t miss out on your morning pick me up!\nWhether you’re enjoying decaf or regular coffee, we think you should give our Crumble Coffee Cake Squares a try!\nPublished November 1, 2017", "label": "No"}
{"text": "By Erin Horvat\nThis booklet presents theoretically grounded, real-world suggestion for college students starting to how you can behavior qualitative learn. Drawing at the authors’ vast adventure educating qualitative tools, the textual content makes use of scholars’ questions and matters as an organizational framework. not like many textbooks, this one offers scholars with an within view into the most typical dilemmas and demanding situations they'll face as they begin doing examine. This easy-to-use booklet addresses the foremost stages of any ethnographic project—from starting a venture and defining its goals, to info assortment, research, writing, and reporting effects. whereas designed in particular for rookies, professional qualitative researchers will locate precious insights, priceless counsel, and new methods of puzzling over qualitative research.\n- Real-life, attractive learn examples with particular advice.\n- A succinct and ordinary presentation, ideal for direction adoptions.\n- Lessons from scholars as they realized the way to do qualitative research.\n- An appendix with web site choice and location prospectus guidelines.\n“For these of you approximately to take a hike into qualitative-land, make sure to hold alongside a replica of this article written by means of Horvat and her scholars. the quantity is outstanding—honest, beneficial, provocative, humorous, self-effacing, highly intelligent, and essentially obtainable. An highbrow beta-blocker for the frightened beginner researcher.”\n—Michelle Fine, Distinguished Professor of Social Psychology, Women’s reports, and concrete schooling, the Graduate middle, CUNY\n“If you are interested in learn, Erin Horvat's new booklet is either informative and a pleasure to learn. Whether you're a student of qualitative tools doing ethnographic learn projects; a preservice instructor looking at in classrooms; or a teacher eager to behavior reviews on your personal school rooms, you will love this entire and certain box guide, together with the wonderful examples of ‘ethnographic trips’ from Erin's students who illustrate the method of making examine projects.”\n—Carolyn Frank, California country collage, Los Angeles\nRead Online or Download The Beginner's Guide to Doing Qualitative Research: How to Get into the Field, Collect Data, and Write Up Your Project PDF\nBest science & nature education books\nTREATISE ON HYDROSTATICS AND HYDROMECHANICS half II THE sciences of Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics are based like different actual sciences on experimental determinations of the homes of our bodies ; reliable, liquid and gaseous. In discussing the normal difficulties of the remainder and movement of fluid our bodies, the straightforward legislation or houses of fluids are required to be identified, but if we try to resolve the better difficulties of the motions of fluids we discover that the character or structure of fluids has to be regarded as recognized additionally.\nScholar suggestions has seemed within the leading edge of upper schooling caliber, quite the problems of effectiveness and using scholar suggestions to impact development in greater schooling educating and studying, and different components of the scholars’ tertiary event. regardless of this, there was a relative loss of educational literature to be had, in particular in a publication layout.\nPalliant nos défaillances ou étendant nos pouvoirs, les prothèses ont envahi nos vies. Nous voilà un peu des cyborgs, ces hybrides de vivants et de machines mis en scène par los angeles science-fiction. Faut-il avoir peur de « l’homme artificiel » ? Où en sont l. a. fabrication d’organes artificiels et l. a. thérapie génique ?\nThis publication presents engineering school participants and teachers with a base figuring out of why the entrepreneurial mind-set is necessary to engineering scholars and the way it may be taught. It is helping develop entrepreneurship schooling for all engineering scholars, and equips educators with instruments and methods that let them to coach the entrepreneurial mind-set.\n- Visualization in Science Education: 1 (Models and Modeling in Science Education)\n- The Challenge of Reframing Engineering Education\n- Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology: The Analysis of Data from Populations, Metapopulations and Communities\n- La Dénomination: N° 1 (Le Temps des savoirs) (French Edition)\n- Partenariats pour le developpement territorial (Update Sciences & technologies) (French Edition)\n- Attitude Measurements in Science Education\nAdditional info for The Beginner's Guide to Doing Qualitative Research: How to Get into the Field, Collect Data, and Write Up Your Project", "label": "No"}
{"text": "In this article we are going to know AU full form\nFind The Full Form Of AU\n- The full form of AU stands for Australia, which is a country in the world.\nBelow We Are Going To Explain The Meaning Of AU,\nAU Full form\nFind The Meaning Of AU\nWhat Is The Meaning Of AU?\nThe Meaning Of AU is a country in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.\nFind The Abbreviation Of Australia\nWhat Is The Abbreviation Of Australia?\nThe Abbreviation Of Australia Is AU.\nAustralia (ISO 3166 code: AU), was officially the Commonwealth of Australia. Thus, AU is a country in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.\n- The short form used for Gold is AU, a term used in Chemistry. Gold (Symbol: Au) denotes a dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal having an atomic number 79. The name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for the metal and the symbol comes from the Latin word ‘aurum’, gold.\n- The acronym used for African Union is AU, an International Organization. African Union (AU) refers to a union consisting of 54 African states.\n- AU stands for Air University, a Governmental term used for Military in the United States. Air University (AU) connotes United States Air Force’s Air primary center for professional military education. Headquarter of AU is at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, United States.\n- AU is an abbreviation of Aarhus Universitet [Aarhus University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in Denmark. Aarhus University denoted as Danish: Aarhus Universitet, AU which is a public university located in Aarhus, Denmark.\n- AU is a concise form of the Astronomical Unit. An Astronomical Unit (AU) signifies the average distance between the Earth and the Sun. This distance is defined as 149597870.7 km (92955807.3 miles).\n- The full form of AU stands for Andhra University, a term used by Universities & Institutions in India. Andhra University (AU) signifies a university located in Visakhapatnam, in the northeast coastal area of Andhra Pradesh, India.\n- AU is a concise form of Alianza Unidad[Unity Alliance], a Governmental term used for Politics in Nicaragua. Unity Alliance which is denoted by a Spanish word: Alianza Unidad. AU acts as a Nicaraguan electoral alliance of three centers left and right parties in the Nicaraguan 1996 elections.\n- AU is a shorter way to express Aberdeen University], is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United Kingdom. University of Aberdeen or Aberdeen University (AU) refers to a public research-focused university located in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.\n- AU stands for Arellano, is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the Philippines. Arellano University (AU) performs the function of a private university located in Manila, Philippines.\n- The acronym of Audio is AU, a term used as a File Extension. Thus, AU is denoted as .au which is an audio file format developed by Sun Microsystems for the UNIX platform for use on the Internet.\n- AU is a shorter manner to express Air University, which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in Pakistan. Air University (AU) indicates a public research university located in Islamabad, Pakistan.\n- AU is an ellipsis used for American University Universities & Institution], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. American University (AU) stands for private liberal arts and research-based university in Washington, D.C., United States.\n- The full form of AU stands for Adelphi University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. Adelphi University (AU) implies a private university located in Garden City, in Nassau County, New York, United States.\n- Aberystwyth University is an abbreviated name for AU, a term associated with Universities & institutions in the United Kingdom. Aberystwyth University (AU) means a public research university located in Aberystwyth, Wales, and the United Kingdom.\n- AU is an acronym used for Alfred University], which is a term used by Universities & Institutions in the United States. Alfred University (AU) stands for a university in the Village of Alfred in Western New York, United States.\nAU is Abbreviation for?\n• Australia, Gold, Aberdeen University, African Union, Air University, Aarhus Universitet, Astronomical Unit, Andhra University, Alianza Unidad [Unity Alliance], Arellano University, Audio, Air University, American University, Adelphi University, Aberystwyth University, and Alfred University.\nFrequently Asked Questions:\nWhat does AU stand for?\nThe Astronomical Unit (AU) is quite just a solution to the question “How distant is that the Earth from the Sun” – it also provides an important tool for surveying the universe because it offers a hard and fast unit with which to match vast distances across space.\nWhat does AU stand for in science?\nWhat is Au in computer?\nAU is brief for audio, a standard format for sound files on UNIX machines. The AU file format was first introduced by Sun Microsystems and is also the standard audio file format for the Java programming language. Au files generally end with a. au extension.\nWhy do we use AU?\nAstronomical units are just a useful thanks to believing the system relative to the space from Earth to the Sun because it is easy to use. When you use AU, it’s easier to know the relative distances, which Saturn is about ten times farther from the sun.\nWhat does AU mean in school?\nA U grade means your result was so poor it could not be marked, hence Unmarked.\nWhat is the measure of AU?\nAstronomical unit. An Astronomical Unit (AU, or au), a unit of length effectively adequate to the typical, or mean, the space between Earth and therefore the Sun, defined as 149,597,870.7 km (92,955,807.3 miles).\nI Hope We Had Covered Your All Queries Regarding\nAU Full Form In English?\nWhat Is Fullform Of AU?\nWhat Is Long-Form Of AU?\nWhat Is Abbreviation Of Australia?\nAustralia Abbreviation In English?\nWhat Is Short Form Of Australia?\nAU Meaning In English?\nWhat Is Meaning Of AU?\nDefinition Of AU?\nAU Full Form.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Category: Blog\n- Published: Wednesday, 05 December 2018 18:33\n- Written by Ray White\nEvery manufacturing project has tasks, or steps, phases, or activities that define the work you'll perform. And some of those tasks are dependent upon others. In other words, you can’t start one step until another is completed. Or, there may be phases later in the process that won’t start until previous phases are finished.\nThose are called task dependencies. Tasks are linked, and their dates depend on previous tasks.\nIn this video, we’ll look at four types of task dependencies that model actual conditions on the shop floor.\nLet’s take a look!\nHere on Standard Time® we’ll look at four distinct types of link relationships that you can see by the lines and the arrows in the Gantt chart. The first one we’ll look at is finish-to-start, which is the most common; then start-to-start, then finish-to-finish and finally we’ll take a look at start-to-finish.\nLet’s go ahead and look at the most common link relationship which would be the finish-to-start. The starting date of a successor task is linked back to the finish date of another. When this task ends another can start. That’s the most common. We’ll move this task and you can see the next task updates because this one has been moved. Finish date on this one changed so that changes the starting date of the successor task.\nThe next type would be start-to-start. You can see the starting date of this task is linked back to the starting date of another. When that one is moved then the successor is also moved because the two start dates are linked together.\nThe third type would be finish-to-finish, where the finish date of this task is linked back to the finish date of another. We move that, the two finish dates are linked together and when the predecessor moves then the successor would also be updated.\nThe fourth type would be start-to-finish, where the starting date of this task goes down to the finish date of another. When we move this task then the successor also moves because the starting date is linked back to the finish date.\nThe examples you see down below are variations of we already looked at. We’ve got start-to-start; when the starting date of this task changes then the starting date of a successor task would change. We’ve also looked at the finish-to-finish; so when the finish date of this one changes then the finish date of the successor would also change. So you can combine these to form a nice little link relationship.\nThe long lines you see on these milestones are lag times. If we click on this link icon in the link column; we can go ahead and look at the lag times that you see connected with these link relationships. I should point out that the inbound tasks that you see here, actually none here, are predecessors and the outbound tasks are the successors. They are linked together with certain link relationships. In this case they have some lag times. I’ll click here, you can see the finish-to-start link relationship; which we already looked at. And a lag time of two calendar days. Close that and look at this one.\nWe have start-to-start, which we’ve also looked at previously with minus-four calendar days. Cancel out of these and that explains the long lines that you see here linked to these milestones. That covers the four distinct types of link relationships in Standard Time that you can use for your projects.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Bagpipers have also become a tradition at military and state funerals. They give a feeling of honor to the occasion. Music needs to be designed for the bagpipes since they have a limited range of sounds. Bagpiper is an instrument that can be played by both men and women. It can also be used by children as well as adults.\nWhat is the song played on bagpipes at funerals?\nMany people have become familiar with the songs “danny boy” and “amazing grace” due to the prevalence of bagpipes at funerals. The following are some of the most popular songs for mourning the death of someone who has passed away. Some of these songs may be familiar to you, while others may not be. If you know of any others, please let us know in the comments section below.\nWhat is the significance of bagpipes at a funeral?\nMany people think the sound of the bagpipes adds a dignified air to the funeral. Bagpipe bands have become standard for police and fire departments. “I think it’s a great way to honor a loved one, especially if they’re a police officer or firefighter,” said Sgt. John D’Amico, a spokesman for the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department.\nWhat does the piper play at the end of a funeral?\nAs the congregation stood at the end of the service in london’s westminster abbey, pipe major paul burns performed the traditional lament ‘sleep, dearie, sleep’. She was also interred in St Andrew’s Church, Westminster.\nWhat is the most requested song at funerals?\nThe traditional song “ave maria” is very popular. Goodbye” are classics at Phaneuf-hosted funerals. A way to remember the deceased is by listening to country music.\nWhat is the last song at a funeral called?\nA dirge is a song that expresses mourning or grief and is appropriate for the death of a loved one. It is usually sung by a family member or close friend of the deceased.\nWho plays bagpipes for funerals?\nScottish immigrants brought the tradition of playing bagpipes to the United States in the late 1800s. Bagpipe music has become a popular symbol of mourning, especially at services for firefighters, police officers, and members of the military. The instrument consists of a mouthpiece and a stringed instrument called a bow, which is used to play the notes on the instrument.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "December 21, 2015\nA Real Gut Check On Diabetes\nBy Michael D. Shaw\nMaybe, you’re familiar with the numbers. A wonderful meme about our human bodies is that “Microbial cells outnumber human cells ten to one.” Thus, we are more bacterial than human. There are countless references to this on the Web. And, if you read it on the Internet, it must be true, right?\nNot so fast. Back in February, 2014, NIH researcher Judah L. Rosner traced the origins of the 10:1 ratio, in a letter to Microbe magazine. It seems to derive from a 1972 paper, written by eccentric biochemist Thomas Luckey. Rosner cites more recent figures, and there’s quite a range: 30 to 400 trillion microorganisms in the human gut and an astonishing 5 to 724 trillion total human cells in the body. Suddenly, this comfortable 10:1 ratio could explode to nearly 100:1, or shrink to a paltry 1:1.\nBut, there’s no getting around it. Those gut “flora,” as we call them—dating back to the time when bacteria were considered to be part of the plant kingdom—are vitally important. Why “gut”? Sometimes, scientists like to get away from fancy words; besides, it’s so much easier than referring to the “lower alimentary canal.” It is also no coincidence that 60-70 percent of our immune system is located in the gut, and is therefore intimately connected with the microbes.\nGiven the improvements in genetic analysis over the past decade, and this immune system/gut flora relationship, several investigators have examined differences in gut bacteria between healthy individuals, and those with a particular disease. Type 1 diabetes, a classical autoimmune disease, seems like a good place to start…\nResearch out of Spain—published in February, 2013—showed that gut microbiota in kids with type 1 diabetes differed significantly from that found in healthy children. Certain genera, and their changed ratio between the two cohorts, could be implicated in the glycemic level of the diabetics. In addition, bacteria crucial in the maintenance of gut integrity (those producing lactic acid and butyrate; and species involved in mucin degradation) were present in far lower numbers in the diabetic kids.\nAs the researchers put it: “These findings could be useful for developing strategies to control the development of type 1 diabetes by modifying the gut microbiota.” Imagine…Controlling diabetes by growing bugs, instead of injecting insulin.\nA brand new paper, out of Russia, entitled “Gut microbiota and diet in patients with different glucose tolerance,” suggests that the presence of certain bacteria in the gut is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Gut bacteria in 92 patients (20 type 2 diabetics; 24 pre-diabetics; 48 normal) was analyzed. Thankfully, and unlike many studies on diabetes, none of the patients had any chronic diseases. Far too many studies, including some often cited, bring in type 2s with significant co-morbidities.\nAmong other findings, the researchers—led by Lilit Egshatyan—were able to link the level of glucose intolerance with the presence of three specific genera: Blautia, Serratia, and Akkermansia bacteria. These bugs are all present in healthy people, but in cases of pre-diabetes and diabetes their numbers increase significantly. Moreover, high fiber diets tended to promote growth of bifidobacteria—considered to be one of the most important components of microbiota, and long a staple of probiotics.\nIndications for bifidobacteria therapy include atopic eczema; yeast infections; upper respiratory infections; and lactose intolerance.\nAs press agents for Egshatyan et al. tout the work: “These findings bring scientists and medical professionals one step closer to understanding the complex reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship between the change in the proportion of certain types of bacteria, metabolic disorders, and diet. According to researchers, one of the possible ways that microbes affect diabetes could be by provoking an immune response.”\nPivoting back to that bacteria cell/human cell ratio, UCSF microbiologist Peter Turnbaugh observed that “Determining absolute numbers is a challenge. Simply put, there’s a tremendous diversity and abundance. The most important thing is that much of what makes us human—many of important aspects of health and the predisposition to disease and recovery—depends on metabolic activity of these microbes. I don’t think it’s all about numbers.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The Lowry Building that housed the abolitionist The True American was owned by state Senator Morrow Barr Lowry, in the Civil War era one of Erie’s most successful businessmen, but far more than that. Known as the “Moral Conscience” of the senate, Lowry advocated abolition in the state legislature, as well as debt forgiveness for the poor. An acquaintance of John Brown, Lowry visited the radical abolitionist in Charles Town, Virginia while he awaited execution for the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry that helped trigger the Civil War. When the war arrived, Lowry donated $2,000 to those enlisting in the 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry and pushed for arming free black men as soldiers for the Union Army. Lowry later championed the establishment of the Pennsylvania Soldiers and Sailors Home, and his farm on what was then Cooper Road eventually was sold to the Sisters of Mercy to establish Mercyhurst College.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you’re a computer user for long, then you need to agree with the fact that you will not find the capacity of your hard disk to be enough in the long run. There comes the need of adding another drive. Now, there is always an option of adding an extra drive. The drive from which the operating system boots is known as the Master and the second drive is known as the Slave, but there will definitely be an extension of the storage capacity of your computer.\nIf you too need to add another drive, but not sure about the installation process, then this guide could prove to be a great help. Sit back, relax and read on the process to install another hard drive in your computer.\nFirst thing that you need to check is your computer supports IDE or Serial SATA. Usually, the old computers support IDE, but it is always good to use the same kind. If you’re not sure about the kind, then you can open up the drive and know it better.\n- Reboot your computer and enter the BIOS setup.\n- Go to the ‘IDE Config’ or it could also be named as ‘Standard CMOS Settings’.\n- You will have a menu that will display four settings and each of them needs to be changed to ‘Auto-detection’:\n1. PRIMARY MASTER\n2. AUTO/PRIMARY SLAVE\n3. SECONDARY MASTER\n4. SECONDARY SLAVE\n- Shut down your computer.\n- Buy the hard disk with the capacity that you require, but do not forget to match IDE or SATA.\n- Now, unplug all the peripherals.\n- Have the manual by your side because it is time to unscrew the case. Place all the screws in a safe place, so that you do not lose any of them.\n- Pull the side panel out and place it separately.\n- Find the place where the flat ribbons are connected to the main board.\n- Now, you need to set the jumpers to make your hard disk act as Master or Slave, according to your desire.\n- With the help of the screws, mount the hard disk in its slot.\n- Now, you need to connect the cables.\n- It’s time to connect a Molex power cable. It is a connector that has wires in red, yellow and black colours.\n- Fix the side panel back at the computer case and screw it.\n- All the unplugged cables have to be re-connected to the respective power supplies.\n- Boot your computer and press ‘F10’ to enter the BIOS setup. Here, you can check whether the computer has detected the ot her drive or not.\nWe believe that this tutorial was helpful and you will not face any issues in adding another hard disk in your computer.\nRobert R. is an avid guest blogger who writes on behalf of My Tech Gurus. He enjoys sharing his knowledge with the everyday computer user, by helping them with common errors, especially Windows installer errors and slow computer problems. Check out his articles at the Mytechgurus blog.\n- Best Free Android Games Of 2019 - 4 October, 2019\n- Best Laptops To Buy in 2019 - 11 September, 2019\n- Gadgets That Will Make The Perfect Gift For Fathers Day - 11 June, 2018\n- How To Schedule Whatsapp Messages On Your Android - 27 April, 2018\n- 10 Trending Android Phone Accessories For 2018 - 20 April, 2018", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Pesticides Illegal in Garbage & Drains Hazardous Waste Want to keep your landscaping healthy without chemicals? Check out these alternatives to pesticides. Never Pour Down the Drain Pesticides should never be poured down the drain because they contain toxic chemicals that can contaminate waterways. Instead, dispose of them as Household Hazardous Waste. Don't Water the Grass After Absolutely do not water the grass after applying garden chemicals. This runoff ends up in water drains that can contaminate lakes and rivers. It also makes your pesticides less effective against pests. Don't Use if It's Going to Rain Avoid using chemicals before a storm; if you do, they will be washed down storm drains, or leach into the soil, once it starts raining. Rinse Empty Concentrate Containers Containers that held concentrate need to be rinsed out three times before they are thrown in the trash: to do this, add remaining spray to the tank. Next, add water into the container, swirl and then transfer to the spray tank. Finally, repeat these steps twice. Ready-to-Use Containers Empty containers that held ready-to-use chemicals can be thrown in the trash without rinsing them out. Ways to Reduce Use Up Completely The best way to dispose of pesticides is to use them up completely, which reduces how much can leach into the environment. If you’re not going to use them up completely, try giving them to a friend. Avoid Purchasing Concentrate Consider purchasing ready-to-use products. Purchasing concentrations to dilute on your own can expose the body to harmful chemicals. Also the use of under-diluted chemicals is more damaging to the air, water and soil. Keith Homan / Shutterstock.com Use Bait Stations or Insecticidal Soaps Identify your pest problem and use the least toxic option to eliminate those pests (if you must use garden chemicals). Consider using bait stations or insecticidal soaps and oils. Find out more. Did You Know? What Plastic #5 Can Become Plastic #5 can be recycled into battery cables and cases, brooms, brushes, bicycle racks and ice scrapers.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Are you currently thinking about how humans have impacted the planet, for example the destruction of valuable rainforests and other habitats around Karara which can be the exclusive home of certain species? In that case, you need to discover more about habitat restoration. This is the process whereby folks as if you attempt to help by planting new plants and taking other actions that may transform the land and allow species to thrive there once more.\nYou can find habitats everywhere on the planet, even though ones in very industrialized places are no more natural habitat how the animals and others were once capable to thrive in. Whilst you can’t approach tearing down all the buildings as well as other things which were produced by folks, you will still find lots of areas on the planet which are accessible to restoration, including those undeveloped areas which can be close to the cities around the world.\nThe procedure of habitat restoration will vary greatly and depends upon what has happened and what has to happen. As an illustration, if perhaps a little part of a wooded area was chopped down before some kind of protective measures were put into place, then you will find less to do than in case the area has become a barren wasteland before anyone has made an effort to begin restoring the habitat near QLD.\nYou should also know that habitat restoration is not going to occur overnight, as well as throughout a couple weeks or months. While you could do amazing operate in a short period of time by replanting native species, how much time it will take for that area to go back to normal will be considerable. Even during areas which may have not been completely devastated, the procedure is time consuming and can be very expensive at the same time.\nAmongst the important things to consider for habitat restoration is deciding on the proper plants to put in the ground. In the event you don’t have a very good guideline with this, you could potentially end up having a level bigger problem than you have at the moment. You have to start with knowing which types of plants are ideal for the spot. The precise area is highly recommended also, since some species have got a limited growing area.\nYou should also study which plants should go where. As an example, if you have the want to use plants that depend on the shade of larger trees, you don’t wish to place them next to saplings that are not able to offer that valuable defense against sunlight. In the event you don’t provide the shade necessary to enable them to thrive, you might turn out killing the plants and limiting the ones you possess for the restoration project.\nIn relation to the planet, restoring natural habitats can be a worthwhile adventure that you can be proud of participating in. Whether you are contributing financially or digging in the ground yourself, you should seek to assist with this cause by any means that you can!\nVideo: Ecosystem in Karara\n[ssplaces location=”Karara ” keyword=”Environmental” limit=”5″]", "label": "No"}
{"text": "posted on December 21, 2012 |\n| 4917 views\nSwarm Robotics is a relatively new theory based on swarm behavior seen in ant and bee colonies. Researchers believe they can make small individual robots work toward a larger goal if the work involved is distributed.\nAt the University of Colorado at Boulder, Assistant Professor Nikoaus Correll and his team have created a robot which they plan to use to develop complex systems.\nNicknamed the “Droplet”, Correll’s ping-pong ball sized robots are rather simple machines. Each robot is capable of sensing both RGB and Infrared signals and can communicate with both analog and digital IR sensors. To give it a little wiggle, the robots have a vibration motors which allow them a certain level of mobility. To tie the package together each “Droplet” is controlled by a low power Atmel XMega 128-A3 processor.\nAccording to the UC Boulder, “Correll plans to use the Droplets to demonstrate self-assembly and swarm-intelligent behaviors such as pattern recognition, sensor-based motion and adaptive shape change. These behaviors could then be transferred to large swarms for water- or air-based tasks.”\nIf the processes and technology prove out, robots like the “Droplet” could find many potential uses. Wherever there is need for cheap, lightweight or disposable robotic systems, swarm robotics may be the solution. Mining, weather sensing, infrastructure repair, and large scale construction could one day benefit from swarms of cheap robots operating towards a common goal.\nCorrell himself is optimistic about the value of this technology. ““Every living organism is made from a swarm of collaborating cells,” he said. “Perhaps someday, our swarms will colonize space where they will assemble habitats and lush gardens for future space explorers.”\nRead More at UC Boulder\nImages Courtesy of UC Boulder", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Japan is one of the most progressive countries in the world. It is a beautiful place most tourists and travelers would want to visit at least once in their lifetime. It is a country where many foreign nationals want to settle for good.\nThe economic situation is the common drive of people living abroad for a short or a long term period. In the eyes of many, Japan is a first-world country capable of providing inclusive growth for its people, and this makes us wonder why a lot of Japanese are living overseas. Where in the world can we find most Japanese living abroad?\nThe Kaigai Nikkeijin Kyokai (Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad) said the population of Japanese living outside of Japan is at 3.5 million. The Japanese are spread across countries and cities in Asia, America, and Europe. Here are some of the places in the world where you can find Japanese the most.\nJapanese Abroad: Brazil\nThere are 1.5 million Japanese in this South American country as of 2014, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. This data from four years ago makes Brazil the home to the largest population of Japanese outside of Japan, and this fact still holds true until today.\nThe immigration of Japanese in Brazil and the cultural and economic exchange between Japan and Brazil date back to 1908. Many Japanese people searched for a better life abroad after the end of feudal Japan, however, they were not welcomed in some parts of the world, like Australia because of the White Australia Policy.\nHowever, Brazil was an open country for Japanese mainly for the labor force. The first Japanese immigrants in the country worked in coffee plantations, and many of them eventually became owners themselves.\nJapanese Abroad: The United States\nAccording to the 2015 Social and Demographic trend by the Pew Research Center, the population of Japanese nationals in the United States was at 1,411,000.\nThe immigration of Japanese to the US started from the 1868 Meiji Restoration in Japan. Most of the Japanese nationals who were farmers and domestic workers settled in Hawaii, Alaska and San Francisco. However, the entry of Japanese workers was prohibited in the United States following the Exclusion Cause of the 1924 Immigration Act.\nJapanese Abroad: Canada\nThere were 121,485 of Japanese throughout Canada as of 2016, according to Statistics Canada. Canadians of Japanese origins also make up the ninth-largest non-European ethnic group, and the majority of them live in Vancouver and Toronto, the Statistics Canada added.\nJapanese Abroad: The Philippines\nThere are more than 200,000 Japanese nationals living in the Philippines nowadays but this isn’t recent history. The cultural and economic exchange between Japan and the Philippines date back to the 12th century, even before the Spanish colonial rule of the archipelago. Many Japanese merchants and traders who came to the Philippines for trading eventually settled in the country for intermarriages. Subsequently, the Philippines also became under Japanese rule during World War II. Nowadays, many Japanese are in the country to study English, to establish tourism and education businesses, and for inter-racial marriages, as well.\nJapanese Abroad: South Korea\nThere are 53,670 Japanese living in South Korea as of 2017, according to the Ministry of Justice Immigration and Foreign Policy Headquarters. It added that most of these Japanese have retained their nationality and there are those who have changed their nationality into Korean.\nJapanese Abroad: The United Kingdom\nAccording to the 2001 UK Census, 37,535 Japanese-born people were residing in the United Kingdom. This settlement also started in the late 19th century following the arrival of the Japanese nationals for business, domestic work, and university studies. Most of the first Japanese students who arrived in the UK studied at Oxford University and Cambridge University.\nJapanese Abroad: Peru\nThere are about 3,949 Japanese nationals living in Peru, and 160,000 are of Japanese descent as of 2016, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Japan.\nThe Japanese settlement in Peru that started in the 1800s was driven by many factors like farming, working in coastal plantation, and eventually setting up small businesses. Peru was also the first Latin American country to welcome Japanese immigration.\nHaving this information, the cities in the world nowadays where you can find most Japanese and people of Japanese descent are Sau Paolo, Brazil; Honolulu, Hawaii; Vancouver, Canada; and Cebu City, Philippines, among others. These cities have a long and established history and cultural exchange involvement between the Japanese and the locals. Most of the Japanese nationals living in these cities have also already married to a local, raised a family, and established long-term businesses.\nWhy do Japanese People Live Abroad?\nThe Japanese have a term for Japanese people who emigrated from Japan and for their descendants – the nikkeijin. It is also classified into four types – the Issei or first-generation nikkeijin, Nisei or the second-generation nikkeijin, Sansei or the third-generation nikkeijin, and Yonsei or the fourth-generation nikkeijin. Interesting, isn’t it?\nAccording to Yosaburo Yoshida in his journal on the Sources and Causes of Japanese Emigration, aside from traveling, the following are the main reasons why many Japanese are living overseas are:\nOfficial Duties. Many Japanese are living abroad for official duties as government officers or business executives. Many of them choose to return home, but many also prefer to become a permanent resident in the country of assignment.\nStudy Abroad. Back in the day, when students abroad return to Japan, they are given positions in government service. The accomplished Japanese nationals who finished a degree overseas serve as diplomats, writers, and educators. Nowadays, some Japanese students are living abroad for the same reasons but many prefer to stay in a foreign country after completion of studies for various reasons. Some Japanese scholars are finding more opportunities to conduct further research in foreign countries than in Japan.\nCommercial Business. Now that globalization is gearing towards its peak, many foreign nationals, including Japanese business people, are seeing the potential of building commercial businesses abroad. In the Philippines alone, many start-up companies and big companies are owned and managed by Japanese nationals.\nAgriculture, fishing, artisan, and labor. Back in the day, the reasons why many Japanese nationals started living overseas was for agriculture and fishing opportunities. Even if labor was cheap back then, the income they earned while working abroad was much higher than the income they were earning in their home country.\nHow Can You Meet Japanese People Overseas?\nMost Japanese living abroad create a community, allowing them to reach out to other Japanese nationals for advice, business partnership, and for cultural exchange activities and events, among others.\nLanguage Exchange Group. Many Japanese nationals have language exchange groups in your area. Most of them are now living abroad to study English and they are most likely to attend events where they can meet different foreign nationals for language exchange exercises.\nJapanese Festivals. Many Japanese in other countries organize festivals that coincide with the original festival in their home country. One example is the Bon Odori festival in Cebu, Philippines. Many Japanese are gathered in the event to honor their ancestors. In this kind of festivals, there is also a food fair showcasing the different Japanese cuisine.\nEnglish Academy. Many Japanese are also enrolled in schools that are offering English programs. Some schools are even providing housing facilities for students, making it more convenient for the students to learn with others who live in the same place.\nWhat are Some Countries that are Easy to Live-in for Japanese People?\nThe Philippines. In South East Asia, the Philippines is one of the best and most appealing places for foreigners who want to live overseas. The country’s tropical climate, scenic destinations, laid-back lifestyle, and diverse cultures are among the reasons why many Japanese would choose to live in one of the country’s more than 7,000 islands.\nThere are different kinds of Visa the Japanese may apply when planning to move or live overseas. The guidelines can be found here.\nThailand. The Kingdom of Thailand is another top Asian destination for foreign nationals who want to relocate and live abroad. Its urban cities, coastal beaches, national parks, rich culture and heritage, as well as, authentic cuisine are more than enough reasons for Japanese nationals to consider Thailand a new home.\nAside from Bangkok, the Japanese can also choose other cities to live that are away from the metropolis. Chiang Mai, a historic city in the north, is also an ideal place for foreigners, while Phuket or in Hua Hin are the top picks for those who prefer the beaches and the island vibe.\nAppropriate immigration Visa from the Thai embassy or Consulate office is also necessary but it’s definitely easy to secure for the Japanese. Here is the general information to know.\nMalaysia. Another beautiful country for Japanese immigrants to live is in Malaysia. The cost of living is relatively low and the economic opportunities are good. Those who are interested to live in the country permanently can check out Malaysia My Second Home programme, which allows foreign nationals to live in the country for a minimum of 10 years. The details of the programme can be found here.\nGuatemala. In Central America, Guatemala is definitely one of the best choices of countries to settle. There is definitely more to it than its natural beauty and connection to the Mayan civilization. The seasons in this country are dry and wet, which is ideal for Japanese who want to move on from its four seasons, especially the winter season. Guatemala’s efficient transportation, healthcare programs, and the education system, among others, are some of the reasons why it is an ideal place for foreign nationals who want to live overseas. Check this page for details about getting a Visa for Guatemala.\nParaguay. Another American country for Japanese nationals is Paraguay. The cost of living in Paraguay is low but it has a lot of work opportunities for expats. It is considered the Heart of America because it is located in the center of the continent.\nPortugal. When eyeing a non-Asian and non-American country to settle, Portugal in western Europe is another good option for Japanese nationals. Its sunny climate makes Portugal an option for those who also love the feel of the tropics in the West. Winters can be rainy though but a lot less cold than that of Japan’s winter.\nSome people speak the English language in Portugal but basic Portuguese must be learned to easily communicate with the locals and to make living there easier. The country also boasts its high-quality health institutions and transportation. Some details can be checked on this website to address the relocation needs.\nThe Czech Republic. In Central Europe, the Czech Republic is one of the most developed countries that is ideal for Japanese nationals who want to live abroad. Many people go to visit its cultural capital, Prague, but the country definitely has more to offer, especially to those who are thinking of relocating there. The Visa guidelines can be checked here.\nThe Netherlands. Most of its cities are among the most liveable in the world and this alone makes The Netherlands an ideal country for Japanese who want to live abroad. Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague are just among the places with high quality of life for expats. The Visa requirements for Japanese can be checked here.\nWhen planning to live overseas, make sure that enough information has been gathered about the country’s security, type of government, cost of immigration, policies, and laws of immigration, climate, environmental situation, and medical systems in place, cost of living, education system, and the employment or business venture opportunities.\nThe Japanese nationals are living in different countries and cities across the globe for different reasons, and many of them are planning to live there for good. Is your country an ideal place for the Japanese to live, too?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gary Prevost; Richard Bohr\nThe study of women and politics in Japan provided many insights into women's activism as well as the changes women have brought in Japanese politics. Facing considerable odds when seeking positions within contemporary politics, women candidates often faced a variety of disadvantages as well. A man was assumed to inherit politics, but a woman was not. However, if a woman could conquer or ignore such societal pressures, she could then enter the world of politics. Women's positions will change as individual pioneers (such as the four I examined i.e. Tsuda Ume, Ichikawa Fusae, Yosano Akiko, Tanaka Makiko) work their way into higher positions and use their power to help other women.\nIf women's positions in Japan are going to change, women must spark the change and must raise future generations differently. Legislation cannot improve women's positions if they are not prepared to take advantage of the new opportunities. Japanese pioneers are not willing to let time stand still they want to see the pace of change quickened. It is this story of these women, these truly extraordinary women, that has helped to shape and to change Japanese society and politics. Today's women will hopefully now pick up the torch and carry it to fuller realizations, to higher heights, and to finally achieve equal status with men.\nAvailable by permission of the author. Reproduction or retransmission of this material in any form is prohibited without expressed written permission of the author.\nLanger, Sarah Ann, \"Women and Politics in Japan: Flowers of the Home to Flowers of Politics\" (1996). Honors Theses, 1963-2015. 568.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This is our first full week after Christmas. You have had such a positive start to term, let's keep it up!\nLiteracy- This week we will focusing on our handwriting and letter formation.\nMonday- Handwriting and writing the what happens next in the story.\nTuesday we will be orally retelling our story ‘Traction Man’ and then sequencing pictures to retell the events.\nWednesday we will be identifying different sentence types from the book and writing captions for pictures from the book.\nThursday we will be creating a new adventure for an action man character using a puppet first to orally plan it.\nFriday we will be completing a set of comprehension questions about the book.\nMaths- Year 2 - We will be making equal groups, adding equal groups, multiplication symbol, multiplication sentences from pictures and using arrays to solve multiplication. At home practise your times tables, maybe use times table rockstars.\nIn maths Year 1, are finding and making number bonds, adding by making 10 and beginning to look at subtraction - not crossing 10.\nPhonics - Year 2 spelling pattern will be adding the suffix er, est and ier. Our phonics will be revising a, y, ch, ou\nYear 1 will be learning the wh, ph, ew and oe sounds. The tricky words we will be focusing on will be said, so, have and like.\nScience - Year 1 will be looking at the season on Winter and comparing it to Autumn.\nYear 2 will be looking at materials and looking at the world around them thinking about the materials and what they are used for.\nTopic- We will be sketching old toys, looking at toys in the early 20th century and how the toys have changed, looking at a timeline to place events in history and also researching making a Jack in the box and learning how to make springs.\nComputing - Year 1 will be looking at logging in and passwords particularly with regard to online safety.\nYear 2 will be starting a unit on coding.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Statistical occurrence and distribution of high amplitude whistler-mode waves in the outer radiation belt\nWe present the first statistical analysis with continuous data coverage and non-averaged amplitudes of the prevalence and distribution of high-amplitude (> 5 mV/m) whistler-mode waves in the outer radiation belt using 5 years of Van Allen Probes data. These waves are most common above L=3.5 and between MLT of 0-7 where they are present 1-4\\% of the time. During high geomagnetic activity, high-amplitude whistler-mode wave occurrence rises above 30\\% in some regions. During these active times the plasmasphere erodes to lower L and high-amplitude waves are observed at all L outside of it, with the highest occurrence at low L (3.5-4) in the pre-dawn sector. These results have important implications for modeling radiation belt particle interactions with chorus, as large-amplitude waves interact non-linearly with electrons. Results also may provide clues regarding the mechanisms which result in growth to large amplitudes.\n|Year of Publication||\nGeophysical Research Letters", "label": "No"}
{"text": "An ice-marginal pond in Glacier National Park\nQuarry exposure in a kame\nParallel-bedded sands and a lens of coarse gravel, representing a former meltwater stream channel\nSand clasts in kame sediments, transported as frozen blocks\nA moulin on a modern glacier\nDefinition: a hill or hummock composed of stratified sand and gravel laid down by glacial meltwater\nKames are amongst the most varied landforms resulting from deposition by glacial meltwater. A kame (Scots kaim a hill) may occur as an isolated hill but more generally each kame is one mound in a low-lying terrain of many hummocks, terraces, ridges and hollows. Kames often occur in association with kettle holes in kame and kettle topography. Eskers may also occur between the kames. Meltwater channels may be cut into and between the kames. These associations indicate that kames are formed close to ice margins in situations where there are large volumes of both meltwater and debris.\nThe sediments inside kames are often exposed by quarrying. Bedded and sorted sand and gravel predominates but often sharp lateral variations are apparent in the calibre of the material, indicating rapid changes in flow velocity. Small details may reveal much about the events during deposition. The sloping beds of delta foresets indicate sand deposition in a pond or lake. Sands clasts, rounded blocks of now-loose sand, show that beds of saturated sands were frozen prior to transport. Beds of sand and gravel may be displaced by faults or rucked by folds, signs that the sides of the kame may have slumped after deposition or that ice has pushed forward again. Some kames are capped by till, indicating a late readvance of ice or deposition in a pond beneath the ice. Ice wedge casts on the surface of the kame point to the development of permafrost during and after ice retreat\nKames form in the chaotic zone of melting ice,\nwater and oozing sediment close to the ice margin. Virtually any hollow within\nthe decaying front may fill with water and receive sediment - crevasses, moulins\nand larger cavities. As the ice melts, the kame begins to emerge as a hump but\nits side are saturated and no longer supported by ice and so slumping is\npossible. Buried blocks of ice melt slowly to leave water-filled kettle holes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "- Short Report\n- Open Access\nRideshare use among parents and their children\nInjury Epidemiology volume 8, Article number: 9 (2021)\nMotor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for young children. Millions of ridesharing trips are taken each day, and use of these services is predicted to increase. Therefore, it is important to examine the safety of children in these vehicles. We conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 18 years or older (N = 2017). Of the total sample, 450 respondents reported being a parent or legal guardian of children below the age of 10. Of these, 307 or 68% had ever used ridesharing. Among those who had used ridesharing, a total of 253 or 82% reported using ridesharing with their children below the age of 10 years. Among this group, rideshare use was significantly higher among individuals with college education, and in higher income households. Given that the majority of U.S. states have legislation exempting rideshare vehicles from child restraint system law coverage, our finding of high rates of rideshare use among parents suggests that a large number of children could be at risk of injury due to a lack of appropriate restraint use.\nPrior to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridesharing companies such as Lyft and Uber provided over 4 million trips per day in urban and suburban areas (Uber Technologies Inc, 2019). In 2019, Uber released a safety report indicating that the fatal crash risk of their trips is comparable to those among adults using personal vehicles who are likely to be traveling with young children (Uber Technologies Inc, 2019; Tefft, 2017). While considerable advances have been made in child restraint use in personal vehicles (Li & Pickrell, 2018), motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death for young children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020) and the lack of restraint use has been identified as a key risk factor in fatal crashes involving children (Wolf et al., 2017). As rideshare use is predicted to increase in coming years, it is important to determine the prevalence ridesharing use among families with children.\nWe conducted an online survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 18 years or older between December 12th and 16th, 2019. We used the general population sample (N = 2017) to identify our sample of interest, i.e. parents/legal guardians of children below age 10 (N = 450). Parents/legal guardians were asked if they have ever used rideshare (e.g., Uber, Lyft, etc.) and if yes, if their children below the age of 10 have ever been in a ride share with them. Respondents were not asked about the use of child restraints in ridesharing.\nParticipants were recruited from The Harris Poll opt-in panel. This is not a probability-based sample, which means an estimate of sampling error cannot be calculated. Demographic and propensity score statistical weighting were applied to adjust for respondents’ propensity to be online and to ensure the results are representative of the general population. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health institutional review board deemed this study not human participants research.\nFrom the sampling frame of 2017 U.S. adults, a total of 450 respondents reported being a parent or legal guardian of children below the age of 10. Of these, 307 or 68% had ever used ridesharing. Among those who had used ridesharing, a total of 253 or 82% reported using ridesharing with their children below the age of 10 y. Rideshare use with children was significantly higher among individuals with some college education compared to those with high school education or less (57% compared to 47%), and in households with an income of $50,000 or higher compared to those below $50,000 (60% compared to 43%). Adults between 18 and 34 years and those 35–44 years reported the highest percentage of ridesharing use (71 and 65% respectively), and these groups were also the most likely to report having children ages 9 or under (38 and 47% respectively).\nAt the time of this survey, 34 U.S. states have legislation exempting rideshare vehicles from child restraint system (CRS) law coverage (Owens, 2019). Our finding of high rates of rideshare use among parents suggests that a large number of children could be at risk of injury due to a lack of appropriate restraint use. Consistent with prior studies, rideshare use was higher among more educated and affluent segments of the population (Jiang, 2019). While we did not assess the actual use of CRS in rideshare vehicles, previous research indicates that nearly 60% of parents/caregivers reported transporting children under 5 years of age differently in rideshare than in a personal vehicle, with 37% reporting holding children on their lap and 25% letting a child ride without an appropriate child seat (Owens, 2019). CRS use rates in taxi’s also provide an indication of CRS use rates in for-hire vehicles. Using crash data from New York City, Prince and colleagues found that CRS use was less than 6% in taxis involved in a crash in which a child was injured (Prince et al., 2019).\nWhile challenges remain, CRS use in personal vehicles has largely been a public health success. Observational surveys indicate that in 2017, passenger vehicle CRS use was 97.9% among children < 1 year of age, 95.3% among children 1–4 years of age, 89.4% among children 4–7 years, and 84.4%.among children 8–12 years (Li & Pickrell, 2018). We expect use rates to be lower in ridesharing trips because of the widespread practice of exempting these vehicles in state laws, and because of the difficulties parents can face in using CRS in ride-sharing vehicles. Notably, ordering a rideshare that includes a company-provided CRS can substantially increase the cost of a trip. This may become an additional barrier to their adoption and use.\nPediatricians and injury prevention practitioners can reinforce the need for appropriate CRS use when using any vehicle, including those for hire, such as rideshare and taxis. Companies could demonstrate their commitment to safety by requiring CRS use regardless of the state law and providing a CRS when needed. As personal vehicle ownership declines and trips are increasingly likely to take place in ridesharing vehicles and taxis (Polzin et al., 2014), engineering solutions will be needed to provide CRS options that are easily carried and stored, or even built into vehicles. Such added convenience could encourage parents, caregivers and drivers to ensure child passenger safety in rideshare vehicles. In the longer term, a coordinated strategy is needed to address gaps in state legislation regarding CRS use in ridesharing vehicles.\nThis study is based on responses from the Harris Online panel, which is a non-probability sample. This means the results may be vulnerable to sampling biases such as self-selection. To adjust the sample to be nationally representative, a propensity weight was applied to each individual respondent’s data. However, it is possible that some bias remained in the sample, even after the weights were applied (Copas et al., 2020). This may be one reason why the prevalence of ridesharing in our study was marginally higher than what was reported in other surveys (Jiang, 2019).\nCRS use reduces risk of serious injury or death for children in a crash (Arbogast et al., 2004). There is an urgent need for action to ensure that use of rideshare does not increase child injury risk. The first step is to determine accurate estimates of CRS use in rideshare vehicles, which is currently unknown, and identify barriers and facilitators of CRS use in such vehicles. Progress in personal mobility in the U.S. should not be accompanied by setbacks in child safety.\nChild restraint systems\nArbogast KB, Durbin DR, Cornejo RA, Kallan MJ, Winston FK. An evaluation of the effectiveness of forward facing child restraint systems. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):585–9.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS Leading Cause of Death Reports, 1999–2017. 2020.\nCopas A, Burkill S, Conrad F, Couper MP, Erens B. An evaluation of whether propensity score adjustment can remove the self-selection bias inherent to web panel surveys addressing sensitive health behaviours. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):251.\nJiang J. More Americans are using ride-hailing apps [Internet], 2019. Pew Research Center. [viewed 2021 Jan 4]. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/04/more-americans-are-using-ride-hailing-apps/\nLi HR, Pickrell T, 2018 The 2017 National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (Report No. DOT HS 812 617). Washington, DC: Nationals Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Report No.: DOT HS 812 617.\nOwens J. Factors surrounding child seat usage in rideshare services [internet]. 2019 Available from: https://www.vtti.vt.edu/utc/safe-d/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/01-005_FinalResearchReport_Final.pdf\nPolzin SE, Chu X, Godfrey J. The impact of millennials’ travel behavior on future personal vehicle travel. Energy Strat Rev. 2014;5:59–65.\nPrince P, Hines LM, Bauer MJ, Liu C, Luo J, Garnett M, et al. Pediatric restraint use and injury in New York City taxis compared with other passenger vehicles. Transp Res Rec. 2019:0361198119843091.\nTefft B. Rates of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Injuries and Deaths in Relation to Driver Age, United States, 2014-2015. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety 2017;\nUber Technologies Inc. Uber Safety Report 2017–2018 [Internet]. Uber. [cited 2019 Dec 31]. Available from: https://www.uber.com/us/en/about/reports/us-safety-report/\nWolf LL, Chowdhury R, Tweed J, Vinson L, Losina E, Haider AH, et al. Factors Associated with Pediatric Mortality from Motor Vehicle Crashes in the United States: A State-Based Analysis. J Pediatr. 2017; 187: 295–302.e3.\nThis research was not supported by any funding sources.\nThe authors have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.\nEthics approval and consent to participate\nConsent for publication\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nEhsani, J.P., Michael, J.P. & Gielen, A. Rideshare use among parents and their children. Inj. Epidemiol. 8, 9 (2021). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s40621-021-00302-4", "label": "No"}
{"text": "MA Reading Education\nLanguage, Literacy and Sociocultural Education\nCollege of Education\nLanguage and Literacy Education\nThe purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how first-grade students recognize sight words in self-selected texts during independent reading. The context of the study was a suburban school district in South Jersey involving four first-grade students below grade level in at least one reading area. The four first-grade students, two boys and two girls, selected texts during independent reading. The participants engaged in pre-assessment and post-assessment surveys and initial participant interviews and exit participant interviews. The purpose was to analyze how first graders approach sight words in texts using metacognitive strategies. The students were audio recorded reading self-selected texts during the independent reading session. All participants grew in the recognition of regular and irregular sight words from the Dolch list, Fry list, and Pearson Reading Street list. The results revealed that first-graders identify sight words in self-selected texts using a combination of metacognitive strategies. The metacognitive strategies included self-monitoring, self-correcting, and using a reading strategy bookmark. Therefore, first-graders can become metacognitive readers to recognize sight words in self-selected texts.\nMangaro, Michelle L., \"First graders identify sight words in self-selected texts during independent reading\" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2656.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "With repeated use and overuse of harsh chemicals foraugmenting yield, soil depletion and contaminated environmentis one of the side effects that concerns growers across the world. Therefore, many growers who desire naturally grown plants opt for organic farming techniques and prefer using organic formulations instead of strong chemical fertilizers. Organic tea is one the popular organic growing fertilizer used by growers. It has been used as a natural growing fertilizer sincecenturies. You can use organic tea in soil as well as hydroponics gardening. It consists of many beneficial microorganisms along with other essential organic nutrients. And, these beneficial microorganisms help prevent your plants from dangerous pathogens, fungi and bacteria. In addition to this, microorganisms also help maintain good health of the plants and increase their immunity to increase their overall growth.\nDue to lack of quality organic supplements in the market, lot of hydroponic growers resort to buying homemade organic teas. The process is quite simple and can be easily brewed at home. Organic tea is essentially compost filled in large tea bags which are then dipped in water at room temperature for around 3 days. Ensure that you take quality compost and the water should not contain high levels of salts, heavy metals, nitrates, pesticides, chlorine or pathogens. Keep aerating the solution from time to time. It’s brewed in cold water instead of hot water as this will help to keep beneficial bacteria and fungi alive. Organic tea is 100% natural because it’s made of naturally decomposed materials. The brewed organic tea can be either used with the nutrient solution or can be directly sprayed on the leaves as a foliar spray, or even both. Use of good-quality organic tea can make your fruits tastier and colorful.\nHowever on the downside there are a few concerns with these homemade brews. Some of the major concerns are:\n- Shorter shelf life and therefore get spoilt easily\n- Ingredients used might not be 100% pure\nWith scientific advancement, now superior quality organic tea is available in the market. Advanced Nutrients developed a holistic organic formula called ‘OG Organics™ BigMike’s OG Tea™‘ which suffices the need for a good organic nutrient. One of the best inventions from Advanced Nutrients, this organic formula provides natural goodness and benefits of nature to the growth cycle of your crops. Resulted from intense research and hard work by the Advanced Nutrients’ team of scientists and researchers, OG Organics™ BigMike’s OG Tea™ is one of the finest organic nutrients with innumerable benefits:\n- It’s 100% organic with no artificial ingredients,\n- It helps maximize growth rates and yields,\n- Guarantees full potential of your plants with wonderful yields,\n- It’s pre-brewed so you can use them in any hydroponics system or root media\nOrganic tea encourages symbiotic microorganisms to multiply and perform their work with great speed. If you want to enhance your plants’ growth cycle and if you wish for vigorous growth then organic tea is a smart choice for you! You can now unlock the complete potential of your plants with organic tea. This natural fertilizer mixes well with water and nutrient solution to give ideal pH levelfor your soil or nutrient solution. Enriched with microbes, bio-active compounds and enzymes organic tea a pure organic fertilizer is surely beneficial for your plants!", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Results from a newly published epidemiological study by the Interphone Study Group from Germany indicate that overall mobile phone and cordless phone use do not increase brain tumor risk, in particular gliomas and meningiomas. However, an increased risk of glioma in long-term users (≥ 10 years) was observed. This population-based case-control study included 366 incident glioma cases, 381 meningioma cases, aged 30 to 69 and diagnosed between 2000-2003, and 1494 randomly selected controls matched on gender, age, and defined study regions. Regular mobile phone use did not increase the risk of glioma (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.74-1.29) or meningioma (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62-1.13). However, long-term mobile phone users exhibited a two-fold increase (95% CI 0.94-5.11) for glioma, while no increase was observed for meningioma. Furthermore, there were no observed differences in either glioma or meningioma incidences in the temporal lobe of the brain (the site of highest RF exposure). Since most of the studies conducted so far, including this study, have included a statistically insignificant number of long-term mobile phone users (only 12 cases of glioma in this study), further studies must be conducted to clarify whether long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of brain tumors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Queensland Places - Coen\nBy JOL Admin | 28 August 2014\nThe name of the town of Coen is said to have been derived from the Cape York Peninsula river of the same name. The river was originally named by the Dutch navigator Jan Carstensz, during his 1623 voyage through the region, in honour of the then Governor of the Dutch East Indies.\nIn the period following the Palmer River gold rush, from around 1873, further explorations to the north by a number of parties, eventually led to the discovery of alluvial gold on the Coen River. An access track was surveyed and cut through from Battle Camp in 1878 and by July of that year there were more than five hundred miners on the field. Coen’s population was to fluctuate during this early period with its isolation an on-going challenge to the town’s growth and development. Later, in the 1880s the area was made available for pastoral leases which, together with the harvesting of sandalwood, provided a welcome boost to the town’s economy. Mining however was still the main industry in the region and, as a consequence, the Coen Goldfield was officially proclaimed in 1892. Evidencing its growth and prosperity during this early period, the town had soon attracted a school, a school of arts, three hotels, a post and telegraph office as well as a range of shops and businesses.\nAs gold mining declined from around the 1930s, Coen still remained an important administrative and social centre for the surrounding Cape York communities. Also, during the Second World War, Coen was an important part of the forward defence network. Isolation was however still a challenge, in particular in regard to communication, with one of the last pack horse runs in Queensland operating out of Coen as late as the 1950s. As well, until the 1960s, when the Weipa-Bamaga area was developed, Coen was the most northerly town on Cape York Peninsula.\nThis photograph, dating from around 1905, shows the Great Northern Mine at Coen.\nToday, Coen remains an important regional service centre for the various communities in the area, local pastoralists as well as supporting the area’s tourist industry.\nBrian Randall - Queensland Places Coordinator, State Library of Queensland\nYour email address will not be published.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "School Attendance and Truancy\nSchool Attendance – Every Day Counts!\nEvery Day Counts in a child's education. Every day a student misses school, he/she gets more than two days behind because he/she must make up missed learning and catch up with new learning at the same time. Every day a student is in school he/she increases his/her learning opportunities. Every day a student goes to school, he/she learns a little more about responsibility. Every day counts toward funding for school supplies, too. A new law has changed the way schools receive state funding. Schools can no longer receive money for excused absences. Schools now receive funding only for students who are actually in class. Everyday a student misses school, even for excused absences, the school loses about $35.09 in income, the equivalent of about three library books.\nAs you are aware, compulsory daily school attendance is a requirement for all students ages 6-18. Our Superintendent, Parvin Ahmadi, along with all District staff, is committed to continuing academic improvement in all of our schools. Daily school attendance fosters improvement in student achievement and the District needs your support in making sure children come to school on a regular basis. Additionally, when a student misses school, excused or unexcused, the District loses approximately $35.09 per day for each absence. Although our attendance rate for the district was 96% in 2006-07, the 4% of the students who did not attend school totaled $2,203,596 in lost revenue.\nThe California Education Code 48205 defines school absences as either excused or non-excused. Excused absences are generally unavoidable and include the following:\n- Funeral services for immediate family\n- Quarantine Medical/dental/eye appointments\nThe parent/guardian of the student must send a note and/or phone the school to clear any of these excusable absences. Please see the student handbook for the policy regarding making up school work and assignments missed because of an excused absence. Failure to clear excused absences will result in a recorded truancy on the student's permanent record.\nNon-excused absences are usually avoidable and include some of the following examples:\n- Parent requiring student to perform childcare\n- Student's birthday\n- Family changing residence within school district\n- Visiting relatives\n- Car trouble\nVacations should be scheduled to coincide with the District's instructional calendar. Typically make-up work is not accepted for unexcused absences. However, short-term Independent Study may be arranged for students that will be absent from regular instruction for a minimum of three (3) consecutive instructional days (Board Policy 6158). A request for Independent Study should be submitted ten school days prior to the absence, and the Principal has the right to deny a short-term Independent Study agreement. If approved, the work must be completed and turned in on the assigned due date or when the student returns to school, whichever is first.\nThe district will send a formal letter to the parents/guardians of students who accumulate three days of unexcused absences, numerous unexcused class periods, or numerous tardies. This letter will inform the family of a potential declaration of truancy on the child's record according to Education Code 48260. Students with excessive absences may be required to submit a doctor's note.\nOne of the Castro Valley Unified School District's goals is to improve student attendance. We appreciate your assistance in this goal since Every Day Counts towards your child's continued academic success.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is GDPR?\nGDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is data protection and privacy law that enforces organizations to protect personal data of EU (European Citizens), giving more control to individuals over their personal data.\nIt not only includes EU and EEA (European Economic Area) but it also applies to any globally-present companies that are associated with storing or processing personal data of EU residents.\nThe GDPR, consisting of 7 principles, 173+ regulations, and 99 articles, mandates new approaches to data security by provisioning legislative solutions to data breaches and ensure confidentiality and privacy of personal data.\nHow ISO:27001 And GDPR Related With Each Other?\nSimilar to GDPR in essence, ISO:27001 is an international information security standard that helps companies adopt best practices for implementing and maintaining an Information Security Management System (ISMS). It aims to control data security, integrity, and availability by helping companies to follow legal ISO Compliance.\nWhile GDPR and ISO standards both have a fundamental thing in common, i.e. data security controls, both indicate several similar rules for data security. There are several differences exist between GDPR and ISO, but both are aiming to reduce cyber threats and mitigate external or internal security violations.\nThe similarity between both these standards includes:\n- Data Integrity, Availability, Confidentiality\n- Risk Assessment\n- Notification Of Data Breaches\n- Data Protection Measures\n- Documenting Security Processes\nHow SPEC INDIA is GDPR-Compliant?\nWith globally-present clientele, and especially in the European region, we have taken several considerations into account to safeguard data at every level.\nGDPR Practices We Follow To Ensure GDPR-Readiness\n- Deletion/Modification Of Data\nAccording to GDPR standards, EU citizens have rights to ask for data erasure and modification of data\n- Data Protection Officer\nWe have appointed DPO ( Data Protection Officer) who oversees data protection strategy and ensures compliance with GDPR\n- Encrypted Data\nOur system stores encrypted data and manage end-to-end security controls while processing\n- Secure Communication Channels\nWe use secure communication channels to ensure complete security and privacy of communication\n- Consent of Users\n- Notification of Breaches\nWe ensure, when a data breach occurs, we report that within 72 hours.\nSPEC INDIA’s Security-First Approach For ISO And GDPR Compliance\n- We have already initiated a drive to achieve ISO 27001 standard in 2nd quarter of 2019. We expect to get the certificate in the 4th quarter of 2019, ensuring complete security under control.\n- Our QMS team maintains a healthy security structure enabling compliance with international data regulations\n- To comply with GDPR regulations at every level, we have conducted internal sessions on GDPR.\n- We constantly look forward to adopting the best security practices that are in line with GDPR compliance. Our teams are well aware of the importance of data security in the data-driven age, adopting best practice to strengthen data security controls and mitigate risks.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Monday, November 21, 2011\nPicasso Mask Study\nThere are 2 parts to it. Constructing the mask and then after careful observation creating a painting influenced by the design elements of that mask. With a class you can have students reference their own mask or that of their classmates.\nCubism and the work of Picasso and Braque with your students. This particular art project looks at the early stages of Cubism, (almost more expressionism).\nWith Cubism, we are experimenting with form, stylistic distortion of form, and we are looking at the viewer's perception of that form.\nDuring this early work you can see how Picasso was influenced by his interest in Iberian Sculpture and African art. (see Demoioselles d' Avignon, 1907)\n- paper towels\n- white glue\n- water and recycled container\n- wax paper\n- paint, acrylic or tempera\n- wc paper or heavy sketch paper\n- resource material (African mask images, Iberian sculpture)\nYou can tape it to an old yogurt container if you want to assist in the drying process as well as making it easier to maneuver while constructing.\nCut up your paper towel into strips. Mix up your white glue with some water (1 to 1 ratio) in an old recycled container. Place some wax paper on your work space. Start constructing your mask. Put some strips into your glue mixture and apply to your balloon. Cross the strips over one another. You only need about 2 coats here. We only need 1/2 the balloon covered to make a mask. Every once and a while add a dry strip to soak up extra moisture as well you can soak up all that excess glue mixture on the wax paper. You want your mask to be moist not sopping.\nLeave upright to dry. Here I placed the cup I had taped to my balloon into another old yogurt container. You might have to put some weight into the container to keep that balloon upright.\n- African masks\n- Iberian sculpture\nUsing your own mask and/or ones by your classmates pick out specific design elements (lines, shapes, colors) and add these to your composition. Draw it out in pencil first. You're not looking to replicate the mask here only pull out elements that interest you and place them in a new arrangement.\nGive it a try, it's very interesting to see what features or elements the kids focus on.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "All About the Breed Entlebucher Mountain Dog\nHave you recently fallen for the Entlebucher Mountain Dog or do you simply love rare breeds? Learn all about the breed here, including: Breed History, Personality Traits, Train-ability, Benefits and Disadvantages of the Breed, and Common Health Concerns.\nAlso known as the Entlebucher Sennenhund, Entelbuch Mountain Dog, and the Entelbucher Cattle Dog, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog is a loyal and affectionate breed. But how do you know whether you are ready to purchase a pet and if this breed is right for you? This information is absolutely necessary in making the decision to purchase a pet.\nThe origin of the Entlebucher Mountain Dog can be traced back to 1889 Switzerland. Enthusiasts believe this breed to be a descendent of the ancient Molossus dogs, though this has never been proven scientifically or otherwise.\nThroughout its history, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog has been most commonly used for herding and guarding cattle, proving its superior abilities through years of hard work.\nIn the early 1900's, several popular breeds were being imported into Switzerland, including the German Shepherd. Due to cross-breeding, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog was nearly lost. Credited for saving the breed is Professor Albert Heim, and breeder and enthusiast.\nThe American Kennel Club accepted the Entlebucher Mountain Dog into its Foundation Stock Service program in 2000.\nToday, the Entlebucher has earned an underground popularity for making an incredible companion dog, yet still remains rare outside of its native Switzerland.\nBest known for its affectionate and friendly nature, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog thrives on strong and dependable human relationships. These energetic dogs love to run and play games such as fetch and frisbee. While sometimes overly independent and confident, this breed is highly intelligent and trainable. As a pet, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog is loyal, obedient, and loving.\nDue to its need for human relationships and eagerness to please its owner, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog generally responds well to basic training and commands. This intelligent breed has the ability to learn to perform most any task its trainer is willing to take the time to teach.\nEstablishing immediate dominance and trust is key to successfully training the Entlebucher Mountain Dog. These dogs can be somewhat sensitive to criticism and respond best to positive reinforcement and reward-based training.\nBenefits and Disadvantages of the Breed\nThere are many benefits to owning an Entlebucher Mountain Dog, such as their no hassle, low maintenance coat. This intelligent breed can learn to perform most any impressive trick or task. These dogs are very energetic and often quite entertaining to watch while at play. When properly socialized, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog gets along well with all people, favoring children, and other pets. This breed is loyal, loving, and obedient, making an excellent family pet and companion alike.\nUnfortunately, there are also disadvantages to owning an Entlebucher Mountain Dog. These energetic and athletic dogs require large amounts of daily exercise, attention, and room to run and play. Anyone wishing to purchase this breed lacking the adequate amount of time and space to dedicate to the dog is strongly advised against doing so. An Entlebucher Mountain Dog not receiving the proper amount of daily exercise will often act out by destroying property, chewing, barking, whining, and ignoring basic training such as housebreaking.\nThe Entlebucher Mountain Dog has a strong instinct to herd and will occasionally indulge in a good chase. When on the run, this breed can be difficult to keep up with and may pose a threat to other animals, neighborhood pets, and small woodland creatures. The Entlebucher Mountain Dog must be leashed or properly secured at all times when outdoors.\nThis breed requires almost constant attention and thrives on being near its owners at all times, and therefore suffers from separation anxiety. Individuals seeking to purchase the Entlebucher Mountain Dog who travel frequently, have full time work, or are away from the home on a daily basis are advised to begin researching another breed. During an attack of separation anxiety, the Entlebucher will act out of nervous destruction and may destroy property, chew, bark, whine, and ignore housebreaking training.\nAs previously mentioned, the Entlebucher Mountain Dog remains rather rare outside of its native Switzerland. Individuals wishing to purchase this breed often encounter such challenges as inability to locate a breeder, extremely high prices, and being placed on long waiting lists.\nCommon Health Concerns\nWhile the Entlebucher Mountain Dog is typically known as a healthy and hearty breed, they do suffer from a few health problems, including: hip dysplasia, patellar luxation - dislocation of the knee, various joint problems such as arthritis, bloat, and Hemolytic Anemia - anemia caused by the abnormal breaking down of red blood cells.\nNow that you know all about the breed, do you think you are ready to own an Entlebucher Mountain Dog? Remember, purchasing a pet is a big decision and should be discussed thoroughly and seriously with your entire family.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ark of Taste\nKing Philip Corn\nRecognized as a native landrace by United States agriculturists prior to the Civil War, King Phillip Corn has been grown and developed by the Wampanoag Native American community for centuries. Metacom, the Wampanoag sachem, or leader, was known as King Philip among settlers in the Massachusetts Bay, and it is after him that the corn is named. A landrace is a species or breed of plant or animal that has developed over time through the use of traditional agricultural methods. The natural selection involved in landrace farming is what traditional agriculture is viewed as in many cultures, and the seeds collected from this type of farming are valued greatly. Over time King Philip Corn evolved and adapted to its surroundings, creating a corn with a unique color and taste. Traditionally the corn was used to make Indian meal fritters, corn dodgers, and Indian Pudding. This iconic variety was recognized by settlers as a great gift from the Wampanoag, and it’s cultivation and improvement soon became an obsessive concern of 19th century corn breeders. The improved strain of King Philip has survived into the 21st century, representing loyal corn breeders as well as the Wampanoag culture.\nLike many landrace varieties of corn, King Philip Corn ranges in color from dark yellow to a copper-red. Throughout the 19th century breeders improved upon the corn, and one strain cultivated by D. John Brown stood out from the others. Between the years 1817 and 1860 Brown’s King Philip Corn was cultivated and admired by farmers throughout the region. Brown’s King Phillip Corn had a growing period of 85 days, and produced over 100 bushels of shelled corn per acre. Each stalk produced a minimum of two ears of corn and sometimes up to four, which was far superior to standard varieties. By 1860 the cob had lengthened from eleven to fourteen inches, doubling the yield from the landrace form of the plant. Another advantage of King Philip Corn is that it is resistant to mold, which caught the eye of agriculturists throughout America who struggled with mold taking over their crops.\nKing Philip Corn was originally grown in Massachusetts where the Wampanoag community was located, and production soon spread to New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, and parts of Lower Canada. Once word spread about it’s rapid growth and mold resistance, people started to cultivate King Philip Corn in high altitude areas as well as in northern portions of the Midwest.\nCurrently, King Philip Corn is planted exclusively by small patch farmers in New England, and there is only one commercial seed source. In order to restore the variety, the three strains of King Philip Corn maintained by the USDA must be grown out to form the genetically diversified groundwork upon which future crops could depend.\nKing Philip Corn is not suitable for conventional agriculture for a variety of reasons, including the widespread use of petroleum-based fertilizers, which would send the stalks into leaf production. The two to four ears of corn per stalk were considered highly productive in the 19th century, however modern hybrids have substantially higher yields. Corn production in America continues to grow due to government subsidies on the classic big kernelled yellow corn. These subsidies, and the conventional agriculture system have been detrimental to the production of landrace corn varieties like King Philip Corn. Despite its superior taste and rich cultural history, the production of King Phillip Corn has gone nearly extinct due to conventional farming practices. Growing King Philip Corn is not only an essential act to continue as to avoid extinction of the crop, but it is vital in conserving the culture behind this historic landrace corn variety.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "There is no god!\nBut you do raise an interesting question that needs by answered \"what is the shape and nature of the universe what is light and what is dark?\" String theory provides some answers to these question? Here's some simple food for thought.\nIf at every time, space at every point looks the same in every direction, then space has to have constant curvature . If the curvature was different at any point, then space would look different in that direction from every other point. Therefore if space is maximally symmetric, the curvature has to be the same at every point .\nSo that narrows us down to three options for the geometry of space: positive, negative or zero curvature. When there is no vacuum energy present, just matter or radiation, the curvature of space also tells us the time evolution of the spacetime in question:\nPositive : The unique N-dimensional space with constant positive curvature is an N-dimensional sphere. The cosmological scenario where space has positive constant curvature is called a closed Universe. In this spacetime, space expands from zero volume in a Big Bang but then reaches a maximum volume and starts to contract back to zero volume in a Big Crunch.\nZero : A space with zero curvature is called (no surprise here) a flat space. A flat space is noncompact, space extends infinitely far in any direction, so this option also represents an open Universe. This spacetime has space expanding forever in time.\nNegative : The unique N-dimensional space with constant negative curvature is an N-dimensional pseudosphere. To compare this funny word with something more familiar, a hyperboloid is a two-dimensional pseudosphere. With negative curvature, space has infinite volume. The negative curvature option represents an open Universe. This spacetime also has space expanding forever in time.\nWhat determines whether a Universe is open or closed? For a closed Universe, the total energy density r in the Universe has to be greater than the value that gives a flat Universe, called the critical density r 0 . Let W = r / r 0 . So a closed Universe has W > 1 , a flat Universe has W = 1 and an open Universe has W < 1 .\nThe above analysis only takes into account energy from matter, and neglects any vacuum energy that might be present. Vacuum energy leads to a constant energy density that is called the cosmological constant .\nWhich behavior represents our observed Universe? To discuss the most recent observations, first we need to look at dark matter and the cosmological constant.\nWhere does dark matter come in?\nThe matter in the Universe that we can see mainly consists of stars and hot gas or other stuff that emits light of some wavelength that can be detected by either our eyes, telescopes or complicated instrumentation. But for the last two decades, astronomers have been seeing evidence of vast amounts of invisible matter in the Universe.\nFor example, there doesn't seem to be enough visible matter in the form of stars and interstellar gas to hold most galaxies together gravitationally. According to estimates of how much mass would actually be needed to keep the average galaxy from flying apart, it is now widely believed by physicists and astronomers that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible . This matter is called dark matter , and it's important for cosmology.\nIf there is dark matter, then what could it be made of? If it were made of quarks like ordinary matter, then in the early Universe, more helium and deuterium would have been produced than could exist in the Universe today. Particle physicists tend to think that dark matter could consist of supersymmetric particles that are very heavy but couple very weakly to the particles observed in accelerators now.\nThe visible matter in the Universe is much less than closure density, therefore, if there were nothing else, our Universe should be open. But is the dark matter enough to close the Universe? In other words, if W B is the density of ordinary matter and W D is the density of dark matter in the Universe today, does W B + W D = 1? Studies of galactic motion show that even including dark matter, the total only adds up to about 30% of closure density, with W B making up 5% and W D accounting for as much as 25%.\nBut that's not the end of the story. There's another possible source of energy in the Universe: the cosmological constant.\nWhat about the cosmological constant?\nEinstein didn't always like the conclusions of his own work. His equation of motion for spacetime predicted that a Universe filled with ordinary matter would expand. Einstein wanted a theory where the Universe stayed the same size forever. To fix the Einstein equation, he added a term now called the cosmological constant , that balanced the energy density of matter and radiation to make a Universe that neither expanded nor contracted, but stayed the same for eternity.\nOnce everyone accepted Hubble's evidence that the Universe was expanding, Einstein's cosmological constant theory was abandoned. However, it was resurrected by relativistic quantum theories where a cosmological constant arises naturally and dynamically from the quantum oscillations of virtual particles and antiparticles. This is called the quantum zero point energy, which is a possible source of the vacuum energy of spacetime. The challenge in quantum theory is to avoid producing too much vacuum energy, and that's one reason why physicists study supersymmetric theories.\nA cosmological constant can act to speed up or slow down the expansion of the Universe, depending on whether it is positive or negative. When a cosmological constant is added to a spacetime with matter and radiation, the story gets more complicated than the simple open or closed scenarios described above.\nWhat's the final answer?\nThe Big Bang began with a radiation dominated era , which accounted for the first 10,000-100,000 years of the evolution of our Universe. Right now the dominant forms of energy in our Universe are matter and vacuum energy. The latest measurements from astronomers tell us:\n1. Our Universe is pretty flat : The cosmic microwave background is the relic of Big Bang thermal radiation, cooled to the temperature of 2.73° Kelvin. But it didn't cool perfectly smoothly, and after the radiation cooled, there were some lumps left over. The angular size of those lumps as observed from our present location in spacetime depends on the spatial curvature of the Universe. The currently observed lumpiness in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background is just right for a flat Universe that expands forever.\n2. There is a cosmological constant : There is vacuum energy, or something that acts just like IT, to make the expansion of the Universe accelerate in time. The acceleration of the Universe can be seen in the redshifts of distant supernovae.\n3. Most of the matter in the Universe is dark matter : Studies of galatic motion show that ordinary visible matter in stars, galaxies, planets, and interstellar gas only makes up a small fraction of the total energy density of the Universe.\nThe Universe at our current epoch has (approximately)\nSo right now the density of vacuum energy in our Universe is only about twice as large as the energy density from dark matter, with the contribution from visible baryonic matter almost negligible. The total adds up to a flat universe which should expand forever.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "On Monday, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge welcomed their first child, a son, at London’s St. Mary’s Hospital, Paddington. The newborn, George Alexander Louis, is now third in line to the British throne. While the much publicized mystery over the baby’s given names has been solved, his parents still have a royal conundrum on their hands: What will the new prince’s surname be? For William and Catherine, it’s not as simple as it may seem.\nBritain’s monarchy dates back to the 10th century, when the great Anglo-Saxon ruler Athelstan, grandson of Alfred the Great, defeated the last of the Viking invaders to consolidate control of the island nation. The last 12 centuries have seen more than 50 men and women assume the throne, but until the early 20th century not one of those individuals had a last name. As with other monarchies, the reigning sovereigns (and their relatives) have been referred to by their family or “house” names: Richard I (the Lionheart) was also Richard Plantagenet; Henry VIII and his three children were all Tudors and were followed by a series of Stuarts; and for nearly two centuries the monarchy of Great Britain was held by a seemingly endless line of men named George from the House of Hanover.\nAll that changed, however, with the onset of World War I. George V, Britain’s ruler at the time, was himself the head of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, a title he and his family inherited not from his grandmother, Queen Victoria, but from his grandfather, the German-born Prince Albert. But in the midst of a war in which Germany was the chief enemy and when frequently violent anti-“Hun” sentiment was on the rise, putting a bit of distance between the British throne and their overseas relations was deemed both politically and personally prudent. George (and his advisors) finally found a solution: replace the “family” name with a modern, official (and English) surname. Seeking to play up the family’s “Britishness,” George took as his inspiration the name of the oldest inhabited castle in the world, Windsor Castle, first founded by William the Conqueror in the 11th century. A series of lesser royals were forced to give up their German names and titles, and thus, the House of Windsor was born, prompting George’s cousin, German Kaiser Wilhelm II, to reportedly joke he was looking forward to catching a performance of Shakespeare’s play “The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.”\nGeorge VI ruled under this new family name, but things got a bit trickier when his eldest daughter, Elizabeth, married in 1947. Her husband Philip was himself a member of a prominent royal family (in his case, the Greek and Danish branches of the House of Glücksburg), and as with most other European royals, carried no surname of his own. Months before his wedding, Philip (who had been raised primarily by English relatives) became a naturalized British citizen and adopted his mother’s family name, Mountbatten—which had itself been Anglicized during World War I from its original Germanic Battenberg. Upon her marriage to Philip, many assumed that Elizabeth would simply take on her husband’s family name (as Queen Victoria had done before her), but as with many royal sagas that’s not quite how things worked out.\nPhilip and his relatives lobbied for his wife and future children to carry the Mountbatten name, while the Windsors (aided by then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill) fought equally hard to preserve theirs. The situation remained unsettled even after the birth of Elizabeth and Philip’s first two children, Charles and Anne, in 1949 and 1950, respectively. In 1952, Elizabeth ascended to the throne following the death of her father, and soon announced that the royal family would continue to be known as the House of Windsor and the surname would remain that as well. Eight years later, however, Elizabeth (just days away from giving birth to her third child Andrew) reversed course, issuing a decree that her descendants with her husband (now styled Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh) would carry the surname Mountbatten-Windsor. The first official usage of the new name occurred 13 years later, when Philip and Elizabeth’s daughter, formally known as the Princess Royal but using her family name of Anne Mountbatten-Windsor, married Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey.\nSo Mountbatten-Windsor it is, right? Not so fast. Elizabeth’s 1960 decree also stated that the double barrel Mountbatten-Windsor surname could be superseded if the highest-ranking members of the family (those styled His or Her Royal Highness and Prince or Princess) chose to use their official titles instead. So, when Charles became Prince of Wales (the title traditionally granted to Britain’s heir apparent) in 1958, he could use that as a last name if he wished–which is how his sons with the late Diana, Princess of Wales, came to be known as William and Harry Wales when they attended school and later entered the military. The princes’ cousins, Eugenie and Beatrice, use their father Andrew’s titled name of York. For his part, Queen Elizabeth’s youngest son, Edward has used several surnames: Mountbatten-Windsor in his youth, Windsor in his professional career and his title of Wessex after he became an earl in 1999. His wife is informally known as Sophie Wessex, while his two children are known as Louise and James Mountbatten-Windsor—at least for now.\nAnd that brings us to the latest addition to the British royal family. When William and Catherine married in 2011 they received the official titles of Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, throwing yet another possibility into the mix. The announcement of Catherine’s pregnancy in December of last year set off rampant speculation (and not a few monetary bets) regarding the child’s name and sex, especially in light of recently changed laws that would have allowed their firstborn child to assume the throne, regardless of whether it was male or female. When the eagerly awaited baby made its arrival earlier this week, palace officials announced that he would become Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge, but made no further mention of whether that would be the baby’s surname or if he will go by Mountbatten-Windsor (as many royal experts believe). If recent history is any indication, the future king of England may be known by any number of names by the time he assumes the throne.\nAs for the baby’s first and middle names, there’s already speculation about the possible significance of William and Catherine’s choices. Royal officials remain mum on the subject, but experts note that the selection of George pays tribute to the baby’s great-great and great-great-great grandfathers. Alexander may be a nod towards the queen (christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary), while Louis may honor the baby’s other patrilineal roots: Prince Charles was exceptionally close to his great-uncle, Louis Mountbatten—the man who introduced Charles’ parents to each other and helped set off the great Windsor/Mountbatten-Windsor debate in the first place.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Is “Good Art” the apex of Art’s use?\nArt is the arrangement of material, concepts, or ideas with the intention of objectifying beauty. Even when we see something artistic as ugly, the one who created the art saw significance in that thing which they have arranged. Art is the projection of beauty from inside the mind of the artist and is never neutral. Art can be found in every culture on earth, which means that every culture has a category for beauty and loveliness because it is coded into our very nature. It might be said that humanity loves art because humanity is made in the image of the God who Himself loves art.\nGod is the original artist. He made all of creation in varied colors, flavors, shapes, materials, odors, sizes, and textures. He could have made one type of apple, rather than the 7,500 various types of apples grown around the world today. He could have made 3 types of fish, but instead we know of 32,000 species of fish in the world, and the number is growing. That’s beauty! That’s art!\nImage of God\nHumanity is made in God’s likeness (דמות) and image (צלם). Likeness carries the force of relation or resemblance to something else. Likeness can refer to a model, like the model of the alter that King Ahaz sent Uriah the priest in 2 Kings 16:10. It can also express similarity to something such as in Isaiah 13:4. The word translated “as” is actually “likeness”, the same word used in Genesis 1:26.\nImage can refer to a physical thing (an etching, a monument, etc.) that stands to represent something else. An “image” would be erected in a region to signify that the area was governed by the ruler who’s image the physical object would bear (see Daniel 3:1). The image served the citizens in that it reminded them of the rule and reign of the ruler of the land.\nLikeness and image ultimately describe the vertical and horizontal poles by which we relate to God and the world around us. In the fall of man, we didn’t lose our image bearing nature, rather the image bearing nature was distorted. This means that fallen man no longer properly relates to God and therefore no longer properly exercises the rule of God on earth. The NT connects the dots for us as we look at Ephesians 4:23, 24. The restoration of relationship back to God through the Gospel ultimately changes the way that we engage with God’s world.\nand to be renewed in the spirit of your minds, and to put on the new self, created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness.\nThe Gospel brings a vertical and horizontal restoration of likeness and image. Ephesians 5 continues to show us what a restoration of the likeness of God in us through the Gospel does for our relationships at work, in marriage, and in parenting, etc. The Gospel is God’s means to restoring relational harmony between man and God, man and man, as well as man and creation (see Romans 8:2223). The restoration of the meaning and usage of the arts is included in this.\nThe Purpose of Art\nAll of humanity is made in the image of God and so all of humanity creates art, but what makes the Christian’s art different? Is it only that we honor God in our heart as we create art that’s virtually indistinguishable from fallen humanity? Is it only that we make art that explicitly preaches the Gospel? Is it only that we create art that is excellent? What is the meaning of art for a Christian? How we answer these questions flow from two opposite ways of looking at redemptive history:\n1) The view that creation serves redemption\n2) The view that redemption serves creation\nIn the first view, God creates so that there will be a redemption. Prefall is good but not ideal from the vantage point of a story that would have a greater redemptive end. That means creation has an ulterior motive the glory of grace.\nIn the second view, God redeems so that there can be the proper enjoyment of all things as unto Him. Prefall is good and ideal, but the fall introduces a break in an otherwise ideal scenario to which redemption restores us to that previous state.\nBoth views hold that creation is good (Genesis 1) and affirm it, with the Apostle Paul as good (1 Timothy 4:15). I believe the Scripture most consistently shows us the first view. There is a sense in which redemption serves creation in that redeemed people can now properly enjoy creation for what it was meant for without idolizing it. In that sense, redemption does in one way serve creation. But in the ultimate sense, creation exists for redemption and all God’s good world is to be leveraged in such as way as to point to redemption.\n1 Corinthians 10:31, 41\nSo, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God. Give no offense to Jews or to Greeks or to the church of God, just as I try to please everyone in everything I do, not seeking my own advantage, but that of many, that they may be saved. Be imitators of me, as I am of Christ.\nWhether food, beverage or art imitate Christ and do it in such a way as to show the superior worth of God (not of art) for the purpose of redemption. This is the purpose of our art not just to enjoy it or do good art, but to use it for redemptive purposes Gospel purposes.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The university of Glasgow Caledonian, in conjunction with Yorkhill Children's Charity are beginning work on researching possible drugs for the treatment of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis in young people. Through gene therapy and the lead doctors work with zebrafish, the hope is that sufferers of the disease will in the future be able to experience restored visual function.\nLeber's Congenital Amaurosis is a rare eye condition, inherited from a parent, that appears in roughly 1 in every 80,000 people around the time of birth or shortly afterwards. The presentation of the condition can vary due its association with multiple genes, however, it is generally described as causing vision loss, without an associated lesion. Symptoms of LCA can normally be recognised as slow or poor pupillary response, nystagmus and severe to complete vision loss. One particular form of the condition was successfully treated through the use of gene therapy in 2008.\nDr Xinhua Shu will lead the research into the drug development programme following a £40,000 award. The projects direction will focus upon decreasing oxidative damage and improving light sensitive cells survival rate. This will be in conjunction with gene therapy treatment which in the long term, is hoped to offer restored visual function.\nAs a background, Dr Shu has worked with zebrafish during research projects, due to the parallels between the human retina, and that of the fish. Analysis of the role gypenosides play in protecting the cells of the retina will be an important part of the programme.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Interview with Ana Sender and Heinz Janisch, artists behind The Golden Age: Ovid’s Metamorphoses\nWith his epic collection of poems Metamorphoses, the Roman poet Ovid created one of the most influential works in the history of world literature. These ancient tales have undergone countless new interpretations in all forms of art, and now this selection of stories has been published for the first time as a picture book. The award-winning author Heinz Janisch has adapted his selection of these myths in language that is both powerful and poetic, but at just the right level for young readers. Ana Sender has provided beautiful illustrations which vividly convey the atmosphere of these wonderful stories. In this interview, conducted originally by parent company NordSüd, the artists discuss their experiences with Ovid’s myths and how their adaptation The Golden Age came to be. Interview translated by David Henry Wilson.\nDo you have any personal predilection for Ovid, or for classical literature in general?\nHeinz: I got to know the Ovid poems during Latin lessons at school. I was fascinated by them and also by his own life story, and they suddenly made me pay a lot more attention in class! Later, when I studied German literature, I realized that stories from Metamorphoses kept reappearing as important building blocks of world literature, because they had influenced so many authors.\nAna: You can’t help getting to know them – there are so many versions. Our own literature constantly draws inspiration from the classics. They appear in children’s books, you study them at school, you watch films…I once did some work for a Spanish fashion company, illustrating part of a collection which was based on myths from Ovid’s Metamorphoses!\nHeinz: The subject of transformation has always intrigued me – it also plays an important part in a lot of fairy tales. Anything is possible. In fact, it seems to me to be an important factor in life generally – our desire for change, or conversely our fear of it, that suddenly everything could become different. Basically, you could say that we live every moment with some kind of change.\nBasically, you could say that we live every moment with some kind of change.Heinz Janisch\nWhat did this project mean for you personally?\nAna: It was a real gift for me. The editors at NordSüd wanted me to express my own personal view of each story. You don’t often get such freedom when you’re commissioned to illustrate a book.\nHeinz: The project went straight to my heart. I wanted to make the magic of these tales as real as possible to as many readers as possible – regardless of age.\nWhat were your feelings as you worked on the book?\nHeinz: Wonderfully absorbing. Just reading the stories gave me weeks of immersion in this amazing world. I started by reading all of them – about 250, covering about 600 pages full of excitement. That was an experience in itself: from the beautiful and tender to the cruel and bloody. No wonder the subjects have found their way into so many works of art. For our book, I eventually focused on 17 of the tales. It wasn’t easy to choose. But it was hugely enjoyable then to see how the book slowly took shape with each newly told story.\nAna: There are so very many pictures and descriptions of these myths, and it was difficult for me to free myself from them and try to contribute something new. That’s really almost impossible. And so I used some of these descriptions, but at the same time I also tried to draw inspiration from other sources, like paintings and films and so on, which had nothing directly to do with mythology. And then I let all that run through the filter of my own imagination. I was fortunate in that my editors had complete faith in my choices and allowed me to experiment and to give a very personal touch to the work.\nHeinz, you’ve already ventured several times into other major works of world literature. How did you set about finding your own language for them?\nHeinz: Each book poses an all-important question: how do you respond to it? I find texts like the Bible or Metamorphoses strangely calming. I might almost say they give me a kind of inner strength even as they stir something up inside me. These tales require a clearly focused vision. And that’s how I want to tell them – calmly, clearly, stimulating the reader’s imagination, in a style that doesn’t sound forced or unnatural.\nAna, tell us about the techniques you used for the illustrations.\nAna: I simply tried to let the project itself guide me. For a while, I worked with nothing but digital techniques, but then I felt the need to go back to analog. And so I used watercolors, colored pencils and crayons – whichever seemed right for each illustration. But I went back to digital for the final touches.\nHow did the two of you get on together?\nHeinz: Through my love of picture books I’ve learnt to let go. The text comes first, and I hope that it will open up plenty of openings for pictures. I hardly ever get involved in the illustrator’s work. Words and pictures should co-exist at the same level, and that means that author and illustrator should both be as free as possible to express themselves. And so I wait in suspense – and then I look on in amazement and sheer delight. Ana has enriched the book with her superb pictures!\nWords and pictures should co-exist at the same level, and that means that author and illustrator should both be as free as possible to express themselves. And so I wait in suspense – and then I look on in amazement and sheer delight. Ana has enriched the book with her superb pictures!Heinz Janisch\nAna: Throughout the whole process, I had no contact with Heinz. He got the illustrations from the editors I worked with. When I was first told that I was to illustrate Heinz’s stories, I rushed straight to the library to get some of his books. I think he’s a very special writer, and I feel extremely honoured to have illustrated his texts.\nWhat do you both wish for your book and its readers?\nHeinz: Perhaps that the book will arouse interest in other great works of world literature, and also a desire in readers to create their own transformations, in writing or in real life…And I hope it might encourage them to enjoy the sheer pleasure of storytelling.\nAna: I hope it will be timeless. That it will become one of those books that people cherish like a treasure on their bookshelves, and return to every so often, to relish at their leisure. Thank you for talking to us.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Evolution and extinction\nYou may notice that fossils of certain organisms have different morphologies, or forms, through time. This is because some organisms develop new features, like shells that are thicker or shaped differently. This process of changing is called evolution. How and why these changes come about, or why they don’t, are the focus of much research.\nFossils also show us that many groups of creatures eventually become extinct. Trilobites, once plentiful in the Cambrian seas of Wisconsin, are extinct today, along with countless other creatures. Why are trilobites extinct, but direct descendants of other creatures that lived during the Paleozoic era, such as snails, abundant today? Some creatures survive during periods during which many other organisms become extinct. Does this happen because they are better adapted to their environment than those that became extinct, or are they just lucky? Paleontologists are working to answer these questions.\nWhat was the area we now call Wisconsin like 400 million years ago? It is possible to determine the environmental conditions of the past on the basis of the organisms that lived in an area at a certain time. Using information from living relatives of extinct creatures and assuming that similar, related creatures lived in similar habitats, we can make inferences about the past. For example, one indicator of marine environments is coral. Today, corals and coral reefs require specific conditions to flourish—warm temperatures (25°C to 29°C [77°F to 84°F]), shallow depths (less than 56 meters [165 feet]), and normal salinity (the total quantity of dissolved salts in water; normal salinity is approximately 35 parts per thousand). The abundance of coral fossils in Wisconsin’s Silurian-age rock suggests that a warm, shallow sea of normal salinity covered Wisconsin during that time.\nMany other organisms can be used to reconstruct aspects of Earth’s ancient environment as well. Knowing how life has responded to environmental changes in the past may help us understand how future environmental changes, such as global warming, will influence life on Earth.\nAge of rocks\nFossils can generally be considered the same age as the rocks in which they are found. The age of rocks can be determined relatively or absolutely. Different rock layers can be dated relatively on the basis of where they fall in a “stack” of layers. For example, if you were to drop some sheets of paper on the ground, one on top of the other, it’s obvious that the ones on the top got there more recently than the ones on the bottom. In the same way, rock layers (and the fossils they contain) on top of others are relatively younger than the rock layers below, if the rock has not been overturned by geologic processes.\nOne way you may be able to determine the geological period (age range) from which you are collecting is the presence of index fossils in the rock layers. Index fossils are fossil groups that lived for very short, specific periods of time. That makes them more useful for relative dating of rocks than long-lived fossil groups because they allow you narrow down a rock’s age range. Geologists can use several index fossils together to make determinations about relative rock ages.\nAbsolute age of rocks can be determined through a process using radioactivity. By knowing the decay rate (half life) of an element in a rock sample, geologists and paleontologists can determine how much decay has occurred over time and therefore how much time has passed. Normally, scientists use a combination of relative and absolute dating to determine the age of rocks and fossils.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "ARTS EDUCATION TEACHER HANDBOOK\nHIGH SCHOOL LESSON PLANS\nSubmitted by Frances Charleene Cox, Cumberland County Schools\nGrade Level or Course\nDance I and above\n2 (90 minute) lessons for writing and choreographing\n1 (90) minute lesson for performing and evaluating\nTargeted Goals and Objectives from the 2000 North Carolina Arts Education Standard Course of Study and Grade Level Competencies, K-12:\n1.01 Recognize and demonstrate kinesthetic awareness through proper body alignment.\n1.03 Demonstrate and define basic modern dance vocabulary.\n2.01 Employ the use of improvisation (free and structured) to discover and generate movement.\n2.02 Explore movement with a partner or group and exhibit spontaneous decision-making to select movement for dance.\n3.01 Recognize and demonstrate the use of the human body as an instrument of expression.\n4.01 Identify a variety of artistic decisions that are required to create and perform dance.\n4.02 Identify and discuss possible aesthetic criteria for evaluating dance including skill of performer, style and quality of movement, technical elements, visual or emotional impact, compositional elements (variety, contrast, unity, transition, and repetition) and choreographer's intent.\n6.01 Demonstrate capabilities and limitations of the body through movement exploration.\n7.01 Identify, conclude, or predict connections between dance and other content areas by applying criteria for evaluation.\n8.01 Demonstrate appropriate audience etiquette using good listening skills, attentive behavior, and respect for the audience and performers.\n8.02 Demonstrate understanding of concentration and focus as part of the role of a performer of dance.\n8.05 Demonstrate personal progress through the creation and use of a dance portfolio containing written and/or visual samples of student work.\nTargeted Goals and Objectives from the North Carolina Standard Course\nof Study and Grade\nLevel Competencies, K-12 for other content areas.\nEnglish Language Arts: expressing reflections and reactions to print and non-print text and personal experiences; examining argumentation and developing informed opinions; applying conventions of grammar and language usage\nAlignment with NC High School Exit Exam:\napply rules of standard English to written text\nuse main ideas and supporting details to organize and communicate information.\nevaluate ideas and information to make informed decisions.\nlisten carefully and thoughtfully to understand, record, and synthesize information.\nevaluate information in order to recognize the author's purpose, draw conclusions, or make informed decisions\nfollow instructions to draw conclusions or make informed decisions\nanalyze information by comparing, contrasting, and summarizing to make informed decisions\nsynthesize information from several sources to apply that information to a new situation.\norganize tasks to accomplish an objective\nevaluate information, explanations, or ideas by identifying and applying criteria to draw conclusions or make predictions\ninterpret multiple sets of data to determine the best course of action.\nPlan logical steps and organize resources to accomplish a task within a given time frame.\nEvaluate situations to determine conflict and resolution.\nAs part of their study to discover different processes in which to base chorography on, students will create an original cinquain (five-line poem). Students will choreograph movement to their poem and perform movement for class and video. Students will use a rubric for self/group evaluation. A separate rubric for the composition and the performance of the choreography will be used. The choreographies will be performed for the class and finished poems along with completed rubrics will be placed in each student's portfolio as a sample of his/her work.\nVideo camera to record choreographies; music and player if desired by students; rubric for self/group evaluation; Cinquain handout (see the end of this lesson)\nLesson 1 (90minutes)\nInform students that they will have the opportunity to write a cinquain (five-line poem) and choreograph movement to it. They will be incorporating what they have learned with improvisation, writing and reading, with their original ideas to create a short dance. Give students copies of the rubric that will be used for assessment of the choreographies, so they will know what the expectations are from the beginning.\nModel the process for choreographing by using the example cinquain. The teacher should help the students think abstractly.\nStudents should write their cinquain. If they do not finish in class, students should finish for homework.\nLesson 2 (90 minutes)\nStudents should have written cinquain in last class or for homework.\nStudents will work on putting cinquain to movement.\nMonitor students work, ask questions about poem or movement that might inspire movement ideas when students seem to have a movement block.\nLesson 3 (90 minutes)\nAllow students to review movement, in order to be in a comfort zone for the video recording of their work.\nStudents will read their cinquain and then perform movement that was choreographed.\nUse criteria from rubric for discussion about the choreography. Class members may constructively criticize performances of individuals/groups.\nHave students discuss what they have learned and file cinquains and rubrics in individual portfolios.\nAssessment: (See Assessment Item aligned with this Lesson for copies of rubrics)\nStudents will self and group assess using rubric provided (see Assessment Item that aligns with this Lesson).\nThis lesson should be completed after students have had experience with the basic elements of dance (time, space, energy and body) and when basic skills in technique have been learned. Observations of modern dance videos could be shown to expose students to different choreographic styles and techniques. *This lesson may take more than 3 class times depending on the abilities of students and the size of the class.\nCinquain ( 5 line poem)\n1st line: Noun, one word\n2nd line: Adjectives, two words\n3rd line : Gerund (ing), three words\n4th line: Phrase or sentence\n5th line: One word (to end)\nCreaking, slanting, falling\nIn the middle of the room\n_____________________, _____________________, _____________________", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1156 VERMIN. The liability of owners for damage to cargo by vermin has been the subject of frequent litigation; some charter parties include the words \"damage by vermin excepted.\" When damage does occur, masters are always careful to \"protest\" against vermin, as early as possible after arrival.\n1157 Of all vermin infesting ships, the most injurious is the rat, which arises from his great instinct, boldness, and natural qualifications. The inner portion of the four front teeth of rats is soft; the outer is composed of the strongest enamel; the continual growth of these teeth can only be checked by constant use. When one has been lost, the opposite tooth has been known to lengthen until it met the gum, which caused it to turn and ultimately to pass through the lip. It is this extraordinary growing property of the front teeth which, coupled with in unconquerable thirst, makes rats so formidable. They \"eat\" up under the waterways of the deck until within a wafer thickness of the surface, through which dew or rain can be sucked; and where there is leakage around the partners of a mast, they eat from below up to the deck, and also up through the covering boards alongside a stanchion or timber-head; unless protected by copper, they will cut their way to the scupper-holes, when they hear water running through them. They have been known to eat through the wooden filling piece in the space where a deck-light had been originally; as the hole was fully 2 inches diameter, and only about 15 inches from the waterway, and nearly abreast of the pumps, it may be imagined what a quantity of water must have found its way below into the 'tween decks, on the cargo, either when the ship's pumps were used, her decks washed, or she was in heavy weather with a body of water in the lee (starboard) waist. The hole being immediately under a water cask lashed to the spare spars in the side of the ship, was not discovered for some time and the ship was believed to be making water very badly on the port tack. Grain-laden ships have been put in great danger by holes through the pump-casing, which admit cargo and choke the pumps. The greatest peril however is when rats attack the sides between wind and water, in the vain effort to assuage their thirst. Guided by the rippling of the sea, they select a plank where the sap is gone close to a seam, and by combining together, work incessantly until salt water oozes through and they find their labour useless. The weak barrier left gives way sooner or later, the cargo is injured, and the lives of all on board are in jeopardy, especially if the holes are under the channels, in the counter, or in any other concealed part. Rats will boldly come on deck in rainy weather, even in the day time, and in sight of the seamen, and will ascend the shrouds to suck water from the interstices of the rigging. Where they are so numerous, it seems better to give them a daily supply of water rather than risk such perils. Rats will gnaw holes in casks containing water, by cunningly selecting a seam close to the chime, where the heads are thinnest, and waste the ship's stores long before the voyage is completed. Casks of wine, spirits, and most other liquids, lead pipes, &c. are liable to the same attacks.\n1158 At Calcutta there is a small earth rat with round ears, white belly, and yellow back; not so anxious for water as the common rat, which they will soon drive out of the ship. These earth rats come clown in the country (dobah) boats, and make great havoc among hides, selecting the thick parts of the neck and rump. Bandicote rats are very large and nearly all black.\n1159 When ships are loading sugar at Port Louis, Mauritius, rats at sun set, swim off from the shore in swarms, and crawl up the cables; they feast all night and leave early in the morning. The ordinary prevention is a cicular piece of wood, like the head of a cask, made in two parts, to fit on the cable at right angles; the outside covered with tin. There is at Mauritius also a species of rat, not much larger than a mouse, which will bore holes in those parts under the ship's counters, where there is little access for air, commonly in lockers — such ill ventilated parts rotting soonest. Masters are not allowed to smoke ships here without first giving notice to the harbour master.\n1160 When Musk rats pass over wines in bottle, the fœtid odour which emanates from them, destroys the quality of the wine, unless the bottles are covered with tinfoil or metallic capsules; seal wax is no protection. When several travel together, they go in a file each holding in his mouth the tail of the one preceding; this habit has induced the erroneous belief that the species is blind; their eyes are exceedingly small, and can only be discovered by very close inspection. Cats will not touch musk rats, and very few dogs will muzzle them.\n1161 Rats make considerable havoc amongst sails, especially in those parts on which oil or grease has been dropped, and give a decided preference for new canvas, on account of the starch or sizing, or because it is softer for their nests, which are found in the bunts of the topsails, and in the jibs when stowed on the bowsprit; sails should therefore be loosed occasionally for this if for no other purpose. Some masters have, it is said, saved their sails by supplying soft paper for the nests. Spare sails require to be rolled up as snugly as possible; sometimes they are stowed on a number of empty water casks, and instances have occurred where the loose end has fallen down between two, and rats have eaten holes merely to obtain a clear run through. In the hold, rats' nests are made in the driest parts, between the frames, on the chocks, and on the knees. It has been suggested as possible that the fibrous matter and oily substances collected occasionally for these nests may lead to spontaneous combustion. When two different kinds are on board a ship, one will locate forward, the other aft.\n1162 It is very difficult to stow aniseed so as to be secured from the attack of rats; the amount of destruction which they create in a cargo of sugar is almost incredible; they will nibble away cork bungs in casks of wine, &c. and waste the contents. They are very fond of parchment, but will not touch leather bags of a tan colour. Unless driven by extreme necessity they decline beans or peas, which are difficult to masticate; neither will they eat oats or barley while wheat is to be had; and they will leave bad for good — sparing neither time, trouble, nor perseverance, to get at the best. When winches of yarn are stowed in the same hold with wheat in bulk, and the grain gets mixed with the yarn, rats in order to get at the wheat will eat through the yarn and much diminish its value. The loss by Mice in a cargo of rice is not so much from what they consume as by what they waste, and what is lost when handling bags perforated by them.\n1163 Cockroaches will attack the corks of bottles containing champagne and other delicate articles, unless protected with tinfoil or metallic capsules. Cockroaches, scorpions, &c. come on board in firewood, bags of rice, gunny bags, &c; in warm climates, when it rains, they fly about and drop on the crew; they devour almost everything, and scarcely any poison seems to affect them; mercurial ointment, tobacco, cantharides, &c. are said to be eaten by them with avidity. When the crew are asleep in their hammocks cockroaches will attack the hard skin on the soles of their feet until blood is drawn; toe nails, finger nails, and horn buttons are consumed in the same way. Their increase on board Calcutta and other ships, is enormous; when inner planks have been taken out, the space between the limbers, above the wash of the bilge water, has been found completely full of a compact mass of cockroach dirt; it does not appear to injure teak. When rounding the Cape of Good Hope these insects become torpid, and hang about the hold, and can be easily swept into a bucket. Although a ship may pass an entire winter in England, and all the living cockroaches may die, yet their eggs, if deposited in a warm place, will be hatched on approaching the equator; two winters at home are said to be requisite. Cockroaches abound as much in iron as in wooden ships. Ants feed on their bodies, and are reported to attack them when alive. Spiders will attack cockroaches and bugs.\n1164 Ants. There is a species of ant infesting the West coast of Africa, which perforates casks of oil, &c. and creates considerable loss. This ant thrives in timber; and where the hulls of condemned slave vessels have been used for building purposes in St. Helena, their ravages have so weakened the sills of the windows, the frames of doors, &c. as to involve the necessity of taking down houses, to prevent them from falling. In the Mauritius there are white ants which perforate casks of port wine; every year they are furnished, for a short time, with wings, which fall off as they fly; where the insects drop, the work of destruction commences. About the year 1828, the son of Judge Smith, while writing, was suddenly killed by a roof beam, the end of which had been gradually destroyed by these insects. Red ants are said to infest teak timber; ants cannot readily cross powdered chalk.\n1165 In passing the accounts for troop ships, at the Admiralty, a quantity of provisions, equal to one-tenth part of the established proportion for the number of persons actually victualled, is allowed for waste and for destruction by vermin.\n1166 Smoking Ships. The course usually adopted for the total destruction of vermin, is to stop every crevice, and smoke the ship with a fire of charcoal in the hold, or with sulphur, or mercury, &c. Charcoal fires should be made near the deck, not low down on the keelson. A practical chemist recommends chlorine instead of vapor or sulphur; the gas from chlorine is violently irritating, and its inhalation may cause serious illness if not fatal results. Some recommend the suspension of iron pots containing quicksilver, about six or eight inches above the fires, which it is said will destroy beetles, cockroaches, bugs, &c; when quicksilver is used the residue will not be injured, nor will much have evaporated. After the mercury is put over the fires, it is dangerous for any one to remain in the hold. Some run the mercury into deep gimlet holes bored in thick pieces of wood, which they calculate will not be burnt through until the last hatch is down. Ships are generally smoked in dock, when the cargo is out, but if rats are found to be increasing at sea, the process can be performed in warm latitudes, where all hands can sleep on deck under awnings; for this reason every ship destined for a long voyage, should take a supply of charcoal, &c. In all cases especial care should be observed not to allow any one to go below during the fumigation, or even to sleep in a round-house on deck, until several hours after the hold has been well ventilated. Fumigations at sea are however dangerous and should if possible be avoided, as some ships have been thereby burnt, and many lives lost. After smoking, rats are usually found near the fire, but some are in other parts, especially where it is likely there may be small openings — usually in the ends. Some owners contend that the best and least dangerous way to destroy vermin is to clear out everything during a very hard frost, open all the hatchways and entrances, remove the vent-boards in the hold, the limber boards, &c. &c. It is contended that by this mode, rats, mice, cockroaches, and every description of vermin have been destroyed.\n1167 Food flavoured with oil of carraway, mixed with nux vomica, will poison rats and twice; with strychnine their bodies will be found near. Phosphorous mixed with fat, heated to 150°, will have the same effect, especially if a good supply of water is close at hand; they should he fed some days previously with scraps of bread and cheese, and clean water. The use of poison however is very dangerous, as its destructive properties may be communicated to food intended for human consumption. It is said that rats will not remain in a ship containing assafœtida, and that if entirely deprived of water when close to the shore, they will leave. Every possible means should he adopted to prevent their approach, which usually takes place by night. Planks communicating with the shore or with other ships should, where practicable, be removed early, and bundles of furze or birch should be fastened around cables and warps when lying in a tidal harbour.\n1168 When numerous, rats will attack the common English domestic cat, and if unsuccessful in destroying it, will much diminish its usefulness. At Milford, in 1857, a cat was taken on board the guano-laden Dutch ship Konigin der Nederlanden, in the evening; the next morning nothing was to be seen but her skin and bones. The ring-tailed Malay cats, being very strong, can more easily secure rats, with which they feed their young. Bull-terriers are considered preferable to domestic cats, but they cannot follow vermin so easily; to be of service they should weigh 8 to 14lb, over that they are unwieldy. A wire trap with a wire bottom, placed on a bucket of water, has often proved successful. Rats will not eat food that has been handled, and will carefully avoid a trap that has been chafed by their own species.*\n1169 Abbot, in his work on shipping, says: moreover, the master must, during the voyage, take all possible care of the cargo. If it require to be aired or ventilated, as fruit and some other things do, he must adopt the usual and proper methods; and although he is not responsible for injury done to it in consequence of a leak occasioned by tempest or other accident, yet, where rats occasioned a leak, whereby the goods were spoiled, the master was held responsible, notwithstanding the crew, afterwards, by pumping, &c. did all they could to preserve the cargo from injury; and this determination agrees with the rule laid down by Roccus, who says: if mice eat the cargo, and thereby occasion no small injury to the merchant, the master must make good the loss, because he is guilty of a fault. Yet if he had cats on board his ship, he shall be excused. This rule and the exception to it, although bearing somewhat of a ludicrous air, furnish it good illustration of the general principle, by which the master and owners are held responsible for every injury that might have been prevented by human foresight or care. In conformity to which principle they are responsible for goods stolen or embezzled by the crew or other persons, or lost or injured in consequence of the ship sailing in fair weather against a rock or shallow known to expert mariners.†\n1170 It has been held that if a master can produce evidence to show that he has used every precaution to guard against rats, before taking in the cargo; that the ship was sea-worthy, as far as rats were concerned, when taken in; and that, after taking it in, and during the voyage, he took every means in his power to protect his cargo, and to keep clear of rats; the consignee could not recover compensation. Referring to damage caused by this class of vermin, it has also been held that where rats occasion a leak in a vessel, whereby the goods are spoiled, the owners are responsible, as they would also be if a cargo were eaten by mice, unless the master can show that proper precautions were taken and that he had sufficient cats, in which case the ship would not be liable.\n1171 Cheese. In the Court of Exchequer, Baron Martin decided that where tubs containing Parmesan cheese, shipped at Genoa for London, had been broken in stowing, and their contents destroyed by rats, the ship was held liable, notwithstanding there were cats on board.\n1172 Coffee. In the United States District Court, December, 1861, Judge Shipman gave judgment in the case of Wm. P. Kirkland v. the barque Fame, as follows:— This libel seeks to recover damages for injuries to coffee transported from Rio Janerio to New York. The answer alleges that this occurred, not from any cause for which the barque or her owners are responsible, but solely from \"the dangers and accidents of the sea and navigation.\" It is clear that a portion of the injury was caused by rats. This fact was anticipated by the answer, which alleges that due care was exercised, two cats being kept on board from the time the coffee was laden. Claimants insist that, having exercised due care, the injury is within the exception of the bill of lading, and is to be deemed one of the \"dangers or accidents of the seas and navigation.\" On the other hand, the libellants maintain as matter of law, that damage to a cargo by being gnawed by rats, is not a peril of the sea within the meaning of that term or the terms used in the bill of lading; and that, therefore, the claimants cannot exempt themselves from liability by showing that they adopted certain precautions. The question of damage done by rats has been the subject of repeated decisions by courts, and has been often discussed. The oldest case which has generally been relied on at all is that of \"Dale v. Hall\" (Wilson, R. p. 281) an action in the King's Bench, on a contract to carry. Mr. Justice Burnett admitted evidence to show that rats had gnawed a hole through the bottom of the ship, by which the damage occurred. A verdict was given for defendant, and on motion for a new trial the verdict was set aside (Lee, ch.1), remarking that the ruling below was clearly wrong. In this the whole court concurred. By the report, it appears that the judge who tried the case was in doubt as to the admissibility of the evidence. This case was decided in 1750. In the case of \"Hunter v. Potts,\" (4, Campbell, 203) in 1850, Lord Ellenborough held in a Nisi Prius trial that a loss arising from rats eating holes in the ship's bottom was not within the perils insured against in the common form of a policy of insurance. Of course he held it not a peril of the seas. But a very recent English case, \"Laveroni v. Drury,\" (16, Eng. Law and Eq. Rep. 510), fully sustains the claim of the libellants in this case. It was there held that a cargo of cheese having been damaged by rats, the injury could not be attributed to a peril of the sea, that it was \"a kind of destruction not peculiar to the sea or navigation, or arising directly from it, but one to which such a commodity as cheese is equally liable in a warehouse as in a ship at sea.\" The court held that the presence of cats as is alleged in the present answer, was no defence. It is true that Judge Story states that the Continental writers on maritime law maintain a different doctrine, although he says the English law holds the ship liable. But I do not understand him as endorsing the doctrine of the foreign writers, although he does not expressly dissent. Here are two cases which conflict with the English rule— \"Carrigues v. Coxe,\" 1 Binney, 592, and \"Aymer v. Astor,\" 6 Cowen, 266. Of the former, Angell in his work on the \"Law of Carriers,\" remarks \"But this has been considered and pronounced to be the only case contrary to English law.\" As to the case of \"Aymer v. Astor,\" the reasoning of the Court on this point does not appear to be wholly consistent with either doctrine, and consequently is sometimes cited as supporting the English rule, and sometimes as in conflict with it. The learned libellant, in the case under consideration, has cited it in support of his claim but I agree with the claimant's counsel that it has no such effect. On the trial in the court below, the judge charged the jury that damage by rats was not a peril by sea, and therefore not within that exception in the bill of lading. To this part of the charge exception was taken, and on the hearing of the writ of error, judgment was reversed. Savage, Chief Justice, said, in giving the opinion of the court — and in this part of his opinion the whole court concurred. \"The true question to be submitted to the jury was, whether the master had used ordinary care and diligence; whether a cat is a sufficient preventive; or whether smoking the ship is the proper or more efficacious remedy, is a proper consideration for the jury.\" This view of the court must have proceeded upon the idea that damage by rats was a peril of the sea, against which the master and owners were not obliged to secure the cargo at all hazards, and, therefore came within the exceptions in the bill of lading. This, of course, would let in the proof, and if the fact that ordinary care and diligence were used, was proved, it would excuse the ship. Of course, too, without this care and diligence the extremest perils of the sea would not excuse a loss. If a ship were destroyed by a tornado, unless ordinary diligence to prevent it were shown, the loss would not be a peril of the sea within the meaning of the law. The result to which the court came in this case of \"Aymer v. Astor,\" was a logical deduction from the principle which they assumed — that the master of a ship was\" not responsible like a common carrier for all losses, except they happen by the act of God or the enemies of the country.\" I understand that this principle has been distinctly overruled (\"Sewell v. Allen,\" 2 Wendell, 327; Angell on Law of Carriers, sec. 80 and sec. 170, note, Greenleaf; over-ruled cases, revised edition, 1856, page 23). After careful examination of the authorities I am inclined to adopt the conclusion of Chancellor Kent, who, after remarking that it was a \"vexed question, upon which the authorities are much divided,\" says — \"the better opinion would, however, seem to be, that the insurer is not liable for this sort of damage, because it arises from the negligence of the common carrier, and it may be prevented with due care, and is within the control of human prudence and sagacity.\" (3 Kant's Com. 300, 301). This conclusion has since been strengthened by the case of \"Laveroni v. Drury,\" already cited. But whatever may be the conclusion warranted by the authorities, I do not think the master of the Fame, has proven due diligence on his part. The witnesses offered by the claimants, consisting of several masters who carry similar cargoes from Rio, say it is a very bad port for rats. The master of the Fame himself testifies that it is the worst port for rats he ever visited, and he always has some on board. Yet he did not fulminate his ship. Knowing the danger, as be admits he did, I think common prudence would have led to the use of every known means of ridding her of the vermin. Let a decree be entered for the libellants, with an order of reference, and let the Commissioner in his report, carefully distinguish the various kinds of damage to the cargo and the causes of that damage.\n1173 Coffee. Com. Pleas, Jan. 24, 1866, Kay v. Wheeler. A special case stated without pleadings for the opinion of the Court. Defendant's ship Victoria took on board from Messrs, Wilson & Co. at Ceylon, a parcel of coffee consigned to plaintiff. The bill of lading was in the ordinary form, the goods were, therefore, to be carried safely and securely, the perils of the sea, the act of God, and the Queen's enemies, only excepted. On arrival, it was found that rats had gnawed the bags and caused a loss of £25. Defendant denied liability because it was not through his fault; the ship was cleared before starting and two cats and two Cingalese ferrets were placed on board. Sir G. Honeyman said that it was preposterous for defendant to say he was not liable because he had cleared the ship, for the loss did not arise from any of the excepted perils. He did not know whether it was meant to be contended that the loss was caused by the \"perils of the sea.\" Mr. Justice Willes: He would probably say that the damage arose from the perils of navigation. Sir G. Honeyman: The Court of Exchequer had delivered an elaborate judgment, \"Laveroni v. Drury,\" to the effect that an owner was not excused from damage by rats, notwithstanding he kept cats on board.\" Mr. W. Williams, for defendant, tried to distinguish this case from \"Laveroni v. Drury.\" Mr. Justice Smith said the only difference seemed to be, that here there were two ferrets in addition to two cats, Mr. Justice Willes thought that it was a barbarism that a carrier should be more liable than any other bailee, but such was the law. The Court held that they were bound by the decision in \"Laveroni v. Drury,\" which if questioned, must be so in the Court of Error. Judgment for plaintiff, which was confirmed on an appeal to the Exchequer, Feb. 4, 1867,\n* A rat was caught in a gin on board a coasting schooner; he bit his leg off and escaped. No bait would attract him to the trap again, but for two years he was heard by night hobbling about. The hold being clear of cargo, the master fastened the entrails of a fish well up the side, placed the gin near the limber boards covered with hay, and at length secured the rat.\n† An owner writes February 8, 1861, to the Shipping Gazette. My charter party for loading a general cargo for the Mediterranean, says \"The captain to sign bills of lading at any rate of freight, and made payable in any manner the charterers may choose, without prejudice to this charter party.\" They place on board some goods liable to be damaged by rats, and the captain wants to insert in the bills of lading, \"not accountable for injury by vermin,\" which they will not allow, and threaten to keep the ship until he signs without the clause. Is the captain bound to sign as they wish; and if so, what course should be adopted if the charterers keep the vessel after her lay-days have expired? The Editor answers: The captain has no right to insert any new condition in the bills of lading, and the charterers are justified in retaining the ship.\nRobert White Stevens: On the Stowage of Ships and Their Cargoes: With Information Regarding Freights, Charter-Parties,\nLongmans, Green, and Co., London, 1894 (7th). pp 667-675.\nTranscribed by Lars Bruzelius.\nThe Maritime History Virtual Archives | Seamanship.\nCopyright © 2005 Lars Bruzelius.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Math is a subject that students learn at different rates. While some of your students may struggle with number sense, other students may be ready to solve word problems. Differentiation is key in the math classroom, but giving the students who have mastered the objectives busy work or random worksheets is not helping them engage or expand their learning. These 5 activities for early finishers in the math classroom will not only help you focus on the struggling students, they will give your advanced students a chance to have fun with engaging and enriching tasks.\n5 Activities for Early Finishers in the Math Classroom\nTry some Math Apps\nBreak out the tablets and let your early finishers use technology for some game-based learning in action! Some apps are perfect complements to your coursework, and others will allow students to go as far as they want in reaching their math goals by leveling up with some fun game play. Try a few of these tried and tested apps for early finishes in your classroom.\nDevelop a lesson.\nStudents often tell me that they learn so much more when they explain concepts to their peers. It cements their knowledge of the concept, and by modeling thinking aloud by explaining their problem-solving processes, they’re able to show their confidence in the material. Let early finishers work independently or in small groups to review concepts they’ve mastered in class with students that are struggling. No need to single the kids not quite there out. Let the students present to the whole class. As an added bonus, the students will hear a voice other than yours explaining the lesson. Sometimes it helps to get a fresh perspective.\nPlan a trip.\nHave your students pick a dream location for a vacation. Give them a budget and have them plan. Make sure they include transportation, activities, food, lodging, and emergency funds. They can also include packing lists and figure out the space (area) they have and what they can fit in suitcases or additional gear (if traveling by car).\nIf a child is ready to master concepts without your one-on-one instruction, let them! There’s no substitute for you as a teacher, but be the coach and the guide as your early finishers try out courses on Khan Academy which has expanded to include math lessons for all grade levels (K-12).\nThe Math Workshop concept helps both early finishers and students struggling to reach the math objectives. Traditionally, the Math Workshop begins with an opening warm up for 5 minutes followed by 10-20 minute full group instruction. The differentiation comes with the small group instruction in Guided Math. Your early finishers can use this time to explore some of the activities mentioned above. Finally, the workshop ends with a closing where all students can reflect on what they learn.\nThese 5 activities for early finishers in the math classroom are sure to be a hit with your students. Let them enhance their learning while you make sure the rest of your students “get it”. All of these ideas are perfect for building a classroom centered on differentiation.\nWant more valuable teaching tips and other ah-mazing perks, such as discounts, giveaways, flash freebies, dollar deals, and so much more? Become a VIP member by joining my email list! Click here to subscribe.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "If you’re ever considering dental surgery, it’s important to understand the difference between a filling and a root canal. Both treatments can be necessary according to the situation.\nWhat is a filling?\nA filling is a procedure that replaces tooth decay or damage with silicone and other materials, on either an upper or lower tooth if needed. It can last anywhere from six to twelve months with or without anesthesia. A filling is a relatively cheap and easy way to restore tooth function while eliminating any discomfort or pain.\nSigns you need a filling\nIf you experience any of the following signs, it’s definitely time for a dental filling.\nDark spots and holes\nTooth decay can cause dark spots or holes on the tooth surface.\nFractured teeth can be a pain and inconvenience for the individual as well as an economic burden on society.\nWhat is a root canal?\nA root canal is an invasive surgery that removes the infected, diseased or necrotic roots from your teeth. It’s important to remember that it’s an expensive and time-consuming procedure.\nSigns you need a root canal\nIf you experience any of the following signs, it’s definitely time for a Root Canal.\nSensitivity to temperature\nIf you are experiencing tooth pain, it can be many reasons for pain, from sensitivity to temperature, root canal problems can often occur. It’s important to note that if you have toothache accompanied by other symptoms such as sensitivity to cold or hot temperatures.\nTooth discoloration can happen as a result of tooth decay, gum disease or trauma. If left untreated, tooth decay can eventually cause the gums to recede and tooth colour may change from a healthy white to brown or black.\nIf you have purple, red, tender, or swollen gums to touch, it is a sign you need a root canal. This can cause considerable pain and discomfort so it’s important that you seek professional advice right away.\nPain when you touch the tooth\nThere are various reasons for tooth pain, but the most common one is when there is a problem with the root of the tooth. In this case, your dentist will use numbing agents and an extraction instrument to get rid of the problem root. After the procedure, you might experience some pain and stiffness for a few days but these should gradually go away over time.\nA loose tooth\nTooth decay is bacteria attacking and rotting teeth pulp which can eventually lead to cavities. If left untreated, cavities will worsen and may even require a dental crown or an entire extraction of the tooth. Root canal therapy may be necessary in order to save the teeth structural integrity.\nWhat’s the difference between a filling and a root canal?\nWhen it comes to dental pain, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Every patient is different and requires a treatment plan according to their specific needs. This is where filling and root canal come in.\n- Filling is a routine procedure that restores vascularity to the dental pulp, while root canal is an extraction of all or part of the tooth’s roots.\n- A filling typically lasts around six months, but a root canal may last up to two years depending on the severity of the pathology involved.\nDo I need a root canal of filling?\nIt can be difficult to determine if you need a root canal or filling. If the dentist is concerned that you may need one, they can perform a filling instead. The procedure is the same, just the material used is different. A root canal is a surgery to remove the entire tooth, including the roots", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The island state of Trinidad and Tobago has seen increasing numbers of migrants in the past decade and is both a transit and destination point. Consistent with Caribbean trends, refugees of various nationalities are increasingly making it to Trinidad and Tobago’s shores. 184 persons were registered as asylum seekers in Trinidad and Tobago in 2014, 209 in 2015 and 314 in 2016. According to UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, the first few months of 2017 showed a doubling of 2016’s figures, with 640 registered asylum seekers, refugees and other persons of concern as of May 2017. This rapid increase is expected to continue as there remains a backlog of persons to be registered; the total for 2017 is projected to be about 1,800.\nAsylum seekers and refugees in Trinidad and Tobago come from six main countries – Cuba, Venezuela, Syria, Bangladesh, Jamaica, Colombia and Nigeria – representing a mix of both regional and extra-regional refugees. Previously, the majority hailed from Cuba and Syria but as of 2017 Venezuelans became the second largest group of asylum seekers. However, refugees and asylum seekers also represent many other countries of origin such as Pakistan, Congo, Mali, Sudan and Uganda. More widely, according to UNHCR statistics dated March 2017, the number of refugees and asylum seekers in the Caribbean region rose by 50% between 2015 and 2016. The top ten countries of origin in descending order are El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Guatemala, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Syria, Jamaica and Bangladesh.\nProtection challenges and shortcomings\nIn the Independent Commonwealth Caribbean, only Belize has legislation for refugees, while Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago have a refugee policy but no legislation. Trinidad and Tobago acceded to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol in November 2000. To date, these have not been incorporated into domestic legislation but the drafting process to do so is now underway. This process is being undertaken in a commendably participatory way with the main stakeholders including the International Affairs Unit and the Immigration Division of the Ministry of National Security, UNHCR and the NGO Living Water Community (LWC).\nThe good relationship among stakeholders has resulted in the protection of hundreds of refugees over the past three decades. A refugee policy, approved in June 2014, outlines rights that refugees are entitled to: a permit authorising their stay in the country, the right to work, identity papers, travel documents, public assistance (if unable to work and in need), medical care, freedom of movement, family reunification, educational opportunities and recreational activities, counselling for trauma or other psychological issues, and the right not to be expelled from the country (unless the refugee poses a threat to national security or to public order). It envisages a three-phased approach to enabling the government to assume responsibility for refugee protection and take over refugee status determination. Despite an overly ambitious timeline, capacity building of government actors has been taking place to enable them to assume this responsibility.\nHowever, not all of the rights listed in the policy are actually accorded to the refugees. Other than freedom of movement, medical care and the right not to be expelled, in practice there is no right to work, no issuance of identity documents on handing over of passports to receive an order of supervision, no public assistance nor access to culturally sensitive psychological treatment, limited access to education for children, and no easy route to family reunification.\nAny refugee or asylum seeker who wishes to claim protection in Trinidad and Tobago is bound by the Immigration Act and its regulations, and this makes it difficult to implement effective protection safeguards. Persons who enter or remain in Trinidad and Tobago without correct documentation may be treated as criminals (imprisoned and/or fined) and are likely to be detained in an administrative detention centre pending deportation to their countries of origin. The Act’s rulings apply to asylum seekers and refugees as well, especially if they are in possession of false documents or are undocumented.\nWhen asylum seekers register with UNHCR through LWC, and in line with procedures agreed in 2014, they are referred to the Immigration Division which grants them an order of supervision. This imposes a reporting requirement and protects the asylum seeker from refoulement or detention so long as they comply with the laws of the country. This alternative to detention was negotiated years ago with the Immigration Division along with the removal of the usual requirement of paying a bond. However, a recent case from the High Court of Trinidad and Tobago has indirectly called into question the legality of the current use of orders of supervision for asylum seekers and refugees. The stakeholders are due to meet to discuss the implications of this decision and to look at alternative solutions.\nThe refugee policy also recognises the three durable solutions promoted by UNHCR to help refugees rebuild their lives in dignity and peace. In Trinidad and Tobago, however, as refugees cannot legally integrate into the country or work, UNHCR depends heavily on resettlement as the main possible solution for most refugees (traditionally in the United States). This can be lengthy and there is no guarantee that the refugees will be accepted by another country. With declining numbers of available resettlement spaces worldwide, local integration remains the de facto solution.\nAdditional protection concerns relate to LGBTI persons, children and women, in particular. Many LGBTI persons flee their home countries seeking refuge in Trinidad and Tobago. However, due to the country’s cultural norms and Sexual Offences Act of 1986, they face many of the same protection concerns in Trinidad and Tobago that they had in their country of origin. Due to restrictions imposed by the Immigration Division, concerns over a lack of school places and a preference for enrolling refugees over asylum seekers, growing numbers of children remain out of school. There is little capacity for accommodating unaccompanied or separated children; this is due in part to a lack of bilingual personnel and in part to a shortage of spaces in children’s homes. Meanwhile, with longstanding discrimination towards Latina women in Trinbagonian society, and entrenched misogyny, many refugee women face harassment daily and remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. This vulnerability is exacerbated in the workplace where refugee women (and all refugees, for that matter) are forced to work in the informal economy.\nOptions in the face of limited resources and capacity\nLWC is the only civil society organisation on the island that is dedicated to refugees. A recent partnership with the University of the West Indies, however, offers some hope for expansion of services through the provision of English language classes (and in the future perhaps offer courses on refugee studies). Another partnership envisions the provision of legal aid in collaboration with the local law school.\nArguably, like any other State, Trinidad and Tobago should ensure that basic legal obligations are met and access to asylum facilitated, despite not yet having domestic legislation in place. It should provide humanitarian assistance to those in need in a way that respects the dignity and security of all persons. While putting its existing capacities and resources to use to effectively and efficiently guarantee the protection of refugees and all persons on its territory, its own limitations as a Small Island Developing State should be acknowledged, including its ongoing recession. Where Trinidad and Tobago falls short of being able to provide protection for the growing number of asylum seekers, the international community should consider how to provide appropriate, adequate support to ensure that those protection needs are met. The entire Caribbean could certainly benefit from additional international support.\nRochelle Nakhid firstname.lastname@example.org\nAndrew Welch email@example.com\nFormer Legal Officer\nLiving Water Community www.lwctt.org\n This does not include persons who spontaneously depart or refugees who are resettled to third countries.\n This includes Belize.\n This refers to English-speaking countries in the Caribbean which gained full independence from the United Kingdom.\n LWC has partnered with UNHCR since 1989; UNHCR established a presence on the island in January 2016.\n National Policy to Address Refugee and Asylum Matters in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, adopted by Cabinet in June 2014 www.refworld.org/docid/571109654.html\n Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You might want to think twice about eating bacon.\nWe love our dogs because they're loyal to us, they listen to us, and it seems like they understand us. But as it turns out, dogs can be outperformed on IQ tests by an animal we typically consider food: pigs.\nPigs get higher scores than dogs on many cognitive ability tests, and they can compete with animals that we generally consider to be the most intelligent: elephants, dolphins, and chimpanzees.\nSeveral studies have concluded that pigs excel at tests of long term memory, mazes, and puzzles. A pig named Moritz was recently filmed putting the correct pieces into a pig puzzle.\nOther studies have revealed that pigs feel empathy--they react to sadness and happiness in different ways. Pigs have relatively complex social lives, where they cooperate and learn from each other, so it makes sense that they would have some degree of emotional intelligence.\nLori Marino, a neuroscientist and the author of one of the latest studies on pig intelligence, said in an interview with Huffington Post that she wants her research to make people more aware of the fact that pigs are cognitively complex animals. Her research was funded by the Someone, Not Something project, which aims to gather information about the intelligence and emotions of farm animals.\nWhen you realize that pigs are actually very crafty critters, you might want to think twice about eating bacon for brunch. Marino, who is a vegan, hopes that her research will encourage people to stop eating meat.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Thanksgiving, Christmas, Hanukkah and Kwanzaa highlight the holiday season. But as Georgia absorbs more foreign-born residents, the holidays are reflective of the countries they came from – whether it’s Seollal (Lunar New Year) for Koreans, Zweiter Weihnachtstag (second day of Christmas) for Germans or Diwali (festival of lights) for those from India.\nIn 2008, Georgia’s foreign-born citizens represented 9.4 percent of the state’s total population. Of those, 8.9 percent were from Africa, 25 percent from Asia, 10.3 percent from Europe and 53.6 percent from Latin America. A tiny percentage are from Canada, Bermuda and other countries.\n“They come here for many reasons, but one of which is that they value our country,” said Sharon Gibson, a University of Georgia Cooperative Extension multicultural specialist with the College of Family and Consumer Sciences.\n“I, like many of these new residents, can trace my family back to immigrants,” Gibson said. “My grandfather came here in 1910 and with him he brought family tradition, which my family treasures to this day.”\nKnowing other holidays exist is important, especially for parents of children whose friends or classmates may be celebrating these days. But the bigger factor is to recognize that every family celebrates a little differently, she said.\n“The holidays give us a sense of identity with our families and with our regional traditions,” she said. “It's not just a time of consumption.”\nGibson remembers Swedish friends from her childhood and how they celebrated St. Lucia’s Day on Dec. 13. “I always thought the girls were so lucky because they got to wear white dresses and wreaths with candles on their heads.”\nHer family comes from Germany and England, and “we postponed Christmas” compared to other American families, she said. “We didn't start decorating until St. Nicholas Eve, and we always celebrated Old Christmas on Jan. 6.”\nCatholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, Lutherans and Episcopalians celebrate the season of Advent, lighting special candles on the Sundays leading up to Christmas. Baptists and other Protestant denominations often have Christmas pageants or hold Christmas Eve services.\nJewish people celebrate Hanukkah, an eight-day festival of light that begins on the eve of Kislev 25 (Jewish calendar) and celebrates the triumph of light over darkness. It starts this year on Dec. 2.\nMuslims celebrate the three-day festival Eid-al-Adha, which starts on Jan 10. The days remember Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son. The Hindu, Sikh and Jain’s most important holiday of Diwali was held Nov. 5-9.\n“All of these celebrations have to do with family, community and sense of sharing and common good,” Gibson said. “If we get nothing else from this season, we should recognize that all around the world families and neighbors come together in thankfulness to share their bounty and to express the basic human desire for peace.”\nA few other winter holidays include:\n• St. Nicholas Day, celebrated in northern Europe on Dec. 6, is similar to Christmas.\n• Bodhi Day, commemorates the enlightenment of Buddha. Buddhists celebrate Dec. 8 and consider it their most important holiday.\n• Las Posadas (the Inn), celebrated in Mexico between Dec. 16-24, is marked with processions remembering Joseph’s search for a room in Bethlehem.\n• Kwanzaa (first fruits), is an African-American holiday based on an ancient African harvest festival. It is celebrated Dec. 26-Jan. 1.\n• New Year’s Day, called Hogmanay in Scotland and Shogatsu in Japan, is a major day of celebration in Japan. They recognize it as starting afresh and give their children gifts.\n• Lunar New Year, a two-week winter holiday, is celebrated in late January or early February by the Vietnamese, Koreans and Chinese.\n• Mardi Gras, which means Fat Tuesday in French, occurs one day before Ash Wednesday.\n“Georgia is a state made of people from every continent, every faith and every culture,” Gibson said. “This makes Georgia strong and interesting place to live.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Setting up and running a school garden: A manual for teachers, parents and communities\nSchools in the West are currently under pressure to ensure they provide children with healthy food; this manual aims to address the issue on a global scale. Produced by the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), the authors argue that education about nutrition must begin at an early age, with learning by doing - growing and eating their own healthy food within a school garden. Aimed at teachers working with 9 – 14 year olds, development of a school garden is thought to improve the social and physical wellbeing of the school community, and give students a better understanding of the natural world. The manual is to assist teachers, parents and communities, drawing on classroom experiences from across the world. Tips include deciding what will be needed, how big the garden will be, how much time it will take, and how to look after 'sick' plants, as well as more complex topics such as integrated pest management. All you could need for setting up your own school garden!\nAvailable electronically at www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0218e/a0218e00.htm, or in Spanish (Crear y manejar un huerto escolar) at www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0218s/a0218s00.htm\nEllen Muehlhoff (ed), 2005\nPublished by the Food and Agricultural Organisation, Rome\nISBN 92 5 105408 8\nShop at Amazon\nBy visiting Amazon using our link, anything you buy will help us continue our critical conservation work. (Just click on the 'powered by Amazon.co.uk' logo to go to the main Amazon site, a percentage of anything you buy will be donated to BGCI).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Gerrymandering is when political district boundaries are drawn to benefit one group over another, thus creating an imbalance in the value of votes cast for each side. The Efficiency Gap is a way of quantifying this effect by counting the number of wasted votes for each party and identifying large imbalances towards either side.\nThe Efficiency Gap is a measure of partisan symmetry, introduced by Stephanopoulos and McGhee1. They proposed this measure, which is a single percentage for district plan, as a practical legal test for Political Gerrymandering cases.\nGiven election results for a set of\ndistricts, usually statewide, the wasted votes for each party in\neach district are computed. All the votes for a losing\ncandidate are wasted. Any votes in excess of those\nrequired to win are wasted. E.g., with 100 district voters, 51\nare required to win. In the case of ties, which cannot\nhappen in practice, all votes in that district are wasted.\nMaptitude for Redistricting also allows for third party candidates, usually assumed to be from a collection of random minor parties. In such cases, the votes required to win are reduced by the third party votes. It is assumed that no third party is viable and none can win a majority of the districts.\nMaptitude for Redistricting does not use Stephanopoulos and McGhee's simplified equation: Efficiency Gap = Seat Margin - (2 x Vote Margin), since the number of registered voters varies by district, violating their mathematical assumption. However, their formula is still useful in understanding the properties of the efficiency gap.\nMaptitude for Redistricting can estimate the Efficiency Gap for a plan based on historical election results. The user needs to estimate the votes received for each party by district. Maptitude will assemble a report detailing the wasted votes for each party and then give a final statistic of the Efficiency Gap as a percentage of overall votes cast.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Flared gas is a problem for Iraq. The term describes the natural gas that “flares” during the production of crude oil – and the oil-wealthy nation of Iraq has a lot of it. Flared gas causes atmospheric pollution – one expert estimates that Iraq, one of the worst offenders in the world, is emitting the equivalent of 15 million cars’ emissions in one year.\nOn an everyday level, the flared gas is also a waste for Iraq. It could actually be being converted into electrical power, something that locals desperately need. In an effort to solve these problems, the Iraqi government signed a contract with Anglo-Dutch energy giant Royal Dutch Shell and Japanese company Mitsubishi in November 2011. The deal was apparently three years in the making. Alongside the Iraqi-owned South Gas Company, the two multi-national corporations will endeavour to convert the flared gas into electrical power for Iraq. It is expected that by the end of that process there will also be a surplus available for export.\nNIQASH spoke with Mounir Bouaziz, Shell’s Vice President for the Middle East and North Africa region, about what has been achieved in Basra so far and when locals will start seeing some results.\nNIQASH: How much is Iraq’s daily loss resulting from gas emitted and burnt off in the air as a result of oil extraction operations?\nBouaziz: Iraq is losing approximately US$80 per second worth of gas - or about US$7 million a day, as a result of gas flared during the extraction of crude oil.\nCurrently there are some 700 million cubic feet a day of gas burning in the air. If we can use this amount properly we can cover the energy needs of 2.5 million consumers.\nThe amount [currently wasted] is expected to increase further too, to more than 1 million cubic feet of gas a day once more oil companies have been granted contracts and begin to increase their production.\nNIQASH: What will be your first steps in this area?\nBouaziz: Our first achievement has been to capture 300,000 million cubic feet of gas every day, out of a total of 1 million cubic feet. IN the future we will get the rest and put an end to the wastage.\nOur second achievement will be opening up the of Shatt al-Arab waterway to commercial traffic after 30 years. We have built a small port there at the cost of millions of dollars. Last week a shipment carrying heavy equipment arrived at this port.\nNIQASH: When will this project be completed and when will most of this flared gas, which has so much potential but which is currently going to waste, be properly used?\nBouaziz: The project eventually aims to use all of the gas wasted by flaring. If we can utilise all of the flared gas then we’ll need to build storage facilities, both for the gas for export and for the gas that will be used locally. This takes time.\nAdditionally the amount of flared gas is expected to increase once oil production increases. That’s why we can’t estimate how much time everything will take.\nNIQASH: How does Iraq as a nation benefit from this investment?\nBouaziz: The contract will more than double Iraq\\'s natural gas production. The project also includes an investment of US$15 billion on the rehabilitation of existing infrastructure and the creation of new infrastructure.\nFor instance, US$4.4 billion has been allocated for a liquefied natural gas facility. And the gas that’s produced there will cover local needs and end electricity supply shortage.\nI expect that Iraq’s revenue from this project - which covers three oil fields Rumaila, Zubair and West Qurna 1 – to rise to US$30 billion over a period of 25 years.\nNIQASH: How has the investment been split between the three partners involved?\nBouaziz: The total value of the investment is around US$17 billion. The South Gas Company’s share is about US$5 billion and Shell and Mitsubishi shares are US$7 billion together. The remaining money will be raised through the project’s own revenues.\nIn terms of the project, the South Gas Company owns 51 percent, Shell has44 percent and Mitsubishi has 5 percent.\nNIQASH: What’s going to happen to the gas: will it be exported or will it be used to supply local needs?\nBouaziz: According to the contract, flared gas that is currently just being wasted will be sold to the Iraqi company to meet local demand and any surplus can be exported.\nNIQASH: Shell is also working on the Majnoon oil field in Basra. How is that going?\nBouaziz: It’s a work in progress. We’ve just started receiving heavy equipment and we’re digging for new oil. We’ve already drilled two oil fields and work continues on that. At the moment we don’t have a specific date for increasing output there but it will be soon.\nNIQASH: As a result of ongoing EU sanctions, Shell has stopped all operations in Syria. How does this impact on Shell’s work in Iraq?\nBouaziz: What happened in Syria was a result of decisions made by the European Union – as a European company we need to abide by that. However this won’t have any impact on our work in Iraq, neither negative nor positive.\nNIQASH: The next licensing round for oil industry companies wanting to work in Iraq is approaching. Will Shell be taking part in this round?\nBouaziz: We are actually still waiting for a contract and as yet the responsible ministry hasn’t formulated that contract. The company needs to discuss whether it wants to participate in this upcoming round – it’s too early to tell, as yet.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Could Mould Be Making You or Your Family Sick?\nMoulds are microscopic fungi that grow anywhere there is moisture. They reproduce by making spores that can permeate our clothes and shoe cupboards, and they can also enter our bodies via the lungs and digestive tract. In doing so, they can make us sick.\nAs a Naturopath, I have witnessed the serious impact mould can play in a person’s health, so I am passionate about highlighting the dangers of this common, invisible threat.\nWhere should I look for mould?\nAnywhere that is poorly ventilated (like a clothes cupboard, garage, or basement) and damp (such as a bathroom, area below the kitchen sink, or underneath a house ) can be the perfect breeding ground for mould. You don’t need to see it for mould to exist. If the area smells damp or musty or feels clammy, then mould is likely to be present. If you need to use air fresheners regularly, then chances are mould is present.\nAny area that has been affected by water damage can be a haven for mould spores. Poor drainage systems, cold rooms with poor ventilation, and areas prone to flooding or rising damp are at risk.\nIt’s not just old buildings that are a problem; even new buildings can potentiate the growth of mould. Particleboard is generally considered to be much worse than solid untreated timber, because the processing of the wood makes it easier for mould to take hold. Natural timber breathes, whereas manufactured building products do not, and chemicals used on the manufactured timbers can provide food for mould spores.\nSo, why all the concern about mould?\nThere is clear evidence that shows upper respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis, hay fever, asthma, and flu like symptoms, such as nose and throat irritation, wheezing, coughing, and headache, can be associated with indoor dampness and mould.\nThe American Academy of Paediatrics concluded that there was a plausible link between lung bleeding in infants and exposure to mould toxins. A 2005 study suggested a relationship between water damaged buildings and chronic fatigue illness. Other links regarding mould exposure have been drawn to skin irritation, digestive disorders, mental illness, and some immune diseases.\nSo how does mould make us sick?\nMould spores are foreign to the human body. When they come into contact with our tissue, whether through the airways, skin, or digestive tract, the body activates the immune system to make antibodies that are designed to clear that specific foreign spore from our system. For up to 24 percent of the population, this part of the immune system becomes hypersensitive in the presence of mould, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response to mould, which can be diverse and poorly identified. Examples include:\n- Sensitivity to light and smell\n- Eye irritation\n- Brain fog\n- Sleep disturbances<\n- Aches and pains, and increased sensitivity to pain\n- Poor temperature regulation, e.g. night sweats\n- Poor water regulation, resulting in increased urination and thirst\n- Gastro intestinal complaints such as diarrhoea and cramps\nWhat can you do about mould remediation?\nMould will only grow if there is moisture. The key is controlling the moisture.\nFirst point of call is to identify where moisture and mould may exist in the home. Conduct a visual inspection of the home, including laundry, basement, and subfloor areas, as well as roof, garage, backs of cupboards, air conditioning units, and plumbing. Are these areas stained? Are pipes or windows leaking? Is the area wet or damp? Does it smell musty? Is water pooling, and is there condensation on windows or walls?\nDepending on the extent of the mould and moisture issue, you may require professional help to successfully fix the problem. This may include a plumber, builder, or air conditioning technician. In extensive cases, there are companies that specialise in mould remediation and they will audit your home, sample and measure the mould and humidity (according to the American Industrial Hygiene Association), and then utilise a specialist team to rectify the problem. If you are experiencing health concerns, you should consult a professional before commencing any clean up yourself.\nGeneral tips to keep mould at bay:\n- Clean up any water leaks or spills immediately. Mould will grow in moisture after 24 – 48 hours.\n- Replace water damaged walls, carpets, and floors.\n- Ventilate the home with regular air movement (fans, open window / door), especially areas that produce moisture such as the laundry and kitchen. Ensure shower fan is efficient.\n- Increase air temperature.\n- Keep indoor humidity below 60 percent (most hardware shops will sell a hygrometer). Use air conditioning or dehumidifier if necessary.\n- Clean gutters regularly.\n- Ensure adequate drainage around your building.\n- Avoid long showers. Ensure fan in bathroom is working well.\n- Clean mould affected surfaces with a mixture of 80% white vinegar and 20% water. Bleach will not remove mould and may actually fuel it. Always use gloves and a facemask when cleaning mould. If you are sensitive to mould, then get another family member to do it for you or call a mould remediation professional.\n- Don’t put up with mould in your home. It will never go away and is likely to make someone in the home sick at some point if it is not dealt with.\nIf you feel mould may be affecting your health, schedule an appointment with Kathleen McFarlane to discuss how Naturopathy may help.Previous Post Next Post", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Greeting Cards Alternative ways to recycle Recycling Bin Musical Greeting Cards Contain Mercury Musical greeting cards contain mercury, a dangerous chemical that cannot be put in recycling or the garbage. Find out how to dispose of musical cards. Remove Everything But Paper Before recycling a greeting card, remove parts that have glitter, foil, metal charms, felt cutouts and ribbons. All of these items will contaminate the paper recycling. Foil-Lined Envelopes Are Not Recyclable Foil lined envelopes cannot be recycled, so throw them out. Recycle the envelopes of greeting cards as paper. It’s okay to keep stamps and adhesive strips when recycling envelopes or cards. Alternative Ways to Recycle St. Jude’s Recycled Card Program St. Jude’s Ranch for Children operates a recycling program in which the greeting cards are made new again. Find out how to participate. Ways to Reduce Stick to Simple Gift Cards Avoid purchasing gift cards that are covered in glitter and other decorations because these cards are non-recyclable. Also consider not purchasing greeting cards that come with foil-lined envelopes. Switch to E-Cards Sending your cards electronically is not only more economical and timely, but much more environmentally friendly. Ways to Reuse Turn Greeting Cards Into Gift Tags One way to reuse greeting cards is to make them into gift tags. Simply cut out any part of the card, write a little note on the back, and use that as a gift tag. Did You Know? The Environmental Impact of Greeting Cards Making and transporting greeting cards has its own carbon footprint on the environment. It is estimated that the average greeting card produces 600 times the carbon dioxide as an email (Verus Carbon Neutral). Americans purchase enough greeting cards to produce the same amount of CO2 as 22,000 cars annually.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This map tells us whether countries make primary education accessible to their citizens by providing tuition-free education at the primary level.\n- Tuition reported means that the country reports charging tuition in primary school. A country’s constitution may state that education is tuition-free, but if the country reports that tuition is charged, it appears as tuition reported.\n- Tuition-free includes cases where no tuition is charged in primary school, but there may be other fees. These additional fees cannot be compared across countries as there is not enough information available.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The effects of drug abuse and addiction can harm the body in a variety of different ways, from health problems to behavioral problems. Psychological dependence requiring more of the drug to get the same effect the physical effects of marijuana use, particularly on developing adolescents, can be acute. Prenatal substance abuse continues to be a significant problem in this country and poses important health risks for the developing fetus the primary care. Other effects a parent’s substance abuse can have other effects on children besides parent-child interactions for example, if a. Learn about substance abuse addiction causes, withdrawals, side effects, warning signs & symptoms of substance abuse options behavioral health.\nAll drugs carry the potential of side effects—some immediate, some that develop over time your wellbeing—or that of someone you know or love—may depend on. Alcohol and teens - treatment learn statistics, facts, warning signs, and effects related to teen substance abuse of over-the-counter (otc) medications. Family members might fight a lot because of the problems the drug use is causing home » effects of drugs » drug use and families drug use and families listen. How drug and alcohol abuse affects families and steps to recovery for all family members. According to the united states office of juvenile justice and delinquency programs, adolescents who abuse substances are at risk for a wide variety of. Get the facts on drug abuse and addiction symptoms, causes, treatment centers (rehab), physical and psychological effects, types of drugs, and statistics.\nThe teenage years are vital to healthy cognitive function as an adult, so it is important to maintain a strict level of healthy behavior during these years drug. The insidious connection between substance abuse and stress can lead to alcohol or drug addiction stress affects the have a substance abuse.\nThe effects of prescription drugs such as and educating employees about the health and productivity hazards of substance abuse through company wellness. The effects of alcohol on college students alcohol is the most popular and dangerous drug on college campuses by far to many, drinking is synonymous with the.\nHere's a list of the many drugs that are being abused and their harmful effects that they cause see what happens to a person when you use these drugs and how to help someone who might be. Webmd explains the different types of side effects of prescription and over-the-counter medications, and the role of the fda in approving and regulating them.\nLearn more about the effects of smoking, drinking alcohol, and drug use during pregnancy in this patient education faq. Drug information and facts about the side effects of drugs & substance abuse. 2 lindsey capaldi the relationship between parental substance abuse and the effects on young children abstract. Comprehensive side effect and adverse reaction information for over 5,000 drugs and medications.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Last summer, Ashley Wall and Dean Williams fit 19 horned lizards with small radio-transmitters and located them every day. Each transmitter sends a unique signal to a hand-held receiver, allowing researchers to re-find tagged lizards. After weeks of tracking, we found that individuals had small home ranges and rarely crossed roads, indicating that their movement is very limited compared to populations in larger, connected habitats. Characteristics of the urban environment, like roads, can inhibit movement, which in turn prevents reproduction.\nWe also obtained DNA samples from every lizard we found (22 in Kenedy and 98 in Karnes City). By analyzing the DNA of each sample, we found low genetic diversity in both towns. Genetic diversity is important because it allows populations to survive and adapt to changing conditions (like an outbreak of disease). We then compared individuals in Kenedy to those in Karnes City and found large genetic differences between the towns, suggesting that lizard populations in the two towns have been isolated from each other for a long time. We even found large genetic differences within the towns. In Karnes City, groups of horned lizards are different east and west of Panna Maria and north and south of Calvert Avenue. In other words, these roads have prevented lizards on either side from moving and reproducing with each other so that the lizards on either side of the road have diverged genetically. We think this reduced movement of lizards in town may mean that when lizards disappear from a neighborhood they are unlikely to move back from areas that still contain horned lizards.\nThis summer we are censusing areas we searched last year and when we find horned lizards we are obtaining a DNA sample and inserting a small barcode under the skin which gives each lizard a unique number that can be detected with a small scanner placed above the lizard. This marking method is permanent so we can now start getting estimates of survival from one year to the next and also see if individual lizards stay in the same place from one year to the next. Visit the “TCU Horny Toad Project” on facebook and post any observations and pictures of horny toads you have from Karnes County.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Opium is a drug derived from the opium poppy, and one of the most popular drugs in the world. While the pure version is difficult to find in modern times, opiates, or drugs derived from opium, are extremely popular as painkillers. In fact, many of the world’s most popular painkillers are derived from or synthesized from opium, making opiates one of the most addictive and most abused drugs in the world.\nIf you or a loved one is struggling with an opium addiction, you aren’t alone. In 2017, over 2 million people in the United States struggled with an opium addiction.\nWith over 118 overdose deaths per day related to opiates, opium addiction is also extremely dangerous. At the same time, most opium addicts trace addictions back to prescription pain pills, with 20-30% of all persons with a prescription abusing their prescription, and an estimated 80% of heroin addicts having moved to the drug from a prescription.\nOpium addiction is dangerous, but it is important to stop, identify the addiction, and work to get help to prevent further harm.\nOpium Addiction Symptoms\nOpium addiction can have slightly different symptoms depending on the drug, the individual, and their frequency and volume of use. In most cases, users will show a range of physical, mental, and psychological symptoms relating to drug use, a changing pattern of behavior as their focus shifts to drug use rather than family, career, or study, and decreasing health as drug use takes its toll on the body.\nA person with an opium addiction may doctor shop, where they visit multiple doctors or hold prescriptions from several doctors. They might purchase opiates outside of their prescription or even use prescription pills with other medication. They may hide pill usage. They may turn to using heroin or injecting opiates. And they might begin to change how they interact with others, such as by withdrawing, becoming more manipulative, asking for money, or otherwise changing personality.\nMost people also show specific symptoms of opium usage, including elation and euphoria, sedation or drowsiness, slowed breathing, loss of concentration, confusion, and constricted pupils.\nThese symptoms likely mark that the individual is currently using, not that they are addicted. Specific addict-behaviors include an inability to quit or stop, an increasing usage of opium or using it outside of their prescription and continuing to use despite recognizing negative side-effects of doing so.\nOpium Addiction Withdrawal\nOpiate drugs interact with the opioid receptors inside the brain. Over time, this changes how the brain produces opiates and what the brain is accustomed to. Going cold turkey or even reducing an opium dose will cause withdrawal symptoms, which can be severe. Common withdrawal symptoms include:\nThese symptoms can be moderate but may have severe side-effects. Anyone attempting to withdraw from opium should seek out medical attention in the form of medical detox, where withdrawal symptoms are monitored to ensure the safety of the patient.\nOpium withdrawal lasts an average of 14 days for standard opiates but may last 30-45 days or longer for slow-release prescription painkillers.\nOpium Addiction Treatment\nOpium addiction treatment begins with detox and then moves into behavioral therapy, counseling, and training. This typically includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), counseling, group counseling, and one-on-one therapy designed to tackle the underlying causes behind addiction. It will also likely include skills training through CBT, where individuals work through negative behavior and thought patterns contributing to substance abuse.\nIn some cases, opium addiction treatment also includes medication such as buprenorphine and naltrexone. These drugs are partial opioid agonists and work to prevent relapse by reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings, while minimizing the impacts of opium should the individual relapse.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Waste, waste everywhere – built-in obsolescence versus recycling and more ecological use of our land resources. Which is progressing?\nMany of the troubles with our waste come from the use of the land not from the amount of available resources, but how we choose to distribute what is available. As a species, we are wasteful of the land’s gifts.\n(Audit of the Universe, chapter 4.3 )\nIn the developed world, we waste:\n- 61% of the energy generated in the United States alone (enough to power the entire UK for 7 years)\n- 40% to 50% of food produced for consumption\n- 35 million cell phones and 350 million printer cartridges\n- 10 liters of water for each sheet of A4 paper produced\n- 7,000,000 tons of solid waste dumped annually into the ocean\nThe immense scale of our waste doesn’t just come from consumers choosing to throw things away rather than repair or fully use them. Much comes from the producers who take raw materials from the land and craft them into our wondrous comforts.Land resources - how are we using them: Built-in obsolescence and waste or quality and recycling? Click To Tweet\nThe term “planned obsolescence” is manufacturing jargon that means building a product at a lower quality than is possible, specifically so it will break and force consumers to buy replacements rather than live with a working product. When you buy an umbrella or a pair of shoes from Walmart, they will not last as long as they might have lasted even if manufactured at the same cost. The manufacturer designed and built them to wear out so you would come back and buy a new one.\nAll of that waste has to go somewhere. Thilafushi Island in the Maldives is one of those places. Although called an “island,” Thilafushi is technically a lagoon filled with rubbish until the garbage heap has risen above sea level. The artificial landmass of some 500 thousand square meters, (the area of Vatican City) is the regional dumping ground for rubbish and food waste, but also the final resting place of batteries, mercury products, computer components, and other items that leach toxins directly into the sea. Open burning on the island pollutes air for kilometers in every direction, and rubbish floats into the open sea with every outgoing tide.\nMore than a few unscrupulous producers opt instead to dispose of the waste by dumping it in remote areas of the Land or Sea; there, it seeps into the water table. Or, they simply hire space in a developing nation with a less stringent (and therefore less expensive) set of environmental laws. International agencies and action combat such antics, but it isn’t easy to patrol the world.\nThe Best Laid Plans\nEven when regulation is strict and carefully observed, human wonders can lead to unintentional disaster. The design and human errors behind the Chernobyl nuclear disaster rendered over 150,000 square kilometers of land unavailable for many years, and the epicenter will not be safe for us to re-enter for another 20 millennia. When earthquake damage opened the core of the Fukushima plant in Japan, radiation was detectable in small amounts as far away as Alaska and Northern California.\nEven these disasters simultaneously stimulated the resourcefulness that makes us what we are at our best. A team at Michigan State University has discovered and tested a bacteria that eats radioactivity and excretes electricity – a discovery they are even now putting into play to aid cleanup efforts at Fukushima.We cause the Chernobyl crisis, we make bacteria that eats radioactivity and excretes electricity Click To Tweet\nSolutions for Our Solutions\nIn a further example of our contradictory nature, we humans have found ways to counter the destructive effects of our mistakes. In Africa, solar ovens and lamps generate light and heat without using polluting energy sources like wood and rubber or even dangerous ones like scavenged jet fuel. The Wello venture, founded to create a wheel that holds water, allows people to roll rather than carry larger loads of water from the local well or river. It means higher productivity and better sanitation that impacts entire communities throughout Africa and Southeast Asia.\nThe automobile industry demonstrates another example of this trend to curb the profligate waste of the mid-and-late 20th century. Building a new car from scratch takes massive amounts of energy and materials, and recycling those materials to create new vehicles has been a multibillion-dollar industry for decades. Recently, car manufacturers have addressed the recycling issue more holistically. Volvo and Toyota now make cars out of 95% recycled parts, and most significant manufacturers include steps in their design intended to make their vehicles more accessible to recycle than before.\nThere’s the problem of producing hybrid cars which are more pollution-intensive than the production of conventional vehicles. The innovative incorporated technology and rarer resources call for more expensive production and disposal costs. Regular waste handling companies do not accept composite components and those that do have higher prices. Frequently transported by workers who are both under-trained and poorly equipped.\nOur consumption of fossil fuels has led to acid rain, smog, and global warming even in countries with advanced emission regulations. In response to those dangers, we have begun investing significant money and human resources into developing safe, renewable sources of energy, including wind, tidal, solar, and biofuels.\nSome cities have begun fighting pollution and improving the quality of urban life by installing community gardens where people from the neighborhood work to produce some of the vegetables they need. Besides feeding locals, these gardens create green space to lower temperatures and improve air quality throughout the city. Most cities with such programs also give tax rebates and other benefits to companies that build or occupy offices with lower energy footprints. It is a worldwide movement, including cities in Germany, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Denmark, The United States, Canada, and Iceland.\nPeople are also working on using the gifts of the land more effectively. In Indonesia, Germany, and the United Kingdom, companies are recovering wood from fallen trees and turning them into beautiful furniture without having to contribute to the global deforestation epidemic. Throughout the developed world, entire movements, including the “Freegans” and “Voluntary Simplicity” choose to live while consuming as little as possible, and by reusing and recycling as much as they can. One company has built a world-spanning business out of turning recycled water bottles into fleece outerwear, recycling 80 million plastic bottles each year.\nWe have always tried to curb some consequences of our consumption through recycling. From our earliest history, we gave food scraps to livestock to turn food waste into more food. We smelt down used glass and metals, melt plastics, and recast paper into newly usable materials. We have even invented ways to recycle used oil into a reusable lubricant, and toxic sludges into stable and safe materials.\nStriking a Balance?\n“Impressive,” Galacti says, “we’ve finished our audit of land—for now.”\nOn the one hand, man grows immense amounts of food from the land, while on the other we let so much go to waste. With mineral resources, we build magnificent structures and wondrous technologies, but we won’t open the windows to let in the fresh air because we prefer expensive air conditioning.We can grow vast amounts of food from the Land, and let so much go to waste Click To Tweet\n“Your agile mind daily crafts planet earth so you can play, work, and eat better. And, parallel to that, there is a downside to this progress, for which you are admittedly finding or trying to find solutions.” Galacti produces a glass of water, the line of its contents filling it exactly halfway.\nThe glass is both half full and half empty. The real question is: are we filling it or emptying it?\nAs we contemplate the question, we must consider this not just for the land itself but for the plants that grow on the land. What happens with the land directly affects what happens with the Flora—which directly affects everything else on Earth.\nThis blog post is an excerpt from chapter 4.3 of Audit of the Universe.\nDig Deeper into The Explanation\nJoin The Explanation Newsletter to stay informed of updates. and future events. No obligations, total privacy, unsubscribe anytime, if you want.\nThe Explanation series of seven books. Free to read online or purchase these valuable commentaries on Genesis 1-3 from your favorite book outlet. E-book and paperback formats are available. Use this link to see the details of each book and buy from your favorite store.\nSince you read all the way to here… you liked it. Please use the Social Network links just below to share this information from The Explanation, Waste Everywhere – Is Recycling Preserving our Throw-Away Society?", "label": "No"}
{"text": "June 7, 2010\nSTAR METRICS: Measuring The Impact Of Federally-Funded Research\nBy Michael D. Shaw\nAccording to the National Science Foundation, federal expenditures for research and development are well in excess of $110 billion per year. STAR METRICS is a new program aiming to monitor the impact of federal science investments on employment, knowledge generation, and health outcomes.\nSTAR METRICS is a multi-agency venture led by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). Naturally, the name is an acronym, short for Science and Technology in America’s Reinvestment—Measuring the Effect of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science.\n“STAR METRICS will yield a rigorous, transparent review of how our science investments are performing,” said NIH Director Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. “In the short term, we’ll know the impact on jobs. In the long term, we’ll be able to measure patents, publications, citations, and business start-ups.”\nCollins is summarizing the goals of Phase I and Phase II of the project…\nPhase I: Uniform, auditable and standardized measures of the initial impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act science spending on job creation.\nPhase II: Collaborative development of measures of the impact of federal science investment on:\n- Economic growth—through patents, firm start ups and other measures\n- Workforce outcomes—through student mobility and employment\n- Scientific knowledge—such as publications and citations\n- Social outcomes—such as health and environment\nThis sounds good, but where will the basic data come from? It will come from the source—the research institutions that volunteer to participate, and the federal agencies that fund them. STAR METRICS leaders note that highly automated means are in place for filing of the requisite reports, and university officials tell me that much of the information needed is already being compiled.\nStill, what incentive does an organization have to participate? What’s in it for them? Besides, aren’t scientists notoriously sensitive about themselves being placed under the microscope?\nWriting in Nature, Julia Lane, director of NSF’s Science of Science and Innovation Policy program, observed that…\nScientists are often reticent to see themselves or their institutions labeled, categorized or ranked. Although happy to tag specimens as one species or another, many researchers do not like to see themselves as specimens under a microscope—they feel that their work is too complex to be evaluated in such simplistic terms.\nBut, given the immense pressure these days to trim government spending, let alone the public’s growing appetite for full disclosure, they will be evaluated, so the metrics must be accurate. Or else, as Lane contends, “If we do not press harder for better metrics, we risk making poor funding decisions or sidelining good scientists.”\nAs far as reasons to participate, most universities are sincerely interested in self-assessment, not to mention the inherent PR benefit of being able to tout what they bring to the local economy, their role in the expansion of knowledge, and their overall impact on improving society. To be sure, these precepts have been proclaimed for generations, but the proof was all anecdotal. As Lane puts it, “The plural of anecdote is data.”\nSTAR METRICS is already underway. Over the last year, a pilot project was carried out with seven institutions within the Federal Demonstration Partnership. STAR METRICS is now in the expansion phase, on its way to full fledged operation. About 60 institutions have shown interest in participating.\n“It is essential to document with solid evidence the returns our nation is obtaining from its investment in research and development,” said John P. Holdren, assistant to the President for science and technology and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. “STAR METRICS is an important element of doing just that.”\nAlthough the word “accountability” is not mentioned in any official documents, it is certainly on the minds of taxpayers. STAR METRICS should help bring the ivory tower back into the mainstream.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Early Church Fathers\nV.-From the Book on Providence.\nBeing is in God. God is divine being, eternal and without beginning, incorporeal and illimitable, and the cause of what exists. Being is that which wholly subsists. Nature is the truth of things, or the inner reality of them. According to others, it is the production of what has come to existence; and according to others, again, it is the providence of God, causing the being, and the manner of being, in the things which are produced.\nWilling is a natural power, which desires what is in accordance with nature. Willing is a natural appetency, corresponding with the nature of the rational creature. Willing is a natural spontaneous movement of the self-determining mind, or the mind voluntarily moved about anything. Spontaneity is the mind moved naturally, or an intellectual self-determining movement of the soul.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "How a Saint John’s willow sparked an exploration of urban forests and personal stories\nCarissa Brown and I stand under a tall willow tree overlooking the Rennie River, in the shade of its generous canopy.\n“I see something old and respectful in St. John’s,” says Brown.\n“This tree has been around for a long time, and much longer than the people walking past.”\nBrown is a biogeographer at Memorial University who studies boreal forests; I make documentaries. The willow does a lot more than the two of us.\n“He saw things, this willow tree. You can see where it got damaged somehow, and then there was bark and wood that collected in those damaged areas,” Brown said, running his hand over one of the logs.\nThe willow is huge, “by Newfoundland standards,” she says. It is really impressive. It overlooks the river and the trail, stretching out luxuriously into the sun. It is impossible not to touch the passage. The texture of the bark is irresistible.\nA childhood chestnut\nIt reminds me of another tree.\nI grew up in the shade of a large horse chestnut tree in the town of Sisak, Croatia. It grows in the courtyard of a 19th-century two-story brick building built for railway workers. My grandfather was one of them.\nThis tree was the seat of parliament for the neighborhood’s six-year-old children. We met there, planning our adventures and robberies – mostly plums and cherries from nearby backyards.\nOn my last trip to the old country, when my daughters were old enough to remember things, one of the people I wanted them to meet was the old horse chestnut. If I’m being honest I wanted the horse chestnut to meet them. I wanted the old tree to know that everything went well and that there are two new saplings in the world.\nI really felt like I was introducing my daughters to an old patriarch of the family. I even took a photo of it under the chestnut tree – just like we did photos with grandma and grandpa and great aunts and uncles.\nBecause we are not alone in the world. Even the trees are not alone.\nEspecially no old trees like my horse chestnut and the old willow tree on the bank of the Rennie river.\nThere, says Brown, the willow’s roots expand and interact with fungi, microbes and bacteria in the soil, transferring nutrients and making connections.\n“Maybe this tree isn’t directly connected to this maple tree that’s right on the other side of the fence, but they’re both part of this great underground living web,” says Brown.\nThis is how things work in a forest. Trees connect to each other – and not just trees of the same species. They care for the young, care for the sick and support the elderly.\nThe problem of urban trees\nIn a city, things work differently.\nThe problem with urban trees is that we often plant them so far apart that there is no way for roots and fungal networks to connect the trees, according to Peter Duinker, professor emeritus of environmental studies at Dalhousie University.\nDuinker says that although the roots may extend under the pavement and the sidewalk, such a construction compacts the soil below and “it itself becomes like an impermeable pavement”.\nDuinker sees many services and benefits for urban forests. It starts with beauty and goes all the way to property values, shade and stormwater regulation.\nBut the nature of our cities is that they are not only built environments, but also social environments. Of course, geography, soil, and climate matter to urban forests, but so do budgets, resident preferences, and a city’s willingness to embark on a dense urban tree policy. .\nDuinker would very much like us to see the towns as a forest with a few buildings and roads conveniently placed inside.\n“I would call it social, as long as it’s kind of a cultural thing that we take with us in creating cities,” he said.\n26:09The big old willow tree\nTake an old town like St. John’s.\nThis willow we are under is 150 or even 200 years old. It’s hard to say. Brown and I wonder what he would have seen. Lucky for us, each tree keeps a detailed and accurate log of everything it witnesses.\n“In years of really good growth, the rings are quite large,” says Brown, because the tree would add a lot of wood under the right conditions. In poor years, the reverse is true.\nTree cells can also accumulate things like lead and other environmental pollutants: think of the Great Fire of 1982.\n“We might see a fire scar in some of the rings that were scorched by the fires, but then regenerated,” she says. “And so that’s something that I especially love about trees, thinking of how much they’ve witnessed through time. We use trees to tell us what happened in a place where we weren’t there to see it ourselves or when there is no recording. “\nIf our short lives could be recorded in rings, what would we read there?\nIn 1986, my rings would certainly record the Chernobyl disaster. Are we registering major political upheavals? The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989? Would there have been close circles in the early 90s during the Croatian War of Independence? Large sprawling rings recording my joy of traveling to Canada in the mid-90s for the first time? Or a scar, when I first felt the connection to my childhood and my home?\nWhen I was six, we moved to a new apartment building next to a busy road connecting my hometown with the capital of Croatia, Zagreb. On both sides of the road, a row of straight, tall, majestic black poplars provided shade and protection from the sun and traffic.\nI loved these poplars. The point is, I had no idea how much I loved them until one day, in my twenties, when I came back from Canada and they left.\nThe whole area was paved, and big box stores, gas stations, car dealerships, and parking lots covered this entire expanse of land. The poplars, dozens, were all cut down so that the newly erected billboards were visible from the road. Walking from the train station to my parents’ house was like a punch in the stomach to see them go.\nIt broke my heart, but it also, in a very real way, broke the connection I felt with a place where I grew up. It wasn’t quite my house anymore.\nThe old willow tree along the Rennie River, my horse chestnut and lost poplars are not amenities. It is not biomass, nor wood, nor a percentage of the city’s canopy.\nThe trees and we are linked in a deeper way.\nHere in the West, we are reluctant to speak openly about these connections. In other places of the world there are forests and trees that are revered. In Japan, where American artist and writer Patrick Lydon spends much of his time, the concept of kami make this link explicit.\n“It is basically the spirit that resides in a part of the natural world or represents a part of the natural world,” Lydon said.\n“I think it’s kind of like an acknowledgment that there is something alive in this world that is bigger than us.”\nThink about it just a moment.\nThe Irish alphabet of the early Middle Ages Ogham had 19 characters, each based on a sacred tree. The Japanese developed the concept of shinrin-yoku, or forest bath, and the Germans have a word for this feeling of being alone in the woods: Waldeinsamkeit. (Of course, the Germans would have a word for that.)\nI told Patrick about my horse chestnut tree, and he told me about the tree he would climb in his neighborhood in California where he grew up.\n“I’m sure every kid that has had a big old tree around them in their childhood, if you think about it, most people have that kind of experience,” he said.\nThen he wondered if that feeling had been lost. “Can we rediscover it? I think we can, if we put the effort into it, ”he said.\nWe still love trees. Indeed, from Vancouver to New Delhi, from Belgrade to Hanoi, citizens throng again and again to protect old trees to be felled.\nTrees are still important to us. And they might soon become more important.\n“The more trees we have in the city, of the right species and in the right places, the better off we will be in dealing with a warmer urban environment throughout the 21st century,” said Duinker.\n“We have to be careful to manage the urban forest so that it is as resilient as possible to climate change.”\nI enjoy Duinker’s hands-on approach to urban forests, but I can’t help but wonder if there is a way for us to recapture that childlike awe in front of a big, old tree.\nThe artist Patrick Lydon wonders it too.\n“We have created these social rules that sort of ignore trees, ignore nature, ignore our innate human relationship with the biosphere and all the living things it contains,” he said.\nLydon, through his art and his writing, reconnects his audience to the natural world, one leaf and one tree at a time. And he wants trees to have a say in how we build our cities.\n“We would live in a truly beautiful, sacred, slow, calm, peaceful and wise place that would then come back and help us understand how to live more peacefully with compassion for all sentient beings, for our neighbors,” he said.\nSo here we are under the old willow tree.\nI wonder what St. John’s would be like if we listened to its trees.\nI am grateful every day for the river and this green oasis of peace almost on my doorstep. And for the old willow who now I hope recognizes me the same way I think that old horse chestnut far from an ocean does.\nRead more about CBC Newfoundland and Labrador", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Metamerism is a visual phenomenon which can be caused by a number of different factors. The result is that two samples may look the same under some conditions and different under others.\nThe most common cause of metamerism is that the pigmentation used to make a match is different than that found in the standard. The spectral curves are different even though the L*a* b* values are the same. The effect of different light sources reflecting off of the different materials results in a visual color difference between the two under some lighting conditions.\nOften the difference in pigmentation is hard to avoid. The pigments (dyes) used in automobile interior fabric will likely be different than that used in the interior plastics, resulting in a good match in some lights and a poor match in others. Manufacturers often accept a good match in daylight, and live with the metamerism seen under fluorescent or showroom lighting.\nMetamerism can also be caused by a difference in geometry. This is most often seen in fabric where the weave or nap of the fabric causes a difference in apparent color, depending on the angle of view. In this case the metamerism is planned and considered to be a desirable quality.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Managing Stress More Effectively\nMany family members learn to cope with stress effectively. Below is a list of ideas that have helped others. Review the list and try out the ideas.\nTake breaks often\nFamous last words\" \"I can't take a break. People will think I am lazy and that I don't care.\"\n- Realize that most family members don't give themselves enough rest.\n- Realize that working harder doesn't necessarily mean accomplishing more. Instead, recognize that taking breaks can help you accomplish more and feel better.\n- Avoid the cycle of going beyond your limits, spinning your wheels and becoming frustrated.\n- Take several 20-30 minute breaks each day. Take more time if needed.\n- If you can't spare 20 minutes, take 10. A short break is better than no break.\n- If you are working, make your home a comfortable place by leaving your work behind.\nMake a list of what you need to do in the short- and long-term, and set priorities\n- Number the items on the list by priority.\n- Start with number 1 and work your way down the list, crossing off each accomplished item.\n- Regularly review your accomplishments to help you keep a positive perspective.\n- Remember that you can only do one, or maybe two, things at a time effectively.\n- Remember that \"good\" things can also be stressful (e.g. planning and having a birthday party, preparing to visit and visiting other family members).\n- Don't forget activities related to helping yourself (e.g. getting rest, spending time with other family members) can also be important priorities.\n- Learn and recognize the difference between what you \"have to\" do and what you \"want to\" do.\nSet reasonable goals and expectations\n- Learn to recognize what you do best.\n- Recognize your limitations. Most relate to being human.\n- Avoid letting people pressure you into taking on more than you can handle.\n- Recognize what others do best and ask for their help.\n- If you keep missing deadlines, be less ambitious.\n- Distinguish between what you want and expect and what other people want and expect from you.\n- Recognize and avoid harmful feelings like guilt or frustration.\nLearn and apply negotiating skills\n- Realize that few of your responsibilities are \"set in stone\" and most people who expect you to do things are willing to negotiate.\n- With other family members and co-workers, negotiate timelines and the amount of responsibilities you agree to take on.\n- If you are afraid of negotiating, practice by rehearsing \"in your head.\"\n- Realize that taking on too much, too soon will cause failure.\n- Balance wanting to please with your knowledge of what you must do to succeed.\nLearn and use relaxation techniques\n- Breathe slowly and deeply.\n- Close your eyes and imagine yourself in a relaxing situation.\n- Listen to soothing music.\n- Take a walk.\n- Talk to someone you like.\nTell yourself things that will help\n- I'm doing the best that I can.\n- I'm a good person. I'm trying.\n- If I take my time, I'll do things right.\n- Things will work out for the best.\n- We've really come a long way since he was hurt.\n- I can count on my faith, my friends and family to help me through.\nAvoid pushing yourself too hard and putting yourself down\n- I've got to do more.\n- I've got to try harder.\n- I've got to get this done the right way.\n- I should have finished a week ago.\n- I'm letting everyone down.\n- I'll never get another chance.\n- I can't believe I'm doing so badly.\nAsk for help\n- Seek help from people that have offered.\n- Recognize that asking for help is better than failing.\n- Don't let your pride get in the way.\n- Recognize that everyone needs help sometimes.\n- Better to ask early on than right before you fail.\nCommon sense strategies can help you be strong\n- Focus on one thing at a time.\n- Work on your hardest responsibilities at times when you feel most fresh and rested.\n- Have \"quiet times\" for everyone. Noise can increase stress and reduce productivity.\nHave a backup plan\n- Failing and not knowing what to do next is a bad situation.\n- Anytime you plan something, have a backup plan.\n- Recognize your human imperfections. Most people fail sometimes.\n- When your first approach doesn't work, go to your backup.\nRecognize that life has many challenges\n- Brain injury or not, many people struggle to enjoy successful lives.\n- Recognize that many of the issues that face you are faced by others.\n- Be patient. Everyone finds obstacles on the road to success.\n- Recognize that persistence, faith and your good character will help you succeed in time.\nMonitor Your Stress\nTo help identify and better manage stress, you and other family members are encouraged to complete this questionnaire, and compare and discuss answers.\nCompleting the questionnaire at several points in time will allow you to identify progress and ideas to improve coping.\nWhat are the main sources of stress in my life?\nWhat do I do now that helps me manage stress effectively?\nWhat can I do now that makes it harder to manage stress?\nWhat can I do to better manage stress?\nWhere should I start to make things better?\nUsed with permission from \"Getting Better and Better After Brain Injury: The survivors guide for living smarter and happier\" by Jeffrey S. Kreutzer and Stephanie Kolakowsky-Hayner.\nThe following articles are reprinted from the newsletter of the Ontario Brain Injury Association with permission.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Learning about “American” ideologies, values, and identities in public schools\nBy | Yuri Kim\nThe brilliant Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie reveals “The Danger of a Single Story” in her TED Talk of that name (2009). Adichie argues about how providing a single perspective leads to a narrative that is biased and exclusive. This kind of narrative affects young, impressionable minds that only the dominant White group contributed to America’s development, which then creates a culture of disbelonging. How can all students feel “American,” when historically that meant “White, Eurocentric American”? This is the reality of what US history classes enforce, which also affected me as an Asian American student.\nWhen reflecting on my experience as a high school history student, I realize that whiteness dominated the space. From Eurocentric expectations of behavior to the White male–centered curriculum, the stories always emphasized my feelings of being a “perpetual stranger.” We would rarely hear stories about other racial/ethnic groups, even though many people of color contributed to American history. Students of color, like myself, have difficulty bonding with the content and feel constant alienation from the mainstream narrative of being “American.” We feel like we do not belong here, and we never have.\nWhile trying to preach nationalism, people falsely describe a United States that has always done good things and that minority groups have always struggled and endured conflict. In the main article, Denver area community members argue how “schools can teach students how to understand themselves as individuals with identities that are not fundamentally antagonistic to being an American” (p. 2). Asian American students feel excluded or not “American” when their history is reduced to terrible working conditions for Chinese railroad workers, Japanese internment camps, and “yellow peril.” They grapple with feeling shame and lack of cultural pride for one’s identity when only negative stories are taught. Minority groups should not feel like their contributions to American history have always caused problems and tension.\nAs a teacher, is essential to provide multiple perspectives and a meaningful, honest history of the United States. With the reality that the “American past is neither deeply explored, nor explicitly connected to the American present” (p. 2), it is the responsibility of teachers to create connections to current events. History does not matter if educators teach about historical events without relating them back to the personal lives of students and present struggles of Americans of color. For example, when discussing territory issues between Mexico and the United States during the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, one must also connect that with the immigration controversy that is occuring at the southern border today. The teacher must discuss how the land once belonged to Mexico (after the Indigenous population) before it was forcefully sold to the United States. By providing this narrative, teachers can encourage the narrative that Mexican immigrants didn’t “invade” this country and that they are just as American as anyone else. Educators need to continuously link the past with the current reality that our students of color face in the outside world today.\nLast, but not least, I want to address the expectations of educators to be inclusive and antiracist. Educators cannot just be diverse in their lesson plans, they need to be inclusive for every student to feel “American.” For example, it is not enough to mention the depressing negative histories of minorities; teachers need to offer positive, celebratory moments as well. This will create an environment of culturally responsive teaching and inclusivity as the norm. Then students can feel like there were people who looked like them that contributed to the America we have today. Consistent with the feelings of the Denver Metro–area community members, I believe it is the responsibility of White teachers to believe the racialized experiences of their students, incorporate culturally responsive teaching practices, and dismantle systems of whiteness. Too often, these expectations are put on the shoulders of the few teachers of color within schools. In order for real change to happen, the dominant group needs to intentionally advocate for their students of color by providing multiple perspectives, checking their own bias, and being inclusive of all groups.\nIt is obvious that I share the same sentiments as the Denver area community members. Being both a student and teacher of color, my experience in America’s educational system is truly reflected in this article. There should be a sense of urgency to reform current practices in our history classes because ultimately it is doing more harm than good. Schools can no longer preach a single story to their students; they need to address the complete history of the United States, with all the atrocities and minority contributions. Then students can feel a sense of belonging and solidify their place as an American. Once these changes occur, students can truly believe and reinforce American ideals of “equality for all.”\nAdichie, C. N. (2009). The danger of a single story [Video]. TEDGlobal. https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_ngozi_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story?language=en\n- Social Studies Teacher at Overland High School (Aurora, CO)\n- Racial Equity Leader for Students Organized Against Racism (S.O.A.R.)\n- Korean- American community member", "label": "No"}
{"text": "It is a very common dental procedure, almost all dentists say that is completely safe, despite the fact that scientists warn of high risk of the same procedure more than 100 years.\nIn the United States, more than 40 000 procedures per day are performed on patients. And every patient thinks that the procedure is safe and will permanently solve their problem.\nThis procedure is called nerve extraction of the tooth and every dentist approaches to this intervention in order to “save” the tooth from extraction.\nSimply put, the root tooth is cleaned and sealed.\nAlthough the tooth is “dead”, that kind of root can actually become incubator of highly toxic anaerobic bacteria. Those bacteria which does not need oxygen to survive, which under certain conditions can find the way to the cardiovascular system and cause a whole range of chronic diseases.\nMost dentists ignored the results of recent researches that warn from potential risks of removing the root.\nThe most concerning fact is the possible link between cancer and this dental procedures. The fact that 97 percent of patients in the terminal, final stages of cancer had this dental intervention is frightening. And apparently, in most cases, the cancer appeared to the side of the body where the tooth nerves were extracted.\nThe authors of these researches believe that a better solution is extraction of the tooth than just nerve extraction.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Through our curriculum we wish to provide the children with an education that equips them to be able to think computationally. Through their time at St. Francis they should consistently add to their knowledge-base which will be rooted in computer science. Underpinning all the computing work we do will be the message of how we stay safe in the ever-changing digital world. Through this combination of skills we hope for the children to leave digitally literate - ready and able to make their mark in their future workplace.\nIn EYFS, Barefoot Computing resources are used to embed an early understanding of Computational Thinking. From KS1 onwards, teachers use Purple Mash resources to teach Computing in discrete sessions. At the beginning of each school year, Online Safety is the focus of Computing lessons. However, teachers use the Educated for a Connected World programme to ensure that we weave online safety learning throughout both the Computing and wider curriculums.\nFor information relating to Online Safety (online safety policy and Educating in a Connected World Objectives - please click here.\nFor online information aimed at parents/carers - please click here.\nFor online information aimed at children - please click here.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The heir of KingRómendacil I, who succeeded to the throne of Gondor after the violent death of his father at the hands of the Easterlings. Turambar sought vengeance for his father's death, and succeeded brilliantly. We are told that he not only avenged the loss of Rómendacil, but carried his conquests into the lands of the Easterlings themselves, winning much new territory for his Kingdom.\nBecause of his father's untimely loss, Turambar came early to Gondor's throne. His rule lasted more than a century, longer by far than any preceding Gondorian monarch since Meneldil.\nTurambar ruled Gondor for one hundred and twenty-six years, and was succeeded by his son, who became Atanatar I.\nThe date of Turambar's birth appears only in The History of Middle-earth volume 12, The Peoples of Middle-earth. It cannot therefore be considered completely reliable.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The history of borderline\nBorderline is one of the most incomprehensible concepts in the practice of medicine or psychiatry. The word arised decennia ago when psychiatrist used the term to indicated diseases where they didn't know the cause of.\nWhat is borderline?\nBorderline is a diagnose that isn't regarded as a diagnose in most of the diagnostic manuals. The official diagnose, that is the closest to borderline, is post traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD.\nBorderline and post traumatic stress disorder\nA post traumatic disorder arises because people experienced an intens and negative, soms life-threatening experience. Examples are: rape, incest, car accident, war-related trauma, a robbery or a heavy fire.\nHow does a trauma causes borderline?\nDuring a trauma, there's a extreme peak of the stress hormone in our blood. This stress hormone fixates or changes memories of the traumatic moment so hard that we cannot forget the painfull memories. The traumatic event flashes before your eyes whether it is an appropriate moment or not. This happens in the shape of nightmares, flashbacks or incontrable emotional reactions when it's triggered.The consequence of this is that we do things we don't want to. These things have a reverse effect on our environment.\nHow stress sabotaged a borderline patient\nA young women had a consultation in my practise. She was in love with a boy, who she wanted to live with. She had a nice boyfriend, but everytime he came close, something weird happened. She got scared and pushed him away, the boy got confused over her intentions and thought she didn't want him.\nTreating borderline by declining underlying stress\nWhen I heard this story, I thought that something probably triggered her memory. Indeed, her boyfriend had, without knowing, the same tone of voice as someone who harassed her sexually when she was little. She wasn't aware of this memory until we talked about it.\nBorderline and the online self-helpprogram\nI explained to her how she could deal with this. The first step is to decline the underlying stress and anxiety. The goal of this was to make her less sensitive for the stimuli. She did that using the online self-helpprogram 15Minutes4Me. After 3 weeks she noticed that she was less sensitive and that she had more and more good moments where she had control over herself.\nTreat borderline by communicating about it\nThe second intervention we discussed, was that she talked to her boyfriend about her reaction and explain to him that it had nothing to do with him. Her boyfriend was very understanding and wanted to support her to overcome this. In the following months she didn't show these unexplainable reactions as much as before and if it happened, they could talk about it. Slowly the symptoms of borderline dissapeared. A year later I got a card... with the announcment of their marriage.\nOnline self-test for stress with borderline\nThe symptoms of borderline, also as PTSD, dissapear if you resolve the underlying stress. Do you want to know if you have stress? Do the free selftest.\nDr. Paul Koeck", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Holistic dentistry and the fluoride free movement have seen another big win in the battle to keep Americans safe from treated tap water. The victory is celebrated by residents of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and full coverage can be found on the Fluoride Action Network. On July 1st, the County announced they would no longer be purchasing fluoridated water from the city of Philadelphia. Instead, the County will get water from a new source that does not add fluoride to it.\nThroughout 2013, the movement toward fluoride free drinking water gained unprecedented momentum and media attention. This most recent victory in Bucks County, PA, shows the momentum is still alive and well, which is great news for everyone who understands just how harmful fluoridated water can be to the body. Infants are particularly susceptible to the side effects of fluoride toxicity, especially when fed formula prepared with fluoridated tap water. During preparation, water evaporates and fluoride concentration increases, delivering high doses of the dangerous mineral to infants’ delicate and still-developing nervous system.\nFluoride Causes ‘Chemical Brain Drain.’ If you are still uncertain about the danger of fluoride, look no further than this Harvard School of Public Health study titled “Impact of Fluoride on Neurological Development in Children.” Philippe Grandjean, adjunct professor of environmental health, summarizes the report in a concise and alarming fashion:\n“Fluoride seems to fit in with lead, mercury, and other poisons that cause chemical brain drain,” he reports.\nFluoride Free Dentistry\nYou do not have to accept fluoride exposure. At Assure A Smile, we believe in providing a holistic approach to dentistry that minimizes exposure to known toxins. This “biocompatible” approach puts patients first, protecting them from the mental, emotional, and physical harm caused by toxins like fluoride.\nSchedule an appointment online, or call our office directly at 305-274-0047 to learn more about our holistic approach to creating healthy teeth and gums for life.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The 2020 redistricting round will exhibit a marked change in public access from previous decades, both in terms of the existence and proliferation of public hearings and in terms of technology to facilitate public input for suggested maps.\nMaptitude Online Redistricting (MORe) was developed so that the public can view, create, and submit fair congressional plans and fair state legislative plans. A few examples of how MORe has been used:\nThe advances in redistricting technology have led to an unprecedented demand for online public and educational public access to Maptitude for Redistricting. State and local governments have initiated public online redistricting sites such as in Idaho and powered by Maptitude Online redistricting.\nIdaho Redistricting: The Idaho Legislative Services Office, the non-partisan staff for the 2011 Idaho Redistricting Commission, used Maptitude Online for Redistricting, the online version of the software the Commission used to redraw the congressional and legislative district boundaries.\n\"The State of Idaho is proud of its history of providing unequaled public access to its political redistricting process, for which it received a national award after the 2001 redistricting cycle. We hope to encourage active participation by the public in the redistricting process by providing this online software that can be used by anyone with a computer and internet connection.\"\nThe public was invited to begin using the Maptitude program to draw redistricting maps to submit to the Commission.\nMinnesota Redistricting: As the 2001 Minnesota legislative session got underway, each chamber formed redistricting-related committees. As redistricting bills were introduced during the 2001 Minnesota legislative session, maps of the proposed districts were made available on the Legislature's Subcommittee on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) website (which is now known as the Legislative Coordinating Commission's Geospatial Information Office).\nMaptitude was the web-based software chosen to generate the various redistricting proposals of legislative staff, Governor's staff, and many local governments. Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau from the 2000 Census included more detailed race and ethnicity categories than previous censuses, and also reported people listing multiple ethnicities. As described in the report, Use of Racial Data in Redistricting, this data was used by the Legislature's GIS office so that all 504 categories of racial and ethnic data were taken into consideration.\nA Senate Counsel report, Public Access to Redistricting Data in Minnesota, details Minnesota's open records law and how the Minnesota Legislature made redistricting data available to the public. Additional descriptions of the Legislature's redistricting computer systems is detailed in the Minnesota Redistricting System Profile.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "This helps a person to excel in his field of interest. A very common and widely used example of social media would be web sites for social networking and microblogging. For example Game lover can join games related communities, car lover can join communities related to cars and so on. With it being a controlled environment you are able to look for people that have similar interests to see if you can mesh with to become friends. Business owners and other types of professional organizations can connect with current customers, sell their products and expand their reach using social media. According to Prasad et al. General Study Research Proposal Web 2.\nA number of talented artists have been discovered through social networking sites. A site like could serve as an opportunistic launching pad for a new business owner, or it could be an inescapable source of negative peer pressure for a young teen. Social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube have the attention of millions of users. You have to admit that social networking is just plain fun sometimes. Even though there is some risk, the benefits can outweigh those risks; you just need the for how it will be used. These instructors maintain that tools like Facebook and Twitter divert students' attention away from what's happening in class and are ultimately disruptive to the learning process. This can damage the reputation of the educational institution and likely one of the reasons that many educational institutions have not embraced social media.\nIn other words, when you have privet information to share with an audience, it can spread all around the world like brush fire. This is only one example of many that appear on the social media everyday. Even a student can contact other students from other countries who study their same career or study, and share impressions and experiences. This is one of the main reasons that social media in education should be a supplement to your educational activities and not the only method of instructional delivery. However, some believe that there are positive effects. The basic necessity for a human being can be fulfilled by the education.\nI also discuss Photography and other topics that interests me. Similarly, people of different communities can connect to discuss and share related stuffs. Web sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn provide a platform where users can dialog, exchange ideas, and find answers to questions. It is very easy to educate from others who are experts and professionals via the social media. This allows the whole class to have access to the feedback from the teacher. Teachers should take responsibility to educate their students about the security and privacy issues of posting person information online. Social media helps to establish enduring relationships with real people.\nIt is not always safe but, as usual, there are two sides to every coin. I started blogging in 2009 and so far I am enjoying it. And if social networking is getting you down, take a break. A teachers experience with the technology is beneficial with allowing them to shape their perception on it, as they becoming more confident when using different Web 2. Whether it's a question of social sites owning your content after it's posted, becoming a target after , or even getting in trouble at work after tweeting something inappropriate — sharing too much with the public can open up all sorts of problems that sometimes can't ever be undone. Social media are also instrumental in developing the teaching techniques used by teachers.\nNot surprisingly, they're already using YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter as tools for learning and collaboration. This can be decreased by constantly and regularly involving on the social media to connect with the right audience. One reason for inaccuracy may be that bits and pieces were taken out of a particular story so it could be broadcasted in less time leaving the viewer or listener to fill in the missing pieces using their own assumptions. It is evident that education depends on social media. Sedentary lifestyle habits and sleep disruption. For one, many employees lack in performing job duties by contributing company time to social media sites.\nThe Cons of Social Networking 1. It is very easy to get carried away with the attention and interactions you can have twenty four hours a day on websites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, but what are the pros and cons that these social networking sites are having on our society? Social media helps keep parents, teachers and students all on the same page It is very useful for teachers to be able to post on social media sites about class activities, homework assignments and even school events. For people struggling to fit in with their peers — especially teens and young adults — the pressure to do certain things or act a certain way can be even worse on social media than it is at school or any other offline setting. Despite these benefits, social media applicability in education has suffered a lot of criticism. Teachers use Twitter appropriately to enhance respond discussions after class. With persistent use of the Internet, the results are less tenacity, less patience, poor critical thinking skills and impulsivity.\nBringing every kind of social group together in one place and letting them interact is really a big thing indeed. Education helps the people to gain more confidence and helps interaction among others easily. Specially Facebook and Twitter have grown much faster and captured millions of users in just a few years. This is mostly because it really is for the people. Students will not be bound by the walls of the classroom; instead they will use the Internet productively in order to interact with other students in group discussions. The main difference between a wiki and a blog is that a blog has only one author Ziegler, 2007. The adoption of social media tools to conduct business activities is on the rise and the use of these tools and technologies poses significant challenges for records.\nMain Findings Rebranding and Increased followership Procter and Gambles Old launched their old spice campaign Smell Like a Man, Man during the Super Bowl ad in February 2010 by a leading ad agency Weiden and Kennedy, introducing the character and the use of social media supported the growth of their brand by tweeting a simple message to the old spice Facebook and twitter page. Although it is true that the longer one uses the Internet, the more the students develop the skills of skimming and scanning, it is also a proven fact that this degrades the concentration spans of individual students. Information Spreads Incredibly Fast Breaking news and other important information can spread like wildfire on social media sites. The Media includes many kinds of communication businesses, such as social Media, magazine, the press, advertising, photography, broadcasting, film and so on. Social peer pressure and cyber bullying.\nThis will shock you by showing how bad your health can be affected by the use of the social media. There are actually lots of entrepreneurs and businesses out there that thrive almost entirely on social networks and wouldn't even be able to operate without it. Wikis are also used as interactive platforms by education systems across the world; their maintenance is conducted by collaborative efforts of site visitors. Share resources quickly when using social media in the classroom If the teacher needs to direct students to a particular online resource they can easily share the site through social media sites like twitter. This is a problem throughout society and not just limited to education.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "English has borrowed lots of words from other languages. This usually happens when there wasn’t already a word for it in English. Some examples of English words that are not really English are: iceberg, algebra, ski and ghoul.\nOnce upon a time oranges were called noranges. Over time, the ‘n’ sound moved from the beginning of the word ‘orange’ and attached itself to the end of the word ‘a’, so a norange became an orange. The posh word for this happening is metanalysis and the evidence is in the Spanish word for orange (naranja). Other words this has happened to are apron and adder. Sometimes it happens the other way round to with the ‘n’ moving from the end of ‘an’ to the start of the next word. Eg ‘a nickname’ used to be ‘an ekename’.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "The growing articulation between culture and tourism was stimulated by a number of factors. Increased interest in culture, particularly as a source of identity and differentiation in the face of globalization worked as a motivation.\nWhat are the factors of cultural tourism?\nThe analysis identifies the main determinants that influence the length of stay of cultural tourists: nationality, age, employment, income, costs associated with the journey – all have an impact on the length of stay. Specifically, variations in these factors correspond to variations in the duration of the vacation.\nWhat is the connection between culture and tourism?\nCulture is increasingly an important element of the tourism product, which also creates distinctiveness in a crowded global marketplace. At the same time, tourism provides an important means of enhancing culture and creating income which can support and strengthen cultural heritage, cultural production and creativity.\nHow does culture affect tourism?\nCultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism markets. Culture and creative industries are increasingly being used to promote destinations and enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness.\nWhat are cultural factors tourism appeal?\nCultural Factors with Tourist Appeal In tourism, there are cultural factors that appeal greatly to tourists. These are art, music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture, education, literature and language, science, government, religion, food and drink, and history.\nWhat is culture factors?\n1. Encompasses the set of beliefs, moral values, traditions, language, and laws (or rules of behavior) held in common by a nation, a community, or other defined group of people.\nWhat are the 3 benefits of cultural tourism?\nSocial Benefits of Cultural and Heritage Tourism\n- Helps build social capital.\n- Promotes preservation of local traditions, customs and culture. …\n- Promotes positive behaviour.\n- Helps improve the community’s image and pride.\n- Promotes community beautification.\nWhat is the relationship between cultural and environmental travel in the tourism impact?\nEssay On Importance Of Tourism\nTransportation is an integral part of tourism. There are different modes of transportation is available like rail, road, ship and airline.\nHow does tourism and hospitality helps in cultural enrichment?\nCultural enrichment in tourism is desired as it helps a traveler to know about the country in many ways. Cultural enrichment gives information about the lifestyle, food, clothing of the people and this would enable a traveler to know about the destination.\nDo cultural differences contribute positively or negatively to the tourism industry?\nCultural variety and diversity can be an attraction for tourists, therefore it may be beneficial to a country’s tourism competitiveness, although heterogeneity may also create difficulties of understanding, less willingness to cooperate and mistrust.\nWhat are the 5 factors of culture?\nThe major elements of culture are material culture, language, aesthetics, education, religion, attitudes and values and social organisation.\nSocial and cultural impacts of tourism are the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective life styles, moral conduct, creative e expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organization.\nWhat is the importance of cultural diversity in tourism?\nImproved customer service: Through effectively managing diversity organisations may well improve their customer service. By developing employees abilities to communicate across cultures and understand the characteristics of a diverse customer base, organisations gain a competitive advantage over those who do not.\nWhat are the basic travel motivators?\nThe basic travel motivations can be divided into four classes: the physical motivators, the cultural motivators, the interpersonal motivators,and the status and prestige motivators. … A study of these motivations shows that they fit into Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.\nWhat type of visitor does the destination appeal?\nDestinations are often geared towards one type of tourism; for example a beach resort will appeal mainly to leisure tourists, whereas a purpose-built conference resort will appeal mainly to business tourists.\nWhat is direct and indirect components of tourism network?\nDirect elements of the Tourism Industry are those areas of the tourism industry which come into direct contact with tourists Sales, Accommodation, Transport, Activities, Attractions, and Ancillary Services. Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry are often called support sectors.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Curriculum Tags: All\nAfter years of using algebra tiles, only very recently had I stumbled upon the fact that you could complete the square using algebra tiles. This stemmed from looking at the expectation from grade 10 academic course on completing the square: \"by completing the square in situations involving no fractions, using a variety of tools\". It was the \"variety of tools\" bit that caught my eye. Up until then I had not really known of any other method other than algebraically. But a quick search on the Interwebs came up with a host of videos on how to do it. And more recently the M^3 blog had a post on it so I guess that is a sign to put something here.\nCurriculum Tags: MPM2D, MCR3U, MCF3M\nHave you ever had a hard drive crash? Do you need a great context to refer to when dealing with cumulative probability? How about data from the failure rates of 25,000 hard drives. That is what Backblaze has published and is a great set of info. Among other stats, 22% of drives fail in the first four years of life. That is a 1 in 4 chance of failure. Excuse me but I think I need to go make a backup of my drive.\nWhat is a radian? Good questions. Take a look at the Continuous Everywhere blog to see how that discussion went in class. I like that he had a link to both the online Geogebra applet and a video on how it works.\nCurriculum Tags: MHF4U\nAlso from Continuous Everywhere is a Trig War activity complete with worksheets to make the cards. Because the activity uses both radians and degrees it would be suitable for MHF4U but if you just use the degree cards you could easily use it with MCR3U or MCF3M\nCurriculum Tags: MCF3M, MCR3U, MHF4U\nI like to talk about knowing if a number is big in Data Management but you can also talk about big numbers in grade 7 number sense. I like this activity for getting a sense of millions, billions and trillions from the Let's Play Math blog.\nCurriculum Tags: Gr7, MDM4U", "label": "No"}
{"text": "As TN Farm Crisis Grows, Record National Harvest Predicted\nTamil Nadu farmers during a hunger strike in New Delhi. In the midst of an agrarian turmoil in a state that produced 5.6% of India's rice in 2014-15, the agriculture ministry has predicted a record national harvest.\nAs the impact of the worst northeast monsoon in 140 years unfolds across Tamil Nadu, farmers sowed a third less land than they did in 2015-16, water levels in six major reservoirs continued to plunge, and suicides in the farm sector increased over five years.\nThe agriculture ministry's third advance estimate forecast India's foodgrain production to be the highest ever, increasing by about 9% to 273.4 million tonne in the crop year 2016-17 ending June from 251.57 mt in 2015-16.\nTamil Nadu has reported 29% year-on-year drop in overall crop sowing till February 2, 2017, according to the latest situation report from the agriculture ministry.\nThe retreating northeast monsoon—usually unnoticed in India owing to the singular importance of the larger southwest monsoon—in 2016 was the worst ever over the last 140 years, according to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) records, since 1876, as IndiaSpend reported in January 2017. Record-keeping began in 1871, but a worse northeast monsoon, which sweeps across Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, south interior Karnataka and Kerala, between October and December, was recorded in 1876, making 2016 the year of the second-worst monsoon in 145 years.\nSource: Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare; Data as of February 2, 2017\nWater levels in three of six major Tamil Nadu reservoirs monitored by Central Water Commission dropped 25-70% between January 5 and May 11, 2017, according to the commission data, even as the average across the six reservoirs was 82% less than normal for the week ending May 11, 2017. There are no official data on what percentage of Tamil Nadu farms are irrigated using water from the state's 78 reservoirs.\nAs the drought--officially declared as such on January 10, 2017--rolls on, the state government has told the Supreme Court it is not linked to suicides by farmers, a contention disputed by a representative of farmers in New Delhi, where a protest is drawing international attention, as protesters display what they say are the skulls of dead farmers.\nFarm suicides not because of drought: State government\nThe Tamil Nadu government’s claim that only 82 farmers have committed suicide since October 2016 is wrong, P Ayyakannu--one of the representatives of Tamil Nadu farmers in Delhi and Tamil Nadu president of Desiya-Thennindhiya Nathigal Inaippu Vivasayigal Sangam (National-South Indian Rivers Interlinking Farmers Association)--told IndiaSpend.\nHe claimed that over 400 farmers had killed themselves because of reasons attributable to the drought and police reports about these suicides had been filed. IndiaSpend could not independently verify this claim.\nAs many as 106 farmers died in January 2017 alone, according to Tamil media reports, following which the National Human Rights Commission issued a notice to the state government, asking for a detailed report about the steps proposed to be taken by the state government.\nSuicides in the farm sector in Tamil Nadu--including landless farmers and agricultural labourers--increased 12% between 2010 and 2015, according to the latest available data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).\nThe police wrongly register many suicides related to drought or crop loss as those due to family problems, old age and other reasons, Ayyakannu told IndiaSpend. Besides, NCRB’s new classification of farm-related suicides under two categories–farmers and agricultural labourers--has also led to an apparent drop in farmer suicides over six years to 2014, as IndiaSpend reported in July 2015.\nSource: Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India reports 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 & 2015Note: Farm sector includes those who till their own land or someone else's as well as agricultural labourers. For the years 2010-13, figures are those reporting farming/agriculture under self-employment.\nThe Supreme Court, in a hearing on May 8, 2017, refused to intervene in the matter of compensation to the families of farmers who died in the wake of drought following the state’s worst monsoon in 140 years, the farmers’ counsel, N Rajaraman, told IndiaSpend.\nAyyakannu has challenged the state government’s submission to the Supreme Court that farmer suicides were not because of drought. The Supreme Court bench, comprising Justices Dipak Misra and AM Khanwilkar, on being informed that 20 cases of farmer suicides in the past year or so have been reported to district collectors, advised Rajaraman to bring those to the notice of the high court instead of the Supreme Court.\nThe Supreme Court had said on May 3, 2017, that it was interested in the structural aspects of minimum support prices and mandis (local markets). The Supreme Court seemed reluctant to get involved in the more pressing issue of compensation, Rajaraman told IndiaSpend.\nS Panneerselvam, Professor and Head, Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, told IndiaSpend that they would be issuing an advisory based on the first forecast in April 2017 by the India Meteorological Department of the southwest monsoon as normal. The forecast will be updated in June.\n(Vivek is an analyst with IndiaSpend.)\nWe welcome feedback. Please write to email@example.com. We reserve the right to edit responses for language and grammar.\n“Liked this story? Indiaspend.org is a non-profit, and we depend on readers like you to drive our public-interest journalism efforts. Donate Rs 500; Rs 1,000, Rs 2,000.”", "label": "No"}
{"text": "What is Iodine?\nIodine was derived from the Greek word iodes , meaning “violet color” seen in its fumes and was the first nutrient to be recognized as essential for humans and animals. As early as 3000 BC, the Chinese treated goiter with seaweed or sponge. Later, Hippocrates used the same treatment for enlarged thyroid glands.\nFor many years, getting enough iodine in the diet naturally was difficult in many geographic regions and remains so for an unfortunately high percentage of the world’s population in the developing nations. With the introduction of iodized salt, meeting the daily iodine requirement became nearly effortless and inexpensive in the industrialized nations. In these nations, iodine deficiency is now rare. As developing nations are able to make the shift to iodized salt, their rates of iodine deficiency and the diseases associated with it have also begun to decrease.\nUses and Benefits of Iodine\n- Iodine is essential in maintaining the function of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the human body.\n- It is also essential to the production of thyroxine and for the prevention of goiter.\n- Iodine improves mental alacrity and promotes healthy hair, nails, skin, and teeth.\n- Iodine also promotes general growth and development within the body as well as aiding in metabolism. Iodine, because of it’s role in the metabolism also helps to burn off excess fat.\nRecommended Dosage of Iodine\nThe Recommended Daily Allowance for iodine are :-\n- Adults – 150 mcg.\n- Children – 70 to 90 mcg.\nDeficiency Symptoms of Iodine\nSome of the common deficiency symptoms of iodine are :-\n- Hair loss.\n- If pregnant women are deficient in iodine it may cause cretinism, a form of mental retardation of the fetus.\nRich Food Sources of Iodine\nFoods that are high in iodine include dairy products (from cattle fed iodine-supplemented feed and salt licks), iodized salt, seafood, saltwater fish, and kelp. It may also be found in asparagus, dulse, garlic,lima beans, mushrooms, sea salt (which provides nature’s own balance of minerals), sesame seeds, soybeans, spinach, summer squash, Swiss chard, and turnip greens.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Reduction of CO2 Emission\nReduce CO2 emissions in manufacturing and power generation through CO2 separation and capture and improved productivity\nWe contribute to CO2 circulation with a wide range of measurement and analysis technologies from production processes to materials, including gas monitoring for CO2 separation and capture at CCUS, analysis/evaluation of catalysts and materials for the production of chemicals/fuels from CO2.\nTo achieve carbon neutrality, it is essential to effectively utilize CO2 (carbon dioxide), one of the greenhouse gases, as a resource, in parallel with the utilization of hydrogen.\nCurrently, the R&D and initiatives in carbon recycling technologies that actively utilize CO2, such as CO2 capture, utilization, and storage technologies called CCUS (Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage) and chemical/thermal recycling technologies for waste plastics are progressing widely. Additionally, energy management technologies are being developed to visualize and optimize the energy used in carbon recycling.\nThe establishment and utilization of these technologies will lead to the reduction of CO2 emissions through energy saving and the use of renewable energy, as well as the reuse and removal of CO2, i.e., realization of the 4Rs of carbon circulation - Reduce, Remove, Reuse and Recycle.\nMasz pytania lub prośby? Skorzystaj z tego formularza, aby skontaktować się z naszymi specjalistami.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "When we began our study, we assumed that resilience was rare and resilient people were somehow special, perhaps genetically gifted. It turns out, we were wrong. Resilience is common and can be witnessed all around us. Even better, we learned that everyone can learn and train to be more resilient. The key involves knowing how to harness stress and use it to our advantage. After all, stress is necessary for growth. Without it the mind and body weaken and atrophy. Steven M. Southwick, psychiatrist, in The Huffington Post\nTrauma experts Steven M. Southwick and Dr. Dennis S. Charney, a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience, are the brains behind this year’s Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges. In other words: how to bend, not break.\nThe authors conducted their own research, studied important research from the last couple decades, and interviewed many survivors of severe trauma. From this work they came up with 10 factors that help people recover most effectively:\n- Core value system\n- Positive role models\n- Social support\n- Physical fitness\n- Cognitive strength\n- Facing fears\n- Finding meaning in struggles\nSouthwick states in USA Weekend that a couple of these—social support and optimism—are particularly powerful.\nIn an interview in Time, Southwick says of the former: “It looks like social isolation has as powerful an effect on longevity as smoking and [heavy drinking] and lack of exercise. It’s very bad for you. There’s lots of neat connections between social connectedness and ability to handle stress.”\nAnd of the latter, states Charney: “It’s important to note that it’s realistic optimism we’re talking about. You need to have a very clear eyed view of the challenges you’re facing.”\n(On the opposite end of the spectrum, an example of realistic pessimism? Jim Gaffigan, comedian: “If there was an award for most pessimistic, I probably wouldn’t even be nominated.”)\nLeave a Reply", "label": "No"}
{"text": "to display context-\nsensitive ads on this\npage. Learn how to\nmanage Google cookies\nby visiting the\nGoogle Technologies Centre\n▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼\n▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n200 species in nine genera are found from tropical Africa to the Pacific region. Eight genera are found in Australia.\nFuranocoumarins have been isolated from this family (Hegnauer 1971).\n- Bursaria spinosa Cav.\n- (syns Cyrilla spinosaSpreng., Itea spinosa Andrews)\n- Australian Blackthorn, Australian Boxthorn, Christmas Bush, Prickly Box, Sweet Bursaria\nA man developed squamous carcinoma of the skin of the forehead at the site of a boxthorn prickle puncture injury. Tetanus followed a penetrating wound by a boxthorn prickle (Cleland 1925). Boxthorn is also a common name for Buxus.\nThe Australian boxthorn mentioned by Cleland (1925) is probably Bursaria spinosa (Woods and Calnan 1976).\n- Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn.\n- (syns Pittosporum elegans Raoul, Pittosporum enkianthoides R.Cunn. & Hügel in Putt., Pittosporum microcarpum Putt.)\n- Hedge Laurel, Lemon Wood\nThe wood is said to have produced dermatitis (Schwartz et al. 1957).\n- Pittosporum phillyraeoides DC.\n- (syns Pittosporum acacioides A.Cunn., Pittosporum longifolium Putt., Pittosporum roeanum Putt.)\n- Cheesewood, Weeping Pittosporum, Willow\nGardner & Bennetts (1956), citing Webb (1948a), noted that a decoction from this tree drunk and applied for pruritus and eczema has been used in Queensland.\n- Cleland, J.B. (1925) Plants including fungi, poisonous or otherwise injurious to man in Australia. (Series II) Med. J. Australia 2: 443.\n- Gardner CA and Bennetts HW (1956) The Toxic Plants of Western Australia. Perth: West Australian Newspapers\n- Hegnauer, R. (1971) Chemical patterns and relationships of Umbelliferae. In: The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae ed. Heywood, V.H. Bot. J. Linnaean Soc. 64(Suppl): 267-277.\n- Schwartz, L., Tulipan, L. and Birmingham, D.J. (1957) Occupational Diseases of the Skin. 3rd edn. Philadelphia Lea and Febiger. pp. 637-672.\n- Webb LJ (1948a) Guide to medicinal and poisonous plants of Queensland. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Bulletin 232\n- Woods B and Calnan CD (1976) Toxic woods. British Journal of Dermatology 95(Suppl. 13): 1-97. They cite Cleland (1914) but probably refer to Cleland (1925).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "1. DON’T EXPECT OTHER DRIVERS TO FOLLOW THE RULES OF THE ROAD\n2. DRIVE AT THE CORRECT SPEED FOR THE CONDITIONS\n3. ALWAYS USE SAFETY RESTRAINTS PROPERLY\nAdults and older children should always wear seatbelts. Younger children and babies should be properly secured in appropriate child safety seats.\n4. USE SIGNALS WHEN TURNING OR CHANGING LANES\nAlways use your signals when turning and changing lanes, but don’t expect others to be so careful. Keep a lookout for cars that seem like they might be turning or changing lanes, even though they have not put on their signal. For example, if you see somebody speeding up and looking to the right, they may be looking to change lanes.\n5. KEEP A SAFE DISTANCE FROM CARS IN FRONT OF YOU\nFollow the “3-second rule,” which states you should be far enough away from the car in front of you that you have a full 3 seconds to stop if necessary. At highway speeds, this means that you should allow about 3 car length. In icy conditions, this should be doubled.\n6. WATCH FOR BLIND SPOTS\nAlways be aware of your blind spots, and when you may be in another driver’s blind spot.\n7. BE PREPARED FOR THE WEATHER\nIf snow is expected, make sure your car has “snow tires” or all-weather tires. Never use your cruise control in snowy weather.\n8. USE YOUR HEADLIGHTS CORRECTLY\nOnly use high beams on unlighted roads, and be sure to turn them down when oncoming traffic approaches. Use your headlights when visibility is poor such as in stormy weather or on winding roads.\n9. HANDLE TAILGATERS APPROPRIATELY\nIncrease your speed to add distance between the vehicles, and as soon as possible, move to the right and let the tailgater pass. Say no to “road rage.”\n10. SEE THE WHOLE ROAD\nScan road conditions way ahead of you so you can be prepared. Look to slowing traffic, intersections, construction, closed lanes, merges, and erratic driving.\n10 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS\nUsing the 10 defensive driving tips in this article will help you avoid accidents. Mature drivers often forget the 10 defensive driving tips they learned when they got their license. Make sure to pass along these 10 defensive driving tips to everybody you care about. It saves lives.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathy in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Other metabolic and vascular factors, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, are important.\nThe clinical presentation comprises a broad constellation of symptoms and deficits, involving sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve fibers, and multiple organ systems.\nDiabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common chronic complication of diabetes, characterized by the presence of peripheral nerve dysfunction, diagnosed after the exclusion of other causes. Pain is the outstanding complaint in most patients, but many patients are completely asymptomatic.\nTreatment has traditionally focused on control of hyperglycemia as a means of slowing progression or delaying onset, on targeting potential pathogenetic mechanisms, and on pain reduction.\nAlthough pain is generated principally by peripheral nerve injury, there is recent evidence that the central nervous system may play a significant role in the disinhibition and amplification of pain. Indeed, the most effective drugs in treating painful diabetic neuropathy are centrally acting. Pregabalin (a voltage-gated calcium channel modulator), duloxetine (a selective dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), and tapentadol (an agonist of the mu-opioid receptor and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) are the only prescription drugs currently approved for treating painful diabetic neuropathy in some countries.\nDiabetic neuropathy (DN) is a highly prevalent complication of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) and is characterized by the presence of symptoms and/or signs of peripheral nerve dysfunction and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction. It is diagnosed after the exclusion of other causes. Frequently, however, people with DN are asymptomatic.\nHistory and exam\n- pain (peripheral)\n- loss of sensation (peripheral)\n- dysesthesia (peripheral)\n- reduced or absent ankle reflexes (peripheral)\n- painless injuries (peripheral)\n- resting tachycardia (autonomic)\n- impaired heart rate variability (autonomic)\n- urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, hesitancy, weak stream, or retention (autonomic)\n- erectile dysfunction (autonomic)\n- decreased sexual desire and increased pain during intercourse (autonomic)\n- orthostatic hypotension (autonomic)\n- constipation (autonomic)\n- fecal incontinence (autonomic)\n- anhidrosis, heat intolerance, dry skin, or hyperhidrosis (autonomic)\n- hypoglycemia unawareness (autonomic)\n- weakness (peripheral)\n- history of recent falls (peripheral)\n- gait ataxia (peripheral)\n- nausea, postprandial vomiting, bloating, loss of appetite, early satiety (autonomic)\n- heartburn and dysphagia for solids (autonomic)\n- profuse and watery diarrhea (autonomic)\n- specific mononeuropathy (peripheral)\n- cranial neuropathy (peripheral)\n- pain over lower thoracic or abdominal wall (peripheral)\n- thigh muscle atrophy, pain, and weakness (peripheral)\n- clinical diagnosis\n- fasting blood glucose\n- serum thyroid-stimulating hormone\n- serum vitamin B12\n- electrolytes, BUN, creatinine\n- serum lipid profile\n- CBC and erythrocyte sedimentation rate\n- serum/urine immunoelectrophoresis\n- corneal confocal microscopy\n- oral glucose tolerance test\n- nerve conduction studies (nerve conduction velocity [NCV])\n- electromyography (EMG)\n- quantitative sensory testing (QST)\n- skin biopsy\n- cardiovascular reflex testing\n- heart rate variability (HRV)\n- gastric emptying studies\n- surface electrogastrography\n- barium meal\n- gastrointestinal manometry\n- hydrogen breath tests\n- gastric ultrasonography\n- gastric MRI\n- anorectal manometry\n- fecal fat\n- d-xylose test\n- urine culture\n- cystometry, voiding cystometrogram\n- postvoid urinary tract ultrasound\n- measurement of nocturnal penile tumescence and of penile and brachial BP\n- serum LH, testosterone, free testosterone, prolactin (morning tests, 8.00-9.00 a.m.)\n- sudomotor function tests\n- scintigraphic studies\n- assessment of sympathetic muscle activity\n- cardiac vagal baroreflex sensitivity testing\n- 24-hour BP profile\nProfessor of Medicine\nOrganizational Official for the Human Research Protection Program\nWeill Cornell Medicine - Qatar\nRAM is on speaker panels for Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; he is on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk and Pfizer. RAM is an author of references cited in this topic.\nSpeciality Registrar in Diabetes & Endocrinology and General Internal Medicine\nUniversity of Manchester\nUA serves on advisory boards for Eli Lilly.\nSpR Diabetes and Endocrinology\nDiabetes and Endocrinology\nUniversity of Manchester\nSA declares that she has no competing interests.\nDr Rayaz Malik, Dr Uazman Alam, and Dr Shazli Azmi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rodica Pop-Busui and Dr Eva Feldman, the previous contributors to this topic.\nRPB declares that she has received speaking honoraria from Pfizer and research support from Amylin Pharmaceuticals; National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; American Diabetes Association; and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. RPB and EF are authors of references cited in this topic.\nDepartment of Medicine\nMount Sinai School of Medicine\nZTB declares that he has no competing interests.\nAssistant Professor of Medicine\nHarvard Medical School\nDivision of Endocrinology\nDiabetes and Hypertension\nBrigham and Women's Hospital\nRKG has received consultant fees from Aventis and Novartis, and speaker fees from Novartis.\nConsultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer\nTameside General Hospital\nAshton Under Lyne\nEJ has received funding for conferences and lectures from Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim.\nUse of this content is subject to our disclaimer", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Molecular basis of human natural killer cell recognition of HLA-E (human leucocyte antigen-E) and its relevance to clearance of pathogen-infected and tumour cells.\nHLA-E (human leucocyte antigen-E) is a conserved class I major histocompatibility molecule which has only limited polymorphism. It binds to the leader peptide derived from the polymorphic classical major histocompatibility molecules HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C. This peptide binding is highly specific and stabilizes the HLA-E protein, allowing it to migrate to the cell surface. A functioning TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) molecule is required to transport these peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they can interact with HLA-E. HLA-E then migrates to the cell surface, where it interacts with CD94/NKG2A receptors on natural killer cells. This interaction inhibits natural killer cell-mediated lysis of a cell displaying HLA-E. If the leader peptide is not present in the endoplasmic reticulum, HLA-E is unstable and is degraded before it reaches the cell surface. In damaged cells, such as virally infected or tumour cells, down-regulation of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C production or inhibition of TAP prevents stabilization of HLA-E by the leader peptide. Under these circumstances, HLA-E does not reach the cell surface and the cell is then vulnerable to lysis by natural killer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying this function of HLA-E have been revealed by crystallographic studies of the structure of HLA-E.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Ultrafine Mill Operating Principle\nprinciple construction and working of ultrafine grinders. Crusher machine is a multistage inspection of bulk materials and mining. of service to the principle of efficiency in the crushed sand crushing machine on. The Standard Operating Theory Of Raymond Mill.. As a famous Chinese cement equipment vertical mill ultrafine grinding.\noperation principles of hydrocone crusher\nOperation Principles Of Hydrone Crushers. Operation principles of hydrocone crusher youtube oct 22 2016018332the is the professional mining operation principle diagram husk crusher process crusher principle of operation of hydrocone crusher 299 views the is the professional mining\nOperating Principle Of Gyratory Crusher Crusher Mills Cone\noperation principle diagram husk crusher CGM crusher quarry. 6 Jaw Gyratory Crusher Working principle Special feature of the jaw gyratory crusher . OPERATING PRINCIPLE: The Jaw crusher crushes the rawore feed by pressing it .\ndiagram and working principle of hammer mill\noperation principle diagram husk crusher CGM crusher quarry. Coconut Grinding Machine Hammer Mill 42 operation principle diagram husk crusher Ball mill the ball mill Operating principle. Working principle:\ndiagram of crushers and thier mode of operation worldcrushers\nMining crushers mainly include jaw crusher cone crusher impact crusher mobile crusher for crushing stone rock operation principle diagram husk crusher. process flow diagram for a factory with machine operation\nPrinciple Operation Of Gyratory Crusher\noperation principle diagram husk crusher. schematic diagram of gyratory crusher Solution for ore mining . Ball mill the ball mill Operating principle. Read more\nprinciple operations of the crusher\nprinciples of operation in gyratory crushers. principles of operation in gyratory crushers. Operation Principles Crushers Jaw crusher operation principle jaw crusher operation principle ivy camelway machinery the jaw crusher is the main component of the crushing plant it incorporates an electrical motor to dive a rotating shaft that throws the stones and rocks inside the chassis of the machine", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Hawai'i is the most isolated land mass on the planet. At 2,500 miles from any other land, it has developed a unique and fragile ecosystem with over 3,000 native species of plants and animals, many of which are endangered or near extinction. Hawai'i has six vegetation zones: coastal, lowland rain forest, montane rain forest, subalpine, alpine, and dry leeward, another feature that makes the Big Island unique and a great place of bio-diversity.\nMany of the plants that one would normally equate with Hawai'i aren't native at all. Pineapple and sugar cane were brought to the islands as a cash crop and many other plants were brought as ornamentels. Hawai'i spends millions of dollars each year trying to keep invasive species from crowding out native plants and animals.\nThe Big Island produces all sorts of exotic fruits. One of the best ways to sample them is to visit the Hilo Farmer's Market (Wednesdays and Saturdays - get there early). At the Farmer's Market, you'll see bananas, mango, papayas and pineapple, but not just the same ones you see in mainland stores. You'll have your choice of about each variety. So you won't be buying just regular bananas, you might get apple bananas or finger bananas. The best mangoes are the Hayden variety. Other exotic fruit include lychee, rambutan, longan and mangosteen. Some edible plants that you'll see when hiking are guava, strawberry guave, passionfruit (lilikoi) and 'ōhelo berries.\nTo find details about any edible plant listed below simply click the picture or the plant name.\nFlowers & Non-Edible Plants\nThe Orchid Isle is not just another idle name for the Big Island - indeed, orchids abound on the Big Island - mainly due to the humid yet cooler climate on the east side. But the Orchid Isle is much more than just a home to orchids - over 1,800 types of flowering plants live here. Most of the plants have been brought in over the years as ornamentals and from there entered the wild.\nTo find details about any flower listed below simply click the picture or the flower name.\nThe Hawaiian Islands are home to thousands of species of trees, more than anywhere else in the world and far more than we could possibly document here. Below, however, we have listed information about some of the more important, common and interesting trees that can be found on the Island.\nTo find details about any tree listed below simply click the picture or the tree name.\nFerns are found everywhere on the Hawaiian Islands, and the Big Island is no exception. Approximatly 170 native fern species grow in Hawai'i and about 65% of them are endemic (not found anywhere else in the world). Ferns were used for many items including hats, stuffing for pillow, food and medicine.\nTo find details about any fern listed below simply click the picture or the fern name.\nGrass and Sedge\nThere are many varieties of grass and sedge in Hawai'i. Some varieties are native while many others were brought in as cattle feed.\nTo find details about any grass listed below simply click the picture or the grass name.\nMany plants have been brought to Hawai'i as ornamentals or as food sources for livestock. In many cases the plants grow extremely well in the tropics and have a tendency to get out of control and spread. For example, the South American Banana Poka is a vine that kills native plants in Hawai'i's rainforest by suffocating them. Another plant invader from South America that is considered as one of the most dangerous threats to Hawai'i's ecosystems is the Miconia. In Tahiti the Miconia is called the brown tree snake of the plant world because it can choke out many native plants.\nIf you make a positive identification of any of the plants below, growing on PUBLIC land, either destroy the plant or contact authorities. (Do not touch plants growing on private land.)\nTo find details about any invasive plant listed below simply click the picture or the plant name.\nHawai'i has only one native land mammal, the Hawaiian Hoary Bat. The fact that it is isolated by 2,500 miles of ocean from land meant that it was impossible for most land mammals to survive any random journey. The few mammals Hawai'i has today, such as the feral pig, mongoose and rat are the result of human contact. Also missing from Hawai'i are snakes. Hawai'i actually has one snake, which looks more like a worm than a snake - but no other snakes are found on any of the island (and the state goes to great pains to ensure it stays that way).\nWhat Hawai'i lacks in land mammals, it more than makes up with birds, insect and ocean dwellers. With more than 200 native fish, 10,000 native insects and over 1,000 types of land snails the islands are teaming with rare and beautiful creatures.\nAmong the birds found in Hawai'i are several species of Hawaiian Honeycreeper most of which are endangered, Hawaiian Duck or Koloa, Hawaiian Coot, and Lysan albatross. A very awe inspiring bird is Pueo, the Hawaiian Owl (Asio flammeus sandwicensis), it is an interesting owl because it is active during the day and can often be seen above the pastures of Waimea. Birds imported to Hawai'i include mynas, sparrows, cardinals, and doves.\nTo find details about any bird listed below simply click the picture or the bird name.\nHawai'i is home to exotic and colorful marine life. From the state fish, the Humuhumunukunukuapua`a (Rhinecanthus rectangulu ) to the Humpback Whale (the official state marine mammal) Hawai'i has diversified ocean life.\nMany species, such as the various turtles that inhabit Hawai'i, are protected as endangered animals and approaching them or harassing them is illegal. Some species of marine life in Hawai'i are not only beautiful but can also be dangerous, such as Cone Snails, Moray Eels, Scorpion and Lion Fish, and of course sharks (though Hawai'i has a low rate of shark attacks).\nTo find details about any creature listed below simply click the picture or the name.\nReptiles & Amphibians & Snails\nThe Hawaiian islands (and surrounding waters) are home to five species of amphibians and 28 species of reptiles - and of these only five species are indigenous.\nThere are two species of snakes in Hawai'i... a poisonous sea snake, and a non-poisonous land snake which is so small most people think it is a worm. There are no other snakes in Hawai'i (and most literature you read says there are absolutly NO snakes in Hawai'i, but they overlook the tiny native snake). Hawai'i strictly enforces the no-snake rule and planes are frequently inspected for snakes (especially from Guam). If snakes make it to Hawai'i they would destroy the fragile ecosystem as well as endanger many native and indigenous species.\nThe Islands of Hawai'i also was home to over 750 species of Land and Tree Snails, many of which are now extinct or endangered.\nTo find details about any animal listed below simply click the picture or the animal name.\nInsects & Arachnids\nThere are lots of insects and arachnids in Hawai'i. One of the most famous are the Hawaiian Happyface spider. One very destructive insect is the termite. There are many endemic species of moths on the Big Island, some of which are thought to be able to detect the calls of one of their biggest predator, the Hoary Bat.\nTo find details about any insect listed below simply click the picture or the insect name.\nHawai'i has only two native mammals: the Hawaiian monk seal or Ilio holo kai, (Monachus schauinslandi) and the Hawaiian hoary bat, Ope'ape'a(Lasiurus cinereus semotus). While the Monk Seal is mostly found on the remote, unihabitated islands and atolls of the northwest islands, about 25 Monk Seals do live on Kaua'i and in 2005, a Monk Seal was found in a secluded bay along the Hamakua Coast of the Big Island, giving birth to her pups. The Hoary bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day in trees. The Big Island has one of the biggest populations of the bats. They are found in dry and wet areas, and from sea level to 13,000 ft. They eat moths, mosquitoes, beetles, flies, crickets, and stink bugs\nPolynesion immigrants later brought pigs. Horses, goats, sheep, European pigs and cattle were brought by European settlers. Many of these animals, especially the European pig, have caused extensive problem endangering many plant and animal species.\nOne imported mammal that hard to miss is the \"Hawaiian squirrel\", the Small Asian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). Often seen running across the road, the mongoose was brought to the Hawaiian Islands in 1883 to control rats. However, it was an ill-conceived idea as rats are nocturnal and the mongoose is a daytime creature. The mongoose is credited with endangering various bird species as they eat the eggs and fledglings of ground-nesting birds.\nTo find details about any mammal listed below simply click the picture or the mammal name.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Whether we provide students or teachers with a backchannel, one will form. So long as there is more than one voice in a learning environment, the need to be heard will be undeniable.\nStudents may pass notes or they may text message in their pockets.\nTeachers may point to a highlighted passage or simply make a face of disgust.\nThese things are not meant to stay in the background. They are essential, and as such, must be elevated to their rightful place in the classroom. The backchannel must influence the front-channel and must become the front-channel if the discussion and learning going on there is more important.\nBut, before I get too ahead of myself, let me set my definition of a backchannel:\nA backchannel is the running commentary (critiques on, questions about, distractions from, references for, resources under) the dominant information stream. This dominant stream could be a lecture, discussion, video, or any other attention getting activity that would normally occupy the majority of the learners.\nThis may sound like quite a distraction. Why should we bring the note passers into the discussion? Why should we encourage distraction? Because it is how we learn.\nKelly Christopherson does a really great job of highlighting how a backchannel actually functions in a Ripe Environment, but I think the hardest thing to understand about a backchannel is balencing the two things that inherently have to go on within an classroom, but are not always so center stage. He says it this way:\nWatching the crowd made me realize that we have a long way to go as educators. Many people in the room seemed to be having difficulty with the two things going on at once. Maybe that is why so many educators become frustrated with the use of cellphones or laptops in their classes; they don’t see how the two things can be going on at once.\nThe rapid fire writing down of resources, texts, or quotations is all well and good during a class or PD session, but what about questioning those things. When does that happen? If all learning is conversational and requires relationships, when are those relationships born and when do those conversations occur? They occur during the backchannel, if and only if one is set up and is relevant to those in the audience.\nThe experience that Kelly describes above is one that happens far too often. Those who do not find the backchannel relevant write it off as distracting, or worse, destructive. They want the front-channel to be the only channel, even though their brains and pens are commenting non-stopped on what is being said. We need to teach the value of commentary, fact-checking and questioning. We need to construct The Ripe Environment for the backchannel.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "A person who failed to recognise greatness is often said to have failed to recognise Taishan or Mt Tai. Indeed, Mt Tai is one of the “Five Great Mountains”. Ceremonies on this sacred mountain are associated with sunrise, birth, and renewal, and is often regarded the foremost mountain in China even though the scenery may not be the most spectacular, standing at an altitude of only 1533m.\nMt Tai has been a place of worship for at least 3,000 years and served as one of the most important ceremonial centres of China from the time of the Shang to that of the Qing Dynasty. Over time, this worship evolved into an official imperial rite and Mount Tai became one of the principal places where the emperor would pay homage to heaven (on the summit) and earth (at the foot of the mountain).", "label": "No"}
{"text": "Physiotherapy keeps elderly physically active\nRegular physical activity has been shown to have important beneficial effects on physical and mental well being across all age groups. There are very few medical conditions that regular exercise doesn’t help to prevent, reduce the risk of developing, or improve symptoms.\nPhysical activity in older adults can benefit from participation in regular physical activity. The potential effects of exercise on the health of older adults include:\n- Reduced risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancers and diabetes, these problems come under non communicable disease (NCDs),\n- Prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis and protection against osteoporotic fractures by reducing the risk of falls,\n- A reduction in accidental falls,\n- A reduction in loneliness and isolation, along with a reduction in depression, which may be as effective as antidepressants,\n- A reduction in the complications of immobility, such as deep vein thrombosis and pressure sores.\nBeing active from an early age can help prevent many diseases just as regular movement and activity can help relieve the disability and pain associated with these conditions. Importantly, the benefits of physical activity can be enjoyed even if regular practice starts late in life. It has been suggested that older adults engaged in regular physical activity demonstrate improved:\n- Balance and proprioception\n- Coordination and motor control (better control over daily activities)\n- Endurance (carry out activities for longer duration without much fatigue)\nConsequently, physical activity can reduce falls risk, a major older age cause of disability.\nPhysical activity has also been shown to improve mental health and cognitive function in older adults and has been found to contribute to the management of disorders such as depression and anxiety. Active lifestyles often provide older people with regular occasions to make new friendships, maintain social networks, and interact with other people of all ages.\nType of exercise recommended for older adults:\n- Aerobic activity depending upon older adult’s aerobic fitness,\n- Activities that maintain or increase flexibility are recommended, and\n- Balance and proprioception exercises are recommended for older adults at risk of falls.\nImplications of maintaining physical activity in older adults:\nReducing and postponing age-related disability is an essential public health measure and physical activity can play an important role in creating and sustaining well-being at all ages.\n‘Move for health’ is WHO’s world health initiative and response to the fact that:\n- Each year at least 1.9 million people die as a result of physical inactivity.\n- At least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity physical activity on 5 days per week reduces the risk of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs).\n- Physical inactivity is an independent modifiable risk factor for common NCDs.\n- More than 35 million people died of NCDs in 2005 – this represented 60% of all deaths worldwide.\n- 80% of deaths from NCDs occur in low- and middle-income countries.\n- Without action to address the causes, deaths from NCDs will increase by 17% between 2005 and 2015.\nFeel free to contact PAIN FREE PHYSIOTHERAPY CLINIC for management of fall, increase flexibility and control, endurance and strength and exercises for osteoporosis in elderly people.\nDr. Roshan Jha (PT)\nPain Free Physiotherapy Clinic", "label": "No"}
{"text": "You must be signed in to read the rest of this article.\nRegistration on CDEWorld is free. Sign up today!\nForgot your password? Click Here!\nModerate and deep sedation is frequently required to manage the apprehensive dental patient. Clinicians and researchers alike continue the search for a “magic potion,” operating within the paradigm that an answer somehow lies in the selection of a perfect drug or drug combination. Suggestions have included a staggering number of single and multiple drug regimens, as well as alternative routes for their administration, including rectal and intranasal. None have achieved universal acceptance because no single drug or combination is suitable for all individuals and clinical situations. Most sedative agents can calm and sedate patients adequately, provided a sufficient concentration is achieved within the targeted neural tissues. An understanding of the challenge of achieving an effective but safe drug concentration in the brain rests on an appreciation of fundamental principles of pharmacokinetics.\nPharmacodynamic issues, drug actions and effects, will be the topic of a subsequent continuing education article. Pharmacokinetic processes include drug absorption, biotransformation (metabolism), distribution, and elimination. These processes are summarized in the Table. It is important that we distinguish each of these processes when administering medications by various routes.\nBioavailability refers to the portion of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation in active form, and is thereby available for distribution to target tissues. Variables that influence drug bioavailability do not make this a simple matter, however. Consider the following questions while viewing Figure 1. What concentration of drug is required within the targeted tissue (biophase) for a given patient, on a given day, for a given level of anxiety? Furthermore, what serum concentration will provide and sustain this target concentration? Sedative serum concentrations for midazolam range from 30 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL.1 Provided we accept these data, what dose must we administer to achieve and sustain this precise concentration?\nBioavailability following intravenous (IV) administration is 100%; no absorption is required and the entire dose enters the systemic circulation. In contrast, the bioavailability of a drug administered orally (PO) is highly variable. A portion of the administered dose may not even be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa due to incomplete dissolution of the tablet, gastric degradation, and poor lipid solubility. Absorption requires some degree of lipid solubility if the drug is to diffuse through the epithelium of gastrointestinal mucosa. Furthermore, the portion actually absorbed enters the hepatic portal system and circulates to the liver where it may be subjected to first-pass metabolism before entering the systemic circulation. A drug administered by intramuscular (IM) injection is not subjected to degradation or first-pass influences, and the loosely joined capillary endothelium within a muscle allows drug diffusion regardless of lipid solubility. Nevertheless, the rate of absorption in muscle will vary and precludes any assurance that a prescribed dose will achieve an adequate peak serum concentration. All of these issues are obviated when sedatives are titrated intravenously.\nConsider midazolam (Versed) as an example. Estimates for the oral bioavailability of midazolam are approximately 20% to 25%. Following the administration of midazolam 5 mg PO only, 1 mg to 1.5 mg survives degradation and first-pass metabolism to enter systemic circulation. Administered intramuscularly, the entire 5-mg dose will reach the systemic circulation, but the actual rate of absorption will vary. The delay in absorption following both PO and IM administration allows initially absorbed drug to distribute and eliminate before final portions enter the circulation. This does not allow a reliable prediction for peak serum levels and renders repeated doses perilous. Midazolam, 5 mg, administered by intravenous bolus will achieve almost instantaneous peak serum level. (This is mentioned here only for purposes of illustration. Such a dose should only be administered by those who have advanced training and intend to induce unconsciousness.) Stambaugh et al2 have provided data for meperidine serum levels that nicely illustrate these concepts and are presented in Figure 2.\nSublingual administration of a sedative such as triazolam introduces additional considerations. The drug is readily absorbed through nonkeratinized squamous epithelium in the floor of the mouth, and there is no loss due to gastric degradation. Furthermore, venous drainage does not enter the hepatic portal system for first-pass metabolism. However, one cannot predict the portion of a sublingual dose that is swallowed and is actually administered PO. Onset for some degree of sedation is more rapid due to the portion absorbed locally, but peak serum concentration will not occur until swallowed drug is absorbed in the intestines. Therefore, peak onset will be similar to that following conventional PO administration. Repeated “sublingual titration” becomes more and more problematic in terms of predicting the actual point at which peak concentration is achieved. This scientific principle has been confirmed impressively in clinical studies by Jackson et al3 and Pickrell et al4 (Figure 3).\nThe fact that repeated sublingual doses result in unpredictable peak serum concentrations introduces several significant clinical problems that are applicable to repeated PO dosing as well. The patient may remain stable in terms of vital functions while being supported and monitored, but the risk for deep sedation (unconsciousness) increases over time, and this must be avoided unless the dentist has received formal advanced training. Discharging a patient before peak serum levels have occurred is also a concern. The actual status of the patient at time for discharge is questionable since the serum concentration may actually be rising. Moreover, the relatively shorter elimination half-life for flumazenil renders the duration of benzodiazepine reversal inadequate.5 At this point in time we simply lack scientific evidence to support the safety of repeated oral or sublingual dosing. Furthermore, it goes without saying that regimens that combine various agents are even more perilous.\nFor purposes of sedation, IM injection offers few advantages over PO administration.6 Granted, the negative influences of gastric degradation and first pass metabolism are averted, but a fixed dose must still be predetermined and rates of absorption may vary to such an extent that effective serum concentrations are not attained. Likewise, repeated doses introduce identical concerns to those addressed above. Indications for this route are limited essentially to deep sedation regimens using ketamine or patients uncooperative with oral regimens.\nMost of the concerns addressed above are obviated with intravenous (IV) administration. During IV sedation, neither the total dosage nor precise serum concentrations are crucial; small increments have been established that are safe and can be administered repeatedly until the intended level of sedation is achieved. Such accuracy provides a level of safety and efficacy for this method of drug administration that is unmatched by any other technique, with the exception of inhalation agents, so long as sufficient time is allowed between increments for the onset of the previous increment to peak. Although IV sedation may be more demanding technically, it is fallacious to consider it less safe than PO or IM regimens. It merely requires insertion of a catheter into a vein, a procedure taught to technical staff having no formal academic training.\nDrug Circulation and Distribution\nOnce a drug is absorbed and bioavailable, it circulates throughout the bloodstream and distributes into most body tissues by diffusing through loosely joined capillary membranes. The rate for distribution is proportional to the relative perfusion (blood flow) of the tissue. Heart, kidney, liver, and brain are highly perfused and drug circulates most rapidly to these depots. The brain, however, introduces an additional consideration. The endothelium of capillaries within the central nervous system (CNS) is tightly joined and wrapped by astrocytes. This structural difference is described as the blood-brain barrier and requires the drug to have some degree of lipid solubility for it to leave the bloodstream and distribute into brain tissue (Figure 4).\nWhile circulating within the bloodstream varying portions of drug may be loosely bound to plasma proteins. This is described as protein-binding and is generally of little importance because it is so highly dynamic. Consider for example a drug that demonstrates 50% protein binding, and a total of 100 drug molecules are circulating in the bloodstream. At this time 50 molecules will be bound to protein and 50 molecules will be circulating free and available to distribute. When 20 of these freely circulating molecules are distributed or eliminated there will be a total of 80 molecules remaining; 40 of these will be bound while 40 are free. This equilibration continues until all drug is eliminated. The dosage of the drug established by the manufacturer is predicated on this dynamic and the free drug portion. Concerns arise only when a patient’s medical status includes a reduction of circulating plasma protein. Severe liver and renal diseases are among the few examples where protein binding can become an issue and require a dosage reduction. The normal decline in plasma protein with age is not an issue and any concern has been overstated.7\nOnset of Effect: Absorption and Distribution to Brain\nSedatives vary considerably in their lipid solubility, and this property enhances diffusion through cell membranes, which accounts for their differences in time for onset. For example, diazepam has far greater lipid solubility than lorazepam. Following PO administration, diazepam will absorb more rapidly through intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, this greater solubility speeds distribution of circulating drug through the blood-brain barrier and into the brain. The peak onset of diazepam following PO administration is 1 hour compared to 2 hours following a PO dose of lorazepam. The lower lipid solubility of lorazepam also explains why it has little use for intravenous titration of sedation. It distributes so slowly through the blood-brain barrier that an initial effect following an incremental dose requires several minutes, and the peak effect of an increment may take as long as 15 to 20 minutes.\nDuration of Effect: Distribution versus Elimination\nThe duration of effect following administration of sedatives will obviously be related to the decline in serum concentration. However, there is a mistaken belief that drug elimination is the principal factor that accounts for this decline, and a drug having a longer elimination half-life will provide a longer duration of sedation. To correct this misconception we need to better appreciate the pharmacokinetics of distribution and elimination.\nThe so-called ‘‘two-compartment model’’ is conventionally used to describe the pharmacokinetics of drug distribution and elimination. When drug is administered it enters the bloodstream or central compartment. From this location it can undergo elimination or it can distribute into body tissues, the peripheral compartment. However, this peripheral compartment is very large and consists of all body tissues, each having varied degrees of volume and perfusion. For this reason a ‘‘three-compartment model’’ is more accurate because it divides the peripheral compartment into a ‘‘shallow’’ or highly perfused compartment and a vast ‘‘deep’’ compartment that is less perfused. This concept is illustrated in Figure 5.\nDrug half-life (T1/2) is a general term representing the time required for plasma concentration to diminish by 50%. Unlike that following PO and IM administration, the decline in serum concentration following an IV bolus injection occurs in two major phases. The initial decline is rapid and is attributed to drug distribution, not elimination. The rate for this decline is designated distribution half-life (T1/2α) and is relevant only for drugs administered intravenously. (Following PO and IM administration, drug distribution proceeds simultaneously with absorption as illustrated in Figure 2.) Once distribution is completed, further decline in serum concentration becomes more gradual and is identical to that following PO and IM administration. This rate of decline is attributed to drug elimination and is designated elimination half-life (T1/2β). For example, the T1/2β for the drug illustrated in Figure 5 is approximately 3 hours, but its distribution half-life (T1/2β) is only 30 minutes.\nBefore the duration of drug effect is discussed any further, we need to clarify the significance of elimination half-life. This value provides two clinical correlates, neither of which relate to duration of sedation in clinical practice. The first of these is that a drug may be considered completely eliminated following four half-lives and, secondly, steady state drug concentrations can be achieved following four half-lives provided the drug is administered at a consistent dose and schedule.8 These principles are illustrated in Figure 6.\nAlthough elimination half-life provides insight regarding the length of time a drug continues to circulate within the bloodstream, it does not identify the point at which the concentration falls below that required to sustain an adequate drug level in the target tissues. Following repeated administration, serum levels will become higher but a steady state will not occur unless dosing is consistent for a total of four half-lives. This consideration is more relevant for chronic drug therapy, not when drugs are administered for procedural sedation.\nThe duration of sedation is more dependent on drug distribution and redistribution because these processes generally proceed well before elimination comes into play. Revisit Figure 5 and imagine that a serum concentration of 35 ng/mL is required to provide adequate sedation. Notice that the process of distribution accounts for a drop below this level, not elimination. Therefore, the duration of sedation more closely correlates with distribution half-life (T1/2α) than elimination half-life (T1/2β).\nAgain consider diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan) as examples. The elimination half-life for diazepam and its active metabolites ranges from 40 to 50 hours, while that for lorazepam is 15 to 20 hours. Yet the duration of sedation is significantly shorter for diazepam despite its longer elimination half-life. This is because diazepam has far greater lipid solubility. Even though adipose tissue is poorly perfused, highly lipid soluble drugs will distribute to this compartment more rapidly and account for a more rapid decline in the serum concentration. As this occurs, drug that initially distributed rapidly to brain will redistribute back into the blood stream reducing the degree of sedation. Therefore, high lipid solubility not only provides fast onset but accounts for shorter duration (Figure 7). This principle has been confirmed by Greenblatt et al following intravenous administration of diazepam and lorazepam9 and following PO administration of triazolam (Halcion) and zolpidem (Ambien).10\nAs serum levels rise following repeated doses, the duration of sedation may increase somewhat because tissue depots become more saturated and processes of elimination begin to come into play. During IV sedation using midazolam or diazepam, the duration of sedation following the first few increments may last only 10 to 15 minutes, which corresponds to the distribution half-lives for these drugs. During more lengthy appointments, however, subsequent IV increments may lead to progressively longer durations of sedation before additional increments are needed.\nIn summary, it is important to distinguish the relative significance of distribution versus elimination. While distribution and redistribution determine duration of sedation during treatment, drug elimination must be considered at discharge. Residual serum concentrations may not be profoundly sedative but can have an impact on subsequent psychomotor recovery. Furthermore, one cannot entertain the time for drug elimination until peak serum concentration has been achieved. This issue is of extreme importance following repeated PO or sublingual drug administration. Also, when considering drug elimination, attention must be given to any active metabolites of the parent drug. For example, normeperidine is an active metabolite of meperidine that acts as a CNS stimulant and has an elimination half-life of approximately 16 hours compared to only 2 to 3 hours for the parent drug.\nConsiderations for Continuous Infusions\nRegimens administered by continuous infusion have become more popular among those practitioners with advanced training in deep sedation and general anesthesia. This is understandable because intermittent boluses result in oscillations in serum concentration above and below those desired for a procedure. An intermittent technique is acceptable for brief procedures lasting 20 to 40 minutes, but for more complex and lengthy procedures, a sustained and targeted level of moderate or deep sedation is far more attractive. The use of continuous infusions requires some additional understanding of pharmacokinetic principles.\nAs the duration of a continuous infusion is increased, the time for recovery can also be lengthened. This is because the drug concentration within peripheral compartments increases and mechanisms for elimination may become saturated. Either or both of these events can sustain serum concentrations because clearance of drug from the central compartment is prolonged. However, some drugs have unique properties that preclude this problem, and their duration is described using a concept called context-sensitive half time. This value addresses the time for serum concentrations to decline in the ‘‘context’’ of continuous infusions. Like drug “half-lives,” it represents a 50% reduction in serum concentration but commences at the time a continuous infusion is stopped. The subsequent decline in serum concentration reflects the combined influences of distribution and elimination. Some drugs such as propofol and remifentanil are well-suited for continuous infusions because they have short context-sensitive half-times that do not increase significantly during lengthy continuous infusions. While they accumulate in poorly perfused tissues over time, they are rapidly cleared as they slowly redistribute back into the bloodstream. Remifentanil is especially impressive because it is actually hydrolyzed by esterases within the tissues. Other drugs such as diazepam or fentanyl are inappropriate because they are cleared from the bloodstream more slowly. While midazolam is not cleared as rapidly as propofol, its rate of hepatic clearance is far greater than that for diazepam: 6 mL/kg/min to 11 mL/kg/min versus 0.2 mL/kg/min to 0.5 mL/kg/min.11 Midazolam is acceptable for continuous infusions but its context-sensitive half time increases over time and may not be attractive for lengthy procedures in outpatient practice. Representative context-sensitive half times are illustrated in Figure 8.\nIn summary it is important to appreciate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of all the medications we administer when providing any level of procedural sedation. Furthermore, it is essential to distinguish processes that influence the onset and duration for sedation from those that determine an adequate level of recovery for safe patient discharge.\nAbout the Author\nDr. Becker is an Associate Director of Education, General Dental Practice Residency, at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio.\n1. Park GR, Gempeler F. Critical Care Management: Sedation and Analgesia. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1993:188.\n2. Stambaugh JE, Wainer IW, Sanstead JK, Hemphill DM. The clinical pharmacology of meperidine—comparison of routes of administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1976;16:245-256.\n3. Jackson DL, Milgrom P, Heacox GA, Kharasch ED. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:4-8.\n4. Pickrell JE, Hosaka K, Jackson DL, et al. Expanded studies of the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of multidose sublingual triazolam in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:426-431.\n5. Hosaka K, Jackson D, Pickrell JE, et al. Flumazenil reversal of sublingual triazolam: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:559-566.\n6. Nicolson SC, Betts EK. Comparison of oral and intramuscular pre-anesthetic medication for pediatric inpatient surgery. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:8-10.\n7. Grandison MK, Boudinot FD. Age-related changes in protein binding of drugs: implications for therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;38:271-290.\n8. Buxton ILO, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics: the dynamics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. In: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2011.\n9. Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Gunderman J, et al. Kinetic and dynamic study of intravenous lorazepam: comparison with intravenous diazepam. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1989;250:134-140.\n10. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, von Moltke LL, et al. Comparative kinetics and response to the benzodiazepine agonists triazolam and zolpidem: evaluation of sex-dependent differences. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293:435-443.\n11. Reves JG, Glass PSA, Lubarsky DA, et al. Intravenous anesthetics. In: Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kroish JP, Young WL, eds. Miller’s Anesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone; 2009.\n12. Hughes MA, Glass PS, Jacobs JR. Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:334-341.\n13. Egan TD, Lemmens HJ, Fiset P, et al. The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:881-892.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "USING OLIVE RESIDUES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL\nUtilization of olive waste products for energy\nThe processing and production of the olive fruit produces a large amount of by-products, including liquid and solid wastes arising from olive oil extraction and the production of table olives. The disposal of olive waste without any treatment is known to cause environmental problems.\nOlive mill wastes are produced in large amount as a by-product and could be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner, as a herbicide or pesticide, as animal feed or in human consumption, for residual oil recovery, for organic compounds recovery, for the production of various products (alcohols, biopolimers, activated carbons, etc) and for energy generation.\nGENERATING ENERGY FROM OLIVE WASTES\nWaste treatment technologies aimed at energy recovery may present an interesting alternative for a sustainable disposal of residues from olive oil production, able to reduce environmental impact and to generate electrical energy for sale or to satisfy the needs of olive mills.\nThe residual biomass of olive processing with potential energy use is classified into two groups. The first group is constituted by residual biomass produced during olive tree culture (pruning and harvest residues). The second group is constituted by residual biomass produced during the various stages of olive oil extraction. Depending on the extraction system, the available energy from the by-product is different.\nThe olive biomass can be characterized by an average heating value of 19,000 kJ/kg. The by-product from olive waste presents a favorable aspect in the use for energy and ensures annual production, relative concentration in a place, proper humidity conditions, low sulfur content, and other harmful emissions, and a high thermal value.\nThere are various methods that the olive wastes can be utilized for renewable energy, which include briquetting and combustion, or co-combustion.\nBriquetting is a low-cost technique used to combine the materials into fuel blocks to be transported and utilized as a solid fuel. Different biomass products have been considered for bio-briquetting, including solid olive-mill waste. Here, one has to consider the shattering index, compressible strength, water resistance, combustion characteristics, and emission of pollutants. To improve the properties of the olive residues, it is added to paper waste for briquetting. Briquettes offer a substantially better alternative to coal.\nCo-combustion of solid olive-mill waste refers to the use of one or more addition fuels like wood or coal simultaneously in the same combustion chamber of a power plant. This is seen as the most cost-effective approach. Solid olive-mill residues have similar density, heat release and general burning characteristics as that of coal.\nOlive residues can be considered an alternative fuel which contains a small amount of sulphur. The calorific value of an olive cake can be compared to that of wood and soft coal.\nThe efficient use of olive residues and waste in energy production solves two problems : clean energy production and acceptable disposal of olive mill waste.\nSome rural homes have traditionally used olive wood cuttings to fuel domestic fires. The energy-rich olive stones left behinds one the pulp has been extracted have also been used to power boilers. Every hectare of olive grove generates approx. 3 tons of olives as well as around 3 tons of pruned wood annually. Several times a year olive farmers prune their trees to stimulate growth and ensure they remain disease free.\nThe y-product produced during the extraction of olive oil is processed by refineries to get a second grade oil, a solid residue is also produced. Big olive oil makers are using this as fuel at olive oils mills and other plants. People are now realizing it can be used to heat homes, hotels and towns.\nThe by-product does not have the calorific value of petroleum, but it costs only one third of its price and is considered ecological as it does not emit sulphur when burned. A by-product of this wood is a powder. This powder can be turned into briquettes the size of a roll of coins and are now widely used at barbecues and restaurants to replace charcoal since they ignite immediately, with no sparking and no smell.\nThe oxygen bomb calorimeter is used to measure the heat released during the burning of the olive pits, pulp, and wood cuttings during the olive oil extraction process. The bomb calorimeter measures the calorific value of each substance or sample, to give an indication of it's burning rate, heat release and quality as a renewable fuel. The calorimeter is vital in discovering new products to be used for renewable fuel, and helping find ways to reduce emissions and save our environment by using renewable sources of energy.", "label": "No"}
{"text": "TACKLING HUNGER MONTH\nTackling Hunger Month is an annual designation observed in October. You may not always see it in your community, but hunger continues to affect people in our country. 1 in 6 Americans, that’s 33 million people, do not know where their meals will come from on a daily basis. This month, everyone is encouraged to lend a hand in making sure nobody goes to sleep on an empty stomach.\nHOW TO OBSERVE #TacklingHungerMonth\nDonate some non-perishable food to your local homeless shelter, and use #TacklingHungerMonth to post on social media and spread the word! October is generally the time of year people start getting ready for holidays like Thanksgiving and Christmas. Now is a great time to start thinking about helping those who may not get to enjoy big Thanksgiving dinners or cookies on Christmas Eve. There are many simple ways you can help, and it won’t take much of your time or money.\n- Bulk up your food drive. Canned goods, peanut butter, dry beans, brown rice, olive oil, nuts, and soups are all excellent foods to donate, and they won’t put a dent in your bank account.\n- Donate money. Relief agencies like Action Against Hunger, the Hunger Project, Feeding America, and Share Our Strength are always accepting donations with a goal in mind to make sure nobody goes hungry.\n- Support food banks and make contributions of any kind, whenever you can. A little bit goes a long way when someone is going hungry.\nTACKLING HUNGER MONTH HISTORY\nCampbell’s Soup and Feeding America teamed up to found Tackling Hunger Month in 2002. Since then, people and organizations all over the country have designated October as a special month to donate, or host special community events so that nobody has to go hungry.", "label": "No"}